Scirpeae and Rhynchosporeae [Draft]
I. Scirpeae Kunth in Mem. Mus. Paris 2: 153. 1815.
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun);
Spikelets numerous, rarely with several flowers. Glumes usually spirally imbricated arranged, sometimes some becoming distichous at base, and all distichous, at times lower 12 or several empty. Hypogynous bristiles present or absent, usually 6, rarely many or few, mostly setaceous, rarely filiform or squamellae.
1a. Style dilated at base, persistent or deciduous, and achenes connected clear boundary.
2a. Spikelets a single terminal; leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths; style dilated at base, persistent; hypogynous bristloes 6-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. Eleocharis
2b. Spikelets 2many disposed in clusters or anthela, rarely a single; leaves with blades; style slightly dilated at base; hypogynous bristles absent.
3a. Style breaking off from achene above the style-base, which is persistent at apex of achene------------11. Bulbostylis
3b. Style beraking off from achene at base of style-base.
4a. Inflorescence anthela with few to many spikelets, sometime reduced to 1 single spikelet----------12. Fimbristylis
4b. Inflorescence capitate with 2-many spikelets----------------------------------------------------------13. Actinoshoenus
1b. Style not dilated at base, and achene connected without clear boundary.
5a. Hypogynous bristles filiform, squamellae, needle-like or some setaceous.
6a. Hypogynous bristles filiform, numerous----------------------------------------------------------------------8. Eriophorum
6b. Hypogynous bristles 36, inner squamellae, outer needle-like-----------------------------------------------9. Furiena
5b. Hypogynous bristles all setaceous, rarely absent.
7a. Spikelets disposed in distichous spicate inflorescence----------------------------------------------------------7. Blysmus
7b. Spikelets disposed in clusters or anthela, rarely a single.
8a. Culms nodose, usually leafy; bracts leaf-like.
9a. Spikelets small, 1.54 wide; glumes glabrous-----------------------------------------------------------1. Scirpus
9b. Spikelets large, ( 3.5)48 mm; glumes pubescent outside------------------------------------2. Bolboschoenus
8b. Culms not nodose; leaves generally much reduced, usually of subaphyllous sheaths at base of culms.
10a. Bracts leaf-like----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Actinoscirpus
10b. Bracts glumaceous or culm-like.
11a. Bracts culm-like; inflorescence a pseudo-lateral.
12a. Achenes 12.6 mm; hypogynous bristles 06, retrorsely scabrous-----------4. Schoenoplectus
12b. Achenes 0.50.9 mm; hypogynous bristles absent----------------------------------------5. Isolepis
11b. Bracts glumaceous; inflorescence terminal------------------------------------------------6. Trichophorum
1. Scirpus Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1:47.1753.
藨草属bian cao shu
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun);
Perennial herbs. Culms tufted, trigonous or obtusely trigonous, rarely terete, few-many-nodose. Leaves basal and cauline, blades linear, grass-like, the base sheathing, ligulate. Bracts leaf-like, spreading. Inflorescence a terminal, corymbiform anthela, with many spikelets. Spikelets generally rathet small, ovoid or ellipsoid. Glumes spirally arranged, deciduous, each subtending a flower. Flowres bisexual; hypogynous bristles 36, as long as to much longer than the achene, deciduous with the achene. Stamens 13; style base not thickened, persistent, stigmas 23. Achenes obovate to elliptic, compressed trigonous to biconvex, beaked, smooth.
About 35 species; mostly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with a rather high specific concentration in North America; 11 species in China.
1a. Bracts spathe-like, nearly erect, black-brown at base -------------------------------------------------------------10. S. maximowizii
1b. Bracts leaf-like.
2a. Prophylla subtending a bisexual flower; hypogynous bristles 6, half as long as the achene, globrous------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11. S. paniculate-corymbosus
2.b. Prophylla absent.
3a. Spikelets dark green.
4a. Hypogynous bristles erect, retrorsely scabrous, nearly equaling the achene----------------------------1. S..orientalis
4b. Hypogynous bristles prominently flexuous, retrorsely scabrous nearly apex, 24 times as long as achene--------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. S. radicans
3b. Spikelets more or less red-brown.
5a. Spikelets lanceolate; lower several glumes empty--------------------------------------------------------------8. S. filipes
5b. Spikelets globose, ovoid, oblong or ellipsoid; glumes many, each glume with a flower.
6a. Hypogynous bristles upper densely yellow-brown long pubescent, lower globrous-------9. S. hainanenesis
6b. Hypogynous bristles antrorsely scabrous.
7a. Glumes acute or acuminate at apex, 1-nerved; hypogynous bristles long and flexuous; achenes trigonous; stigmas 3.
8a. Inflorescence consisting of 24 terminal and lateral anthela; spikelets in head-like clusters of 5-10, 59 mm; glumes lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 2.53 mm---------------------------3. S. karuizawensis
8b. Inflorescence terminal anthela, spikelets soritary, usually in clusters of 28; glumes deltoid-ovate or oblong-ovate, 1.52.5 mm---------------------------------------------------------------4. S. lushanensis
7b.Glumes obtuse at apex, 3-nerved; hypogynous bristles short and slightly flexuous; achenes biconvex;
stigmas 2.
9a. Spikelets 23 mm; glumes broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm, 3-nerved, midrib green----------7. S. rosthornii
9b. Spikeltes 36 mm; glumes more or less broadly ovate-rounded, ca. 1.7 mm wide.
10a. Glumes without brown short lineolae, 1-nerved, ca. 1.2 mm; achenes 0.71 mm----------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. S. ternatanus
10b. Glumes with brown short lineolae, 5-nerved, ca. 1.7 mm; achenes ca. 1.5 mm-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. S. chunianus
1．Scirpus orientalis Ohwi in Acta Phytotax. et Geobot. 1: 76. 1932.
东方藨草 dong fang biao cao
Scirpus sylvaticus Linnaeus var. maximowiczii Regel; S. silvaticus Linnaeus var. subradcans Kukenthal ex T. Tang.
Rhizome short, stoloniferous. Culms stout, 60180 cm X 712 mm , obtusely trigonous, 5--7-nodose. Leaves equalling or shorter than the inflorescence, 415 mm wide, flat, usually scabrous on margins and abaxial midrib. Bracts 24, leaf-like, much longer than the inflorescence. Inflorescence a terminal large compound anthela, rays numerous, the rays up to ca. 10 cm, scabrous above. Spikelets usually solitary or in clusters of 23, dark gray, ovoid-lanceolate, rarely ovoid, 46 X ca. 2 mm, many-flowered. Glumes broadly ovate, acute or nearly rounded at apex, ca. 1.5 mm, dark green, the yellow- green 3-nerved。Hypogynous bristles 56, ercte, equalling or slightly longer than the achene, retrorsely scabrous; Stamens 3, anthers linear-oblong, ca. 1 mm, connective very short; style slightly longer than the achene, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, elliptic, compressed-trigonous, pale yellow. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug. 2n=60
Swampy places in woods, wet places; 4001700 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongel, Shaanxi, Shangong, Shanxi, Xinjing [ Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East)].
2. Scirpus radicans Schkuhr in Usteri Ann. 4: 48. 1793.
单穗藨草 dan sui biao cao
Scirpus sylvaticus Linnaeus var. radicans (Schkuhr) Willdenow; Seidlia radicans (Schkuhr) Opiz; Nemocharis radicans (Schkuhr) Beurlling.
Rhizome short. Culms slightly tufted, 65150 cm tall, obtusely trigonous, 78-nodose, smooth, slightly scabrous below the inflorescence. Leaves blades shorter than the inflorescence, 710 mm wide, slightly scabrous on margins and abaxial midrid, sheaths rather long. Bracts 23, leaf-like, overtopping the inflorescence. Inflorescence a terminal large compound anthela, with numerous rays, the first rays up to ca. 9 cm, glabrous. Spikelets solitary, oblong-ovoid or lanceolate, acuminate at apex, 58 x ca. 2 mm, many-flowered. Glumes densely arranged, oblong, rounded at apex, ca. 2 mm, pale yellow midrid, dark gray-black on both sides, sometimes stramineous at base, membranous, ciliate on upper margins。 Hypogynous bristles 6, usually 24 times as long as the achene, prominently flexuous, retrorsely scabrous nearly apex. Anthers ca. 1 mm, linear-oblong; style slightly short, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, compressed-trigonous, ca. 1 mm, pale yellow. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep. 2n=56
In water, swampy places; ca. 400 m. Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [ Japan, Mongolia, Russia(Far East); Europe].
3．Scirpus karuizawensis Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 18: 119. 1904.
华东藨草 hua dong biao cao
Scirpus fuirenoides var. jaluanus Komarov; S. jaluanus (Komarov) Nakai ex Mori
Rhizome short. Culms stout, 80--150 cm tall, rigid, obtusely trigonous, 5--7- nodose, clothed at base with few bladeless sheaths , sheaths red-brown. Leaves shorter than the culm, 410 mm wide, blades linear, stiff. Bracts 14, leaf-like, overtopping the inflorescence. Inflorescence consisting of 24 terminal and lateral loose anthela, the terminal decompound anthela with many rays; the lateral anthela simple, with 5-few rays, rays up to ca. 7 cm. Spikelets in head-like of 510, oblong or ovoid, obtuse at apex, 59 X 34 mm, densely many-flowered. Glumes lanceolate or oblong-ovoid, acute at apex, 2.53 mm, membranous, reddis-brown, 1-nerved. Hypogynous bristles 6, flexuous at base, white, much longer than the achene, sparsely antrorsely scabrous at apex, anthers linear; style middle, stigmas 3. Achenes oblong or obovate, compressed-trigonous, ca. 1 mm, yellowish, shiny, short beaked. Fl. and fr. Aug-Sep.
Wet places, swamps; 6001200 m. Anhui, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang [Japan，Korea]。
4．Scirpus lushanensis Ohwi in Acta Phytotax. et Geobot. 7: 134. 1938.
庐山藨草 lu shan biao cao
Scirpus asiaticus Beetle；S. lineatus Michaux subsp. wichurai （Bockeler）T. Koyama var. lushanensis（Ohwi）
T. Koyama; S. rougchenensis F. Z. Li in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25. 71. 1987。syn. nov.
Rhizome stout, short. Culms 100150 cm tall, erect, stout, rigid, obtusely trigobous, 58-nodose. Leaves shorter than the culm, 515 mm wide, stiffish, sheaths 310 cm, usually reddish-brown. Bracts 24, leaf-like，usually shorter or rarely longer than the inflorescence。 Inflorescence terminal, a large compound or decompound anthela，with many rays。The first rays slender，up to ca。15 cm，rays and peduncles scabrous。Spikelets solitary，usually in clusters of 28，ellipsoid or nearly
globose, rounded at apex, 26 mm, densely many-flowered. Glumes deltoid-ovate or oblong-ovate, acute at apec, ca。1.5 mm，membranous，ferrugineous，the green 1-nerved。Hypogynous bristle 6，much longer than the achene，below flexuous，
upper antrorsely scabrous，anthers linear-oblong；style middle，stigmas 3。Achenes obovate, compressed-trigonous ca. 1 mm，pale yellow，beaded。 Fl. Jun-Jul., fr. Aug-Sep.
Moist grasslands, swamps, roadsides on slopes, streamsides; 300-2800 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Russia (Far East)].
5. Scirpus ternatanus Reinwardt ex Miquel, Fl. Ind. Batav. 3: 307. 1856.
百穗藨草 bai sui biao cao
Scirpus ternatanus C. B. Clarke.
Culms stout, 60100 cm tall, trigonous, several nodose. Leaves longer than the culm, 1015 mm wide, flat, stiff, coriaceous, slightly scabrous on margins, lower sheaths black-purple, shiny. Bracts 5-6, leaf-like, lower 34 overtopping the inflorescence. Inflorescence a large compound or decompound anthela, 7--10 x 815 cm, with 5 to more rays, rays stout, patent, smooth, up to ca. 9 cm. Spikelets sessile, in head-like clusters of 410, ovoid, ellipsoid or oblong, obtuse at apex, 38 x 2.53.5 mm, many-flowered. Glumes densely arranged, broadly ovate, ovate-orbiculate, obtuse or rounded at apex, ca. 1.2 mm, membranous, brown, the pale brown 1-nerved. Hypogynous bristles 23, longer than the achene, erect, sparsely antrorsely scabrous above the middle; style filiform, 1.21.5 mm. Achenes elliptic, obovate or subrounded, biconvex, ca. 1 mm, pale yellow. Fl. and fr. Jun-Aug.
Wet place, hillsides, valleys; 3001400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shangdong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Japan, Malaysia].
6. Scirpus chunianus T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 13. 221. 1961.
保亭藨草 bao ting biao cao
陈氏藨草 chen shi biao cao
Culms stout, 90150 cm tall, obtusely trigonous, acutely trigonous just below the inflorescence. Leaves longer than the culm, 814 mm wide, flat, stiff, scabrous on margens and abaxial midrib, sheaths 57.5 cm . Bracts 7, leaf-like, overtopping the inflorescence, scabrous on margins and abaxial midrib. Inflorescence a large terminal decompound anthela, rays numerous, scabrous, the first rays stout, trigonous, up to ca. 9 cm. Spikelets sessile, in head-like clusters of 37, ellipsoid or oblong, obtuse or rounded at apex, 46 x 23 mm, many-flowered. Glumes deltoid-ovate, rounded at apex, ca. 1.5 mm, membranous, brown with dark brown short lineolae, 5-nerved. Hypogynous bristles 23, slightly longer than the achene, erect , white, upper sparsely antrorsely scabrous. Stamens 2. Achenes broadly elliptic or subrounded, biconvex, ca. 1 mm, densely minutely verruculose, yellow. Fl. and fr. May-Apr.
*Forest along valleys; ca. 300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan (Bao Ting).
7. Scirpus rosthornii Diels in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 228.1901.
百球藨草 bai qiu biao cao
Rhizome short. Culms stout, 70100 cm tall, trigonous, stiff, nodose. Leaves overtopping the inflorescence, 615 mm wide, rather stiff, scabrous on margins and abaxial midrib, sheaths 312 cm, with transverse nerves. Bracts 35, leaf-like, usually overtopping the inflorescence. Inflorescence a large terminal decompound anthela, with 67 rays, stout, scabrous, up to ca.12 cm. Spikelets sessile, in head-like clusters of 415, ovoid or elliptsoid, subrounded at apex, 23 x ca. 1.5 mm, many-flowered. Glumes broadly ovate. obtuse at apex, ca. 1 mm, stramineous or brown, later becoming black brown, the green 3-nerved. Hypogynous bristles 23, longer than the achene, erect, antrorsely scabrous above the middle, stigmas 2. Fl. and fr. May-Sep.
*Forests, forest margins, slopes, roadsides, wet places, swamps; 3002600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhon. Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shangdong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
8. Scirpus filipes C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 249. 1903.
细枝藨草 xi zhi biao cao
Rhizome short, woody. Culms 70100 cm tall, stiff, trigonous, scabrous, obscure nodose, clothed at base with several pale brown sheaths, rigid. Leaves shorter than the culm, 56 mm wide, stiff, scabrous on margins and nerves, sheaths very long. Bracts 12, leaf-like, overtopping the inflorescence, scabrous on margins and both faces. Inflorescence a terminal simple anthela, with 712 rays, rays rather slender, up to ca. 6 cm. Spikelets lanceolate, 79 X 1.52 mm, brown, in clusters of 26, ca. 10-flowered, lower several glumes empty. Glumes lanceolate oblong or oblong-ovate, acute or obtuse at apex, ca. 4 mm, reddis-brown, dark yellow 13-nerved. Hypogynous bristles 6, longer than the achene, antrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers linear, ca. 2.5 mm, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, compressed-trigonous, less half as long as glumes, yellow. Fl. and fr. MayJun.
*Valleys; 300-2400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi.
1a. Culms 70--100 cm tall; inflorescence a terminal simple anthela, spikelets in clusters of 26---------------------8a. var. filipes
1b. Culms ca. 25 cm tall; inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with 1 or 2 spikelets-------------------------8b. var. paucispiculatus
8a. Scirpus filipes var. filipes
细枝藨草(原变种) xi zhi biao cao（yuan bian zhong）
Culms 70100 cm tall; inflorescence a terminal simple anthela; spikelets in cluster of 26.
*Forests, forest margins, slopes, roadsides, wet places, streamsides, swamps; 3002400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi.
8b. Scirpus filipes var. paucispiculatus T. Tang & F. T. Wang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis sin. 11: 15. 1961.
少花细枝藨草 shao sui biao cao
Culms ca. 25 cm tall; inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with 1 or 2 spikelets.
* On rock; Elevation unknown, Fujian.
9. Scirpus hainanensis S. M. Huang, Fl. Hainanica 4: 375. 538. 1977.
海南藨草 hai nan biao cao
Rhizome short or not. Culms tufted, 6090 cm tall, erect, slender, terete, nodose, glabrous. Leaves basal or 35 on the culm, shorter than the culm, 35 mm wide, blades linear, flat, acuminate apex, scabrous on margins and abaxial midrib, sheaths 1.53 cm, brown, orifice obliquely truncate. Bracts leaf-like, usually shorter than the inflorescence, sheathing. Inflorescence consisting of a terminal and 35 lateral anthela, rays long, each ray with 312 spikelets. Spikelets solitary, sessile or peduncled, oblong or ovoid-oblong, 57 x 23 mm, 1015-flowered, sometimes spikelets bearing small plants, Glumes ovate or oblong-ovate, 22.5 mm, acute or very short mucronate at apex, membranous, yellowish-brown or pale yellow, the yellow-green 1-nerved, with dark brown short lineolae on the both sides. Hypogynous bristles 6, ca. 1 mm, upper densely yellow-brown long pubescent, lower glabrous, Stamen 1, anther oblong, ca. 1 mm, connective short; style ca. 1.5 mm, slightly thickened at base, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate or broadly obovate, trigonous, ca. 1.5 mm, yellow-brown, shiny. Fl. and fr. AugDem.
*Moist places, forest along valleys; Elevation unknown. Hainan, Jiangsu.
10. Scirpus maximowiczii C. B. Clarke in Kew Bull. Add ser. 8. 30. 1908.
佛焰苞藨草fo yan bao biao cao
Eriophorum japonicum Maximowiczii ; E. maxinowiczii (C. B. Clarke) Beetle.
Rhizome oblique, stoloniferous. Culms 1530 cm tall, soritary, trigonous, nodose, upper slightly scabrous, clothed at base with sheaths eventually disintegrating into fibers. Cauline leaves 23, blades linear-lanceolate, 36 x 0.40.6 cm, flat or slightly plicate, sheaths green, nearly black at apex; basal leaves shorter than the culm, 36 mm wide, blades flat, broadly linear, abruptly narrowed above to trigonous, obtuse at apex, slightly scabrous on margins and abaxial midrib. Bracts 1--3, spathe-like, nearly erect, black-brown at base. Inflorescence a terminal anthela, unequal rays up to ca. 3 cm, scabrous, each ray terminated by 23 (4) spikelets , rarery solitary, nodding on the side. Spikelets ellipsoid or ovoid, 5--7 mm, gray-brown, many-flowered. Glumes elliptic or oblong, 34 x 1.21.5 mm, membranous, 1-nerved, obtuse at apex. Hypogynous bristles 6, 46 mm, flexuous, antrorsely scabrous at apex. Stamens 3, anthers 22.5 mm; style slender, stigmas 3. Achenes narrowly obovate, trigonous, 1.82 X ca. 1 mm. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Wet places, slopes, alpine frozen soil; 18002400 m. Jilin (Chang bai shan ) [ Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
11.Scirpus paniculato-corymbosus Kukenthal in Acta Hort. Gothob. 5: 35. 1930.
高山藨草 gao shan biao cao
Rhizome creeping, slender and short, 35 cm. Culms scattered, 1830 cm tall, slender, glabrous. Leaves shorter than the culm, 45 mm wide, flat, scabrous on margins and abaxial midrib, sheaths reddish-purple. Inflorescence a large paniculate, consisting of a terminal and 23 lateral anthela, with 34 rays, rays 1.54 cm, prophylla subtending a bisexual flower at base, on the opposite side of bracteolate. Spikelets solitary, lanceolate, 7--10 x 1.5--2.5 mm, 68-flowered. Glumes lanceolate, chartaceous, 5--7 mm (including awn), reddish-purple, the green 3-nerved costa excurrent in a scabrous awn at acuminate apex. Hypogynous bristles 6, very short, glabrous; Stamens 3, anthers linear; style slender, stigmas 3, nearly equaling the style. Achenes narrowly obovate, trigonous, ca. 1.5 mm, style-base black-purple, persistent. Fl. May. Fuiting unknown.
*Grasslands in streamsides; 20002800 m. W Sichuan.
2. Bolboschoenus (Ascherson) Palla in Hallier & Brand, Koch s Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl., ed. 3, 3: 2531. 1905.
三棱草属 san ling cao shu
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun);
Scirpus Linnaeus sect. Bolboschoenus Ascherson, Fl. Brandenburg 1: 753. 1864.
Perennial herbs, rhizome often forming hard ovoid tubers. Culms many nodose, bulbously thickened at the base. Leaves basal and cauline, blades linear, flat, sheaths tubular, ligules absent. Bracts leaf-like, patent, surpassing inflorescence. Inflorescence terminal anthela or capitate with 1-many spikelets. Spikelets with many spirally arranged, deciduous glumes, each subtending a bisexual flower. Hypogynous bristles 36, shorter to longer than the achene, deciduous with the achene. Stamens 3; style base not distinct, slightly thickened or not, persistent. Achenes biconvex to trigonous, smooth, beaked.
About 8 species; mainly in eastern Asia and North America; 3 species in China.
1a. Achenes trigonus, stigmas 3; hypogynous bristles almost equalling the achene. Inflorescence a simple anthela----------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. B. yagara
1b. Achenes biconvex, stigmas 2; hypogynous bristles about half as long as achene. Inflorescence capitate or reduced a spikelet.
2a. Glumes brown or dark brown; achenes 33.5 mm--------------------------------------------------------------2. B. planiculmis
2b. Glumes pale yellow; achenes 22.5 mm--------------------------------------------------------------------------3. B. strobilinus
1. Bolboschoenus yagara (Ohwi) Y. C. Yang & M. zhan in Acta Biologica Plateau Sin. 6: 14. 1987.
荆三棱 jing san ling
Scirpus yagara Ohwi, Cyper. Jap. 2: 100. 1944. S. fluviaticus (Torrey) A. Gray var. yagara (Ohwi) T. Koyama.
Rhizome stout and long-creeping, 36 mm thick, black-brown, terminated by a tuber, tuber globose or depressed- obovate, 23 x 34 cm, ligneous, covered with blakish or purple-brown, membranous, broad scales. Culms solitary from a tuber, 70150 cm tall, sharply trignous, smooth. Leaves equaling or overtopping the culm, blades broadly linear, 510 mm wide, stiffish, scabrous on margins; sheaths 520 cm. Bracts 34, leaf-like. usually longer than the inflorescence. Infloresence a simple anthela, with rays 38, unequal, up to ca. 7 mm, smooth, each terminated by a single spikelet or a cluster of 23 (4). Spikelets ovoid or oblong, 12 x 0.50.8(-10) cm, ferrugineous brown, many-flowered. Glumes densely imbricate arranged, oblong, ca. 7 mm, membranous, ferrugineous brown, minutely pubescent abaxially, apex lacerate, bifid, 1-nerved costa projected beyond the glume apex forming a recurved scabrous awn 23 mm. Hypogynous bristles 6, almost equaling the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers linear, ca. 4 mm; style slender, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, trigonous, gray-brown, cuneate-attenuate at base, apex contracted to a conial short beaked. Fl. May-Jul.
Lakesides, shallow waters, marshes, wet places; Elevation unkown. Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Xinjiang, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia].
2. Bolboschoenus planiculmis (Fr. Schmidt) Egonova in Grubov. Pl. Asiae Centr. 3: 20. 1967.
扁杆荆三棱 bian gan jing san ling
Scirpus planiculmis Fr. Schmidt in Reis Amurl. u Ins. Sachl. 190. tab. 8. fig. 17. 170. 1868.
Rhizome creeping, terminated by a tuber, tuber globose. Culms solitaly from a tuber, 60100 cm tall, usually rather slender, trigonous, smooth. Leaves shorter than to slightly overtopping the inflorescence, 25 mm wide, blades linear, flat, acuminate apex, sheaths 516 cm, brownish. Bracts 13, leaf-like, often surpassing inflorescence, scabrous on margins. Inflorescence of 16 spikelets, capitate or simple paniculate, with 1-few short rays, each terminated by 1-few spikelets. Spikelets ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 1016 x 48 mm` ferrugineous brown, many-flowered. Glumes oblong or elliptic, 68 mm, membranous, brown or dark brown, sparsely pubescent abaxially, apex lacerate, 1-nerved costa projected beyond the glume apex forming a awn. Hypogynous bristles 46, retrorsely scabrous, 1/22/3 as long as achene. Stamens 3, anthers linear, ca. 3 mm , connective short; style slender, stigmas 2. Achenes broadly obovate or obovate, 33.5 mm. Fl. MayJan. fr. JulSep. 2n=50,52,56.
Wet places in lakes and riverbanks, swampy ; near sea leve to 2400 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shangdong, Shanxi, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia(Far East)].
3.Bolboshoenus strobilinus (Roxburgh) V. Kreczetowicz in P. H. Ovez. Fl. Tadzh. SSR. 2: 47.1963.
球穗三棱草qiu sui san ling cao
Scirpus strobilinus Roxburgh in Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 1: 222. 1820; S. affinis Roth; S. maritimus Linnaeus var. affinis C. B. Clarke; Bolboschoenus popovii Egonova.
Rhizome creeping, terminated by a tuber, tuber ovoid, small. Culms 1050 cm tall, trigonous, smooth. Leaves blades linear, 14 mm wide, flat, slightly stiffish, upper ones longer than or equaling the culm. Bracts 23, leaf-like, overtopping the inflorescence. Inflorescence of 110 spikelets, capitate, rarely with short rays. Spikelets ovoid, 1016 X 3.57 mm, many-flowered. Glumes oblong-ovate, 56 mm, membranous, pale yellow, slightly pubescent abaxially, apex lacerate, 1-nerved costa excurrent in a awn at glume apex. Hypogynous bristles 6, about half as long as achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers linear-oblong, ca. 1 mm, connective conical, ca. 0.5 mm; style slender, stigmas 2. Achenes broadly obovate, biconvex, ca. 2.5 mm, yellow-white, dark brown at maturity, shiny. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
Lakesides, swampy places, woodsides. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang [India, Russia (Gao Jia Suo); Centr. Asia, Iran].
3.Actinoscripus (Ohwi) R. Haines & Lyo, Bot. Not. 124: 481. 1971.
大藨草属 da biao cao shu
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-yun)
Perennial herbs, robust. Rhizome long creeping, slender, bearing small tuber at apex. Culms rather tall, inconspicuously septate. Leaves blades linear, ligulate. Bracts leaf-like, exceeding inflorescence. Inflorescence a large terminal anthela with many spikelets. Spikelets small. Glumes spirally imbricate arranged, deciduous, each subtending a bisexual flower. Hypogynous bristles 56, retrorsely scabrous, mostly longer than the achene, deciduous with the achene. Stamens 3; style base not distinct, not thickened, persistent, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, compressed-trigonous, beaked, surface smooth.
Monotypic genus; China, India to NE Australia.
1.Actinoscirpus grossus (Linnaeus f.) Goetghebeus & D. A. Simpson, Kew Bull. 46: 171. 1991.
大藨草 da biao cao
Scirpus grossus Linnaeus f. Sp. Pl. Suppl. 104. 1781; Schoenoplectus grossus (Linnaeus f.) Palla.
Stoloniferous. Culms scattered, 12 m x 1012 mm, acutely trigonous, smooth, not nodose, not cauline leaf, clothed at base with 12 sheaths, spongy, disintegrating into reticulate fibers. Leaves shorter than the culm, 712 mm wide, scabrous on margins, sheaths spongy. Bracts leaf-like, 34, lower 13 longer than the inflorescence, scabrous on upper margins. Inflorescence a terminal compound anthela, with over 10 rays, rays scabrous, up to 5 cm. Spikelets many, solitary, ovoid or ellipsoid, sessile or peduncled, 45 x 2.53 mm, densely many-flowered. Glumes elliptic or broadly ovate, membranous, ferrugineous to dark brown, the green 1-nerved costa excurrent in a mucro ca 2.5 mm at obtuse glume apex, ciliolate on apical margins. Hypogynous bristles 6, longer than the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers lines, connective deltoid, black, very short; style rather long, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate or subelliptic, compressed- trigonous, ca. 1.5 mm, light brown-yellow, beaked at apex. Fl. and fr. JulOct. 2n=c 88.
Moist places, shallow pools, swamps, ricefield; below 600-- 900 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Japan, Laos, Malaysia. Myanmar, Philipping, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam].
4. Schoenoplectus (Reichenbach) Palla in Verb. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38. Sitzungsber, ; 49. 1888. nom cons.
水葱属 shui cong shu
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun);
Scirpus sect. Schoenoplectus Reichenbach Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: 40. 1846.
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes with creeping rhizome. Culms tufted, not nodose above base. Leaves usually reduced to a sheath, more rarely developing a ligulate blade. Bract erect, culm-like. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral anthela, or more frequently capitate with (1-)-few-many spikelets. Spikelets ovoid to elliptsoid, with many spiral, rarely pseudodischous, deciduous, rarely persistent glumes, often each subtending a bisexual flower. Hypogynous bristles 06, needle-like, shorter or longer than the achene, smooth, scabrous or plumose, deciduous with the achene. Stamens 13; style base not distinct, not thickened, persistent. Achene obovate, more or less trigonous or biconvex, beaked or not, smooth to rugose.
About 77 species; worldwide; 20 species in China.
1a. Hypogynous bristles plumosely fringed.
2a. Culms terete; hypogynous bristles longer than the achene; stigmas 2--------------------------------------------1. S. subulatus
2b. Culms trigonous or obtusely trigonous just below the inflorescence; hypogynous bristles about as long as the achene; stigmas 3---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. S. litoralis
1b. Hypogynous bristles retrorsely scabrous.
3a. Glumes 1-nerved costa excurrent in a awn at emarginated glume apex; achenes smooth; culms scattered.
4a. Bracts much overtopping the inflorescence, 1525 cm, creeping rhizome not red; leaves development---------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. S. ehrenbergii
4b. Bracts usually shorter than the inflorescence, 1.55.5 cm, creeping rhizome red; leaves absent.
5a. Culms sharply trigonous, sometimes upper trigonous, lower terete; creeping rhizome slender------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- 4. S. triqueter
5b. Culms terete; creeping rhizome stout.
6a. Spikelets 47(-10) mm; glumes with reddish resinow spots abaxially; stigmas 2; achenes plano-convex--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. S. tabernaemontani
6b. Spikelets 815 mm; glumes smooth abaxially; stigmas usually 3; achenes compressed-trigonous-----------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. S. lacustris
3b. Glumes acute or obtuse at apex; achenes mostly rugose. Culms tufted (except S. lineolatus).
7a. Culms trigonous , sometimes winged.
8a. Hypogynous bristles longer than the achene, retrorsely scabrous; achenes compressed-trigonous-----------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. S. mucronatus
8b. Hypogynous bristles shorter than the achene, retrorsely scabrous or not; achenes trigonous or biconvex.
9a. Achenes trignous; hypogynous bristles glabrous-------------------------------------------------------8. S. chuanus
9b. Achenes biconvex; hypogyous bristles retrorsely scabrous-------------------------------------9. S. trapezoideus
7b. Culmes terete.
10a. With creeping rhizome; culms scattered.
11a. Glumes oblong or elliptic, not ciliate on margins; hypogynous bristles one times or twice as long as the achene-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. S. lineolatus
11b. Glumes broadly ovate, ciliate; hypogynous bristles reduced to absent, or 13 very short bristles--------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11. S. monocephalus
10b. Withous creeping rhizome; culms densely tufted.
12a. Culms stout, 56120 cm tall.
13a. Culms 60--120 cm x 58 mm; bracts often deflexed, transverse septate absent; stigmas 2--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12. S. fohaiensis
13b. Culms 5685 cm tall; bracts erect, with many transverse septate; stigmas 3------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13. S. pseudo-articulatus
12b. Culms 1530 cm tall.
14a. Achenes biconvex, obscurely rugulose or smooth; stigmas 2.
15a. Glumes broadly ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptic, 3.55.5 mm; achenes 1.62.5 mm.
16a. Glumes broadly ovate or ovate, acute at apex, 3.54 mm, brown or dark brown; achenes broadly obovate or obovate, ca. 2 mm; stigmas 3; hypogynous bristles 56, shorter than or equalling the achene-------------------------------14. S. juncoides
16b. Glumes oblong-ovate, acuminate at apex, 45.5 mm, pale green or brown-green; achenes broadly elliptic, ca. 2.5 mm; stigmas 2; hypogynous bristles 4, longer than the achene-----------------------------------------------------------------------15. S. wallichii
15b. Gulmes oblong, 23 mm; achenes 11.5 mm.
17a. Spikelets yellow, 720 mm; glumes ciliated on upper margins; achenes obscurely rugulose--------------------------------------------------------------------16. S. jingmenensis
17b. Spikelets brown green, 47 mm; glumes entire; achenes nearly smooth-----------------------------------------------------------------------17. S. komarovii
14b. Achenes trigonous, distinctly rugulose; stigmas 3.
18a. Hypogynous bristles very development, slightly longer than the achene, retrorsely scabrous-------------------------------------------------------------------------18. S. chen-mouii
18b. Hypogynous bristles very reduced , short, glabrous or absent.
19a. Culms stout, 2.53.5 mm thick; bract 1030 cm; glumes red-brown; hypogynous bristles very short, glabrous-----------------------------19. S. schoofii
19b. Culms slender, ca. 1 mm thick; bract 312 mm; hypogynous bristles absent 20.S. supinus
1. Schoenoplectus subulatus (Vahl) S. Yun. Liang & S. R. Zhang, comb nov.
钻苞水葱zuan bao shui cong
Scirpus subulatus Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 156. 1806.
Rhizome short. Clums stout, 50120 cm X 38 mm, terete, clothed at base with several bladeless sheaths. Sheaths up to ca. 20 cm, nearly chartaceous, membranous at orifice, disintegrating into fibers. Bract 1, culm-like, longer or shorter than the inflorescence, stiff, nearly subulate, hyaline margins at base sides ca. 1 mm wide. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral simple or decompound anthela, with 58 rays, rays up to ca. 5 mm, compressed- trigonous, scabrous. Spikelets solitary or binate, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 620 mm, many-flowered. Glumes ovate-elliptic, obtuse or emarginated at apex, 34 mm, membranous, pale brown or yellow-brown, whith-hyaline on margins, 1-nerved. hypogynous bristles 45, plumosely fringed, longer than the achene. Stamens 2, anthers linear, the connective with a fimbriate appendage; stgmas 2. Achenes broadly obovate, compressed biconvex ca. 2 mm, brown at maturity. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct.
Moist places; Elevation unknown. Hainan (Qiong Shan). [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia].
2. Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrader) Palla in Bot. Jahrb. 10: 299. 1889.
羽状刚毛水葱 yu zhuang gang mao shui cong
Scirpus litoralis Schrader Fl. Germ. 1: 142. Pl. 5. fig. 7. 1806.
Rhizome short, with long-creeping stolons, slender. Culms rather stout, 50120 x 0.31 cm, erect. trigonous or obtusely trigonous just below the inflorescence, glaurous. Leaves reduced to bladeless or shortly laminate sheaths. Bract 1, culm-like, erect, rigid, 25(-10) cm. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral simple or compound anthela, few- to many spikelets, 46 cm, rays slender, smooth. Spikelets solitary, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, terete, acutish, 612 X 1.53 mm, reddish-brown, densely many-flowered. Glumes broadly elliptic, obtuse or slightly notched, minutely cilioate at apex, membranous, broadly white-hyaline on margins, 3.54 x ca. 2 mm, the green 1-nerved prominent excurrent in a short mucro. Hypogynous bristles usually 4(3-5), ligulate-spatulate, plumosely fringed in the upper part with antrorsely scabrous, ferrugineous, about as long as the achene. Stamens (2-) 3, anthers 1.52 mm, the connective with a fimbriate appendage; stigmas 3. Achenes broadly obovate, biconvex, smooth castaneous to blackish, ca. 2 x 1.3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul-Sep. 2n=42, 78, 80, 84.
Watersides, swampy places; ca. 600m. Gansu, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang [India, Malaysia; Africa, Centr. Asia :Aral.-Casp., Kyz.-Kum., Kara-Kum., Amu-Dar., Pam.-Al.,Europe].
3.Schoenoplectus ehrenbergii (Bφckler) Y. C. Yang & M. Zhan in Acta biologica Plateau Sin. 6: 15. 1987.
剑苞水葱jian bao shui cong
Scirpus echrenbergii Bockler in Linnaea 36: 712. 1870.
Stoloniferous. Culms 100150 x ca. 1 cm, sharply trigonous, slightly winged on the angles, clothed at base with long sheaths. Leaves blades 4060 x ca. 0.8 cm, conduplicate at base, ribbed abaxially. Bract 1, culm-like erect, obtusely trigonous, up to ca. 25 cm, much overtopping the inflorescence. Iflorescence a pseudolateral head, rather dense, with 35 spikelets. Spikelets oblong or oblong-ovoid, 810 x 23 mm, 10-flowered. Glumes broadly ovate or elliptic ca. 5 mm, membranous, brown, the 1-nerved costa excurrent in a shot awn at emarginated apex, white-hyaline on margins. Hypogynous bristles 6, longer than the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamems 3, anthers linear, ca. 2 mm; style slender, stigmas 3, shorter than the style. Achenes broadly ovate, plano-convex, ca. 2 mm. Fl. and fr. AugOct.
Near watersides; Gansu, Hebei, Shangdong, Ningxia [Russia (C. W. Siberia); Centr. Asia, Europe ].
4．Schoenoplectus triqueter (Linnaeus) Palla in Sitzb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 38: 49. 1888.(Bot. Jahrb. 10: 299. 1888).
三棱水葱 san ling shui cong
Scirpus triqueter Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 1: 29. 1767; S. trisetosus T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 221. Pl. 7: 1-4.1961. syn nov.
Rhizome long-creeping, slender, dry reddish-brown. Culms solitary, 20100 cm x 28 mm, stout, erect, trigonous, subrigid, clothed at base with 23 sheaths. Sheaths 515 cm, pale green, membranous, distinctly transverse septate, obliquely truncate at orifice. Leaves blades flat, 1.35.5 (-8) cm x 1.52 mm. Bract 1 culm-like, subacute at apex, 1.57 cm, trigonous, shorter than the inflorescence. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral anthela, 3-6 cm, loosely bearing 320 spikelets or sometimes congested in a head-like cluster, rays rather stout, scabrous, up to ca. 5 cm. Spikelets oblong or ovoid-oblong, obtuse at apex, 6--12 x 37mm, densely many-flowered. Glumes elliptic to oblong or broadly ovate, 34 mm, membranous, yellow-brown, the green 1-nerved costa excurrent in a mucro at emarginated or rounded apex, sparsely ciliate on margins. Hypogynous bristles 35, subequalling the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers linear, the connective produced, dark brown; style short, stigmas 2. Achenes obovate, plano-convex, 23 mm, brownish at maturity, shiny. Fl. and fr. JunOct. 2n=40, 42.
Wet places in riversides, ditch and pond margins, swamps; 1002300 m. widely distributed in the whole country except Hainan [ Korea, Russia (Far East);Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh., kara-Kum, Mount, Turkm., Syr.-Dan, America, Europe ].
5.Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (Gmelin) Palla in Sitzb. Zool.-Bot. Gesel. Wien 38: 49. 1888.
水葱shui cong
Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmelin Fl. Bad. 1: 108. 1805; S. validus Vahl; S. validus Vahl var. laeviglumis T. Tang & F. T. Wang, syn nov. ; S. tabernaemontani Gmelin forma luxuriaus Miquel ; S. tabernaemontani Gmelin forma australis Ohwi; Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) A.& D. Love.
Rhizome horizontally creeping, brown. Culms 12 m tall, terete, smooth, clothed at base with 34 sheaths. Sheaths up to ca. 38 cm, membranous, the uppermost sheath with blade. Leaves blades linear, 1.511 cm. Bract 1, culm-like, erect, subulate, usually shorter or rarely slightly longer than the inflorescence. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral simple or decompound anthela, with 413 or more rays, rays unequal in length, up to ca. 5 cm, concave-convexed, scabrous. Spikelets solitary or in clustered of 23, ovoid or oblong, acute or obtuse at apex, 510 x 23.5 mm, densely many-flowered. Glumes elliptic or broadly ovate, 2.53 mm, membranous, brown or purple-brown, with reddish resinous spots abaxially, on upper median part, broadly whith-hyaline on margins, ciliate toward apex, the green 1-nerved costa excurrent in a murco at obtuse to emarginated apex. Hypogynous bristles 26, shorter than to equaling the achene, reddish-brown, retrorsely scabrous except at base. Stamens 3, anthers linear, the connective produced; style 2 mm, stigmas 2. rarely 3. Achenes broadly obovate or elliptic 22.5 mm, nearly plano-convex, contracted above to a mucronate at apex. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n=42.
Lake margins, shallow waters; 3002900 m. Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Japan, Korea, Russia; Australia, Europe, South and North America].
6．Schoenoplectus lacustris (Linnaeus) Palla in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 299. 1889
沼生水葱 zhao sheng shui cong
Scirpus lacustris Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 48. 1753.
Rhizome stout, horizontally creeping. Culms 12.5 m x ca. 2(3) cm, erect, terete, green, smooth. Leaves reduced to the sheath, glabrous, the lower sheaths brownish, the upper two ones bearing subulate or linear blades 110 cm. Bract 1, culm-like, subulate, equaling or slightly overtopping the inflorescence. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral simple or decompound anthela, with 28 rays, unequalling in length, 58 cm. Spikelets oblong or ovoid, acute apex, 615 mm, reddish-brown. Glumes ovate, ciliate on margins, glabrous abaxially, the 1-nerved costa excurrent in a short awn at emarginated apex. Hypogynous bristles 56, slightly longer than the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers linear, 1.52 mm, the connective produced in a triangular-ovate, bearded appendage; stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, compressed-trigonous, grayish, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. JunAug. 2n=38, 42, 80.
Swamps, shallow waters; Elevation unknown. Xinjiang (Sha Wan) [Russia; Europe, North America ].
7.Schoenoplectus mucronatus (Linnaeus) Palla in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 299. 1889.
北水毛花 bei shui mao hua
1a. Glumes broadly obovate, very concave; achenes conspicuousely transversely wrinkled .. 7a. subsp. mucronatus
1b. Glumes ovate or oblong-ovate; achenes inconspicuousely transversely wrinkled 7b. subsp. robustus
7a. Schoenoplectus mucronatus subsp. mucronatus
北水毛花（原亚种） bei shui mao hua ( yuan ya zhong)
Scirpus mucronatus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1. 1753.
Glumes broadly obovate, very concave; achenes conspicuousely transversely wrinkled. Fl. and fr. Aug-Sep.
Swamps , shores,rice fields; Centr. Asia, Iran, Ind-Him., Japan, China (Fl. USSR 3: 41. 1935.); Europe.
No Chinese specimens have been by the present authous.
7b. Scheonplectus mucronatus (Linnaeus) Palla subsp. robustus (Miquel) T. Koyama, Fl. Taiwan 5: 214. 1978.
水毛花 Shui mao hua
Scirpus mucronatus Linnaeus var. robustus Miquel; S. mucronatus var. subieiocarpa Franchet & Savater; S. mucronatus Linnaeus subsp. robustus (Miquel) T. Koyama; S. prestii Dietrich; S. triangulatus Roxburgh; S. triangulatus Roxburgh var. sanguineus T. Tang & F. T. Wang; S. triangulatus Roxburgh var. trialatus T. Tang & F. T. Wang; S. triangulatus Roxburgh var. tripteris T. Tang & F. T. Wang.
Rhizome short. Culms slightly densely tufted, 45130 cm x 511 mm, sharply trigonous with shallowly concave sides, deep green, clothed at base with 24 sheaths. Sheaths membranous to herbaceous, brown, 725 cm, obliquely truncate at orifice. Bract 1, culm-like, upright or obliquely bent, 210 cm. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral hemispherical head, with (3-) 520 spikelets. Spikelets ovoid, oblong-ovoid, terete to lanceolate, 1020 x 46 mm, subacute at apex, brownish-greenish, densely many-flowered. Glumes broadly obovate, very concave or ovate to broadly ovate, 3.85 x 2.53 mm, chartaceous, pale-green and brownish tinged usually with reddish-brown lineolae, minutely ciliolate on upper margins, the green 1-3- nerved costa excurrent in a mucro at apex. Hypogynous bristles 6, 1.52 times the length of achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers linear, ca. 2.5 mm, the connective slightly produced; style ca. 4 mm, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate or broadly obovate, 22.5 x 1.52 mm, compressed-trigonous, contracted to cuneate base, rounded to mucronate apex, black-brown at maturity, somewhat shiny, conspicuously or inconspicuously transversely wrinkled. Fl. and fr. May- Nov. 2n=44.
Pond and lake margins, swamps, grassland in streamsides,
rice field; 100-2700m. Anhui, Fujan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Sri lanka, Madagascar; Europe]
8. Schoenoplectus chuanus (T. Tang & F. T. Wang) S. Yun. Liang & S. R. Zhang, comb. nov.
曲氏水葱 qu shi shui cong
Scirpus chuanus T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 222. Pl. 10: 1-5.1961.
Rhizome short, creeping. Culms loosely tufted, 6676 cm tall, slightly stout, trigonous, distinct channeled, smooth, clothed at base with 23 sheaths. Sheaths up to ca. 25 cm, lower sheaths dark brown, prominent trasverse nerves, upper sheaths green or green-brown, obliquely truncate at orifice, hyaline on margins. Bract 1, culm-like, erect or obliquely patent, 59 cm, trigonous, smooth. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with ca. 10 spikelets. Spikelets oblong or ellipsoid, 510 X 35 mm, densely many-flowered. Glumes broadly ovate, concave, rounded at apex, chartaceous, hyaline on margins, 2,53 mm, brown with dark brown short lineolae, the yellow-green 1-nerved costa excurrent in a mucro at apex, many-nerves on both sides. Hypogynous bristles 6, 1/41/3 as long as the achene, glabrous; stamens 3, anthers narrowly deltoid, obtuse at apex, the connective produced, slightly dilatate; style short, stigmas 3, slender. Achenes obovate, trigonous, 1.52 mm, black at maturity, shiny. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
Shallow waters; Jiangsu (Xi Xia Shan).
9. Schoenoplectus trapezoideus (Koidzumi) Hagasaka et H. Ohashi in Journ. Jap. Bot. 75(4): 224. 2ooo.
五棱水葱 wu ling shui cong
Scirpus trapezoideus Koidzumi in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 39: 26. 1925; S. erectus Poiret var. triangularis Honda; S. juncoides Roxburgh var. triangularis (Honda) Ohwi (err. triangulatus).
Rhizome short. Culms tufted, 4070 tall, erect, rather slender, 35 angled, clothed at base with bladeless sheaths. Sheaths up to ca. 12 cm, pale-brown at base, oblique at orifice. Bract 1, culm-like, erect, 515 cm. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with 29 spikelets. Spikelets oblong-ovoid or ovoid, 814 x 46 mm, pale-ferrugineous brown, sessile. Glumes broadly elliptic, acute at apex, pale ferrugineous brown, 34 mm, thin-coriaceous, the green costa excurrent in a mucro at apex. Hypogynous bristles 6, ca. 2/3 as long as the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers 1.21.5 mm. Achenes broadly obovate, subrounded, ca. 2 mm, biconvex or unequql biconvex, blackish brown, obscurely wrinkled; style ca. 3 mm. stigmas 3(2).
Wet places, in swamp by streams; ca. 1000 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Jilin [Japan].
10. Schoenoplectus lineolatus (Franchet & Savatier) T. Koyama, Fl. Taiwan 5: 215. Pl.1322. 1978.
细匍匐茎水葱 xi pu fu jing shui cong
Scirpus lineolatus Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japan 2: 544. 1879.
Rhizome creeping, long and slender. Culms solitary at nodes of stolon, distantly arranged in a row, 735 cm x 0.812 mm, terete, dark green, clothed at base with 12 bladeless short sheaths. Sheaths 15 cm, hyaline, pale-brown, obliquely truncate at orifice. Bract 1, culm-like, erect, subulate apex. Inflorescence general a single pseudo-lateral spikelets. Spikelets oblong or broadly lanceolate, 46 x 23 mm, stramineous greenish, densely many-flowered, sessile. Glumes oblong or elliptic, acute or obtus at apex, 44.5 x 1.8--2 mm, membranous, pale-yellow, with some brown lineolae, keel green, white-hyaline on margins. Hypogynous bristles 45, one times or twice as long as achene. Stamens 23, anthers linear, ca. 2.5 mm; style 45 mm, stigmas 2. Achenes obovate to elliptic, plano-convex, 1.72.2 x 1.21.8 mm, black, shiny. Fl. and fr. JulOct. 2n=c 60.
Marshy places; Guangdong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
11. Schoenoplectus monocephalus (J. Q. He) S. Yun. Liang & S.R. Zhang , comb. nov.
单穗水葱 dan sui shui cong
Scirpus monocephalus J. Q. He in Acta Phytotax Sin. 37(3): 291. fig. 1. 1999.
Rhizome creeping and several fusiform bulblets. Culms 1020 cm x 0.51.5 mm, scattered, terete, smooth, channeled,channeled, clothed at base with 12 dark brown bladeless sheaths, 13 cm, hyaline, obliquely truncate at orifice. Bract 1, 12.5 cm, culm-like, erect, subacute at apex. Inflorescence general a single pseudo-lateral spikelet. Spikelet oblong or broadly lanceolate, 410 x 24 mm, densely 610-flowered, ssessile. Glumes broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse at apex, 13.5 mm, pale brown with brown minutely spots, nerveless or 1-nerved. Hypogynous bristles reduced, absent or 1 3 unequal short bristles, 1/64/5 the length of achene, glabrous. Stamens 3, anthers linear, 11.5 mm; style slender, ca. 3 mm, stigmas 2, ca. 1 mm. Achenes broadly ovate, plano-convex, 1.52.5 mm, glabrous, brown, shiny.
*Roadsides, Wet places; Elevation unknown. Anhui(Fu yang).
12. Schoenoplectus fohaiensis (T. Tang & F. T. Wang) C. Y. Wu, Index Florae Yunnanensis 2120, 1984.
佛海水葱 fo hai shui cong
Scirpus fohaiensis T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 222. Pl. 10: 6-10. 1961.
Rhizome short, without creeping stolon. Culms 60120 cm x 5--8 mm, terete, smooth, clothed at base with 34 sheaths. Sheaths brown or greenish, bladeless or sometimes setaceous, obliquely truncate at orifice. Bract 1, culm-like, terete, 2.55 mm, often deflexed, acuminate at apex. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with many spikelets. Spikelets sessile, ovoid or oblong, 45 x ca. 3 mm, dark brown, many-flowered. Glumes obovate or elliptic, acute or obtuse at apex, membranous, 22.5 mm, pale brown, with dark brown lineolae, the 1-nerved costa excurrent in a mucro at apex, ciliolate. Hypogynous bristles 56, equalling or slightly longer than the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers linear, connective produced; style long, stigmas 2. Achenes broadly obovate or obovate, plano-convex, ca. 1.2 mm, black at maturity, shiny. Fl. and fr. MarJun.
*Ponds; ca.1600 m. Yunnan(Fu Hai).
13. Schoenoplectus pseudo-articulatus (L. K. Dai & S. M. Huang) S. Yun.Liang & S. R. Zhang, comb nov.
节苞水葱 jie bao shui cong
Scirpus pseudo-articulatus L. K. Dai & S. M. Huang Fl. Hainanica 4: 276. 538. 1976.
Rhizome slender and long. Plants 5685 cm tall(including bract). Culms densely tufted, stout, terete, without transverse septate-nodose, 1225 x 0.50.7 cm, clothed at base with 12 bladeless sheaths. Sheaths terete, 1025 cm, obliquely truncate at mucronate orifice. Bract 1, culm-like, erect, usually longer than the culm, with many transverse septate-nodose. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with many spikelets. Spikelets ovoid, sessile, 79 X 44.5 mm, many-flowered. Glumes deltoid-ovate, concave, 55.5 mm, thin membranous, brown-yellow with dark brown lineolae, many slightly conspicuously nerved, the 1-nerved costs excurrent in a mucro at apex. Hypogynous bristles absent; Stamens 3, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, trigonous, 22.2 mm, yellow-gray at maturity, smooth. Fl. and fr. MayJul.
Moist places, pond margins; Elevation unknown. Hainan(Ya Xian),[India]
14. Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxburgh) Palla Bot. Jahrb. 10: 299. 1889.
萤蔺 ying lin
Scirpus juncoides Roxburgh Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 1: 216.1820; S. juncoides var. ohwianus (T. Koyama) T. Koyama; S. ohwianus T. Koyama.
Rhizome short, with many fiber roots. Culms tufted, 1570 cm x 14 mm, slightly stiff, terete, or obtusely serveal-angled, smooth, clothed at base with 23 bladeless sheaths. Sheaths 515 cm, pale green, obliquely truncate at mucronate orifice. Bract 1, culm-like, erect, 315 cm, pale green. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with (2-) 35 (-7) spikelets. Spikelets ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 817 x 3.56 mm, brown or pale- brown, many-flowered. Glumes broadly ovate or ovate, 34 x 1.82 mm, membranous, the green 1 or 3-nerved costa excurrent in a mucro at apex, brown or with brown with brown-lineolae. Hypogynous bristles 5--6, equalling or shorter than achene, retrorsely scabrous except at base. Stamens 3, anthers oblong, connective produced; style 22.2 mm, stigmas 2, rarely 3. Achenes broadly obovate or obovate, plano-convex, ca. 2 mm, obscurely transversely wrinkled, dark brown at maturity, shiny. Fl. and fr. AugNov.
Wet places, swamps, rice fields, riversides, roadsides, sandy soil; 3002000 m. Throughout the country except Nei Mongel [India, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka].
1a. Stigmas 2; achenes broadly obovate or obovate, plano-convex------------------------------------------------14a. subsp. juncoides
1b. Stigmas 3; achenes trigonous---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14b. subsp. hotarui
14a. Schoenoplectus juncoides subsp. juncoides
萤蔺（原 种）ying lin (yuan ya zhong)
Stigmas 2. Achenes broadly obovate or obovate, plano-convex.
Throughout the country except Nei Mongol [India, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka
14b. Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxburgh) Palla subsp. hotarui (Ohwi) Sojαk in Čas. Nαr. Mus., Odd. Přνr.141.(1-2): 62. 1972.
细杆萤蔺xi gan ying lin
Scirpus hotarui Ohwi in Fedde, Repert. Nov. Sp. 36: 44. 1934; S. juncoides var. hotarui (Owhi)Ohwi.
Stigmas 3. Achenes trigonous.
Wet places; ca. 1200 m. Jilin, Lioaning [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
15. Schoenoplectus wallichii (Nees) T. Koyama, Fl. Taiwan 5: 210. Pl. 1320. 1978.
猪毛草 zhu mao ca
Scirpus wallichii Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. India 112. 1834; S. sasakii Hayata; S. erectus Poiret var. wallichii (Nees) Beetle; Schoenoplectus wallichii (Nees) Ohwi.
Without distinct rhizome. Culms tufted, 1040 cm tall, smooth, clothed at base with 24 sheaths. Sheaths 210 cm, lower sheaths stramineous, upper ones pale green, obliquely truncate at orifice, with a subulate appendage ca. 0.8 mm. Bract 1, culm-like, erect, acute at apex, 4.516 cm, dilated at base. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with 1 or 23 spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate to oblong-ovoid, acute at apex, 720 x 36 mm, pale green or pale brownish-green, densely many-flowered. Glumes oblong-ovate, thin coriaceous, 45.5 x ca. 2.5 mm, the green 1-nerved costa excurrent in a mucro at a acuminate apex. Hypogynous bristles 4 or occasionally 5, longer than the achene, retrorsely scabrous except at base. Stamens 3, anthers oblong, connective slightly produced; style 22.5 mm, stigmas 2. Achenes broadly elliptic, plano-convex, ca. 2 mm, black brown, slightly transversely wrinkled, shiny. Fl. and fr. AugNov.
Wet places, streamsides, riversides, rice field; 8001300 m. Anhui Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, HubHunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Vietman ].
16. Schoenoplectus jingmenensis (T. Tang & F. T. Wang) S. Y. Liang & S. R. Zhang, comb.nov.
荆门水葱 jing men shui cong
Scirpus jingmenensis T. Tang & F. T Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 222.Pl. 12: 16-19. 1961.
Rhizome short. Culms tufted, 1032 x 0.20.3 cm, terete, smooth, clothed at base with 23 sheaths. Sheaths 1.59 cm, the uppermost sheath usually with slender blades, 11.7 cm, obliquely truncate at orifice. Bract 1, culm-like, subterete, 1318 cm, sometimes longer than the culm, dilated at base, hyaline on margins. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with 510 spikelets, bracteoles glumaceous, ovate or broadly lanceolate, 410 mm, pale brown. Spikelets sessile, oblong or linear-lanceolate, 720 x ca. 1 mm, many-flowered. Glumes oblong, ca. 2 mm, membranous, pale brown with brown lineolate, the 1-3 nerved costa excurrent in a mucro at rounded apex, ciliate on upper margins, deciduous at achene maturity. Hypogynous bristles 46, about one times as long as the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 12, anthers short, elliptic; style long, stigmas 2, slender. Achenes obovate, plano-convex, ca. 1 mm, black brown, undistinctly transversely wrinkled, shiny. Fr. Sep.
*Habitat and elevation unknown. Hubei (Jing Men).
17. Schoenoplectus komarovii (Roshevitz) Sojαk in Čas. Nαr. Mus., Odd. Přνr. 140(3-4): 127. 1972.
吉林水葱 ji lin shui cong
Scirpus komarovii Roshevitz in Kom. Fl. URSS. 3: 54. 479. Pl. 4 fig. 141. 1935; S. supinus Linneaus var. leiocarpus Komarov; S. hondoensis Ohwi var. leiocarpus (Komarov) Ohwi; S. okuyamae Ohwi; S. sasakii Hayata var. leiocarpus (Komarov) Kitagawa.
Rhizoma very short. Culms tufted, 1050 cm tall, terete, smooth, clothed at base with 23 bladeless sheaths. Sheaths 110 cm, green, sometimes pale brown at base, obliquely truncate at orifice. Bract 1, culm-like, 818 cm, slightly dilated at base. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with 210 or more spikelets. Spikelets ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 47 (-10) x 23 mm, sessile, many-flowered. Glumes oblong, ca. 2mm, membranous, pale brown, obscurely nerves, with dark brown lineolae, the green 1-nerved costa excurrent in a mucro at rounded apex. Hypogynous bristles 4, retrorsely scabrous, about one times as ong as the achene. Stamens 3, anthers lanceolate, short, connective slightly produced; style long, stigmas 2. Achenes broadly obovate, compressed biconvex, 11.5 mm, black brown, obscurely transversely wrinkled, shiny. Fl. and fr. JunOct.
Swamps, wet places, rice field; near sea level to 100m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, [Japan, Russia (Fae East)].
18. Schoenoplectus chen-mouii (T.Tang & F. T. Wang) C. Y. Wu, Index Florae Yunnanensis 2120. 1984.
陈谋水葱 chen mou shui cong
Scirpus chen-mouii T.Tang & F. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 223. Pl. 12: 1-4 1961.
With fibrous roots, Culms 1030 cm x ca. 1.5 mm, terete, smooth, clothed at base with 24 green or pale brown sheaths. Sheaths 110 cm, orifice obliquely truncate, paucus with setaseous blades ca. 1 cm. Bract 1, culm-like, erect, 1020 cm, subterete, smooth, slightly dilated at base, membranous on margins. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with 210 spikelets. Spikelets oblong-ovoid or oblong, 510 x ca. 3 mm, many-flowered. Glumes obovate or oblong, membranous, yellow with brown lineolae, the green 1-nerved costa excurrent in a mucro at apex, cilioated. Hypogynous bristles 6, rarely 5, retrorsely scabrous, longer than the achene. Stamens 3, anthers short, oblong, connective slightly produced; style medium, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate or broadly obovate, trigonous, 11.2 mm, yellow at young, black at maturity, transversely wrinkled. Fl. and fr. AugOct.
*Rice fields; ca. 1800 m. Yunnan(Dali).
19. Schoenoplectus schoofii (Beetle) C. Y. Wu, Index Florae Yunnanensis 2121. 1984.
滇水葱 dian shui cong
Scirpus schoofii Beetle in Amer. Journ. Bot. 29: 654. 1942.
Culms tufted, 3060 cm x 2.53.5 mm, compressed-rounded or terete, smooth, clothed at base with 23 bladeless pale brown sheaths. Sheaths 216 cm, orifice obliquely truncate with a mucro. Bract 1, culm-like, 830 cm,. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with 820 spikelets. Spikelets ovoid or oblongovoid, 310 x 23 mm, many-flowered. Glumes elliptic or nearly obovate, ca. 3 mm, membranous, brown-yellowish or brown, obscurely many-nerved, the green 1--3-nerved costa excurrent in a mucronate at rounded apex, ciliolate on margins. Hypogynous bristles very short, glabrous. Stamens 3, anthers short, nearly narrowly ovate, connective produced; style medium, stigmas 3. Achenes broadly obovate, trigonous, ca. 1 mm, black at maturity, densely transversely wrinklet. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
*Wet places along lakesides; ca. 2300 m. Jiangsu, Yunnan.
20. Schoenoplectus supinus (Linnaeus) Palla in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 299. 1889.
仰卧秆水葱 yang wo gan shui cong
Scirpus supinus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1. 1753.
Moist places; Form southern Europe to northern Africa and to western Asia.
1a. Culms trigonous, clothd at base with blades sheaths; achenes the sides obscurely transversely wrinked ..
..20a. subsp. lateriflorus
1b. Culmes terete, clothed at base with bladeless sheaths; achenes the sides distinctly finely and densely transversely wrinked
..20b. subsp. densicorrugatus
20a. Schoenoplectus supinus (Linnaeus) Palla subsp. lateriflorus (Gmelin) Sojαk in Čas. Nαr. Mus., Odd. Přνr.141.(1-2): 62. 1972.
稻田仰卧杆水葱 dao tian yang wo gan shui cong
Scirpus lateriflorus Gmelin ,Syst. Veg. 127. 1791; Isolepis oryzetorum Steudel as oryectorum; Scirpus erecto-gracilis Hayata; S. oryzetorum (Steudel) Ohwi; S. supinus Linnaeus var. lateriflorus (Gmelin) T. Koyama; Schoenoplectus lateriflorus (Gmelin) Lye.
With fibrous roots. Culms tufted, 730 cm x 11.7 mm, obscurely trigonous, slender, greenish, clothed at base with 23 sheaths. Sheaths 26 cm, membranous, pale-green, orifice obliquely truncate with a mucro. Bract 1, culm-like, 1.512 cm. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head-like or corymbose with 4 short rays. Spikelets 310, lanceolate-ovoid to oblong, subacute at apex, 48 x 23 mm, subdensely many-flowered. Glumes elliptic, 1.82.5 mm, slightly obtuse at apex, mucronate, boat-shaped with a prominent, green, 3-nerved keel, both sides membranous. Hypogynous bristles absent or rarely rudimentally; style 1.5 mm, stigmas 3. Achenes broadly obovate, 11.3 mm, trigonous, suddenly contracted at both ends, mucronate at apex, obscurely transversely wrinkled, black at maturity. Fr.and fr. Nov-next year Jen 2n=22
Wet places, rice fields; 1000m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan,Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Malaysia, Sri lanka; Australia]
20b. Schoenoplectus supinus subsp. densicorrugatus (T. Tang & F. T. Wang) S. Yun. Liang & S. R. Zhang, comb. nov.
多皱纹果仰卧杆水葱 duo zhou wen guo yang wo gan shui cong
Culms 410 cm tall, terete, clothed at base with bladeless sheaths. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head-like, Spikelets 36 mm, in clusters of 23, sessile. Achenes the sides finely and densely transversely wrinkled. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
*Moist meadous along valleys; 6002300 m. Xinjian
5. Isolepis R. Brown Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 221. 1810.
细莞属 xi guan shu
Liang Songyun(梁松筠 Liang Song-jun）
Scirpus Linnaeus sect. Isolepis (R. Brown) Grisebach Spidil. Fl. Rumel. Bith. 2: 417. 1845.
Annual, rarely perennial herbs, with rhizome or not. Culms tufted, terete. Leaves all basal blades often much reduced, sheaths green to stramineous, sometimes nearly reddish, ligules absent. Bract leaf-like, spreading to erect. Inflorescence capitate, with few-many spikelets or reduced to a single. rarey anthela. Spikelets with few-many spirally arranged, mostly deciduous glumes, each subtending a flower, but lowermost glume sometimes emptly. Flowers bisexual. Hypogyous britstles absent. Stamens 13; style linear, 23-fid, style-base not or slightly thickened, persistent. Achenes mostly obovate, biconvex or trigonous, papillose or longitudinally ridded.
69 species; worldwide, especially Africa and Australia; two species in China.
1a. Achenes broadly obovate plano-convex; glumes ovate or nearly elliptic, rounded or obtuse at apex 1.I. setacea
1b.Achenes narrowly obovate, trigonous; glumes obovate, cuspitate at apex .2. I. squarrosa
1.Isolepis setacea (Linnaeus ) R. Brown Prodr. 222.1810。
细莞 xi guan
Scirpus setaceus Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 49. 1753；Schoenoplectus setaceus (Linnaeus) Palla.
Rhizome creeping. Culms 312 X ca. 0.5 cm, terete, groove. Leaves blades linear, usually shorter than the culm, ca. 0.5 mm wide, sometimes very short, deltoid or sometimes with sheath only. Bract 1, erect to spreading, 310 mm, rarey up to ca.12 mm` ovate- lanceolate, long awned or mucronate at apex, dark red on both sides at base. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with a single or 23 spikelets. Spikelets ovoid, 2.54 mm, many-flowered. Glumes ovate or nearly elliptic, rounded or obtuse at apex, ca. 1.5 mm, midrib greenish to stamineous, dark purple or purple on both sides. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 2, filamens short and thick, with brown minute sports, anthers oblong, connective produced; style short, stigmas 3, slender. Achenes broadly obovate or subrounded, plano-convex or compressed trigonous ca. 0.5 mm, pale brown, each face prominently longitudinally ridded, many fine transverse ridges. Fl. and fr. JunAug. 2n=28.
Streamsides, pond margins, moist grassy slopes, flood lands; 18004600 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Jiangxi, Shaanxi， Sichauan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan[Asia; Africa, Australia, Nepel Europe, North America].
2. Isolepis squarrosa (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes in Sys. Veg., ed. 15. 2: 111.1817.
毛毯细莞 mao tan xi guan
Scirpus squarrosus Linnaeus Mant. 2: 181. 1791; S. neochinensis T. Tang & F. T. Wang.
Annual herbs. Culms tufted, 220 cm tall, subterete, slender, smooth, clothed at base with 1-2 brown sheaths, uppermost with very finely blade 0.51.5 mm,. Bract 1, culm-like, 0.31.2 cm, acuminate apex, dilated at base. Inflorescence a pseudo-lateral head with 12 spikelets. Spikelets ellipsoid or subrounded, squarrous, 1.54 mm, many-flowered. Glumes obovate, ca. 1 mm, membranous, stramineous with green-lineolae, the green 3-nerved costa excurrent in a cuspidate at apex. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamen 1, sometimes 2, anthers elliptic, filaments very short; style very short, stigmas 3. Achenes narrowly obovate, trigonous, ca. 1 mm, pale yellow-brown, gray-black at maturity. Fl. and fr. Nov.
Waste lands. shady sandy lands; Elevation unknown. Guangdong, (Guang zhou), Hainan(Dong fung), Zhejiang [India, Malaysia ].
6. Trichophorum Persoon Syn. Pl. 1: 69. 1805.
针蔺属 zhen lin shui
Liang Songyun（梁松筠 Liang Song-jun）
Perennial herbs. Culms tufted, naked, clothed at base with only a few bladeless sheaths, ligulate. Leaves blades much reduced. Bract 1, suberect, scale-like, mucronate or awned at apex. Inflorescence a single terminat spikelet, rarely anthela or capitate with few spikelets. Spikelets elliptic, with spirally arranged deciduous glumes, all conformed and bearing a bisexual flower in axil, membranous, pale-brown. Flower bisexual, hypogynous bristles 6, filiform, silky, usually much elongated after anthesis and overtopping subtending glume. Stamens 3, style base not distinct, slightly thickened, more or less persistent. Achenes obovate trigonous or dorsiventrally compressed, slightly beaked. Smooth.
About 10 species; in arctic, and subarctic regions as well as alpine of temperate and tropical regions; 6 species in China.
1a. Hypogynous bristles absent; achenes broadly obovate or narrowly obovate, 0.9 mm wide; bracts unawned
2a. Flower bisexual; achenes oblong-obovate, trigonous, ca. 1.5 mm; stigmas 3----------------5. T. pumilus
2b.Flower unisexual; achenes plano-convex, ca. 2mm, stigmas 2----------------------------6. T. distigmaticus
1b. Hypogynous bristles 69; achenes ovate or oblong. 0.60.7 mm wide; bracts awned.
3a. Inflorescence consisting of 24 cincinnus, stolons absent.
4a. Culms trigonous; stamens 6-------------------------------------------------------------1. T. mattfeldianus
4b. Culms terete; stamens 3-------------------------------------------------------------------2. T. subcapitatus
3b. Inflorescence reduced to a single terminal spikelet; stoloniferous.
5a. Glumes 0.93.5 mm, obtuse at apex, unawned; hypogynous bristles 6, smooth, erect, filiorm-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. T. hudsonianus
5b. Glumes 44.5 mm, scabrous awned at apex; hypogynous bristles 79, curled-------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. T. schansiensis
1.Trichophorum mattfeldianum (Kόkenthal) S. Yun. Liang, Higher Plants China 12: 270. 2009.
三棱针蔺 san ling zhen lin
Scirpus mattfeldianus Kukenthal in Fedde Repert Nov. Sp. 27: 108. 1929.
Rhizome short, woody, with slender fibrous roots. Culms densely tufted, 20100 cm tall, trigonous, rigid, smooth, clothed at base with 46 pale brown sheaths, blades of upper sheaths setaceous, 312 mm, light green, scabrous on margins, the uppermost one up to ca. 20 cm,, obliquely truncate at mucronate or short bladed orifice. Bracts glumaceous, lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mucronate at apex. Inflorescence consisting of 24 cincinnus or reduced to a single terminal spikelet; Spikelet ellipsoid, or oblong, 67 X 23 mm, with several flowers. Glumes loosely arranged, oblong-ovate, acute at apex, 34 mm, membranous, reddish-brown or brown, the 1-nerved costa projecting beyond the glume apex forming a short mucronate. Hypogynous bristles 6, longer than the achene, upper sparsely antrorsely scabrous; Stamens 6, anthers linear, ca. 2 mm; style slender, stigmas 3. Achenes oblong or oblong-obovate, trigonous, ca. 1.8 mm, brown. Fl. and fr. AprMay.
*Wet places in forest margins; 900 m.Anhui, Fujan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Shanxi, Zhejiang.
2.Trichophorum subcapitatum (Thwaites & Hooker) D. A. Simpson. Kew Bull. 53: 227. 1998.
玉山针蔺 yu shan zhen lin
Scirpus subcapitatus Thwaites & Hooker En. Pl. Zeyl. 351.1864; Baeothryon subcapitatum (Thwaites & Hooker ) T. Koyama; Scirpus morrisonensis Hayata; S. subcapitatus Thwaites & Hooker var. morrisonensis (Hayata) Ohwi;
Rhizome short. Culms densely tufted, 2090 cm X 0.71 mm, slender, subterete, smooth except below inflorescence, clothed at base with 56 bladeless sheaths. Sheaths 518 cm, tightly surrounding base of culm, membranous, brown or cinnamon, orifice of the sheaths obliquely truncate, with a hyaline border, blades of upper sheaths setaseous, 515 mm, light green, scabrous on margins. Bracts glumaceous, ovate or oblong, 37 mm, with rather long scabrous mucronate at obtuse apex. Inflorescence a terminal umbelliform corymb, bearing 24(6) spikelets. Spikelets ovoid or lanceolate-oblong, 510 X ca. 2 mm, 510-flowered, terminal spikelet sessile, lateral ones with short pedundes. Glumes loosely arranged, oblong to lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse at apex, 3.54.5 mm, membranous, stramineous or brown, hyaline margins, the green 1-nerved costa sometimes forming a mucro at glume apex. Hypogynous bristles 6, one times as long as the achene, upper antrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, filaments long, anthers linear, ca. 2 mm; style ca. 3 mm, stigmas 3, filiform. Achenes oblong to elliptic, trigonous, 23 mm, apiculate, yellowish brown. Fl. and fr. Mar.Jun.
Wet places, thickets; 6002300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, E Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
3.Trichophorum alpinum (Linnaeus) Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 70. 1805.
鳞苞针蔺 lin bao zhen lin
Eriophrum alpinum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 53. 1753; E. hudsonianum Michaux; Scirpus alpinus (Linnaeus) Dalla; S.hudsonianus(Michaux) Fernald; Trichophorum alpinum var. hudsonianum (Michaux) Persoon.
Rhizome creeping, branched. Culms densely tufted, 2030 cm tall, trigonous, slightly scabrous, clothed at base with bladeless sheaths, upper sheaths with short blades only, ca. 10 X 0.3 mm. Bracts glumaceous. Inflorescence a single terminal spikelet, oblong, 4.55 X ca. 3 mm, few-flowered. Glumes oblong or narrowly ovate, obtuse at apex, ca. 3.5 X 0.9 mm, yellow-brown, 1-nerved. Hypogynous bristles 6, in fruit up to 2 cm, white, smooth, flattened, silky. Achenes oblong-obovate, ca. 1.5 mm, dark brown, short-pointed, stigmas 3. Fl. and fr. JunAug.
Alpine tundra; Elevation unknown. Jilin [Japan, Korea, Russia; Europe, North America].
4.Trichophorum schansiense Handel-Mazzetti in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 85: 224. 1936.
太行山针蔺 tai hang shan zhen lin
Scirpus heleocharidioides F. T. Wang & T. Tang; S. schansiense (Handel-Mazzetti) T. Tang & F. T. Wang.
Rhizome creeping. Culms tufted, 540 cm tall, slender, nearly tetragonous, smooth, clothed at base with 23 sheaths, sheaths up to ca. 2 cm, with setaceous blades at apex. Bract glumaceous, equaling or shorter the spikelet, short scabrous awned at apex. Inflorescence a single terminal spikelet. Spikelets obovoid or oblong, 45 X ca. 2 mm, 56-flowered. Glumes loosely arranged, oblong, ovate or oblong-ovate, 44.5 mm, stramineous or reddish-brown, the green 3-nerved excurrent in a scabrous short awned at apex; Hypogynous bristle 79, white, curved, smooth, three times as long as achene, antrorsely scabrous at apex. Stamens 23, anthers linear, with produced conncective; style slender, stigmas 3, filifrom. Achenes obovate, trigonous, ca. 1 mm, yellow-green, shiny. Fl. and fr. May.
*Crevice along valleys; below 100500 m. Hebei,(Shan Feng Shan).
5.Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl.) Schinz. & Thellung in Vierteljahrsschr Naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich. 6: 265. 1921.
矮针蔺 ai zhen lin
Scirpus pumilus Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 243. 1806; Baeothryon pumilum (Vahl) A.Love & D. Love; Isolepis pumila Roemer. & Schultes. Syst. 2: 196. 1817.
Rhizome creeping long and slender. Culms 515 cm tall, slender, terete, grooved in dry. Leaves basal, semi-terete, baldes 716 mm, shorter than the culm, very slender. Bract glumaceous, short than spikelet, mucronate at apex. Inflorescence a single terminal spikelet. Spikelet obovoid or ellipsoid ca. 4.5 X 2.5 mm, few-flowered. Glumes ovate or elliptic, obtuse at apex, ca. 2.5 mm, membranous, the green 1-nerved, yellow- brown on both sides, pale-hyaline on margins, the lower 2 glumes empty. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 3, anthers linear-oblong, with slightly produced connective; style middle long, stigmas 3. ca. 1.5 mm. Achenes oblong-obovate, trigonous. Fl. and fr. MaySep.
Grassland in streamsides, moist places along valleys; 5004700 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Xinjing, Xizang [Russia(Siberia) ;Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh, Syr-Dar., Tyan-shan. Europe, Iran ].
6. Trichophorum distigmaticum (Kukenthal) Egorova in Grubov Pl. Asiae Centr. 3: 14. 1967.
双柱头针蔺 shuang zhu tou zhen lin
Scripus pumilus Vahl subsp. distigmaticus Kukenthal in Acta Hort. Geothob. 5: 34. 1929; S. distigmaticus (Kukenthal) T. Tang & F. T. Wang; Baeothryon distigmaticum (Kukenthal) Y. C. Yang & M. Zhan.
Rhizome creeping, long and slender. Culms 1025 cm tall, subterete, slender, smooth. Leaves blades up to ca. 18 mm, setaceous;sheaths longer than the blade, up to ca. 25 mm, brown, lower 23 sheaths bladeless. Inflorescence a single terminal spikelet, Spikelet ovoid, ca. 5 X 2.53 mm, few-flowered. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Glumes ovate, obtuse at apex, ca. 3.5 mm, thinly membranous, stramineous, shiny, sometimes white on lower margins, upper brown. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 3, sterile; style long, stigmas 2. Achenes broadly obovate, ca. 2 mm, plano-convex, ca. 2 mm, black at maturity. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Alpine grasslands, riversides; 20004000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [ Africa, Australia, Europe ].
7.Blysmus Panzer. ex Schultes, Mant, 2: 41.1824. nom.cons.
扁穗草属 bian sui cao shu
Liang Songyun(梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Blymopsis Oteng-Yeboah, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33: 309. 1974.
Perennial herbs, with a creeping rhizome. Clms nodose or not, trigonous or terete, smooth or scabrous. Leaves basal or cauline, ligule. Bract lowermost one leaf-like, suberect; bracteolate glumaceous. Inflorescence spicate with few-many pseudodistichous spikelets, rarely with a lateral branch. Spikeletes with few bisexual flowers, dark brown. Glumes imbricate, nearly distichous. Hypogynous bristles 36, rarelyabsent, usually retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, connective produced; style base not thickened, deciduous, stigmas 2. Achenes oblong, plano-convex, stipitate, beaked, smooth.
About 4 species; in temperate regions, Asia, Europe; 3 species in China.
1a. Culms subterete; achenes 3.54 mm; hypogynous bristles shorter than the achene or usually absent---
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. B. rufus
1b. Culms trigonous; achenes ca. 2 mm; hypogynous bristles one or three times as long as the achene, retrorsely scabrous.
2a. Hypogynous bristles erect or slightly flexuous, one times as long as the achene; anthers ca. 2 mm-----
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. B. compressus
2b. Hypogynous bristles curved, slender and long, three times as long as the achene; anthers ca. 3 mm---
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. B. sinocompressus
1.Blymus rufus (Hudson) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 278. 1827.
内蒙古扁穗草 mei meng gu bian sui cao
Schoenus rufus Hudson, Fl. Angl. 15. 1762; Blymus exilis (Printz.) Ivan; B. rufus (Hudson) Link subsp. exilis Printz; Blymuopsis rufus (Hudson) Oteng-Yeboah; Scirpus rufus Schrader.
Rhizome creeping, slender. Culms 320 cm tall, subterete, clothed at base with brown bladeless sheaths. Cauline leaves finely linear, equalling or shorter than the culm, brown, slightly obtuse at apex. Bract glumaceous, castaneous, many-nerved, acute at apex. Inflorescence consisting of 47 spikelets arranged in a distichous spike 0.71.7 cm. Spikelets oblong-ovoid, obtusish, 56 mm, 23-flowered. Glumes elliptic-ovate, obtuse at apex ca.5 mm, 23-nerved. Hypogynous bristles usually absent. Stamens 3, anthers 34 mm, connective produced ca. 2 mm. Achenes oblong-ovate, plano-convex, ca. 3.5 X 1.5 mm, yellowish, subrounded at base, short stipitate, stigmas 2. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n=40.
Wet saline meadows and wet sandy places; 5005200 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Xinjing [ Monglia, Russia; Europe. N. America].
.
2.Blysmus compressus (Linneaus) Pranzer in Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 278. 1827.
扁穗草 bian sui cao
Schoenus compressus Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1. 43. 1753.; Scirpus compressus (Linnaeus) Persoon; Nomochloa compressus (Linnaeus) Boetle.
Rhizome creeping, 11.5cm X 1.5-2 mm. Culms 930 cm tall, trigonous, clothed at base with black bladeless sheaths. Cauline leaves linear, flat, acuminate at apex, usually shorter than the culm, 13.5 mm wide, sheaths brown or ferrugineous, membranous, ligulate very short, obliquely truncate at orifice. Bract leaf-like, slightly shorter or longer than the inflorescence. Inflorescence consisting of 312 spikelets arranged in a simple, distichous spike, oblong or obovoid, 1022 X 49 mm. Spikelets ovoid-lanceolate, 57 mm, 58-flowered. Glumes subdistichous, oblong-ovate, obtuse at apex, ca. 5 mm, membranous, 7-nerved. Hypogynous bristles 6, slightly flexcuous at base, one times as long as the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers oblong, ca. 2 mm, stigmas 2, equqlling the achene. Achenes obovate, plano-convex, ca. 2 mm, brown. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n=44, 79.
Swampy meadows, valleys, wet places; 5005000 m. Xinjiang, Xizang [ N India, Nepal, Pakistan; Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh., Dzhung.-Rarb., Mount. Turkm, Syr-Dar., Pam.-Al., Tyan-shan, Europe, Iran].
3.Blysmus sincompressus T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 41> 224. 1961.
华扁穗草 hua bian sui cao
Rhizome long and creeping, 27 cm X 2.53.5 mm, yellow, shiny, scale black. Culms scattered, 520(--26) cm tall, compresus-trigonous, clothed at base with brown or purple-brown sheaths. Cauline leaves shorter than the culm, 13.5 mm wide, flat, involute, scabrous on margins, acuminate at apex, ligulete very short, pale, membranous. Bract. Leaf-like, usually surpassing the inflorescence; bracteolate glumaceous, membranous. Inflorescence consisting of 310 or more spikelets, densely arranged in a distichous or subdistichous spike, lower 1 or several spikelets usually remote, 1.53 X 0.61.1 cm. Spikelets ovoid-lanceolate, ovoid or long ellipsoid, 57 mm, 29-flowered. Glumes subdistichous, long ovate, acute at apex, 3.54.5 mm, ferrugineous brown, 35-nerved, the green keel. Hypogynous bristles 36, flexuous twice or three times as long as the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers narrowly oblong, connective produced ca. 3 mm, stigmas 2, about one times as long as style. Achenes broadly obovate, plano-convex, ca. 2 mm, dark brown. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
*Wet places, streamsides, river bed, grasslands, valleys, swampy meadows; 5004800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Liaonning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan.
1a. Culms slender, 0.81 mm thick; leaves finely linear, 0.5o.8 mm wide-------------------------------------3c. var. tenuifolius
1b. Culms stout, 14 mm thick.
2a. Culms 520 cm x 11.2 mm; leaves 1.52.5 mm wide---------------------------------------------3a. var. sinocompressus
2b. Culms 2660 cm x 34 mm; leavea 34 mm wide------------------------------------------------------------3b.var. nodosus
3a. Blysmus sinocompressus var. sinocompressus
华扁穗草（原变种） hua bian sui cao (yuan bian zhong)
Culms 520 cm x 11.2 mm; leaves 1.52.5 mm wide. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
Streamsides, river bed, grasslands; 5004800 m. Gausu, Hebei, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan.
3b. Blysmus sinocompressus var. nodosus T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis 11: 41. 224. 1961.
节杆扁穗草 jie gan bian sui cao
Culms 2660 cm x 34 mm; leaves 34 mm wide. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
*Wet places, streamsides, riversides, swampy; ca. 2700 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Shaanxi.
3c. Blymus sincompressus var. tenuifolius T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 41 224. 1961.
细叶扁穗草 xi ye bian sui cao
Culms slender, 0.81 mm thick; leaves finely linear, 0.50.8 mm wide. Fl. and fr. Aug.
Slopes; Elevation unknown. Gansu (Min Xian), Sichuan.
8.Eriophorum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 52. 1753.
羊胡子草属 yang hu zi cao shu
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Erioscripus Palla 1896.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome creeping. Culms tufted or nearly scattered, obtusely trigonous, clothed at base with bladeless sheaths. Leaves basal and cauline, basal leaves slender, elongate, flat, or trigonous; cauline leaves usually reduced to a sheaths. Bracts spathe-like or glumaceous, rarely leaf-like. Inflorescence a terminal simple or compound anthela or reduced to a single spikelet. Spikelets with few to many spirally arranged deciduous glumes, each glume subtending a bisexual flower. Hypogynous bristle numerous, rarely 6, extremely elongating after anthesis, silk, white, smooth, rarely brown-red. Stamens 3. style base not distinct, not or slightly thickened, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate to oblong, trigonous, beaked, surface smooth.
About 25 species; mostly in cool temperate, alpine and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere; 7 species in China.
1a. Spikelets numerous, arranged in compound or single anthela; bract leaf-like or spathe-like.
2a. Spikelets arranged in compouns anthela; bracts leaf-like.
3a. Spikelets 68 mm, several congest in capitate; glumes oblong, tescaceous with red lineolae-----------1. E. transiens
3b. Spikelets 612 mm, solitary or a cluster of 23; glumes ovate, brown-------------------------------------2. E.comosun
2b. Spikelets arranged simple anthela; bracts spathaceous.
4a. Glumes usually 1nerved; culms rather stout; leaves blades flat, trigonous at apex, 37 wide------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. E. polystachion
4b. Glumes many-nerved; culms rather slender; leaves blades compressed-trigonous, ca. 1 mm wide---------4. E. gracile
1b. Spikelets solitary terminal; bracts glumaceous.
5a. Hypogynous bristles pale red-brown or reddish; achenes spinulate on upper margins------------------------5. E. russeolum
5b. Hypogynous bristles white or pure white; achenes smooth.
6a. Culms tufted; hypogynous bristles white; achenes compressed- trigonous; anthers ca. 2 mm---------6. E. vaginatum
6b. Culms scattered; hypogynous bristles pure white; achenes oblong or subterete; anthers ca. 1 mm----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. E. scheuchzeri
1. Eriophorum transiens Raymand in Not Canad. 86; 240. 1959.
中间羊胡子草 zhong jian yang hu zi cao
Culms tufted, 2025 cm x 1.6 mm, rigid, strite, clothed at base with scabrous castaneo-brown sheaths. Basal leaves ca. 75x 0.3--.0.4 cm, testaceous-gray, coriaceous, scabrous on margins, acuminate at apex. Bracts 56, leaf-like, ca. 30 cm, overtopping the inflorescence, base cymbiform. Inflorescence a compound anthela, 34 cm, rays unequalling, rather rigid, second anthela 68, sessile or peduncled, bracteolate cymbiform, broadly castaneous hyaline with finely red-lineolae, acuminate and scabrous at apex. Spikelets many-densely congested in capitate 1012 x 12 15 mm, manyflowered. Glumes oblong, 33.5 mm, testaneous with finely lineolate, 1-nerved costa excurrent in a erect short mucro. Hypohynous bristles numerous, white flat, surpassing the glume, often connate at base. Stamen unique, connective long conial; style long,; stigmas 3, testaceous. Achenes immature, c. 1.5 mm, oblong-trigonous, acuminate at apex. Fl. and fr. May.
*Habitat and elevation unknown. Guizhou,
No specimens have been by the present authous.
2.Eriophorum comosum Nees in wight, Contrib. 110. 1834.
从毛羊胡子草 cong mao yang hu zi cao
Rhizome short and stout. Culms densely tufted, obtusely trigonous, rarely cylindrical, 1478 x 0.10.2 cm, smooth, clothed at base with black or brown sheaths. Leaves numerous, linear, overtopping the inflorescence, ca. 0.51 mm wide, involute and scabrous on margins, gradually tapering setaceous above. Bract leaf-like, overtopping the the inflorescence, bracteolate lanceolate, upper setaceous, scabrous on margins. Inflorescence a large compound or decompound anthela, 622 cm. Spikelets numerous, solitary or a cluster of 23, oblong, ellipsoid at anthesis, 612 mm. Glumes ovate, 2.33 mm, membranous, brown, the green keel excurrent in a mucro at acute or obtuse glume apex, 4 ones empty at base. Hypogynous bristles numerous, surpassing the glume at maturity, ca. 7 mm, smooth. Stamens 2, anthers with purple-blake, lanceolate mucro at apex; style shorter than the achene; stigmas 3. Achenes narrowly oblong, compressed-trigonous, ca. 2.5 X 0.5 mm(including beak). Fl. and fr. MayNov. 2n=52.
Crevices on rock or cliffs, grassland slopes; 5002800 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Indonesia(Java), Myanmar, Vietnam].
3. Eriophorum polystachion Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 52. 1753.
东方羊胡子草 dong fang yang hu zi cao
Eriophorum angustifolium Roth.
Rhizome short, with slender creeping stolons. Culms scattered, 35114 cm tall, subterete or trigonous above, smooth. Basal leaves shorter than the culm, 29 mm wide, flat, coriaceous, scabrous on margins, long acuminate, trigonous at apex; cauline leaves 13, plicate or flat, blades 35(7) mm wide, trigonous at apex, long sheathing, sheaths slightly inflated, black-purple. Bracts 23, spathaceous, erect, dark-brown, nearly apex trigonous, green. Inflorescence a simple anthela with 310 spikelets. Spikelets ovoid or ellipsoid, 1015 x 57 mm, peduncles unequal, flattened, smooth or scabrous, often dropping. Glumes ovate or lanceolate, obtuse at apex, 55.5 x 1.82 mm, pale brown-gray, membranous, 1-nerved. Sometimes obscurely 3-nerved at base. Hypogynous bristles numerous, 34 mm, white, sofe, acute, unbranched at the ends. Stamens 3, anthers linear, 34 mm; style slender, stigmas 3. Achenes long obovate, compressed-trigonous, 23 x ca. 1 mm, purple-brown or dark brown, beaked. Fl. and fr. JunAug. 2n=58.
Marshes, wet places; 400800 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Russia; Europe, North America].
4. Eriophorum gracile Koch in Roth, Catalect. 2: 259. 1800.
细杆羊胡子草 xi gan yang hu zi cao
Eriophorum asiaticum V. Vassiljev; E. coreanum Palla; Scirpus ardea T. Koyama; S. ardea T. Koyama var. coreanus (Palla) T. Koyama;
Rhizome slender and long creeping. Culms scattered, 2550 cm tall, slender, slightly trigonous, smooth or sometimes scabrous below the inflorescence. Basal leaves narrowly linear, ca. 1 mm wide, compressed-trigonous, channeled in lower part only; cauline leaves rather short, 1.52.5 mm. Bract 12, erect or oblique, sheath-like, dark green, ca. 1.5 cm. Inflorescence a simple anthela with 24 spikelets. Spikelets obovoid, 6--10 mm in flower, peduncles uneqal, ca. 2 cm, flattened, scabrous, yellow tomentose, partly dropping. Glumes ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at apex 4.55 mm, dark green, hyaline on margins, keeled, many-nerved; Hypogynous bristles numerous, ca. 2 cm, whitish. Stamens 3, anthers 23; style slender, stigmas 3. Achenes oblong, compressed-trigonous, yellow-brown, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. JunJul. 2n=60.
Marshes, meadows; 7003500 m, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Xinjing [Japan, Korea, Russia; Europe, North America].
5. Eriophorum vaginatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 52. 1753.
白毛羊胡子草 bai mao yang hu zi cao
Eriophorum fauriei E. G. Camus; E. scabridum Ohwi; Scirpus fauriei (E. G. Camus) T. Koyama.
Rhizome short. Culms densely tufted, 1580 cm tall, obtusely trigonous, smooth, sometimes scabrous below the inflorescence, clothed at base with brown sheaths disintegrating into fibers. Basal leaves linear, short the culm, ca. 1 mm wide, trigonous, scabrous, tapering narrowly above, obtuse or acute at apex; cauline leaves 12, reduced to bladeless sheaths, with finely transverse nerves, 36 cm, upper inflated, often black, membranous. Bracts glumaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, gray-black, membranous. Inflorescence terminal with one spikelet only, 13 cm, many-flowered. Spikelet obovoid-globose, gray brown, ca. 1.5 cm in flower, subglobose, 2.53.5 x 2.53.5 cm in fruit. Glumes ovatelanceolate or deltoid-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, thinly membranous, gray or dark gray with pale hyaline margins, 1-nerved, lower with ca. 10 empty. Hypogynous bristles numerous, white, 1.52.5 cm. Stamens 3, anthers linear, 22.5 mm, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, compressed-trigonous, 22.2 X ca. 1 mm, brown, smooth. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n=58, 60, 83.
Swamps, moist places; Elevation unknown. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe].
6. Eriophorum russeolum Fries in Hartm. Handb. Skand. Fl. ed. 3. 13. 1838.
红毛羊胡子草 hong mao yang hu zi cao
Eriophorum mandshuricum Meinshauson; E. russeolum Fries var. majus sommier; Scirpus russeolum (Fries) T. Koyama var. major (Sommier) T. Koyama.
Rhizome creeping. Culms 3060 cm tall, slender, erect, terete. Basal leaver linear, subterete, obtuse at apex, ca. 1 mm wide; cauline leaves 12 reduced to bladeless sheaths, sheaths cylindrical, upper slightly inflated, obtuse at apex, 6.57.5 cm, gray blackish, with reddish finely transverse nerves. Bract glumaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, gray black, 39-nerved. Inflorescence terminal with one spikelet only. Spikelet oblong-cylindrical, 1.52.5 cm in flower, obovoid, fairly loose, ca. 2.5 4 cm in fruit. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at apex, ca. 7 mm, thinly membranous, brown gray, broadly whitish hyaline on margins, 1-nerved. Hypogynous bristles usually pale red-brown or reddish. ca. 3 mm,. Stamens 3, anthers linear, 23 mm, stigmas 3. Achenes oblong-obovate or obovate, compressed-trigonous, ca. 2.5 m, beaked, spinulate on margins. Fl. and fr. JunJul. 2n=58, 60, 62.
Marshes, moist places; Elevation unknown. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, [Japan, Korea, Russia( Far East); North America (Alaska), Sweden].
7. Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe, Bot. Taschenb. 104. App. t. 7. 1800.
羊胡子草 yang hu zi cao
Rhizome long and slender. Culms solitary, scattered, 830 cm tall, stoutish, erect, terete. Basal leaves narrowly linear, channeled at base; uppermost cauline leaf with a narrow sheath, slightly inflated in upper part and a very short bladed. Bract glumaceous, broadly ovate, subobtuse or short-acuminate at apex, larger than the other glumes. Inflorescence terminal with one spikelet only. Spikelet broadly obovoid to subglobose 0.81.2 cm in flower, compressed globose, very dense, 22.5 cm in fruit. Glumes narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate at apex, dark gray to blackish, usually with narrow whitish margins. Hypogynous bristles numerous, pure white ca. 2 cm. Stamens 3, anthers ca. 1 mm, style slender. Stigmas 3. Achenes oblong, subterete, ca. 2 x 0.5 mm.
Swampy meadows; 22003000 m. Xinjiang [ Russia; Centr. Asia: Dzh-Tarb., North America].
No specimens have been by the present authous.
9.Fuirena Rottboell Deser. Icon. Rar. Pl. 70. t. 19. 1773.
芙兰草属 fu lan cao shu
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Perennial or annual herbs, sometimes with creeping rhizome. Culms tufted or solitary, usually pubescent, nodose. Leaves mostly cauline, pubescent or glabrous, usually with elongate, linear or lanceolate blades and closed sheaths, ligule hyaline. Bracts leaf-like, sheathing at base. Inflorescence paniculiform, with few to many glomerulous clusters or sessile spikelets at few to several nodes. Spikelets clustered, ovoid or ellipsoid, terete, usually pubescent, many-flowered. Glumes spirally imbricate arranged, each subtending a bisexual flower but the lower 12 empty. Hypogynous bristles 36, 3 outer ones needle-like or absent, 3 inner squamellae, those alternate to one another. Stamens 3; style not or hardly dilated at the base, continuous with the ovary, glabrous, stigmas 3. Achenes triquetrous, obovate or ovate, more or less smooth or trabeculate.
About 30 species; in the warm regions of the world, most of them in tropical Africa and tropical America; 3 species in China.
1a. Hypogynous bristles 3 outer absent, 3 inner squamellae, membranous, upper not fleshy, almost sessile or very short stipitate at base, usually with a minute curved awn at the cuneate apex; culms mostly rather stout, 60120 cm tall-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. F. umbellata
1b. Hypogynous bristles 6, 3 outer needle-like, 3 inner squamellae, distinctly clawed, upper fleshy; culms rather slender, 768 cm tall.
2a.Hypogynous bristles 3 outer needle-like, 3 inner squamellae, subquadrate; rhizome absent----------------------2. F. ciliaris
2b. Hypogynous bristles 3 outer needle-like,inner squamellae, spoonform; rhizomate-------------------------3. F. rhizomatifer
1. Fuirena umbellata Rottboell, Deser. et Icon. Nov. Pl. 70. t.19. f. 3. 1773.
芙兰草 fu lan cao
Rhizome horizontally creeping. Culms solitary, erect, 60120 cm tall, acutely 5-anglar, globrous except below in the inflorescence, the lowest node bulbously thickened, cauline leaves blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1020 x 0.91.9 cm, flat, rather rigid, light green, acuminate at apex, pubescent on margins, 5 prominent nerved abaxially, hispidulous adaxially; sheaths 1.26.5 cm, tightly surrounding the culm, ligulate hyaline, ferrugineous, truncate. Bracts leaf-like; bracteolate setaceous, sheathless. Inflorescence paniculiform, with 420 glomerulous clusters of spikelets; glomerules single or binate, 1.52.5 cm wide, bearing 615 spikelets, the peduncles single or binate, occasionally branched, white villose. Spikelets ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, 712 x ca. 3 mm, brownish-green or dark brownish-green at maturity, wholly covered with woody hair, many-flowered. Glumes broadly elliptic or oblong, ca. 2 mm, membranous, brown , upper sparsely pilose abaxially, the 3-nerved costa ending in a short recurved puberulous awn ca. 1 mm at emarginate glume apex. Hypogynous bristles brown, 3 outer absent, 3 inner squamellae, obovate or oblong-obovate, slightly surpassing achene, membranous, nearly cuneate at base, and very short stipitate, 3 prominent nerved abaxially, the midnerve usually excurrent in a short curved awn at emarginate apex, ciliate. Stamens 3, anthers oblong, with short connective, ca. 1 mm, 1/4 the length of filament, stigmas 3, equaling the style. Achenes obovate, trigonous, brown at maturity, cuneate at base, short-stipitate ca. 1 mm, (including stipitate). Fl. and fr. JunDec. 2n-48, 52.
Wet grasslands, riversides, rice-fields; near sea leve to 1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan[India, Indonesia, Vietnam].
2.Fuirena ciliaris (Linnaeus) Rottboell, [Hort. Beng. 81. 1814.. nomen nudum] Fl. Ind. ed. 1. 184. 1820.
毛芙兰草 mao fu lan cao
Scirpus ciliaris Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 182. 1771; Fuirena glomerata Lamark; F. rottboell Nees.
Annual herbs, rhizome short. Culms tufted, 740 cm tall, trigonous, striate-sulcate, pubescent, clothed at base with 12 bladeless sheaths, pubescent, cauline leaves, blades linear, 515 x 37 mm, flat, soft, 3-costate, wholly pubescent, acuminate at apex, sheaths 13.5 cm, ligules 12 mm, membranous, ferrugineous or reddish, truncate at orifice. Bracts leaf-like, surpassing inflorescence; bracteolate setaceous, sheathless. Inflorescence with 13 glomerulous clusters of spikelets, interrupted, glomerulous 13 cm wide, bearing 315 spikelets; peduncles single mostly inclosed in bract-sheaths. Spikelets ovoid or oblong, 58 x 2.53 mm, many-flowered, covered with woody hairs. Glumes obovate, 1.22 mm, thinly membranous, pilose abaxially, yellow-brown below, gray-black above, the 3-nerved costa excurrent in a recurved awn ca. 1 mm at obtuse emarginate glumes apex; Hypogynous bristles 6, 3 outer needle-like, occasionally much reduced, retrorsely scabrous, 3 inner squamellae, equaling the achene, longitudinally rectangular with mucronulate apex, long-stipitate at base, brownish. Stamens 3, anthers oblong, ca. 0.5 mm, 1/41/3 the length of filament; ovary oblong-trigonous, white, style 34 times longer than ovary, brownish, stigmas 3, 1/31/2 the length of style. Achenes obovate, trigonous, brownish, short stipitate at base, ca. 1 mm. Fl. and fr. JulDec. 2n=38.
Wet places, often in rice-fields, riversides; Elevation unknown. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangsu, Taiwan,[Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia].
3. Fuirena rhizomatifer T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 42. 225. Pl. 17: 8. 1961.
黔芙兰草 qian fu lan cao
Fuirena umbellate Rottboell var. angustifolia Kukenthal apud Handel-Mazzetti.
Rhizome oblique, scales broadly ovate, acute at apex,, purple-brownish. Culms subtufted, 3568 cm tall, slender, nearly angular, striate-sulcate, clothed at base with 2 sheaths. Leaves cauline, 35 mm wide, flat, acuminate at apex, scabrous on margins, sheaths 13 cm, glabrous, ligules 12 mm, red-brownish, membranous, truncate at orifice. Bracts leaf-like, pubescent on margins and sheaths. Inflorescence with 3 glomerulous clusters of spikelets, each cluster baring 35 spikelets; peduncles compressus, pubescent. Spikelets ovoid or rounded, 5.58 x 3.55 mm, Glumes broadly obovate, rounded and emarginate at apex, ca. 3 mm, brownish, green gray-black, pubescent, ciliate on margin, the 3-nerved costa excurrent in a scabrous awn ca. 1 mm. Hypogynous bristles 6, 3 outer needle-like, brownish, pubescent, 1/22/3 as long as inner squmamellae, 3 inner squmamellae, spoonform, obtuse or acute at apex, truncate at base, short stipitate, ciliate, 1/3 spongy above, with 3 prominent nerves. Stamens 3, anthers oblong, obtuse apex, stigmas 3, equaling the style. Achenes obovate, trigonous, ca. 1 mm . Fl. and fr. JulNov.
*Swamps; ca. 800 m. SW Guizhou, Guangxi.
11.Bulbostylis Kunth Enum. Pl. 2: 205. 1837. nom. cons.
球柱草属 qiu zhu cao shu
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Annual or perennial herbs. Culms tufted, very slender. Leaves with filiform or linear blades, often involute, rarely reduced to bladeless sheaths, loosely, white hairs at orifice. Bracts leaf-like or setaceous. Inflorescence a terminal simple or compound anthela or capitate, sometimes reduced to a spikelet. Spikelets ovoid or ellipsoid, many-flowered. Glumes spirally arranged (rarely distichous), deciduous, each subtending a flower, herbaceous to membranous, 12 empty at base. Flowers bisexual. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 13, mostly 2; style filiform, the base thickened and bulbous, persistent at apex of achene, hence the style falling apart from the base, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate to obpyriform, trigonous.
About 100 species in tropical to temperate regions of all the world, with high concentration of species in tropical Africa and S America; 3 species in China.
1a. Spikelets 215, sessile, disposed in capitate inflorescence; glumes brownish or yellowish-green, with a recurved short awn at apex---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. B. barbata
1b. Spikelets single, disposed in simple to compound anthela; glumes brownish or brown, mucronate.
2a. Glumes glabrous, obtuse at apex; achenes irregularly puncticulate--------------------------------------------------1. B. densa
2b. Glumes pubescent, acute at apex, mucronate; achenes undulate-corrugate---------------------------------------2. B. puberula
1. Bulbostylis dense (Wallich ex Roxburgh) Handle-Mazzetti in Karsten & Schenck. Vegetationsb 20(7): 16.1930.
丝叶球柱草 si ye qiu zhu cao
Scirpus densus Wallich ex Roxburgh Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 1 : 231. 1832; Bulbostylis capillaries (Linnaeus) C. B. Clarke var. trifida (Nees) C. B. Clarke; B. trifida (Nees) apud C. B. Clarke; Isolepis densa (Wallich) Schultessyst; I. tenuissima D. Don; I. trifida Nees.
Annual herbs, without rhizome. Clums tufted, 735 cm tall, slender, smooth. Leaves papyraceous, filiform, 510(13) X ca. 0.6 mm, entire, slightly evolute on margins, acuminate at apex, sparsely pilose abaxially; sheaths pale, membranous, long pilose at the orifice. Bracts 23, setaceous to glumaceous, acuminate at apex, 0.81.5 cm, much shorter than the inflorescence. Inflorescence a simple or subcompound anthela, bearing 47 spikelets; rays 35, 25 cm. Spikelets solitary or clustered, oblong-ovoid or ovoid, 36 x ca. 1.5 mm, rounded at base, acute at apex, 518-flowered. Glumes ovate or broadly ovate, 1.52 x 11.5 mm, membranous, brown, rounded at base, obtuse and rarely acute at apex, sometimes mucronate in empty glumes only, yellow-green 13-nerved, ciliate. Stamens 2, anthers oblong-ovate or ovate, cuneate at base, acute at apex; style filiform, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, trigonous, ca. 0.8 x 0.50.6 mm, gray-purple at maturity, inconspicuously undulate-corrugate and puncticulate, the apex contracted with persistent, depressed-bulbose style-base. Fl. and fr. Apr-Dec. 2n=64.
Sandy places on sea board and riversides, waste slopes, roadsides, conifer forests; 4002700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shangdong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Form India to America].
2. Bulbostylis puberula (Poiret) C. B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 652. 1893
毛鳞球柱草 mao lin qiu zhu cao
Scirpus puberulus Poiret in Lamk Encycl. 6: 767.1804.
Annual herbs, without rhizome. Culms tufted, 1030 cm tall, slender, smooth. Leaves much shorter than the culm, 46 cm X 0.40.8 mm, capillary, acuminate at apex, entire, slightly evolute on margins, pubescent abaxially; sheaths thinly membranous, stramineous to brownish, pubescent. Bracts 23, setaceous, ca. 8 mm, membranous at base, ciliate. Inflorescence a simple or compound anthela with 13 or more spikelets, often congested to almost capitate, sometimes reduced to a single spikelet. Spikletes ovoidoblong or ovoid, 36 x 12 mm, obtuse or rounded at base, acute at apex, 721-flowered. Glumes ovate or broadly ovate, 1.52 x 11.5 mm, membranous, brownish or dark brown, keeled, pubescent abaxially, ciliate, the yellow-green 13-nerved costa excurrent in a recurved mucro at apex. Stamens 1, anthers oblong, acute at apex; style base depressed-globular, style filiform, stigmas 3. Fl. and fr. FebJun. 2n=20.
Sandy; Elevation unknown. Guangdong, Hainan[Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; Africa].
3. Bulbostylis barbata (Rottboell) C. B. Clarke in A. D. Hooker Fl. Brit. India 6: 651. 1893
球柱草 qiu zhu cao
Scirpus barbatus Rottboell, Descr. Icon. 52. Pl. 17. f. 4. 1773; Bulbostylis disticha Ohwi et T. Koyama; Isolepis barbata (Rottboell) R. Brown.
Annual herbs, without rhizome. Clums densely tufted, 630 X 0.50.8 mm, slender, erect, smooth. Leaves blades filiform, acuminate at apex, 410 x 0.40.8 cm, glabrous or sometimes sparsely pilose abaxially, entire; sheaths 520 mm, thinly membranous, brownish, glabrous, the white-hyaline orifice with scattered long fairs. Bracts 23, very slender, setaceous, 12.5 cm or rather short, glabrous or with scattered hairs abaxially. Inflorescence a terminal capitate with 315 sessile spikelets, 512 mm thick。 Spikelets lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, 36.5 x 11.5 mm, angular, obtuse or subrounded at base, acute at apex, 713-flowered. Glumes ovate or nearly broadly ovate with a recurved short awn at apex, 1.52 x 1-1.5 mm, membranous, brownish or yellowish-green and eventually pale-brownish, keenled, ciliolate, occasionally pubescent on upper part. Stamens 1, rarely 2, anthers oblong, acute at apex; style filiform, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate-orbicular, trigonous, ca. 0.8 X 0.50.6 mm, pale or yellowish, obscurely trabeculate with transversely rectangular cells, rounded or emarginate at apex; style base depressed-globular. 2n=10,
Sandy beaches, sometimes in cultivated fieldsides; 1001000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shangdong, Taiwan, Zhejiang[Cambodia, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Philipping, Sri Lank, Thailand. Vietnam; N America, tropical Australia].
II. Rhynchosporeae Nees in Linnaea 9: 294. 1834. emend.
Liang Songyun(梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Spikelets with 1few bisexual or unisexual flowers at apex or middle; glumes spirally arranged or lower distichous; hypogynous bristles present, or becoming perianth, rarely absent; stigmas 23; achenes biconvex, trigonous or cylincal, beak
usually inconspicuous, rarely conspicuous.
1a. Achenes biconvex; style-base conical; stigmas 2------------------------------------------ --------------------------14. Rhynchospora
1b. Achenes trigonous or obtuse trigonous-cylindrical; withous style-base, stigmas 3.
2a.Culms trigonous; leaves many, aggregated on lower part of clum---------------------------------------------21. Remirea
2b. Culms terete, slightly flat; leaves basal and cauline, sparsely.
3a. Glumes distichous, middle glumes with flowers, the lowest empty -------------------------------------------15. Schoenus
3b. Glumes spirally arranged, rarely distichous; usually apex or nearly apex with flowers.
4a. Leaves flat, midrib conspicuous or inconspicuous; paniculate spreading and loose or small capitate; hypogynous bristles present or absent; achenes beaked.
5a. Glumes spirally arranged-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16. Cladium
5b. Glumes nearly distichous---------------------------------------------------------------------------------17. Machaerina
4b. Leaves midrib inconspicuous or terete; densely paniculate narrowly, long and large and spreading， loose; perianth present or absent; beakless.
6a. Leaves linear or terete, involute on margins; hypgynous bristles absent--------------------------------20. Gahnia
6b. Leaves terete or flat; perianth present.
7a. Leaves terete; perianth connate at base, glabrous; achenes smooth -----------------------18. Lepidosperm 7b. Leaves flat; perianth separate, pubescent; achenes with reticulate wrinked-----------19. Tricostularis
14. Rhynchospora Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 113. 229. 1806.
刺子莞属 ci zi guan shu
Liang Songyun( 梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Perennial herbs, more rarely annual. Culms tufted, trigonous or terete, erect. Leaves basal or cauline, blades linear, flat or canaliculated; sheaths closed with ligule or none. Bracts leaf-like, sheathing. Inflorescence of varying types, paniculate, mostly consisting of terminal and lateral anthela, sometimes whole inflorescence reduced to a single terminal head. Spikelets lanceolate, ovoid or ellipsoid, slightly bilaterally compressed or terete, sessile or peduncled. Glumes few to many, spirally imbricate arranged or rarely distichous, 1-nerved, the lower 34 empty, shorter than the upper ones. Flowers bisexual, or lowest flower bisexual, upper ones male or sterile. Hypogynous bristles 06, rarely more than 6, antrorsely or retrorsely scabrous, rarely smooth. Stamens 23; style-base spongy-thickened, mostly conical, rarely lunate, truncate or more or less lobed at base, style slender, stigmas 2. Achenes usually obovate or ovate, biconvex,with various ornamentations, more rarely smooth.
About 250 species; in tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America; 9 species in China.
1a. Inflorescence with 1-severval globose heads.
2a. Inflorescence with 27 spicately disposed heads-------------------------------------------------------------------7. R. malasica
2b. Inflorescence a single terminal head.
3a. Achenes obovate; hypogynous bristles ca. 1/2 or 1/3 shorter than the achene-----------------------------------8. R. rubra
3b. Achenes linear-oblong; hypogynous bristles slightly longer than or surpassing the achene and style-base -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9. R. submarginata
1b. Inflorescence paniculate, consisting of a terminal and lateral open panicles.
4a. Hypogynous bristles absent; style-base saddle-shaped, much depressed and much broader than high; achenes 1.31.5 mm, coarsely transversely wrinkled; leaves setaceous--------------------------------------------------6. R. gracilima
4b. Hypogynous bristles present; style-base compressed-conical to almost subulata; leaves flat or canaliculated not setaceous.
5a. Leaves 917 mm wide; achenes 34 mm, deeply channeled; style hardly divided------------------1. R. corymbosa
5b. Leaves 1.54 mm wide; achenes ca. 2 mm, not channeled; style 2-fid.
6a. Hypogynous bristles 913; retrorsely scabrous, sparsely hispid at base------------------------------------2. R. alba
6b. Hypogynous bristles less 6; antrorsely scabrous or retrorsely scabrous.
7a. Leaves 0.51 mm wide; hypogynous bristles retrorsely scabrous------------------------------------3. R. faberi
7b. Leaves 1.53 mm wide; hypogynous bristles antrosely scabrous.
8a. Spikelets 34.5 mm; hypogynous bristles shorter than achene and style-base-------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. R. rugosa subsp. brownie
8b. Spikelets 79 mm; hypogynous bristles longer than achene and style-base---------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. R. chinensis
1. Rhynchospora corymbosa (Linnaeus) Britton in Trans New York Acad. Sci. 11: 84.1892.
伞房刺子莞 san fang ci zi guan
Scirpus corymbosus Linnaeus Cent. Pl. 2: 7.1956; Rhynchospora aurea Vahl.
Rhizome short. Culms 60140 cm tall, stout, erect, trigonous, several-nodose, smooth or scaberulous on angles. Leaves basal and cauline, blades broadly linear, flat, 3060 X 0.91.7 cm, long-acuminate at apex, scabrous on margins and abaxial midrib, herbaceous or thinly coriaceous; sheaths 26 cm, semi-rounded, membranous, ligule at orifice. Bracts 35, leaf-like, shorter than the inflorescence, sheathing at base. Inflorescence a large compound paniculate, consisting of 25 distant corymbiform anthela, 2050 cm, anthelas compound rather dense, diffuse, many-branched, up to 15 cm diam; bracteoles setaceous. Spikelets many, in cluster of 25, lanceolate or fusiform, erect or obliquel patent, 710 mm, lowest flower bisexual, upper 12 one(s) male. Glumes 78, lower 4 empty, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost a glumes empty. Hypogynous bristles 6, equaling the achene, antrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, anthers linear, filaments shorter than the achene and style-base, with produced connective subulate; style ca. 17 mm, dilated at base, stigmas 2. Achenes oblong-obovate or obovate, 33.5 mm, brown, compressed, finely transversely wrinkled in median portion, coarsely undulate-rugose towards margins; style-base long-conical, compressed, ca. 5.5 mm, about as broad as the achene, conspicuously grooved on both sides, smooth or asperulous. Fl. and fr. JunNov. 2n=18.
Moist places of streamsides along valleys; 100900 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Pantropical].
2. Rhychospora alba (Linnaeus) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 236. 1806.
白鳞刺子莞 bail in ci zi guan
Schoenus albus Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753.
Rhizome short, slender. Culms tufted, 1542 (50) cm x 0.50.8 mm, slender to filiform, erect, slightly scabrous above. Leaves shorter than the culm, 0.72 mm wide, filiform, chartaceous, involute on margins; sheaths straw-brown, the basal sheaths with blades or bladeless. Bracts leaf-like, lower with sheaths, upper sheathless. Inflorescence paniculate, consisting of a terminal and lateral, nearly capitate anthela. Spikelets fascicled in a group of 27, sessile or short-pedicelled, lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, 5mm, 2-flowered. Glumes 56, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, membranous, mucronate, primary white, maturity pale brown, keeled. Hypogynous bristles 913, surpassing achene, retrorsely scabrous, sparsely hispid at base. Stamens 2, filaments equaling the achene and style-base, anthers linear; style filiform, dilated at base, stigmas 2, almost equaling the style. Achenes obovate to oblong-obovate, 1.52.5 mm, biconvex, yellowish-green or green-brown, smoothish to obscurely wrinkled; style-base conical-subulate, 2/3 or 1/2 the length of the achene. Fl. and fr. Aug. 2n=26.
Swamps, wet places; ca. 900 m. Jilin,Taiwan [Japan, Korea, Russia; America, Europe].
3. Rhynchospore faberi C. B. Clarke in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 259.1903.
细叶刺子莞 xi ye ci zi guan
Rhizome very short, with dense and slender fibrous roots. Culms tufted, 2040 (60) cm X 0.51 mm, erect, filiform, trigonous, sometimes slightly scarbrous above, clothed at base with light yellowish bladeless sheaths. Leaves basal and a few cauline, filiform, shorter than the culm, ca. 0.51 mm wide, apex finely acuminate, trigonous, sometimes slightly scabrous. Bracts leaf-like or setaceous. sheathing. Inflorescence paniculate, consisting of terminal and 34 lateral corymbiform anthela, anthelas small, very distant, with 25 spikelets. Spikelets ovoid-lanceolate, ca. 3.5 mm, erect, subtruncate at base, acuminate at apex, dark brown. Glumes 56, ovate or elliptic-ovate, 12-flowered. lower 34 empty, narrowly ovate. Hypogynous bristles 6, slightly longer than the achene, retrorsely scabrous. Stamens 1, filaments equaling the achene and style-base; style slender, stigmas 2. Achenes broadly obovate or obovate-orbicular, 1.52 mm, biconvex, brown or light castaneous, finely transversely wrinkled with longitudimal oblong epidermal cells, style-base narrowly conical, 2/3 or 1/3 the length of the achene. Fl. and fr. AugOct.
Swamps, streamsides; ca. 400 m. Anhui, Fujan, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shangdong, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
4. Rhynchospora rugosa (Vahl) Gale subsp. brownii (Roemer & Schultes) T. Koyama in Williams, Pl. Coll. Nepal 118. 1978.
白喙刺子莞 bai hui ci zi guan
Rhynchospora brown Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 2: 86. 1817; R. glauca Vahl var. condensata Kukenthal; R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale var. condensata (Kukenthal) T. Koyama; Schoenus rugosus Vahl, Eclog. Am. 5. 1798.
Rhizome very short. Culms tufted, 3055 (--90) cm,, erect, slender, trigonous, smooth, usually scabrous at apex. Leaves basal and few upper cauline and distant, narrowly linear, shorter than the culm, 1.53 mm wide, flat or canaliculated, long-acuminate at apex, scabrous on margins and abaxial midrib; sheaths closed, 2.66 cm, glabrous, brown, with very short ligule at orifice. Bracts leaf-like, lower sheathing, uppermost sheathless. Inflorescence paniculate, narrow, consisting of 34 distant, dense to rather loose corymbiform anthela, the lateral peduncles compressed, often long-exserted from sheaths, solitary or 2 together; branches very unequal, erect; bracteoles setaceous. Spikelets ellipsoid or subovoid, 34.5 mm, slightly obtuse at base, acute at apex, dark brown, 34-flowered. Glumes 78, the lower 34 ones empty, elliptic-ovate, ovate to broadly ovate. Hypogynous bristles 6, unequal, slightly shorter than the achene, antrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, rarely 21, filaments longer than the achene and style-base; ovary obovate, style filiform, stigmas 2, equqlling the style. Achenes broadly elliptic-obovate, pale ferrugineous, ca. 1.7 mm, biconvex, finely transversely wrinkled with longitudinally epidermal cell, style-base broadly conical, shorter than the achene. Fl. and fr. JunOct. 2n=36
Swamps, moist places in riversides; 1002400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [In the tropical and subtropical regions of the whole world].
5. Rhynchospora chinensis Nees & Meyen ex Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 115. 1834. p.p
华刺子莞 hua ci zi guan
Rhynchospora glauca Vahl var. chinensis (Nees & Meyen) C. B. Clarke; R. japonica Makino; R. longisetigera Hayata.
Rhizome very short. Culms tufted, 2560(--125) cm tall, erect, slender, trigonous, rigid, scabrous above, clothed with 12 bladeless sheaths at base. Leaves basal and cauline, narrowly linear, shorter than the inflorescence, 1.52.5 mm wide, acuminate at apex, scabrous on margins; sheaths 59 cm; ligule short, membranous, rusty brown. Bracts surpassing inflorescence, leaf-like, lower sheathing, the uppermost short sheathing or sheathless. Inflorescence paniculate, consisting of 35 corymbiferm anthela, mosty binate, suberect on enequal, exserted peduncles, subloosely bearing 29 clusters of spikeldets. Spikelets lanceolate or ovoidlanceolate, 78 mm, brown, slightly obtuse at base, acute at apex, 25-flowered. Glumes 58, the lower 23 empty, elliptic-ovate, lanceolate-elliptic, upper ones broadly ovate or lanceolate- elliptic, membranous, 1-costate, brown or yellowish-brown, mucronate or acuminate at apex. Hypogynous bristles 6, antrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3, filaments slightly longer than the achene and style-base, anthers linear, with produced connective; ovary obovate, style filiform, dilated at base, stigmas 2, shorter than the style. Achenes broadly elliptic-obovate, 23.7 mm, biconvex, castaneous, finely transversely wrinkled with longitudinally oblong epidermal cell, style-base narrow conical, slightly shorter than or equaling the achene. Fl. and fr. JunOct.
Swamps, moist places, wet grasslands; 1003000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Taiwan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].
6. Rhynchospora gracillima Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl, 435. 1864.
柔弱刺子莞 rou ruo ci zi guan
Rhynchospora kamphoeveneri Boeckeler.
Culms densely tufted, 2060 cm tall, very slender, filiform, trigonous, smooth. Leaves shorter than the culm, 0.51 mm, wide, setaceous, canaliculated, scabrous at apex. Bracts setaceous, sheathing. Inflorescence very loose, consisting of 13 distant, up to ca. 4 cm corymbiform anthela terminal anthela longer than the lateral ones, simple or subcompound, lateral anthela simple, their peduncles exserted from the sheaths; rays capillary, often upcurved, smooth, subtended by setaceous bracteoles, 24 cm. Spikelets solitary, lanceolate, acute, 34-flowered; long-peduncled. Glumes 78, spirally arranged, broadly ovate, membranous, muticous or mucronulate, pale ferrugineous with purplish lineolae. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 3(?), anthers 1.52.3 mm; style halfway bifid, style-base much depressed, saddle-shaped, bilobed, almost as broad as the achene, 2.3 mm high. Achenes broadly obovate, truncate at the apex, shortly stipitate, biconvex, deeply transversely wavy-ridged, grayish-white, 1.31.5 X 1.31.5 mm, epidermal cells longitudinally linear.
Moist places, grassy slopes, forests; 9001000 m. Fujian, Guangdong (Hong Kong) [India, Malaysia, Sumatra, Sri lanke, Thailand, Madagascar; Australia, Tropical Africa].
No specimens have been by the present authous.
7. Rhynchospora malasica C. B. Clarke in A. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 670. 1893.
日本刺子莞 rib en ci zi guan
Rhynchospora nipponica makino.
Rhizome short, creeping. Culms 60100 cm tall, simple, erect, rigid, several-nosode, obtusely trigonous below, acutely trigonous above, smooth, clothed at base with dusky brown bladeless sheaths. Leaves broadly linear, 59 mm wide, surpassing the culm, flattish, flesh green, long-acuminate to acute at apex; sheaths elongated, tightly surrounding the culm; ligule short, membranous, rusty-brown. Bracts much surpassing the inflorescence, 720 cm, patent, sheathless at base. Inflorescence 320 cm, spicately bearing 27 heads, subcontiguous above, interrupted toward base, heads globose, sessile, 1015 mm diam. Spikelets lanceolate-ovoid to lanceolate, 67 mm, weakly laterally compressed, contracted at base, acuminate at apex, 1-flowered. Glumes 56, the lower 34 ovate, much smaller than lanceolate-ovate upper 2, 1-nerved, acute, membranous, gray-brown. Hypogynous bristles 6, filiform, flexuous, smooth, 3.54.5 mm, about twice as long as the achene. Stamens 3, anthes ca. 2 mm; style slender, stigmas 2. Achenes obovate or broadly obovate, 22.3 mm, attenuate at the base, biconvex, indistinctly transversely wrinkled, shiny, dark brown ,style-base narrowly conical-subulate, 45 mm, longer than the achene, glabrous. Fl. and fr. SepOct.
Swamps, rare in shallow waters；250-300M. Guangdong，Taiwan [Japan, Malaysia, Thailand].
8. Rhynchospora rubra (Loureiro) Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 17: 180. 1903.
刺子莞 ci zi guan
Schoenus ruber Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 41. 1790; Rhynchospora wallichiana Kunth.
Rhizome short. Culms tufted, 3065 cm X 0.82 mm, terete, smooth. Leaves shorter than the culm, 1.53.5 mm wide, narrowly linear, chartaceous, acuminate at apex, slightly scabrous; sheaths 17 cm, straw-brownish. Bracts 410, leaf-like, unequal, 15 (--8.5) cm, stiffly patent, densely ciliate at dilated base, exceeding the inflorescence, sheathless at base. Inflorescence a single terminal head, globose, 1018 mm diam, brown to orange-brown, with many spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate, 68 mm, shiny, 24-flowered. Glumes 78, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-ovate, thinly chartaceous, brown, keeled, obtuse or acute at apex, 1-nerved, mucronate, the uppermost 1 or 2 with male flower(s), the next pistil flower. Hypogynous bristles 46, unequal, 1/2 or 1/3 the length of achene, antrorsely scabrous. Stamens 23, filaments shorter or longer than the glume, anthers linear, with produced connective; style filiform, stigmas 2, or sometimes undivided, very short. Achenes obovate, 1.51.8 mm, biconvex, with subacute edges which are hispid-serrulate above middle, the sides sparsely hispid-scabrous mainly on the upper half, maturing brown, obscurely spotted with minute iso-diametrical epidermal cell, style-base conical, 1/41/5 the length of achene, suddenly widened at base. Fl. and Fr. MayNov.
Roadsides, grassy slopes, wet places; 1001400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guangzhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Philipping, Sri Lanke, Sumatra, Thailand].
9. Rhynchospora submarginata Kukenthal in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74: 498. 1949.
类缘刺子莞 lei yuan ci zi guan
Rhynchospora marginata C. B. Clarke.
Annual herbs, with fibrous roots. Culms tufted, 1060 cm tall, erect, slender, trigonous, smooth. Leaves basal and 12 cauline in the lower 1/3 of the culm, linear, 1/43/4 as long as the culm, 2.2.5 mm wide, glabrous or pubescent, slightly involute on margins, acuminate at apex. Bracts 36, leaf-like, up to ca. 15 cm, dilated at base and densely ciliate, upper slightly involute, acuminate at apex, sheathless. Inflorescence a single terminal head, 1.22 cm diam. Spikelets lanceolate, 56 mm, shiny, 2-flowered. Glumes 67, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, ferrugineous, lower 34 empty, rather smaller; the middle one rather long, ca. 4 mm, with one pistil flower, the uppermost 23 with male flowers. Hypogynous bristles 6, exceeding the achene and style-base, antrorsely scabrous. Stamens 23, anthers linear, ca. 2 mm, with slightly produced connective, reddish, pubescent. Achenes linear-oblong, ca. 3.5 mm, subbiconvex, whitish setulose to almost glabrous, blackish, style-base 1/2 the length of the achene, pale brown. Fl. and Fr. JunOct.
Sandy grasslands, rice-fields; Elevation unknown。Hainan [India, Malaysia, Sumatra, New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
15. Schoenous Linnaeus Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 42. 1753.
赤箭莎属 chi jian sha shu
Liang Songyun(梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Perennial or rarely annual herbs. Rhizome short. Culms terete. Leaves basal or cauline, flat or trigonous, semi-terete; sheaths reddish-brown. Bracts leaf-like, sheathing. Inflorescence paniculate or racemose, rarely whole inflorescence congested in a head-like cluster. Spikelets usually lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, usually 14-flowered, upper 12 flowers male, lower 12 usually bisexual. Glumes distichous, deciduous, 1-nerved, keeled, usually papyraceous, dark-colored with whitish margins, the lower 23 empty. Hypogynous bristles 6 or absent. Stamens 3; style slender, stigmas 3, rarely 2. Achenes elliptic or obovate, rounded trigonous, rarely biconvex, wrinkled or reticulate.
About 100 species; mostly in Autralia and Southeastern Asia, a few species in Europe and America; 4 specise in China.
1a. Inflorescence loose; spikelets ca. 2 cm; peduncles 1015 cm---------------------------------------------------1. S. calostachyus
1b. Inflorescence dense; spikelets less 1 cm; sessile or with much shorter peduncles.
2a. Culms loosely tufted; hypogynous bristles 36.
3a. Culms 60100 cm tall; leaves 15 mm wide; spikelets 714 x ca. 2.5 mm------------------------------2. S. falcatus
3b. Culms 2040 cm tall; leaves ca. 0.5 mm wide; spikelets 46 x ca. 1 mm----------------------------------3. S. apogon
2b. Culms densely tufted; hypogynous bristles absent----------------------------------------------------------------4. S. nudifructus
1. Schoenus calostachyus (R. Brown) Poiret, Encyl. Suppl. 2: 251. 1811.
长穗赤箭莎 chang sui chi jian sha
Chaetospora calostachya R. Brown Prodr. 233. 1810.
Rhizome short. Culms tufted, 7090 cm tall, erect, obtusely trigonous or subterete, sulcate, smooth. Leaves blades linear, 3075 x 0.10.2 cm, rigid, abruptly acute at apex, scabrous on margins, 3-nerved promiment abaxially, with blackish purple sheaths. Bracts leaf-like, sheaths terete, 1.52.5 cm, black purplish-red or black sanguineous, oblique at orifice, membranous, pale. Inflorescence racemose, very loose, up to 50 cm, with 23 very distant fascicles of branches, branches solitary or 2(-3) together, unequal, erect, compressed, scabrous on the angles, each bearing 1(-3) spikelets, ca. 12.5 cm, subrounded at base, acuminate or acute at apex, 4-flowered; with peduncles, the lowest one up to 5 cm, glabrous, chestnut brown. Glumes distichous, ovate or lanceolate, the longest ca. 15 cm, very shorter ca. 4 mm, coriaceous, dark sanguineous, densely ciliate on margins, especially towards the apex, keeled green, upper 12 and lower 5 glumes empty. Hypogynous bristles 57, shorter than 23 times the achene, antrorsely scabrous in the upper part, white, easy caducous. Stamens 3, anthers caducous, linear; style slender, ciliate in the upper half, glabrous; stigmas 3, pubescent of brown. Achenes obovate, trigonous, gray-brown, reticulate wrinkled, glabrous, attenuate at base, obscurely beak. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Slopes, top of hill; Elevation unknown。Guangdong (Hong Kong), Hainan(Wen Chang) [Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailands, Vietnam; Australia].
2. Schoenus falcatus R. Brown Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 232. 1810.
赤箭莎 chi jian sha
Perennial herbs. Rhizome short. Culms subloosely tufted, 60100 x 0.20.5 cm tall, subterete, smooth, Leaves basal and cauline, basal leaves linear, 15 mm wide, scabrous on margins, with dark purple or dark sanguineous-purple sheaths 34 cm; cauline leaves 13, remote, rather short, sheathing, sheaths reddish-brown, oblique at orifice. Bracts leaf-like, with brown or red-brown sheaths, the lowest one with a blade nearly equaling the inflorescence, blades gradually shorter upwards. Inflorescence narrow panicle rather loose, branches 24-nate, occasionally single, exserted in bract sheath. Spikelets lanceolate, 78 x ca. 2.5 mm wide, erect, slightly flattened, brown; short-peduncled, 38-flowered. Glumes distichous, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 57 mm, chartaceous, glabrous, brown with pale margins, the yellow-green keel abaxially, mucronate or emarginate apex, the lower 23 empty and shorter than the upper flower-bearing. Hypogynous bristles 3, antrorsely scabrous, ferrugineous. Stamens 3, filaments slender, anthers linear, ca. 3 mm, caducous, appendage of the connective rather distinct, white; style 34, stigmas 3, much shorter than the style. Achenes obovate, trigonous, 11.5 mm, rusty brown, reticulate, hirsute at apex with white appressed hairs. Fl. and fr. MayJul.
Swamps, wet places; ca. 400 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Taiwan [Japan, Vietnam, Malaysia; Australia].
3. Schoenus apogon Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 2: 77. 1817.
矮赤箭莎 ai chi jian sha
Annual herbs, slender, with fibrous roots only. Culms tufted, slender, 2040 cm x 0.51 mm, mostly 2nodose, smooth. Leaves basal and 2 upper ones on the culm, shorter than the culm, blades capillary, ca. 0.5 mm wide; sheaths 12 cm, reddish-purple. Bracts surpassing the inflorescence, the sheathing base 0.51 cm, red-purple. Inflorescence consisting of 25 distant corymbiform partical panicles, each bearing several sessile and short-peduncled spikelets; partial panicles 815 mm and as broad. Spikelets lanceolate, flattened, 46 mm, sanguineous-brown, 12-(rarely 3)flowered. Glumes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 34 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, sanguineous with pale margins; lower 23 glumes empty, rather short. Hypogynous bristles 6, ca. 2 mm, antrorsely scabrous. Stamens 3; style 1.5 mm, the base glabrous, stigmas 3, as long as the style. Achenes orbicular-obovate, obtusely trigonous, ca. 1 mm, the convexed sides shiny, whitish, minutely, reticulated. Flowering and fruiting time unknown
Wet grasslands near the sea coast; Taiwan [Japan; Australia]
4.Schoenus nudifructus C. Chen in T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 117. 230. 1961.
无刚毛赤箭莎 wu gang mao chi jian sha
With slender fibrous roots. Culms tufted, 55100 cm x 0.81.1 mm, erect, terete, slender, smooth. Leaves basal, rarely cauline, blades linear, 12 mm wide, chartaceous; 7-nerved promiment abaxially; sheaths short, 1.52.5 cm, black sanguineous at base, cauline sheaths cylindrical, 1.73 cm, brown, glabrous, ligule absent. Bracts leaf-like, blades gradually shorter upwards, with brown sheaths. Inflorescence panicles loose, branches 67 or more. Spikelets lanceolate, 79 mm, erect, compressed, usually 23 or more clustered, more or less peduncled, 34-flowred. Glumes ovate-lanceolate or ovate, brownish-red, almost pale margins, the yellowish green keel abaxially, lower glumes mucronate at apex, the upper glumes obtuse or deciduous at apex, the lowest 23 empty, the upper glumes with 34-flowers, bisexual, usually sterile at uppermost a flower. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 3, anthers linear, deciduous; style slender, exserted glume, stigmas 3, pubescent. Achenes broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, trigonous, 11.3 mm, brownish, reticulate, sparsely pubescent or none at apex. Fl. and fr. Jul.
*Habitat unknown; ca. 1900 m. Yunnan (Kun Ming).
16. Cladium P. Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica: 114. 1756.
克拉莎属 ke la sha shu
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Perennial herbs, with short creeping rhizome. Culms solitary, terete, few nodose. Leaves cauline, blades broadly linear, flat, strongly serrulate-scabrous on margins, long-sheathing. Bracts leaf-like, sheathing. Inflorescence paniculate, consisting of several, terminal and lateral compressed anthela with many elongated rays. Spikelets ovoid. Glumes irregularly spically arranged, lower 46 empty, upper 2 with flowers, only the uppermost flower bearing achene. Stamens 2. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 2. stigmas 3, style-base not distinct, thickened, persistent. Achenes ovate, subterete,
About 4 species; in tropical and warm temperate regions of Europe and Asia, pacific islands and North and South America; one species in China.
1. Cladium jamacence Crantz subsp. chinense (Nees) T. Koyama in Hara & Williams, Pl. Nepal 105.1978.
克拉沙 ke la sha
Cladium chinense Nees ex Hooker & Arnott; C. jamaicense Crantz var. chinense (Nees) T. Koyama.
Rhizome short., creeping. Culms solitary, 15 m tall, terete at base, many-nodose. Leaves cauline, blades broadly linear, flat, 6080 x 0.81 cm, thickly coriaceous, gradually tapering above to trigonous caudate apex, strongly serrulate-scabrouson margins and midrib abaxially; ligule absent. Bracts lesf-like, sheathing lower ones longer than the upper, strongly serrulate-scabrous on margins and midrib abaxially. Inflorescence with terminal and laternal 58 anthelas, peduncles compressed; bracteole glumaceous, chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, caudate acuminate at apex, with brown lineolae. Spikelets 412 congested in globose heads, 47 mm wide, ovate or broadly ovate, rusty brown, ca. 3 mm. Glumes 68, broadly ovate to ovate, obtuse or acute at apec, lower 4 empty, the uppermost 2 with flowers. Flowers bisexual, lower one pistil, sterile. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 2 filaments very short, 1/3 as the length of anther, anther ca. 2 mm,; style slender, stigmas 3, equaling the style, pubescent. Achenes oblongovate, ca. 2.5 mm, brown, rounded at base, obscurely beaked. Fl. and fr. May.
Wet places, swamps; ca. 2200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Japan, Korea; Australia].
17. Machaerina Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 238. 1805.
剑叶莎属 jian ye sha shu
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Large perennial herbs, often with long stolons. Culms tufted, erect, compressed, rarely terete, usually smooth, rarely asperous. Leaves distichous, blades ensiform, terete or laterally flattened, smooth, sometimes asperous, sometimes reduced to a sheath, lower sheaths brown to purplish; ligule absent. Bracts with short blades, sheathing. Inflorescence paniculate, consisting of few to several partial panicles, main axis often sinuous. Spikelets often clustered, rarely solitary, ovoid to lanceoloate, compressed. Glumes distichous, lower 12 flowres bisexual, upper flower(s) male. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 3, style base distinctly thickened, conical or pyramidal, persistent, stigmkas 3. Achenes ovate or oblong or oblong-elliptic, almost terete or trigonous, stipitate or sessile, smooth or rugulose, beaked.
About 50 species; mostly tropical and temperate regions, especially Australia; 3 species in China.
1a. Culms compressed.
2a. Leaves ca. 150 cm, entire, smooth; spikelets 5 mm------------------------------------------------------------1. M. myrianthus
2b. Leaves ca. 50 cm, scabrous on margins; spikelets 1012 mm--------------------------------------------------2. M. ensigera
1b.Culms terete-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. M. rubiginosa
1. Machaerina myriantha (Chun & How) Y. C. Tang in Fl. Hainan, 4: 304. 536. 1976.
多花剑叶莎 duo hua jian ye sha
Cladium myrianthum Chun & How in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7: 83. tab. 26. fig. 1. 1958.
Rhizome short, stout. Culms ca. 2 m x 68 mm, compressed, severalnodose. Leaves basal, distichous, ensiform, ca. 150 x 1.82.2 cm, entire, smooth, gradually narrowed upwards. Bracts leaf-like, sheathing. Inflorescence paniculate, consisting of a terminal and several lateral partial panicles, 2060 cm. Spikelets 24 clustered, oblong ovoid, 45 mm, 24-flowered, the lowest 1--2 bearing achene; bracteolate ovate-lanceolate ca. 4 mm, 1-nerved, sharly acute at apex. Glumes 56, ovate to oblong, brown, the lowest ca. 4 mm, obtuse at apex, pubescent, hyaline on margins, ciliolate, keeled. Hypogynous bristles 46, brown, shorter than the style. Stamens 3, filaments compressed, 3.54 mm, glabrous, anthers oblong, with produced connective; style ca. 4 mm, thickened at base, persistent, white pubescent, stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, acutely trigonous, ca. 1 mm, glabrous, brown, beaked. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
*Riversides, forests, ditch sides; 9001700 m. Hainan.
2. Machaerina ensigera (Hance) T. Koyama in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 69: 63. 1956.
剑叶莎 jian ye sha
Cladium ensigerum Hance in Journ. Bot. 23: 80.1885.
Rhizome horizontal, 4.56.8 mm thick. Culms compressed. Leaves basal, 3.850 x ?0.72.5 cm, amplexa, rigid, linear-ensiformis, acuminate many-nerves, purple-margined and finely scabrous denticulate on margins. Panicle narrow, usually 3 branched. Spikelets 23-flowered, purple, 11.33.5 mm. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Achenes subdrupaceous, elliptic, trisulcate; style base thickened. Fl. and fr. Apr.Aug.
* Swamps, lake margins; ca. 2700 m. Guangdong (Hong Kong). Fl. and fr. AprAug.
No specimens have been by the present authous.
3.Machaerina rubiginosa (Sprengel) T. Koyama in J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 3: 8. 123. 1961.
圆叶剑叶莎 yuan ye jian ye sha
Rhizome short, with long horizontal stolons. Culms tufted, (30-) 100180 x (2--)0.30.6 cm, slender, compressed-biconvex to subterete, smooth. Basal leaves sorter than to equalling the culm, 24.7 mm wide, erect, biconvex with obtuse edges to subterete, smooth, spongious inside; cauline leaf with short blade, long-sheathing. Bracts with short baldes, sheathing. Inflorescence paniculate, narrow, erect, dense or interrupted, 20150 cm, consisting of 37 clusters of branches, the lower branches distant, subtended by long-sheathing, upper branches approximate, the lowest often solitary, up to 25 cm, upper ones 24 together, erect, rigid, scabrous, much shorter. Spikelets oblong to almost globose clusters, ca. 4.7 x 22.5mm, lanceolate or finally ovoid, 23-flowered, bearing 1or 2 achene. Glumes 5, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate at apex, long-ciliate, the longest 4.56.5 mm. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 3, anthers 1.52 mm, with distinctly produced connective. Achenes elliptic to oblong-elliptic, trigonous, 35 x 1.52 mm, sessile, smooth, shiny, orange to reddish-brown, the depressed to shortly pyramidal, densely pubescent, persistent, style-base included. Fl. and fr. Apr.Aug.
Swamps, lake margins; 2700 m. Guangdong (Hong Kong) [India, Indonesia, Japan (Ryu Kyu Islands), New Guinea, Sri Lanka; Australia, New Zealand ].
No specimens have been by the present authous.
18. Lepidosperma Labillardiere Pl. Nov. Holl. 1: 14. t. 11. 1804.
鳞籽莎属 lin zi sha shu
Liang Songjun(梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Perennial herbs, with short, woody, stout, rhizome, often stoloniferous. Culms tufted, erect, terete, compressed. Leaves basal, blades terete, sheathing. Bracts shorter than the inflorescence, the lower one with a short blade, the upper ones gradually shorter upwards. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, Flowers usually 24, the upper one bisexual, the lower one(s) sterile, or male by reduction. Glumes 510, spirally arranged, scabrous at top, the lower several glumaceous empty, the upper 23-flowered. Hypogynous scales 6, rarely 3, very short. Stamens 3, connective distinctly produced; style slender, style-base persistent. Achenes oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtusely trigonous, crusty, often smooth and shiny when maturity.
About 55 species; mostly Australia, SE Asia, Malaysia, New Zealand; one species in China.
1. Lepidosperma chinensis Nees & Meyen in Kunth Enum. 2: 320. 1837.
鳞籽莎 lin zi sha
Rhizome creeping and with fibrous roots. Culms tufted, 4590 cm tall, terete or subterete, erect, stiff. Leaves basal, 23 mm thick, shorter than the culm, terete, smooth, stiff, glabrous; sheaths 3--8 cm, purple-black, pale purple black or stramineous, membranous on margins, ligule obscure. Bracts spathe-like, shorter sheathing, terete or subterete, equialling or slightly longer than the sheah, slightly compressed, acute or obtuse at apex, glabrous. Inflorescence paniculate crowded in spicate, 310 cm, Spikelets dense, fusiform-oblong, 68 mm, 12-flowered. Glumes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 46.5 mm, obtuse at apex, mucronate, scabrous keel abaxially, glaucous adaxially, the lowest 2 glumes empty, the upper 2 ones with bisexual flowers. Hypogynous scales 6, very short, connate at base. Stamens 3, filaments 1.5 times the length of anther, anthers linear, with produced connective; style slender, stigmas 3, slightly shorter than the style. Achenes elliptic, 3.54 mm, brownish yellow, smooth, shiny, without beak. Fl. and fr. JulDem.
Hill sides, wet places, riversides, sparsely forests along valleys; 8001500 m. Fujian, Guangdong. Hainan, Hunan [Malaysia].
19. Tricostularia Nees in Lehmann, Nov. Stirp. Pug. 8: 50. 1844.
三肋果莎属 san lei guo sha shu
Liang Songyun(梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Perennial herbs, with short rhizome. Culms tufted, erect, terete or trigonous. Leaves basal, rarely 1 or 2 distant on culm, often reduced to the sheaths; ligule absent. Bracts setaceous, rather stiff, sheathing Inflorescence paniculate, with much branched. Spikelets solitary or clustered, compressed, oblong-lanceolate, 12(-3)-flowered, the flower(s) fertile, or the lowest male rarely absent, upper flower(s) bisexual; sessile or peduncled. Glumes 46, distichous, membranous, 1-nerved, keeled, glabrous, pale brown, lower 24 ones empty, perianth (3-)6, lanceolate to linear, short, flat, hyaline, whitish, not thickened under the achene. Stamens 3, anthers linear, with distinctly produced connective; style slender, stigmas 3. Achenes small, obovate or pyriform, sessile ,trigonous, brown, with 3 pale ribs, hispid at the apex, pericarp thin.
6 species; all Australia, one species extending to S Asia; one species in China.
1.Tricostularia undulate (Thwaites) Kern Acta Bot. Neerl 8: 267. 1959.
三肋果莎 san lei guo sha
Cladium undulatum Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 353. 1864.
.
Roots thick. Culms tufted, 3090 X 0.10.2 cm, slender, rigid, obtusely trigonous, sulcate-striate, smooth. Leaves basal, shorter than to as long as the culm, 13 mm wide, rigid, involute margins, scabrous. Inflorescence paniculate, many branched, rather diffuse to dense, consisting of 45-distant to approximate fascicles of branches. Branches 23 together, unequal, more or less exserted from the sheath, rigid, flexuous, compressed, scabrous. Spikelets almost sessile in clusters of 28, 1-flowered. Glumes 4, oblong-lanceolate, acute, the upper 45 mm, the lower 2 ca. 2 mm. Perianth 6, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, densely covered with white antrorsely short hairs, usually 0.5 mm. Stamens 3, anthers ca. 2 mm, the connective trigonous to oblong. Achenes obtusely trigonous, slightly reticulate-rugulose, castaneous or blackish, with 3 whitish ribs, hispidulous at the apex. Flwering and fruiting time unknown.
In watersides near sea coast; Elevatione unknown. Hainan (Wen Chang) [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia ].
20. Gahnia Forster & G. Forster, Char. Gen. Pl. 26. t. 26. 1775.
黑莎草属 hei sha cao shu
Liang Songyun(梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Perennal herbs, with short, woody, descending rhizome and rigid roots. Culms densely tufted, erect, tall and robust, rarely rather slender, terete, several-nodose. Leaves linear. Bracts leaf-like, sheathing. Inflorescence paniculate, consisting of several fascides of secondary panicles, usually long and loose. Spikelets numerous, solitary or 24 together, brown or black. Flowers 12, the upper one bisexual, beraing achene, the lower one male or sterile. Glumes spirally imbricate arranged, chartaceous, black or dark brown, the lower 38 empty, lanceolate, acute at apex, keeled, scabrous on margins and abaxial faces, the upper 23 smaller than remaining glume, obtuse at apex, thin at anthesis, becoming thick in achene, the uppermost glume bearing a bisexual. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 36, usually 4, filaments often stretching after anthesis, persistent; stigmas 35. Achenes ovate or elliptic obovate or fusiform, terete, trigonous, exocarp bong, endocarp thick, hard.
About 30 species; in SE Asia, Malaysia; 3 species in China.
1a. Inflorescence panicles narrow and dense; spikelets 810 mm; achenes obovate-oblong, 44.5 mm-------------1. G. tristis
1b. Inflorescence panicles spreading and loose; spikelets 45 mm; achenes oblong to narrowly elliptic, ca. 3 mm.
2a. Spikelets usually 1-flowered; filaments strongly elongate after anthesis, their tip subtended by the apex glumes---------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. G. javanica
2b. Spikelets usually 2-flowered; flaments scarcely elongated after anthesis, cohering with their tips, not subtended by the apex glumes-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. G. baniensis
1. Gahnia tristis Nees, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beech. Voy. 228. 1836.
黑莎草 hei sha cao
Rhizome short, woody, with stout and rigid roots. Culms densely tufted, 0.51.5 m tall, robust, hollow. Several-nodose. Leaves basal and cauline, blades 40180 x 0.71.2 cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, usually involute on margins, scabrous along margins and on abaxial midrib, acuminate at apex; sheaths 1020 cm, brown or reddish brown. Bracts leaf-like, brown, scabrous on margins and abaxial surface, lower ones surpassing or equaling the inflorescence; sheaths brown, rather long. Inflorescence a contrated panicle, spike-like, 1440 x 23 cm, bearing 720 fascicles of partial panicles, partial panicles ovate or elliptic, 25 cm; peduncles short and rigid, inclused in bract sheath. Spikelets numerous, densely congested, fusiform, 810 mm, 1-flowered; bracteoles glumaceous, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Glumes spiraly arranged, 810, lower 46, ovate-lanceolate, chartaceous, rigid, 1-nerved, primary yellowish brown, finally dark brown, sharply acuminate at apex, all empty, upper 23 much smaller than lower ones, broadly ovate, emarginate or rounded at ciliolate apex, the uppermost one bearing a bisexual flower. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 3, filatments slender; style slender. Stigmas 3. Achenes obovate-oblong, trigonous, 44.5 X 1.72 mm, smooth, shiny, exocarp bong, pale and brownish at young, maturing black. Fl. and fr. MarDec.
Dry grassy slopes, thickets, forests; 1003000m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guanxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi
[India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand ].
2. Gahnia javanica Zollinger & Moritzi ex Moritzi Syst. Verz. 98. 1846.
爪哇黑莎草 zhua wa hei sha cao
Gahnia castanea Ridley; G. javanica Zollinger & Moritzi ex Moritzi forma sinensis Benleous ?
Culms tall and robust, terete, solid, nodose. Leaves narrow long, ca. 8 mm wide, surpassing the inflorescence, rigid, chartaceous or nearly coriaceous, gradually narrow upwards, involute on margins, scabrous on margins and abaxial midrib; sheaths 1015 cm. Bracts leaf-like, long-sheath, overtopping the inflorescence. Inflorescence panicles, spreading and loose, consisting of a terminal and several lateral partial panicles, lateral panicles usually 2, shortly exserted from the sheath; peduncles 610 cm. Spikelets narrowly ellipsoid, 5.56 mm, 1-flowered; bracteoles setaceous or glumaceous, scabrous-subulate?on margins, black. Glumes 78, broadly ovate, ovate or ovate lanceolate, 2.84 mm, more or less distinctly awned, ciliolate on margins towards the apex, castaneous to black, the uppermost one glume with a bisexual flower, the next one with male or bisexual flower with reduced pistil. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 3, filaments slender, strongly elongate after anthesis, their tips subtended by the apex glumes, stigmas 3, slender. Achenes narrowly elliptic, trigonous, ca. 3.8 mm, smooth, shiny, excarp bong, yellowish-brown, black at apex. Fl. and fr. AprOct.
Mossy forests, thickets in dry alpine grasslands; Elevation unknown. Yunnan [Malaysia, Philippines].
3.Gahnia baniensis Benl in Fedde, Repert, Sp. Nov. 44: 197. t. 248. 1938.
散穗黑莎草 san sui hei sha cao
Gahnia javanica var. penangensis C. B. Clarke; G. penangensis Kukenthal.
Culms robust, ca. 90 cm tall, terete, rigid, several nodose. Leaves equaling or slightly longer than the inflorescence, 812 mm wide, chartaceous or coriaceous, acuminate at apex, involute on margins, scabrous on margins and abaxial midrib; sheaths closed, blackish brown, 815 cm. Bracts leaf-like, usually shorter than the inflorescence, lower sheaths longer than upper ones. Inflorescence spreading and loose, 4070 X 615 cm, consisting of a terminal and several lateral panicles, bracteolate setaceous or glumaceous at nearly base, black, sheathing or not sheaths, scabrous on margins with short awn or mucro at apex. Spikelets in clusters of 23 or solitary, oblong, attenuate towards, blackish, 45 mm, 2-flowered. Glumes 78, rigid, blackish brown, lower 56 empty, keeled, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 23 mm, mucro at apex, the upper 2 broader, obtuse, ciliolate on margins, the uppermost one bearing a bisexual flower. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 3, filaments scarcely elongated after anthesis, cohering with their tips, ca. 3 mm, not subtended by the apex glumes; style slender, stigmas 3. Achenes elliptic, trigonous, ca. 3 mm, reddish brown, smooth, shiny, exocarp bong. Fl. and fr.
Moist hills and slopes; Elevation unknown. Guangdong, Hainan [Indonesia, Japan, NW Malaysia, Vietnam; Australia].
21. Remirea Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 44. t. 16. 1775.
海滨莎属 hai bin sha shu
Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)
Perennial herbs, with long creeping rhizome. Culms 1-few, trigonous, smooth. Leaves many, aggregated on lower part of culm, rigid, blades linear, stiff. Bracts leaf-like, spreading. Inflorescence spicate, with 2-several clusters spikelets, sessile. Glumes nearly distichous, lower 3 glumes empty, nerved, the uppermost glume thickened, enerve, 1-flowered. Hypogynous bristles absent. Stamens 3, anthers linear-oblong and linear, with distinctly produced connective; ovary oblong, trigonous; stigmas 3. Achenes long-elliptic, trigonous, without beak.
One species; pantropical, China.
1. Remirea maritime Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guian. Franc. 1: 45. t. 16. 1775.
海滨莎 hai bin sha
Miegia maritima (Aublet) Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 311. 1798; Remirea pedunculata R. Brown; Mariscus pedunculatas (R. Brown) T. Koyama.
Rhizome slender, long-creeping, branching, rigid. clothed at base with brown sheaths and their fibrous remnants, buried in sand. Culms 615 x 0.10.2 cm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves usually longer than the culm, 4.56.5 mm wide, blades lanceolate, coriaceous, brown, prominently keeled on abaxial surface, sheaths pale brown, ligule absent. Bracts leaf-like, longer than the inflorescence. Inflorescence terminal, capital, usually with 27 clusters, oblong-elliptic or ovate-oblong, 1020 X 710 mm, with many spikelets. Spikelets dense, fusiform-elliptic, ca. 5 mm; bracteoles glumaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, ca. 3 mm, with brown lineolae, 1-nerved; the first glume broadly ovate, ca. 2 mm, rounded at apex, 2-nerved and with brown lineolae, the second ovate, ca. 4 mm, rounded at apex, 7-nerved, the third slightly longer than 2nd, all empty, the fourth glume fleshy, ca. 3 mm, involute, nerveless, with brown minutely spots, slender at apex, bearing a bisexual flower. Stamens 3; ovary oblong, trigonous, style short, stigmas 3, slender, 34 times as long as the style. Achenes cylindrical-elliptic, ca. 2 mm, blackish-brown, compressed-trigonous, non-stipitate. Fl. and fr. Sep. Dec.
Moist sandy beach; Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, [Pantropical].