Insert Chinese and Pin Yin
Pei Shengjii (_____________), Chen Sanyang (________________); John Dransfield.
Shrubby, vines or trees, stem usually unbranched, solitary or clustered, smooth or rough, unarmed or armed, the base of the older petiole or the leaf scars present, rarely tomentellate. Leaves alternate plaited in bud. Blade pinnate or palmate, rarely entire or nearly entire; petiole usually enlarged to form a fibrous sheath at the base. Flowers small, hermaphroditic or unisexual, monoecious or dioecious, sometimes polygamous, usually composed of branches or unbranches spadix; inflorescence multi-branched usually, enveloped by one or more spathe; sepals and petals 3 usually, distinct or variously connate; stamens 6 usually, rarely more or less, anthers 2-locules, basifixed or dorsifixed; staminode exist or rarely absent; ovary 13-loculed, or 3-carpelled distinct or connate at the base; stigmas 3, sessile usually, ovules 12 in each carpel. Fruits drupe or hard berry, pericarp smooth or hairy, spiny, or with scales. Seed 1(23) usually, up to 10, adhering to the epicarp or free, with thin or sometimes fleshy testa (sarcotesta); endosperm homogenous or ruminate; embryo apical, lateral or basal.
Ca. 210 genera and more 2800 species. Tropical and subtropical, mainly in tropical Asia and America, some in Africa. 25 genera and more 100 species (include cultivated species and genera) in China, mostly in SE and S China. Of them, Trachycarpus also in C to S of Qin mountain.
Most of species has highly economic value, which as an important landscape tree species, was cultivated in garden.
1a... Perianth reduced as linear-like, 6-lobes, distinct; fruit borne on head, closed infructescence, male flower stamens 3, connate to a staminate column; female flower barely; seed subtended by thick endocarps 25. Nypa
1b.. Perianth well developed, 6-lobes, enlarged to enclosed the fruit after pollination.
2a... Leaves pinnate or palmate, segment (or leaflet) induplicate or reduplicate; flower solitary or in groups, not triad (consists of lateral 2 male flowers and a middle female flower).
3a... Leaves pinnate, induplicate, the basal leaflets reduced as spines; dioecious, flowers solitary, dimorphic, carpels 3, distinct .......................................................................................... 1. Phoenix
3b... Leaves palmate or entire, induplicate or rarely reduplicate (as Guihaia), the basal leaflets without spiny.
4a... Flower dioecious, conspicuous dimorphic; carpels 3, connate and smooth, each carpel developing to form 1 pyrene (endocarp), endocarp woody, very thick and hard; male flowers borne in the concave of the cylindrical rachilla; mostly fruit with 3-pyrenes; leaves palmate, induplicate . 9. Borassus
4b.. Flowers bisexual or polygamo-dioecious; carpels 3, distinct or variously connate, divided into 13 smooth, alone developing berry after pollination; rachilla without deep concaved; endocarp thin, crustaceous or bony.
5a... Carpels distinct.
6a... Leaf segments single fold; fruit (seed) usually reniform, or rarely oblong, a larger intrusion of integument on the raphe, grooved on the raphe ........................... 2. Trachycarpus
6b... Leaf segments single- or several-folds; fruit or seed non-reniform.
7a... Leaf segments single-fold (rarely 2-fold), reduplicate, the most outside ones only half-fold. Stem shorter; leaf-sheath with needle-spiny or net-shaped fibers; flower only 1 carpel developed into fruit; fruit globose to ellipsoid; seed with lateral raphe, more or less compressed, with rounded intrusion of integument, embryo lateral ............................................. 3. Guihaia
7b.. Leaf segments several folds, truncate, induplicate; stem slender, sheaths with net-shaped fibers; each flower with 13 carpels developed into the fruit; fruit globose or ovate; seed globose or subglobose, with large globose intrusion of integument, embryo sub-basal or lateral 4. Raphis
5b.. Carpels connate.
8a... Carpel basally distinct, connate on the style only leaves palmate.
9a... Leaves divide to form regularly single-fold (rarely several-fold) segments; filaments connate to form a fleshy ring at the upper part, apical short subulate, distinct ........... 5. Livistona
9b.. Leaves palmately parted into several-folds, cuneate-trunate segments or undivided; filament distinct or connate to form a conspicuous tube, with equal 6-toothed or 3-lobed androecial-ring at apex ........................................................................................................ 6. Licuala
8b... Carpel connate at the base, styles distinct or with more or less distinct pistillar chord if it connate; filament the antesepalous free, or the antepetalous adnate to the base of the petal.
10a. Leaves divide into single-fold segments; ovary globose, distinct 3-grooved; endosperm homogeneous, embryo apical ......................................................... 7. Corypha
10b. Leaves
divided into single to several-folds segments; ovary somewhat stalked elongate;
endosperm homogenous or ruminate, embryo basal
............................................................................................ 8.
Chuniophoenix
2b.. Leaves pinnate (or palmate outside China), leaflets usually reduplicate, rarely induplicate, but leaflets with erose tip; flowers solitary or clustered, usually triad.
11a. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, rarely dimorphic, dioecious or polygamous, pleonanthic or hapaxanthic, stemless to erect or climbing; flowers in dyads or solitary; carpel and fruit covered with scales, carpel 3, closed connate, usually only 1 carpel developing to form 1 seed and one scale-fruit with thin endocarp; ovary imperfect 3-locules; leaves reduplicate, pinnate.
12a. Hapaxanthic, stem climbing; leaves cirrate; male rachilla bracts bearing dyads or solitary flower, which subtended by bracts, rachilla of the female inflorescence bearing solitary flower only, rachilla subtending by bract-shaped spathe ..................................................................... 10. Plectocomia
12b. Pleonanthic, very rarely hapaxanthic; stem mostly climbing, a few ones erect or stemless; male inflorescence bearing dyad or solitary flower, female one with in dyad female flowers and neuter flower.
13a. Stemless, clustering; leaves ecirrate, inflorescence short, subtending by leaf-sheath when the bud, rachilla of male infloresence more or less catkin-like; endosperm homogeneous, with a pit at the apex ............................................................................................................. 11. Salacca
13b. Stem climbing, rarely erect at a few species, leaves terminate in a cirrus or the inflorescence rachis terminating in flagellum.
14a. Spathe of
inflorescence rachis cymbiform, enclosed the inflorescence before fl., fall off
after fl.; inflorescence short, claw-spines absent; endosperm ruminate
............................................................................................... 12.
Daemonorops
14b. Spathe of inflorescence rachis tubular, not enclosed the inflorescence; inflorescence longer, armed with claw-spines; endosperm homogeneous or ruminate ................... 13. Calamus
11b. Flower unisexual, rarely bisexual, monoecious or dioecious, triad or from triad become to in dyads or solitary; carpel and fruit without scale; flower bracts reduced; carpel 3, slightly connate; ovary 321 locule; leaves pinnate, reduplicate or rarely induplicate.
15a. Hapaxanthic or pleonanthic, monoecious or rarely dioecious, inflorescence bisexual or from triad reduce as solitary; ovary 3-locules; fruit with 13 seeds; leaves single-pinnate or bipinnate, induplicate, segments erose.
16a. Inflorescence bearing bisexual flowers (monoecious); endosperm ruminate; leaves bipinnate 15. Caryota
16b. Inflorescence usually bearing unisexual flower (monoecious but in separate inflorescence or plants), rarely bisexual; endosperm homogeneous; leaves single-pinnate.
17a. Hapaxanthic, inflorescence bearing unisexual flowers; male flower sepals connate to form a tube, stamens (3)6(15); berry with 12(3)-seeds ............................... 16. Wallichia
17b. Pleonanthic or hapaxanthic, inflorescence sometimes bisexual flowers; male flower sepal distinct, stamens (6) numerous; berry with 13 seeds .................................... 14. Arenga
15b. Pleonanthic, never hapaxanthic; inflorescence bearing bisexual flowers, rarely unisexual; gynoecium pseudo-unilocular, uniovulate, or 3-locules and 3-ovulates; fruit with 13 or more seeds; leaves pinnate, reduplicate, leaflets usually acute or sometimes erose.
18a. Gynoecium 3-locules and 3-ovulates, fruit never lobed; fruit almost with thick bony endocarp, usually 13 seeded, rarely more and with 3 or more conspicuous pores.
19a. Inflorescence bearing unisexual flowers, monoecious in separate inflorescences; male rachilla fingerlike arranged, point-capitated at the apex; flower solitary, borne in deep pits of the rachilla; female rachilla robuster, the tips prolonged into a woody-spine, bearing fewer flowers at the base, bearing subsuperficial or only partly sunken membranous rachilla bracts; endocarp pore at the middle part of above; endosperm homogeneous .............................................. 22. Elaeis
19b. Inflorescence always bisexual; male flowers borne the upper part and apex of the rachilla; female flowers borne on the superficial of the base or shallowly pit; endocarp pore on the middle part or lower; endosperm homogeneous or ruminate.
20a. Female flowers borne on the base of the rachilla, fewer ones in triad; male flowers paired or solitary at the apex; female very large, globose-ovate; fruit very large, up to 25 cm or more, epicarp smooth, mesocarp very thick, dry fibers, endocarp thick bony; seed usually 1, with fluid endosperm, a large cavity on the endosperm central when ripe .......... 23. Cocos
20b. Flowers in triad on the base of the rachilla, paired or solitary male flowers at the apex; female flowers ovate or conic-ovate; fruit relatively small, epicarp smooth or longitudinally striate, glabrous or hairy, mesocarp fleshy or dry, with fibers, endosperm thick, woody; seed 1(2), endosperm homogeneous or somewhat ruminate, sometime with a central cavity 24. Syagrus
18a. Gynoecium pseudo-unilocular, uniovulate, very rarely 3-locules and 3-ovulates; fruit with thin or rarely thick endocarp, usually 1-seeded (rarely 23 seeded in the 3-ovulates genera, if so then fruit lobes), without conspicuous 3-pores.
21a. Female flower petals connate at the base, valvate at the apex; staminodes connate to form a cupular adnate to the corolla basally; gynoecium pseudo-unilocular, uniovulate, stigmatic remains at the base of the fruit; inflorescence infrafoliar, branches to 4 orders; leaflets entire; male flowers subsymmetry, stamens 612; pistil subglabrous; style not distinct, stigmas 3; fruit obovoid to oblong-ellipsoid to subglobose ................................................................................... 18. Roystonea
21b. Female flower petals distinct, imbricate; staminodes toothlike, not cupular.
22a. Male flowers
symmetry, rounded or small globose; inflorescence usually interfoliar, spicate
or branching to 4 orders; stamens 6; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate; stigmas
3, its remains at the base of the fruit; fruit ellipsoid or globose or
turbinate; leaflets almost always entire at the apex
...................................................................................... 17.
Chrysalidocarpus
22b. Male flowers asymmetry usually, not rounded or globose; stigmatic remains usually at the apex of the fruit.
23a. Inflorescence
branching to 23 orders, extending, sometimes drooping; rachilla usually zigzag
conspicuous; flowers spirally arranged, male flowers slightly larger than
female ones when the spathe opening; stamens 824; fruit globose to ellipsoid;
endosperm ruminate
................................................................................... 19.
Archontophoenix
23b. Inflorescence branching to 3 orders, usually not extending, rachilla erect, without zigzag; flowers spirally, 2-farious or whorled-arranged, or at one side of the rachilla only; male flower usually as 3 times long or more as female ones.
24a. Inflorescence protandrous, spicate; or branching to 13 orders; rachilla and its base bearing a few flowers in triad, paired or solitary spirally, 2-farious or on the one side male flowers at the upper part; stamens 3, 6, 9 or up to 30 or more; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3; fruit globose, ovoid or spindled-shaped, stigmatic remains at the apex; endosperm deeply ruminate, embryo basal ............................................................. 20. Areca
24b. Inflorescence protogynous, spicate or branching to 1 order only; all of the rachilla bearing spirally arranged or 2-rows in triad flowers, or triad in 4 or 6-vertical rows; stamens usually 1230, rarely 6; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas usually convolute, sessile or on a short style; fruit globose or ellipsoid to spindle-shaped, sometimes narrow spindle-shaped and curved; endosperm deeply ruminate or very rarely subruminate or homogeneous, embryo basal .................................................................................... 21. Pinanga
________________ ci kui shu (_______________ hai zao shu)
Shrubs or trees, solitary or clustering palm, usually with older leaf bases or deciduous leaf scars. Leaves pinnate; leaflets narrowly lanceolate or linear, induplicate on the bud, the lowest ones reduced as spines. Inflorescences interfoliar; spathe sheathlike, coriaceous; flowers solitary, dioecious, male flowers calyx cupule, 3-toothed apex, petals 3, stamens 6 or 3(9), filaments very short or almost absent; female flowers globose, calyxes similar to that of the male flower, enlarge after flowering, petals 3, staminodes usually 6, carpels 3, distinct, one ovule in each cell, stigma not. Fruit oblong to subglobose. 1-seeded, longitudinally grooved; endosperm homogeneous or subruminate, embryo lateral or sub-basal.
Ca. 17 species, tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa. 2 species in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan and Yunnan of China. Many species were introduced to cultivate for ornamental purpose.
1a... Trees, tall and robust, leaflets; in group of 2 or 3, fruit large, up to 6.5 cm, thick pulp, deep orange when ripe ................................................................................................................... 1. P. dactyliferia
1b.. Shrub, clustering or solitary palm; fruit small, not over 3 cm, thin pulp.
2a... Leaflets bifarious on rachis, gray furfuraceous on the vein of leaflets abaxially; female partial inflorescences long and slender; a conspicuous mucronate on the calyx apex; ripe fruit reddish, test Chinese date 2. P. roebelenii
2b.. Leaflets arranged in 4 on rachis, not furfuraceous on the vein abaxially; female partial inflorescences short and robust; not mucronate on the calyx apical; ripe fruit purple-black ................. 3. P. hanceana
hai zao___________ yi la ke zao ________ zao ye zi
Tree, up to 35 m tall, with persistent leaf bases. Leaves to 6 m; leaflets linear-lanceolate, 1840 cm, acuminate apex, grayish-green, in groups of 23, with hair, the lower ones reduced as a spine. Inflorescence a densely panicle; male flowers oblong or ovate, white; female flowers subglobose; sepals enlarged after flowering; staminodes scalelike. Fruits oblong or oblong-ellipsoidal, 3.56.5 cm, deep orange when ripe, with thick layer pulp. 1-seeded longitudinally grooved. Fl. AprMay, fr. SepOct.
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan [N Africa, W Asia]. Natural fl. in Yuanmou, Yuanjiang of Yunnan, and Xiashi of Guangxi.
An important fruit group in tropical areas. Fruit edible, inflorescence can be used for sugar making, leaf for paper making, stems for building materials and gullet, ornamental plant.
jiang bian ci kui ________ ruan ye ci hui
Phoenix humilis Royle var. loureirii Beccari, in Males. 3: 382. 1890. p. p. Quoad Syn. P. roebelenii OBrien.
Stems clustering, usually solitary when culture, 13 m tall, rarely more, up to 10 cm in diam., with persistent triangular leaf bases. Leaves 11.5(2) m; leaflets linear, soft, 2030(40) ΄ 510(15) cm, deeply green, with gray scale-furfuraceous along the veins abaxially, in 2-farious, the lower ones reduced as a spines. Spathe 3050 cm, 2-lobed apex only; male inflorescence longer than female; partial inflorescence up to 20 cm; male flowers calyxes ca. 1 mm; petals lanceolate, ca. 9 mm; female flowers subovate, ca. 6 mm; with conspicuous mucronate calyx apex. Fruit oblong, 1.41.8 ΄ 0.60.8 cm, reddish when ripe, thin pulp and was Chinese dates test. Fl. AprMay, fr. JunSep.
Along river banks, 500900 m. S & SW Yunnan (Xishuangbanna, Shuangjiang). Cultivated in Guangdong, Guangxi [India, Myanmar, Vietnam]. An ornamental plant.
ci hui
Phoenix hanceana Naudin var. formosana Beccari; P. humilis Royle var. hanceana (Naudin) Beccari.
Stems clustering or solitary, 25 m tall, more 30 cm in diam. Leaves up to 2 m; leaflets linear, 1535 ΄ 11.5 cm, solitary or in groups of 23, 4-farious. Spathe 1520 cm, brown, not splinted as 2 boat-shape limbs; peduncle more 60 cm; female inflorescence branching short and robust, 715 cm; male flowers nearly white; calyx 11.5 mm; female flower 4.5 mm, calyx ca. 1 mm, without triangular tooth. Fruit oblong, 1.52 cm, purplish-black when ripe. Fl. AprMay, fr. JunOct.
Broad-leaved forest or conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest, 8001500 m. Guangdong (Guangzhou, S Islands), Guangxi, S and W Hainan, Taiwan (Tainan), S Yunnan. An ornamental plants, its fruits edible, growing tips (shoot) used for vegetable, leaves are used for broom.
zong lό shu
Trees or shrubs, trunk covered by conspicuous persistent dead leaves or partial bared; sheath disintegrating into a netlike coarse fibers, surround the stem and the upper elongate to form a brown, slender, membranous, ligule-like appendage. Leaves rounded or half rounded, palmate, divided to form many single-fold segments, induplicate; petiole with fine rough tuberculate or finely rounded-teethed on both sides, a conspicuous hastula apical. Flowers dioecious, occasionally monoecious or polygamo-monoecious; inflorescence robust, interfoliar, inflorescence similar in both sexes, branching to multi- or twice-orders; several spathe, embracing the peduncle and branching; flowers in groups of 24, or rarely solitary borne on rachilla; male flower calyx deeply 3-lobed or almost free, corolla longer than the calyx; stamens 6, filament distinct, anther dorsifixed; female flower calyx and corolla similar to ones of male flowers, staminodes 6, arrow-like, carpels 3, distinct, hairy, ovate, the upper becoming narrow to form a short conoideus style, ovule basal. Fruit broad kidney-shaped or oblong, hilumed or slightly grooved on raphe, epicarp membranous, mesocarp subcarnous, endocarp crustaceous, adnated on the seed. Seed similar to the fruit, endosperm homogenous, carnous, with a large lateral intrusion of integument, embryo lateral or dorsal.
1a... Juvenile trunk with few marcescent dead leaves, sheath netlike fiber enclosed the trunk but fall off naturally after sometime, trees, solitary; inflorescence robust, branched to 34 orders from axil 3. T. princeps
1b.. Trunk with persistent dead leaves, closed the trunk with netlike fiber.
2a... Trunk solitary, tree; inflorescence robust, 23 branches from the axil .............. 1. T. fortunei
2b.. Stemless, shrubby; infloresence slender, erect from the ground, only 2-branched . 2. T. nana
zong lό __________ ben lό __________ zong shu
Chaemaerops fortunei Hooker in Curtiss Bot. Mag. 86: t. 5221. 1860; Trachycarpus excelsus H. Wendland,.
Tree, 310 m tall or more, trunk cylindrical, clothed throughout with not caducous old leafbases and conferted netlike fiber. Naked trunk 1015 cm in diam. or more. Leaves 3/4 rounded or subrounded, deeply divided into 3050 segments; segment wrinkle, linear-reniform, 6070 ΄ 2.54 cm, with short 2-lobed or 2-toothed apex, stiff or drooping apex; petiole with crenate on each sides; with conspicuous hastula apex. Inflorescence robust, branched to multiple orders, usually dioecious; male inflorescence ca. 40 cm, branched to 2 orders, with 23 partial inflorescences; male flowers ovoid, mostly in groups of 23, or solitary; female inflorescence 8090 cm, branched to 23 orders, with 45 partial inflorescences; female flowers globose, usually in groups of 23; staminodes 6, carpel with white hair. Fruit broad kidney-shaped, hilumed, 1112 ΄ 79 mm, from yellow to yellowish when ripe, pruinose. Seed endosperm homogeneous, corneous, embryo lateral. Fl. Apr, fr. Dec.
Secondary forest, up to 2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Fujian, Hunan, N to Hubei (Nanzhang), Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
Trunk fiber used for making cord, weaving raincoat, terra, brush and sofa fills materials; younger leaves used for making fans and straw hat; not opening flowers know as palm-fish edible; palm fiber and petiole can be used as a hemostasia medicine, fruit, leaves, flower, and roots can be used as medicine. It is also used as an ornamental plant.
long zong
Trachycarpus dracocephalus Ching & Hsu.
Shrubby, 0.50.8 m tall; stemless, rhizome nodes conferted, roots numerous, recurved to up, as dragon-shaped, so naming long zong. Leaves fascicled on the ground, its shape similar to ones of T. fortunei, but very small and very deep divided; segments linear-lanceolate, 2555 ΄ 1.52.5 cm, shallowly 2-lobed apex, adaxially green, abaxially glauescent; petiole 2535 cm, densely toothed apex or without. Inflorescence emerged from the ground, erect, slender, 4048 cm, usually branching to 2 orders; dioecious, male inflorescence flowers conferter than the ones of female; male flowers globose, glabrous, fertile stamens 6, staminodes 3; female flowers globose-ovate, carpel with silvery hair, ovule 3, only one fertile. Fruit broad kidney-shape, black-blue, 1012 ΄ 68 mm. Seed shape similar to fruit, endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral. Fl. Apr, fr. Oct.
* 15002300 m. SE Guizhou (Libo), S, NW and C Yunnan.
A dwarf beautiful plant for advanced miniascape and ornamental.
gong shan zong lό
Tree, up to 10 m tall, the juvenile plants with few persistent dead leaves, trunk clothed netlike fibrous leaf-sheaths, bared after it naturally caduccous; trunks 1316 cm in diam. Leaves semi- to 3/4 circular, regularly divided ca. half its length into 4548 stiff, linear segments, which 6080 ΄ 33.5 cm, with acute retuse apex, shortly 2-lobed; leaves dark green abaxial surface, wax-white abaxial surface; finely toothed along the petiole margins; short hastula apex, triangular, regularly crested. Dioecious, inflorescence few, robust, interfoliar; male inflorescences ca. 50 cm, branched to 4 orders; female inflorescences ca. 75 cm, branched to 3 orders; flowers not seen. Fruit with short stalk, subreniform to almost oval, 8 ΄ 10 ΄ 7.5 mm, black, with a white bloom when ripe. Seed reniform, 6 ΄ 8.5 ΄ 5.5 mm, endosperm homogeneous, corneous, embryo lateral.
* Banks of the Nujiang, bare marble cliff of the Shi Men Guan, 15001900 m. Yunnan (Bingzhongluo, Gongshan county).
Trachycarpus martianus auct. non H. Wendland: Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7(5): 1360. 1936; Fl. Reipubl. Sin. 13(1): 14, 1991.
shi shan zong shu
Dwarf, clustering palm, stem short or very short, leaf-sheath clothed with spiny or netlike fiber. Leaves palmate, flabellate or subrounded, reduplicate, single folded (rarely 2-folded) segment, the most outside one is half fold reduplicate, dark green adaxial surface, glabrous, abaxially, covered with a dense felt of silvery woolly hairs or glabrous except for scattered dotlike scales, minutely toothed or smooth along margin; petiole unarmed, with adaxial hastula rounded (ligule-shape) apex. Inflorescence dioecious, pleonanthic, solitary, interfoliar, branching to 4 orders, male flower is similar to female; peduncle elongate, bract absent; rachis bracts (primary spathe) ca. 25, first-branchces 45. Male flower sepals 3, connate, subrounded to ovate, abaxially bearing hair; petals longer than the sepals, basally connate, ca. 1/31/2 their length, with rounded lobes apex, glabrous; stamens 6, the filaments not forming a staminal tube, but completely adnate to the corolla, anthers more or less rounded, didymous, borne on the corolla; pistillode absent; female flowers similar to the male; petals only slightly longer than to more twice as long as the sepals, joined in the basal ca. 1/3; staminodes 6, borne on the petals; carps 3, distinct, glabrous, abruptly narrowed to a short style, ovule basal. Fruit developing from only one carpel, globose to elliptoidal, blue-black and bearing thin white wax; the stigma remains apical. Seeds flatted on one side with lateral hilum and conspicuous rounded intrusion of integument; endosperm; homogeneous; embryo lateral.
Two species: China and Vietnam; both species in China, one endemic.
1a... Stem very short, usually inconspicuous due to the stem with the older leaf-sheaths; leaves different color on both surfaces, abaxially densely covered in felt of silvery woolly hairs, sheaths disintegration into a spiny fiber; calyx obtuse apex, abaxially with pilose, adaxially scale absent, ciliate along the margins; fruit subglobose 1. G. argyrata
1b.. Stem ca. 1 m tall, with older leaf-sheath at the apex only; leaves slightly different color on both surface, abaxially covered in scattered scales; leaf-sheath disintegration to screen and flat fiber, entire at margins; sepals with mucronate apex, abaxially glabrous, adaxially with scales, ciliate absent at margins; fruit ellipsoid 2. G. grossefibrosa
shi shan zong _______ ya zong
Trachycarpus argyratus S. K. Lee et F. N. Wei in Guihaia 2: 131133, t. 4. 1982.
Dwarf, clustering palm; stem 0.51 m tall, decumbent or erect, very short, ca. 35 cm in diam., with conferted of leaf scars and old leaf-sheaths. Leaves flabellate or subrounded, 4050 cm in diam., palmate deeply divided to 3/44/5 of their length, single (rarely 2-) folded reduplicate segments; segements 2026, ca. 2.5 cm in wide, very short 2-lobed apex, adaxially green, abaxially covered in felt of silvery woolly hairs; petiole up to 1 m or; sheath tubular at first, later disintegration into an erect, dark brown spiny fiber. Inflorescence 3080, with 25 partial inflorescences, branching to 4 orders. Male flowers bud ca. 1.5 mm or less, sepals apex obtuse, abaxially with pilose, adaxially scale absent, ciliate along the margins; corolla glabrous; female calyxes and corollas similar to male. Fruit subglobose, 6 mm in diam., epicarp blue-black, covered with wax. Seeds ca. 45 mm in diam., endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral. Fl. MayJun, fr. OctNov.
* N Guangdong (Yingde), NE & SW Guangxi, S Yunnan (Jianshui).
Dwarf and beautiful palms for miniascape ornamental.
liang guang shi shan zong
Rhapis grossefibrosa Gagnepain in Notulae Syst. 6: 159. 1937; R. filiformis Burret ex F. N. Wei, syn. nov.
Clustering palms up to 1.8 m tall; stem 23 cm in diam., old leaf-sheath only apex. Leaves palmate divided to 4/5 of their length or to the base, segments 1021, single (rarely 2) folded reduplicate, 2-clefted apex, adaxially glabrous, abaxially subglaucous, covered in scattered scales; petiole 4050 cm or more; sheath tubular, at the opposite of the petiole prolongated a triangularly ligule-lobe, disintegration to screen broad and flat fiber, entire at the margin. Inflorescence 80 cm, with 25 partial inflorescences, branching to 4 orders. Male flowers ca. 2.2 mm; sepals with mucronate apex, abaxially glabrous, adaxially with scales, ciliate absent at margins; female flowers ca. 2.2 ΄ 1.5 mm. Fruit ellipsoid, 68 ΄ 45 mm, epicarp blue-black. Seed ellipsoid, ca. 5 ΄ 2.5 mm. Fl. May, fr. Aug.
S Guangdong (Yangchun), SW Guangxi, SE Guizhou (Libo) [Vietnam].
zong zhu shu
Clustering, shrubby palm. Stems small, erect, leaf-sheath covered with net-shaped fibrous. Leaves flabellate or palmate, divided to their base, segments several-folded, induplicate, linear or linear-ellipsoid or lanceolate, towarding narrowly upper parts, short incised apex, finely toothed at margins, veins conspicuous; petiole margin glabrous or serrulate, hastula apex. Inflorescence dioecious or polygamous, interfoliar, male inflorescence similar to female, branching to 23 orders, solitary or spirally arranged in the rachilla; male flower calyx cupular, 3-lobed distally, corolla obovate or claviform, short 3-lobed, stamens 6, 2-whorls, filaments adnate to the corolla tube, anther short, rounded, dorsifixed; female flower calyx and corolla similar to male, sepals with fleshy and solid base, ovary 3-carpels, distinct, ovules 3, basal, staminodes 6. Fruit usually developing from 1 carpel, globose or ovoid, with apical stigmatic remains. Seed solitary, globose or subglobose, hilum linear-oblong, raphe inconspicuous, endosperm homogeneous, with conspicuous rounded intrusion of integument nearly raphe, embryo opposite the raphe, sub-basal or lateral.
Ca. 12 species, E and SE Asia. 5 species in SW, S China.
1a... Leaf-sheath with blackish, rough, stiff, horsetail, net-shaped fiber; leaves palmately parted, segments 410, unequal, 2030 ΄ 1.55 cm, broad-linear or linear-lanceolate, 25 costa-nerved, truncate and with many pairs slightly partite small lobelets apex, margins and costa-nerve with slightly sharp serrulate 1. R. excelsa
1b.. Leaf-sheath with brown slender net-shaped fiber; leaves segments costa-nerve and margins with serrulate or only margin with serrulate or finely toothed.
2a... Leaf-sheath fiber robust; leaves palmately parted; segments 1620(30), linear-lanceolate, 2836 ΄ 1.51.8 cm, usually 2 conspicuous costa-nerved, attenuate apex, with 23(4) short lobelets, margins and costa-nerve with serrulate ............................................................................................... 2. R. multifida
2b.. Leaf-sheath fiber slender.
3a... Leaves palmately parted; segments 710(20), linear, 1525 ΄ 0.82 cm, 12(3) costa-nerved, margins and costa-nerve with serrulate, shortly 23 lobed apex, slightly acuminate .... 3. R. humilis
3b... Leaves palmately parted; segments 24, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 34 costa-nerved, narrowly or short acuminate apex with sharp-toothed.
4a... Leaves segments oblong-lanceolate, 1518 ΄ 1.73.5 cm, attenuate apex with irregularly toothed, margins and costa-nerve with rough and serrulate .................................... 4. R. gracilis
4b.. Leaves segments 4, broad-lanceolate to lanceolate, 2025 ΄ 2.54.5 cm, short acuminate apex with sharp-toothed, margins with serrulate only ............................................... 5. R. robusta
zong zhu _________ jin tou zhu __________ guan yin zhu ________ hu san zhu
Chamaerops excelsa Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 130. 1784; Rhapis flabellateis LHerit ex Aiton Hort. Kew. 3: 473. 1789.
Clustering, shrub palm, 23 m tall, 1.53 cm in diam., the upper leaf-sheaths disintegration blackish, rough, stiff, horsetail, net-shaped fibers. Leaves palmately parted, segments 410, inequal, 25 costa-nerved, 2030 ΄ 1.55 cm, broad-linear or linear-lanceolate, broadly, truncate and with many pairs slightly partite small lobes apex, margins and costa-nerve with slightly sharp serrulate; petiole margins slightly roughed, hastula apex semi-rounded or obtuse-triangular, haired. Inflorescence ca. 30 cm, 23 partial inflorescences. Male flower buds ovate-oblong, 56 mm, calyx cup-shaped, deeply 3-lobed, corolla 3-lobed; female flowers short and robust, 4 mm. Fruit globose ovoid, 810 mm in diam. Seed globose, embryo opposite the raphe, nearly base. Fl. JunJul.
S and SW China [Japan].
Ornamental palm, root and leaf-sheaths for medicine.
duo lie zong zhu
Shrubs, clustering palm, 23 m tall or more, to 1.52.5 mm in diam. with sheath, ca. 1 cm without sheath. Leaves palmately parted; segments 1620(30), linear-lanceolate, 2836 ΄ 1.51.8 cm, usually 2 conspicuous costa-nerved, attenuate apex, with 23(4) short lobes, margins and costa-nerve with serrulate; petiole long, hastula, ovate-rounded to semi-rounded, covered with yellowish-brown or dark brown lanose; sheaths fibrous, brown, regularly arranged, robust. Inflorescence branching to 2 orders, 4050 cm. Flowers not seen. Fruit globose, 910 mm in diam., yellow to yellowish-brown when ripe. Seed semi-globose, 6 ΄ 5 mm, endosperm homogeneous, deeply pitted, embryo lateral the opposite of the middle parts of raphe. Fl. MayJun, fr. OctNov.
W Guangxi, SE Yunnan. Ornamental.
ai zong zhu _________ zhu zong _________ zong lό zhu
Chamaerops excelsa Thunberg var. humilior Thunberg in Fl. Jap. 130. 1784.
Shrubs, clustering palm, 1 m tall or more, the upper leaf-sheath with netlike capillary, brownish fiber. Leaves palmately parted; segments 710(20), linear, 1525 ΄ 0.82 cm, 12(3) costa-nerved, margins and costa-nerve with serrulate, 23 lobed apex, slightly acumiinate; petiole ca. as long as leave, slender, hastula apex ovate-rounded, with hair or glabrous. Dioecious, male inflorescence 2530 cm, with 34 partial inflorescences; male flower bud ovate, calyx cup-shape campanulate, with irregularly 3-lobes, corrolla short 3-lobes, downwarding to narrwoing tubular, 1/3 of the base solided; female flower not seen. Fruit not seen. According ot the literature, fruit globose, ca. 7 mm in diam., persistent corolla solid cylindrical. Seed globose, ca. 4.5 mm in diam. Fl. JulAug.
S to SW China.
Cultivated in many places. Ornamental.
xi zong zhu
Clustering, shrub palm, 11.5 m tall; stem cylinders, ca. 1 cm in diam. Leaves palmately parted divided into 24 segments segments oblong-lanceolate, 1518 ΄ 1.73.5 cm, 34 costa-nerved, attenuate apex with irregularity toothed, margins and costa-nerved with serrulate; petiole slender, obtuse triangular or subrounded hastula apex; leaf-sheath covered with brown, netlike finely fiber. Inflorence ca. 20 cm, a few branched, very spreading; flowers small, dioecious. Fruit globose, blue-green, 89 mm in diam. Seed globose, 67 mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. OctNov.
* W Guangdong, S Guangxi, S Hainan.
A dwarf and beautiful palm for ornamental.
cu zong zhu _______ long zhou zong zhu
Clustering shrub palms, ca. 2 m tall or more; stem cylinders, ca. 2 cm in diam. Leaves palmate deeply to 4-segments, segments broad-lanceolate to lanceolate, 2025 ΄ 2.54.5 cm, 34 costa-nerved, short acuminate apex, sharp-toothed, margins with serrulate; upper parts of petiole with triangular hastula; fiber of leaf-sheath brown, slender, interwoven forming to a regularly net. Inflorescence axilly, 1525 cm, branched to 3 orders; flowers dioecious, female flower calyx campanulate, 2 mm, 3-lobed apex; 4 mm angusti-cylinder at the calyx base between the calyx and corolla. Fruit not seen. Fl. MayJun, fr. Oct.
* S Guangxi (Longzhou). Ornamental.
pu kui shu
Sarbus Blume, Rumphia 2: 48. t. 95, 96. 1836.
Trees, erect, solitary palm, stem with a ringed of leaf scars. Leaves large, broadly reniform flabellate or subrounded, flabellate-fold, radiate or palmate divided to several single fold or single costa-nerved (rarely multi-fold) segments; segments with short or deep 2-lobes; leaf-sheath with netlike fiber; petiole long, without spines on both sides or more or less spined or toothed, conspicuous hastula on the apex, abaxially slightly prolongated a slender rachis. Inflorescence axillary, with several tubular spathes, multi-branched, drooped when fruiting; flowers bisexual, solitary or fascicled; calyx deeply divided to 3 sepals; corolla distinct nearly to the base; 3-lobed; stamens 6, lower parts of filaments connate to form a fleshy ring, the apex short subulate, distinct, anther erect, dorsifixed; ovary 3-carpels, distinct at the base, basally connate to form a common style, with dotlike or minutely 3-lobed stigma, ovule basifixed, anatropal. Fruit usually developing from 1 carpel, globose, ovoid or ellipsoidal, the apex with a remained stigma, pericarp smooth. Seed ellipsoidal or globose or ovoid, large ventral intrusion of integument, endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral.
Ca. 30 species, Tropical areas of Asia, Oceania. 3 species in SW to SE China.
1a... Leave segment apex parted into 2 slender filiform pendulous lobelets; petiole covered with brownish recurved short on both sides of the lower portion; fruit smaller, 1.82.2 ΄ 11 cm, black-brown 1. L. chinensis
1b.. Leave segments shallowly 2-lobed apical, without drooping; petiole densely covered with strongly black-brown spines; fruit larger, obovoid or ellipsoid.
2a... Fruit ovate-ovoid, 2.32.5 ΄ 1.52 cm ......................................................... 2. L. speciosa
2b.. Fruit ellipsoid, 33.5 ΄ 22.5 cm .................................................................... 3. L. saribus
pu kui
Latania chinensis Jacquin, Fragm. Bot. 16. t. 11. f. 1. 1809;Saribus chinensis Bl.; Livistona olivaeformis Martius; L. sinensis Griffith.
Trees palm, 520 m tall, 2030 cm in diam., swollen at the base. Leaves broad reniform flabellate, 1 m in diam., palmate divided to 1/2 of their depth into segments; segments linear-lanceolate, 44.5 cm width at the base, long apex, the apex bipartited into a 50 cm filiform pendulous lobelets, green adaxially and adaxially;petiole 12 m, the base covered with yellowish-green (fresh) or brownish (dried) recurved short spines. Inflorescence coniform, robust, ca. 1 m, ca. 6 partial inflorescences which whith branching 2 or 3 orders. Flowers bisexual, ca. 2 mm; calyx divided to the its base into 3-lobes; corolla divided to half of their length into 3-lobes; stamens connated at the base form a cup and adnate on the corolla base. Fruit ellipsoid (as olive-shaped), 1.82.2 ΄ 11.2 cm, black-brown. Seeds ellipsoid, 15 ΄ 9 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr.
S China [Peninsula of Indo-China].
Widespread cultivated Guangdong (Xinhui), young leaf for weaving fan; older leaf for making raincoat, costa of leaf segments for making toothpick; fruit and roots for medicine.
mei li pu kui _________ xiang ou kui
Trees, robust palms, 1525 m tall or above, stem 3040 cm in diam. or more. Leaves large, 3/4 of it is rounded or subrounded, adaxially deep green, abaxially glaucescent, with a large not divided center part, toward outside divided into many segments which divided again into short 2-lobelets, 35 cm, not drooping apex; petiole robust, 1.52 m, margins especially the base with strong, recurved black-brown spines which apex falcate. Inflorescence axillary, robust, up to 1.3 m, with 46 partial inflorescence which branching to 23 orders; flowers 56 (the lower ones) or 23 (the upper ones) congregated, ca. 2 mm; calyx and corolla divided to half of their depth into 3-lobes; stamens at the base connate to form cup-shaped, partial adnate to the corolla base. Fruit obovoid, dark blue, 2.32.5 ΄ 1.52 cm. Seed ellipsoid or subovate-globose, 1.51.8 ΄ 11.4 cm. Fl. and fr. Sep.
S Yunnan [Myanmar]. Ornamental, fruit edible.
It is easy confusion with L. saribus in morphs, but differs from L. saribus by its fruit ellipsoid, and L. speciosa with small ovoid fruit.
da ye pu kui _____ da pu kui
Corypha saribus Lourerio Fl. Cochichin. 1: 212. 1790. Livistona fengkaiensis X. W. Wei & M. Y. Xiao.
This species is close to Livistona speciosa in shape but differs from L. saribus by leaves green two surface, fruit ellipsoid, large, 33.5 ΄ 22.5 cm, seed also large, ca. 2.3 ΄ 1.6 cm. Fr. Sep.
Guangdong (Fengkai), E to W Hainan, S Yunnan [Vietnam].
Livistona fenkaiensis X. W. Wei & M. Y. Xiao is close to L. speciosa in leaves and fruit, only its fruit larger than ones of L. speciosa. This is not distinct to be identified separately from L. speciosa.
zhou lό shu
Shrubs, clustering or solitary palms, with a ringed of leaf scars. Leaves more or less rounded or flabellate, palmately parted into single-fold to several-folds cuneate-truncate segments or undivided, segments truncate or toothed apex; petiole margins with spines, leaf-sheath fibrous. Inflorescence interfoliar, branched or not branched, with tubular spathe; flowers bisexual; calyx cup or tubular, 3-lobed or irregularly splitting; corolla deeply 3-lobes; stamens 6, filaments distinct or the lower parts connate to form a conspicuous tube, with equal 6-toothed or 3-lobed staminate ring apex; ovary developing from distinct or subdistinct 3-carpels, apical connate to form a slender style with dotlike stigma; ovule basifixed, anatropal. Drupe small, globose to ellipsoid, rarely narrow-oblong, epicarp membranous, smooth, rarely with corky-warted, mesocarp fleshy, somewhat fibrous, endocarp thin, crustaceus, with stigmatic remains apex. Seed globose, smooth or with large convulute intrusion of seed coat, endosperm homogeneous, corneous; embryo lateral.
Ca. 100 species, tropical Asian, Australia, Australia Islands. 3 species in S and SW China.
1a... Inflorescence branching to 2 orders, the secondary branch
(spikelets) usually 19(15) cm
.......................................................................................................................... 1.
L. spinosa
1b.. Inflorescence branching to 1 order, the first branch (spikelets) 31420 cm.
2a... Spikelets 1520 cm, cover with floccose furfuraceous; flowers in cluster of 23 around the stalk-shaped tubercle of rachilla ........................................................................................ 2. L. fordiana
2b.. Spikelets 814 cm, robuster; rachilla and flowers densely covered with dark brown scale-shaped hairs, flowers 810 rows arranged around the short tubercle of rachilla ................ 3. L. dasyantha
ci zhou lό
Corypha pilearia Louerio, Fl. Cochinchin. 213. 1790. Licuala pilearia (Lourerio) Blume; L. spinosa Wurmb. var. cochinchinensis Beccari.
Clustering shrub palms, 25 m tall, 37 cm in diam. Leaves radiation deeply divided to nearly its base, rounded-reniform or 3/4 rounded, 1 m in diam. or more; segments 822, cuneate, the middle ones 3050 ΄ 7 cm, others subnarrow, erose-lobelets apex; petiole 70100 cm, usually with spines each side or lower parats. Inflorescence 60100 cm or more, with 23 paniculate partial inflorescence with 5 or more spikelets, sometimes the base of the partial inflorescence branch to 3 orders, rachilla 1015 cm; spathe tubular, covered with easy deciduous red brown furfuraceous. Flowers sessile, in cluster of 23 flowers at the rachilla lower part, solitary at the upper; calyx 3-lobes, divided to half of its length, corolla 1/3 longer than calyx; stamens at the base connate to form a ring-shaped; ovary glabrous. Fruit globose or obovoid, 79 mm in diam., orange to purple-red when ripe. Fr. MayJun.
E-W Hainan [India, Peninsula of Indo-China, Tropical SE Asian].
sui hua zhou lό
Clustering shrub palms, 1.53 m tall. Leaves semi-rounded divided to its base, segment 1618, cuneate, 2542 cm, 2.54 cm width nearly the apex, obtuse toothed apex; petiole; 85 cm or more, the lower ones with spines. Inflorescences 50100 cm, with 23 partial inflorescences or basal forficate 1520 cm spikelets, rachilla densely covered with floccose furfuraceous; flowers in cluster of 23 around the stalk-shaped tubercle of rachilla, subspindle, 68 ΄ 2.5 mm; calyx tubular campaniform, the base contract to substalk, 3-lobed, with brownish floccus, covered with sparsely floccose at the base, corolla 1/3 longer than calyx or more. Fruit globose, 8 mm in diam. Fl. May.
* E to W Hainan, SE Guangdong.
mao hua zhou lό
Shrub palm, 12 m tall, 23 cm in diam. Leaves 2/3 rounded, blue-green, replicate, divided to its base into 79 cuneate segments, several costa-nerved which directly up to the apex; the central segments up to 45 cm, 50 cm in width apex, truncate, emarginate, ca. 25 costa-nerved which directly up to the apex, others oblique truncate, shorter and narrower, deeply emarginate, the most outside ones conspicuous toward narrowing and short, oblique cuneate, ca. 25 cm, ca. 5 cm in width apex; petiole ca. 60 cm, with scattered short spines on the basal sides, abaxially covered with brown furfuraceous. Inflorescence with 2 spikelets which 814 cm, peduncle subtended by 1 or 2 spathes which covered with densely dark brown furfuraceous, rachilla and flowers covered with densely dark brown scale-shaped hairs, flowers 810 rows arranged around the short tubercle of rachilla, calyx short 3-lobed, covered with densely dark brown scale-shaped hairs, corolla slightly longer than calyx. Fruit not seen. Fr. AprMay.
* SW Guangxi (Longzhou), SE Yunnan (Hekou, Pingbian).
bei ye zong shu
Massive, tree, hapaxanthic palm. Leaves large, rounded or semi-rounded, palmate divided, segments with a robust costa-nerve, with 2-lobed or 2-toothed apex; petiole margins with spines, adaxially deeply channeled, abaxially rounded, apical extend into recurved rachis. Inflorescence terminal, large, semi-globose or panicle, pyramid-shaped, spathe 3-order branching, branches subtended by tubular; flowers small, bisexual, in cymose borne on short stalks, flowers with small scale-shaped bracteoles, sessile, sometimes the calyx base extend to form a solid stalk; calyx cup-shaped, 3-lobed, corolla 3-lobes, stamens 6, filament connate basally, others subulate, curved apically, anthers dorsifixed; ovary developing from connate 3-carpels which with single ovule, style short, subulate, 3-stagmas. Fruit cluster of 13, globose, with basal abortive carpels and stigmatic remains. Seed globose or subovoid or oblong; endosperm homogeneous, with a central cavity, embryo apical or subapical.
Ca. 8 species, tropical Asian to N Australia. 1 cultivated in China.
bei ye zong __________ xing li ye ye zi
Massive, robust, tree palm, 1825 m tall, 5060 cm in diam., largest one up to 90 cm, with densely ring of leaf scars. Leaves large, 1.52 ΄ 2.53.5 m, palmate, deeply divide to form sublune segments; segments 80100, divided to half of its length, ensiform, short 2-lobed, 60100 ΄ 79 cm; petiole 2.53 ΄ 710 cm, robust, adaxially channeled, margins with short toothed, abaxially apex extended to form recurved costa-shaped rachis. Inflorescence terminal, large, erect, panicle, 45 m or more, 3035 partial inflorescences, the lower partial inflorescences ca. 3.5 m, the upper ones ca. 1 m, branching to 4 orders; flowers small, bisexual, ivory-white, funked. Fruit globose, 3.23.5 cm, epicarp with chap crackle when dried; seed subglobose, or ovoid, 1.82.0 cm; embryo apical. Fl. FebApr, fr. MayJun next year.
Cultivated in Yunnan (Xishuangbanna), such as at beside the temple and the botanical garden.
Corpha umbraculifera, as a faith plant, is introduced for widespread cultivation. It is very beautiful for ornamental. Leaves are used for writing instead the paper, some ancient Hindu and Buddhist scriptures were written on its leaves in India, Thailand, Myanmar and Yunnan, as known as Bei Ye Jin; juice from inflorescence can be used for making sugar; the young endosperm of seed can be made as sweetmeat (note: ripe endosperm can not eat); seed (endosperm) is very hard, for making buddhist beads or ornament; the core of stem can be water leach for making edible starch; juice from root are used for curing diarrhea; young stem water decoct for curing hot rheum.
qiong zong shu
Clustering palms; stem erect, unarmed, ringed with leaf scars. Leaves palmate irregularly divided almost to the base into single- or several-fold induplicate segments with entire or shallowly toothed apices, segments with prominent adaxial and abaxial ribs, and spare floccose indumentum, midribs prominent abaxially; petiole margins smooth, hastula absent; sheath tubular at first, later splitting usually covered with floccose indumentum. Flowers bisexual or occasionally polygamo-dioecious, pleonanthic; inflorescence interfoliar, spicate or with up to 2 orders of branching; peduncular and peduncle bracts (primary spathe) tubular, rachilla with tubular bracts (secondary spathe) each subtending a flower group; flowers solitary or arranged in a cincinnus of 17 flowers, each flower in turn exserted from the rachilla bracts and bearing a tubular or infundibuliform bracteole; calyx tubular, shallow 23 lobed; corolla base long stalklike, 23-lobed apex; stamens 6, the antesepalous free, the antepetalous adnate to the base of the petals, filaments elongate, wider basally, anthers oval, introse, gynoecium tricarpellate, ovary somewhat stalked, elongate, style 3-grooved, elongate, 3-lobed apex, ovule anatropous. Fruit small, subglobose, dark red when ripe, with apical stigmatic remains. Seed irregularly globose, base with hilum, grooved along raphe, endosperm ruminate or homogeneous, embryo basal.
2 species: China (Hainan), Vietnam; both species in China, one endemic.
1a... Stem taller (3 m or more), robuster; leaves larger, segments up to 1416; inflorescences larger, multi-branched; fruit ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; endosperm ruminate .............................................. 1. C. hainanensis
1b.. Stem dwarf (1.52 m tall); leaves smaller, segments ca. 47; inflorescence smaller, unbranched or 23 branches; fruit ca. 1.2 cm in diam.; endosperm homogeneous ................................................ 2. C. nana
qiong zong
Shrub clustering palm, 3 m tall or more, with a sucker developing from the leaf-sheath. Petiole unarmed; leaves segments 1416, linear, ca. 50 ΄ 1.82.5 cm, acuminate apex, not divided or shallowly 2-lobed; . Inflorescence multiple-branched, panicle, mainly axis bracts (primary spathe) tubular, 56 cm, covered with early deciduous furfuraceous, branching 35, 1020 cm, densely covered with brown-red infundibuliform bracteole; flowers fuchsia, calyx tubular, 2 mm; petals 23, fuchsia, ovate-oblong, 56 mm, stamens (4)6; ovary oblong, 2 mm, gray, endosperm ruminate, embryo basal. Fl. Apr, fr. SepOct.
Scattered forest of mountain areas, C and S Hainan.
Ornamental.
ai qiong zong
Chuniophoenix humilis C. Z. Tang & T. L. Wu.
Shrub clustering palm, 1.52 m tall; stems cylinder, ca. 1 cm in diam., toward upper thicker, purple-brown, with persistent brown leaf-sheath. Petiole 2655 cm; leaves segments 47, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2426 ΄ 67 cm; . Inflorescence interfoliar, 2027 cm, rachis with 35 bracts, tubular; unbranched or 23 branched, developing from the bracts, branching 1520 cm, covered with many brownish, oblique-infundibuliform bracteoles, each with 12 flowers; flowers yellowish; calyx membranous, tubular, ca. 5 mm, shallowly 23 lobed; petals 3-lobes, lanceolate, 5 mm; stamens 6; gynoecium 1, stigma 3-lobed. Fruit flatten-globose, ca. 1.2 cm, puniceus when ripe. Seed subglobose, 910 mm in diam., with irregularly grooved striate, brownish, endosperm homogeneous, embryo basal. Fl. AprMay, fr. Aug.
Hainan (Diaoluoshan, Lingshui) [Vietnam]. Ornamental.
tang zong shu
Lontarus Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 25. 572. 1763.
Robust, tree, unarmed palm, up to 30 m tall. Leaves large, costa-palmate, induplicate, suborbicular to flabellate, divided into numerous single-fold segments, these shortly lobed or lobe absent, petiole robust, margin with teeth, hastula conspicuous. Flowers dioecious, inflorescence large, interfoliar, peduncle subtended by several spathes; male inflorescence branched to 2 orders, rachilla robust, cylinder, adaxially covered with densely scale-like bracteoles; male flowers small each subtended by a bracteole fovea, sepals 3; petals 3, shorter than the sepals; stamens 6, anthers medifixed, pistollode small; female inflorescence unbranched or with a single first-order branch rachilla robust, adaxially bearing few scattered solitary female flowers, female flowers large, each with 2 bracteoles, sepals 3, petals 3, smaller; staminodes 68; gynoecium subglobose, 3-carpeled, 3-ovules. Fruit large, subglobose, epicarp smooth, mesocarp thick, fibrous, endocarp comprising 13 hard bony pyrenes, stigmatic remains apex. Seed 13, shallowly to deeply 2-lobed, pointed, seed capsule adnate attached the pyrenes, endosperm homoegeneous with a central hollow, embryo subapical.
Ca. 8 species in tropical Asia and Africa. 1 species cultivated in China.
tang zong _______ shan ye zi ________ shan ye shu tou lό
Robust, tall palm, 1320(33) m tall, 4560(90) cm in diam. Leaves suborbicular, up to 11.5(3) cm in diam., segments 6080, divided into its middle, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, apical 2-lobed; petiole robust, ca. 1 m, margin toothed, apex extend to form a rib up to leaf middle. Male inflorescence ca. 1.5 m, with 35 branches, each branch palmate divided to form 13 rachilla, rachilla subcylinder; male flower yellow, sepals 3, base adnate, petals short, spoon-shaped, stamens 6, filaments adnate with corolla to form stalk-shaped; female inflorescence ca. 80 cm, ca. with 4 branches, robust, female flower large, globose, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Fruit large, subglobose, compressed, 1015(20) cm in diam., black-brown. Seeds usually 3, endosperm corneous, homogeneous, with a central hollow, embryo subapical. Fr. Aug.
Original tropical Asia and Africa. Cultivated in Yunnan (Xishuangbanna).
It has high economic values. In India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, juice from the robust peduncle for making sugar, wine, making wax and beverage. Leaves are used as ones of Corphya umbraculifera for writing ancient Hindu and Buddhist scriptures, and for thatch, weaving matting and basket, for making green manure; inside immature seed with a gelatin-like endosperm and a little water for drinking; buds sprout from seed and fleshy roots edible; woodiness and hart part of outside the trunk are used for making rafter, stake, and fence, for water transport tube, gullet.
gou ye teng shu
Climbing, hapaxanthic rattan palm. Leaf-sheath tubular, knee absent, needle-spines; leaves pinnate, rachis apex extend to form claw-spiny cirrate; leaflets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, unarmed, adaxially and abaxially green or abaxially white; ocrea absent. Dioecious, male inflorescence similar to female, produced form the axil of reduced leaves, branching to 2 orders, spike drooping; primary spathe tubular, secondary spathe inner-concave bract-shaped, subtending the rachilla; male rachilla bearing many flowers, female rachilla bearing flowers few, each bracteoled; male flowers in group of 2 in each rachilla dent; calyx 3-toothed lobes, corolla much longer than calyx, deeply 3-petals, stamens 6, anther erect, with parallel pollen cell, female flowers larger than male, calyx deeply 3-lobed, corolla longer than calyx, staminodes 6, base adnate; ovary globose or ovoid, scaled, 3-cells, ovules 3, often only one cell fertile, stigma short, style 3, usually long, subuliform. Fruit globose, pericarp thin, covered in numerous scales; seed flattered globose, endosperm homogenous, embryo basal.
Ca. 16 species: tropical Asia and Australia; 4 species in SW and S China.
1a... Leaflets green on both surfaces, the apex with a acuminate filiform point, narrowly long-lanceolate, 3050 ΄ 3.55.5 cm, margin with cilia spinules; secondary spathe abaxially tomentellate, oblong-obcuneiform, 45.5 ΄ 2 cm ................................................................................................................... 1. P. himalayana
1b.. Leaflets adaxially green, abaxially glaucous; the apex acute or acuminate, without filiform point.
2a... Secondary spathe abaxially with rusty-color tomentum, cuneiform-oblong, 55.5(7) ΄ 2.3(3) cm; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, 5560 ΄ 55.5 cm or more in width, abaxially slightly white covered with finely furfuraceous, unarmed on both surfaces and margins .................................... 2. P. assamica
2b.. Secondary spathe abaxially glabrous.
3a... Leaflet larger, lanceolate, 5055 ΄ 56 cm, toward apex acuminate to form a subuliform stiff point, abaxially with white puberulent, margin sparsely with spinules; secondary spathe oblong-cuneiform, toward the base narrowly apex acute, 4.5 ΄ 2.5 cm ............................................................ 3. P. kerrana
3b... Leaflets smaller, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, 1630 ΄ 34 cm, adaxially green, margin with spinules, abaxially pruinose; secondary spathe subrhombic, 22 ΄ 13 mm 4. P. microstachys
gao di guo ye teng
Plectomia montana J. D. Hooker & Thomson in J. D. Hooker Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 478. 1893.
Climbing rattan palm, stem with sheath 45 cm in diam., without sheath 2.53 cm in diam. or more. Leaves in the pinniferous part ca. 2.2 m, cirrate ca. 1 m, the rachis abaxially with solitary or 23 connate claw; leaflets often in groups of 23, narrowly lanceolate, toward the base acuminate or acute, toward the apex to form a acuminate filiform point, 3050 ΄ 3.55.5 cm, adaxially and abaxially green, margin with cilia spinules; leaf-sheath with regularly oblique seriate pectinate needle-spines. Inflorescence produced from apical axils, dioecious; male inflorescence (from information) branch in 3 orders, with several 6080 cm spike partial inflorescences, secondary spathe of rachis oblong-shaped ovate-cuneiform, 45.5 ΄ 2 cm, abaxially tomentellate; male flowers lanceolate, acuminate, 78 mm, paired; female inflorescence 12 m, with 56 spike partial inflorescences which 4560 cm; secondary spathe similar to male, abaxially tomentose; rachilla 20, covered with tobacco-color tomentum, each bearing 510 flowers; female flowers 89 mm, ovary globose. Fruiting perianth flattened; fruit globose, 1522 mm, scales ca. in 45 vertical rows, yellowish-brown or brightly blackish, margin toothed and obtused, slightly roughness. Seed adaxially subrounded, flattened, abaxially the center slightly concave, 1015 ΄ 67 mm; endosperm homogenous, embryo basal. Fr. Dec.
Broad-leaves green mountain forest, 16001800, S Yunnan and partial SW China [India].
Weaving material and making fence.
da guo ye teng
Climbing, robust rattan palm, stem with sheath up to 9 cm in diam. Leaves to 3.7 m in the pinniferous part, apex cirrate 1.5 m or more; leaflets lanceolate, the central ones 5560 ΄ 55.5 cm or more, filiform point absent, conspicuous 3-costa, adaxially green, abaxially slightly white covered with finely furfuraceous, spine absent; the lower part of rachis, petiole abaxially and margin with sparsely robust in group of 35 spine, the base comb-shaped, upper spine of rachis sub-semi-whole claw; petiole robust and short, the base 5 cm in wide. Male inflorescence not seen; female inflorescence 1.2 m, the 78 spike partial inflorescences, peduncle robust, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., subtended by tubular primary spathe, partial inflorescence 85 cm, rachis undulate curved, covered with rust-color tomentum, secondary spathe cuneiform-oblong, 55.5(7) ΄ 2.3(3) cm, abaxially with rusty-color tomentum, apex broad, triangular, acute or slightly obtuse; rachilla ca. 1.5 cm, peduncle of rachilla trigonous, 34 mm, bearing several flowers; petal lanceolate; ovary scale pointed and crisped splitting, with rughness lanose. Fruit (not seen, from information) globose, 2.32.5 cm, with slightly cylinder beak, rust-red-brown, scale apex cilia deeply divided, covered with densely recurved floccose villose or lanose. Seed globose, ca. 1.8 cm in diam. Fl. Dec.
Tropical forest, 820 m. S Yunnan (Mengla) [India].
Few used.
guo ye teng
Climbing rattan palm, small than Plectocomia assamica. Leaves ca. 2 m in the pinniferous part, apex cirrate, rachis abaxially with sparsely solitary claw, armed each side, basal leaflets in group of 24, apical ones solitary, inequidistant arranged; leaflet lanceolate, 5055 ΄ 56 cm, toward apex acuminate to form a subuliform stiff point, adaxially green, abaxially with white puberulent, marginal costa-never robust than midrib ones, margin with spinules; leaf-sheath covered with grayish short tomentum and glaucous clustering elongate spines. Male partial inflorescences (from information) 7590 cm, secondary spathe glabrous abaxially, cuneform-oblong, 4.5 ΄ 2.5 cm, the 1/3 upper part broad-triangular, toward the base narrowly, apex acute, rachis slightly zigzag curved, with short and stiff rust-color trichomes hair; rachilla 3.5 cm, trichomes, male flowers lanceolate, 1 cm; female partial inflorescence 5065 cm, rachis robust, rust-color, roughness, secondary spathe similar to male ones, but lacerated when fruiting; rachilla 22.5 cm, bearing ca. 3-flowers, with a short, robust trigonous rust-color coarse peduncle. Fruit perianth flattened; fruit globose, ca. 2 cm in diam., smooth, with slightly papilla and short beak, scales in 45 vertical rows, the central inconspicuous grooved, dark straw-yellow, with reddish-brown narrowly margin which densely and finely ciliate. Seed globose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. endosperm homogeneous, embryo basal. Fl. Feb, fr. MayJun.
Evergreen broad-leaves forest, 8001400. S and SE Yunnan (Mengla, Malipo) [N Thailand].
Few used.
xiao guo ye teng
Climbing rattan palm, stem with sheath ca. 2 cm in diam. Leaves ca. 1 m in the pinniferous part, apex cirrate, rachis abaxially with solitary or connate of 23 sparsely claw-spine; leaflets irregularly arranged, several ones in groups, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1630 ΄ 34 cm, acuminate or acute, adaxially green, abaxially pruinose, margin with spinules, marginal costa-nerve as thick as the midrib; leaf-sheath with slightly densely needle-spine. Male inflorescence ca. 70 cm, with many spike partial inflorescences, ca. 50 cm, rachis slender, zigzag, with short and densely rust-color pubescence furfuraceous, secondary spathe glabrous, small, ca. 22 ΄ 13 mm, subrhombic, rachilla short, slender, bearing 812 flowers; male flowers ca. 5 mm, slightly broad lanceolate short and acuminate, glabrous; female flower and fruit not seen. Fl. Dec.
Densely forests. C and N Hainan, S and W Yunnan?.
she pi guo shu _________ sha la ke ye zi shu
Clustering, short stem or subacaulescent, armed, dioecious palm. Leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, s-shaped or falcate acuminate. Inflorescence interfoliar, male inflorescence branched, bearing several catkin-shaped cylindrical partial inflorescence; peduncle and branch subtending by persistent spathe, male flowers in dyads borne in bracteole axil, bracteole usually with hair; calyx and corolla tubular, 3-lobed; stamens 6, borne at the mouth of the corolla, filament short, wide basally; female inflorescence branched less than male ones, larger; female flowers solitary or in a dyad, larger than male; bracts 2; neuter flowers companion with female flowers, with only one bract; calyx base tubular, apex 3-lobed; corolla as long as calyx or slightly longer, apex 3-lobed; staminodes 6; gynoecium 3-carpels, 3-ovules, imperfectly 3-cells, with flat, smooth or erect spiny pointed scales, style short, stigma 3. Fruit globose, turbinate or ovoid, apex with stigmatic remains, epicarp thin, covered with imbricate reflexed scales, the scale apex smooth or spiny, mesocarp thin, endocarp not conspicuous, seed 13, oblong, globose or obtuse-trigonous, fleshy seed coat thick, sour or sweet, endosperm homogenous, hardness, the apex pit with a intrusion seed coat, embryo basal.
Ca. 14, India, tropical regions of Peninsula of Indo-Chinas to Malay Archipeligo. 1 species in W Yunnan of China.
dian xi she pi guo
Calamus collinus Griffith.
Clustering subacaulescent palm. Leaves ca. 6 m, the lower rachis abaxially with needle-spine, upper ones unarmed; leaflets regularly arranged, lanceolate, 50100 ΄ 511 cm, the upper ones toward short, with 3 costa-nerves, adaxially with bristle, margin with sparsely short bristle. Male and female rachis robust, with several partial inflorescences which bearing spikelets; male flower borne in dyads, 8 mm, bracteole linear, with scale-shaped hairs; each spathe subtending a female and neuter flower, bracteole short, covered with long densely villose cilia; female flowers (from information) globose-ovate, 8 mm in diam.; staminode absent; ovary globose, covered with densely aforenamed needle-shaped scale; neuter flower 9 mm. Fruit globose-shaped turbinate, or its shape based on the seed number, from globose (only one seed) to subtrigonous (3-seeds), 66.5 cm in diam., epicarp thin, covered with densely dark brown, bright, subuliform-lanceolate 810 mm scales; stigmatic remains short point. Seed globose, semi-globose to obtuse-trigonous, intrusion of integument in apex foveola; endosperm corneous and hardness, embryo sublateral. Fl. and fr. SepOct.
2701000 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang) [India, Myanmar].
Rare plant in China, which only found in tropical forest of W Yunnan.
huang teng shu
Erect or climbing, solitary or clustering, pleonanthic (rarely hapaxanthic) rattan palm. Leaves pinnate, rachis apex extend to form a claw-shaped spiny cirrus; leaf-sheath tubular, flagellum absent, with scattered or seriate spines. Inflorescence male and female superficially similar, spindle or tubular before flowering; male inflorescence densely panicle at flowering (section Cymbospatha) or the other with elongate, narrowly and erect inflorescence, rarely diffuse; male rachilla bearing alternate distichous flowers, spathel scale-shaped; male flowers soliltary inside the spathel, stamens 6; female inflorescence panicle, usually dense, rachilla each female flower usually companion with a neuter flower, female flower larger than male, ovate; staminodes 6, the base adnate to form a ring; ovary with scales, uncomplete 3-cells, 3-ovules, anatropous, style short or conic, stigma 3. Fruit globose, ovate or ellipsoid, apex with beak; epicarp thin, covered reflexed scales. Seed usually only 1, globose or slightly flattened, endosperm deeply ruminate, embryo basal.
Ca. 115 species, tropical Asia, NE India and S China, Malay Archipelago to Papua New Guinea. 1 species in SE Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, SW Guangxi.
Ca. 10 species in this genus, the fruit can be exude a reddish-brown resin, which are used for dye and the medicine Xie Jie (dragons blood), such as Daemonorops draco Bl. in Indonesia, D. didymophylla Becc., D. micracantha Becc. and D. brachystachys Furtado in Malaysia. In additional, some cane used as Calamus spp. for weaving.
huang teng _____________ hong teng
Calamus margaritae Hance.
Stem erect at first, climbing afterward rattan palm. Leaves 12.5 m in the pinniferous part, terminating in a cirrus with claw-spines; rachis lower parts adaxially with densely erect spine, abaxially with solitary and connate of 25 spines along the middle, apical cirrus with semi-whorled claw; petiole abaxially with sparsely spines, adaxially with densely and connated short erect spines; knee conspicuous, with many slender, flattened, whole-arranged ca. 2.5 cm spines, bearing many small spines between the larger ones; leaflets numerous, equal-distant arranged, adaxially and abaxially green, linear-ensiform, apex acuminate, with bristle, 3045 ΄ 1.31.8 cm, with 3(5) costa-nerves, mid-costa adaxially and abaxially with bristle, margin with densely finely cilia. Inflorescence dioecious, erect, subtending by spathe before fl., spindle, with short beak, ca. 2530 cm, the outer spathes boat-shaped, with erect spine; spathe fall off after fl.; male inflorescence rachilla densely together, male flower oblong-ovate, 5 mm; female inflorescence rachilla 24 cm, conspicuous zigzag, 47 flowers on each side; fruit perianth flattened. Fruit globose, 1.72 cm in diam., apex with short and robust beak, scale in 1820 verticle rows, along with broad grooved, dark straw-yellow. Seed subglobose, compressed, endosperm deeply ruminate, embryo sub-basal. Fl. May, fr. JunOct.
SE Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, SW Guangxi. Cultivated in Yunnan (Xishuangbanna).
Middle to high quality cane for weaving.
sheng teng shu
Palmijuncut Kuntze; Schizospatha Furtado; Zalaccella Beccari.
Climbing or erect, solitary or clustering rattan. Sheaths usually cylindric, armed; petiole armed or unarmed, the base enlarge to form a knee; rachis armed, apex extend to cirrus with claw-spine or erriate. Leaves pinnate, leaflets single-fold or several in groups at rachis sides, linear, lanceolate, ensiform, ovate or elliptic, gradually narrow at the base, terminating acuminate or acute, usually armed with bristles; ocrea persistent or deciduous. Male and female inflorescence homogenous or heterogeneous, often are terminating in a long flagellum or a caudate appendage; inflorescence main axis and partial inflorescence axis bearing various spathe; male inflorescence branch to 3 or 2 orders, bearing spikelets subtending spathel with male flowers, involucre cupular; calyx tubular or cupular, 3-lobes, corolla 3-lobes, stamens 6; female inflorescence branched to 2 or 1 order, female flower solitary or in paired inside each spathel, each female companion with 1 neuter flower, calyx and corolla 3-lobes, persistent, perianth explanate or pedicellate, staminodes 6; ovary covered with scales, 3-cells, 3-ovules, stigma 3. Fruit globose, ovoid or ellipsoid, apex with short beak or without, covered with scales. Seed usually one only or very exceptionally 23, oblong, subglobose, or rarely angular or compressed, smooth or pitted or grooved on the surface; chalazal fovea usually concaved or foveeolated; endosperm homogenous or ruminate, embryo basal or rarely lateral.
Ca. 370 species: tropical and subtropical Asia, a few in Australia and Africa; ca. 39 species and 20 varieties in SE, S and W China. mainly in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan.
Cane from most species flexible, for weaving, is important handicraft material.
1a... Leaf ecirrate; stem erect to climbing.
2a... Stem erect, rarely semi-climbing (C. macrorrhynchus only); inflorescence rachis terminating not in a flagellum or caudate appendage, rarely with caudate appendage (C. erectus only); endosperm homogenous, rarely ruminate (C. erectus only).
3a... Female inflorescence robust, branching 2 or 1 order (3 orders or partly in male); fruit with a short beak, scale margin glabrous or with fimbriate ciliate, channeled or absent; leaflet abaxially glabrous.
4a... Leaflets arranged in groups of 26, point the different directions; fruit small, fruiting perianth pedicellate (meaning calyx divide to the half of its length), scale margin with fimbriate ciliate, channel absent or inconspicuous ............................................................................... 1a. C. thysanolepis
5a... Near stemless; primary spathe of male inflorescence lacerated into slice fibrous, as 1 times long as length of partial inflorescence; the middle of scales unchannelled.
5b.. Stem erect, up to several matters; the upper portion of primary spathe on male inflorescence lacerated into pieces, as long as partial inflorescence or more. Fruit scales arranged in 21 vertical rows, inconspicuous shallowly channelled along the middle; seed compressed globose or ovate-semiglobose .......................................................................................................... 2. C. hoplites
4b.. Leaflets regularly arranged in 2 farious; fruit larger, perianth explanate or compressed (calyx divided to its base), scale margin glabrous, channelled along the middle.
7a... Primary spathe of male and female inflorescence tubular, dried membranous at the apex, pieced divided; fruit scales arranged in 1822 verticle rows.
8a... Fruit larger, oblong or ellipsoid; seed obovoid or broadly oblong.
9a... Fruit oblong, 3 ΄ 1.72 cm, rounded at both ends; scales arranged in 18 vertical rows; seed obovoid .............................................................................. 3. C. dianbaiensis
9b.. Fruit ellipsoid, obtuse or slightly pointed on both ends, 3 ΄ 1.5 cm; scales arranged in 2021 verticle rows; seed broadly oblong or subobovoid, slightly compressed 4. C. yangchunensis
8b... Fruit smaller, ovoid, 1.61.8 ΄ 1.3 cm; scales arranged in 2122 vertical rows; seed subglobose, compressed ........................................................................... 5. C. guangxiensis
7b.. Primary spathe of male and female inflorescence tubular, lacerated fibrous; fruit scales arranged in 12 vertical rows. ...................................................................................... 6. C. erectus
3b... Female inflorescence slender, branching to 1 order or 2 orders at the base (male inflorescence not seen); fruit with a long beak; scale margins densely covered with rusty-color or brown tomentum, not channelled along the middle; leaflet abaxially covered with incanous and bristles.
11a. Leaflet slightly regularly arranged, distance between the leaflets in large at the middle portion of the rachis, anguste, (16)2036 ΄ 1.41.5 cm, abaxially with gray scale-hair and bristles; fruit ovoid, 2.52.7 ΄ 1.5 cm, the apex acuminate to form a long and thick beak; scales arranged in 2224 vertical rows, margin glaucous with chestnut brown tomentum; seed ovate-semiglobose 8. C. macrorrhynchus
11b. Leaflets arranged in groups of 24 on each side of the rachis, abaxially with gray or brown pliancy lanose, armed with scattered slightly spiny bristles; fruit long ovoid or ovate-ellipsoid, with a sharp beak, scales arranged in 2124 verticle rows.
2b.. Stem climbing; inflorescence rachis terminating in a flagellum or caudate appendage; endosperm homogenous or ruminate.
13a. Endosperm homogenous.
14a. Leaflets regularly (equidistant) or slightly regularly arranged; fruiting perianth pedicellate or explanate.
15a. Leaflets regularly arranged, nerves 3, conspicuous, adaxially with bristles, margin armed with spinule or bristles; fruiting perianth pedicellate, fruit ovoid or subglobose, scales arranged in 151821 vertical rows, unchannelled along the middle.
16a. Leaflets linear-lanceolate, 35 ΄ 72 cm, abaxially armed with a few bristles only found on the midnerve; leaf-rachis abaxially with solitary clawed spines with black point; fruit (immature) ca. 6 mm; scales arranged in 1518 vertical rows, with a reddish-brown erose broadly margin 11. C. faberii.
16b. Leaflets ensiform or narrowly linear, usually abaxially glabrous; fruit scales arranged in 1821 vertical rows.
17a. Leaflets ensiform, 38(50) ΄ 2.5 cm, leaf-rachis abaxially armed with erect or slightly curved spines with black point; fruit 12 mm; scales arranged in 18 vertical rows, with a dark narrowly margin ....................................................................................... 9. C. walkerii
17b. Leaflets narrowly linear, 3343 ΄ 1.32 cm; fruit subglobose, 1.5 cm in diam., scales arranged in 21 vertical rows ................................................................. 10. C. formosanus
15b. Leaflets slightly regularly arranged or the lower ones inequidistant arranged (C. henryanus); 3 or 5 nevers, both surface and margin armed with spinule; fruiting perianth explanate; fruit subovoid or obovoid; scales arranged in 18 vertical rows, shallowly channelled along the middle or inconspicuous.
19a. Leaflets long
elliptic-lanceolate, 2025 ΄ 11.2 cm,
nerves 3, conspicuous; leaf-rachis abaxially armed with a few flattened
sub-white erect spines to 24 cm; fruit subovoid, 1.1 ΄ 1 cm; scales yellow, margin reddish-brown
............................................................................................ 12.
C. multispicatus
19b. Leaflets linear-ensiform, 3247 ΄ 42 cm, nerves 5, midnerve prominent; leaf-rachis abaxially with solitary black short clawed spines; fruit obovoid, ca. 1.2 ΄ 1 cm; scales yellow-brown, with broadly, brown intramarginal line, scarious at the margin, erose ............... 13. C. henryanus
14b... Leaflets arranged in groups or inequidistant; fruiting periant explanate or subpedicellate.
20a. Leaflets arranged in groups of 24; fruit globose, sometimes subturbinate (C. viminalis var. fasciculatus); scales arranged in 161821 vertical lows, channelled along the middle.
21a. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate, pointed in the different directions, 1540 ΄ 1.52.8 cm; leaf-rachis with solitary or 23 confulented 14 cm erect spines; petiole armed with erect spines on both sides; fruit 89 mm in diam., scales arranged in 1618 vertical row 14. C. viminalis var. fasciculatus
21b. Leaflets linear-lanceolate, smaller; leaf rachis abaxially armed with short, recurved clawed spines; petiole armed with needled- or hook-spines at the margins; fruit scales in 21 or 18 vertical rows ........................................................................................... 15. C. balansaeanus
20b. Leaflets irregularly (inequidistant) arranged; fruit globose, subglobose or broadly ellipsoid; scales arranged in 1622 vertical rows, inconspicuous channelled along the middle or not.
23a. Leaflets a few, solitary on each side of the rachis, several confulented at the apex, lanceolate or oblanceolate, shorter, nerves 36, nerves, margins and apex armed with spinule or bristles; fruit small, globose or subglobose, scales arranged in 1620 vertical rows.
24a. Leaflets 410 on each side of the rachis, usually 4 confulented at the apex, narrowly lanceolate, 1522 ΄ 12 cm, nerves 3; fruit subglobose, 1013 mm in diam.; scale arranged in 1820 vertical rows ........................................................................... 16. C. tetradactyloides
24b. Leaflets 34 on each side of the rachis, usually 2 confulented at the apex, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1520 ΄ 2.54 cm, nerves 36; fruit globose, 89 mm in diam.; scale arranged in 1617 vertical rows .............................................................. 17. C. pulchellus
23b. Leaflets much more, a few densely aggregated, distance between leaflets of the middle portion of rachis largest, pointed in different directions, linear, longer (45 cm), nerves 3, nearly equi-thick, unarmed on both surface, margin armed with sub-white thick bristles; fruit larger, broadly ellipsoid, 2.4 ΄ 1.71.8 cm; scale arranged in 22 vertical rows .......... 18. C. melanochrous
13b. Endosperm ruminate.
25a. Leaflets slightly regularly arranged, or rarely lower one arranged in groups of 23 (C. flagellum var. furvifurfuraceus only); fruiting perianth explanate, rarely pedicellate (C. feanus var. mκdogensis only).
26a. Fruit smaller; scales arranged in 1518 vertical rows, inconspicuous channelled along the middle or not.
27a. Leaflets linear, 4550 ΄ 12 cm, nerves 3, conspicuous, armed with bristly spines, leaf-rachis with subseries erect spines or solitary claws; petiole armed with regularly series or long or short, black long spines, and black-brown furfuraceous; fruit ellipsoid or subglobose; scales arranged in 15 vertical rows. ...................................................................... 19. C. rhabdocladus
27b. Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, 2630 ΄ 35(6.5) cm, nerves 7, unarmed; leaf-rachis unarmed; fruit ovoid, 1518 ΄ 12 cm; scales arranged in 1718 vertical rows 20. C. feanus var. mκdogensis
26b............... Fruit larger, scales arranged in 12 vertical rows, channelled along the middle.
29a. Leaf rachis abaxially armed with 1 series, solitary clawed spines; leaf-sheaths densely armed with solitary or sometimes confluent, or large or small, lamelliform, acuminate, subtransverse seriate spines ................................................................................................ 21a. C. flagellum
29b. Leaf-rachis
abaxially armed with the base recurved, 23 confluent black spines the upper
portion; leaf-sheath densely armed with solitary or confluent, lamellate, very
acuminate, conspicuous oblique seriate spines; fruit broadly ovate or
subglobose, equally rounded at both ends, 2.52.6 ΄ 22.2 cm
................................................................................................. 22.
C. karinensis
25b. Leaflets arranged in groups or inequidistant; fruiting periant pedicellate; scales channelled along the middle.
31a. Leaflets arranged in groups.
32a. Leaflets arranged in groups of 23, lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic to oblanceolate, mid-nerves unarmed or armed with a few spinule and others unarmed, margin armed with spinule, bristles at the apex.
33a. Leaflets 1020 ΄ 1.73 cm, nerves 3, both surfaces unarmed; female inflorescence shorter, partial inflorescence a few, spikelets a few and sparsely; fruiting perianth arranged in 2123 vertical rows ........................................................................................ 23. C. tetradactylus
33b. Leaflets 1530 ΄ 23 cm, nerves 35(7), sometimes midnerves with a few spinules; female inflorescence longer; partial inflorescence much more; spikelets more and densely; fruit scale in 2021 vertical rows ................................................................ 24. C. bonianus
32b. Leaflets arranged in groups of (2)35, occasional solitary on the base, oblanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 1535 ΄ 22.5 cm; nerves 35(7), adaxially and margin armed with spinules, bristle-cilia at the apex; fruit ovate-ellipsoid, orange-red when fresh, straw-yellow when dry, 2.53 ΄ 1.41 cm, scales arranged in 1921 vertical rows .................................... 25. C. gracilis
31b............................................................................. Leaflets inequidistant arranged 26a. C. yunnanensis
1b. Leaf-rachis terminating in a clawed-spined cirrus; stem climbing.
36a. Inflorescence rachis terminating in a weakly flagellum or a caudate appendage.
37a. Endosperm homogeneous; fruiting perianth explanate or pedicellate.
38a. Fruiting perianth explanate; leaflets 5 on each side of the rachis, subregularly arranged, lanceolate, 25 ΄ 23.5 cm, nerves 35, strongly unarmed or armed with spinulate at the midnerves and apex margin; fruit ovoid or subglobose, 10 mm in whole; scales arranged in 20 vertical rows 27. C. compsostachys
38b. Fruiting perianth pedicellate; leaflets 78 on each side of the rachis, inequidistant arranged, usually the middle ones 2 in pair, oblong, 1114 ΄ 53.5 cm, nerves 5, slender, armed on both surface, margin armed with spinule; fruit ellipsoid, 13 ΄ 8 mm; scales arranged in 16 vertical rows 28. C. distichus var. shangsiensis
37b. Endosperm shallowly or deeply ruminate; fruiting perianth pedicellate.
39b........................................................................................... Endosperm deeply ruminate 32. C. nambariensis
39a. Endosperm shallowly ruminate or homogenous on the center portion, and shallowly ruminate around.
40a. Leaflets inequidistant arranged, lanceolate, 5055 ΄ 57 cm; leaf-sheath armed on the knee or unarmed, armed with solitary or confluent, 35 cm spines on otherwise, the spaces between the large spines with horizontal or slightly ascendant conformed smaller spines; fruit ovate-ellipsoid to ellipsoid or oblong; scales arranged in 181921 vertical rows.
41a. Stem with sheaths 4 cm in diam.; leaf-sheath armed with scattered long spines on the knee; fruit ovate-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 1.7 ΄ 1.1 cm; scales arranged in 1921 vertical rows 29. C. wailong
41b. Stem with
sheaths up to 5.5 cm in diam; leaf-sheath unarmed on the knee; fruit oblong, 2 ΄ 1.4 cm; scales arranged in 18 vertical rows
............................................................................ 30.
C. giganteus var. robustus
40b. Leaflets arranged in groups, solitary in apex, elliptic-lanceolate, 3050 ΄ 36 cm; leaf-sheath unarmed on the knee, or armed with a few solitary or subconfluent spines; fruit ovate-ellipsoid or subovoid; scales arranged in 18 vertical rows. ................................................. 31.