旋覆花族 xuan fu hua zu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生)[1]; Arne Anderberg[2]
Shrubs, subshrubs or herbs. Stems with or without resin ducts, without fibers in phloem. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, often glandular; petiolate or sessile; margins entire or dentate to serrate, sometimes pinnately divided. Heads usually in corymbiform, paniculiform, or racemiform arrays, sometimes solitary, heterogamous or less often homogamous. Involucral bracts with undivided stereome. Phyllaries persistent or falling, in (2 or)3–7+ series, distinct, unequal to subequal, herbaceous to papery or membranous, margins and/or apices usually scarious. Receptacles flat to convex or concave, epaleate or paleate. Ray florets when present, in 1 or 2, or rarely in several series, pistillate and fertile, rarely neuter; corollas usually yellow, sometimes reddish, rarely ochroleucous or purplish. Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas usually yellow, sometimes reddish, rarely ochroleucous or purplish, not 2-lipped, lobes (4 or)5, usually ± deltate; anther bases ± tailed, apical appendages ovate to lanceolate-ovate or linear; styles abaxially glabrous or papillate (distally), branches ± linear, adaxially stigmatic in 2 lines from bases to apices (lines often confluent distally), apices rounded to truncate, appendages essentially absent. Cypselae usually monomorphic within heads, usually ellipsoid or columnar to prismatic, not beaked, sometimes abruptly constricted at each end, bodies often ribbed, glabrous or hairy, often glandular, hairs not myxogenic; pappus persistent, fragile, of ± barbellate or plumose scales and/or bristles.
About 167 genera and 2000 species: nearly worldwide, in both Old World and New World, the greater numbers of genera and species in the S Hemisphere with centers of concentration in S Africa and Australia; 17 genera and 89 species (19 endemic) in China.
1a. Female florets ligulate or tubular; heads radiate or discoid, florets heterogamous, or homomorphous and bisexual; phyllaries herbaceous or leathery, sometimes leafy; female floret’s style shorter than corolla; bisexual floret’s style with filiform limbs.
2a. Receptacle with paleae; bisexual florets style branches apex rounded or truncate.
3a. Achenes in ray florets trigonous or winged; pappus of a rim of irregularly incised scales; heads solitary 16. Buphthalmum
3b. Achenes ellipsoid, not winged; pappus of short acute or obtuse scales, or sometimes missing; heads corymbose or solitary ............................................................................. 17. Anisopappus
2b. Receptacle without paleae; bisexual florets style apex braches broad, rounded.
4a. Pappus absent ........................................................................................... 15. Carpesium
4b. Pappus present.
5a. Pappus in 2 rows, inner row of barbellate bristles, outer row of short, membranous scales 14. Pulicaria
5b. Pappus all of barbellate bristles.
6a. Ligulate florets without pappus or with few pappus; pappus with few or many barbellate bristles 13. Pentanema
6b. Florets all with pappus; pappus subequal, with many barbellate bristles
7a. Ray florets 2- or 3-seriate; ligules 18–45 mm ............................................... 11. Inula
7b. Ray florets 1-seriate; ligules 1–15 mm ................................................... 12. Duhaldea
1b. Female florets tubular or filiform; heads disciform, heterogamous, monoecious, or homogamous, dioecious; female florets with style longer than corolla.
8a. Phyllaries dry membranous, or hyaline membranous; plants usually densely woolly 10. Symphyllocarpus
8b. Phyllaries (12–30+) in 3–6+ series, usually herbaceous to papery, sometimes indurate, margins and/or apices seldom notably scarious.
9a. Heads in dense globose or columned compound inflorescence.
10a. Pappus absent; compound inflorescence solitary in end of
branches
............................................................................................................. 8.
Sphaeranthus
10b. Pappus present; compound inflorescence sessile, in sparse racemes or solitary in end of branches 9. Pterocaulon
9b. Heads solitary, or in sparse compound inflorescence.
11a. Achenes 5–6 mm; pappus of barbellate bristles, reddish brown; head solitary on end of stem 1. Cavea
11b. Achenes smaller; pappus of capillary bristles or absent; heads heterogamous, in compound inflorescence.
12a. Pappus absent .............................................................................................. 7. Epaltes
12b. Pappus of capillary bristles.
13a. Phyllaries broad, oval to lanceolate; perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs.
14a. Involucre obovate, broad campanulate or hemispheric; anthers tailed; subshrubs or shrubs 5. Pluchea
14b. Involucre oblong; anther with sagittate bases; perennial herbs ................. 6. Karelinia
13b. Phyllaries narrow, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; annual or perennial herbs.
15a. Anther minutely calcarate, tailed; tails connate ........................................... 2. Blumea
15b. Anthers with sagittate or obtuse bases, without tails.
16a. Stamens 1–4, anthers detached; phyllaries herbaceous ..................... 3. Blumeopsis
16b. Stamens 5, anthers united; phyllaries indurate ........................................ 4. Laggera
葶菊属 ting ju shu
Perennial herbs. Stolons often present, bearing loosely appressed scale leaves; stem erect, simple, solitary or clustered. Leaves oblanceolate, mostly basal with distinct petioles, cauline ones ± sessile, alternate. Heads solitary, broadly campanulate, disciform with numerous marginal female florets and disc male florets or discoid and monoecious or dioecious. Involucres in several series, herbaceous, outermost series largest. Receptacle convex, short fimbrillate. Female corollas tubular, shallowly 4-toothed; style branched, linear, rounded at apex. Male corollas tubular-campanulate, deeply 5-toothed, teeth reflexed; style undivided, conic at apex. Achenes oblong or narrowly obovoid. Pappus of barbellate bristles, numerous on female flowers, sparse on male flowers.
One species: Bhutan, China, India (Sikkim).
Merxmüller et al. (reference?? 1977) excluded Cavea from the Inuleae because of its aberrant pollen-wall morphology. Anderberg (reference?? 1991) placed it in a uncertain place.
[Ed. note: Should this genus be placed in the Inuleae? In so then please expand the discussion and give full references, not just dates. If not then where? We need to place it in the most appropriate tribe in Flora of China.]
葶菊 ting ju
Saussurea tanguensis J. R. Drummond, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 78. 1910.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome woody, stout, ca. 10 cm, caespitose with rosette of sterile leaves and flowering stems. Stems stout, 3–8(–25) cm tall, many leaved or sparsely leaved, somewhat scapelike, brownish glandular. Leaves in lower parts nearly leathery, or ± fleshy, 15–60(–120) × 5–10 mm, spatulate-oblong, attenuate to base, apex obtuse or obtuse-acuminate, margin remotely denticulate, abaxially densely glandular pubescent or nearly glabrous. Cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong-spatulate, 30–60 × 5–12 mm, apex obtuse, margin sparsely serrate, lightly fleshy; upper cauline leaves like bracts, ovate-lanceolate, no more than ca. 15 mm, nearly verticillate at top and ± closely embracing capitulum. Heads solitary, widely hemispherical, terminal, (2–)3–3.5 cm in diam. Involucre 1–2 cm. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 series, foliaceous, linear-oblong or obovate-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, margin covered with moderately sparse glandular hairs, nearly as longer as florets. Florets 100–200, very slender, ca. 8 mm, corolla purplish, lobes short, white hispid in upper part of corolla tube, stigmatic lobes exserted corolla tube. Achenes 5–6 mm, densely sericeous. Pappus nitid purple, as long as corolla, of ca. 50 scabrous bristles, ca. 11 mm. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug.
Gravelly ground near streams and glaciers; 4000–5100 m. SW Sichuan, Xizang [Bhutan, India (Sikkim)].
艾纳香属 ai na xiang shu
Herbs or shrubs. Stem not winged, with resin canals. Leaves alternate, simple, sessile or shortly petiolate, mucronate-toothed to laciniate or sometimes pinnately lobed. Heads heterogamous, disciform, solitary or paniculate. Involucre campanulate-globose, bracts numerous, imbricate or reflexed, in 4 or 5 series, outer series shortest. Receptacle epaleate, with scale-like ridges . Marginal florets pistillate, in several rows; corolla yellow, filiform, minutely 2- or 3-toothed. Disc florets bisexual, corollas often yellow, rarely white to purplish, tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers minutely calcarate, tailed; tails connate, caudate-acuminate; endothecial tissue polarized. Pollen spines with a cavity. Style with acute sweeping hairs, not reaching furcation, with star-shaped crystals. Cypselas cylindric, hirsute, terete or obscurely 4-angular or 5- or 10-ribbed, shorter than corolla; epidermis with elongated crystals. Pappus of barbellate, capillary bristles in 1 row, white to reddish. x = 8, 9, 10, 11.
About 50 species: tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia; 29 species (six endemic) in China.
The identity of the following taxa cannot be ascertained herein because we have not seen any specimens of them:
Blumea duclouxii Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 25. 1903.
Blumea esquirolii H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 22. 1909.
Blumea globata Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 24. 1903.
Blumea gomphrena (Walpers) Schultz Bipontinus ex Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 88(4): 310. 1939.
Blumea lecomtei Vaniot & H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 4: 331. 1907.
1a. Outer phyllaries ovate or ovate-oblong; receptacle densely pilose; pappus white.
2a. Erect herbs; old leaves abaxially densely pubescent or tomentose, margin biserrate 3. B. repanda
2b. Climbers; old leaves abaxially very sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, margin regularly and sparsely serrate.
3a. Heads 1.5–2 cm in diam., usually 1–7 axillary or in sparse terminal panicles; involucre hemispherical; receptacle 8–11 mm in diam. ............................................................... 1. B. megacephala
3b. Heads 5–8 mm in diam., usually axillary or in dense terminal panicles; involucre campanulate; receptacle 2–3 mm in diam. ............................................................................................ 2. B. riparia
1b. Outer phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate (when ovate-lanceolate, pappus not white); receptacle glabrous; pappus white or not white.
4a. Pappus reddish brown, yellowish brown or yellow.
5a. Leaf blade sagittate at base; female florets bilabiate at apex .......................... 4. B. sagittata
5b. Leaf blade rounded or acute at base; female florets equally 2–4-lobed at apex.
6a. Leaf blade pinnatisect ................................................................................. 5. B. hookeri
6b. Leaf blade margin serrate, rarely deeply dentate.
7a. Leaf blade linear ....................................................................................... 6. B. linearis
7b. Leaf blade oblong.
8a. Stems, leaves, and peduncles densely white lanate ............................ 7. B. martiniana
8b. Stems, leaves, and peduncles pubescent or tomentose.
9a. Outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate ................................................... 8. B. lanceolaria
9b. Outer phyllaries oblong, linear, or linear-lanceolate.
10a. Leaf base usually with 1–5 pairs of appendages .......................... 9. B. balsamifera
10b. Leaf base without appendages.
11a. Leaf base acuminate, margin serrulate ...................................... 12. B. formosana
11b. Leaf base acute, margin coarsely dentate
12a. Leaf blade 20–22 × 6–8 cm; heads 1–1.5 cm in diam.; achenes 12-ribbed 10. B. aromatica
12b. Leaf blade 30–45 × 10–15 cm; heads 4–5 mm in diam.; achenes 10-ribbed 11. B. conspicua
4b. Pappus white.
13a. Heads few, in axillary or terminal small and compact racemes; leaf blade linear-lanceolate 13. B. tenuifolia
13b. Heads in large and sparse panicles or dense spikes; leaf blade much broader.
14a. Plants prostrate; leaves spinose-toothed ............................................... 14. B. oxyodonta
14b. Plants erect; leaves not spinose-toothed.
15a. Leaf blade lyrately lobed or pinnatisect.
16a. Leaves abaxially white woolly, adaxially tomentose ................................. 16. B. lacera
16b. Leaves pubescent or nearly glabrous.
17a. Heads in spiciform panicle; phyllaries not reflexed
after anthesis
..................................................................................................... 25.
B. sessiliflora
17b. Heads in sparse or dense panicle, peduncles obvious; phyllaries reflexed after anthesis.
18a. Receptacle 4–5 mm in diam., pilose; phyllaries apex purplish red.
19a. Leaf blade pinnatisect, base amplexicaul; achenes
6-ribbed
............................................................................................ 26
B. saussureoides
19b. Leaf blade lyrately lobed, base narrow; achenes 10-ribbed .......... 27. B. laciniata
18b. Receptacle 2–3 mm in diam., glabrous; phyllaries apex green.
20a. Stems, peduncles and phyllaries glabrous or sparsely pubescent, without glands 28. B. virens
20b. Stems, peduncles and phyllaries pubescent and glandular.
21a. Leaf blade upper lobe rounded, apex rounded; heads petiolate, in sparse panicle 20. B. napifolia
21b. Leaf blade upper lobe ovate-oblong or elliptic, apex acute; heads nearly sessile, in dense panicle ............................................................................. 29. B. membranacea
15b. Leaf blade unlobed, margin dentate, serrate or biserrate.
22a. Receptacle pilose.
23a. Heads 8–12 mm in diam.
24a. Leaf blade margin regularly serrate; heads sessile or with 2–3 mm long peduncles, in dense panicles; innermost phyllaries ca. 1 mm broad, apex acute ................. 21. B. clarkei
24b. Leaf blade margin biserrate; heads with up to 2 cm long peduncles, in sparse panicles; innermost phyllaries ca. 0.5 mm broad, apex caudate-acuminate ............... 22. B. oblongifolia
23b. Heads 3–6 mm in diam.
25a. Stems green, with long pilose, glandular; blade oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, glandular; heads few, in short and dense panicles
23.
B. adenophora
25b. Stems purplish red, pubescent or tomentose, without
glands; blade obovate to oblanceolate; heads many, sessile, in spike-like
panicles
24.
B. fistulosa
22b. Receptacle glabrous.
26a. Achenes not ribbed.
27a. Flowers purplish red ......................................................................... 5. B. axillaris
27b. Flowers yellow .................................................................................. 16. B. lacera
26b. Achenes distinctly ribbed.
28a. Leaves abaxially whitish sericeous or lanate.
29a. Leaves mainly cauline, elliptic; margin denticulate; phyllaries apex purplish red 17. B. hieraciifolia
29b. Leaves mainly basal, obovate-spatulate or obovate-oblong, margin serrate or biserrate; phyllaries green or yellowish ......................................................... 18. B. sericans
28b. Leaves abaxially glabrous.
30a. Leaves mainly basal, nearly sessile, cauline leaves 4–6; heads few, in globose panicles; phyllaries and flowers purplish red ......................................... 19. B. veronicifolia
30b. Leaves mainly cauline, with 2.5–3.5 cm long petioles; heads many, in sparse panicles; phyllaries green; flowers yellow ................................................... 20. B. napifolia
东风草 dong feng cao
Blumea riparia (Blume) Candolle var. megacephala Randeria, Blumea. 10: 215. 1960.
Perennial undershrubs or shrubs, scandent; branches elongated, to 4–6 m. Stems woody 2–3 cm in diam., terete, striate, glabrate or sparsely puberulent particularly on inflorescence axes and on younger parts. Cauline leaves thick, oblong, 9–11 × 2.5–4 cm, margins remotely mucronulate or mucronulate-denticulate, glabrate or minutely pilose on surfaces, apex short acuminate, base obtuse to cuneate, veins 5 or 6 pairs. Heads hemispheric, 10–15 ×12–13 mm, in terminal and axillary lax panicles. Involucral bracts in 3 or 4 series, usually distinctly purple tipped; outer bracts shorter, linear-lanceolate, 2–4 × ca. 1 mm, with multicellular hairs; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, 8–9 × ca. 0.9 mm, ciliate. Receptacle flat, 6–7 mm in diam., with white, multicellular hairs. Corollas yellow, tubular; bisexual florets 9–10 mm with 5 triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and multicellular hairs; outer florets 8–9 mm, 3- or 4-lobed. Achenes oblong to cylindric, 1.2–1.4 × ca. 0.5 mm, 10-ribbed, sparsely hirsute. Pappus white, 5–6 mm. Fl. Aug–Apr. 2n = 16.
Thickets, grassy slopes at edges of forests; 100–1900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Thailand, Vietnam].
假东风草 jia dong feng cao
Conyza riparia Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 899. 1826, not Kunth (1820); Blumea chinensis Candolle; B. pubigera (Linnaeus) Merrill.
Scandent shrubs; stems 0.5–2.5 m tall, somewhat pubescent among inflorescences. Leaves petiolate; petioles usually distinct, narrow, up to 6 mm, not amplexicaul; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, 5–13 × 1.5–4 cm, acuminate, rounded or sometimes subacute at base, remotely denticulate without coarser teeth, ± glabrous on surfaces. Capitula on short peduncles (1–7 mm) in tight or loose clusters in axillary and terminal panicles. Involucre 5-seriate; phyllaries of outer 2 series ovate, 2.2–3.5 mm, pubescent, of inner 2 series narrowly oblong to linear, ca. 7 mm. Receptacle densely long haired. Corollas yellow, 5.5–7 mm; lobes of bisexual ones with glandular and few or many eglandular hairs. Pappus white. Fl. Jan–Jun. 2n = 18.
Forests, thickets, streamsides; 400–1800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific islands (Solomon Islands)].
高艾纳香 gao ai na xiang
Conyza repanda Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 413. 1832; Blumea eberhardtii Gagnepain; B. procera Candolle; Leveillea procera (Candolle) Vaniot.
Perennial herbs or subshrubs, 1–3.5 m tall. Stems sparsely pubescent at base, densely velutinous-villous in younger parts especially inflorescence axes. Leaves subsessile, oblanceolate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 6–18.5 × 2.5–8 cm, abaxially scabrous to tomentose, adaxially densely villous, apex acuminate, margins coarsely biserrate or dentate, base tapering, sometimes nearly semiamplexicaul; upper epidermal cells with undulate walls, lower with sinuate walls. Capitula in large, terminal, divaricate panicles, densely aggregated at ends of branches, clusters sometimes lax; nearly sessile, 5–7 mm in diam. Involucre with phyllaries slightly longer than florets, 1–7 mm, outer ones oblong-ovate, inner ones linear-oblong and with scarious margins, all acute, densely pubescent on back. Receptacle 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., flat, alveolate, pubescent. Corollas yellow, tubular; those of bisexual florets 4.5–6 mm, with 5 lobes, lobes triangular, papillate, pubescent with colleters; those of female florets filiform, 4–5 mm, with 2–4 lobes, occasionally pubescent on lobes. Anther tails shorter than thickened portion of filament. Achenes pale brown, pubescent, ribbed. Pappus copious, white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. Jan–May.
Evergreen forests or thickets; 1200–2000 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam].
戟叶艾纳香 ji ye ai na xiang
Herbs. Stems 60–150 cm tall, usually not branched, terete, densely pale brown pilose. Leaves sessile or very shortly petiolate up to 5 mm, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, rarely elliptic, 6–20 × 2.5–7 cm, scabrous adaxially with prominent hairs, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base sagittate with 2 distinct acute auricles, margin distantly and minutely dentate, adaxially scabrous, abaxially densely pilose. Heads in a large, terminal, bracteate panicle. Involucre campanulate, ca. 10 mm. Phyllaries in 5 series; outer ones lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, abaxially pubescent and glandular; middle ones linear, 3–5 mm, pubescent and glandular adaxially; inner ones linear, dry membranous, glabrous, ca. 7 mm. Receptacle 2–3 mm in diam., alveolate, fimbrillate. Corolla yellow, tubular; bisexual florets 5–6 mm, with 5 ovate, acute lobes; female florets filiform, ca. 5 mm, subequally 5-lobed. Anther tails longer than thickened portion of filament. Achenes spindly, ca. 1.2 mm, pubescent, 10-ribbed. Pappus light yellow or whitish yellow, ca. 8 mm. Fl. Aug–Dec.
Mixed forests, moist grassy slopes, thickets; 500–1000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Laos, Vietnam].
薄叶艾纳香 bao ye ai na xiang
Blumea densiflora Candolle var. hookeri (C. B. Clarke ex J. D. Hooker) C. C. Chang & Y. Q. Tseng.
Coarse perennial herbs; stems erect, puberulent. Leaves pinnatifid, nearly sessile, elliptic, 7–38 × 3–18 cm, apex acuminate, base long attenuate, puberulent on surfaces, lobes 3–5 pairs, oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, subentire or remotely serrulate, sometimes also with few coarse teeth. Capitula numerous, in open, leafy rounded or elongate, terminal panicles. Involucre 5 or 6 series; phyllaries 2–6 mm, outermost oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, other ones linear. Receptacle hairless, sometimes sparsely hairy. Corolla lobes of bisexual florets with minute glandular pubescence and eglandular hairs. Ovaries pubescent; pappus somewhat reddish. Fl. Jan–Apr.
Forests; 1200–2800 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Vietnam].
条叶艾纳香 tiao ye ai na xiang
Subshrubs to 1.5–2.5(–3) m tall. Stems striate, center hollow, base woody, 1.5–2.5 cm in diam., puberulent or sometimes glabrate; main stems usually simple or 2–4-branched from middle. Leaves linear, 25–35 × 2.5–3.5 cm, herbaceous, rugose, apex acute, base attenuate into a short petiole, margins remotely biserrate, sparsely pilose adaxially, villous abaxially, veins 24–30 pairs. Heads numerous, pedunculate, terminal and axillary, in a pyramidal panicle. Involucres globose-campanulate, bracts in 2 or 3 series; outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.7–0.9 mm, compressed, abaxially with numerous sessile glands and multicellular hairs; inner linear-lanceolate, 7–8 × ca. 0.6 mm, margins scarious, margins and apices ciliate. Receptacle convex, 1.5–2 mm in diam., alveolate, sparsely pilose. Central florets yellowish, 6–7 mm, with 5 triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and sparsely multicellular hairs. Outer florets ca. 6 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glabrous. Achenes pale brown, oblong-terete, 1.1–1.3 × ca. 0.3 mm, pilose, 10-ribbed. Pappus pale brown to yellowish white, 5–6 mm. Fl. and fr. Mar–May. 2n = 18.
* Roadsides, riverbanks; below 400 m. Taiwan.
裂苞艾纳香 lie bao ai na xiang
Blumea henryi Dunn; B. tonkinensis Gagnepain; Leveillea martini Vaniot.
Subshrubs, 1.5–2.5 m tall. Stems branched, woody; branches terete, densely matted-woolly with long, white hairs. Leaves ± sessile, oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, 15–40 × 4–15 cm, pilose adaxially with prominent multicellular hairs, very densely woolly abaxially with long white hairs, apex shortly acuminate, margins distantly denticulate-mucronulate, base tapering into indistinct petiole; epidermal cells with sinuate walls, stomata only on abaxial surface. Heads in axillary clusters of 2–4, arranged ultimately in large panicles, pedunculate, 14–17 mm in diam.; peduncles up to 15 mm, along with rest of panicle branches densely white woolly. Involucre with phyllaries slightly longer than florets, 3–12 mm, linear, apex acute, outer densely woolly on abaxial surface, inner gradually scarious. Receptacle 4–6 mm in diam., flat, alveolate, glabrous. Corolla reddish yellow, tubular; those of bisexual florets 6–7 mm, with 5 lobes, lobes triangular-ovate, acute, papillate, pubescent with long multicellular hairs and colleters; those of female florets filiform, ca. 6 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glabrous. Anther tails equal in length to thickened portion of filament. Achenes columniform, brown, densely pubescent, finely ca. 10-ribbed. Pappus yellowish white, 5–7 mm. Fl. Oct–Feb.
Ravines, forests; 600–1300 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Vietnam].
千头艾纳香 qian tou ai na xiang
Conyza lanceolaria Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 432. 1832; Bileveillea granulatifolia H. Léveillé; Blumea lanceolaria var. spectabilis (Candolle) Randeria; B. myriocephala Candolle; B. spectabilis Candolle; C. chinensis Loureiro (1790), not Linnaeus (1753).
Perennial herbs or subshrubs, erect, 1–2.5 m tall. Stems striate, green, woody at base, hollow in center, 1–25 cm in diam., glabrate or puberulent particularly on younger parts and in inflorescence, usually unbranched except for inflorescence. Leaves herbaceous, dark green adaxially, narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 20–30 × 4–8 cm, base attenuate into auricled petiole, apex acuminate, margins minutely serrate-dentate, adaxially often rugose and glabrous, abaxially glabrate or puberulent with sparse multicellular hairs, veins 14–16 pairs. Heads numerous, 7.5–8.5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, terminal, in a pyramidal panicle. Involucre campanulate-globose, bracts in 2 or 3 series; outer ones shorter, ovate-lanceolate to linear, 6.5–7.5 × ca. 0.5 mm, with prominent scarious margins, margins and apices ciliate. Receptacle flat, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., alveolate, fimbriate or densely pilose. Central florets yellowish, 6.5–7.5 mm, with 5 broadly triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and remote multicellular hairs. Outer florets 6–7 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glabrous. Anthers sagittate, tailed. Achenes oblong, ca. 1 × 0.3–0.4 mm, 10-ribbed, pubescent. Pappus pale reddish, ca. 5 mm. Fl. Jan–Apr. 2n = 18.
Forests, grassy slopes, riversides; 420–1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
艾纳香 ai na xiang
Conyza balsamifera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1208. 1763; Baccharis salvia Loureiro; Blumea balsamifera var. microcephala Kitamura; Pluchea balsamifera (Linnaeus) Lessing.
Perennial shrubs or subshrubs, erect, 1–3 m tall. Stems corymbosely branched, woody at base; bark grayish brown; branches terete, densely woolly-villous with yellowish white hairs. Leaves narrowly oblong, 15–18 × 3.5–5 cm, apex acuminate, base narrowed, auriculate, auricles 10–12 mm on short petiole, margins serrulate to serrate usually with upcurved teeth, adaxially rugose and pilose with blunt multicellular hairs, abaxially densely silky-woolly, veins 10–12 pairs. Heads 6–7 mm, in spreading pyramidal panicles, pedunculate. Involucres campanulate, bracts in 3 or 4 series, densely woolly on outer surface; outer bracts smaller, oblong-lanceolate 1–3 mm, compressed; inner bracts longer linear 5–6 mm. Receptacle 2.5–3 mm in diam., flat, alveolate, glabrous. Central florets yellow, tubular, 6–7 mm, lobes papillate, with sessile glands and sparse multicellular hairs; outer florets filiform, to 6 mm, 2–4-lobed. Achenes brown, terete, oblong, ca. 1 mm, sparsely hirsute. Pappus reddish, 4–6 mm. Flowering all year round. 2n = 18.
Dry fields, thickets, grasslands, mountain slopes, riverbanks; below 1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand].
馥芳艾纳香 fu fang ai na xiang
Blumea emeiensis Z. Y. Zhu; B. leptophylla Hayata; Conyza setschwanica Handel-Mazzetti; Erigeron cochinchinese Sprengel ex Candolle; Gynura taiwanensis S. S. Ying.
Perennial subshrubs, erect, 0.8–2.2 m tall. Stems green, striate, solid, usually woody at base, 0.5–2.5 cm in diam., branching apically; branches terete, viscid-tomentose particularly in inflorescence axes with intermixed glands and multicellular hairs. Lower leaves larger, narrowly oblong, 24–30 × 10–12 cm, pilose adaxially, villous abaxially, with multicellular hairs and numerous sessile glands (colleters), apex acuminate, base attenuate, margins irregularly doubly dentate mucronulate, veins 14–16 pairs. Heads 8–12 × 3–5 mm, in large terminal and axillary lax panicles, pedunculate, viscid. Involucres globose-campanulate, bracts in 3- or 4-series, outer bracts shorter, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, with numerous colleters and multicellular hairs on outer surface, reflexed; inner bracts linear. Receptacle 2.5–3 mm in diam., slightly convex, alveolate, minutely fimbrillate. Central florets tubular, yellow, 7–8 mm, lobes 5, broadly triangular, pubescent, with colleters and sparse multicellular hairs; outer florets filiform, 6.5–7.5 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, generally glabrous. Achenes pale brown, oblong, 1–1.4 mm, 10-ribbed, hirsute. Pappus pale brown, 5–6 mm. Fl. Oct–Apr. 2n = 18.
Forest margin, grassy slopes; 300–2400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
大花艾纳香 da hua ai na xiang
Blumea fruticosa Koidzumi.
Perennial subshrubs, erect, 2.5–3.5 m tall. Stems green, striate, terete, usually ligneous at base, 2–3.5 cm in diam. Leaves narrowly oblong, 30–45 × 10–15 cm, sparsely pilose adaxially, villous abaxially, apex acuminate, base attenuate, margins doubly dentate, spinescent, veins 11–13 pairs. Heads pedunculate, 7–9 × 4–5 mm, in large, terminal and axillary lax panicles. Involucre globose-campanulate, bracts in 3 or 4 series; outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.7–0.9 mm, with numerous sessile glands and multicellular hairs; inner ones linear, 6–7 × 0.6–0.8 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle slightly convex, 2.5–3 mm in diam., alveolate, remotely pilose. Central florets yellow, 7–8 mm, with 5 triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and multicellular hairs. Outer florets filiform, 6–7 mm. Achenes pale brown, oblong, terete, 1.2–1.4 × 0.4–0.5 mm, pilose, 10-ribbed. Pappus brownish, 5–6 mm. 2n = 54.
Broadleaf monsoon forests. Taiwan [Japan].
台北艾纳香 tai bei ai na xiang
Annual herbs, erect, 70–90 cm tall. Stems pale, striated, densely white villous particularly in younger parts, somewhat woody at base, 0.4–0.7 cm in diam., branched above. Lower leaves larger, papery, obovate-oblong to spatulate, 16–18 × 4–7 cm, puberulent adaxially, appressed white woolly abaxially, apex acute, base attenuate, margins regularly and remotely mucronulate, veins 10–12 pairs. Heads 8–10 mm, 4–5 mm in diam., pedunculate, in lax panicles. Involucre globose-campanulate, bracts in 3 or 4 series; outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.5–0.6 mm, outer surface with numerous sessile glands and multicellular hairs; inner ones linear, 6–7 × ca. 0.5 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle slightly convex, 3–4 mm in diam., alveolate, glabrous. Central florets yellowish, tubular, 6–7 mm, with 5 broadly triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and sparse multicellular hairs. Outer florets filiform, 5–6 mm, limbs 2- or 3-lobed. Achenes oblong, ca. 1 mm, 0.4 mm in diam., ribbed, brownish, glandular hairy. Pappus brownish, 4–5 mm. Fl. Aug–Nov.
* Semishaded broadleaf forests, plantation floors, forest edges, grassy slopes. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan.
狭叶艾纳香 xia ye ai na xiang
Blumea gracilis Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 502. 1903, not Candolle (1836).
Perennial. Stems 45–85 cm tall, unbranched, pilose and glandular above. Lower leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, 4–7.5 cm × 4–8 mm, apex obtuse, base decurrent, margin sparsely serrulate, adaxially scabrous or glabrescent, abaxially densely pilose. Heads few, 6–8 mm in diam., in panicles. Involucre campanulate, 6–8 mm. Phyllaries in 4 series, linear, outer ones foliaceous, 2–3 mm, abaxially pilose and glandular, inner ones membranous, apex pubescent abaxially, 6–8 mm. Receptacle flat, ca. 2 mm in diam., glabrous. Flower yellow; female florets numerous, 2–3 mm, limbs 3-dentate, glabrous; bisexual florets few, corolla tubular, 3–3.5 mm, limbs 50-lobed, densely pubescent. Achenes columniform, pubescent, ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Nov.
* Evergreen forests, moist valleys; 900–1900 m. Yunnan.
尖齿艾纳香 jian chi ai na xiang
Placus oxyodonta (Candolle) O. Kuntze.
Perennial, with short taproot. Stems usually numerous, prostrate or ascending, 15–30(–40) cm, finely pubescent. Leaves elliptic to obovate, 1–5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, acute, cuneate at base, ± sessile, with a few sharp subspinose teeth, sparsely to densely villous on surfaces and stipitate-glandular. Heads few in terminal and axillary panicles. Involucre ca. 4-seriate; phyllaries lanceolate to linear, 2–6 mm, with long eglandular hairs and some stalked glands. Receptacle hairless. Corollas yellow, ca. 4 mm; lobes of female flowers with few eglandular hairs, lobes of bisexual flowers with dense minute glandular pubescence and some long eglandular hairs. Anthers white, unribbed, ca. 0.6 mm. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Fl. Mar–Jul. 2n = 18.
Grassland, forests; 1200–1700 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam].
柔毛艾纳香 rou mao ai na xiang
Conyza axillaris Lamarck, Encycl. 2: 84. 1804; Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merrill, B. wightiana Candolle; Erigeron molle D. Don.
Annual or biennial herbs, erect, 5–120 cm tall, with a tap root. Stems terete, softly pilose with spreading hairs and glands, viscid-tomentose particularly on younger parts and on inflorescence axes. Leaves ovate-oblong, papery, 9–11 × 3.5–4 cm, apex obtuse to apiculate, base attenuate, margins closely doubly serrate, densely silky-villous on surfaces with soft multicellular hairs and glands, veins 5–7 pairs. Heads in terminal, narrow, compact, spiciform panicle, subsessile to pedunculate. Involucre campanulate, bracts in 3 or 4 series, outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.6–0.8 mm, densely softly villous and with multicellular hairs and glands; inner ones linear, 5–6 × 0.2–0.3 mm, margins scarious, ciliate. Central florets pinkish purple apically, whitish or yellowish at base, 3.5–4.5 mm, with 5 triangular lobes, lobes pubescent and with sessile glands. Outer florets 3.5–4.5 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glandular. Receptacle convex, alveolate, glabrous, 1.8–2 mm in diam. Achenes oblong, ca. 0.8 × 0.2–0.3 mm, pubescent. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Flowering all year round. 2n = 18, 36.
Open waste fields, hillslopes, roadsides; below 1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia, Pacific islands (New Caledonia)].
见霜黄 jian shuang huang
Conyza lacera N. L. Burman, Fl. Indica, 180. 1768; Blumea bodinieri Vaniot; B. chevalieri Gagnepain; B. glandulosa Candolle; B. subcapitata Candolle; B. velutina H. Léveillé & Vaniot; C. velutina H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Senecio velutinus H. Léveillé & Vaniot.
Annual or biennial herbs, erect, 20–100 cm tall. Stems simple or more often branched, terete, densely velutinous with silky hairs or glandular trichomes; branches sometimes ascending. Leaves elliptic to oblong, sessile or petiolate, 10–12 × 3.5–4.5 cm, apex obtuse, base attenuate, margins doubly serrate or sometimes slightly variously lyrately lobed, tomentose adaxially, woolly abaxially, veins 5–8 pairs. Heads 7–8 × 2.5–3.5 mm, in axillary and terminal dense to lax panicles. Involucres campanulate bracts in 2 or 3 series, outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.2–0.3 mm, densely velutinous with multicellular and glandular hairs; inner ones linear, 4–5 × 0.2–0.3 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle convex, alveolate, glabrous. Central florets yellowish, 6–7 mm, with 5 triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and multicellular hairs. Outer florets 5 mm, 2–5-lobed, limb glandular. Achenes oblong, sparsely hirsute. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Feb–Jun. 2n = 18, 36.
Common, dry fields, grasslands, roadsides, forest edges; 100–800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, N Australia, Pacific islands (Guam)].
毛毡草 mao zhan cao
Erigeron hieraciifolius D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 172. 1825 [“hieracifolium”]; Blumea chinensis Walpers (1843), not Candolle (1836); B. hieraciifolia var. macrostachya (Candolle) J. D. Hooker; B. macrostachya Candolle.
Perennial herbs, erect, 50–120 cm tall, with a fibrous rootstock. Stems terete, usually unbranched or sometimes branched from base, densely silky-villous to woolly particularly on younger shoots. Leaves elliptical, 12–14 × 4–5 cm, apex obtuse or acute, base attenuate into petiole, margins minutely denticulate to nearly doubly denticulate, silky-villous adaxially, densely sericeous to woolly abaxially, veins 5 or 6 pairs. Heads 9–11 × 5–6 mm, in crowded axillary and terminal clusters, forming dense interrupted spicate inflorescences, sessile. Involucre globose-lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.6–0.7 mm, densely silky villous abaxially; inner bracts linear, 6–7 × 0.5–0.6 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle convex, 2–4 mm in diam., alveolate, glabrous. Central florets yellow, 7–8 mm, with 5 broadly triangular lobes, lobes with colleters and sparse multicellular hairs. Outer florets 6–7 mm, 2- or 3-lobed. Achenes oblong, 1–1.2 × ca. 0.25 mm, ribbed, sparsely pubescent. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Fl. Sep–Mar. 2n = 48.
Fields, grassland; 300–1200. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand].
拟毛毡草 ni mao zhan cao
Blumea barbata var. sericans Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 46: 188. 1877; B. cavaleriei H. Léveillé & Vaniot; B. gnaphalioides Hayata; B. hamiltoni Candolle; B. hieraciifolia Hayata (1919), not (D. Don) Candolle (1834); B. hieraciifolia var. hamiltonii (Candolle) C. B. Clarke.
Herbs. Stems 60–100 cm tall, not branched or branched, white sericeous, much denser in upper part. Leaves mostly basal, nearly in rosette; basal leaves obovate-spatulate, or oblanceolate, 6–12 × 2.5–3.5 cm, base decurrent into petioles forming wings, apex obtuse, margin irregular serrulate, adaxially white tomentose, latter glabrescent, abaxially sericeous, lateral veins 5–6 pairs, prominent; cauline leaves sparse, more smaller upward, spatulate, spatulate-oblong, rarely oblong, 6–12 × 1.5–3 cm, sessile or with winged petioles, apex rounded, margin regularly serrulate, surfaces densely sericeous or lanate. Heads 2–7 in spicate panicles, 6–10 mm in diam., sessile or with ca. 3 mm long peduncles. Involucre campanulate, ca. 8 mm. Phyllaries in 4 series; outer ones 3–4 mm, apex shortly acute, abaxially densely white tomentose, middle and inner ones 5–8 mm, apex acute to acuminate, margin membranous, abaxially tomentose. Receptacle 2–4 mm in diam., glabrous, bullate. Flower yellow; female florets numerous, corolla tubular, 6–7 mm, limbs 5 shallowly dentate, glabrous; bisexual florets tubular subequal to female ones in length, limbs 5-dentate, sparsely pubescent and papillary. Achenes columniform, 10–12 mm, pubescent, 4- to 10-ribbed. Pappus white, scabrous, ca. 6 mm. Fl. Apr–Aug.
Waste fields, grassy slopes. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam].
纤枝艾纳香 xian zhi ai na xiang
Herbs, 20–30 cm tall. Stems branched from base, pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, mostly radical and a few cauline, 1.5–5 × 0.3–1 cm, lanceolate to obovate, both surfaces pubescent, margin with multicellular hairs and serrate-dentate, apex obtuse or apiculate, base tapering into petiole. Heads few, crowded in terminal globoid panicles, 3–5 mm in diam.; peduncles densely villous with stipitate glands, up to 5 mm. Involucre columniform, ca. 12 mm. Phyllaries in 4 series, subequal in length, purple adaxially, lanceolate; outer ones abaxially densely hairy with glands, inner ones with scarious margins. Receptacle ca. 2 mm in diam., convex, alveolate, glabrous. Corolla rose-colored; bisexual florets ca. 5 mm, with 5 triangular papillate lobes; female florets filiform, ca. 4 mm, usually 2-lobed, glabrous. Anther tails almost equal in length to thickened portion of filament. Achenes columniform, dark brown, sparsely pubescent, 5-ribbed. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Fl. Apr–May.
* Waste fields; 600–1200 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
芜菁叶艾纳香 wu jing ye ai na xiang
Herbs, 15–70 cm tall. Stems subglabrous at base, densely puberulent with numerous colleters above, especially on inflorescence axes. Leaves 1–12 × 0.5–5.6 cm, lower ones distinctly petiolate, upper ones subsessile, obovate, upper leaves entire, lower leaves lyrately lobed with terminal lobe ± orbicular, lateral lobes smaller, linear-oblong, all sparsely pilose adaxially, puberulent abaxially, apex obtuse, margins dentate with broadly triangular, apiculate teeth. Capitula at ends of axillary branches, clustered, ultimately disposed into a lax panicle, pedunculate, 3–5 mm in diam.; peduncles up to 15 mm, densely glandular, elongating in fruit. Involucre with phyllaries longer than florets, entirely reflexed at maturity, 1–5 mm, linear, tapering, with broad, scarious margins. Receptacle 1–2 mm in diam., flat, glabrous. Corolla orange-yellow, tubular; corollas of bisexual florets pubescent with colleters; those of female florets filiform, 2–3 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glabrous. Anther tails shorter than thickened portion of filament. Achenes brown, oblong, sparsely pubescent, 5-ribbed. Pappus white, up to 3 mm. Fl. Jan–Mar.
Fields, grasslands, open hillslopes. Yunnan (Yangbi) [India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
七里明 qi li ming
Blumea hongkongensis Vaniot; B. lessingi Merrill; B. malabarica J. D. Hooker; Pulchea hirsuta Lessing.
Perennial, 1.2–1.4 m tall; stem erect, pubescent at least above. Leaves elliptic or oblanceolate. 4.5–12 × 0.7–2.5 cm, briefly acuminate, attenuate at base, subsessile or sometimes with petiole to 5 mm, remotely serrulate, grayish abaxially, sparsely pubescent on surfaces. Capitula in narrow often spicate panicles; peduncles 5–10(–20) mm. Involucre ca. 5-seriate, ca. 6 mm in diam.; phyllaries linear, 2.5–8 m, appressed pubescent and sparsely glandular. Receptacle densely pilose. Corolla yellow, 5.5–7 mm, lobes of bisexual ones with few glandular and eglandular hairs. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm. Fl. Oct–May. 2n = 20.
Grasslands, thickets; below 1000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
长圆叶艾纳香 chang yuan ye ai na xiang
Erect herbs, 0.8–1.2 m tall, rootstock fibrous. Stems terete, striate, usually unbranched except in inflorescence, velutinous particularly on younger parts, terete. Leaves subsessile or short petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, 11–13 × 3–5 cm, velutinous, hairs with prominent base adaxially, ± villous abaxially, apex acute, base attenuate, margins distantly serrate with mucronate teeth, veins 5 or 6 pairs. Heads 6–8 mm in diam., 10–12 mm, in terminal and axillary panicles, pedunculate. Involucre globose-campanulate, bracts in 2–4 series, sometimes purple tipped; outer bracts linear-lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.5–0.6 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle slightly convex, 4–5 mm in diam., alveolate, remotely pilose. Corollas yellowish, tubular, central florets 8–9 mm, with 5 triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and multicellular hairs; outer florets filiform, 7–8 mm, with 3–5 lobes. Achenes pale brown, oblong, sparsely hirsute, ribbed. Pappus white, 5–6 mm. Fl. Aug–Apr.
Fields, grassy slopes, streamsides, roadsides. Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Myanmar, Vietnam].
具腺艾纳香 ju xian ai na xiang
Slender herbs, 20–40 cm tall. Stems branched from base, terete, pubescent with white hairs and stipitate glands. Leaves sessile, 2–4 × 0.5–1 cm, lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces with stipitate hairs, clavate glands and short whitish hairs, apex apiculate, margin distantly serrate with 2–4 teeth, base tapering. Heads axillary and terminal, in short, dense, racemose panicles, nearly sessile to shortly pedunculate, 4–6 mm in diam. Involucre campanulate or columniform. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 series, linear, purple red adaxially, outer ones ca. 3 mm, apex shortly acute, abaxially densely pubescent, middle and inner ones dry membranous, 6–7 mm, abaxially densely pubescent. Receptacle 2–3 mm in diam., alveolate, slightly pilose. Flower yellow; female florets numerous, corolla tubular, 3–4 mm, limbs 2- or 3-dentate, glabrous; bisexual florets 4–5 mm, with 5 ovate, acute, papillate and densely pubescent lobes. Achenes brown, puberulent, oblong, 10-ribbed. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Fl. Apr–May.
* Mountain slopes, fields; ca. 1800 m. Yunnan.
节节红 jie jie hong
Conyza fistulosa Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 429. 1832; Blumea amethystina Hance; B. glomerata Candolle; B. purpurea Candolle; B. racemosa Candolle.
Annual herbs; stems erect, 15–100 cm, simple, shaggily pubescent above. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 3–15 × 0.5–5 cm, acute, narrowly long attenuate at base, bidentate (sometimes sublobulate), pubescent (rarely sparsely pilose) on surfaces. Capitula in small ± sessile clusters arranged in interrupted spike-like terminal racemes or sparsely branched panicles; involucres 4- or 5-seriate, ca. 3.5 mm in diam.; phyllaries purplish adaxially, mostly recurved from middle by anthesis, 2.5–6 mm, pubescent, sparsely glandular, outer series ± lanceolate, remainder linear. Receptacle sparsely short pubescent. Corollas yellow, 4.2–5 mm, lobes of bisexual ones with glandular and few eglandular hairs. Pappus white. Fl. Oct–Apr. 2n = 18, 30.
Grassland, sparse forests; 300–1900 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
无梗艾纳香 wu geng ai na xiang
Herbs. Stems branched or simple, terete, glabrate at base, tomentose above, 0.8–2 mm tall. Leaves sessile, 4–16 × 1.4–6 cm, oblanceolate, lower leaves usually lyrately lobed, upper leaves entire, all velutinous-pilose on both surfaces. Heads 3–5, in spiciform panicle, sessile or sometimes pedunculate, 5–6 mm; peduncles, when present, up to 10 mm. Involucre columniform or campanulate, 4–6 mm, herbaceous, 1.5–6.5 mm. Phyllaries ca. 5 series; outer and middle ones lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2–4 mm, margin dry membranous, abaxially densely pubescent; inner ones linear, 4–6 mm, dry membranous, abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, apex acuminate. Receptacle 1.5–3 mm in diam., slightly convex, alveolate, glabrous. Corolla yellow, tubular; female florets numerous, corolla filiform, 3.5–4 mm, limbs 3-dentate, glabrous; bisexual florets few, corolla tubular, 4–5 mm, with 5 triangular, papillate and pubescent lobes. Achenes brown, puberulent, ca. 1 mm, 8–10-ribbed. Pappus white, 4–5 mm. Fl. Jun–Oct.
Grassy slopes, below 700 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangxi [India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
全裂艾纳香 quan lie ai na xiang
Perennial herbs. Stems up to 1.5 m tall, ca. 1.2 mm in diam., branched above, pubescent, much denser on young branches and peduncles. Middle leaves with 1–3 cm long petioles or sessile, blade oblong, 12–15 × 5–7 cm, pinnatisect, apex obtuse, base sheathed, amplexicaul, both surfaces sparsely pilose and densely tomentulose; lateral lobes 3–4 pairs, unequal, alternate or nearly opposite above, oblong or obovate-oblong, 1.2–4 × 0.3–2 cm, apex shortly acute or obtuse, margin irregular toothed, terminal lobe large, ovate-triangular to ovate-oblong, 5–7.5 × 2.5–5 cm, apex obtuse; upper leaves smaller, pinnatisect, 4.5–7 × 2–3.5 cm, both surfaces densely pilose, terminal lobes ovate-oblong or elliptic, apex shortly acute; lateral lobes small; uppermost leaves very small, dissected, toothed or sometimes entire, bract-like. Heads ca. 10 mm in diam., without or with 5–10 mm long peduncles, in terminal panicles. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 6 mm. Phyllaries in 5 series, linear, apex light red, outer ones very small, 2–3 × 0.25–0.33 mm, apex acute, abaxially densely pilose; middle and inner ones 4–5 mm, shortly acute, abaxially pubescent. Receptacle 4–5 mm in diam., alveolate, pubescent. Flower yellow; female florets filiform, 3–4 mm, limbs 3-lobed, glabrous; bisexual florets few, corolla tubular, limbs 5-lobed, densely pubescent. Achenes ca. 0.8 mm, 6-ribbed, puberulent. Pappus white, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Mar–Apr.
* Riversides, roadsides; ca. 1600 m. Yunnan (Shuangbai).
六耳铃 liu er ling
Conyza laciniata Roxburgh, Hort. Beng. 61. 1814; Blumea glandulosa Bentham (1861), not Candolle (1836); B. okinawensis Hayata; B. onnaensis Hayata; B. sinuata (Loureiro) Merrill; Gnaphalium sinuatum Loureiro.
Annual or biennial herbs, erect, 0.5–1.5 m tall. Stems striate, often branched from base, pilose with multicellular hairs and stipitate glands; branches sometimes ascending. Leaves membranous, 12–20 × 6–8 cm, apex obtuse, base attenuate into petiole, margins often runcinate-lyrate and distantly dentate, teeth apiculate, veins 8–10 pairs, pilose on surfaces. Heads numerous in terminal, dense to lax panicles, pedunculate; peduncles villous, glandular. Involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series, outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 2–3 × ca. 0.6 mm, villous on outer surface; inner ones longer, linear, 7–8 × ca. 0.6 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle convex, 3–4 mm in diam., alveolate, pilose around alveolae or sometimes glabrous. Central florets yellow, 7–8 mm, with 5 broadly triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and remote multicellular hairs; outer florets ca. 7 mm, 3–5-lobed, glabrous. Achenes oblong, ca. 1 × 0.3 mm, 10-ribbed, brown, sparsely hirsute. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Fl. Oct–May. 2n = 18.
Waste fields, thickets; 200–1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; Pacific islands (Hawaii, Solomon Islands)].
绿艾纳香 lu ai na xiang
Herbs 10–180 cm tall. Rhizome fibrous. Stems simple or branched, quite glabrous or rarely sparingly pilose. Leaves sessile, 3–22 × 0.7–10 cm, lower ones oblanceolate, lyrately lobed with terminal lobe obovate and latter lobes broadly triangular to oblong, margins serrate with apiculate teeth, apex apiculate; upper ones obovate to oblanceolate, lobed or not, apiculate-serrate with minute teeth, both surfaces glabrate or sparingly pilose. Heads usually in large, spreading, lax, terminal, leafy panicles, pedunculate, 5–7 mm in diam.; ultimate peduncles ca. 3 cm, bracteates, glabrous. Involucre columniform, 6–7 mm. Phyllaries 5 or 6 series, herbaceous, entire reflexed at maturity, 1–7.5 mm, linear, mucronate, sparsely pilose on abaxial surface with white, spreading hairs and colleters, inner series with prominent scarious margins. Receptacle 2–2.5 mm in diam., convex, alveolate, glabrous. Corollas yellow, tubular; bisexual florets 4.5–5 mm, with 5 triangular, papillate lobes; female florets filiform, 4–4.5 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glabrous. Achenes oblong-columnar, ribbed, sparsely hairy. Pappus white, up to 4 mm. Fl. Feb–Apr. 2n = 18.
Dry places, open thickets; ca. 1400 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India (including Andaman Islands), Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
Similar to Blumea membranacea, but plant entirely lacking glandular hairs except on bisexual corolla lobes; stems and inflorescence axes glabrous or sparsely pilose; leaves membranous, usually more regularly serrate, glabrescent or sparsely pilose on both faces.
长柄艾纳香 chang bing ai na xiang
Blumea balansae Gagnepain.
Annual, 7–100 cm; stems usually simple, glandular-pubescent, sometimes with few longer eglandular hairs above; leaves simple, obovate or lyrate, often oblanceolate in outline, with 1–2(–3) pairs of lateral lobes, thinly herbaceous, 2–13 × 1–5 cm, acute or obtuse, narrowly attenuate at base, usually petiolate, denticulate (to shallowly dentate), pubescent on surfaces, sometimes stipitate-glandular adaxially at least in inflorescence; petioles to 3 cm. Capitula rather few in narrow terminal panicles. Involucre 4 mm in diam.: phyllaries purplish tinged, 6-seriate, 2–6.5 mm, glandular-pubescent, sometimes with few eglandular hairs, outermost lanceolate, inner ones linear. Receptacle hairless. Corollas yellow; female 3.5–4.5 mm; bisexual 4.5–5.5 mm, lobes with glandular hairs and sometimes very reduced eglandular ones. Pappus white. Fl. Feb–Jun.
Forests, valleys along streams; 300–1400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
拟艾纳香属 ni ai na xiang shu
Herbs. Stem without resin canals and fibers in phloem. Leaves alternate, simple, sharply dentate. Capitula heterogamous, disciform in axillary and terminal pedunculate corymbs. Receptacle epaleate. Marginal florets female; corolla filiform, 3-lobed. Disc florets perfect. Anthers without tails; cell of filament collar flattened; endothecial tissues radial. Stigmatic branches with obtuse sweeping hairs reaching below furcation. Cypselas ellipsoid, without resin ducts, with straight hairs; pappus of 1-seriate bristles; each bristle with adpressed teeth.
One species: Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam.
拟艾纳香 ni ai na xiang
Blumea flava Candolle, Prodr. 5: 439. 1836; Laggera flava (Candolle) Bentham.
Annual herbs, erect, 25–100 cm tall. Leaves 1.5–8 × 0.5–4 cm, spinulose-dentate, lower ones obovate, obtuse, narrowed to base, upper ones ovate-oblong, acute with an amplexicaul base. Capitula 3–4 mm in diam.; phyllaries 5-seriate, imbricate, glabrous, outer ones ovate, subacute; inner ones linear-oblong, acuminate. Marginal florets female, filiform, 3-toothed. Disc florets bisexual or with few sub-bisexual ones (with partially developed androecium), tubular 4- or 5-toothed. Cypselas very small, glabrous, 10-ribbed. Pappus white, 2.5–5 mm. Fl. Oct–Mar.
Grassy slopes, sparse forests; below 2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam].
六棱菊属 liu ling ju shu
Annual to perennial herbs. Stem with resin canals, but without fibers in phloem. Leaves dentate, long decurrent, hairy, sessile or petiolate. Capitula heterogamous, disciform, few to many, terminal in large open leafy panicles. Involucre campanulate; phyllaries 7- or 8-seriate, imbricate narrow, usually squarrose. Receptacle naked. Marginal florets female, corolla filiform, 3-lobed; disc florets perfect, few, tubular. Corolla pink or mauve. Anthers with sagittate bases, without tails; cells of filament collar flattened; endothecial tissue radical. Style bifid; style branches with obtuse sweeping-hairs reaching below furcation. Cypselas oblong-ellipsoid, without resin ducts, sparsely hairy with straight hairs; pappus of free, barbellate, capillary bristles in 1 row; each bristle with adpressed teeth. x = 10.
About 17 species: tropical Africa, Arabia, and Asia; two species in China.
1a. Stems bearing entire herbaceous wings 1–5 mm deep ............................................. 1. L. alata
1b. Stems bearing lines of narrow uneven herbaceous teeth 2–16 mm deep, usually joined by a narrow wing 2. L. pterodonta
六棱菊 liu ling ju
Erigeron alatum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 171. 1825; Blumea alata (D. Don) Candolle; Conyza alata (D. Don) Roxburgh; Inula exsiccata H. Léveillé; Laggera angustifolia Hayata.
A robust much branched glandular pubescent herbs, up to 60(–75) cm tall, stem winged, wings herbaceous, entire, rarely somewhat denticulate, continuous. Leaves oblong, 2–8(–10) × 0.7–1.5 cm, with decurrent bases and denticulate margins, acute to subobtuse, densely covered with longer multiseptate hairs. Capitula 1–1.3 cm in diam., arranged in leafy racemes, on short axillary winged branches. Involucre ovoid, ca. 9 mm in diam., bracts 5-seriate, phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate, outer lanceolate ca. 9 × 1 mm, inner longer, up to 10 mm, green at apex, glandular pubescent on outer side. Corolla of female florets ca. 6 mm, minutely toothed; of bisexual florets 7–8 mm, 5-lobed. Cypselas dark brown, ca. 1 mm; pappus setae white, 6–7 mm, bristles equal, minutely scabrid. Fl. Mar–Oct. 2n = 20.
Waste places and sunny meadows; below 2300 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; E Africa, Madagascar].
翼齿六棱菊 yi chi liu ling ju
Blumea pterodonta Candolle in Wight, Contr. Bot. India 15. 1834; Conyza crispata Vahl; Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & Wood; L. intermedia C. B. Clarke; L. purpurascens Schultz Bipontinus ex Hochstetter.
Herbs. Stems much branched, 40–100 cm tall, stems and branches narrowly winged with irregular deeply toothed lobes or interrupted wings. Stem teeth and leaves densely pubescent, mainly with short erect glandular hairs. Lower leaves narrowly obovate, 5–17 × 1.5–6 cm, acute, long attenuate at base, sessile or sometimes with winged, deeply toothed petiole to 15 mm, subentire to serrate-dentate; upper leaves narrower, little tapered below, oblong, sometimes subobtuse. Heads terminal, 10–15 mm in diam., pink to purple, peduncles slender. Involucre ca. 7 mm in diam.; phyllaries 4.5–9 mm, at least outer ones glandular-pubescent. Corolla 6.5–8 mm. Achenes ca. 1 mm; pappus ca. 6 mm. Fl. Jan–Jul. 2n = 20.
Strongly aromatic glandular weedy herbs on dry hill slopes, old clearings, upland rice fields, and waste areas; below 2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Africa].
阔苞菊属 kuo bao ju shu
Shrubs or herbs, ± aromatic. Leaves alternate, simple. Inflorescences elongate panicles or flat topped. Heads many flowered, disciform, usually numerous. Involucral bracts imbricate. Outer florets numerous, in several rows, filiform, pistillate, fertile; achenes 4 or 5 angled, longitudinally grooved. Central florets many fewer, tubular, hermaphroditic, functionally staminate; anthers obtuse at apex, tailed at base; style entire sometimes divided; achenes often indistinct or vestigial as a small ring of basal sclerenchymatous cells of carpopodium. Pappus of basally connate, barbellate bristles in 1 row. x = 10.
About 80 species: Africa, SE Asia, Australia, North America, Pacific islands, South America, West Indies; five species in China.
1a. Plants decumbent-ascending, herbaceous, slightly woody at base; branches glabrous or sparingly puberulent; peduncles and involucres glabrous ............................................... 1. P. pteropoda
1b. Plants erect, shrubby; branches densely pubescent; peduncles and involucres tomentose.
2a. Stems and branches conspicuously winged by decurrent leaves; heads hemispheric (when fresh); central florets 50–60 ................................................................................................ 2. P. sagittalis
2b. Stems and branches not winged; heads campanulate (when fresh); central florets usually less than 25.
3a. Leaves linear ....................................................................................... 3. P. eupatorioides
3b. Leaves obovate, elliptic.
4a. Branches densely tomentose; leaves thin papery, petiolate, margins subentire; central florets 20–25; receptacle glabrous ............................................................................. 4. P. carolinensis
4b. Branches finely crisp hairy; leaves thick papery, subsessile, margins dentate; central florets 2–7; receptacle densely hirsutulous ....................................................................... 5. P. indica
光梗阔苞菊 guang geng kuo bao ju
Pluchea leptophylla Hong & Chen.
Herbs or subshrubs, procumbent to ascending. Stems well branched, sulcate-striate, glabrous, rarely sparingly puberulent. Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 3–5 × 0.7–1.7 cm, apex obtuse to rounded, base gradually narrowed, sessile, irregularly and sparsely dentate, glabrous on surfaces; upper leaves smaller and narrower. Heads 6–8 mm in diam. when fresh, to 10 mm in diam. when dried, ca. 7 mm, short pedunculate or sessile, densely congested in terminal corymbs. Involucre ovoid to broadly campanulate, bracts glabrous, 5- or 6-seriate, outer bracts broadly ovate, obtuse to rounded, nearly entire, 2.5–4 × 2–3 mm; inner bracts linear to lanceolate, acute, nearly entire, 4–5 × 0.5–1 mm. Receptacle flat, foveolate. Outer florets numerous, corolla filiform, narrowed apically, 3.5–4 mm, glandular; pappus nearly as long as corolla. Achenes cylindric, reddish brown, with pale ribs, 1–1.4 × 0.2–0.3 mm, appressed strigillose and glandular. Central florets 18–22, corolla 4–5 mm, 5-lobed, lobes triangular, glandular; pappus shorter than corolla; achenes yellowish, cylindric, grooved, 0.8–1.2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, strigillose. 2n = 40.
Coastal brackish areas and tidal flats, often associated with mangroves and near graveyards on seashores. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [Vietnam].
翼茎阔苞菊 yi jing kuo bao ju
Conyza sagittalis Lamarck, Encycl. 2: 94. 1786; Gnaphalium suaveolens Vellozo; Pluchea suaveolens (Vellozo) O. Kuntze.
Perennial herbs, erect, aromatic, coarse, 1–1.5 m tall, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. at base, much branched, branches densely tomentose; stems conspicuously winged by decurrent leaves. Median leaves lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 6–12 × 2.5–4 cm, thinly tomentose with viscid glands on surfaces, apex acuminate, margins serrate, base attenuate, sessile. Heads 7–8 mm in diam. when fresh, to ca. 10 mm in diam. when dried, 4–5 mm, peduncle 5–25 mm, in compound terminal and axillary corymbs. Involucre hemispheric, bracts greenish brown, 4- or 5-seriate, outer bracts widely elliptic to widely obovate, acuminate, 1–2 × 1–1.5 mm, tomentose abaxially, margins ciliate, inner bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.4–0.6 mm, grading to glabrous. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Outer florets numerous, corolla white, 3–3.5 mm, 3-lobed; pappus white, slightly longer than corolla. Achenes brown, cylindric, with 5 pale ribs, 0.6–0.8 × ca. 0.2 mm, with viscid glands. Central florets 50–60, corolla white, purplish toward summit, 2.5–3 mm, sparingly glandular hairy at base; anthers acute at apex, short tailed at base; anthers and style exserted; achenes vestigial. Fl. & fr. Mar–Oct. 2n = 20.
Exposed flat areas, riverbed, and swamps, often in large numbers in abandoned rice paddies and grassy fields. Naturalized in Taiwan [native to North and South America].
长叶阔苞菊 chang ye kuo bao ju
Herbs or subshrubs. Stems 1–2 m tall, 4–7 mm in diam., branched; young branches densely powdery puberulent, latter glabrescent. Middle leaves nearly sessile or with ca. 4 mm long petiole, blade broadly linear, 7–10 × 1.2–2 cm, apex acuminate, base decurrent, margin sparsely serrulate, both surfaces densely powdery puberulent, abaxially more denser; upper leaves nearly sessile, linear, 5–7 × 0.7–1 cm. Heads numerous, ca. 5 mm in diam., in terminal corymbs; peduncles slender, 1–5 mm, densely powdery puberulent. Involucre campanulate, 5–6 mm. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 series; outer ones ovate or broadly ovate, 1.5–3 mm, apex acute. Female florets numerous, corolla filiform, 4–5 mm, limbs 3- or 4-dentate; bisexual florets fewer, corolla tubular, ca. 5 mm, limbs 5-dentate. Achenes 5-ribbed, ca. 0.8 mm, white pubescent. Pappus white, persistent, ca. 5 mm, connate at base in bisexual florets. Fl. Apr–Jun.
Fields, roadsides. Guangxi, Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
美洲阔苞菊 mei zhou kuo bao ju
Conyza carolinensis J. Jacquin, Collectanea 2: 271. 1789.
Erect shrubs, 1–2.5 m tall, much branched, branches densely tomentose. Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic, 6–15 × 2–6 cm, thinly tomentose and glandular on surfaces, adaxially green, abaxially grayish, apex mucronulate-obtuse, margins entire or nearly so, base attenuate, petiole 1–2.5 cm. Heads 5–7 mm in diam. when fresh, ca. 10 mm in diam. in dried specimen, ca. 6 mm; peduncle 3–8 mm, in dense terminal and axillary corymbs. Involucre ovate to campanulate, bracts greenish purplish, 4- or 5-seriate, outer ones very widely elliptic to very widely obovate, rounded, 2–4 × 1.5–2 mm, tomentose abaxially, margins ciliate, inner bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, 4–5 × 0.5–1 mm, less pubescent to glabrous. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Outer florets numerous, corolla filiform, pale greenish white, pinkish toward summit, 3.5–4 mm, 3-lobed; pappus white, slightly shorter than corolla; mature achenes not seen. Central florets 20–25; corolla whitish, pinkish toward summit, 4–5 mm, sparingly glandular hairy at base; anthers obtuse at apex, short tailed at base; anthers and style exserted; achenes vestigial. 2n = 20.
Naturalized in disturbed ruderal places, often on barren mudstone slopes or associated with scrubby vegetation along roads; below 100–200 m. Taiwan [native to warmer regions of the New World and W Africa].
阔苞菊 kuo bao ju
Baccharis indica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 861. 1753.
Erect shrubs to 2 m tall, sulcate-striate, much branched, branches finely short crisp hairy, later glabrate. Leaves thick papery, obovate, 2.3–8 × 1–4 cm, adaxially minutely puberulent, abaxially loosely puberulent to nearly glabrous, veinlets distinct, apex acute to mucronate, margins acutely dentate, base attenuate, sessile or very short petiolate. Heads narrowly cylindric to campanulate, 5–6 mm in diam. when fresh, to 9–10 mm in diam. in dried specimen, 6–7 mm, peduncle sessile to 10 mm, in dense terminal and axillary corymbs. Involucre ovate, 4–6 mm, bracts 6- or 7-seriate, outer ones obtuse, 2–2.5 × ca. 1.5 mm, margins ciliolate; inner bracts lanceolate to linear, obtuse, 4–6 × 0.25–1 mm, entire. Receptacle densely hirsutulous. Outer florets numerous, corolla 3–5 mm; style greatly exserted; pappus white, ca. 5 mm, slightly exceeding corolla; achenes brown, cylindric, with 5–7 pale ribs, slightly curved, ca. 1 × 0.3 mm, nearly glabrous. Central florets 2–7, corolla 4.5–5.5 mm, 5-lobed, lobes glandular; anthers and style greatly exserted; pappus white, as long as corolla; achenes vestigial. 2n = 20, 60.
Brackish marshes and other saline habitats widespread along the western coast; low elevations. Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan [India, Japan, Malesia [??=Malaysia], Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia, Pacific islands (Hawaii)].
花花柴属 hua hua chai shu
Perennial herbs. Stem without resin canals and fibers in phloem. Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong, entire, not decurrent, sparsely hairy. Capitula heterogamous, disciform, solitary, terminal. Receptacle epaleate. Involucral bracts broadly oblong, hard. Marginal florets female; corolla filiform, 3-lobed. Disc florets functionally male. Style bifid; cells of filament collar mamillate; endothecial tissue radial. Style bifid; style branches with obtuse sweeping hairs reaching below furcation. Cypselas stout, without resin ducts, hairy with straight hairs. Pappus of free, barbellate, capillary bristles, in 1 row; each bristle with patent teeth. x = 10.
One species: C & SW Asia, Caspian region.
花花柴 hua hua chai
Serratula caspia Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 2: 743. 1773; Karelinia caspia f. angustifolia Smoljaninova; K. caspia f. ovalifolia Smoljaninova; Pluchea caspia (Pallas) O. Hoffmann ex Paulsen.
Perennials. Stems to 1.5 m tall, erect, terete, ribbed, leafy up to inflorescences, mainly, in upper portion, corymbosely branched, gray-blue, glabrous or shortly pubescent, branches alternate, almost of equal height, scabrous. Leaves 2–6 × 0.5–1.5 cm, simple, alternate, sessile, oblong, acuminate, glabrous, scabrous, uneven at margin, upper leaves basally cordate, semiamplexicaul-auriculate. Heads 1.3–2 × 0.8–2 cm, heterogamous, many flowered, arranged in terminal corymbiform inflorescences, 2–9, peduncles 7–25 × 1 mm, scabrous. Involucre cylindrical-campanulate, 13–15 × 7–10 mm, consisting of 6 or 7 rows of rigid (subleathery) appressed, imbricately arranged bracts, light brown, sometimes reddish at apex, glabrous inside, with strong short appressed gray pubescence outside, margin with ciliate hairs, longer in inner bracts, external involucral bracts ovate or ovate-oblong, 5–8 × 3–4 mm, central bracts lanceolate, 10 mm, 2 mm wide, inner ones, sublinear, 10–15 × 1 mm, acuminate. Receptacle flat, with long hairs. Marginal florets pistillate, multiseriate, carpogenous, reddish, 10–12 mm, with filiform, ± heteromerous 4-dentate corolla, tube ca. 10 × 0.5 mm in upper portion. Style as long as tube, thin, flat, glabrous, with 2-lobed stigma, lobes thin, flat, 3–5 mm, emerging, slightly divergent, reddish, glabrous. Central florets bisexual, sterile, 10–20, reddish, with 5-dentate corolla, 10–12 × ca. 1 mm in upper portion, denticles ca. 1 mm, lanceolate, acuminate. Anthers oblong, ca. 2 mm × 0.3 mm, glabrous united in a tube, surrounding style, basally with short entire appendages, filaments 5–6 × ca. 0.25 mm, flat, glabrous, attached to base of corolla tube. Style ca. 15 mm, Filiform, ca. 0.3 mm wide, with closely arranged fine nipples up to half of length, stigma bipartite with short (ca. 0.5 mm) upright reddish lobes, covered with nipples; ovary cylindrical, ca. 1.5 × 0.3 mm, slightly flattened, smooth, glabrous. Achenes 1.5–2 × ca. 0.3 mm wide, dark brown, cylindrical, slightly recurved, narrowed to base, triquetrous, with a ring at base, glabrous. Pappus white, 9–14 mm, sinuate at base, monostichous; in pistillate florets, consisting of numerous every thin fine, often crenate hairs; in bisexual florets, of finely crenate, slightly barbate-thickened hairs at apex. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
Gobi, dunes, saline meadows; 900–1300 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Turkmenistan; SW Asia (Iran, Turkey), Europe].
球菊属 qiu ju shu
Small perennial herbs, pubescent, branches spreading, prostrate, rather woody. Leaves alternate, obovate, dentate, sessile, not decurrent. Heads axillary, solitary, short peduncled, heterogamous, disciform, florets yellow. Involucre hemispheric, bracts 1- or 2-seriate, oblong, obtuse, scarious, entire, incurved in fruit. Receptacle naked. Outer florets pistillate, numerous, many seriate, fertile, corolla elongate, slender, tubular, inflated below. Central disc florets bisexual, fewer, fertile, tubular, 4- or 5-dentate. Anthers sagittate at base. Style arms of pistillate and bisexual florets bifid. Achenes cylindric, slender, broadly 10-ribbed, hairy at base. Pappus absent. x = 10.
About 14 species: Africa, Asia, Australia, Central and South America; two species in China.
1a. Leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, margin distinctly and coarsely dentate; stems and branches not winged 1. E. australis
1b. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, margin entire or inconspicuously serrulate; stems and branches winged 2. E. divaricata
球菊 qiu ju
Sphaeromorphaea australis (Lessing) Kitamura.
Annual herbs. Stems much branched, branches straggling, flexuous, woody toward base. Cauline leaves oblanceolate-oblong, 3.5–4 × 1–1.8 cm, apex obtuse or rounded, base narrowed into petiole, margins irregularly toothed or lyrate-pinnatilobed, lobes often obtuse, mucronulate and irregularly mucronulate-dentate, sparsely pilose on surfaces, upper leaves about same size as median ones. Heads globose, 4–6 mm in diam., short pedunculate, peduncle 3–12 mm, few bracteate or not. Involucre depressed hemispheric, ca. 6 × 1 mm, bracts in 1 or 2 series, outer bracts shorter, ovate, acute, others oblong, obtuse, scarious. Corolla of outer florets ca. 0.7 mm; corolla of central florets ca. 1.3 mm, 5-dentate. Achenes cylindric, ca. 0.5 mm, glandular-punctate. Fl. Mar–Jun and Sep–Nov.
Fields, roadsides; low elevations. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
翅柄球菊 chi bing qiu ju
Ethulia divaricata Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 1: 110. 1767; Poilania laggeroides Gagnepain.
Annual herbs. Stems 10–20 cm tall, branched, glabrous, winged; wings entire. Leaves sessile, linear or linear-oblong, 20–65 × 2–7 mm, apex obtuse, base narrowed into petiole, margin entire or inconspicuously serrulate, surfaces glabrous. Heads solitary or 3–6, 6–8 mm in diam., in sparse corymbs; peduncles 5–17 mm, narrowly winged. Involucre ca. 7 mm in diam., ca. 5 mm; phyllaries 4 or 5 series, longer than corollas, apex purplish red; outer ones ovate, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous, membranous or margin dry membranous, apex acuminate, margin serrulate; inner ones ovate-oblong, glabrous, dry membranous, ca. 5 mm; corollas of female florets tubular, 2–2.5 mm, 3-lobed; corollas of bisexual florets 3–3.5 mm, 5-lobed. Achenes oblong or obovate, ca. 1 mm, glandular-punctate. Pappus absent. Fl. Dec–Feb.
Waste fields, farmlands; low elevations. Hainan [India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].
戴星草属 dai xing cao shu
Low erect annuals. Branches spreading. Leaves alternate, obovate to oblong, mucronulate-serrulate to dentate, decurrent, glandular punctate. Heads disciform, heterogamous, in terminal solitary, globose clusters, with or without bracts between heads, clusters sessile on a common receptacle. Receptacles naked, commonly globose or disciform, with few bracts or not. Outer florets pistillate, few to many, fertile, slender, minutely 2- or 3-dentate. Disc florets bisexual, solitary or few, fertile or sterile, tube thickened, limb 4- or 5-dentate. Involucre campanulate, narrow, bracts narrow, dry, few seriate, acute or obtuse, scarious, unequal. Base of anthers obtuse to sagittate, auricles acute or tailed. Style of disc florets terete, bifid, branches filiform or connate. Achenes oblong, somewhat flattened, truncate at apex, base contracted. Pappus absent. x =10.
About 40 species: tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia, also in Australia; three species in China.
1a. Leaves shortly pubescent or glabrescent; stems and branches with usually entire wings; phyllaries glabrous or only outermost ones abaxially glandular; corolla grayish white adaxially ......... 1. S. africanus
1b. Leaves tomentose or lanate; stems and branches with densely dentate wings; phyllaries densely pubescent and ciliate on margin; corolla purplish red adaxially.
2a. Leaf margin biserrulate, with petiolate glands; male
florets shortly petiolate
......................................................................................................................... 2.
S. indicus
2b. Leaf margin long dentate, with sessile glands; male florets sessile ............... 3. S. senegalensis
戴星草 dai xing cao
Sphaeranthus cochinchinensis Loureiro; S. microcephalus Willdenow; S. suberiflorus Hayata.
Stems 40–50 cm tall, usually robust, glabrous or pubescent, curved, ascending, branched, winged, wings entire. Cauline leaves obovate-oblong, 3–5 × 1.5–2.2 cm, apex rounded, base narrowed, shortly pubescent or glabrescent. Clusters of heads globose or ovoid, ca. 8 mm in diam.; peduncle glabrous, winged, bracts slender, acuminate. Heads campanulate, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm. Involucre ca. 3 × 2.5 mm, bracts subequal, oblanceolate; receptacle naked. Outer florets numerous, corolla tubular, 1.5 mm; style apex obtuse; central florets ca. 3, corolla ca. 1.5 mm, 5-dentate; base of anthers entire, filaments dilated, glabrous; style cylindric, short bifid. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1 mm, glandular-punctate, without pappus. Fl. Dec–May. 2n = 20.
Waste fields, grassy slopes. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Malesia [??=Malaysia], Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Africa, Australia].
绒毛戴星草 rong mao dai xing cao
Sphaeranthus hirtus Willdenow; S. mollis Roxburgh.
Rank smelling; stems 10–45 cm with 4 irregularly and sharply toothed wings, minutely stipitate-glandular and whitish pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 2.5–6 × 0.8–2.5 cm, obtuse or acute, apiculate, attenuate, semiamplexicaul and strong decurrent at base, rather irregularly biserrate-dentate, minutely stipitate-glandular and white lanate on surfaces. Glomerules ovoid-globose, ca. 12 × 10 mm; capitulum bracts linear-lanceolate, 4–5 mm, finely acuminate, ciliate, hispid and stipitate-glandular; phyllaries ca. 12, linear-oblong to linear-spatulate, more scarious and less glandular than bracts. Female flowers 10–15, male flowers 2 or 3. Corollas purplish, ca. 2.4 mm. Achenes ca. 1 mm, puberulent. Fl. Dec–Apr. 2n = 20.
Sandy banks along rivers, grasslands, thickets; 700–1000 m. Yunnan [India, Laos, Malesia [??=Malaysia], Thailand; Africa, Australia].
非洲戴星草 fei zhou dai xing cao
Sphaeranthus lecomteanus O. Hoffmann & Muschler.
Stems 20–90 cm tall, usually robust, densely pubescent, ascending, branched, winged, wings dentate. Cauline leaves usually oblong, 3–10 × 1–3.5 cm, apex obtuse, base narrowed, margin with densely spine-like denticles, surfaces densely lanate. Clusters of heads globose or ovoid, 11–18 × 9–10 mm; peduncle pubescent. Heads campanulate. Involucre bracts 9–14, subequal, outer ones linear-lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm, densely pubescent; receptacle naked. Outer florets 7–12, corolla tubular, ca. 2.5 mm; style apex obtuse; central florets 2–5, corolla 3–3.5 mm, 5-dentate; base of anthers entire, filaments dilated, glabrous; style cylindric, short bifid. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1 mm, glandular-punctate, without pappus. Fl. Dec–Apr. 2n = 20.
Roadsides, thickets, riverbanks; 600–1300 m. Yunnan [tropical Africa and Asia].
翼茎草属 yi jing cao shu
Perennials, usually rhizomatous and/or lignescent-tuberous-rooted. Stems erect, simple, internodes winged by decurrent leaf bases, lanate-tomentose and/or glandular. Leaves cauline, alternate, sessile; blades linear to elliptic or obovate, bases decurrent, margins usually serrate to serrulate or denticulate, rarely entire. Heads disciform, sessile, in spiciform arrays. Involucres cylindric-campanulate to campanulate. Phyllaries persistent, in 4–6 series, distinct, narrowly lanceolate, unequal. Receptacles flat, epaleate. Ray florets absent. Peripheral florets pistillate, in 1–3+ series, fertile; corollas yellowish. Inner florets bisexual, but functionally staminate, (1 or)2–15; corollas yellowish, lobes 5. Cypselae cylindric to fusiform, angled or slightly compressed, ribs 6–9, faces usually sparsely strigose to hispidulous, minutely sessile-glandular between ribs; pappus persistent, of distinct, barbellulate bristles in 1 or 2 series. x = 10.
About 18 species: SE Asia, Australia, North America, South America; one species in China.
翼茎草 yi jing cao
Conyza redolens Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 1915. 1803; Tessaria redolens Lessing.
Herbs up to 1 mm tall. Stems and branches winged, branched, spreading lanate. Middle leaves sessile, obovate or obovate-oblong, 4–6 × 1.5–2 cm, apex obtuse, base decurrent, margin serrulate, both surfaces lanate, more denser on abaxial surface, costa adaxially prominent, lateral veins 5–10 pairs, inconspicuous; upper leaves smaller, narrowly oblong or ovate-oblong, 15–25 × 4–6 mm, sessile, apex acute or obtuse, base gradually narrower, margin undulate, inconspicuously serrulate. Heads 1.5–2 mm in diam., 2–7 in spikes 2–9 cm. Involucre campanulate, ca. 4 mm. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 series, apex purplish red; outer ones spatulate or ovate-oblong, ca. 3 mm, apex 1–3-dentate or obtuse, abaxially densely lanate; middle ones dry membranous, narrowly oblong or linear, 3–3.5 mm, apex sometimes fimbriate, apex abaxially pubescent or glabrous; innermost ones linear or filiform, ca. 4 mm, apex acute or acuminate, glabrous. Female florets in numerous series, filiform, apex 3-dentate or truncate; Bisexual florets 1 to several, tubular, 3–4 mm, limbs 5-dentate or rarely 6- or 7-dentate. Achenes ca. 0.5 mm, ribbed. Pappus in 1 series, white, ca. 3 mm, connate at base. Fl. Dec–Apr.
Waste fields; lower elevations. Hainan [India, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Vietnam; Australia].
含苞草属 han bao cao shu
Heads 3–4.5(–6) mm in diam., heterogamous, globular, sessile, compactly congested in 2s–4s in bifurcations of stem and its branches. Involucre distichous, its bracts being of various forms, lanceolate, oval, rhomboidal or obovate, acute, membranous, margin transparent, with fine denticles. Receptacle flat with paleae. External florets of head pistillate, multiseriate, carpogenous, tubular with filiform, irregular, sometimes subregular, tridentate, more rarely bidentate, sometimes 4-dentate, corolla; ovary concrescent to neighboring palea of receptacle almost to half of its length, without pappus, stigma bipartite. Marginal pistillate florets ligulate with tridentate or bidentate corolla. Central florets bisexual, tubular, 6–20, carpogenous with campanulate, 4-dentate, regular corolla; anthers with very short entire appendages at base; ovary oblong, concrescent to 2 neighboring membranes or to 1 membrane of receptacle, more rarely nonconcrescent. Achenes finely terete, smooth, with fine orbicular glands and sparse long glandular hairs, forked at ends. Pappus absent.
One species: China and Russia.
[Ed. note: Should this genus be placed in the Inuleae? If not then where? We need to place it in the most appropriate tribe in Flora of China.]
含苞草 han bao cao
Annual. Small plants, up to 8(–20) cm tall, in habit analogous to Myriogyne, glabrous, roots thin, fusiform; stems erect, sulcate, short forkedly, branching above, branches arcuate-spreading. Leaves altern