旋覆花族 xuan fu hua zu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生)[1]; Arne Anderberg[2]
Shrubs, subshrubs or herbs. Stems with or without resin ducts, without fibers in phloem. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, often glandular; petiolate or sessile; margins entire or dentate to serrate, sometimes pinnately divided. Heads usually in corymbiform, paniculiform, or racemiform arrays, sometimes solitary, heterogamous or less often homogamous. Involucral bracts with undivided stereome. Phyllaries persistent or falling, in (2 or)3–7+ series, distinct, unequal to subequal, herbaceous to papery or membranous, margins and/or apices usually scarious. Receptacles flat to convex or concave, epaleate or paleate. Ray florets when present, in 1 or 2, or rarely in several series, pistillate and fertile, rarely neuter; corollas usually yellow, sometimes reddish, rarely ochroleucous or purplish. Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas usually yellow, sometimes reddish, rarely ochroleucous or purplish, not 2-lipped, lobes (4 or)5, usually ± deltate; anther bases ± tailed, apical appendages ovate to lanceolate-ovate or linear; styles abaxially glabrous or papillate (distally), branches ± linear, adaxially stigmatic in 2 lines from bases to apices (lines often confluent distally), apices rounded to truncate, appendages essentially absent. Cypselae usually monomorphic within heads, usually ellipsoid or columnar to prismatic, not beaked, sometimes abruptly constricted at each end, bodies often ribbed, glabrous or hairy, often glandular, hairs not myxogenic; pappus persistent, fragile, of ± barbellate or plumose scales and/or bristles.
About 167 genera and 2000 species: nearly worldwide, in both Old World and New World, the greater numbers of genera and species in the S Hemisphere with centers of concentration in S Africa and Australia; 17 genera and 89 species (19 endemic) in China.
1a. Female florets ligulate or tubular; heads radiate or discoid, florets heterogamous, or homomorphous and bisexual; phyllaries herbaceous or leathery, sometimes leafy; female floret’s style shorter than corolla; bisexual floret’s style with filiform limbs.
2a. Receptacle with paleae; bisexual florets style branches apex rounded or truncate.
3a. Achenes in ray florets trigonous or winged; pappus of a rim of irregularly incised scales; heads solitary 16. Buphthalmum
3b. Achenes ellipsoid, not winged; pappus of short acute or obtuse scales, or sometimes missing; heads corymbose or solitary ............................................................................. 17. Anisopappus
2b. Receptacle without paleae; bisexual florets style apex braches broad, rounded.
4a. Pappus absent ........................................................................................... 15. Carpesium
4b. Pappus present.
5a. Pappus in 2 rows, inner row of barbellate bristles, outer row of short, membranous scales 14. Pulicaria
5b. Pappus all of barbellate bristles.
6a. Ligulate florets without pappus or with few pappus; pappus with few or many barbellate bristles 13. Pentanema
6b. Florets all with pappus; pappus subequal, with many barbellate bristles
7a. Ray florets 2- or 3-seriate; ligules 18–45 mm ............................................... 11. Inula
7b. Ray florets 1-seriate; ligules 1–15 mm ................................................... 12. Duhaldea
1b. Female florets tubular or filiform; heads disciform, heterogamous, monoecious, or homogamous, dioecious; female florets with style longer than corolla.
8a. Phyllaries dry membranous, or hyaline membranous; plants usually densely woolly 10. Symphyllocarpus
8b. Phyllaries (12–30+) in 3–6+ series, usually herbaceous to papery, sometimes indurate, margins and/or apices seldom notably scarious.
9a. Heads in dense globose or columned compound inflorescence.
10a. Pappus absent; compound inflorescence solitary in end of
branches
............................................................................................................. 8.
Sphaeranthus
10b. Pappus present; compound inflorescence sessile, in sparse racemes or solitary in end of branches 9. Pterocaulon
9b. Heads solitary, or in sparse compound inflorescence.
11a. Achenes 5–6 mm; pappus of barbellate bristles, reddish brown; head solitary on end of stem 1. Cavea
11b. Achenes smaller; pappus of capillary bristles or absent; heads heterogamous, in compound inflorescence.
12a. Pappus absent .............................................................................................. 7. Epaltes
12b. Pappus of capillary bristles.
13a. Phyllaries broad, oval to lanceolate; perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs.
14a. Involucre obovate, broad campanulate or hemispheric; anthers tailed; subshrubs or shrubs 5. Pluchea
14b. Involucre oblong; anther with sagittate bases; perennial herbs ................. 6. Karelinia
13b. Phyllaries narrow, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; annual or perennial herbs.
15a. Anther minutely calcarate, tailed; tails connate ........................................... 2. Blumea
15b. Anthers with sagittate or obtuse bases, without tails.
16a. Stamens 1–4, anthers detached; phyllaries herbaceous ..................... 3. Blumeopsis
16b. Stamens 5, anthers united; phyllaries indurate ........................................ 4. Laggera
葶菊属 ting ju shu
Perennial herbs. Stolons often present, bearing loosely appressed scale leaves; stem erect, simple, solitary or clustered. Leaves oblanceolate, mostly basal with distinct petioles, cauline ones ± sessile, alternate. Heads solitary, broadly campanulate, disciform with numerous marginal female florets and disc male florets or discoid and monoecious or dioecious. Involucres in several series, herbaceous, outermost series largest. Receptacle convex, short fimbrillate. Female corollas tubular, shallowly 4-toothed; style branched, linear, rounded at apex. Male corollas tubular-campanulate, deeply 5-toothed, teeth reflexed; style undivided, conic at apex. Achenes oblong or narrowly obovoid. Pappus of barbellate bristles, numerous on female flowers, sparse on male flowers.
One species: Bhutan, China, India (Sikkim).
Merxmüller et al. (reference?? 1977) excluded Cavea from the Inuleae because of its aberrant pollen-wall morphology. Anderberg (reference?? 1991) placed it in a uncertain place.
[Ed. note: Should this genus be placed in the Inuleae? In so then please expand the discussion and give full references, not just dates. If not then where? We need to place it in the most appropriate tribe in Flora of China.]
葶菊 ting ju
Saussurea tanguensis J. R. Drummond, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 78. 1910.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome woody, stout, ca. 10 cm, caespitose with rosette of sterile leaves and flowering stems. Stems stout, 3–8(–25) cm tall, many leaved or sparsely leaved, somewhat scapelike, brownish glandular. Leaves in lower parts nearly leathery, or ± fleshy, 15–60(–120) × 5–10 mm, spatulate-oblong, attenuate to base, apex obtuse or obtuse-acuminate, margin remotely denticulate, abaxially densely glandular pubescent or nearly glabrous. Cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong-spatulate, 30–60 × 5–12 mm, apex obtuse, margin sparsely serrate, lightly fleshy; upper cauline leaves like bracts, ovate-lanceolate, no more than ca. 15 mm, nearly verticillate at top and ± closely embracing capitulum. Heads solitary, widely hemispherical, terminal, (2–)3–3.5 cm in diam. Involucre 1–2 cm. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 series, foliaceous, linear-oblong or obovate-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, margin covered with moderately sparse glandular hairs, nearly as longer as florets. Florets 100–200, very slender, ca. 8 mm, corolla purplish, lobes short, white hispid in upper part of corolla tube, stigmatic lobes exserted corolla tube. Achenes 5–6 mm, densely sericeous. Pappus nitid purple, as long as corolla, of ca. 50 scabrous bristles, ca. 11 mm. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug.
Gravelly ground near streams and glaciers; 4000–5100 m. SW Sichuan, Xizang [Bhutan, India (Sikkim)].
艾纳香属 ai na xiang shu
Herbs or shrubs. Stem not winged, with resin canals. Leaves alternate, simple, sessile or shortly petiolate, mucronate-toothed to laciniate or sometimes pinnately lobed. Heads heterogamous, disciform, solitary or paniculate. Involucre campanulate-globose, bracts numerous, imbricate or reflexed, in 4 or 5 series, outer series shortest. Receptacle epaleate, with scale-like ridges . Marginal florets pistillate, in several rows; corolla yellow, filiform, minutely 2- or 3-toothed. Disc florets bisexual, corollas often yellow, rarely white to purplish, tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers minutely calcarate, tailed; tails connate, caudate-acuminate; endothecial tissue polarized. Pollen spines with a cavity. Style with acute sweeping hairs, not reaching furcation, with star-shaped crystals. Cypselas cylindric, hirsute, terete or obscurely 4-angular or 5- or 10-ribbed, shorter than corolla; epidermis with elongated crystals. Pappus of barbellate, capillary bristles in 1 row, white to reddish. x = 8, 9, 10, 11.
About 50 species: tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia; 29 species (six endemic) in China.
The identity of the following taxa cannot be ascertained herein because we have not seen any specimens of them:
Blumea duclouxii Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 25. 1903.
Blumea esquirolii H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 22. 1909.
Blumea globata Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 24. 1903.
Blumea gomphrena (Walpers) Schultz Bipontinus ex Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 88(4): 310. 1939.
Blumea lecomtei Vaniot & H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 4: 331. 1907.
1a. Outer phyllaries ovate or ovate-oblong; receptacle densely pilose; pappus white.
2a. Erect herbs; old leaves abaxially densely pubescent or tomentose, margin biserrate 3. B. repanda
2b. Climbers; old leaves abaxially very sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, margin regularly and sparsely serrate.
3a. Heads 1.5–2 cm in diam., usually 1–7 axillary or in sparse terminal panicles; involucre hemispherical; receptacle 8–11 mm in diam. ............................................................... 1. B. megacephala
3b. Heads 5–8 mm in diam., usually axillary or in dense terminal panicles; involucre campanulate; receptacle 2–3 mm in diam. ............................................................................................ 2. B. riparia
1b. Outer phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate (when ovate-lanceolate, pappus not white); receptacle glabrous; pappus white or not white.
4a. Pappus reddish brown, yellowish brown or yellow.
5a. Leaf blade sagittate at base; female florets bilabiate at apex .......................... 4. B. sagittata
5b. Leaf blade rounded or acute at base; female florets equally 2–4-lobed at apex.
6a. Leaf blade pinnatisect ................................................................................. 5. B. hookeri
6b. Leaf blade margin serrate, rarely deeply dentate.
7a. Leaf blade linear ....................................................................................... 6. B. linearis
7b. Leaf blade oblong.
8a. Stems, leaves, and peduncles densely white lanate ............................ 7. B. martiniana
8b. Stems, leaves, and peduncles pubescent or tomentose.
9a. Outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate ................................................... 8. B. lanceolaria
9b. Outer phyllaries oblong, linear, or linear-lanceolate.
10a. Leaf base usually with 1–5 pairs of appendages .......................... 9. B. balsamifera
10b. Leaf base without appendages.
11a. Leaf base acuminate, margin serrulate ...................................... 12. B. formosana
11b. Leaf base acute, margin coarsely dentate
12a. Leaf blade 20–22 × 6–8 cm; heads 1–1.5 cm in diam.; achenes 12-ribbed 10. B. aromatica
12b. Leaf blade 30–45 × 10–15 cm; heads 4–5 mm in diam.; achenes 10-ribbed 11. B. conspicua
4b. Pappus white.
13a. Heads few, in axillary or terminal small and compact racemes; leaf blade linear-lanceolate 13. B. tenuifolia
13b. Heads in large and sparse panicles or dense spikes; leaf blade much broader.
14a. Plants prostrate; leaves spinose-toothed ............................................... 14. B. oxyodonta
14b. Plants erect; leaves not spinose-toothed.
15a. Leaf blade lyrately lobed or pinnatisect.
16a. Leaves abaxially white woolly, adaxially tomentose ................................. 16. B. lacera
16b. Leaves pubescent or nearly glabrous.
17a. Heads in spiciform panicle; phyllaries not reflexed
after anthesis
..................................................................................................... 25.
B. sessiliflora
17b. Heads in sparse or dense panicle, peduncles obvious; phyllaries reflexed after anthesis.
18a. Receptacle 4–5 mm in diam., pilose; phyllaries apex purplish red.
19a. Leaf blade pinnatisect, base amplexicaul; achenes
6-ribbed
............................................................................................ 26
B. saussureoides
19b. Leaf blade lyrately lobed, base narrow; achenes 10-ribbed .......... 27. B. laciniata
18b. Receptacle 2–3 mm in diam., glabrous; phyllaries apex green.
20a. Stems, peduncles and phyllaries glabrous or sparsely pubescent, without glands 28. B. virens
20b. Stems, peduncles and phyllaries pubescent and glandular.
21a. Leaf blade upper lobe rounded, apex rounded; heads petiolate, in sparse panicle 20. B. napifolia
21b. Leaf blade upper lobe ovate-oblong or elliptic, apex acute; heads nearly sessile, in dense panicle ............................................................................. 29. B. membranacea
15b. Leaf blade unlobed, margin dentate, serrate or biserrate.
22a. Receptacle pilose.
23a. Heads 8–12 mm in diam.
24a. Leaf blade margin regularly serrate; heads sessile or with 2–3 mm long peduncles, in dense panicles; innermost phyllaries ca. 1 mm broad, apex acute ................. 21. B. clarkei
24b. Leaf blade margin biserrate; heads with up to 2 cm long peduncles, in sparse panicles; innermost phyllaries ca. 0.5 mm broad, apex caudate-acuminate ............... 22. B. oblongifolia
23b. Heads 3–6 mm in diam.
25a. Stems green, with long pilose, glandular; blade oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, glandular; heads few, in short and dense panicles
23.
B. adenophora
25b. Stems purplish red, pubescent or tomentose, without
glands; blade obovate to oblanceolate; heads many, sessile, in spike-like
panicles
24.
B. fistulosa
22b. Receptacle glabrous.
26a. Achenes not ribbed.
27a. Flowers purplish red ......................................................................... 5. B. axillaris
27b. Flowers yellow .................................................................................. 16. B. lacera
26b. Achenes distinctly ribbed.
28a. Leaves abaxially whitish sericeous or lanate.
29a. Leaves mainly cauline, elliptic; margin denticulate; phyllaries apex purplish red 17. B. hieraciifolia
29b. Leaves mainly basal, obovate-spatulate or obovate-oblong, margin serrate or biserrate; phyllaries green or yellowish ......................................................... 18. B. sericans
28b. Leaves abaxially glabrous.
30a. Leaves mainly basal, nearly sessile, cauline leaves 4–6; heads few, in globose panicles; phyllaries and flowers purplish red ......................................... 19. B. veronicifolia
30b. Leaves mainly cauline, with 2.5–3.5 cm long petioles; heads many, in sparse panicles; phyllaries green; flowers yellow ................................................... 20. B. napifolia
东风草 dong feng cao
Blumea riparia (Blume) Candolle var. megacephala Randeria, Blumea. 10: 215. 1960.
Perennial undershrubs or shrubs, scandent; branches elongated, to 4–6 m. Stems woody 2–3 cm in diam., terete, striate, glabrate or sparsely puberulent particularly on inflorescence axes and on younger parts. Cauline leaves thick, oblong, 9–11 × 2.5–4 cm, margins remotely mucronulate or mucronulate-denticulate, glabrate or minutely pilose on surfaces, apex short acuminate, base obtuse to cuneate, veins 5 or 6 pairs. Heads hemispheric, 10–15 ×12–13 mm, in terminal and axillary lax panicles. Involucral bracts in 3 or 4 series, usually distinctly purple tipped; outer bracts shorter, linear-lanceolate, 2–4 × ca. 1 mm, with multicellular hairs; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, 8–9 × ca. 0.9 mm, ciliate. Receptacle flat, 6–7 mm in diam., with white, multicellular hairs. Corollas yellow, tubular; bisexual florets 9–10 mm with 5 triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and multicellular hairs; outer florets 8–9 mm, 3- or 4-lobed. Achenes oblong to cylindric, 1.2–1.4 × ca. 0.5 mm, 10-ribbed, sparsely hirsute. Pappus white, 5–6 mm. Fl. Aug–Apr. 2n = 16.
Thickets, grassy slopes at edges of forests; 100–1900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Thailand, Vietnam].
假东风草 jia dong feng cao
Conyza riparia Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 899. 1826, not Kunth (1820); Blumea chinensis Candolle; B. pubigera (Linnaeus) Merrill.
Scandent shrubs; stems 0.5–2.5 m tall, somewhat pubescent among inflorescences. Leaves petiolate; petioles usually distinct, narrow, up to 6 mm, not amplexicaul; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, 5–13 × 1.5–4 cm, acuminate, rounded or sometimes subacute at base, remotely denticulate without coarser teeth, ± glabrous on surfaces. Capitula on short peduncles (1–7 mm) in tight or loose clusters in axillary and terminal panicles. Involucre 5-seriate; phyllaries of outer 2 series ovate, 2.2–3.5 mm, pubescent, of inner 2 series narrowly oblong to linear, ca. 7 mm. Receptacle densely long haired. Corollas yellow, 5.5–7 mm; lobes of bisexual ones with glandular and few or many eglandular hairs. Pappus white. Fl. Jan–Jun. 2n = 18.
Forests, thickets, streamsides; 400–1800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific islands (Solomon Islands)].
高艾纳香 gao ai na xiang
Conyza repanda Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 413. 1832; Blumea eberhardtii Gagnepain; B. procera Candolle; Leveillea procera (Candolle) Vaniot.
Perennial herbs or subshrubs, 1–3.5 m tall. Stems sparsely pubescent at base, densely velutinous-villous in younger parts especially inflorescence axes. Leaves subsessile, oblanceolate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 6–18.5 × 2.5–8 cm, abaxially scabrous to tomentose, adaxially densely villous, apex acuminate, margins coarsely biserrate or dentate, base tapering, sometimes nearly semiamplexicaul; upper epidermal cells with undulate walls, lower with sinuate walls. Capitula in large, terminal, divaricate panicles, densely aggregated at ends of branches, clusters sometimes lax; nearly sessile, 5–7 mm in diam. Involucre with phyllaries slightly longer than florets, 1–7 mm, outer ones oblong-ovate, inner ones linear-oblong and with scarious margins, all acute, densely pubescent on back. Receptacle 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., flat, alveolate, pubescent. Corollas yellow, tubular; those of bisexual florets 4.5–6 mm, with 5 lobes, lobes triangular, papillate, pubescent with colleters; those of female florets filiform, 4–5 mm, with 2–4 lobes, occasionally pubescent on lobes. Anther tails shorter than thickened portion of filament. Achenes pale brown, pubescent, ribbed. Pappus copious, white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. Jan–May.
Evergreen forests or thickets; 1200–2000 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam].
戟叶艾纳香 ji ye ai na xiang
Herbs. Stems 60–150 cm tall, usually not branched, terete, densely pale brown pilose. Leaves sessile or very shortly petiolate up to 5 mm, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, rarely elliptic, 6–20 × 2.5–7 cm, scabrous adaxially with prominent hairs, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base sagittate with 2 distinct acute auricles, margin distantly and minutely dentate, adaxially scabrous, abaxially densely pilose. Heads in a large, terminal, bracteate panicle. Involucre campanulate, ca. 10 mm. Phyllaries in 5 series; outer ones lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, abaxially pubescent and glandular; middle ones linear, 3–5 mm, pubescent and glandular adaxially; inner ones linear, dry membranous, glabrous, ca. 7 mm. Receptacle 2–3 mm in diam., alveolate, fimbrillate. Corolla yellow, tubular; bisexual florets 5–6 mm, with 5 ovate, acute lobes; female florets filiform, ca. 5 mm, subequally 5-lobed. Anther tails longer than thickened portion of filament. Achenes spindly, ca. 1.2 mm, pubescent, 10-ribbed. Pappus light yellow or whitish yellow, ca. 8 mm. Fl. Aug–Dec.
Mixed forests, moist grassy slopes, thickets; 500–1000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Laos, Vietnam].
薄叶艾纳香 bao ye ai na xiang
Blumea densiflora Candolle var. hookeri (C. B. Clarke ex J. D. Hooker) C. C. Chang & Y. Q. Tseng.
Coarse perennial herbs; stems erect, puberulent. Leaves pinnatifid, nearly sessile, elliptic, 7–38 × 3–18 cm, apex acuminate, base long attenuate, puberulent on surfaces, lobes 3–5 pairs, oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, subentire or remotely serrulate, sometimes also with few coarse teeth. Capitula numerous, in open, leafy rounded or elongate, terminal panicles. Involucre 5 or 6 series; phyllaries 2–6 mm, outermost oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, other ones linear. Receptacle hairless, sometimes sparsely hairy. Corolla lobes of bisexual florets with minute glandular pubescence and eglandular hairs. Ovaries pubescent; pappus somewhat reddish. Fl. Jan–Apr.
Forests; 1200–2800 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Vietnam].
条叶艾纳香 tiao ye ai na xiang
Subshrubs to 1.5–2.5(–3) m tall. Stems striate, center hollow, base woody, 1.5–2.5 cm in diam., puberulent or sometimes glabrate; main stems usually simple or 2–4-branched from middle. Leaves linear, 25–35 × 2.5–3.5 cm, herbaceous, rugose, apex acute, base attenuate into a short petiole, margins remotely biserrate, sparsely pilose adaxially, villous abaxially, veins 24–30 pairs. Heads numerous, pedunculate, terminal and axillary, in a pyramidal panicle. Involucres globose-campanulate, bracts in 2 or 3 series; outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.7–0.9 mm, compressed, abaxially with numerous sessile glands and multicellular hairs; inner linear-lanceolate, 7–8 × ca. 0.6 mm, margins scarious, margins and apices ciliate. Receptacle convex, 1.5–2 mm in diam., alveolate, sparsely pilose. Central florets yellowish, 6–7 mm, with 5 triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and sparsely multicellular hairs. Outer florets ca. 6 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glabrous. Achenes pale brown, oblong-terete, 1.1–1.3 × ca. 0.3 mm, pilose, 10-ribbed. Pappus pale brown to yellowish white, 5–6 mm. Fl. and fr. Mar–May. 2n = 18.
* Roadsides, riverbanks; below 400 m. Taiwan.
裂苞艾纳香 lie bao ai na xiang
Blumea henryi Dunn; B. tonkinensis Gagnepain; Leveillea martini Vaniot.
Subshrubs, 1.5–2.5 m tall. Stems branched, woody; branches terete, densely matted-woolly with long, white hairs. Leaves ± sessile, oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, 15–40 × 4–15 cm, pilose adaxially with prominent multicellular hairs, very densely woolly abaxially with long white hairs, apex shortly acuminate, margins distantly denticulate-mucronulate, base tapering into indistinct petiole; epidermal cells with sinuate walls, stomata only on abaxial surface. Heads in axillary clusters of 2–4, arranged ultimately in large panicles, pedunculate, 14–17 mm in diam.; peduncles up to 15 mm, along with rest of panicle branches densely white woolly. Involucre with phyllaries slightly longer than florets, 3–12 mm, linear, apex acute, outer densely woolly on abaxial surface, inner gradually scarious. Receptacle 4–6 mm in diam., flat, alveolate, glabrous. Corolla reddish yellow, tubular; those of bisexual florets 6–7 mm, with 5 lobes, lobes triangular-ovate, acute, papillate, pubescent with long multicellular hairs and colleters; those of female florets filiform, ca. 6 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glabrous. Anther tails equal in length to thickened portion of filament. Achenes columniform, brown, densely pubescent, finely ca. 10-ribbed. Pappus yellowish white, 5–7 mm. Fl. Oct–Feb.
Ravines, forests; 600–1300 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Vietnam].
千头艾纳香 qian tou ai na xiang
Conyza lanceolaria Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 432. 1832; Bileveillea granulatifolia H. Léveillé; Blumea lanceolaria var. spectabilis (Candolle) Randeria; B. myriocephala Candolle; B. spectabilis Candolle; C. chinensis Loureiro (1790), not Linnaeus (1753).
Perennial herbs or subshrubs, erect, 1–2.5 m tall. Stems striate, green, woody at base, hollow in center, 1–25 cm in diam., glabrate or puberulent particularly on younger parts and in inflorescence, usually unbranched except for inflorescence. Leaves herbaceous, dark green adaxially, narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 20–30 × 4–8 cm, base attenuate into auricled petiole, apex acuminate, margins minutely serrate-dentate, adaxially often rugose and glabrous, abaxially glabrate or puberulent with sparse multicellular hairs, veins 14–16 pairs. Heads numerous, 7.5–8.5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, terminal, in a pyramidal panicle. Involucre campanulate-globose, bracts in 2 or 3 series; outer ones shorter, ovate-lanceolate to linear, 6.5–7.5 × ca. 0.5 mm, with prominent scarious margins, margins and apices ciliate. Receptacle flat, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., alveolate, fimbriate or densely pilose. Central florets yellowish, 6.5–7.5 mm, with 5 broadly triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and remote multicellular hairs. Outer florets 6–7 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glabrous. Anthers sagittate, tailed. Achenes oblong, ca. 1 × 0.3–0.4 mm, 10-ribbed, pubescent. Pappus pale reddish, ca. 5 mm. Fl. Jan–Apr. 2n = 18.
Forests, grassy slopes, riversides; 420–1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
艾纳香 ai na xiang
Conyza balsamifera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1208. 1763; Baccharis salvia Loureiro; Blumea balsamifera var. microcephala Kitamura; Pluchea balsamifera (Linnaeus) Lessing.
Perennial shrubs or subshrubs, erect, 1–3 m tall. Stems corymbosely branched, woody at base; bark grayish brown; branches terete, densely woolly-villous with yellowish white hairs. Leaves narrowly oblong, 15–18 × 3.5–5 cm, apex acuminate, base narrowed, auriculate, auricles 10–12 mm on short petiole, margins serrulate to serrate usually with upcurved teeth, adaxially rugose and pilose with blunt multicellular hairs, abaxially densely silky-woolly, veins 10–12 pairs. Heads 6–7 mm, in spreading pyramidal panicles, pedunculate. Involucres campanulate, bracts in 3 or 4 series, densely woolly on outer surface; outer bracts smaller, oblong-lanceolate 1–3 mm, compressed; inner bracts longer linear 5–6 mm. Receptacle 2.5–3 mm in diam., flat, alveolate, glabrous. Central florets yellow, tubular, 6–7 mm, lobes papillate, with sessile glands and sparse multicellular hairs; outer florets filiform, to 6 mm, 2–4-lobed. Achenes brown, terete, oblong, ca. 1 mm, sparsely hirsute. Pappus reddish, 4–6 mm. Flowering all year round. 2n = 18.
Dry fields, thickets, grasslands, mountain slopes, riverbanks; below 1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand].
馥芳艾纳香 fu fang ai na xiang
Blumea emeiensis Z. Y. Zhu; B. leptophylla Hayata; Conyza setschwanica Handel-Mazzetti; Erigeron cochinchinese Sprengel ex Candolle; Gynura taiwanensis S. S. Ying.
Perennial subshrubs, erect, 0.8–2.2 m tall. Stems green, striate, solid, usually woody at base, 0.5–2.5 cm in diam., branching apically; branches terete, viscid-tomentose particularly in inflorescence axes with intermixed glands and multicellular hairs. Lower leaves larger, narrowly oblong, 24–30 × 10–12 cm, pilose adaxially, villous abaxially, with multicellular hairs and numerous sessile glands (colleters), apex acuminate, base attenuate, margins irregularly doubly dentate mucronulate, veins 14–16 pairs. Heads 8–12 × 3–5 mm, in large terminal and axillary lax panicles, pedunculate, viscid. Involucres globose-campanulate, bracts in 3- or 4-series, outer bracts shorter, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, with numerous colleters and multicellular hairs on outer surface, reflexed; inner bracts linear. Receptacle 2.5–3 mm in diam., slightly convex, alveolate, minutely fimbrillate. Central florets tubular, yellow, 7–8 mm, lobes 5, broadly triangular, pubescent, with colleters and sparse multicellular hairs; outer florets filiform, 6.5–7.5 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, generally glabrous. Achenes pale brown, oblong, 1–1.4 mm, 10-ribbed, hirsute. Pappus pale brown, 5–6 mm. Fl. Oct–Apr. 2n = 18.
Forest margin, grassy slopes; 300–2400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
大花艾纳香 da hua ai na xiang
Blumea fruticosa Koidzumi.
Perennial subshrubs, erect, 2.5–3.5 m tall. Stems green, striate, terete, usually ligneous at base, 2–3.5 cm in diam. Leaves narrowly oblong, 30–45 × 10–15 cm, sparsely pilose adaxially, villous abaxially, apex acuminate, base attenuate, margins doubly dentate, spinescent, veins 11–13 pairs. Heads pedunculate, 7–9 × 4–5 mm, in large, terminal and axillary lax panicles. Involucre globose-campanulate, bracts in 3 or 4 series; outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.7–0.9 mm, with numerous sessile glands and multicellular hairs; inner ones linear, 6–7 × 0.6–0.8 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle slightly convex, 2.5–3 mm in diam., alveolate, remotely pilose. Central florets yellow, 7–8 mm, with 5 triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and multicellular hairs. Outer florets filiform, 6–7 mm. Achenes pale brown, oblong, terete, 1.2–1.4 × 0.4–0.5 mm, pilose, 10-ribbed. Pappus brownish, 5–6 mm. 2n = 54.
Broadleaf monsoon forests. Taiwan [Japan].
台北艾纳香 tai bei ai na xiang
Annual herbs, erect, 70–90 cm tall. Stems pale, striated, densely white villous particularly in younger parts, somewhat woody at base, 0.4–0.7 cm in diam., branched above. Lower leaves larger, papery, obovate-oblong to spatulate, 16–18 × 4–7 cm, puberulent adaxially, appressed white woolly abaxially, apex acute, base attenuate, margins regularly and remotely mucronulate, veins 10–12 pairs. Heads 8–10 mm, 4–5 mm in diam., pedunculate, in lax panicles. Involucre globose-campanulate, bracts in 3 or 4 series; outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.5–0.6 mm, outer surface with numerous sessile glands and multicellular hairs; inner ones linear, 6–7 × ca. 0.5 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle slightly convex, 3–4 mm in diam., alveolate, glabrous. Central florets yellowish, tubular, 6–7 mm, with 5 broadly triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and sparse multicellular hairs. Outer florets filiform, 5–6 mm, limbs 2- or 3-lobed. Achenes oblong, ca. 1 mm, 0.4 mm in diam., ribbed, brownish, glandular hairy. Pappus brownish, 4–5 mm. Fl. Aug–Nov.
* Semishaded broadleaf forests, plantation floors, forest edges, grassy slopes. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan.
狭叶艾纳香 xia ye ai na xiang
Blumea gracilis Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 502. 1903, not Candolle (1836).
Perennial. Stems 45–85 cm tall, unbranched, pilose and glandular above. Lower leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, 4–7.5 cm × 4–8 mm, apex obtuse, base decurrent, margin sparsely serrulate, adaxially scabrous or glabrescent, abaxially densely pilose. Heads few, 6–8 mm in diam., in panicles. Involucre campanulate, 6–8 mm. Phyllaries in 4 series, linear, outer ones foliaceous, 2–3 mm, abaxially pilose and glandular, inner ones membranous, apex pubescent abaxially, 6–8 mm. Receptacle flat, ca. 2 mm in diam., glabrous. Flower yellow; female florets numerous, 2–3 mm, limbs 3-dentate, glabrous; bisexual florets few, corolla tubular, 3–3.5 mm, limbs 50-lobed, densely pubescent. Achenes columniform, pubescent, ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Nov.
* Evergreen forests, moist valleys; 900–1900 m. Yunnan.
尖齿艾纳香 jian chi ai na xiang
Placus oxyodonta (Candolle) O. Kuntze.
Perennial, with short taproot. Stems usually numerous, prostrate or ascending, 15–30(–40) cm, finely pubescent. Leaves elliptic to obovate, 1–5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, acute, cuneate at base, ± sessile, with a few sharp subspinose teeth, sparsely to densely villous on surfaces and stipitate-glandular. Heads few in terminal and axillary panicles. Involucre ca. 4-seriate; phyllaries lanceolate to linear, 2–6 mm, with long eglandular hairs and some stalked glands. Receptacle hairless. Corollas yellow, ca. 4 mm; lobes of female flowers with few eglandular hairs, lobes of bisexual flowers with dense minute glandular pubescence and some long eglandular hairs. Anthers white, unribbed, ca. 0.6 mm. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Fl. Mar–Jul. 2n = 18.
Grassland, forests; 1200–1700 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam].
柔毛艾纳香 rou mao ai na xiang
Conyza axillaris Lamarck, Encycl. 2: 84. 1804; Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merrill, B. wightiana Candolle; Erigeron molle D. Don.
Annual or biennial herbs, erect, 5–120 cm tall, with a tap root. Stems terete, softly pilose with spreading hairs and glands, viscid-tomentose particularly on younger parts and on inflorescence axes. Leaves ovate-oblong, papery, 9–11 × 3.5–4 cm, apex obtuse to apiculate, base attenuate, margins closely doubly serrate, densely silky-villous on surfaces with soft multicellular hairs and glands, veins 5–7 pairs. Heads in terminal, narrow, compact, spiciform panicle, subsessile to pedunculate. Involucre campanulate, bracts in 3 or 4 series, outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.6–0.8 mm, densely softly villous and with multicellular hairs and glands; inner ones linear, 5–6 × 0.2–0.3 mm, margins scarious, ciliate. Central florets pinkish purple apically, whitish or yellowish at base, 3.5–4.5 mm, with 5 triangular lobes, lobes pubescent and with sessile glands. Outer florets 3.5–4.5 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glandular. Receptacle convex, alveolate, glabrous, 1.8–2 mm in diam. Achenes oblong, ca. 0.8 × 0.2–0.3 mm, pubescent. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Flowering all year round. 2n = 18, 36.
Open waste fields, hillslopes, roadsides; below 1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia, Pacific islands (New Caledonia)].
见霜黄 jian shuang huang
Conyza lacera N. L. Burman, Fl. Indica, 180. 1768; Blumea bodinieri Vaniot; B. chevalieri Gagnepain; B. glandulosa Candolle; B. subcapitata Candolle; B. velutina H. Léveillé & Vaniot; C. velutina H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Senecio velutinus H. Léveillé & Vaniot.
Annual or biennial herbs, erect, 20–100 cm tall. Stems simple or more often branched, terete, densely velutinous with silky hairs or glandular trichomes; branches sometimes ascending. Leaves elliptic to oblong, sessile or petiolate, 10–12 × 3.5–4.5 cm, apex obtuse, base attenuate, margins doubly serrate or sometimes slightly variously lyrately lobed, tomentose adaxially, woolly abaxially, veins 5–8 pairs. Heads 7–8 × 2.5–3.5 mm, in axillary and terminal dense to lax panicles. Involucres campanulate bracts in 2 or 3 series, outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.2–0.3 mm, densely velutinous with multicellular and glandular hairs; inner ones linear, 4–5 × 0.2–0.3 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle convex, alveolate, glabrous. Central florets yellowish, 6–7 mm, with 5 triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and multicellular hairs. Outer florets 5 mm, 2–5-lobed, limb glandular. Achenes oblong, sparsely hirsute. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Feb–Jun. 2n = 18, 36.
Common, dry fields, grasslands, roadsides, forest edges; 100–800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, N Australia, Pacific islands (Guam)].
毛毡草 mao zhan cao
Erigeron hieraciifolius D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 172. 1825 [“hieracifolium”]; Blumea chinensis Walpers (1843), not Candolle (1836); B. hieraciifolia var. macrostachya (Candolle) J. D. Hooker; B. macrostachya Candolle.
Perennial herbs, erect, 50–120 cm tall, with a fibrous rootstock. Stems terete, usually unbranched or sometimes branched from base, densely silky-villous to woolly particularly on younger shoots. Leaves elliptical, 12–14 × 4–5 cm, apex obtuse or acute, base attenuate into petiole, margins minutely denticulate to nearly doubly denticulate, silky-villous adaxially, densely sericeous to woolly abaxially, veins 5 or 6 pairs. Heads 9–11 × 5–6 mm, in crowded axillary and terminal clusters, forming dense interrupted spicate inflorescences, sessile. Involucre globose-lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.6–0.7 mm, densely silky villous abaxially; inner bracts linear, 6–7 × 0.5–0.6 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle convex, 2–4 mm in diam., alveolate, glabrous. Central florets yellow, 7–8 mm, with 5 broadly triangular lobes, lobes with colleters and sparse multicellular hairs. Outer florets 6–7 mm, 2- or 3-lobed. Achenes oblong, 1–1.2 × ca. 0.25 mm, ribbed, sparsely pubescent. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Fl. Sep–Mar. 2n = 48.
Fields, grassland; 300–1200. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand].
拟毛毡草 ni mao zhan cao
Blumea barbata var. sericans Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 46: 188. 1877; B. cavaleriei H. Léveillé & Vaniot; B. gnaphalioides Hayata; B. hamiltoni Candolle; B. hieraciifolia Hayata (1919), not (D. Don) Candolle (1834); B. hieraciifolia var. hamiltonii (Candolle) C. B. Clarke.
Herbs. Stems 60–100 cm tall, not branched or branched, white sericeous, much denser in upper part. Leaves mostly basal, nearly in rosette; basal leaves obovate-spatulate, or oblanceolate, 6–12 × 2.5–3.5 cm, base decurrent into petioles forming wings, apex obtuse, margin irregular serrulate, adaxially white tomentose, latter glabrescent, abaxially sericeous, lateral veins 5–6 pairs, prominent; cauline leaves sparse, more smaller upward, spatulate, spatulate-oblong, rarely oblong, 6–12 × 1.5–3 cm, sessile or with winged petioles, apex rounded, margin regularly serrulate, surfaces densely sericeous or lanate. Heads 2–7 in spicate panicles, 6–10 mm in diam., sessile or with ca. 3 mm long peduncles. Involucre campanulate, ca. 8 mm. Phyllaries in 4 series; outer ones 3–4 mm, apex shortly acute, abaxially densely white tomentose, middle and inner ones 5–8 mm, apex acute to acuminate, margin membranous, abaxially tomentose. Receptacle 2–4 mm in diam., glabrous, bullate. Flower yellow; female florets numerous, corolla tubular, 6–7 mm, limbs 5 shallowly dentate, glabrous; bisexual florets tubular subequal to female ones in length, limbs 5-dentate, sparsely pubescent and papillary. Achenes columniform, 10–12 mm, pubescent, 4- to 10-ribbed. Pappus white, scabrous, ca. 6 mm. Fl. Apr–Aug.
Waste fields, grassy slopes. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam].
纤枝艾纳香 xian zhi ai na xiang
Herbs, 20–30 cm tall. Stems branched from base, pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, mostly radical and a few cauline, 1.5–5 × 0.3–1 cm, lanceolate to obovate, both surfaces pubescent, margin with multicellular hairs and serrate-dentate, apex obtuse or apiculate, base tapering into petiole. Heads few, crowded in terminal globoid panicles, 3–5 mm in diam.; peduncles densely villous with stipitate glands, up to 5 mm. Involucre columniform, ca. 12 mm. Phyllaries in 4 series, subequal in length, purple adaxially, lanceolate; outer ones abaxially densely hairy with glands, inner ones with scarious margins. Receptacle ca. 2 mm in diam., convex, alveolate, glabrous. Corolla rose-colored; bisexual florets ca. 5 mm, with 5 triangular papillate lobes; female florets filiform, ca. 4 mm, usually 2-lobed, glabrous. Anther tails almost equal in length to thickened portion of filament. Achenes columniform, dark brown, sparsely pubescent, 5-ribbed. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Fl. Apr–May.
* Waste fields; 600–1200 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
芜菁叶艾纳香 wu jing ye ai na xiang
Herbs, 15–70 cm tall. Stems subglabrous at base, densely puberulent with numerous colleters above, especially on inflorescence axes. Leaves 1–12 × 0.5–5.6 cm, lower ones distinctly petiolate, upper ones subsessile, obovate, upper leaves entire, lower leaves lyrately lobed with terminal lobe ± orbicular, lateral lobes smaller, linear-oblong, all sparsely pilose adaxially, puberulent abaxially, apex obtuse, margins dentate with broadly triangular, apiculate teeth. Capitula at ends of axillary branches, clustered, ultimately disposed into a lax panicle, pedunculate, 3–5 mm in diam.; peduncles up to 15 mm, densely glandular, elongating in fruit. Involucre with phyllaries longer than florets, entirely reflexed at maturity, 1–5 mm, linear, tapering, with broad, scarious margins. Receptacle 1–2 mm in diam., flat, glabrous. Corolla orange-yellow, tubular; corollas of bisexual florets pubescent with colleters; those of female florets filiform, 2–3 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glabrous. Anther tails shorter than thickened portion of filament. Achenes brown, oblong, sparsely pubescent, 5-ribbed. Pappus white, up to 3 mm. Fl. Jan–Mar.
Fields, grasslands, open hillslopes. Yunnan (Yangbi) [India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
七里明 qi li ming
Blumea hongkongensis Vaniot; B. lessingi Merrill; B. malabarica J. D. Hooker; Pulchea hirsuta Lessing.
Perennial, 1.2–1.4 m tall; stem erect, pubescent at least above. Leaves elliptic or oblanceolate. 4.5–12 × 0.7–2.5 cm, briefly acuminate, attenuate at base, subsessile or sometimes with petiole to 5 mm, remotely serrulate, grayish abaxially, sparsely pubescent on surfaces. Capitula in narrow often spicate panicles; peduncles 5–10(–20) mm. Involucre ca. 5-seriate, ca. 6 mm in diam.; phyllaries linear, 2.5–8 m, appressed pubescent and sparsely glandular. Receptacle densely pilose. Corolla yellow, 5.5–7 mm, lobes of bisexual ones with few glandular and eglandular hairs. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm. Fl. Oct–May. 2n = 20.
Grasslands, thickets; below 1000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
长圆叶艾纳香 chang yuan ye ai na xiang
Erect herbs, 0.8–1.2 m tall, rootstock fibrous. Stems terete, striate, usually unbranched except in inflorescence, velutinous particularly on younger parts, terete. Leaves subsessile or short petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, 11–13 × 3–5 cm, velutinous, hairs with prominent base adaxially, ± villous abaxially, apex acute, base attenuate, margins distantly serrate with mucronate teeth, veins 5 or 6 pairs. Heads 6–8 mm in diam., 10–12 mm, in terminal and axillary panicles, pedunculate. Involucre globose-campanulate, bracts in 2–4 series, sometimes purple tipped; outer bracts linear-lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.5–0.6 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle slightly convex, 4–5 mm in diam., alveolate, remotely pilose. Corollas yellowish, tubular, central florets 8–9 mm, with 5 triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and multicellular hairs; outer florets filiform, 7–8 mm, with 3–5 lobes. Achenes pale brown, oblong, sparsely hirsute, ribbed. Pappus white, 5–6 mm. Fl. Aug–Apr.
Fields, grassy slopes, streamsides, roadsides. Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Myanmar, Vietnam].
具腺艾纳香 ju xian ai na xiang
Slender herbs, 20–40 cm tall. Stems branched from base, terete, pubescent with white hairs and stipitate glands. Leaves sessile, 2–4 × 0.5–1 cm, lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces with stipitate hairs, clavate glands and short whitish hairs, apex apiculate, margin distantly serrate with 2–4 teeth, base tapering. Heads axillary and terminal, in short, dense, racemose panicles, nearly sessile to shortly pedunculate, 4–6 mm in diam. Involucre campanulate or columniform. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 series, linear, purple red adaxially, outer ones ca. 3 mm, apex shortly acute, abaxially densely pubescent, middle and inner ones dry membranous, 6–7 mm, abaxially densely pubescent. Receptacle 2–3 mm in diam., alveolate, slightly pilose. Flower yellow; female florets numerous, corolla tubular, 3–4 mm, limbs 2- or 3-dentate, glabrous; bisexual florets 4–5 mm, with 5 ovate, acute, papillate and densely pubescent lobes. Achenes brown, puberulent, oblong, 10-ribbed. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Fl. Apr–May.
* Mountain slopes, fields; ca. 1800 m. Yunnan.
节节红 jie jie hong
Conyza fistulosa Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 429. 1832; Blumea amethystina Hance; B. glomerata Candolle; B. purpurea Candolle; B. racemosa Candolle.
Annual herbs; stems erect, 15–100 cm, simple, shaggily pubescent above. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 3–15 × 0.5–5 cm, acute, narrowly long attenuate at base, bidentate (sometimes sublobulate), pubescent (rarely sparsely pilose) on surfaces. Capitula in small ± sessile clusters arranged in interrupted spike-like terminal racemes or sparsely branched panicles; involucres 4- or 5-seriate, ca. 3.5 mm in diam.; phyllaries purplish adaxially, mostly recurved from middle by anthesis, 2.5–6 mm, pubescent, sparsely glandular, outer series ± lanceolate, remainder linear. Receptacle sparsely short pubescent. Corollas yellow, 4.2–5 mm, lobes of bisexual ones with glandular and few eglandular hairs. Pappus white. Fl. Oct–Apr. 2n = 18, 30.
Grassland, sparse forests; 300–1900 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
无梗艾纳香 wu geng ai na xiang
Herbs. Stems branched or simple, terete, glabrate at base, tomentose above, 0.8–2 mm tall. Leaves sessile, 4–16 × 1.4–6 cm, oblanceolate, lower leaves usually lyrately lobed, upper leaves entire, all velutinous-pilose on both surfaces. Heads 3–5, in spiciform panicle, sessile or sometimes pedunculate, 5–6 mm; peduncles, when present, up to 10 mm. Involucre columniform or campanulate, 4–6 mm, herbaceous, 1.5–6.5 mm. Phyllaries ca. 5 series; outer and middle ones lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2–4 mm, margin dry membranous, abaxially densely pubescent; inner ones linear, 4–6 mm, dry membranous, abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, apex acuminate. Receptacle 1.5–3 mm in diam., slightly convex, alveolate, glabrous. Corolla yellow, tubular; female florets numerous, corolla filiform, 3.5–4 mm, limbs 3-dentate, glabrous; bisexual florets few, corolla tubular, 4–5 mm, with 5 triangular, papillate and pubescent lobes. Achenes brown, puberulent, ca. 1 mm, 8–10-ribbed. Pappus white, 4–5 mm. Fl. Jun–Oct.
Grassy slopes, below 700 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangxi [India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
全裂艾纳香 quan lie ai na xiang
Perennial herbs. Stems up to 1.5 m tall, ca. 1.2 mm in diam., branched above, pubescent, much denser on young branches and peduncles. Middle leaves with 1–3 cm long petioles or sessile, blade oblong, 12–15 × 5–7 cm, pinnatisect, apex obtuse, base sheathed, amplexicaul, both surfaces sparsely pilose and densely tomentulose; lateral lobes 3–4 pairs, unequal, alternate or nearly opposite above, oblong or obovate-oblong, 1.2–4 × 0.3–2 cm, apex shortly acute or obtuse, margin irregular toothed, terminal lobe large, ovate-triangular to ovate-oblong, 5–7.5 × 2.5–5 cm, apex obtuse; upper leaves smaller, pinnatisect, 4.5–7 × 2–3.5 cm, both surfaces densely pilose, terminal lobes ovate-oblong or elliptic, apex shortly acute; lateral lobes small; uppermost leaves very small, dissected, toothed or sometimes entire, bract-like. Heads ca. 10 mm in diam., without or with 5–10 mm long peduncles, in terminal panicles. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 6 mm. Phyllaries in 5 series, linear, apex light red, outer ones very small, 2–3 × 0.25–0.33 mm, apex acute, abaxially densely pilose; middle and inner ones 4–5 mm, shortly acute, abaxially pubescent. Receptacle 4–5 mm in diam., alveolate, pubescent. Flower yellow; female florets filiform, 3–4 mm, limbs 3-lobed, glabrous; bisexual florets few, corolla tubular, limbs 5-lobed, densely pubescent. Achenes ca. 0.8 mm, 6-ribbed, puberulent. Pappus white, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Mar–Apr.
* Riversides, roadsides; ca. 1600 m. Yunnan (Shuangbai).
六耳铃 liu er ling
Conyza laciniata Roxburgh, Hort. Beng. 61. 1814; Blumea glandulosa Bentham (1861), not Candolle (1836); B. okinawensis Hayata; B. onnaensis Hayata; B. sinuata (Loureiro) Merrill; Gnaphalium sinuatum Loureiro.
Annual or biennial herbs, erect, 0.5–1.5 m tall. Stems striate, often branched from base, pilose with multicellular hairs and stipitate glands; branches sometimes ascending. Leaves membranous, 12–20 × 6–8 cm, apex obtuse, base attenuate into petiole, margins often runcinate-lyrate and distantly dentate, teeth apiculate, veins 8–10 pairs, pilose on surfaces. Heads numerous in terminal, dense to lax panicles, pedunculate; peduncles villous, glandular. Involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series, outer ones shorter, linear-lanceolate, 2–3 × ca. 0.6 mm, villous on outer surface; inner ones longer, linear, 7–8 × ca. 0.6 mm, margins ciliate. Receptacle convex, 3–4 mm in diam., alveolate, pilose around alveolae or sometimes glabrous. Central florets yellow, 7–8 mm, with 5 broadly triangular lobes, lobes with sessile glands and remote multicellular hairs; outer florets ca. 7 mm, 3–5-lobed, glabrous. Achenes oblong, ca. 1 × 0.3 mm, 10-ribbed, brown, sparsely hirsute. Pappus white, 3–4 mm. Fl. Oct–May. 2n = 18.
Waste fields, thickets; 200–1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; Pacific islands (Hawaii, Solomon Islands)].
绿艾纳香 lu ai na xiang
Herbs 10–180 cm tall. Rhizome fibrous. Stems simple or branched, quite glabrous or rarely sparingly pilose. Leaves sessile, 3–22 × 0.7–10 cm, lower ones oblanceolate, lyrately lobed with terminal lobe obovate and latter lobes broadly triangular to oblong, margins serrate with apiculate teeth, apex apiculate; upper ones obovate to oblanceolate, lobed or not, apiculate-serrate with minute teeth, both surfaces glabrate or sparingly pilose. Heads usually in large, spreading, lax, terminal, leafy panicles, pedunculate, 5–7 mm in diam.; ultimate peduncles ca. 3 cm, bracteates, glabrous. Involucre columniform, 6–7 mm. Phyllaries 5 or 6 series, herbaceous, entire reflexed at maturity, 1–7.5 mm, linear, mucronate, sparsely pilose on abaxial surface with white, spreading hairs and colleters, inner series with prominent scarious margins. Receptacle 2–2.5 mm in diam., convex, alveolate, glabrous. Corollas yellow, tubular; bisexual florets 4.5–5 mm, with 5 triangular, papillate lobes; female florets filiform, 4–4.5 mm, 2- or 3-lobed, glabrous. Achenes oblong-columnar, ribbed, sparsely hairy. Pappus white, up to 4 mm. Fl. Feb–Apr. 2n = 18.
Dry places, open thickets; ca. 1400 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India (including Andaman Islands), Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
Similar to Blumea membranacea, but plant entirely lacking glandular hairs except on bisexual corolla lobes; stems and inflorescence axes glabrous or sparsely pilose; leaves membranous, usually more regularly serrate, glabrescent or sparsely pilose on both faces.
长柄艾纳香 chang bing ai na xiang
Blumea balansae Gagnepain.
Annual, 7–100 cm; stems usually simple, glandular-pubescent, sometimes with few longer eglandular hairs above; leaves simple, obovate or lyrate, often oblanceolate in outline, with 1–2(–3) pairs of lateral lobes, thinly herbaceous, 2–13 × 1–5 cm, acute or obtuse, narrowly attenuate at base, usually petiolate, denticulate (to shallowly dentate), pubescent on surfaces, sometimes stipitate-glandular adaxially at least in inflorescence; petioles to 3 cm. Capitula rather few in narrow terminal panicles. Involucre 4 mm in diam.: phyllaries purplish tinged, 6-seriate, 2–6.5 mm, glandular-pubescent, sometimes with few eglandular hairs, outermost lanceolate, inner ones linear. Receptacle hairless. Corollas yellow; female 3.5–4.5 mm; bisexual 4.5–5.5 mm, lobes with glandular hairs and sometimes very reduced eglandular ones. Pappus white. Fl. Feb–Jun.
Forests, valleys along streams; 300–1400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
拟艾纳香属 ni ai na xiang shu
Herbs. Stem without resin canals and fibers in phloem. Leaves alternate, simple, sharply dentate. Capitula heterogamous, disciform in axillary and terminal pedunculate corymbs. Receptacle epaleate. Marginal florets female; corolla filiform, 3-lobed. Disc florets perfect. Anthers without tails; cell of filament collar flattened; endothecial tissues radial. Stigmatic branches with obtuse sweeping hairs reaching below furcation. Cypselas ellipsoid, without resin ducts, with straight hairs; pappus of 1-seriate bristles; each bristle with adpressed teeth.
One species: Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam.
拟艾纳香 ni ai na xiang
Blumea flava Candolle, Prodr. 5: 439. 1836; Laggera flava (Candolle) Bentham.
Annual herbs, erect, 25–100 cm tall. Leaves 1.5–8 × 0.5–4 cm, spinulose-dentate, lower ones obovate, obtuse, narrowed to base, upper ones ovate-oblong, acute with an amplexicaul base. Capitula 3–4 mm in diam.; phyllaries 5-seriate, imbricate, glabrous, outer ones ovate, subacute; inner ones linear-oblong, acuminate. Marginal florets female, filiform, 3-toothed. Disc florets bisexual or with few sub-bisexual ones (with partially developed androecium), tubular 4- or 5-toothed. Cypselas very small, glabrous, 10-ribbed. Pappus white, 2.5–5 mm. Fl. Oct–Mar.
Grassy slopes, sparse forests; below 2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam].
六棱菊属 liu ling ju shu
Annual to perennial herbs. Stem with resin canals, but without fibers in phloem. Leaves dentate, long decurrent, hairy, sessile or petiolate. Capitula heterogamous, disciform, few to many, terminal in large open leafy panicles. Involucre campanulate; phyllaries 7- or 8-seriate, imbricate narrow, usually squarrose. Receptacle naked. Marginal florets female, corolla filiform, 3-lobed; disc florets perfect, few, tubular. Corolla pink or mauve. Anthers with sagittate bases, without tails; cells of filament collar flattened; endothecial tissue radical. Style bifid; style branches with obtuse sweeping-hairs reaching below furcation. Cypselas oblong-ellipsoid, without resin ducts, sparsely hairy with straight hairs; pappus of free, barbellate, capillary bristles in 1 row; each bristle with adpressed teeth. x = 10.
About 17 species: tropical Africa, Arabia, and Asia; two species in China.
1a. Stems bearing entire herbaceous wings 1–5 mm deep ............................................. 1. L. alata
1b. Stems bearing lines of narrow uneven herbaceous teeth 2–16 mm deep, usually joined by a narrow wing 2. L. pterodonta
六棱菊 liu ling ju
Erigeron alatum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 171. 1825; Blumea alata (D. Don) Candolle; Conyza alata (D. Don) Roxburgh; Inula exsiccata H. Léveillé; Laggera angustifolia Hayata.
A robust much branched glandular pubescent herbs, up to 60(–75) cm tall, stem winged, wings herbaceous, entire, rarely somewhat denticulate, continuous. Leaves oblong, 2–8(–10) × 0.7–1.5 cm, with decurrent bases and denticulate margins, acute to subobtuse, densely covered with longer multiseptate hairs. Capitula 1–1.3 cm in diam., arranged in leafy racemes, on short axillary winged branches. Involucre ovoid, ca. 9 mm in diam., bracts 5-seriate, phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate, outer lanceolate ca. 9 × 1 mm, inner longer, up to 10 mm, green at apex, glandular pubescent on outer side. Corolla of female florets ca. 6 mm, minutely toothed; of bisexual florets 7–8 mm, 5-lobed. Cypselas dark brown, ca. 1 mm; pappus setae white, 6–7 mm, bristles equal, minutely scabrid. Fl. Mar–Oct. 2n = 20.
Waste places and sunny meadows; below 2300 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; E Africa, Madagascar].
翼齿六棱菊 yi chi liu ling ju
Blumea pterodonta Candolle in Wight, Contr. Bot. India 15. 1834; Conyza crispata Vahl; Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & Wood; L. intermedia C. B. Clarke; L. purpurascens Schultz Bipontinus ex Hochstetter.
Herbs. Stems much branched, 40–100 cm tall, stems and branches narrowly winged with irregular deeply toothed lobes or interrupted wings. Stem teeth and leaves densely pubescent, mainly with short erect glandular hairs. Lower leaves narrowly obovate, 5–17 × 1.5–6 cm, acute, long attenuate at base, sessile or sometimes with winged, deeply toothed petiole to 15 mm, subentire to serrate-dentate; upper leaves narrower, little tapered below, oblong, sometimes subobtuse. Heads terminal, 10–15 mm in diam., pink to purple, peduncles slender. Involucre ca. 7 mm in diam.; phyllaries 4.5–9 mm, at least outer ones glandular-pubescent. Corolla 6.5–8 mm. Achenes ca. 1 mm; pappus ca. 6 mm. Fl. Jan–Jul. 2n = 20.
Strongly aromatic glandular weedy herbs on dry hill slopes, old clearings, upland rice fields, and waste areas; below 2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Africa].
阔苞菊属 kuo bao ju shu
Shrubs or herbs, ± aromatic. Leaves alternate, simple. Inflorescences elongate panicles or flat topped. Heads many flowered, disciform, usually numerous. Involucral bracts imbricate. Outer florets numerous, in several rows, filiform, pistillate, fertile; achenes 4 or 5 angled, longitudinally grooved. Central florets many fewer, tubular, hermaphroditic, functionally staminate; anthers obtuse at apex, tailed at base; style entire sometimes divided; achenes often indistinct or vestigial as a small ring of basal sclerenchymatous cells of carpopodium. Pappus of basally connate, barbellate bristles in 1 row. x = 10.
About 80 species: Africa, SE Asia, Australia, North America, Pacific islands, South America, West Indies; five species in China.
1a. Plants decumbent-ascending, herbaceous, slightly woody at base; branches glabrous or sparingly puberulent; peduncles and involucres glabrous ............................................... 1. P. pteropoda
1b. Plants erect, shrubby; branches densely pubescent; peduncles and involucres tomentose.
2a. Stems and branches conspicuously winged by decurrent leaves; heads hemispheric (when fresh); central florets 50–60 ................................................................................................ 2. P. sagittalis
2b. Stems and branches not winged; heads campanulate (when fresh); central florets usually less than 25.
3a. Leaves linear ....................................................................................... 3. P. eupatorioides
3b. Leaves obovate, elliptic.
4a. Branches densely tomentose; leaves thin papery, petiolate, margins subentire; central florets 20–25; receptacle glabrous ............................................................................. 4. P. carolinensis
4b. Branches finely crisp hairy; leaves thick papery, subsessile, margins dentate; central florets 2–7; receptacle densely hirsutulous ....................................................................... 5. P. indica
光梗阔苞菊 guang geng kuo bao ju
Pluchea leptophylla Hong & Chen.
Herbs or subshrubs, procumbent to ascending. Stems well branched, sulcate-striate, glabrous, rarely sparingly puberulent. Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 3–5 × 0.7–1.7 cm, apex obtuse to rounded, base gradually narrowed, sessile, irregularly and sparsely dentate, glabrous on surfaces; upper leaves smaller and narrower. Heads 6–8 mm in diam. when fresh, to 10 mm in diam. when dried, ca. 7 mm, short pedunculate or sessile, densely congested in terminal corymbs. Involucre ovoid to broadly campanulate, bracts glabrous, 5- or 6-seriate, outer bracts broadly ovate, obtuse to rounded, nearly entire, 2.5–4 × 2–3 mm; inner bracts linear to lanceolate, acute, nearly entire, 4–5 × 0.5–1 mm. Receptacle flat, foveolate. Outer florets numerous, corolla filiform, narrowed apically, 3.5–4 mm, glandular; pappus nearly as long as corolla. Achenes cylindric, reddish brown, with pale ribs, 1–1.4 × 0.2–0.3 mm, appressed strigillose and glandular. Central florets 18–22, corolla 4–5 mm, 5-lobed, lobes triangular, glandular; pappus shorter than corolla; achenes yellowish, cylindric, grooved, 0.8–1.2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, strigillose. 2n = 40.
Coastal brackish areas and tidal flats, often associated with mangroves and near graveyards on seashores. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [Vietnam].
翼茎阔苞菊 yi jing kuo bao ju
Conyza sagittalis Lamarck, Encycl. 2: 94. 1786; Gnaphalium suaveolens Vellozo; Pluchea suaveolens (Vellozo) O. Kuntze.
Perennial herbs, erect, aromatic, coarse, 1–1.5 m tall, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. at base, much branched, branches densely tomentose; stems conspicuously winged by decurrent leaves. Median leaves lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 6–12 × 2.5–4 cm, thinly tomentose with viscid glands on surfaces, apex acuminate, margins serrate, base attenuate, sessile. Heads 7–8 mm in diam. when fresh, to ca. 10 mm in diam. when dried, 4–5 mm, peduncle 5–25 mm, in compound terminal and axillary corymbs. Involucre hemispheric, bracts greenish brown, 4- or 5-seriate, outer bracts widely elliptic to widely obovate, acuminate, 1–2 × 1–1.5 mm, tomentose abaxially, margins ciliate, inner bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.4–0.6 mm, grading to glabrous. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Outer florets numerous, corolla white, 3–3.5 mm, 3-lobed; pappus white, slightly longer than corolla. Achenes brown, cylindric, with 5 pale ribs, 0.6–0.8 × ca. 0.2 mm, with viscid glands. Central florets 50–60, corolla white, purplish toward summit, 2.5–3 mm, sparingly glandular hairy at base; anthers acute at apex, short tailed at base; anthers and style exserted; achenes vestigial. Fl. & fr. Mar–Oct. 2n = 20.
Exposed flat areas, riverbed, and swamps, often in large numbers in abandoned rice paddies and grassy fields. Naturalized in Taiwan [native to North and South America].
长叶阔苞菊 chang ye kuo bao ju
Herbs or subshrubs. Stems 1–2 m tall, 4–7 mm in diam., branched; young branches densely powdery puberulent, latter glabrescent. Middle leaves nearly sessile or with ca. 4 mm long petiole, blade broadly linear, 7–10 × 1.2–2 cm, apex acuminate, base decurrent, margin sparsely serrulate, both surfaces densely powdery puberulent, abaxially more denser; upper leaves nearly sessile, linear, 5–7 × 0.7–1 cm. Heads numerous, ca. 5 mm in diam., in terminal corymbs; peduncles slender, 1–5 mm, densely powdery puberulent. Involucre campanulate, 5–6 mm. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 series; outer ones ovate or broadly ovate, 1.5–3 mm, apex acute. Female florets numerous, corolla filiform, 4–5 mm, limbs 3- or 4-dentate; bisexual florets fewer, corolla tubular, ca. 5 mm, limbs 5-dentate. Achenes 5-ribbed, ca. 0.8 mm, white pubescent. Pappus white, persistent, ca. 5 mm, connate at base in bisexual florets. Fl. Apr–Jun.
Fields, roadsides. Guangxi, Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
美洲阔苞菊 mei zhou kuo bao ju
Conyza carolinensis J. Jacquin, Collectanea 2: 271. 1789.
Erect shrubs, 1–2.5 m tall, much branched, branches densely tomentose. Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic, 6–15 × 2–6 cm, thinly tomentose and glandular on surfaces, adaxially green, abaxially grayish, apex mucronulate-obtuse, margins entire or nearly so, base attenuate, petiole 1–2.5 cm. Heads 5–7 mm in diam. when fresh, ca. 10 mm in diam. in dried specimen, ca. 6 mm; peduncle 3–8 mm, in dense terminal and axillary corymbs. Involucre ovate to campanulate, bracts greenish purplish, 4- or 5-seriate, outer ones very widely elliptic to very widely obovate, rounded, 2–4 × 1.5–2 mm, tomentose abaxially, margins ciliate, inner bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, 4–5 × 0.5–1 mm, less pubescent to glabrous. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Outer florets numerous, corolla filiform, pale greenish white, pinkish toward summit, 3.5–4 mm, 3-lobed; pappus white, slightly shorter than corolla; mature achenes not seen. Central florets 20–25; corolla whitish, pinkish toward summit, 4–5 mm, sparingly glandular hairy at base; anthers obtuse at apex, short tailed at base; anthers and style exserted; achenes vestigial. 2n = 20.
Naturalized in disturbed ruderal places, often on barren mudstone slopes or associated with scrubby vegetation along roads; below 100–200 m. Taiwan [native to warmer regions of the New World and W Africa].
阔苞菊 kuo bao ju
Baccharis indica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 861. 1753.
Erect shrubs to 2 m tall, sulcate-striate, much branched, branches finely short crisp hairy, later glabrate. Leaves thick papery, obovate, 2.3–8 × 1–4 cm, adaxially minutely puberulent, abaxially loosely puberulent to nearly glabrous, veinlets distinct, apex acute to mucronate, margins acutely dentate, base attenuate, sessile or very short petiolate. Heads narrowly cylindric to campanulate, 5–6 mm in diam. when fresh, to 9–10 mm in diam. in dried specimen, 6–7 mm, peduncle sessile to 10 mm, in dense terminal and axillary corymbs. Involucre ovate, 4–6 mm, bracts 6- or 7-seriate, outer ones obtuse, 2–2.5 × ca. 1.5 mm, margins ciliolate; inner bracts lanceolate to linear, obtuse, 4–6 × 0.25–1 mm, entire. Receptacle densely hirsutulous. Outer florets numerous, corolla 3–5 mm; style greatly exserted; pappus white, ca. 5 mm, slightly exceeding corolla; achenes brown, cylindric, with 5–7 pale ribs, slightly curved, ca. 1 × 0.3 mm, nearly glabrous. Central florets 2–7, corolla 4.5–5.5 mm, 5-lobed, lobes glandular; anthers and style greatly exserted; pappus white, as long as corolla; achenes vestigial. 2n = 20, 60.
Brackish marshes and other saline habitats widespread along the western coast; low elevations. Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan [India, Japan, Malesia [??=Malaysia], Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia, Pacific islands (Hawaii)].
花花柴属 hua hua chai shu
Perennial herbs. Stem without resin canals and fibers in phloem. Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong, entire, not decurrent, sparsely hairy. Capitula heterogamous, disciform, solitary, terminal. Receptacle epaleate. Involucral bracts broadly oblong, hard. Marginal florets female; corolla filiform, 3-lobed. Disc florets functionally male. Style bifid; cells of filament collar mamillate; endothecial tissue radial. Style bifid; style branches with obtuse sweeping hairs reaching below furcation. Cypselas stout, without resin ducts, hairy with straight hairs. Pappus of free, barbellate, capillary bristles, in 1 row; each bristle with patent teeth. x = 10.
One species: C & SW Asia, Caspian region.
花花柴 hua hua chai
Serratula caspia Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 2: 743. 1773; Karelinia caspia f. angustifolia Smoljaninova; K. caspia f. ovalifolia Smoljaninova; Pluchea caspia (Pallas) O. Hoffmann ex Paulsen.
Perennials. Stems to 1.5 m tall, erect, terete, ribbed, leafy up to inflorescences, mainly, in upper portion, corymbosely branched, gray-blue, glabrous or shortly pubescent, branches alternate, almost of equal height, scabrous. Leaves 2–6 × 0.5–1.5 cm, simple, alternate, sessile, oblong, acuminate, glabrous, scabrous, uneven at margin, upper leaves basally cordate, semiamplexicaul-auriculate. Heads 1.3–2 × 0.8–2 cm, heterogamous, many flowered, arranged in terminal corymbiform inflorescences, 2–9, peduncles 7–25 × 1 mm, scabrous. Involucre cylindrical-campanulate, 13–15 × 7–10 mm, consisting of 6 or 7 rows of rigid (subleathery) appressed, imbricately arranged bracts, light brown, sometimes reddish at apex, glabrous inside, with strong short appressed gray pubescence outside, margin with ciliate hairs, longer in inner bracts, external involucral bracts ovate or ovate-oblong, 5–8 × 3–4 mm, central bracts lanceolate, 10 mm, 2 mm wide, inner ones, sublinear, 10–15 × 1 mm, acuminate. Receptacle flat, with long hairs. Marginal florets pistillate, multiseriate, carpogenous, reddish, 10–12 mm, with filiform, ± heteromerous 4-dentate corolla, tube ca. 10 × 0.5 mm in upper portion. Style as long as tube, thin, flat, glabrous, with 2-lobed stigma, lobes thin, flat, 3–5 mm, emerging, slightly divergent, reddish, glabrous. Central florets bisexual, sterile, 10–20, reddish, with 5-dentate corolla, 10–12 × ca. 1 mm in upper portion, denticles ca. 1 mm, lanceolate, acuminate. Anthers oblong, ca. 2 mm × 0.3 mm, glabrous united in a tube, surrounding style, basally with short entire appendages, filaments 5–6 × ca. 0.25 mm, flat, glabrous, attached to base of corolla tube. Style ca. 15 mm, Filiform, ca. 0.3 mm wide, with closely arranged fine nipples up to half of length, stigma bipartite with short (ca. 0.5 mm) upright reddish lobes, covered with nipples; ovary cylindrical, ca. 1.5 × 0.3 mm, slightly flattened, smooth, glabrous. Achenes 1.5–2 × ca. 0.3 mm wide, dark brown, cylindrical, slightly recurved, narrowed to base, triquetrous, with a ring at base, glabrous. Pappus white, 9–14 mm, sinuate at base, monostichous; in pistillate florets, consisting of numerous every thin fine, often crenate hairs; in bisexual florets, of finely crenate, slightly barbate-thickened hairs at apex. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
Gobi, dunes, saline meadows; 900–1300 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Turkmenistan; SW Asia (Iran, Turkey), Europe].
球菊属 qiu ju shu
Small perennial herbs, pubescent, branches spreading, prostrate, rather woody. Leaves alternate, obovate, dentate, sessile, not decurrent. Heads axillary, solitary, short peduncled, heterogamous, disciform, florets yellow. Involucre hemispheric, bracts 1- or 2-seriate, oblong, obtuse, scarious, entire, incurved in fruit. Receptacle naked. Outer florets pistillate, numerous, many seriate, fertile, corolla elongate, slender, tubular, inflated below. Central disc florets bisexual, fewer, fertile, tubular, 4- or 5-dentate. Anthers sagittate at base. Style arms of pistillate and bisexual florets bifid. Achenes cylindric, slender, broadly 10-ribbed, hairy at base. Pappus absent. x = 10.
About 14 species: Africa, Asia, Australia, Central and South America; two species in China.
1a. Leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, margin distinctly and coarsely dentate; stems and branches not winged 1. E. australis
1b. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, margin entire or inconspicuously serrulate; stems and branches winged 2. E. divaricata
球菊 qiu ju
Sphaeromorphaea australis (Lessing) Kitamura.
Annual herbs. Stems much branched, branches straggling, flexuous, woody toward base. Cauline leaves oblanceolate-oblong, 3.5–4 × 1–1.8 cm, apex obtuse or rounded, base narrowed into petiole, margins irregularly toothed or lyrate-pinnatilobed, lobes often obtuse, mucronulate and irregularly mucronulate-dentate, sparsely pilose on surfaces, upper leaves about same size as median ones. Heads globose, 4–6 mm in diam., short pedunculate, peduncle 3–12 mm, few bracteate or not. Involucre depressed hemispheric, ca. 6 × 1 mm, bracts in 1 or 2 series, outer bracts shorter, ovate, acute, others oblong, obtuse, scarious. Corolla of outer florets ca. 0.7 mm; corolla of central florets ca. 1.3 mm, 5-dentate. Achenes cylindric, ca. 0.5 mm, glandular-punctate. Fl. Mar–Jun and Sep–Nov.
Fields, roadsides; low elevations. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
翅柄球菊 chi bing qiu ju
Ethulia divaricata Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 1: 110. 1767; Poilania laggeroides Gagnepain.
Annual herbs. Stems 10–20 cm tall, branched, glabrous, winged; wings entire. Leaves sessile, linear or linear-oblong, 20–65 × 2–7 mm, apex obtuse, base narrowed into petiole, margin entire or inconspicuously serrulate, surfaces glabrous. Heads solitary or 3–6, 6–8 mm in diam., in sparse corymbs; peduncles 5–17 mm, narrowly winged. Involucre ca. 7 mm in diam., ca. 5 mm; phyllaries 4 or 5 series, longer than corollas, apex purplish red; outer ones ovate, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous, membranous or margin dry membranous, apex acuminate, margin serrulate; inner ones ovate-oblong, glabrous, dry membranous, ca. 5 mm; corollas of female florets tubular, 2–2.5 mm, 3-lobed; corollas of bisexual florets 3–3.5 mm, 5-lobed. Achenes oblong or obovate, ca. 1 mm, glandular-punctate. Pappus absent. Fl. Dec–Feb.
Waste fields, farmlands; low elevations. Hainan [India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].
戴星草属 dai xing cao shu
Low erect annuals. Branches spreading. Leaves alternate, obovate to oblong, mucronulate-serrulate to dentate, decurrent, glandular punctate. Heads disciform, heterogamous, in terminal solitary, globose clusters, with or without bracts between heads, clusters sessile on a common receptacle. Receptacles naked, commonly globose or disciform, with few bracts or not. Outer florets pistillate, few to many, fertile, slender, minutely 2- or 3-dentate. Disc florets bisexual, solitary or few, fertile or sterile, tube thickened, limb 4- or 5-dentate. Involucre campanulate, narrow, bracts narrow, dry, few seriate, acute or obtuse, scarious, unequal. Base of anthers obtuse to sagittate, auricles acute or tailed. Style of disc florets terete, bifid, branches filiform or connate. Achenes oblong, somewhat flattened, truncate at apex, base contracted. Pappus absent. x =10.
About 40 species: tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia, also in Australia; three species in China.
1a. Leaves shortly pubescent or glabrescent; stems and branches with usually entire wings; phyllaries glabrous or only outermost ones abaxially glandular; corolla grayish white adaxially ......... 1. S. africanus
1b. Leaves tomentose or lanate; stems and branches with densely dentate wings; phyllaries densely pubescent and ciliate on margin; corolla purplish red adaxially.
2a. Leaf margin biserrulate, with petiolate glands; male
florets shortly petiolate
......................................................................................................................... 2.
S. indicus
2b. Leaf margin long dentate, with sessile glands; male florets sessile ............... 3. S. senegalensis
戴星草 dai xing cao
Sphaeranthus cochinchinensis Loureiro; S. microcephalus Willdenow; S. suberiflorus Hayata.
Stems 40–50 cm tall, usually robust, glabrous or pubescent, curved, ascending, branched, winged, wings entire. Cauline leaves obovate-oblong, 3–5 × 1.5–2.2 cm, apex rounded, base narrowed, shortly pubescent or glabrescent. Clusters of heads globose or ovoid, ca. 8 mm in diam.; peduncle glabrous, winged, bracts slender, acuminate. Heads campanulate, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm. Involucre ca. 3 × 2.5 mm, bracts subequal, oblanceolate; receptacle naked. Outer florets numerous, corolla tubular, 1.5 mm; style apex obtuse; central florets ca. 3, corolla ca. 1.5 mm, 5-dentate; base of anthers entire, filaments dilated, glabrous; style cylindric, short bifid. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1 mm, glandular-punctate, without pappus. Fl. Dec–May. 2n = 20.
Waste fields, grassy slopes. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Malesia [??=Malaysia], Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Africa, Australia].
绒毛戴星草 rong mao dai xing cao
Sphaeranthus hirtus Willdenow; S. mollis Roxburgh.
Rank smelling; stems 10–45 cm with 4 irregularly and sharply toothed wings, minutely stipitate-glandular and whitish pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 2.5–6 × 0.8–2.5 cm, obtuse or acute, apiculate, attenuate, semiamplexicaul and strong decurrent at base, rather irregularly biserrate-dentate, minutely stipitate-glandular and white lanate on surfaces. Glomerules ovoid-globose, ca. 12 × 10 mm; capitulum bracts linear-lanceolate, 4–5 mm, finely acuminate, ciliate, hispid and stipitate-glandular; phyllaries ca. 12, linear-oblong to linear-spatulate, more scarious and less glandular than bracts. Female flowers 10–15, male flowers 2 or 3. Corollas purplish, ca. 2.4 mm. Achenes ca. 1 mm, puberulent. Fl. Dec–Apr. 2n = 20.
Sandy banks along rivers, grasslands, thickets; 700–1000 m. Yunnan [India, Laos, Malesia [??=Malaysia], Thailand; Africa, Australia].
非洲戴星草 fei zhou dai xing cao
Sphaeranthus lecomteanus O. Hoffmann & Muschler.
Stems 20–90 cm tall, usually robust, densely pubescent, ascending, branched, winged, wings dentate. Cauline leaves usually oblong, 3–10 × 1–3.5 cm, apex obtuse, base narrowed, margin with densely spine-like denticles, surfaces densely lanate. Clusters of heads globose or ovoid, 11–18 × 9–10 mm; peduncle pubescent. Heads campanulate. Involucre bracts 9–14, subequal, outer ones linear-lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm, densely pubescent; receptacle naked. Outer florets 7–12, corolla tubular, ca. 2.5 mm; style apex obtuse; central florets 2–5, corolla 3–3.5 mm, 5-dentate; base of anthers entire, filaments dilated, glabrous; style cylindric, short bifid. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1 mm, glandular-punctate, without pappus. Fl. Dec–Apr. 2n = 20.
Roadsides, thickets, riverbanks; 600–1300 m. Yunnan [tropical Africa and Asia].
翼茎草属 yi jing cao shu
Perennials, usually rhizomatous and/or lignescent-tuberous-rooted. Stems erect, simple, internodes winged by decurrent leaf bases, lanate-tomentose and/or glandular. Leaves cauline, alternate, sessile; blades linear to elliptic or obovate, bases decurrent, margins usually serrate to serrulate or denticulate, rarely entire. Heads disciform, sessile, in spiciform arrays. Involucres cylindric-campanulate to campanulate. Phyllaries persistent, in 4–6 series, distinct, narrowly lanceolate, unequal. Receptacles flat, epaleate. Ray florets absent. Peripheral florets pistillate, in 1–3+ series, fertile; corollas yellowish. Inner florets bisexual, but functionally staminate, (1 or)2–15; corollas yellowish, lobes 5. Cypselae cylindric to fusiform, angled or slightly compressed, ribs 6–9, faces usually sparsely strigose to hispidulous, minutely sessile-glandular between ribs; pappus persistent, of distinct, barbellulate bristles in 1 or 2 series. x = 10.
About 18 species: SE Asia, Australia, North America, South America; one species in China.
翼茎草 yi jing cao
Conyza redolens Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 1915. 1803; Tessaria redolens Lessing.
Herbs up to 1 mm tall. Stems and branches winged, branched, spreading lanate. Middle leaves sessile, obovate or obovate-oblong, 4–6 × 1.5–2 cm, apex obtuse, base decurrent, margin serrulate, both surfaces lanate, more denser on abaxial surface, costa adaxially prominent, lateral veins 5–10 pairs, inconspicuous; upper leaves smaller, narrowly oblong or ovate-oblong, 15–25 × 4–6 mm, sessile, apex acute or obtuse, base gradually narrower, margin undulate, inconspicuously serrulate. Heads 1.5–2 mm in diam., 2–7 in spikes 2–9 cm. Involucre campanulate, ca. 4 mm. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 series, apex purplish red; outer ones spatulate or ovate-oblong, ca. 3 mm, apex 1–3-dentate or obtuse, abaxially densely lanate; middle ones dry membranous, narrowly oblong or linear, 3–3.5 mm, apex sometimes fimbriate, apex abaxially pubescent or glabrous; innermost ones linear or filiform, ca. 4 mm, apex acute or acuminate, glabrous. Female florets in numerous series, filiform, apex 3-dentate or truncate; Bisexual florets 1 to several, tubular, 3–4 mm, limbs 5-dentate or rarely 6- or 7-dentate. Achenes ca. 0.5 mm, ribbed. Pappus in 1 series, white, ca. 3 mm, connate at base. Fl. Dec–Apr.
Waste fields; lower elevations. Hainan [India, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Vietnam; Australia].
含苞草属 han bao cao shu
Heads 3–4.5(–6) mm in diam., heterogamous, globular, sessile, compactly congested in 2s–4s in bifurcations of stem and its branches. Involucre distichous, its bracts being of various forms, lanceolate, oval, rhomboidal or obovate, acute, membranous, margin transparent, with fine denticles. Receptacle flat with paleae. External florets of head pistillate, multiseriate, carpogenous, tubular with filiform, irregular, sometimes subregular, tridentate, more rarely bidentate, sometimes 4-dentate, corolla; ovary concrescent to neighboring palea of receptacle almost to half of its length, without pappus, stigma bipartite. Marginal pistillate florets ligulate with tridentate or bidentate corolla. Central florets bisexual, tubular, 6–20, carpogenous with campanulate, 4-dentate, regular corolla; anthers with very short entire appendages at base; ovary oblong, concrescent to 2 neighboring membranes or to 1 membrane of receptacle, more rarely nonconcrescent. Achenes finely terete, smooth, with fine orbicular glands and sparse long glandular hairs, forked at ends. Pappus absent.
One species: China and Russia.
[Ed. note: Should this genus be placed in the Inuleae? If not then where? We need to place it in the most appropriate tribe in Flora of China.]
含苞草 han bao cao
Annual. Small plants, up to 8(–20) cm tall, in habit analogous to Myriogyne, glabrous, roots thin, fusiform; stems erect, sulcate, short forkedly, branching above, branches arcuate-spreading. Leaves alternate, sessile, falsely opposite in bifurcations of stems or gathered in 4s, 12–15(–45) × 3–4(–6) mm, lanceolate, with 1–3(–7) denticles in upper portion, attenuate to base, glabrous; upper and bract leaves linear, entire or toothed. Heads sessile, congested in 2s–4s in bifurcations of stem and its branches, 3–4.5(–6) mm in diam., polyanthus, heterogamous, globular. Involucre distichous, bracts 1.5–2.5 × ca. 0.5 mm wide, of various forms, lanceolate, rhomboidal, oval, or obovate, acuminate, membranous, greenish in center, transparent at margin with fine denticles, glabrous. Receptacle flat with palea lanceolate or ovate, adnate to ovaries of pistillate florets almost up to half of their length, free above, slightly spreading, acuminate with fine denticles at apex, almost reaching, in length, apex of corolla. External florets of a head pistillate, carpogenous, multiseriate, tubular, light yellow, corolla 0.3–0.6 mm, filiform, irregular, sometimes subregular, mainly tridentate, more rarely bidentate, sometimes 4-dentate; style ca. 0.8 mm, filiform; stigma bipartite with short lobes, ca. 0.16 mm, upright, blunt linear, ca. 0.06 mm wide, glabrous, slightly divergent; ovary terete, 0.5–1 mm, ca. 0.2 mm wide, stalked at base, adnate to nearest palea of receptacle almost up to middle of its length, with fine orbicular glands and with glandular sparse, long, horizontally spreading, hairs, ovary with upright glandular hairs at apex; pappus absent; marginal pistillate florets ligulate, with tridentate or bidentate corolla; central florets bisexual, carpogenous, 6–20, tubular, corolla ca. 0.5 mm, regular campanulate with 4-dentate limb. Style slightly prominent from corolla tube, flat; stigma bipartite, with short lobes, ca. 0.12 mm, approximate linear, ca. 0.08 mm wide, flattened blunt with nipples. Stamens 4, attached to middle of corolla tube; anthers connate into tube, surrounding style, fine, ca. 0.25 × 0.12 mm, suborbicular, subtruncate above, basally with very short entire appendages, not united in pairs, filaments ca. 0.25 mm, flat glabrous. Ovary oblong, ca. 0.5 × 0.2 mm, adnate to 2 touching paleae or to 1 palea of receptacle, more rarely not adnate, with sparse pubescence of glandular hairs. Achenes 0.5–1 mm, terete, smooth, coronate with remaining corolla, with not many very fine orbicular glands and sparse elongated glandular hairs, forked at ends and horizontally spreading, with upright hairs adaxially; marginal achenes slightly recurved, middle, straight. Fl. Jul–Aug.
Silty, flooded, and sandy riverbanks or silty shallows of rivers. Heilongjiang, Jilin [Russia].
旋覆花属 xuan fu hua shu
Perennials or annuals. Stem not winged, sometimes with decurrent leaves, with or more frequently without resin canals. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, simple, usually sessile, sometimes in a basal rosette; blade margins usually serrate to dentate, sometimes entire. Heads heterogamous radiate to miniradiate, heterogamous disciform or homogamous discoid, borne singly or in open, corymbiform arrays. Involucres hemispheric or campanulate, [5–]10–40 mm in diam. Phyllaries persistent, in 4–7+ series. Receptacles flat or convex, smooth or alveolate, epaleate. Ray florets (15–)50–150+, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow or orange, laminae 10–30+ mm; epidermis not crested. Disc florets perfect, mostly (50–)100–250+; corollas yellow, lobes 5; epidermis with straight cell walls, without needle-like crystals. Anthers ecalcarate, with branched tails; endothecial tissue radial; cells of filament collar generally longer than wide. Pollen spines with a cavity. Style with acute sweeping hairs, not reaching furcation, without star-shaped crystals. Achenes ellipsoid or cylindrical, ribbed; epidermis with elongated crystals. Pappus persistent, of basally connate, barbellate bristles or setiform scales usually in 1 series. x = 8, 9, 10.
About 100 species: Africa, Asia, Europe; 17 species (three endemic) in China.
The identity of the following taxa cannot be ascertained herein because we have not seen any specimens of them:
Inula grandis Schrenk ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 50. 1841.
Inula obtusifolia A. J. Kerner, Ber. Naturwiss.-Med. Vereins Innsbruck 1: 111. 1870.
Inula falconeri J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 294. 1881.
Inula vernoniiformis H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 535. 1913.
Inula taiwanensis S. S. Ying, Mem. Coll. Agric. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 29(1): 78. 1989.
1a. Heads 5–8 cm in diam.; involucre 2.5–4.5 cm in diam.; outer phyllaries broadly ovate; herbaceous; perennial herbs; achenes glabrous, 4- to 5-angled; leaves abaxially densely white lanate.
2a. Peduncles 6–12 cm, heads in loose corymbs .................................................. 1. I. helenium
2b. Peduncles 0–4 cm, heads in racemose ........................................................... 2. I. racemosa
1b. Heads less than 5 cm in diam., rarely up to 6–10 cm; outer phyllaries narrowly linear or lanceolate, herbaceous or dry membranous; herbs or shrubs; achenes pubescent or glabrous; leaves adaxially glabrous or pubescent or sericeous.
3a. Subshrubs; phyllaries unequal, outer ones 4–5 × shorter than innermost ones, linear or subulate, dry membranous ............................................................................................... 3. I. salsoloides
3b. Herbs; phyllaries subequal, rarely inner ones longer, outer ones linear, herbaceous.
4a. Acaulescent; basal leaves rosette, obovate-spatulate; heads densely congested, sessile.
5a. Phyllaries linear-lanceolate, acuminate; ligules linear-oblong, longer than pappus; achenes reddish yellow puberulent ................................................................................ 4. I. rhizocephala
5b. Phyllaries linear-oblong, acute; ligules short or
absent; achenes glabrous
..................................................................................................... 5.
I. rhizocephaloides
4b. Stem erect, leafy; heads terminal on stems or branches, solitary or in corymbs.
6a. Heads 6–10 cm in diam.; involucre 2–4 cm in diam.; outer phyllaries narrowly linear, usually reflexed, with spreading purplish brown hairs; ligules 2–3 × longer than involucre, abaxially pilose; pappus purplish brown, achenes glabrous ................................................................ 6. I. hookeri
6b. Heads 1–5 cm in diam.; involucre 0.5–2 cm in diam.; outer phyllaries similar to inner ones, erect, pubescent or glandular; ligules abaxially glabrous; pappus white, slightly yellow or red.
7a. Basal and lower cauline leaves larger, decurrent to long petioles, persistent at anthesis; upper leaves smaller, erect; blade abaxially white lanate; achenes glabrous ............... 7. I. sericophylla
7b. Basal and lower cauline leaves similar to upper cauline leaves, withering at anthesis; leaves spreading, abaxially glabrous or nearly glabrous.
8a. Leaf blade elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent along abaxial veins; involucre densely surrounded by bracteal leaves; outer phyllaries lanceolate-oblong; achenes glabrous ................................................................................................. 8. I. salicina
8b. Leaf blade ovate, elliptic, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, both surfaces or abaxially densely pubescent, or densely pubescent along abaxial veins; involucre not surrounded by bracteal leaves; outer phyllaries linear, spatulate-linear or linear-lanceolate.
9a. Leaves abaxially glabrous, glandular; pappus shorter than disc corolla; achenes glabrous.
10a. Leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded,
cuneate or auriculate, semiamplexicaul; pappus of 10 or 11 bristles
9.
I. helianthus-aquatilis
10b. Leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, base rounded-auriculate; pappus of 5 or 6 bristles 10. I. hupehensis
9b. Leaves abaxially pubescent and glandular; pappus as long as disc corolla; achenes pubescent or pilose.
11a. Heads 2–3 cm in diam.; outer phyllaries shorter than inner
ones; upper stems, peduncles, leaves abaxially scabrous pubescent; biennials
11.
I. caspica
11b. Heads 2.5–5 cm in diam.; phyllaries subequal or outer ones slightly shorter than innner ones; upper stems, peduncles, leaves abaxially pubescent; perennials.
12a. Leaves linear-lanceolate, margin reflexed, base not auriculate; heads 1.5–2.5 cm in diam.; outer phyllaries abaxially glandular ............................................. 12. I. linariifolia
12b. Leaves oblong, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic, margin not reflexed; outer phyllaries abaxially glandular or not.
13a. Leaves base cordate, auriculate, semiamplexicaul ..................... 13. I. britannica
13b. Leaves base narrower and not auriculate .................................... 14. I. japonica
土木香 tu mu xiang
Aster helenium Scopoli; Corvisartia helenium Mérat de Vaumartoise; Helenium grandiflorum Gilibert.
Perennial herbs. Stems 60–150(–250) cm tall, pubescent. Leaves: basal blades ± elliptic, mostly 15–40 cm × 100–200 mm, bases decurrent onto strongly ribbed petioles, margins callose-denticulate, otherwise entire, abaxial faces velvety woolly, adaxial thinly hairy; cauline blades ovate or elliptic to lanceolate, 10–30 cm × 45–120 mm, bases cordate, clasping, margins serrate. Involucres (20–)30–40 mm in diam. Outer phyllaries ovate, oblong, or deltate to lanceolate, 12–20(–25) × 6–8(–20) mm, abaxially velvety hairy; inner phyllaries progressively narrower, less hairy, more scarious. Ray florets (15–)50–100; corolla laminae (10–)20–30+ mm. Disc corollas 9–11 mm. Achenes 3–4 mm, glabrous. Pappus of (40–)50–60 basally connate, barbellate bristles or setiform scales 6–10 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep. 2n = 20.
Roadsides, waste places, streamsides; below 2000 m. Xinjiang; widely cultivated in China [Russia; C and SW Asia [??OK (was just “Asia”)]; Europe, North America].
总状土木香 zong zhuang tu mu xiang
Inula royleana C. B. Clarke.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome tuberous. Stem grooved, densely pubescent, 60–200 cm tall. Leaves leathery, radical leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 20–50 × 10–20 cm, narrowed into petiole; cauline leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, often deeply lobed at base, semiamplexicaul; leaf blade scabrid adaxially, densely tomentose abaxially, margin crenate. Heads 4–8 cm in diam., in racemose. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 series; inner phyllaries linear, apex acute. Achenes ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Pappus white, of ca. 40 bristles 9–10 cm. Fl. Aug–Sep. 2n = 20
River beaches, grassland; 1500–3100 m. Xinjiang [Kashmir].
蓼子朴 liao zi pu
Conyza salsoloides Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 5: 197. 1832; Inula ammophila Bunge ex Candolle; I. schugnanica C. Winkle.
Perennial. Stem up to 35 cm tall, lower part covered with white straight hairs, upper almost smooth, with numerous long, thin, spreading, thinly angulate densely leaved branches. Leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-linear; lower ones 5–9 × 5–6 mm, upper ones 3–6 × 1.8–3 mm, all leaves sessile, almost cordiform at base, thick, acuminate, spreading, pubescent abaxially with white, long, straight hairs dispersed sessile golden glands, margin entire, involute. Heads ca. 1.5 cm in diam., numerous, solitary at ends of springs. Involucres ca. 0.8 cm in diam., polyphyllous, multiseriate and with appressed bracts; external ones oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1.2 mm; middle ones linear, 2 × as long as external ones, ca. 0.4 mm wide; internal ones narrowly linear, 7–9 × ca. 0.3 mm; all acute, upper part shortly pilose, external surface sparsely golden glandular and ciliate at margins. Florets yellow, ligulate, 1.1–1.3 cm, longer by 1/3 than involucral bracts, floral tubes small, ca. 5 mm, shorter than pappus, ligules narrowly linear, 6–8 × 1.0–1.2 mm, 3- or 4-nerved, tridentate, teeth ca. 0.8 mm; tubular florets as long as or slightly longer than pappus, 5-dentate, teeth smooth. Achenes cylindrical, 1.2–2 × ca. 0.2 mm, brown, longitudinally finely ribbed, covered with dispersed golden, orbicular, sessile glands. Pappus 6–8 mm, with numerous bristles. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep.
Dry grasslands, sand banks, alluvium; 500–2000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].
羊眼花 yang yan hua
Perennial or biennials. Plants acaulescent. Leaves numerous, all radical, arranged in rosette, (5–)8–25(–35) cm in diam., oblong or oblong-ovate, (2.5–)4–16 cm, (together with petioles), (2–)2.5–3.5 cm wide, longer than inflorescence, obtuse; indistinctly and widely sinuate-dentate and densely ciliate, narrowed at base in alate petioles, 2.0–3.5 cm, both sides sparsely covered, but densely along prominent middle nerve abaxially, with long white multicellular appressed and sparse fine glandular hairs. Heads 1.5–3 cm in diam., numerous (8–20), sessile or on densely pubescent peduncles 2–3 cm, arranged in dense semispherical sessile subcapitate inflorescences. Involucres 1.2–2 cm in diam., polyphyllous, multiseriate; external bracts lanceolate-linear, 7–9 × 1.0–1.1 mm, acute, covered with hairs, unbent above; internal ones linear or narrowly linear, ca. 1.2 cm × 0.8–1 mm, membranous, straight, finely glandular-pubescent, all bracts acute, violet and shortly ciliate at end. Florets yellow, ligulate, 1.5 cm, slightly longer than involucral bracts, smooth, tubes small, ca. 7 mm, almost 2 × shorter than pappus; ligules linear, as long as small tubes, shortly tridentate; tubular florets ca. 9 mm, slightly shorter than pappus, with 5 smooth teeth. Achenes terete, 1.5–2 × ca. 0.3 mm, longitudinally finely ribbed, brown, covered with appressed short fox-red hairs. Pappus 6–7 × exceeding achene, with numerous bristles. 2n = 16.
Conifer forests, meadows, thickets; 1700–2100 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan; SW Asia (Iran)].
拟羊眼花 ni yang yan hua
Perennial herbs, acaulescent, whole plant 5–10 cm in diam. Leaves all radical rosulate, appressed to ground, narrowed to a broad petiole; blade obovate-spatulate, (3–)6–9 × (1–)1.5–3 cm, apex obtuse, margin entire and ciliate, pilose on surfaces, lateral nerves 5–6 pairs. Heads up to 10, 2–3 cm in diam., crowded sessile. Involucres hemisphere; bracts all similar, linear, ca. 1.5 cm, apex purple, acute, erect or tips recurved. Ligulate florets yellow, corolla slightly longer than pappus; ligules oblong, apex 3-dentate; disk florets ca. as long as pappus. Achenes oblong, ribbed, glabrous, ca. 2 mm. Pappus reddish brown, 7–8 mm, of capillary bristles.
Grasslands; 2100–2700 m. W Xizang [India].
This species is similar to Inula rhizocephala Schrenk, but phyllaries narrower, ligulate florets with much shorter pappus and ligules, achenes glabrous.
锈毛旋覆花 xiu mao xuan fu hua
Perennial herbs, 60–150 cm. Stems loosely lanate at first. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 7–17 × 2.5–4 cm, acuminate, base attenuate to petiole ca. 5 mm, margins minutely denticulate, pubescent and short glandular on surfaces but much sparser adaxially. Heads 6–8 cm in diam., single on top of stem of branchlet. Involucres hemispheric, 18–30 mm in diam. Phyllaries persistent and reflexed in fruiting, in 3–4+ series, to ca. 15 × 1 cm, brown villous. Receptacles flat, smooth or minutely alveolate, epaleate. Ray florets 20–30(–50+), pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, tube 5–7 mm, ligule linear, 18–45 × ca. 1 mm. Disc florets 40–100(–150); corollas yellow, 5–6.5 mm, 5-lobed. Achenes ca. 1.5 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, with 12 sulci and acies [=??]. Pappus white, subequal to disc corollas. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Oct. 2n = 20.
Mountain slopes, shrublands, sparse forests, grassland; 2400–3600 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Sikkim)].
绢叶旋覆花 juan mao xuan fu hua
Perennial herbs. Stems 30–60 cm tall, usually simple, white lanate above, sparsely leafy. Radical leaves persistent at anthesis, ovate, elliptic or oblong-oblanceolate, 4–7 × 1.5–2 cm, apex obtuse or rounded, base decurrent to petioles, margin serrulate, adaxially pubescent or glabrescent, abaxially densely sericeous; lower leaves nearly similar to radical leaves in shape, or spatulate or oblong, smaller; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, apex acute, base semiamplexicaul. Head solitary on top of stems and branches, ca. 3 mm in diam. Involucre broad campanulate or hemispherical, ca. 10 mm, white lanate outside; phyllaries numerous series, subequal; outer ones linear-lanceolate, herbaceous or basally leathery, apex acute; inner ones linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate, dry membranous, margin ciliate. Ray florets yellow; ligules linear, ca. 15 × 1.5 mm. Disc florets yellow; corolla ca. 4 mm. Achenes 10-striped, ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous, apex truncate. Pappus white, latter light brown, of ca. 20 bristles, ca. 4 mm. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Jul.
* Grassy slopes; 1500–3000 m. Yunnan.
柳叶旋覆花 liu ye xuan fu hua
Aster salicinus Scopoli; Conyza salicina Ruprecht; Inula kitamurana Tatewaki ex Honda; I. salicina subsp. asiatica (Kitamura) Kitagawa; I. salicina var. asiatica Kitamura.
Perennial herbs. Stems 20–80 cm tall, densely leafy; internodes 1–2.5 cm. Leaves: basal blades lanceolate, 2–6 cm × 5–15(–30) mm; cauline blades broadly elliptic to lanceolate, (3–)5–8 × 1–2 cm, apex acute, bases cordate, clasping, surfaces usually glabrous, adaxial venation raised, reticulation prominent. Head solitary on top of stems and branches, densely surrounded by bract-like leaves. Involucres hemispherical, 10–15(–20) mm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 or 5 series; outer ones lanceolate or spatulate-oblong, 5–7 × 1.5–2.5 mm, apex obtuse or acute, abaxially densely pubescent; inner ones linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate, abaxially densely pubescent. Ray florets 35–70; ligules linear, 10–15 mm. Disc corollas 5–9 mm. Achenes 1.5–2 mm, glabrous. Pappus white, of 30–40 distinct or basally connate, barbellate bristles 7–8 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 16.
Roadsides, waste places; 200–1000 m. Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Russia; Europe].
水朝阳旋覆花 shui chao yang xuan fu hua
Inula serrata Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 5: 50. 1891, not Persoon (1807), nor Gilibert (1872).
Perennial herbs. Rhizome long, usually with scale-like leaves and stolons. Stems 30–80 cm tall, pubescent and glandular. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, rarely ovate, 4–10 × 1.4–4 cm; bases of lower leaves usually gradually narrower to petioles; upper leaves sessile, base rounded or cuneate, or auriculate, semiamplexicaul, margin densely toothed, apex acute or acuminate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially yellow glandular, pubescent on abaxial veins; lateral veins 7–8 pairs, abaxially prominent. Head solitary on top of stems and branches, 2.5–4.5 cm in diam. Involucre hemispherical, 1–1.5 cm in diam., 7–9 mm; phyllaries in 4 or 5 series, subequal; outer ones linear-lanceolate, foliaceous adaxially, pubescent; inner ones linear-lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, margin membranous and ciliate. Ray florets yellow; ligules linear, ca. 15 mm. Disc florets yellow; corolla ca. 3 mm, with lanceolate lobes. Achenes cylindrical, 10-striped, glabrous. Achenes white, of ca. 10 bristles, ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jun–Oct, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, fields, shrublands; 12000–3000 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Inula helianthus-aquatilis f. rotundifolia Ling (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 178. 1965 圆叶旋复花 yuan ye xuan fu hua), described from NW Yunnan (Lijiang, marshy grasslands, 2600–2700 m), has stems densely leafy; middle leaves ovate, 2.5–4.5 × 2–3 cm, base cordate and amplexicaul, margin coarsely serrate, and apex rounded.
湖北旋覆花 hu bei xuan fu hua
Inula helianthus-aquatilis C. Y. Wu subsp. hupehensis Ling, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 178. 1965.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome prostrate. Stems 30–50 cm tall, densely pubescent above, glabrescent below. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6–10 × 1.5–2.5 cm; upper leaves sessile, apex acuminate, base amplexicaul, margin sparsely serrulate, abaxially yellow glandular, pubescent on veins, adaxially glabrous; lateral veins 7–8 pairs, abaxially prominent. Head solitary, 2.5–3.5 cm in diam. Involucre subglobose, 1–1.3 cm in diam., 5–7 mm; phyllaries subequal in length; outer ones foliaceous, linear-lanceolate, glandular, pubescent; inner ones linear-lanceolate, glabrous, margin membranous and ciliate. Ray florets yellow; ligules linear, ca. 15 mm, apex 3-dentate. Disc florets corolla ca. 3 mm, with lanceolate lobes. Achenes subcylindrical, 10-striped, glabrous, apex truncate. Pappus white, of ca. 5 bristles. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Grassy slopes, forests; 1300–1900 m. Hubei, Sichuan.
里海旋覆花 li hai xuan fu hua
Inula caspica var. paniculata C. X. An.
Biennial herbs. Plants bluish green, 30–50(–70) cm tall; stems mostly solitary, sometimes a few woody at base, smooth, reddish, or ± scabrous, mostly, squarrose white pilose in upper part, thinly ribbed, erect, rarely corymbiform-branched, branches rod-shaped, straight. Lower leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 7–17 × 0.8–2.5 cm, narrowed at base in petiole ca. 1 cm, remaining leaves linear-lanceolate, to 10 × 0.6 cm, sessile, subauriculate, slightly cordiform-semiamplexicaul at base; upper leaves linear, 5–6 × ca. 0.5 cm, acute, prominently 1-nerved abaxially in middle, smooth-edged, glabrous, sometimes covered with fine rigid bristles at margins and abaxially, sessile on verruculate [=??]. Heads 2.0–3.5 cm in diam., numerous, arranged in loose corymbiform inflorescences, on peduncles(0.3–)1.5–4(–6) cm, densely covered with rigid, tuberculate bristles and white multicellular long hairs. Involucres 1.5–2 cm in diam.; external bracts lanceolate-linear or linear, 5–6(–8) × 1.0–1.3 mm, leathery; internal ones membranous, narrowly linear, 7–10 × ca. 1 mm, all bracts acute and 1-nerved, margins covered with short rigid, tuberculate squarrose cilia, sometimes in upper part reddish and unbent. Florets all yellow, ligulate 9–10(–14) mm, exceeding involucral bracts by 1/3, tubes small 3–4 mm, as long as or slightly shorter than pappus, ligules linear, ca. 7 × 1 mm, unbent, 3- or 4-nerved, lower part covered outside with yellow sessile glands, tridentate, teeth deltoid, equal, obtuse; central florets ca. 6 mm, obconical, slightly longer than pappus, 5-dentate, teeth equal, acute, glandular outside. Achenes linear-oblong, 1.2–1.5 × ca. 0.5 mm, brown, ribbed, pubescent with white long appressed hairs, 3–4 × as long as achenes. Pappus of 20–25 straight bristles. Fl. Jul–Sep.
Streamsides or riverbanks in deserts; 200–1800 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, SE Russia; W Asia].
线叶旋覆花 xian ye xuan fu hua
Inula britannica subsp. linariaefolia Kitamura; I. britannica var. linariifolia (Turczaninow) Regel; I. britannica var. maximowiczii Regel; I. linariifolia var. intermedia Regel.
Perennial. Plant 30–80 cm tall; stems simple or branched, covered with white sparse multicellular appressed hairs. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth-edged or margin with fine rare denticles, glabrous adaxially, sparsely pilose abaxially, lower leaves ca. 10 × ca. 1 cm, petioles ca. 3 cm; upper leaves sessile, 6–10 × 0.5–1 cm, floral leaves 1–4 cm ×1.5–5 mm. Heads 1–2.8 cm in diam., 5–25 in corymbiform inflorescences and borne on glandular-pubescent peduncles, 0.6–3 cm. Involucres 1–1.3 cm in diam.; phyllaries straight, in 4 series, glandular dotted abaxially, sometimes external ones unbent, acute, margin with golden appressed elliptical, sessile or short stalked glands; external phyllaries lanceolate, 3–3.5 × ca. 0.8 mm, leathery at base, herbaceous pilose adaxially; middle ones membranous, 4–5 × ca. 0.6 mm, upper part sometimes reddish; internal ones linear, membranous, as long as middle ones, ca. 0.3 mm wide, glabrous. Ligulate florets yellow, 0.7–1.2 cm, 2–3 × exceeding involucral bracts, covered outside with sparse golden glands, tubes small, 2–2.5 mm, slightly shorter than pappus; ligules linear, 4–7.5 × ca. 0.8 mm, 3- or 4-nerved and with 3 denticles above; tubular florets as long as pappus, yellow, with 5 acute glandular denticles at margin. Achenes cylindrical, longitudinally ribbed, brown, 1–1.2 × 0.2–0.4 mm, pubescent with sparse appressed hairs. Pappus ca. 3 mm, with ca. 25 bristles. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 24.
Riverbanks, meadows, grassy slopes, waste fields; below 1800 m. Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
欧亚旋覆花 ou ya xuan fu hua
Perennial herbs, 10–40(–75) cm tall. Stems erect, villous. Leaves sessile; basal blades lanceolate, (3–)6–7 cm × 8–20(–30) mm; cauline blades lanceolate-elliptic to lanceolate-linear, 2–5+ cm × 5–12(–20) mm, bases cordate or auriculate, clasping, margins entire or serrulate, abaxially usually densely villous and glandular, adaxially sparsely strigillose to glabrate. Heads 1–8, 2.5–5 cm in diam.; peduncles 1–4 cm, densely villous. Involucres 15–22 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 series; outer phyllaries lanceolate-linear, 4–6 × 0.5–0.8 mm, bases sericeous; inner phyllaries similar, more scarious. Ray florets 40–70+; ligules 10–15(–20) mm. Disc floret corollas 4–6 mm, 5-lobed. Achenes cylindrical, 1–1.2 mm, puberulent. Pappus white, of 20–25 distinct or basally connate bristles 4–6 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep. 2n = 16, 32.
Roadsides, waste places; 300–1700 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Russia; Europe].
Key to varieties needed.
欧亚旋覆花(原变种) ou ya xuan fu hua (yuan bian zhong)
Conyza britannica (Linnaeus) Ruprecht
Diagnosis needed (if in China).
Distribution needed (if in China).
狭叶欧亚旋覆花 xia ye ou ya xuan fu hua
Leaves narrowly linear, 3–10 × 0.3–1 cm.
Fields, sandy places. Xinjiang [Russia; Europe].
多枝欧亚旋覆花 duo zhi ou ya xuan fu hua
Stems strongly branched in upper part. Leaves pubescent on surfaces or only on abaxial surface. Heads numerous, smaller, 2–3 cm in diam., usually densely arranged. Involucre 7–10 mm in diam.
Xinjiang [Russia].
棉毛欧亚旋覆花 mian mao ou ya xuan fu hua
Inula britannica f. sublanata (Komarov) Kitagawa.
Stems, peduncles, abaxial surface of leaves, involucres densely lanate-villous.
Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Russia].
旋覆花 xuan fu hua
Perennial herbs from short rhizomes; stems 20–60 cm tall, striate, appressed pilose, sometimes glabrescent, simple, branched up to inflorescence. Leaves radical and cauline; radical and lower cauline leaves smaller than median leaves, withering before flowering; median leaves lanceolate to oblong, 5–10 × 1–3 cm, subacute, base abruptly narrowed, sessile or semiclasping, loosely mucronate, appressed pilose or nearly glabrous on both surfaces; upper leaves gradually smaller, 10–25 mm. Heads radiate, ca. 3.5 cm in diam., few or solitary, sometimes with subtending bracteal leaves; involucre subglobose, 7–8 mm tall; phyllaries in 5 series, nearly equal, outer phyllaries lanceolate, apex acuminate, inner phyllaries narrow, scarious, ciliolate. Flowers July to October; marginal flowers in 1 series, female, ligule yellow, 16–19 × 1.5–2 mm; disc 15–17 mm wide, flowers bisexual, corolla ca. 3 mm. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1 mm, 10-ribbed, pilose. Pappus of capillary bristles, sordid, ca. 1 mm, 10-ribbed, pilose. Pappus of capillary bristles, sordid, ca. 5 mm, bristles minutely scabrous. Fl. Jun–Oct. 2n = 16, 24.
Montane slopes, grassland, riverbanks, fields; 100–2400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
Key to varieties needed.
旋覆花(原变种) xuan fu hua (yuan bian zhong)
Inula brittanica Linnaeus var. chinensis (Ruprecht ex Maximowicz) Regel; I. brittanica subsp. japonica (Thunberg) Kitamura; Inula britannica var. japonica (Thunberg) Franchet & Savatier; I. chinensis Ruprecht ex Maximowicz; I. giraldii Diels; I. japonica f. giraldii (Diels) J. Q. Fu.
Diagnosis needed (if in China).
Distribution needed (if in China).
卵叶旋覆花 luan ye xuan fu hua
Herbs 15–30(–50) cm tall. Leaves ovate, broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, 4–7(–13) × 2–4 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, auriculate, semiamplexicaul, margin slightly serrulate. Heads 1–6.
* Fields, mountain slopes, riverbanks. Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol.
多枝旋覆花 duo zhi xuan fu hua
Inula britannica var. ramosa Komorov, Fl. Mansh. 3: 626. 1907.
Stems to 1 m tall, branched in upper part; median leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 10–15 cm × 15–20 mm, abaxially glandular dotted; heads in corymbs, ca. 35 mm in diam.; involucre subglobose, 5–7 mm tall; phyllaries in 4 or 5 series, nearly all alike, margin glandular dotted; ligulate corolla ca. 10 mm, glandular dotted abaxially; pappus ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. Aug–Sep.
Broad-leaved forests, mountain slopes, streamsides. Anhui, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi [Japan, Korea].
羊耳菊属 yang er ju shu
Inula sect. Cappa Candolle.
Shrubs or perennial herbs. Stem not winged, without resin canals. Leaves alternate, simple, small to very large, hairy. Capitula heterogamous, radiate or disciform, solitary, few together, or in dense terminal corymbs. Receptacle epaleate, with scale-like ridges. Marginal florets female; corolla yellow to white, radiate to mini-radiate; epidermis not crested. Disc florets perfect; corolla yellow or whitish; epidermis with straight cell-walls, without needle-like crystals; corolla-lobes short, smooth. Anthers ecalcarate, with branched tails; apical appendix truncate and almost emarginated, rarely acute; endothecial tissue polarized. Cells of filament collar longer than wide. Pollen spines with a cavity. Style with acute sweeping hairs not reaching furcation, without star-shaped crystals. Cypselas ellipsoid, hairy; epidermis with elongated crystals. Pappus of barbellate, capillary bristles in 1 row. x = (9 or)10.
About 14 species: Africa, C and E Asia; eight species (three endemic) in China.
1a. Perennial herbs; heads 1.5–2.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries herbaceous; ray florets white, ligules distinct, 8–9 × 1.5–2 mm ........................................................................................................ 1. D. nervosa
1b. Shrubs or perennials; heads 0.5–1.5(–2) cm in diam.; phyllaries dry membranous; ray florets yellow, ligules usually indistinct or distinct.
2a. Leaves thin, both surfaces glabrous; heads 1.5–2 cm in diam., 1–5 axillary in short branches, forming cyme-panicles; ligules ca. 8 mm ................................................................. 2. D. rubricaulis
2b. Leaves thick, densely tomentose or lanate; heads 0.5–1 cm in diam., terminal in stems or branches; ligules less than 6 mm or ray florets absent.
3a. Leaves decurrent along stems, forming wings; pappus
light reddish brown
3. D. pterocaula
3b. Stems wingless; pappus white or grayish white.
4a. Leaves persistently lanate abaxially; ligules to 1 mm or absent; involucre densely tomentose 4. D. chinensis
4b. Leaves pubescent and scabrid abaxially; ligules at less 3 mm (rarely absent); involucre glandular or pubescent.
5a. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, both surfaces with short glandular hair, abaxially densely pubescent along veins; heads few ............................................................ 5. D. forrestii
5b. Leaves oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, both scabrous; heads numerous.
6a. Leaf blade 10–18 × 4–6 cm, apex acuminate; involucre 4–5 mm, tomentose 6. D. eupatorioides
6b. Leaf blade ca. 10 × 3 cm,
apex acute; involucre 7–8 mm, pubescent
..................................................................................................... 7.
D. wissmannica
显脉旋覆花 xian mai xuan fu hua
Inula nervosa Wallich ex Candolle, Prodr. 5: 471. 1836; I. asperrima Edgeworth; I. esquirolii H. Léveillé; I. verrucosa Klatt.
Plant nearly herbaceous with tuberous roots; stems often decumbent, 0.2–1 m, usually simple, sparsely long (2.5–3 mm) tawny pilose or strigose, sometimes with rounded densely softly hairy buds at base. Leaves elliptic, 5–13 × 2–4.5 cm, acute or acuminate, base narrowed and cuneate, margin distantly and shallowly serrate, sparsely spreading pilose on surfaces; petiole 0–6 mm. Capitula 1 or few, loosely corymbose. Involucre 5(–8)-seriate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, mainly scarious, 7–10 × 0.7–1.2 mm, acute to acuminate, pilose, tips sometimes purple; outer ones suberect, similar but smaller or herbaceous, dilated above, sometimes to 22 mm, obtuse. Ray floret corollas 3.5–4.7 mm, ligules white, 9–13.5 × ca. 2.5 mm. Disc floret corollas yellow, 8–15 mm in diam., 6–6.7 mm. Achenes 2–2.5 mm, sericeous. Pappus white, as long as disc floret, rarely shorter. Fl. Jul–Oct, Fr. Sep–Dec.
Dry grassy slopes, thickets; 1000–2600 m. Guizhou, SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
赤茎羊耳菊 chi jing yang er ju
Amphirhaphis rubricaulis Wallich ex Candolle, Prodr. 5: 343. 1836; Inula rubricaulis (Wallich ex Candolle) Bentham & J. D. Hooker.
Subshrubs 1–2 m tall. Stems sparsely gray tomentose at first, later reddish, glabrous. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 6–19 × 1–4 cm, acuminate, cuneate at base, sessile, serrulate, sparsely pubescent on surfaces. Capitula radiate, 2–6 in small lateral racemes or corymbs. Involucres 5- or 6-seriate; phyllaries acuminate, outer ones spreading, lanceolate, inner ones linear-lanceolate, to 8–9 mm. Ray florets few; corolla tube ca. 5 mm; ligules 6–8.5 × 1.7–2 mm. Disc florets ca. 7 mm in diam.; corollas 6–7 mm. Achenes oblong, ca. 2.5 mm, sericeous. Pappus white, 5–6 mm, of ca. 20 bristles. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jul–Nov. 2n = 20.
Slopes in valleys; 1000–2000 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
翼茎羊耳菊 yi jing yang er ju
Inula pterocaula Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 383. 1896.
Perennial herbs or subshrubs, with woody roots. Stems 60–100 cm tall, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., striped, densely reddish brown pubescent and glandular, branched. Lower leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 18–20 × 4–5 cm; upper leaves smaller, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1–4 cm, apex acute, base gradually narrower, extending to stem and forming wings of 1–10 mm wide, margin biserrate, adaxially densely pubescent, abaxially reddish brown pubescent, glandular on surfaces; lateral veins 7–10 pairs and abaxially prominent, usually densely pubescent. Heads 5–6 mm in diam., in thyrsoid or compound corymbose inflorescences; peduncles very short or up to 10 mm, slender, with filiform bracteal leaves. Involucre campanulate, ca. 7 mm, 5–6 mm in diam.; phyllaries in ca. 5 series, linear-lanceolate, outer ones shorter, abaxially densely pubescent; corolla all tubular, ca. 4.5 mm, yellow glandular outside. Achenes cylindrical, densely pubescent. Pappus in 1 series, light reddish brown, as long as corolla. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Thickets, grasslands; 2000–2800 m. SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
羊耳菊 yang er ju
Baccharis chinensis Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 494. 1790; Blumea arnottiana Steudel; B. chinensis Hooker & Arnott (1842), not Candolle (1836); Conyza argentea Wallich; C. cappa Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don; C. dentata Blanco; C. eriophora Wallich; C. lanuginosa Wallich; Duhaldea cappa (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) A. Anderberg; D. lanuginosa (Chang) A. Anderberg; Inula cappa (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) Candolle; I. eriophora Candolle; I. intermedia Chang & Y. C. Tseng (1974), not Steudel (1821); I. lanuginosa Chang; I. oblonga Wallich ex Candolle; I. pseudocappa Candolle; Mouquinia eriosematoides Walpers; Vernonia congesta Bentham; V. eriosematoides Walpers.
Shrubs 70–200 cm. Stems lanate-tomentose, branched. Leaves thick, rather papery, elliptic, lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 8–23 × 2.5–5.5 cm, acute or briefly acuminate, rounded (rarely tapered) at base, remotely serrulate, green and sparsely coarsely pubescent adaxially, whitish lanate abaxially, obscuring minor veins; petiole ca. 5 mm (rarely to 20 mm), Heads radiate or disciform, in dense corymbs. Involucres 6-seriate; phyllaries lanceolate, tomentose, inner ones 4.5–6 mm × ca. 0.7 mm. Ray florets female, few; corollas yellow, usually 4.5–5.3 mm, tubular and erect or curved outward or with short ligule to 1 × 1 mm, rarely tube 2.9–3.5 mm with ligule 2.3–2.9 mm. Disc florets bisexual; corollas yellow, 4–6 mm in diam., 4.7–6 mm. Achenes cylindrical, ca. 1.8 mm, white tomentose. Pappus 4–5 cm, whitish, sometimes brownish tipped. Fl. Jun–Oct, fr. Aug–Dec. 2n = 20.
Dry hills, waste fields, thickets, grassland; 200–3200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].
Inula intermedia Chang & Y. C. Tseng is a later homonym and invalid.
拟羊耳菊 ni yang er ju
Inula forrestii J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 197. 1934.
Shrubs 40–100 cm, multibranched; old branches gray or brownish gray, 3–4 mm, young branches reddish brown, pubescent, clustered with dense leaves. Leaves subleathery, elliptic or oblanceolate, 2–7 × 0.7–3 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, margin shallowly and sparsely serrulate, abaxially densely pubescent. Capitula obovoid, ca. 1 cm, 1–1.5 cm in diam., single or several in racemose. Involucres campanulate, 8–10 mm; phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate, linear-lanceolate, pubescent, ciliate, outer one shorter than inner ones. Female florets marginal, ligulate, corollas ca. 9 mm, ligules linear-oblong, ca. 6 × 1.5 mm; disc florets ca. 5 mm. Achenes narrowly terete, ca. 3 mm, whitish pubescent. Pappus whitish, nearly as long as disc florets, with ca. 20 bristles. Fl. Aug, fr., Nov.
* Open gravelly slopes, riversides; 2000–3000 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
滇南羊耳菊 dian nan yang er ju
Inula wissmanniana Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 87: 127. 1938.
Subshrubs. Stems erect, ca. 1 m tall, yellowish brown papillose or caducous villous; flowering branches densely pubescent. Leaves sessile or with 2 mm long petioles, oblong, ca. 10 × 3 cm, apex acute, base narrower, obtuse or slightly rounded, margin sparsely serrulate, adaxially sparsely strigillose, abaxially and margin strigillose or hirsute; lateral veins 7–10 pairs, abaxially prominent. Heads obovoid, ca. 1 cm in diam., forming terminal corymbose panicles; peduncles slender, with oblong-linear or linear bracteal leaves, densely pubescent; pedicels very slender, with filiform bracteal leaves. Involucre nearly campanulate, 7–8 mm; phyllaries in 4 or 5 series, linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate, subleathery, light yellowish, short glandular, outer ones ca. 5 time shorter than innermost ones, inner ones ciliate at apex. Ray florets in 1 series, ligules oblong, yellow, 2–3 mm; disc florets cylindrical, yellow, corolla ca. 5 mm. Achenes ca. 1.5 mm, white tomentose. Pappus white, 1 series, ca. 5 mm, of ca. 20 bristles. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Oct.
* Open slopes; 1200–1700 m. S Yunnan.
泽兰羊耳菊 ze lan yang er ju
Inula eupatorioides Candolle, Prodr. 5: 469. 1836; Duhaldea eupatorioides (Candolle) A. Anderberg.
Shrubs 1–2 m; stems lanate-tomentose. Leaves papery, green and sparsely scabridulous adaxially, densely pubescent at least on veins abaxially, minor veins prominent abaxially; leaf blade oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 10–18 × 4–6 cm, apex acuminate, base acute or obtuse, margin remotely serrulate; petiole sessile or up to 5 mm. Heads 5–7 mm in diam., in dense corymbs. Involucres 4- or 5-seriate; phyllaries tomentose; inner ones ca. 4 mm, linear-lanceolate; outer ones ca. 1 mm, oblong-lanceolate. Florets yellow; ray florets female, ligulate, corolla tube usually ca. 3 mm in diam., ca. 5 mm, ligules 3–4 × 1–1.4 mm; disc florets 4–6 mm in diam., corollas ca. 5 mm. Achenes cylindrical, ca. 2 mm, pubescent. Pappus slightly shorter than disc corollas, whitish yellow, brownish tipped, of ca. 20 bristles. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Dec. 2n = 20.
Thickets, under Pinus forests; 1700–1800 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam].
Species incertae sedis
The identity of the following taxon cannot be ascertained herein because we have not seen any specimens:
Amphirhaphis cuspidata Candolle, Prodr. 5: 343. 1836; Inula cuspidata (Candolle) C. B. Clarke; Solidago cuspidata Wallich.
Shrubs. Stems branched, glabrous or puberulence on young branches. Leaves petiolate, blade elliptic-lanceolate, 7.6–12.7 cm, apex acuminate, base narrower, margin serrate, surfaces glabrous or adaxially scabrous; petioles slender. Heads numerous, in terminal corymbs, ca. 8 mm in diam.; pedicels slender. Phyllaries linear, apex acute; outer one shorter, abaxially puberulence. Ray florets yellow, 12–15. Disc florets yellow. Achenes sericeous, ca. 1.6 mm. Pappus yellowish, ca. 4.2 mm. 2n = 20.
Moist valleys. Sichuan (Baoxing) [NW India, Pakistan].
According to Diels (1900), this species is also distributed in Sichuan, but we have not seen any specimens.
苇谷草属 wei gu cao shu
Shrublets or annual herbs. Stem not winged, without resin canals. Leaves alternate, oblong to lanceolate, entire to serrate, often villous. Capitula generally heterogamous, radiate, but in some species heterogamous disciform, or homogamous discoid. Hibernating young capitula, often present. Receptacle epaleate, smooth. Marginal florets female; corolla yellow, radiate, miniradiate, or ± tubular; epidermis not crested. Disc florets perfect; corolla yellow; epidermis with straight cell walls, with needle-like crystals; corolla-lobes short, smooth. Anthers ecalcarate, with branched tails; endothecial tissue radial; cells of filament collar wider than long. Pollen spines with a cavity. Style with acute sweeping hairs, not reaching furcation, without star-shaped crystals. Pappus of barbellate, capillary bristles in 1 row. x = 9
About 18 species: C, S and SE Asia; three species in China.
1a. Leaves base hastate or auriculate; achenes densely pubescent ............................ 1. P. indicum
1b. Leaves base narrower or cordate; achenes sparsely pubescent.
2a. Plant puberulent; heads pendulous; leaves both surfaces scabrous .................. 2. P. cernuum
2b. Plant densely pilose; heads erect; leaves both surfaces densely pilose .............. 3. P. vestitum
苇谷草 wei gu cao
Annual or perennial herbs, up to 1 mm tall. Stems erect, branched, 1–4 mm in diam., striped, pubescent or rarely glabrous. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 30–80 × 3–10 mm, apex acuminate, base truncate or auriculate, subclasping, margin entire, adaxially deep green and strigillose, abaxially yellowish green, hispidulous. Head solitary and terminal, peduncles 3–5 cm. Involucre broad campanulate, ca. 6 mm; phyllaries numerous series; outer ones subulate, herbaceous, pubescent and glandular, 4–5 × shorter than innermost ones; inner ones narrowly linear, glandular. Receptacle hemispherical, glabrous. Florets yellow, glandular in outer surfaces; ray florets in 1 series, ligules narrow, 6–10 × 1–1.2 mm; disc florets numerous, corolla ca. 4 mm. Achenes terete, apex truncate, 0.6–0.7 mm, densely pubescent. Pappus white, or yellowish latter, of ca. 15 bristles, ca. 4 mm in disc florets, absent in ray florets. Fl. Sep–Apr. 2n = 18.
Waste fields, grassy slopes; 700–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].
1a. Text needed ....................................................................................................... 1a. var. indicum
1b. Text needed ................................................................................................ 1b. var. hypoleucum
苇谷草(原变种) wei gu cao (yuan bian zhong)
Inula indica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1236. 1763; I. appendiculata Wallich; I. auriculata Wallich; Vicoa appendiculata Wallich ex Candolle; V. auriculata Cassini; V. indica (Linnaeus) Candolle.
Diagnosis needed.
Distribution needed.
白背苇谷草 bai bei wei gu cao
Inula indica var. hypoleucum Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1107. 1936; Aster lofuensis H. Léveillé & Vaniot.
Leaves narrower, 2–9 cm × 2–8 mm, base hastate, apex obtuse, margin entire or shallowly serrulate, abaxially densely white tomentose. Fl. Feb–Jul, fr. Oct.
Waste fields, grassy slopes; 700–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].
垂头苇谷草 cui tou wei gu cao
Vicoa cernuum Dalzell in Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay Fl. 126: 314. 1861; Inula dalzellii Handel-Mazzettii.
Annuals herbs. Stems 25–50 cm tall, pubescent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5–7.5 × 2–2.5 cm, apex acute or acuminate, base narrower, margin shallowly serrulate or dentate, rarely entire, both surfaces shortly pubescent; petioles very short. Heads 5–7 mm in diam., pendulous, in sparse corymbs; peduncles slender, usually with 1 small bracteal leaf. Phyllaries linear, apiculate, pubescent; outer ones squamiform. Ray florets 20–40, ligules linear, yellow, apex 3-toothed, longer than involucre. Achenes ca. 0.6 mm, oblong, sparsely pubescent. Pappus of disc florets few, brown, 3–4 mm.
Grassy slopes; ca. 1500 m. Yunnan [India].
毛苇谷草 mao wei gu cao
Inula vestita Wallich ex Candolle, Prodr. 5: 470. 1836; Pentanema radiatum Boissier; Vicoa vestita Bentham.
Annual or biennial herbs, 10–50 cm. Stems simple or branched above, pilose. Leaves oblong or ovate in inflorescence, 1–3 × 0.5–1 cm, acute or obtuse, cordate, semiamplexicaul at base or lower ones tapered, pilose on surfaces, partially and usually shallowly serrate. Involucre 4- or 5-seriate; outer phyllaries herbaceous, linear, 4.5–6 mm, inner phyllaries scarious-margined, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 6–7.2 mm. Ray corolla tube ca. 2.7 mm; ligules ca. 4.5 × 0.6 mm, pilose at base. Disc 0.6–1 cm in diam.; corollas 3.3–4.5 mm, glandular at apex. Achenes ca. 0.8 mm, brown, sparsely pubescent; pappus bristles fine, usually 10, yellowish white, 2.5–3.5 mm. Fl. Mar.
W Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan].
蚤草属 zhao cao shu
Annuals, biennials, perennials, shrubs or subshrubs. Stem not winged, without resin canals. Leaves alternate, usually sessile or rarely petiolate. Heads heterogamous radiate or disciform, or homogamous discoid, in corymbiform, racemiform, or paniculiform arrays. Involucres hemispheric to campanulate, [3–]5–10[–20+] mm in diam. Phyllaries persistent (reflexed in fruit), in (2–)3–4+ series, unequal to subequal. Receptacles flat, smooth or minutely alveolate, epaleate. Ray florets, when present, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, laminae 1.5–2+ mm. Disc florets perfect; corollas yellow, lobes 5. Anthers minutely calcarate, with branched tails; endothecial tissue radial. Pollen spines with a cavity. Style with acute sweeping hairs, not reaching furcation. Cypselae ellipsoid, shorter than corolla and often apically contracted and glandular, hairy. Pappus of barbellate, capillary to ± flattened bristles in 1 row with an outer cup of connate scales. x = 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
About 77 species: Africa, Asia, Europe; six species (one endemic) in China.
Pulicaria kouyangensis Vaniot is a synonym of Senecio nagensium Clarke.
1a. Annual or perennial herbs, densely branched; heads small; involucre 5–8(–10) mm in diam.
2a. Annual herbs; leaves oblong-lanceolate; phyllaries in 4 or 5 series, margin membranous; inner pappus of 6–12 bristles, 1–1.5 mm .............................................................................. 1. P. prostrata
2b. Perennial herbs; leaves oblong-spatulate; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, outer one herbaceous; inner pappus of 14 or 15 bristles, 4–5 mm ................................................................... 2. P. gnaphalodes
1b. Perennial herbs or subshrubs; not branched or few branched; heads large; involucre 9–25 mm in diam.
3a. Heads solitary, rarely 2 or 3 ............................................................................ 6. P. insignis
3b. Heads numerous.
4a. Subshrubs ............................................................................................... 5. P. chrysantha
4b. Perennial herbs.
5a. Leaves oblong, apex acute, base cordate and slightly amplexicaul; phyllaries in 5 or 6 series, densely lanate ................................................................................................... 3. P. dysenterica
5b. Leaves obovate-spatulate, apex rounded, base narrower; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, slightly pubescent ............................................................................................................... 4. P. salviifolia
蚤草 zao cao
Inula prostrata Gilibert, Fl. Lithuan. 3: 205. 1787; Aster pulicarius Scopoli; Diplopappus pulicarius Ledebour; I. pulicaria Linnaeus; Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertner.
Annual herbs. All plants tomentose-pilose pubescent or woolly-villous (var. villosa Hohenack., Enum. Talysch., 1837, 58); stems erect or ascending, almost from base, more rarely branched from middle, clothed above with villous tomentum of rather long thin hairs and dispersed finest yellowish transparent sessile or very shortly stalked glands, less densely pubescent below. Leaves (0.7–)1–3(–40) × 0.2–0.8(–1) cm, lower ones oblong, basally narrowed in very short petiole, others sessile oblong-lanceolate with truncately rounded base, somewhat undulate at margin, entire or slightly finely distantly toothed, acute or obtuse at tip, on both sides, but more densely abaxially, tomentose-pilose or sublanate and, also mostly densely, finely sessile- or subsessile-glandular, glands transparent golden yellow. Heads semiglobose, numerous, (10–)20–80(–100) per plant, borne in a few or solitarily at ends of sprigs in loose irregularly paniculate inflorescences. Involucre 5–8(–10) mm in diam., semiglobose, its bracts numerous, arranged in 5 or 6 rows; internal ones longer, all appressed, linear or narrowly oblanceolate-linear, acute at apex and sometimes unbent, villous-pilose and finely dotted sessile-glandular outside. Ligulate marginal florets short, not exceeding involucre or only slightly so, almost as long as or slightly longer than disc tubular florets, corollas of ligulate florets 2.5–3.5 mm, almost as long as style, slightly longer than internal row of pappus, outside, mainly in upper part, beset with dispersed transparent golden yellow glands and singular simple hairs; ligules erect, almost oval, ca. 1 mm wide; corolla of central tubular floret ca. 2 mm, slightly longer than internal row of pappus, outside as also corollas of ligulate florets covered with glands and simple hairs. Achenes 1.5–1.8 × ca. 0.5 mm, equal in length to internal row of pappus bristles or even slightly longer, oblong, slightly compressed and longitudinally costate, entire surface not densely shortly appressed pilose. Internal row of pappus consists of 6–12 denticulate-scabrous hairs, ca. 1.5 mm, somewhat unequal in length; external pappus short coronet, ca. 0.3 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep. 2n = 18.
Xinjiang [C Asia [list countries], Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia (Iran), Europe].
鼠麴蚤草 shu qu zao cao
Inula gnaphalodes Ventenat, Descr. Pl. Nouv. 75. 1800; Strabonia gnaphalodes Candolle.
Perennial herbs. Stems very densely branched; entire plant, especially at base, covered with rather dense and long white and thin lanate tomentum, less dense to apex. Leaves 5–30(–40)× 1–10 mm, oblong, or at base rounded or slightly cordiform, semiamplexicaul at base, sessile, except for very lower ones, oblong-spatulate, tapered in short petiole, obtuse or obtuse at tip, margin distinctly crisped-undulate, midrib impressed adaxially, but prominent abaxially and lateral nerves less distinct, both sides covered with somewhat less dense pubescent of thin tomentum and glands. Heads small, numerous, terminal on slightly thickened ends of terminal and axillary sprigs. Involucres 5–8(–10) mm in diam.; phyllaries loosely arranged in 2(or 3) rows, 2–4 × 0.5–0.7 mm; external ones slightly shorter and wider than internal ones, oblong-lanceolate, acute, pubescent outside, with ± dense tomentum and sessile glands; internal ones less densely pubescent, margins somewhat membranous and slightly dentate-fimbriate. Ray florets small, slightly longer than involucre; corolla 4–5 m, sparsely glandular outside; ligules ca. 1 mm wide, suboval. Disc florets tubular; corolla 3.0–4.5 mm, with prominent anther tips, stigma-branches sparsely glandular outside. Achenes 2.0–2.5 × ca. 0.5 mm, slightly compressed, not densely patent, or appressed silky-pilose above, mostly coronet, granulose-glandular. Internal row of pappus 4–5 mm, 15–25, with pinnate scabrous hairs; external row of pappus coronet, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. May–Sep. 2n = 14.
Stony places, dried riverbeds. W Xizang [Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan; SW Asia (Iran)].
止痢蚤草 zhi li zao cao
Inula dysenterica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 882. 1753; Aster dysenterica Scopoli; Diplopappus dysenterica Bluff & Fingerhuth.
Perennial herbs. Stems 20–60 cm tall, branched, woolly-tomentose and sparsely glandular, in lower part less densely pubescent. Leaves soft, 1.7–6 × 0.7–2.3 cm; most lower ones oblong or oblanceolate, sessile on narrowed base; other cauline leaves lanceolate, sessile, with auriculate profoundly cordiform and slightly amplexicaul base, almost smooth-edged or slightly undulate at margins, green and scabrous adaxially, with short sessile finest tuberculate hairs, rarely subglabrous, thinly gray tomentose or sublanate abaxially. Heads 3–15(–20) per plant, in loose, corymbiform or racemose inflorescences, on rather long lanate tomentose peduncles, 2–6 mm. Involucre semiglobose, 1.1–1.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries numerous, in 5 or 6 series, linear, long and tapered-acuminate at apex, almost filiform, sometimes, mostly external ones, hamate-unbent, tomentose-pilose and not densely dotted granulate-glandular outside, sparsely pilose or subglabrous inside. Ray florets twice exceeding involucre and almost 3 × as long as tubular disc florets; corollas 8–11 mm, sparsely glandular outside, mainly in upper part; ligules unbent, 1.0–1.3 mm wide, longitudinally 4-nerved. Disc florets tubular, 3.5–4.5 mm. Achenes oblong, 1.25–1.5 × 0.3–0.4 mm wide, slightly compressed, longitudinally costate, ribs in upper half covered with not dense short bristly hairs. Internal row of pappus consists of 15–22 denticulate-scabrous hairs, 3.0–4.3 mm, external row coronet, ca. 0.25 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep. 2n = 18.
Introduced in China [native to Europe, Russia].
鼠尾蚤草 shu wei zao cao
Perennial herbs. Stems solitary or a few, densely branched, entire plant grayish tomentose or densely white tomentose. Leaves obovate-spatulate, 8–45 × 4–15 mm, lower one larger, glandular, basely gradually tapered in petiole, margin slightly undulate. Heads numerous, in rather loose racemose inflorescences at ends of branches. Involucre 9–15 mm in diam., pubescent; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, equal length, ca. 4.7 × 0.5–1.2 mm, lanceolate, apex rounded. Ray florets 7–8 mm, with glands outside; ligules 1.5–2 mm, obovate, narrowed at apex. Corollas of disc florets 5–8 mm, sparsely glandular outside. Achenes 2–2.8 × ca. 0.5 mm, slightly compressed. Pappus in 2 series; inner ones of numerous 5–8 mm, pinnately scabrous whitish bristles; outer ones coronet, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Oct.
Pebbly and stony slopes, sandy-stony riverbanks. Xinjiang [Tajikistan, Uzbekistan].
金仙草 jin xian cao
Inula chrysantha Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 614. 1901; I. wardii J. Anthony.
Subshrubs. Rhizome stout, with several caespitose stems and dense pubescent shoots. Stems 30–50 cm tall, branched, densely leafy, pubescent; axillary buds densely white pubescent. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 15–55 × 3–12 mm, apex acute or obtuse, base rounded or slightly cordate, margin serrulate, adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially grayish pubescent and glandular. Heads terminal on stems or branches, solitary, 15–35 mm in diam. Involucre broad campanulate, 10–13 mm, ca. 15 mm in diam. Phyllaries 5 or 6 series; outer ones shorter, oblanceolate or ligulate, leathery below, herbaceous above, usually reflexed, abaxially glandular and pubescent; inner ones linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate, dry membranous, margin ciliate. Ray florets in 1 series; ligules oblong-linear, yellow, ca. 10 mm, apex 3-dentate. Disc florets bisexual; corolla slenderly tubular, ca. 8 mm, glandular outside; lobes lanceolate, apex acute, deep yellow; anthers apex acuminate, base caudate. Achenes cylindrical, striped, apex truncate, ca. 2.7 mm, densely pubescent. Pappus white, latter slightly yellowish, in 2 series; inner ones of serrulate bristles; outer ones of 5–8 chaffs, ca. 0.3 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Grasslands, forest margins; 2500–3000 m. Sichuan.
臭蚤草 chou zao cao
Perennial herbs. Rhizome long, stout and densely branched, with dense branches and densely white lanate buds. Stems 5–25 cm tall, not branched or with 2 or 3 flowering branches, densely tomentose. Basal leaves oblanceolate, apex obtuse, base gradually narrowed to petiole; cauline leaves sessile, 4–8 × 1.2–2 cm, oblong or ovate-oblong, apex obtuse, margin entire, base semiamplexicaul, surfaces densely pubescent; lateral veins 4–5 pairs, inconspicuous. Heads solitary, rarely with additional 1–2 axillary heads. Involucre broad campanulate, 1.2–1.5 cm, 2–2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, linear-lanceolate or linear, apex acuminate; outer ones herbaceous above, 10–15 × ca. 1 mm, abaxially densely hispid, apex acuminate; inner ones herbaceous, 14–20 × ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate, abaxially hispid. Ray florets yellow, pubescent outside; ligules 1–1.5(–2) × ca. 1.5 mm, apex 3-dentate. Disc florets bisexual; corolla tubular, glabrous, ca. 7 mm. Achenes cylindrical, 2.5–3.5 mm, apex truncate, base narrower, light brown sericeous. Pappus white, in 2 series; outer ones of ca. 5 chaffs of 1–1.3 mm, apex acuminate; inner ones of 5 plumose bristles ca. 7 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep.
Rocky slopes, alpine meadows; 3400–4600 m. SW Qinghai, Xizang [India].
天名精属 tian ming jing shu
Perennials or rarely annuals. Stem not winged, without resin canals. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed, sessile or petiolate; petioles often winged. Heads disciform, heterogamous, terminal or axillary, sessile or shortly pedunculate, usually pendulous, solitary or few together, or many in spiciform racemes. Involucres subglobose or depressed-globose, bracts 3- or 4-seriate, outer ones herbaceous or with foliaceous tips, inner ones dry, broad, obtuse. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Marginal florets pistillate, tubular to somewhat miniradiate, in 2 to several series, fertile, slender, corollas 3- to 5-toothed. Disc florets bisexual, fertile, slender, many, corolla-limb slightly dilated, 4- or 5-toothed, yellowish. Anthers ecalcarate, with branched tails. Pollen spines with a cavity. Style with acute sweeping hairs not reaching furcation, without star-shaped crystals. Cypselas ellipsoid, glabrous, longer than corolla, ribbed, with a short glandular beak, crowned by a cartilaginous ring. Pappus absent. x = 10, 18.
About 25 species: Asia, Europe; 19 species (six endemic) in China.
The identity of the following taxa cannot be ascertained herein because we have not seen any specimens of them:
Carpesium gigas H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 6: 330. 1909.
Carpesium spathiforme Hosokawa, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22: 225. 1932.
Carpesium verbascifolium H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 359. 1910.
1a. Outer phyllaries membranous or subherbaceous, shorter than inner ones, not similar to bracteal leaves.
2a. Corolla sparsely pubescent; heads 6–10 mm in diam., terminal on stems or branches, with distinct peduncles .............................................................................................. 10. C. divaricatum
2b. Corolla glabrous; heads 3–5 mm in diam., axillary, sessile or shortly peduncles.
3a. Heads 3–6 mm in diam., peduncles distinct.
4a. Leaves long decurrent to winged petiole ........................................ 14. C. tracheliifolium
4b. Leaves short cuneate at base, abruptly narrowed to wingless petiole ........... 15. C. minum
3b. Heads 6–8 mm in diam., sessile or subsessile.
5a. Lower cauline leaves broad ovate, base cordate or rounded ............ 11. C. szechuanense
5b. Lower cauline leaves elliptic to lanceolate, base attenuate.
6a. Lower cauline leaves broad elliptic to oblong, densely
pubescent
12. C. abrotanoides
6b. Lower cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, glabrous .......... 13.C. longifolium
1b. Outer phyllaries herbaceous or leafy, equal or longer than inner ones, similar to bracteal leaves.
7a. Heads campanulate, 4–10 mm in diam. ................................................................ 1.C. triste
7b. Heads cupuliform, over 10 mm in diam.
8a. Corolla glabrous; plant sparsely pubescent; rarely corolla sparsely pubescent and plant densely lanate.
9a. Heads 2.5–3.5 cm in diam. ........................................................... 2. C. macrocephalum
9b. Heads 1–2 cm in diam.
10a. Phyllaries apex obtuse; lower leaves base decurrent to petioles ............... 3. C. cernuum
10b. Phyllaries apex acute; lower leaves base rounded, truncate or cordate, not decurrent to petioles 4. C. nepalense
8b. Corolla pubescent; plant pubescent or densely yellowish pilose.
11a. Lower cauline leaves broadly ovate, base cordate or rounded; petioles wingless 5. C. cordatum
11b. Lower cauline leaves elliptic, base decurrent to petioles.
12a. Cauline leaves semiamplexicaul; plant tomentose-pilose; corolla sparsely pubescent 6. C. velutinum
12b. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, base not amplexicaul; corolla densely pubescent.
13a. Bracteal leaves and outer phyllaries spatulate or
linear-spatulate, apex rounded or obtuse, densely pubescent; heads 1–1.5 cm in
diam.
........................................................................................................ 7.
C. scapiforme
13b. Bracteal leaves and outer phyllaries lanceolate, apex acuminate, sparsely pubescent; heads 1–1.5 cm in diam.
14a. Stems 20–35 cm tall, tomentose-pilose; heads shortly petiolate or nearly sessile; phyllaries usually not reflexed .......................................................................................... 8. C. humile
14b. Stems 35–70 cm tall, sparsely pubescent; heads long petiolate; phyllaries reflexed 9. C. lipskyi
暗花金挖耳 an hua jin wa er
Carpesium manshuricum Kitamura; C. pseudotracheliifolium Ling, C. triste var. manshuricum Kitamura; C. triste var. sinense Diels; C. tristiforme Handel-Mazzetti.
Perennial herbs. Stems slender, 40–100 cm tall, densely spreading pubescent, especially at base, branched in upper part. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves withering before flowering; lower cauline leaves ovate-oblong, 13–20 × 3–5 cm, base rounded, irregularly mucronate-toothed, densely pubescent on surfaces, petiole long, winged; median leaves narrower, long acuminate; upper leaves gradually smaller, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends. Heads several to many, on branches; bracts linear-lanceolate, as long as or longer than heads, reflexed. Involucre campanulate, 5–6 mm tall, 6–10 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 series, mostly all alike, outer phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, scarious. Marginal flowers female, corolla narrow tubular, 2.5 mm; disc flowers bisexual, corolla 3.5 × ca. 1 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Achenes 3–3.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 40.
Forests, streamsides; 700–3700 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia].
大花金挖耳 da hua jin wa er
Carpesium eximium C. Winkler.
Perennial herbs; seems flexuous, crisp pubescent, ca. 1 m tall, branch thickened below heads. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves withering before flowering; lower cauline leaves broadly ovate, 30–40 × 10–13 cm, acute, winged petiolate, irregularly coarsely double toothed, short pubescent on surfaces especially on nerves; median leaves gradually smaller, obovate-oblong, acute, abruptly narrowed in lower half; upper leaves narrow, acuminate. Heads terminal, on long peduncles, bracts linear or lanceolate; involucre cupuliform, 8–10 mm 23–30 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 series, outer phyllaries similar to bracteal leaves, median phyllaries oblong-linear, acute, densely pubescent, inner phyllaries linear-spatulate, 5.5–6 mm. Marginal flowers in many series, female, corolla tubular, ca. 3.5 mm, 5-lobed; disc florets bisexual, fertile, corolla 4 mm, 5-lobed. Achenes cylindric, 5.5–6 mm, beak 1 mm, glandular dotted. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 40.
Moist humus in deciduous or mixed forests; 700–2300 m. Gansu, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan [Japan, Korea, Russia].
烟管头草 yan guan tou cao
Carpesium ciliatum Candolle; C. pedunculosum Candolle; C. pubescens Candolle.
Perennial herbs; stems 50–100 cm tall. Stems 50–100 cm, robust, erect, densely white villous and crisp puberulent at base, much branched. Lower cauline leaves thin, spatulate-oblong, 9–25 × 4–6 cm, apex acute or obtuse, base contracted and attenuate into winged petiole, margins irregularly doubly serrate, mucronulate, densely white villous on surfaces, adaxially green, abaxially pale; median leaves slightly smaller, oblong, apex obtuse or sometimes acuminate. Heads solitary, 15–18 mm broad, long pedunculate, subtending leaves many, linear-lanceolate, 2–5 cm, apex obtuse, base narrow. Involucres cupuliform, 7–8 mm, outer bracts leaf-like, scarious near base, white pilose without, inner ones narrowly oblong, scarious, obtuse. Corolla of outer florets tubular, 1.5 mm, central florets tubular, 2.5 mm, limb 1 mm. Achenes linear, 4.5–5 × 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 40.
Waste fields, montane slopes; below 2900(–3400) m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia; Europe].
尼泊尔天名精 ni po er tian ming jing
Stems erect, 23–60 cm tall, robust, appressed woolly at base, branching toward base, flexuous apically. Lower cauline leaves long petiolate, ovate, 12–18 × 2.5–4 cm, apex shortly acuminate, base rounded or truncate, margins irregularly dentate or mucronulate, densely villous on surfaces, adaxially green, abaxially pale, petioles 2–2.5 × longer than blade; upper leaves becoming gradually smaller and with shorter petioles, ovate-oblong or oblong, acuminate, uppermost leaves oblong-lanceolate. Heads 9–11 mm in diam., solitary, long pedunculate, subtended by leafy bracts, bracts longer or as long as heads, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Involucre cupuliform, 9–11 × 5–6 mm, bracts 4-seriate, equal in length. Corolla of outer florets ca. 1.5 mm. Achenes ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep. fr. Sep–Oct.
Mountain slopes, forests; 1400–3200 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal].
[Ed. note: Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, and Sichuan were added here from 4b. Please double-check that distribution is correct for the species.]
4a. Text needed .................................................................................................... 4a. var. nepalense
4b. Text needed ...................................................................................................... 4b. var. lanatum
尼泊尔天名精(原变种) ni po er tian ming jing (yuan bian zhong)
Carpesium acutum Hayata; C. cernuum Linnaeus var. nepalense (Lessing) C. B. Clarke.
Diagnosis needed.
Distribution needed.
棉毛尼泊尔天名精 mian mao ni po er tian ming jing
Carpesium cernuum var. lanatum J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 130. 1876.
Entire plant white lanate, especially dense in stems. Heads 12–20 mm in diam. Phyllaries acute. Corolla sometimes sparsely pubescent. Fl. Jul–Sep. fr. Sep–Nov.
Montane slopes; 1100–2700 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India].
心叶天名精 xin ye tian ming jing
Perennial herbs. Stems up to 60 cm tall, vertically striped, sparsely pubescent. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Cauline leaf blade ovate or oblong, 7–13 × 6–10 cm, apex acute, base cordate or rounded, margin irregularly and sparsely dentate, adaxially green and sparsely pubescent, abaxially light green, sparsely pubescent on veins. Head terminal on stems and branches; peduncles 5–10 cm. Bracteal leaves 3–5, ovate or ovate-oblong, 1–2.5 cm, apex acuminate, surfaces sparsely pubescent, shortly petiolate. Involucel hemispherical, 6–7 mm, 1–1.5 mm in diam. Phyllaries ca. 4 series, subequal; outer ones herbaceous, narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, abaxially sparsely pubescent; inner ones lanceolate, apex acute, dry membranous. Bisexual florets ca. 2.5 mm; corolla ca. 1.5 mm, pubescent, limb funnelform, 5-lobed; lobes triangular, ca. 0.5 mm. Female florets tubular, ca. 2 mm. Achenes slenderly cylindrical, 4–4.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, conifer forests; 2300–3500 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
绒毛天名精 rong mao tian ming jing
Carpesium zhouquensis J. Q. Fu.
Perennial herbs. Stems 30–50 cm tall, grayish yellow pilose, sometimes densely tomentose, usually not branched except peduncles. Basal leaves persistent, 3–4, elliptic, 4–10 × 2–4.5 cm, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate, decurrent to broadly winged petioles, margin serrate, adaxially hispid, abaxially velutinous, more denser on costa; lower cauline leaves similar to basal leaves, base semiamplexicaul, with winged 3–10 cm long petioles; upper leaves much smaller, elliptic-oblong, apex acute or obtuse, base semiamplexicaul, sessile. Head solitary on stems or axil, in racemose; pedicels sessile to 3–5 cm. Bracteal leaves numerous, lanceolate, with 1–2 larger ones 10–15 mm; other ones equal to phyllaries in length, densely pilose and glandular. Involucre hemispherical, 5–6 mm, 6–12 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 series, subequal; outer ones lanceolate or linear-spatulate, pilose, herbaceous above, membranous below; inner ones dry membranous, lanceolate, apex obtuse. Female florets tubular, 1.5–2 mm, 5-dentate, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; bisexual florets tubular, 2.5–3 mm, 5-dentate, sparsely pubescent. Achenes ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Forests, montane slopes; 2000–3200 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
葶茎天名精 ting jing tian ming jing
Perennial herbs, 25–50 cm tall. Stems erect, simple, sparsely pilose, rarely villous. Leaves 4–5(–8) per stem below inflorescence, ovate-lanceolate to oblanceolate, rounded to subacute, attenuate at base, subentite, rarely serrulate, pubescent (usually sparsely), with shorter glandular hairs more numerous abaxially, rarely villous on veins abaxially; lower leaves close together, 7–28 × 2.5–6 cm, usually long petiolate; middle and upper leaves distant, much reduced, (±) sessile. Capitula 1 or 2(or 3)[–6], surrounded by several whorls of ± regular, spatulate, obtuse, herbaceous, pilose bracts, 7–15 × 1.5–6 mm, rarely oblong, acute or few much larger; phyllaries oblong, acute or obtuse, scarious, ca. 6 × 1.6 mm. Disc 8–20 mm in diam., yellow, corollas ca. 2 mm, tube hairy. Achenes 4–5 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
Alpine meadows, forest margins, streamsides; 3000–4100 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India].
矮天名精 ai tian ming jing
Perennial herbs. Rhizome short and stout, with numerous fibrous roots. Stems 12–25 cm tall, simple or branched in upper part, grayish yellow pilose, more denser on upper part and peduncles. Basal leaves persistent at anthesis, spatulate-oblong, 6–9×2.5–4 cm, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate, decurrent to very short petioles, adaxially pubescent, abaxially white pilose, surfaces glandular, margin serrulate or nearly entire. Upper leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, base cuneate, sessile. Heads solitary on stems, branches or axils, shortly petiolate. Bracteal leaves 3–7, lanceolate, 8–16 mm, apex acuminate, pubescent. Involucre discoid, 1–1.5 cm in diam., ca. 8 mm. Phyllaries in 4 series; outer ones lanceolate, 7–8 × 2–3.5 mm, apex acuminate, herbaceous above, dry membranous below, abaxially pilose; inner ones linear, dry membranous, apex acute. Female florets tubular, ca. 2 mm, 5-dentate, pubescent. Bisexual florets 2.5–3 mm, pubescent; limbs funnelform, 5-dentate. Achenes ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, river beaches, forest margins; 2000–3700 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
高原天名精 gao yuan tian ming jing
Perennial herbs. Rhizome prostrate. Stems 35–70 cm tall, densely pilose. Basal leaves usually withering before flowering, blade elliptic or spatulate, 7–15 × 3–7 cm, apex obtuse or acute, base decurrent to petioles, margin nearly entire or serrulate, adaxially pubescent, abaxially white pilose, denser along veins, glandular on surfaces; upper leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base broad cuneate, sessile. Head solitary on terminal of stems, branches or axils, pendulous. Bracteal leaves 5–7, lanceolate, subequal, 8–16 × 2–3 mm, reflexed, sparsely pubescent, more denser along costae. Involucre discoid, 1–1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 series; outer ones similar to bracteal leaves, lanceolate, ca. 7 mm, herbaceous above, dry membranous below, abaxially pubescent, usually reflexed; middle ones dry membranous, lanceolate, apex acuminate; innermost ones linear-lanceolate, apex irregularly serrulate. Bisexual florets 3–3.5 mm, corolla white pubescent, limbs funnelform, 5-dentate; female florets narrowly funnelform, ca. 2.5 mm, limbs 5-denatte. Achenes 3.5–4 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Forest margins, thickets; 2000–3700 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
金挖耳 jin wa er
Carpesium atkinsonianum Hemsley.
Perennial herbs. Stems 25–150 cm tall, densely pubescent, branched above middle. Lower leaves thin, petiolate, ovate to ovate-oblong, 7–23 cm, apex acute to obtuse, base mostly rounded, sometimes shallowly cordate or truncate, rarely short cuneate, margins irregularly mucronulate-dentate, pubescent on surfaces, adaxially green, abaxially pale and glandular-punctate, petiole shorter or as long as blade, short winged; median leaves oblong, acuminate at apex, cuneate-attenuate at base; upper leaves much smaller, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile. Heads 6–8 mm in diam., terminal and solitary on branches or in subracemose inflorescences, nodding at anthesis, subtending bracteal leaves 2–4, lanceolate, reflexed, 2–5 × as long as head; involucre ovoid, 6–8 × 5–6 mm, bracts 4-seriate, imbricate, outermost bracts shortest, broadly ovate, cuspidate, herbaceous, median bracts oblong, rounded, innermost bracts linear, obtuse. Corolla of outer florets cylindric, ca. 1.5 mm, 4-lobed; florets of central florets cylindric, 3–3.5 mm, limb 5-lobed. Achenes cylindric, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Oct–Nov. 2n = 40.
Broad-leaved forests, mixed forests; 600–1600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
四川天名精 si chuan tian ming jing
Perennial herbs. Rhizome stout, with numerous fibrous roots. Stems 50–80 cm tall, pubescent, branched in upper part. Leaves alternate; lower and middle leaves broad ovate, 9–12 × 6.5–12 cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base cordate or truncate, adaxially hispid, abaxially white glandular, sparsely pubescent, white pilose along veins, margin irregular toothed; petioles 3–8 cm, wingless, densely tomentose; upper leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base cuneate, nearly entire, shortly petiolate or nearly sessile. Heads in spicate; terminal ones with bracteal leaves; axillary ones with smaller bracteal leaves or inconspicuous. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 7 mm, 8–10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 series; outer ones shorter, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, apex herbaceous, acute, base membranous, abaxially pubescent; middle ones dry membranous, ca. 5 mm; inner ones linear. Bisexual florets tubular, ca. 3 mm, 5-dentate; female florets tubular, ca. 1.5 mm, 5-dentate. Achenes ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, forest margin; 1400–2500 m. Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan.
天名精 tian ming jing
Carpesium thunbergianum Siebold & Zuccarini.
Perennial herbs. Stems 50–100 cm tall, stout, terete, leafy, pubescent apically, much branched. Lower cauline leaves thin, broadly elliptic to oblong, 20–28 × 8.5–15 cm, apex obtuse to acute, narrowed at base into a broadly winged petiole, margins irregularly mucronulate-dentate, glandular-dotted abaxially, shortly pubescent on both sides; upper leaves oblong, sessile, gradually smaller, acute. Heads many, 6–8 mm broad, sessile, spicately arranged, usually without bracts, deflexed in anthesis. Involucre campanulate-globose, bracts 3-seriate, outer ones shortest, ovate-acuminate, shortly pubescent, scarious-leathery at base, herbaceous toward apex, median and inner bracts oblong, rounded at apex. Florets 130–300; corolla of outer florets cylindric, 1.5–0.5 mm, of central florets 2.5 mm. Achenes ca. 3.5 mm, beak ca. 0.7 mm. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Oct–Dec. 2n = 40.
Roadsides, grassy slopes, thickets, forest margins, streamsides; below 2800(–3400) m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Vietnam; SW Asia (Iran)].
长叶天名精 chang ye tian ming jing
Carpesium leptophyllum F. H. Chen & C. M. Hu; C. leptophyllum var. linearibracteatum F. H. Chen & C. M. Hu.
Perennial herbs. Stems 50–100 cm tall, base woody and nearly glabrous, upper branched, puberulent. Leaves radical and cauline; radical leaves withering before flowering; lower and middle cauline leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 10–23 × 3.5–6 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire or with small cusps, surfaces nearly glabrous or very sparsely pilose, adaxially deep green, costa purple, abaxially light green, white and yellow globose glandular, with 2–4 cm long petioles; upper leaves lanceolate, 8–15 × 1.5–3 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, nearly entire, sessile to shortly petiolate. Heads in spicate; axillary ones usually without bracteal leaves or very small bracteal leaves; terminal ones with 2–4 lanceolate 1.5–3.5 cm long bracteal leaves. Involucre hemispherical, 6–7 mm, 8–12 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 series; outer ones ovate, ca. 3 mm, apex acute, dry membranous, abaxially sparsely pubescent; middle ones oblong, 5–6 × ca. 2 mm, apex obtuse, margin ciliate or serrulate; innermost ones linear-lanceolate, 6–7 × ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse. Female florets in 3 or 4 series, corolla tubular, ca. 2 mm, 5-dentate; bisexual florets tubular, 3–3.5 mm, limbs 5-dentate. Achenes ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Moist forests, riversides, grasslands; 600–2300 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
粗齿天名精 cu chi tian ming jing
Carpesium cernuum Linnaeus var. tracheliifolium (Lessing) C. B. Clarke.
Plant 30–50 cm; stems usually sparsely pubescent. Leaves ovate, 4–15 × 2–8 cm, usually acuminate to attenuate at base, subentire to coarsely serrate, sparsely pubescent on surfaces, with subsessile glands abaxially; lower ones broadly (narrow) petiolate; upper ones sessile or short petiolate. Capitula 1–8 in racemes or spikes at branch ends, suberect to pendulous, surrounded by leafy bracts 4.5–37 × 2–9 mm. Involucre 4- or 5-seriate; phyllaries mostly oblong, obtuse, scarious, to 3.5–5.2 mm; outer ones sometimes shorter or herbaceous above or ovate and rounded to acuminate at apex. Disc 2–10 mm in diam.; corollas ca. 2 mm, tube glabrous or hairy. Achenes 3 mm, narrowed above to glandular apex. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
Valleys, forests; 2000–3500 m. Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Nepal].
小花金挖耳 xiao hua jin wa er
Carpesium faberi C. Winkler; C. hosokawae Kitamura; C. kweichowense Chang.
Stems 50–70 cm, erect, densely pubescent, often purplish, branched in upper half. Lower cauline leaves thin, ovate-oblong, 10–14×2.5–3.5 mm, apex obtuse to acuminate, base cuneate, long petiolate, petioles wingless; median cauline leaves lanceolate, apex acuminate, base cuneate-attenuate, short petiolate or sessile; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, gradually smaller upward. Heads numerous, 4.5 mm in diam., solitary on branches, nodding at anthesis, subtended by many leafy bracts, bracts longer than heads. Involucres campanulate-globose, 4 × 4–5 mm, bracts in 4 series, outermost bracts shortest, ovate, cuspidate, pubescent, median bracts narrowly oblong, rounded at apex, denticulate, inner bracts linear. Florets ca. 80; corolla of outer florets cylindric, 1.5 mm, corolla of central florets tubular, 1.5 mm, limb 4-lobed. Achenes 2.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
Grassy slopes, forests; 700–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan].
This species is characterized by a dwarf, slender habit, narrow, rather thick leaves and small, erect, slenderly pedunculate flowerheads.
牛眼菊属 niu yan ju shu
Perennial herbs. Stem not winged, with resin canals. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, sessile, entire, or petiolate, rhombic, dentate, hairy. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, solitary, terminal. Receptacle paleate, paleae folded, subtending florets. Involucre hemispherical; involucral bracts in ca. 3 rows, narrowly linear, herbaceous, not subtended by leaves. Marginal florets female, in 1 row; corolla yellow, radiate; epidermis not crested. Cypselas triquetrous to flattened. Pappus missing or a rim of scales. Disc florets perfect; corolla yellow; epidermis with straight cell-walls, without needle-like crystals; corolla-lobes short, smooth. Anthers long calcarate with very short tails; endothecial tissue polarized. Cells of filament collar wider than long. Pollen spines with a cavity. Style with acute sweeping hairs not reaching furcation, with star-shaped crystals. Cypselas flattened or somewhat triquetrous, shorter than corolla; epidermis with elongated crystals. Pappus of a rim of irregularly incised scales. x = 10.
Two species: Europe; one species (introduced) in China.
牛眼菊 niu yan ju
Perennial herbs, 50–70 cm tall. Stems erect, purplish red, usually not branched or branched at upper part, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Lower leaves obovate-lanceolate, base gradually narrower and petiolate; middle leaves oblong to lanceolate, apex acute, base gradually narrower; upper leaves smaller, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, apex acute, base gradually narrower, sessile, margin entire or sparsely serrulate, surfaces pubescent. Head solitary and terminal on stems or branches. Involucre hemispherical; phyllaries green, herbaceous, ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate, abaxially pubescent; corolla yellow. Ray florets female, ligules 2–3 mm wide, apex 2–4-dentate; disc florets bisexual, corolla tubular, ca. 4 mm, 5-lobed. Achenes in ray florets trigonous, 3–4 mm; achenes in disc florets columniform, 3–4 mm, glabrous. Pappus of irregularly incised scales. 2n = 20.
Cultivated in China [native to Europe].
山黄菊属 shan huang ju shu
Annual or perennial herbs. Stem not winged, without resin canals. Leaves simple, entire to dentate or pinnatifid or deeply lobed, hairy. Capitula large or small, solitary or clustered, heterogamous, radiate. Receptacle paleate. Paleae folded. Marginal florets female, in ca. 1 row; corolla yellow, radiate; epidermis not crested. Disc florets perfect; corolla yellow with straight epidermis cell-walls, without needle-shaped crystals; corolla-lobes short, smooth without spiny hairs apically. Anthers minutely calcarate, with long or very short tails; endothecial tissue polarized; cells of filament collar wider than long. Pollen spines with a cavity. Style with obtuse or rarely acute, sweeping-hairs not reaching furcation, without star-shaped crystals. Cypselas ellipsoid or with obtuse indistinct edges, without crystals in epidermis. Pappus of short acute or obtuse scales, or sometimes missing. x = 7.
About 40 species: most species in tropical S Africa and Madagascar, also in SE Asia; one species in China.
山黄菊 shan huang ju
Verbesina chinensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 901. 1753; Inula yunnanensis J. Anthony.
Annual herbs. Rhizome stout, 5–12 mm in diam. Stems erect, 2–4(–6) mm in diam., 40–100 cm tall, simple or rarely caespitose, with slender stripes, subwoody at base, densely rusty pubescent or sparsely pubescent in lower part during flowering period. Cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, papery, 3–6 × 1–2 cm, surfaces slightly pubescent, much dense along veins, apex obtuse, base truncate or broadly cuneate, margin obtusely serrate. Heads solitary or several in terminal corymbs; peduncles densely pubescent. Involucre hemispherical, 6–10 mm; phyllaries in 3 series, narrowly lanceolate or broadly linear, 3–5 × ca. 1.5 mm, apex obtuse, abaxially densely pubescent, margin membranous. Paleae keeled, membranous, ca. 5 mm. Marginal florets female; corolla yellow; ligules obtriangular, ca. 6.5 × 2 mm, apex truncate, 3-dentate; disc florets bisexual; corolla tubular, ca. 3 mm, with short triangular lobes. Achenes columniform, sparsely pubescent, apex truncate, slightly narrower to base, ca. 2 mm in female florets and ca. 1.5 mm in bisexual florets, with 4 ribs. Pappus grayish white, chaffy, of 4 or 5 bristles. Fl. Aug–Nov.
Grassy slopes, waste fields, forest margins; below 2400 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, S Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar; tropical Africa, Madagascar].