向日葵族 xiang ri kui zu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生)[1]; D. J. Nicholas Hind[2]
Annuals, perennials, subshrubs. Leaves mostly opposite or mostly alternate, rarely whorled; petiolate or sessile. Heads usually radiate, sometimes discoid. Involucres cylindric to hemispheric or rotate. Phyllaries persistent, herbaceous, rarely membranous, in 16 series. Receptacles usually flat or convex, sometimes hemispheric or conic, usually paleate; paleae usually falling, sometimes persistent, distinct or rarely connate, herbaceous to scarious, apices sometimes 3-lobed or -toothed. Ray florets neuter, or female and fertile; ligule entire or 23-toothed. Disc florets bisexual, fertile or sterile; 45-lobed; anther thecae dark or pale; anther tails obtuse and entire, or sagittate, auriculate. Cypselae often compressed or angled; pappi 0, or usually of (1)2(8) scales and/or awns, sometimes coroniform.
About 209 genera, mostly in America; 30 genera in China, most are introduced (one endemic).
[Ed. note: Genera and species that are only cultivated in China, except for large-scale crops (and of course naturalized taxa), should have their treatments deleted, in accordance with the FOC Guidelines. However, these purely cultivated species should be mentioned in a comment here at the start of the tribe.]
1a. Plant generally wind-pollinated or self-pollinated, heads small and not showy; all flowers imperfect; ray florets absent.
2a. Phyllaries in staminate heads in 12 series, distinct to bases; phyllaries in pistillate heads in 612 series, their distinct tips mostly ± hooked (the distal 13 usually longer, stouter, and not hooked), the whole becoming a hard, prickly perigynium; florets 2 .............................................. 1. Xanthium
2b. Phyllaries in staminate heads in 1 series, connate; phyllaries in pistillate heads in 18 series, usually with free tips forming tubercles, spines, or wings; florets 1(5) ............................. 2. Ambrosia
1b. Plant generally adapted for attracting pollinating insects, heads colorful and attractive; some or all flowers perfect; ray florets present.
3a. Only ray florets fertile, these achenes much longer than those of the sterile disk florets.
4a. Ray achenes thick, rounded or weakly compressed, without wings; achenes thick, not much flattened; pappus none.
5a. Achenes embraced and enclosed by the prickly inner
bracts of the involucre
.................................................................................................. 3.
Acanthospermum
5b. Achenes merely subtended by the unarmed bracts.
6a. Phyllaries in several series, the inner completely
clasping the achenes
4.
Melampodium
6b. Phyllaries in 12 series, subtending, not clasping the achenes ............. 5. Smallanthus
4b. Ray achenes strongly flattened; pappus present or absent.
7a. Leaves opposite; ray achenes in 23 series, even at flowering time, each achene completely free from the nearby bracts and falling separately ..................................................... 6. Silphium
7b. Leaves alternate; ray achenes in a single series, each achene more or less enclosed by and often attached to the subtending involucral bract and 23 adjacent receptacular bracts, all falling as a unit ........................................................................................................... 7. Parthenium
3b. Disc florets fertile; ray florets present and fertile or sterile or absent.
8a. Ray florets with or without short tubes, persistent.
9a. Receptacles conic; achenes 3-angled or flattened;
phyllaries in 34 series
.................................................................................................................... 8.
Zinnia
9b. Receptacles convex to conic; achenes terete or obscurely 34-angled to compressed or flattened; phyllaries in 23 series ........................................................................... 9. Sanvitalia
8b. Ray florets caducous.
10a. Pappus absent, or awned.
11a. Achenes all plumpy, or 3-angled in ray florets and compressed in disc florets.
12a. Achenes enclosed by inner phyllaries or outer paleae; pappus absent or scale-like.
13a. Female florets in one row; phyllaries 5, spreading; heads in sparse panicles; peduncles long 10. Sigesbeckia
13b. Female florets in many rows; phyllaries 4, broad, in two pairs; heads axillary, peduncles very short .......................................................................................................... 11. Enydra
12b. Achenes not enclosed by inner phyllaries.
14a. Paleae narrowly long, even; ray florets in two series, ligules small; pappus absent or with two short awns.
15a. Ligules white ................................................................................... 12. Eclipta
15b. Ligules yellow ............................................................................... 13..Guizotia
14b. Paleae concave or folio, more or less enclose florets.
16a. Achenes in bisexual florets 45 angled, or compressed.
17a. Pappus absent or coroniform, or of 28 unequal scales;
receptacles subspheric to ovoid, or conic to columnar; leaves usually alternate
................................................................................................ 14.
Rudbeckia
17b. Pappus scale-like, spricky, awnlike or absent; receptacles even or raised; leaves usually opposite.
18a. Ray florets fertile.
19a. Pappus 25, unequal, spine like or squama like, base connate; ray florets female, ligules short or very short, apex 24-dentate; heads small .............. 15. Blainvillea
19b. Pappus absent, scale-like, cyathiform, coroniform or 12 bristles; heads larger 16. Wedelia
18b. Ray florets sterile.
20a. Receptacles paleate, each palea completely investing and falling with a cypsela, each forming a hardened perigynium ........................................ 17. Sclerocarpus
20b. Receptacle paleate, paleae sometimes conduplicate, ± enfolding cypselae, not forming perigynia.
21a. Pappi 0, or coroniform, of connate scales, 12 scales
sometimes subulate to aristate; peduncles usually distally dilated, fistulose
18.
Tithonia
21b. Pappi 0 or readily falling, of 2(3) usually lanceolate, aristate, or erose scales plus 08 usually shorter scales ........................................................ 19. Helianthus
16b. Achenes in ray florets broadly ovate or elliptic, 3-angled; disc achenes ellipsoid, strongly compressed; pappus absent or of up to 10 awnlike bristles ............. 20. Acmella
11b. Achenes compressed.
22a. Pappus 0, or persistent, of 2 bristly cusps or scales; leaves opposite.
23a. Phyllaries free, outer ones coriaceous, subequal, inner ones shorter, similar with paleae; ray achenes narrowly oval and winged, with 2 triangular scales
24a. Achenes markedly dimorphic, those of the rays with conspicuous, lacerate wing margins, others wingless ..................................................................................... 21. Synedrella
24b. Achenes all about alike, wingless or somewhat thick-winged distally, not lacerate 22. Calyptocarpus
23b. Phyllaries in two row, outer ones few and smaller, inner ones membranous, connate at base; pappus of 24 awns or scales or absent.
25a. Slender annual; ligules ca. 11 Χ 8 mm .......................................... 23. Coreopsis
25b. Robust perennial or subshrub; ligules 3560 Χ 1525 mm ................. 24. Dahlia
22b. Pappus of retrorsely barbed awns; leaves opposite or upper ones alternate.
26a. Pappus of 24 scabrid awns; style branches with short minute papillae.
27a. Achenes apex beaked; ray florets red or purple .............................. 25. Cosmos
27b. Achenes apex narrow, not beaked; ray florets yellow,
white or absent
26.
Bidens
26b. Pappus of 2 scabrid awns; style branches with long hairs .......... 27. Glossocardia
10b. Pappus of subulate to acerose scales, or spatulate, entire to erose, fimbriate, or laciniate, sometimes aristate, scales in 1 series, or plumose, setiform scales (or flattened bristles) in 1 series.
28a. Annuals; ray cypselae often each shed together with subtending phyllary and 2 adjacent paleae 28. Galinsoga
28b. Perennials; cypselae shed separate from paleae ........................................ 29. Tridax
苍耳属 cang er shu
Annuals. Stems erect, branched. Leaves cauline; mostly alternate (proximal 26 sometimes opposite); petiolate; blades lanceolate, linear, ovate, rounded-deltate, or suborbiculate, often palmately or pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or ± toothed, faces hirtellous or ± strigose, usually gland-dotted as well. Heads discoid, either pistillate (proximal) or functionally staminate (distal), in racemiform to spiciform arrays or borne singly (in axils). Pistillate heads: involucres ± ellipsoid, 25 mm diam. at anthesis; phyllaries in 612 series, outer 58 distinct, the rest (sometimes interpreted as paleae) proximally connate, their distinct tips mostly ± hooked (the distal 13 usually longer, stouter, and not hooked), the whole becoming a hard, prickly perigynium (a bur); florets 2, corollas 0. Staminate heads: involucres saucer-shaped, 35 mm diam.; phyllaries in 12 series, distinct to bases; receptacles conic to columnar; paleae spatulate to cuneiform or linear, membranous, distally villous or hirtellous; florets 2050, corollas whitish, funnelform, lobes 5, erect or reflexed (filaments connate, anthers distinct or weakly coherent). Cypselae (black) fusiform, enclosed in obovoid to ellipsoid, hard, prickly, 2-chambered burs. Pappus absent. x = 18.
About 23 species, New World, introduced nearly worldwide; two species introduced in China.
1a. Nodal spines 0; leaf blades suborbiculate to pentagonal or deltate ........... 1. X. strumarium
1b. Nodal spines (1)3-lobed, 1530+ mm; leaf blades ± lanceolate to ovate or lance-linear 2. X. spinosum
刺苍耳 ci cang er
Xanthium ambrosioides Hooker & Arnott; X. spinosum var. inerme Bel.
Annual herbs, 1060(120) cm; nodal spines usually in pairs, simple or 23-partite, 1530 mm. Leaves: petioles 115(25) mm; blades ± ovate to lanceolate or lance-linear, 48(12) Χ 13(5) cm, often pinnately 3(7)-lobed, abaxial faces gray to white, densely strigose. Burs 1012(15) mm. Fl. JulOct. 2n = 36.
Damp or seasonally wet, alkaline soils, waste places, margins of agriculture. Beijing, Henan [native to North America and South America].
苍耳 cang er
Xanthium americanum Walter; X. chasei Fernald; X. chinense Miller; X. curvescens Millspaugh & Sherff; X. cylindricum Millspaugh & Fernald; X. echinatum Murray; X. echinellum Greene ex Rydberg; X. globosum C. Schull; X. inaequilaterum Candolle; X. inflexum Mackenzie & Bush; X. italicum Moretti; X. japonicum Widder; X. mongolicum Kitagawa; X. orientale Linnaeus; X. oviforme Wallroth; X. pensylvanicum Wallroth; X. sibiricum Patrin ex Widder; X. speciosum Kearney, X. strumarium Linnaeus subsp. sibiricum (Widder) Greuter; X. sibiricum Patrin ex Widder var. jingyuanense H. G. Hou & Y. T. Lu; X. sibiricum Patrin ex Widder var. subinerme (C. Winkler) Widder; X. strumarium var. canadense (Miller) Torrey & A. Gray, X. strumarium var. glabratum (Candolle) Cronquist; X. strumarium var. japonica (Widder) Hara; X. varians Greene; X. wootonii Cockerell.
Annuals, 20120 cm; nodal spines 0. Median cauline leaves chartaceous, ovate-deltoid, 925 cm long, apex acute, base shallowly cordate to broadly cuneate, margins irregularly dentate, often obsoletely 3-lobed, densely scabrous on surfaces; petiole 3.510 cm long, not winged. Heads monoecious. Staminate heads in terminal umbels, involucral bracts in 1 series, oblong-lanceolate, 2.2 mm long; outer paleae oblong-lanceolate, inner paleae lanceolate, 2.2 mm long; corolla white, tubular, 2.5 mm long, 5-dentate. Pistillate heads axillary, involucral bracts in 1 series, oblong-lanceolate, 3 mm long, inner bracts connate with outer paleae. Utricles sessile, oblong, ellipsoid or ovoid, 1018 Χ 612 mm, densely puberulent, 2-beaked, burs 1030 mm. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct. 2n = 36.
Damp or seasonally wet, often alkaline, soils, waste places, margins of agriculture, common weeds in China; Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Iran, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; North America].
豚草属 tun cao shu
Annuals, perennials, or shrubs. Stems erect, decumbent, or prostrate, branched. Leaves usually cauline; opposite throughout or opposite (proximal) and alternate or mostly alternate; sessile or petiolate; blades deltate, elliptic, filiform, lanceolate, linear, obovate, ovate, or rhombic, usually pinnately, sometimes palmately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces hairy or glabrate, usually gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular. Heads discoid (unisexual, pistillate proximal to or intermixed with staminates, staminates usually in racemiform to spiciform arrays; rarely, single plants all or mostly staminate or pistillate). Pistillate heads: phyllaries in 18 series, outer (1)58 distinct or connate, herbaceous, the rest connate, usually with free tips forming tubercles, spines, or wings; florets 1(5), corollas 0. Staminate heads: involucres cup-shaped to saucer-shaped, 1.56 mm diam.; phyllaries in 1 series, connate; receptacles flat or convex; paleae spatulate to linear, membranous, sometimes villous, hirtellous, and/or gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular, sometimes none; florets 560; corollas whitish or purplish, funnelform, lobes 5, erect or incurved; staminal filaments connate, anthers distinct or weakly coherent. Cypselae (black) ovoid or fusiform, enclosed within globose to obovoid, pyramidal, pyriform, obconic, or fusiform, hard, smooth, tuberculate, spiny, or winged "burs"; pappi 0. x = 18.
About species, tropical to subtropical and temperate New World, mostly North America, two species introduced in China.
1a. Leaves one or more commonly twice pinnatifid ..................................... 1. A. artemisiifolia
1b. Leaves palmately 3- to 5-lobed, sometimes undivided ..................................... 2. A. trifida
豚草 tun cao
Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior (Linnaeus) Descourtilz; A. elatior Linnaeus.
Annuals, 20150 cm. Stems erect. Leaves opposite and alternate; petioles 2535(60) mm; blades deltate to lanceolate or elliptic, 2555(90) Χ 2030(50) mm, 12-pinnately lobed, bases cuneate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, abaxial faces sparsely pilosulous to strigillose, adaxial faces strigillose, both gland-dotted. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 0.51.5 mm; involucres shallowly cup-shaped (usually without black nerves), 23 mm diam., glabrous or hispid to pilosulous; florets 1220. Burs: bodies ± globose to pyriform, 23 mm, ± pilosulous, spines or tubercles 35, near middles or distal, conic to acerose, 0.10.5 mm, tips straight. Fl. JulOct, fr. SepOct. 2n = 34, 36.
Introduced obnoxious weeds of wet to dry soils; below 1000 m. widely distributed in China [native to North and Central America; widely distributed as an introduction in Asia and Europe].
三裂叶豚草 san ye tun cao
Annuals, 30150 cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly opposite; petioles 1030(70) mm; blades rounded-deltate to ovate or elliptic, 40150(250) Χ 3070(200) mm, usually some blades palmately 3(5)-lobed, bases truncate to cuneate, sometimes decurrent onto petioles, margins usually toothed, rarely entire, abaxial and adaxial faces scabrellous and gland-dotted. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 13 mm; involucres saucer-shaped, 24 mm diam., scabrellous; florets 325. Burs: bodies pyramidal, 35(7) mm, glabrous or glabrate, spines 45, distal, acerose, 0.51 mm, tips straight. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepNov. 2n = 24, 48.
Disturbed sites, waste places, damp soils; up to 1600 m [native to North America].
刺苞果属 chi bao guo shu
Annuals. Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly elliptic to deltate, rhombic, or ovate, sometimes lyrate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually pilosulous to sericeous or scabrellous, sometimes glabrate or glabrescent, usually gland-dotted. Heads radiate, 1(3) in "forks" of branches. Involucres hemispheric. Phyllaries persistent (outer) or falling, 1013 in 2 series. Ray florets 58, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellowish (tubes shorter than to equaling laminae, laminae ovate to elliptic or linear). Disc florets 38(12), functionally staminate; corollas yellowish, tubes shorter than funnelform or campanulate throats, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae each enclosed within and shed with an often hardened, prickly perigynium (the ultimate "fruits" plumply ellipsoid to fusiform, or ± compressed); pappi 0 or rudimentary. x = 11.
About six species, mostly tropical to warm-temperate New World; one species introduced in China.
刺苞果 chi bao guo
Melampodium australe Loefling, Iter Hispan., 268. 1758.
Annuals, 1060(120) cm high. Stems erect, ascending or procumbent. Leaf blades deltate to rhombic or ovate, 1337 Χ 732 mm, faces sparsely scabrellous to glabrate or glabrescent, gland-dotted. Fruits plumply ellipsoid to fusiform, weakly compressed, 79+ mm, 57-ribbed, lacking terminal spines, prickles uncinate, mostly along ribs. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugSep. 2n = 22.
Streamside, plains; 3001900 m. Naturized inYunnan [native to South America].
皇帝菊属 huang di ju shu
Annuals, perennials, or subshrubs. Stems erect or prostrate. Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades deltate, lance-elliptic, lanceolate, lance-linear, linear, linear-oblong, ovate, or rhombic, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually hairy, usually gland-dotted (at least abaxial). Heads radiate, borne singly (from forks of branches, peduncles often uncinate). Involucres mostly hemispheric. Phyllaries persistent (outer) or falling with cypselae, 820+ in 2 series; outer ones often connate, herbaceous; inner each investing a ray ovary, forming a perigynium, shed with enclosed cypsela. Receptacles flat or convex to conic; paleae lanceolate to linear, scarious, conduplicate, often with dilated, erose tips. Ray florets pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, orange, or cream-white, sometimes purplish abaxially (tubes often wanting). Disc florets functionally staminate; corollas ochroleucous, yellow, or orange, tubes shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, ± deltate. Cypselae each enclosed within and shed with a smooth, sculpted, or tuberculate, scarious, coriaceous, or hardened perigynium. Pappus absent. x = 12.
About 36 species: United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America; one species introduced in China.
皇帝菊 huang di ju
Dysodium divaricatum Richard in C. H. Persoon, Syn. Pl. 2: 489. 1807; Melampodium paludosum Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 273. 1820.
Annuals, 15100 cm high. Leaf blades rhombic to lanceolate, 40150 Χ 2595 mm, lengths 2(3) times widths, margins coarsely toothed or entire. Peduncles 112 cm. Outer phyllaries 5, connate 1/41/3 their lengths, ovate to orbiculate, 3.56 mm. Ray florets 813; corollas yellow-orange, laminae oblong-elliptic, 3.57 Χ 1.63 mm. Disc florets 4070, yellow-orange. Achenes 2.84 mm long. Fl. JunOct. 2n = 24.
Widely cultivated in China (Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan) [native to Mexico, West Indies (Antilles), Central America, South America].
包果菊属 bao guo ju shu
Perennials, annuals or shrubs, 100300(1200) cm. Stems erect. Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate (petioles usually winged), sessile; blades mostly deltate to ovate, usually palmately lobed, ultimate margins dentate to denticulate, faces hirtellous, pilosulous, or puberulent, gland-dotted (at least abaxially). Heads radiate, borne singly or 25 in crowded, corymbiform arrays. Involucres hemispheric, 815 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 1213(25) in 2 series, herbaceous, inner as many as rays, more membranous to scarious, narrower and shorter). Receptacles flat to convex, paleate (paleae obovate to spatulate, scarious). Ray florets 713(25+), pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, white or orange; tubes hairy, laminae linear to elliptic [ovate]. Disc florets (20)4080(150), functionally staminate; corollas yellow or orange, tubes shorter than abruptly campanulate [funnelform] throats, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae (obliquely inserted on receptacles, each shed separate from subtending phyllary) obovoid [quadrangular], somewhat compressed, finely 3040-ribbed or -striate (not narrowed at bases, not apically beaked); pappi 0 (cypselae sometimes hairy at apices). x = 16.
About 23 species; United States, Mexico, South America. Two species introduced in China.
1a. Leaf blade usually lobed; underground stems without tubers .......................... 1. S. uvedalia
1b. Leaf blade unlobed; underground stems tuberous .................................... 2. S. sonchifolius
包果菊 bao guo ju
Osteospermum uvedalia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 923. 1753; Polymnia uvedalia (Linnaeus) Linnaeus.
Perennial herbs, 13 m tall. Stems erect and hollow, purple-spotted. Leaves opposite; petioles 312 cm, blades ovate to deltoid, 1035(60) Χ 1035 cm, usually palmately 35-lobed, sessile or with broad conspicuous wings to base of petiole. Heads clusteed in loose leafy cymes; phyllaries 46, 1020 mm long, 1012 mm wide, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; ray florets 713, pistillate, fertile, ligules yellow, 1230 mm. Achenes 56 mm long, ca. 4 mm wide; pappus absent. Fl. JunAug(Oct). 2n = 32.
Thickets, fields, naturized in Anhui, Jiangsu [native to North America and Central America].
Yellow-flowered leaf-cup is primarily a weed of pastures, hay fields, fencerows, and roadsides in North America.
菊薯 ju shu
Polymnia sonchifolia Poeppig & Endlicher, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 47. 1843.
Perennial herbs, 13 m tall. Stems cylindrical and hollow; underground part very irregular, very branched mass; numerous roots grow from this part as well as above-ground shoots, some of the roots increase from the central part already when they reach as short as 10 mm length and continue to be longer and wider until they create a spindle-shaped tuber 100200 mm long and 3080 mm in diam. Lower leaves broadly ovate and hastate or subhastate, connate and auriculate et the base; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, without lobes and hastate base; upper and lower surfaces densely pubescent. Infloroscence terminal, composed of 15 axes, each one whith 3 heads; penduncles densely pilose; phyllaris 5, uniseriate and ovate. Flowers yellow to bright orange; ray flowers 2- or 3-toothed, depending on the clone, to 12 Χ 7 mm, pistillate; disc flowers about 7 mm long, staminate. Immature cypselas purple, and turn dark brown or black at maturity. Fl. JunSep.
Cultivated in Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Hainan, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [native to Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador].
Named as yacon, it is an ancient crop of the South American Andes with tuberous roots that can be eaten raw or cooked.
松香草属 song xiang cao shu
Perennials, 20250+ cm. Stems usually erect, usually branched. Leaves basal and cauline, whorled, opposite, subopposite, or alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades deltate, elliptic, linear, ovate, or rhombic, sometimes 12-pinnately lobed or -pinnatifid, bases cordate or truncate to cuneate, margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy (sometimes stipitate-glandular). Heads radiate, in paniculiform or racemiform arrays. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 1030 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 1145 in 24 series. Receptacles flat to slightly convex, paleate. Ray florets 835+ in 14 series, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow or white. Disc florets 20200+, functionally staminate; corollas yellow or white, tubes much shorter than narrow, cylindric throats, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae obflattened. Pappus absent, or persistent, of 2 awns. x = 7.
About 12 species: North America; one species introduced in China.
串叶松香草 chuan ye song xiang cao
Plants caulescent, 75300 cm; fibrous rooted. Stems square, glabrous, hispid, or scabrous. Leaves: basal caducous; cauline usually opposite, rarely whorled (in 3s), petiolate or sessile; blades deltate, lanceolate, or ovate, 241 Χ 0.524 cm, bases attenuate or truncate (distal connate-perfoliate), margins entire, dentate, or bidentate, apices acuminate to acute, faces scabrous to hispid. Phyllaries 2537 in 23 series, outer appressed, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces scabrous or hispid. Ray florets 1735; corollas yellow. Disc florets 85150 (200); corollas yellow. Cypselae 812 Χ 59 mm; pappus 0.51.5 mm. Fl. JunSep, Fr. SepOct.
Cultivated in Beijing, Hebei, Liaoning, Sichuan [native to Eastern North America].
银胶菊属 yin jiao ju shu
Annuals, biennials, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs. Stems erect, usually branched. Leaves usually cauline, sometimes in rosettes; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades elliptic, lanceolate, linear, lyrate, oblanceolate, obovate, ovate, rounded-deltate, spatulate, sometimes (1)2-pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually hairy and gland-dotted (at least the abaxial). Heads usually radiate, sometimes ± disciform. Involucres hemispheric. Phyllaries falling, in 2 series, outer 5(8) herbaceous to scarious, inner 58 scarious to membranous. Receptacles flat to conic; paleae cuneate to flabelliform, scarious or membranous, distally papillate and/or fimbrillate, all or the peripheral each ± enfolding a disc floret. Ray (pistillate) florets 5(8), fertile; corollas ochroleucous, tubes stout, glandular. Disc florets functionally staminate; corollas ochroleucous, funnelform, lobes 5. Cypselae oblanceoloid, obovoid, or pyriform, often obcompressed. Pappus 0. x = 9.
About 16 species: North America to South America, West Indies; two species introduced in China.
1a. Leaves usually 2-pinnately lobed; heads 34 mm diameter; bisexual florets corolla 4-lobed, stamens 4 1. P. hysterophorus
1b. Leaves entire or sharply toothed; heads ca. 6 mm diameter; bisexual florets corolla 5-lobed, stamens 5 2. P. argentatum
银胶菊 yin jiao ju
Annuals, 30120 cm high. Leaf blades ovate to elliptic, 30180 Χ 1050(90) mm, (1)2-pinnately lobed, ultimate lobes lanceolate to linear, 350 Χ 215 mm, faces sparsely to densely scabrellous and gland-dotted. Heads obscurely radiate, borne in open, paniculiform arrays. Peduncles 18(15+) mm. Phyllaries: outer 5(6), lance-elliptic, 24 mm, inner 5(6) ovate to orbiculate, 2.54 mm. Pistillate florets 5(6); corolla laminae reniform or orbiculate to oblong, 0.31 mm. Disc florets 1230(60). Cypselae obovoid, 1.52(3.5) mm; pappus-like enations erect, deltate to ovate, 0.51 mm. Fl. AprAug. 2n = 34.
Fields, roadsides; up to 1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Vietnam; tropical America].
灰白银胶菊 hui bai jin jiao ju
Shrubs, 30100 cm. Leaf blades lanceolate to oblanceolate, 1525(40+) Χ 615(25) mm, margins mostly entire, some with 12(5) sharp teeth, faces densely strigillose (gray to white) and obscurely or not at all gland-dotted. Heads radiate, in glomerules of 35+ at ends of ± ebracteate stalks 815(20) cm. Peduncles 12(6) mm. Phyllaries: outer 5 oval-elliptic, 2.53 mm, inner 5 orbiculate, 3.54 mm. Pistillate florets 5; corolla laminae ovate, 1.21.5 mm. Disc florets 2030. Cypselae ± obovoid, 2.53 mm; pappus-like enations 2(4), erect to spreading, subulate, 0.30.8 mm. Fl. AprAug. 2n = 36.
Cultivated in S China [native to Mexico and the United States].
Guayule has sometimes been used for commercial production of natural rubber.
百日菊属 bai ri ju shu
Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs. Stems prostrate or erect. Leaves cauline; opposite or subopposite; sessile or shortly petiolate; blades acerose, elliptic, lance-linear, lanceolate, linear, oblong, or ovate, bases rounded to cuneate, sheathing the stem, margins entire, faces hairy, usually gland-dotted. Heads usually radiate, borne singly. Involucres campanulate, cylindric, to hemispheric or broader. Phyllaries persistent, in 34 series. Receptacles conic, paleate. Ray florets pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, orange, red, maroon, purple, or white. Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas usually yellow to reddish, sometimes purple-tinged, tubes much shorter than cylindric throats, lobes 5, lance-ovate. Cypselae 3-angled or flattened (disc; not winged); pappi 0, or persistent, of 13(4) awns or toothlike scales.
About 17 species: United States, Mexico, Central America, South America; three species introduced in China.
1a. Heads 56 cm diameter ................................................................................ 1. Z. elegans
1b. Heads less than 3 cm diameter.
2a. Heads 2.53 m diameter; scarlet red or maroon, sometimes yellow; paleae apex rounded, margin fimbriacte ............................................................................................... 2. Z. peruviana
2b. Heads 12 cm diameter; florets orange; paleae entire .............................. 3. Z. haageana
百日菊 bai ri ju
Annuals, to 100(200) cm. Stems greenish, becoming yellowish to purplish, unbranched or sparingly branched distal to bases, hirsute to strigose or scabrous. Leaf blades 35-nerved, ovate to oblong, mostly 60100 Χ 2060 mm, scabrellous to glabrate. Peduncles to 85 mm. Involucres ± hemispheric or broader, 1015 Χ 525 mm. Phyllaries obovate, becoming scarious, glabrous or sparsely hairy, apices rounded, erose or fimbriate. Paleae red to purple, apices rounded to acute, fimbriate. Ray florets 821 (more in "double" cultivars); corollas usually red (white, yellow, or purple in cultivars), laminae spatulate to obovate, 1035 mm. Disc florets 100150+; corollas yellow, 79 mm, lobes 12.5 mm. Cypselae 610 mm, 3-angled (ray) or ± compressed (disc), not or faintly ribbed, ciliolate; pappi 0. Fl. JunSep, fr. JunOct. 2n = 24.
Introduced and widely cultivated in China [native to North America].
多花百日菊 duo hua bai ri ju
Chrysogonum peruvianum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 920. 1753; Zinnia multiflora Linnaeus; Z. pauciflora Linnaeus.
Annuals, mostly 3050(100) cm. Stems greenish, becoming purplish or yellowish, unbranched or sparingly branched distal to bases, strigose. Leaf blades 35-nerved, ovate to elliptic or broadly lanceolate, 2570 Χ 835 mm, scabrellous. Peduncles 1050(70) mm. Involucres narrowly to broadly campanulate, 918 Χ 1020 mm. Phyllaries obovate to oblong, becoming scarious, glabrous, apices rounded, usually entire or erose, sometimes ciliate. Paleae red to purple or yellow, apices obtuse, erose or subentire. Ray florets 615(21); corollas usually scarlet red or maroon, sometimes yellow, laminae linear to spatulate, 825 mm. Disc florets 1250; corollas yellow, 56 mm, lobes ca. 1 mm. Cypselae 710 mm, 3-angled (ray) or compressed (disc), ribbed, ciliate; pappi usually of 1 stout awn 46 mm. Fl. JunNov, fr. JulNov. 2n = 24.
Roadsides, grasslands, mountain slopes; up to 1300 m. Introduced and naturized in Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Sichuan, Yunnan [native to Mexico].
小百日菊 xiao bai ri ju
Annual herbs. Stems up to 60 cm high, becoming purple, strigose-pilose. Leaves ca. 3.5 Χ 0.7 cm, lanceolate, sessile, hispid. Heads radiate, 12 cm in diam.; peduncle up to 6 cm. Involucre broadly campanulate to hemispheric. Receptacle conic, paleae yellow, tipped with black. Phyllaries obovate, with wide, dark apical band; ray florets 89, oblong, ca. 17 mm long, bright orange and velvety above, dull orange to yellow and hirsute below; disc florets numerous, orange, darker below. Achenes ca. 4 mm long, 3-angled. Pappus of 2 unequal awns, or absent. Fl. JunSep. 2n = 24.
Introduced and cultivated in China [native to Mexico].
蛇目菊属 she mu ju shu
Annuals or perennials, 1030 cm. Stems prostrate to erect, branched from bases or ± throughout. Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades obovate or spatulate to linear, bases rounded to cuneate, margins entire [toothed or lobed], faces hairy. Heads radiate, borne singly. Involucres hemispheric to ± rotate, 412+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 821 in 23 series (lanceolate to linear, outer distally herbaceous, others each with stiff, subulate appendage). Receptacles convex to conic, paleate (paleae conduplicate, scarious). Ray florets 520, pistillate, fertile; corollas white or yellow (laminae sessile, persistent, becoming papery). Disc florets 1560, bisexual, fertile; corollas distally yellow to orange (sometimes drying white), tubes much shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae terete or obscurely 34-angled to compressed or flattened (all usually tuberculate and usually bearing uncinate hairs; none, some, or all in each head winged); pappi persistent, of 34 awns. x = 8, 11.
Five species: SW United States, Mexico, Central America, South America; one species introduced in China.
蛇目菊 she mu ju
Stems procumbent to erect, 315 cm. Leaf blades ovate to lance-linear, 1060 Χ 431 mm. Phyllaries 1321, unequal. Ray corollas 29 mm. Cypselae: rays 2.53.5 mm with awns 13 mm, clearly 3-faced, adaxial faces often 23-nerved; discs strongly dimorphic within single heads: outer 4-angled, wingless, inner ± flattened, 12-winged. Flowering summerfall. 2n = 16, 32.
Introduced in China [native to North and Central America].
豨莶属 xi qian shu
Annual herbs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, densely pubescent. Heads apical and axillary; polyanthus, on peduncles, arranged usually in small corymbs. Involucre biseriate, companulate; outer phyllaries 5 in number, linear-spathulate, divaricate, beset with thick glandular hairs, longer than inner ones. Flower yellow, marginal florets unseriate, short-ligulate pistillate; disc florets tubular, bisexual. Receptacle plane with scarious bracts, embracing achenes. Achenes elongate-obovate, tetragonate, apex truncate. Pappus absent. x = 15.
About four species: Tropical and subtropical areas; three species in China.
Sigesbeckia esquirolii H. Lιveillι & Vaniot (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 59. 1910) was described from Guizhou but its identity cannot be ascertained here because we have not seen any specimens.
1a. Branches forked in upper part; leaves characeous, irregularly lobulate .......... 1. S. orientalis
1b. Branches not forked; leaves thinly membranaceous, usually toothed.
2a. Stems and both surfaces of leaves uniformly soft pubescent; peduncle not glandular; achenes ca. 2 mm long ..................................................................................................... 2. S. glabrescens
2b. Stems and lower surfaces of leaves densely white pubescent; peduncle usually glandular pilose; achenes 2.53.5 mm long .................................................................................... 3. S. pubescens
豨莶 xi qian
Sigesbeckia brachiata Roxburgh; S. gracilis Candolle; S. humilis Koidzumi; S. iberica Willdenow; S. jorullensis Kunth; S. microcephala Candolle.
Annuals. Stems erect, simple or dichotomously pranched, branches opposite, obtusely angulate, 3075(100) cm high, more or less crisp pubescent to densely pubescent, especially in upper part. Leaves ovate-triangular, ovate or oblong-ovate, cuneate or rounded to subcordiform at base, largely and usually unequally toothed (to sinuato-dentate) at margin, sometimes resembling the reduced leaves of sunflower, finely and appressed pilose (especially beneath), acute or acuminate, sometimes with sparse small glands and hairs. Heads small (about 5 mm wide). External bracts of involucre beset densely with capitate hairs on pedicels, oblong-obovate or linear-spathulate, considerably longer than the internal ones, sometimes broader and with small number of glands. [var. caspica (Fisch. Et Mey) Grossh] or shorter; internal bracts shorter than the external ones. Achenes obpyramidal, dark-gray or dull-black, sometimes with sparse, more lucid, levigate irregular tubercles, ca. 3 Χ 1.2 mm, with white annular vallicule at apex, marginal achenes slightly curvate. Fl. AprSep, fr. JunNov. 2n = 30, 60.
Fields, thickets, forest margin, forests, 1002800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejaing [India, Japan, Laos, Malesia, Nepal, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam; Oceania Australia; Africa; Tropic America].
毛梗豨莶 mao geng xi qian
Sigesbeckia orientalis f. glabrescens Makino, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 18: 100. 1904; S. formosana Kitamura; S. glabrescens var. leucoclada Nakai; S. orientalis subsp. glabrescens (Makino) H. Koyama.
Annuals. Stems 35100 high, short appressed pilose. Median cauline leaves ovate-deltoid, 513 Χ 3.511 cm, irregularly toothed, upper surface short appressed pubescent, petiole winged; upper leaves oblong, sessile; uppermost leaves linear. Heads radiate, ca. 12 mm across; peduncle 13 cm long, densely short pubescent. Phyllaries spathulate, densely glandular pilose. Ligulate corolla 1.52.5 mm long, 3-toothed, tube 0.51 mm long, pilose; disc corolla ca. 1.5 mm long, 3-toothed, tube ca. 0.5 mm long, densely pilose. Achenes ca. 2 mm long. Fl. AprSep, fr. JunSep. 2n = 30.
Roadside, fields, thickets; 3002500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunnan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
腺梗豨莶 xian geng xi qian
Annuals. Stems 60120 cm high, densely white pubescent, especially on upper part. Median cauline leaves ovate to deltoid-ovate, 719 Χ 618 cm, short sppressed pubescent on both surfaces, veins on lower surface densely white pubescent. Heads radiate, ca. 20 mm across; peduncle 1535 mm long, densely glandular pilose. Phyllaries linear, rounded at apex, glandular pilose at base; ligulate corolla ca. 3.5 mm long, shallowly 2- or 3-toothed, tube ca. 1.5 mm long; disc corolla 22.5 mm long, 5-toothed, tube 0.51 mm long, pilose. Achenes 2.53.5 mm long. Fl.MayAug, fr. JunOct. 2n = 30.
Mountain slopes, forest margin, thickets, grassland; up to 3400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea].
沼菊属 zhao ju shu
Herbs. Leaves opposite, sessile, entire or toothed. Heads nearly sessile, solitary, terminal or axillary. Phyllaries 4, foliaceous. Receptacle convex to conic, convex to conic, paleate, paleae persistent, apex glandulose. Ray florets female, fertile; ligules small, apex 34-toothed. Disc florets bisexual, tubular, limbs campanulate, 56-toothed. Anther tails obtuse, entire, or unconspicuously auriculate. Achenes oblong, glabrous. Pappus absent.
About 10 species: Tropical and subtropical regions; one species in China.
沼菊 zhao ju
Herbs. Stems stout, cylindrical, slightly fleshy, prostrate in the lower part, 5080 cm long. Leaves nearly sessile, oblong, linear-oblong, 26 cm Χ 414 mm, apex obtuse or acute, base amplexicaul, margin sparsely serrate, both surfaces glabrous. Heads 810 mm in diam. Involucre 4, dorsally glabrous, outer pair larger, ovate-oblong, 1011 mm long, apex rounded. Receptacle ca. 3 mm in diam.; paleae rigid, ca. 5 mm long, apex toothed and sparsely pubescent. Ray florets ca. 3 mm long, ligules 34-lobed in apex. Disc florets 5-lobed in apex, stamens 5, rarely 6. Achenes obovoid-cylindrical, ca. 3.5 mm long. Fl. NovApr.
Marshes, streamside. Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
鳢肠属 li chang shu
Erect annual or perennial herbs, branched, strigose. Leaves opposite, toothed. Heads terminal on stems and branches or axillary, peduncled, heterogamous. Involucre campanulate, bracts imbricate, in ca. 2 series. Receptacle flat or convex, paleaceous, paleae awn-like. Florets whitish. Ray florets bisexual, mostly fertile, corolla tubular, white, 4- or rarely 5-lobed. Anthers entire or very shortly bifid at base. Style branches obtuse, mammillate at apex. Achenes thick, those of ray florets 3-angled, those of disc florets compressed, 4-angled, apex truncate and depressed, margins with 13 minute teeth, coarsely hairy, tuberculate. Pappus none, or of a few short teeth. x = 11.
About four species: mostly warm-temperate to tropical New World; introduced in Old World, two species in China.
1a. Plants less than 60 cm tall, strigose-pilose; leaves lanceolate to oblong, entire or slightly undulate; pedicel 24 cm long, receptacle ca. 1 cm wide ........................................................... 1. E. prostrata
1b. Plants more than 100 cm
tall, velutinous; leaves ovate, oblong to oblanceolate, irregularly undulate;
pedicel less than 2 cm long, receptacle ca. 0.5 cm wide
2.
E. zippeliana
鳢肠 li chang
Verbesina prostrata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 902. 1753; Eclipta alba (Linnaeus) Hasskarl; E. thermalis Bunge.
Annual herbs. Stems erect, ascending or prostrate, to 60(100) cm tall, strigose-pilose, branched at base. Leaves chartaceous, lanceolate, 310 Χ 0.52.5 cm, apex gradually acuminate, base narrowed, sessile or short petiolate, serrulate, densely strigose-pubescent on surfaces. Heads ca. 6 mm across; peduncle slender, 24.5 cm long; involucre globose-campanulate, ca. 5 Χ 67 mm, enlarging to 11 mm broad in fruit, bracts 5 or 6, 2-seriate, oblong, acute, outer ones longer. Ray florets in 2 series; corolla white, 2.53 Χ ca. 0.4 mm, bifid or entire. Disc florets many, corolla white, ca, 1.5 mm long, 4-lobed. Achenes ca. 2.8 Χ 1.5 mm, ribbed on margins. Fl. JunSep.
Riverside, fields; up to 1600 m. Anhui, Gansu, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [North America, Central America; South America; introduced in Europe, Asia, Africa, Pacific islands, Australia].
毛鳢肠 mao li chang
Eclipta prostrata var. zippeliana (Blume) J. Koster.
Plants coarse, densely hirsute, erect, branched, 30100 cm tall; stems often reddish. Leaves 39 cm long, sessile, oblong obovate to lanceolate, hirsute, acuminate, base narrowed, margins irregularly and rather coarsely spinulose-toothed. Heads ovoid, 67 Χ 56 mm, larger in fruit; peduncle hirsute, ca. 1 cm long; bracts green, hairy, as long as or exceeding florets; ligule of ray florets ca. 1.5 mm long. Achenes black, ca. 3 mm long, apically hairy.
Abandoned ponds and roadsides; probably introduced from southeast Asia. Taiwan [Malaysia, Philippines].
小葵子属 xiao kui zi shu
Annuals, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs. Stems erect or creeping, branched. Leaves mostly cauline; opposite, sessile; blades rhombic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, margins entire or serrate, faces glabrous or puberulent to pilose, gland-dotted at least abaxial. Heads radiate, in corymbiform arrays or borne singly. Involucres campanulate or hemispheric. Phyllaries persistent, 1013 in 2 series. Receptacles conic to hemispheric; paleae oblong to lanceolate, membranous to scarious. Ray florets 618, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow. Disc florets numerous, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes cylindric, hairy, shorter than campanulate throats, lobes 5, deltate. Achenes weakly compressed, 34-angled, glabrous. Pappus absent. x = 15.
Six species: Africa; one species introduced in China.
小葵子 xiao kui zi
Polymnia abyssinica Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 383. 1782.
Annuals. Stems 3050 cm to 12 m high, subglabrous, more or less, pilose above. Leaves sessile (lower ones petiolate), oblong-ovate or lanceolate, semiamplexicaul, acuminate, glabrous above, more or less, short-haired beneath, especially along nerves. Heads 26 cm in diam., on long or sometimes short pubescent peduncles. External involucral bracts ovate or latioval, herbaceous; internal ones narrower paleaceous. Ligulate florets with short tube and tridentate limb, pubescent along all surface or only at the base of limb (ligule) and in its lower part; central florets tubular, pubescent as the ligulate ones, quinquelobate. Achenes deprived of pappus, external achenes triquetrous; internal ones, more or less, tetragonate, 36 mm long, 1.53.0 mm wide, obpyramidal, in transverse section subrhombical or triangular, brown or black, with thin pericarp.
Cultivated in Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan [native to Africa].
Grown for its edible oil and seed, originated in the Ethiopian highlands.
金光菊属 jin guang ju shu
Annuals, biennials, or perennials. Stems erect, branched distally, glabrous or hairy, sometimes glaucous. Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, ovate, or spatulate, often pinnately lobed to 12-pinnatifid, ultimate margins entire, dentate, serrate, or coarsely toothed, faces glabrous or hairy, sometimes glaucous, sometimes gland-dotted. Heads radiate or discoid, borne singly or in ± corymbiform or paniculiform arrays. Involucres hemispheric to rotate. Phyllaries persistent, 520 in 12(3) series, narrowly triangular to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, subequal, herbaceous, distally or throughout. Receptacles subspheric to ovoid, or conic to columnar, paleate (paleae mostly tan proximally, green to maroon distally, obovate, concave, each ± clasping a floret, apices acute to cuspidate or truncate to rounded, abaxial tips glabrous or hairy, sometimes gland-dotted, resin ducts 23, maroon, 1 medial and 1 near each margin; receptacles plus paleae and florets equaling discs, 880 Χ 530 mm). Ray florets 0 or 525, neuter; corollas usually yellow to yellow-orange or bicolor (laminae often proximally maroon or each with a maroon splotch, distally yellow). Disc florets numerous, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, yellowish green, or brown-purple (often bicolor), tubes shorter than cylindric to funnelform throats, lobes 5, triangular. Cypselae black, obpyramidal and 4-angled, faces glabrous, angles sometimes hairy. Pappus 0, coroniform, or of 28 unequal scales. x = 16, 18, 19.
About 23 species: North America; about six species introduced in China.
1a. Stems glabrous; leaves sessile, blades bases auriculate and clasping, faces glabrous, glaucous; pappus absent ................................................................................................. 1. R. amplexicaulis
1b. Stems usually hairy; leaves blade bases not auriculate and clasping; pappus usually coroniform or of 26+ scales, sometimes 0.
2a. Leaves often bluish green, glaucous; receptacles usually conic to columnar, receptacles sometimes hemispheric to ovoid; ray florets 0 or 815+, corollas bright yellow; disc corollas proximally yellow to yellowish green, distally yellow or greenish to brown-purple; cypselae (3)3.57.5 mm; pappi coroniform, or of 26 scales 0.12.5 mm.
3a. Blades of all but distalmost leaves usually
12-pinnatifid or pinnately lobed; receptacles hemispheric or globose to ovoid;
disc corolla lobes yellow
2.
R. laciniata
3b. Blades of basal leaves ± pinnatifid to pinnately lobed (distal leaves sometimes not lobed); receptacles ovoid to conic ......................................................................................... 3. R. maxima
2b. Leaves green, not glaucous; receptacles usually conic to hemispheric, rarely columnar; ray florets 625+, corollas usually yellow-orange proximally, yellow distally, sometimes with basal maroon splotch; disc corollas proximally yellow to yellowish green, distally usually brown-purple, lobes sometimes yellowish or greenish; cypselae 1.53.5(4) mm; pappi coroniform, or of 8+ unequal scales 0.12 mm, or absent.
4a. Annuals or biennials; pappi absent ................................................................. 4. R. hirta
4b. Perennials; pappi coroniform, 0.10.5 mm long.
5a. Proximal cauline leaves elliptic or ovate, usually 3(5)-lobed; paleae cuspidate, tips awnlike, ca. 1.5 mm ......................................................................................................... 5. R. triloba
5b. Proximal cauline leaves elliptic, linear, spatulate, or ovate, rarely lobed; paleae acute, obtuse, or rounded ................................................................................................. 6. R. fulgida
抱茎金光菊 bao jing jin guang ju
Dracopis amplexicaulis (Vahl) Cassini.
Annual herbs. Stems 3060 cm high, glabrous. Leaf blades entire or serrate, sessile, 315 Χ 0.54 cm, lower leaves oblong to spathulate, upper leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, lanceolate, apex acute. Involucres 15 cm diam. Phyllaries spreading to reflexed, green, linear to lanceolate, herbaceous. Ray laminae spreading, eventually reflexed, elliptic to obovate, 1230 Χ 715 mm, abaxially hirsute. Disc corollas 2.83.5 mm. Cypselae: each face 45-striate and minutely cross-rugose, glabrous; pappi 0. Fl. JunSep. 2n = 32.
Cultivated ornamental in China [native to North America].
金光菊 jin guang ju
Perennials, 50300 cm (rhizomes often elongate, slender, plants colonial, roots fibrous). Leaves green, blades broadly ovate to lanceolate, all but distalmost 12-pinnatifid or pinnately compound, leaflets/lobes 311, bases cuneate to attenuate or cordate, margins entire or dentate, apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or hairy (sometimes with translucent patches); basal (often withering before flowering) petiolate, 1550 Χ 1025 cm; cauline petiolate or sessile, mostly lobed to pinnatifid, sometimes not lobed, 840 Χ 320 cm. Heads (225) in loose, corymbiform arrays. Phyllaries to 2 cm (815, ovate to lanceolate, margins mostly ciliate, glabrous or hairy). Receptacles hemispheric or ovoid to globose; paleae 37 mm, apices (at least of proximal) truncate or rounded, abaxial tips densely hairy. Ray florets 812; laminae elliptic to oblanceolate, 1550 Χ 414 mm, abaxially hairy. Discs 930 Χ 1023 mm. Disc florets 150300+; corollas yellow to yellowish green (lobes yellow), 3.55 mm; style branches 11.5 mm, apices acute to rounded. Cypselae 34.5 mm; pappi coroniform or of 4 scales, to 1.5 mm. Fl. JulOct.
Widely cultivated ornamental in China [native to North America].
大金光菊 da jin guang ju
Perennials, to 250 cm (rhizomatous, roots fibrous). Leaves bluish green (heavily glaucous, dried blades white under UV light, at least abaxially), blades elliptic, ovate to obovate or pandurate (not lobed), leathery, margins crenate, dentate, or entire, apices acute to rounded, faces glabrous; basal petiolate, elliptic to ovate, 1565 Χ 415 cm, bases attenuate to cuneate; cauline petiolate or sessile, 750 Χ 414 cm, blades ovate to pandurate, bases cuneate to auriculate (and clasping). Heads borne singly or (315) in ± corymbiform arrays. Phyllaries to 1.5 cm (ovate to lanceolate, margins ciliate). Receptacles ovoid to conic; paleae 68 mm, apices mostly rounded, abaxial tips glabrous (hairy subapically). Ray florets 1020; laminae elliptic to oblanceolate, 3080 Χ 815 mm, abaxially sparsely hairy. Discs 4080 Χ 1535 mm. Disc florets 300600+; corollas maroon (at least distally), 46 mm; style branches ca. 2.2 mm, apices acute. Cypselae 6.57 mm; pappi of 46 scales to 1.5 mm. Fl. MayAug. 2n = 36.
Cultivated ornamental in China [native to North America].
黑心金光菊 hei xin jin guang ju
Annuals, biennials, or perennials, to 100 cm. Stems hispid to hirsute (hairs spreading, 1+ mm). Leaves: blades elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate (not lobed), bases attenuate to cuneate, margins entire or serrate, apices acute, faces hispid to hirsute; basal petiolate, blades 830 Χ 0.57 cm; cauline petiolate or sessile, blades (sometimes pandurate) 320 Χ 0.44 cm. Heads borne singly or (25) in loose, corymbiform arrays. Phyllaries to 3 cm (faces hispid to hirsute). Receptacles hemispheric to ovoid; paleae 46 mm, apices acute, often attenuate, abaxial tips hirsute to hispid. Ray florets 816; laminae elliptic to oblong or oblanceolate, 1545 Χ 510 mm, abaxially hispid to hirsute. Discs 1222 Χ 1020 mm. Disc florets numerous; corollas proximally yellowish green, distally brown-purple, 34.2 mm; style branches ca. 1.5 mm, apices subulate. Cypselae 1.52.7 mm; pappi 0. Fl. JunOct.
Widely cultivated ornamental in China [native to North America].
三裂叶金光菊 san lie ye jin guang ju
Perennials, to 150 cm. Stems glabrate to hirsute or strigose. Leaves: blades ovate to subcordate or elliptic (not lobed), margins serrate, apices acute to acuminate, faces hirsute to strigose; basal petiolate, 1030 Χ 28 cm, bases truncate or rounded to cordate; cauline petiolate or sessile, ovate to elliptic, proximal usually 35-lobed, 220 Χ 1.58 cm (smaller, fewer lobed distally), bases rounded to attenuate, sometimes clasping. Heads (1030) in paniculiform arrays. Phyllaries to 1.5 cm (faces moderately hirsute). Receptacles conic to subhemispheric; paleae 56.5 mm, apices cuspidate (tips awnlike, 1.5+ mm), glabrous. Ray florets 815; laminae (corollas yellow to yellow-orange with basal maroon splotches) linear to oblanceolate, 830 Χ 38 mm, abaxially sparsely strigose. Discs 815 Χ 1020 mm. Disc florets 150300+; corollas yellowish green basally, otherwise brown-purple, 34 mm; style branches ca. 1.2 mm, apices obtuse to rounded. Cypselae 1.92.8 mm; pappi coroniform, to 0.2 mm. Fl. JulSep.
Cultivated ornamental in China [native to North America].
全缘金光菊 quan yuan jin guang ju
Perennials, to 120 cm high, stoloniferous, rosettes forming at stolon apices. Stems glabrous or moderately hirsute (branches spreading). Leaves: blades lanceolate to broadly ovate or elliptic (not lobed), herbaceous, bases attenuate to cordate, margins usually entire or serrate, sometimes lacerate, apices acute, faces glabrous or hirsute to strigose; basal petiolate, 530 Χ 18 cm; cauline petiolate, 225 Χ 0.57 cm, bases attenuate to cordate or auriculate. Heads borne singly or (27) in corymbiform arrays. Phyllaries to 2 cm. Receptacles hemispheric to ovoid; paleae 2.54 mm, (apical margins usually ciliate) apices obtuse to acute, abaxial tips usually glabrous. Ray florets 1015; laminae elliptic to oblanceolate, 1525 Χ 36 mm, abaxially strigose. Discs 1216 Χ 1018 mm. Disc florets 50500+; corollas proximally yellowish green, brown-purple distally, 34.2 mm; style branches ca. 1.3 mm, apices rounded. Cypselae 2.24 mm; pappi coroniform, to 0.2 mm. Fl. AugOct.
Cultivated in China [native to North America].
百能葳属 bai neng wei shu
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate in upper part, petiolate, margin serrate. Heads small, terminal or axillary, with slender and long petioles. Corolla light yellow, yellow or rarely white. Involucre ovoid, ovoid-campanulate or hemispherical. Phyllaries few, outer ones papery. Receptacle convex, paleae rigid and dry membranous. Ray florets female, 12 series, ligules short or very short, apex 24-dentate. Disc florets tubular, limbs 5-dentate. Anther tails obtuse, entire or unconspicously auriculate. Achenes glabrous or pubescent, apex truncate, those in female florets 3-ribbed, dorsally compressed, those in bisexual florets 34-ribbed, or laterally compressed. Pappus 25, unequal, spine like or squama like, base connate.
About 10 species: Tropics; one species in China.
百能葳 bai neng wei
Verbesina acmella Linnaeus, Fl. Zeyl. 309. 1748; Blainvillea latifolia (Linnaeus filius) Candolle; Eclipta latifolia Linnaeus filius.
Annual herbs. Stems erect, 4060 cm high, branched. Lower leaves opposite, with up to 1 cm long petioles, blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 36 Χ 23 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin sparsely serrate, both surface scabrous; upper leaves smaller, usually alternate, ovate to ovate-oblong, 23 Χ 1.31.5 cm, base usually rounded. Heads axillary or terminal, ca. 1 cm in diam., peduncles slender, 1540 mm long, with spreading hairs. Phyllaries in two series; outer ones papery, green, ovate-oblong, ca. 6 mm long, apex shortly acute or obtuse, dorsally densely hairy; inner ones ovate to oblong-linear, ca. 5 mm long, apex acute, sparsely pubescent. Paleae oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm long, apex aristiform, dorsally pubescent. Ray florets one series, yellow or yellowish-white, ligules ca. 3 mm long, apex 24-toothed. Disc florets campanulate, limbs 5-toothed. Achenes densely pubescent, those in female florets trigonous, ca. 4 mm long, those in bisexual florets compressed, ca. 5 mm long. Pappus short, unequal, 25, spine like. Fl. AprJun.
Sparsely broadleaf forests, grassy slopes. Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, America, Australia].
蟛蜞菊属 peng qi ju
Annuals, perennials, subshrubs or shrubs. Stems mostly erect, branched. Leaves opposite, petiolate or sessile, margin toothed or rarely entire. Heads discoid, borne singly in corymbiform arrays. Involucres obconic to hemispheric, 48(15) mm diameter. Phyllaries persistent, 816+ in 23+ series, outer ones usually larger and/or more herbaceous than inner ones. Receptacles convex, paleate, paleae conduplicate, chartaceous to scarious. Ray florets 0 or 418, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow to orange, purplish or white. Disc florets 8150+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow to orange or purplish, sometimes marked with purple, tubes shorter than or equaling funnelform or cylindric throats, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae ± dimorphic; peripheral sometimes obcompressed and weakly 3-angled, inner compressed and biconvex or flattened, or somewhat 4-angled; pappi persistent, cyathiform. x = 15
About 25 species: tropical and subtropical New World; five species in China.
1a. Leaf base extended into an abruptly terminating petiolar wing; leaves often 3-lobed 1. W. trilobata
1b. Petioles usually distinct; leaf blade entire or dentate, but not lobed.
2a. Leaf blade margin 13 toothed or entire, lower leaves no more than 1.3 cm broad, petioles indistinct.
3a. Phyllaries longer than paleae; achenes apex rounded; pappus distinct, cup shaped; achenes not angled 2. W. chinensis
3b. Phyllaries shorter than paleae or rarely subequal; achenes apex truncate; pappus nearly obsolete, bristles 1 or 2 .................................................................................................. 3. W. prostrata
2b. Leaf blade margin densely toothed, lower leaves broader than 3 cm; petioles distinct.
4a. Paleae apex obtuse or shortly acute; achenes apex
truncate; pappus absent
4.
W. biflora
4b. Paleae apex acuminate; achenes apex rounded; pappus usually 23, distinct, cup-shaped 5. W. wallichii
南美蟛蜞菊 nan mei peng qi ju
Silphium trilobatum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1233. 1759.
Perennial herbs, procumbent; stems stout, glabrous or pubescent, seldom scabrous. Leaves opposite, somewhat succulent, to 18 cm long, elliptic or lanceolate, often with triangular lobes and conspicuous marginal teeth, apex acute, base cuneate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, sometimes scabrous; petiole distinct but less than 5 mm long. Heads solitary on elongate peduncle, radiate; involucre green, bracts lanceolate, ciliate, obscurely nerved, 1015 mm long, innermost bracts narrower; ray florets 48, showy, yellow, 1520 mm long, 3 or 4 denticulate, fertile; disc florets yellow, numerous, ca. 2 cm long, corolla 56 mm long. Achenes blackish, sometimes mottled, clavate, angled, ca. 5 mm long. Pappus of fused scales, coroniform.
Cultivated as an ornamental ground cover and escaped in many countries, occasionally naturalized on slopes and along roadsides at lower elevations. Taiwan [native of the New World tropics].
蟛蜞菊 peng qi ju
Solidago chinensis Osbeck, Dagb. Ostind. Resa 241. 1757; Verbesina calendulacea Linnaeus; Wedelia calendulacea (Linnaeus) Lessing, Syn. Gen. Compos. 222. 1832, non Richard (1807).
Stems prostrate with ascending tips, elongate, rooting from lower nodes, appressed pilose. Leaves chartaceous, linear-oblong to lanceolate, 210 cm long, 620 mm wide, apex acute, base narrowed, margins sparsely mucronulate-serrulate, sessile or short petiolate, appressed pilose on surfaces. Heads 22.5 cm across, solitary on erect branches, peduncle 612 cm long; involucre hemispheric, 89 mm long, bracts 5, nearly equal in length, in 1 series, oblong, acute or sometimes obtuse, short appressed pubescent. Ray florets in 1 series, yellow, corolla 911 Χ 33.5 mm, 2- to 3-dentate. Disc corolla 44.5 mm long, 5-lobed. Achenes obovoid, 3.5 Χ 1.52 mm, coarsely hairy at tip. Pappus vase-or cup-shaped. Fl. MarSep.
On paddy ridges, in grassy fields and moist lowland depressions in the north, also common in littoral areas. Liaoning, Guangdong, Taiwan [India, Japan, Myanmar, southeast Asia].
卤地菊 lu di ju
Stems long creeping, rooting at nodes, coarsely hirsute; flowering branches ascending, leafy, densely strigose. Cauline leaves thick coriaceous, oblong, sometimes ovate or lanceolate, acute, base cuneate, loosely dentate, 3-nerved, coarsely strigose on surfaces, petiole 28 mm long. Heads 522 mm long, 1622 mm across, usually solitary, terminal; peduncle 17 cm long; involucre hemispheric, 1012 Χ 56 mm, bracts in 1 series, ovate to ovate-oblong, 23.5 mm wide, acute to obtuse, coarsely strigose. Ray corollas yellow, 811 Χ ca. 4 mm. Disc corollas tubular, 56 mm long, 5-dentate. Achenes 3.54 Χ ca. 2 mm, apically strigillose, 3- or 4-angled. Pappus bristles 1 or 2, or obsolete. 2n = 30.
Littoral sand dunes, sandy seashores. Taiwan [Japan, Korea; SE Asia].
1a. Leaves oblong, 1.54.5 cm, coriaceous; heads 1.62.2 cm across, usually solitary 3a. var. prostrata
1b. Leaves ovate, 312 cm, chartaceous; heads 2.2.5 cm across, in 3s or sometimes solitary 3b. var. robusta
卤地菊(原变种) lu di ju (yuan bian zhong)
Verbesina prostrata Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey Voy. 195. 1836; Eclipta dentata H. Lιveillι & Vaniot; Wollastonia prostrata Hooker & Arnott.
Insert diagnosis.
Littoral sand dunes, sandy seashores. Taiwan [Japan, Korea; SE Asia].
大天蓬草舅 da tian peng cao ju
Wedelia robusta (Makino) Kitamura.
Stems much elongate; leaves thick chartaceous to somewhat coriaceous, ovate, 312 Χ 1.56 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, loosely obtuse-toothed, petiole 328 mm long; heads 2025 mm across, in 3s or sometimes solitary.
Littoral regions. Taiwan [Japan].
孪花蟛蜞菊 luan hua peng qi ju
Subshrubs; stems elongate, branched, scandent, coarsely appressed-strigose. Cauline leaves thick chartaceous, long-petiolate, ovate, 714 Χ 38 cm, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, margins much-toothed, appressed-strigose on surfaces; petioles 1223 mm long. Heads 36, terminal, 23 cm wide, peduncles 1.55.5 cm, slender; involucre 1013 Χ 57 mm, bracts in 1 series, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly ovate, gradually narrowed to tip, densely appressed-strigose. Ray florets yellow, in one row; corolla 913 mm long, 2- or 3-dentate. Disc florets yellow; corolla ca. 5 mm long, apex 5-dentate. Achenes 33.5 Χ 22.5 mm, cuneate at base, often 3-angled, coarsely strigose toward tip. Pappus bristles 22.5 mm long. Flowering all year rounded. 2n = 30.
Seasides. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam; Pacific islands].
1a. Ray florets 812, disc florets 2035 per head ....................................................... 4a. var. biflora
1b. Ray florets 14 or 15, disc florets 4570 per head .......................................... 4b. var. ryukyuensis
孪花蟛蜞菊(原变种) luan hua peng qi ju (yuan bian zhong)
Verbesina biflora Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1272. 1763.
Insert diagnosis.
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam; Pacific islands].
琉球蟛蜞菊 liu qiu peng qi ju
Leaves ovate, 612 Χ 38 cm, thick, petiole 1.53.6 cm long, base somewhat truncate. Heads 2.53 cm across; peduncle thick, 48 cm long; ray florets 14 or 15; disc florets 4570 per head. 2n = 45.
Seasides. Taiwan [Japan].
Wedelia biflora var. ryukyuensis differs from the typical variety in having larger heads with more ray and disc florets and larger leaf blade with a longer petiole.
山蟛蜞菊 shan peng qi ju
Wedelia montana var. wallichii (Lessing) H. Koyama; W. urticaefolia Candolle.
Perennial herbs. Stems erect, stout, glabrous or scabrous. Leaves petiolate, petioles 12 cm, blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, (3)59 Χ (1)34 cm, apex acuminate, base rounded or cuneate, margin crenulate, both surfaces scabrous. Heads ca. 15 mm in diam., solitary on elongate peduncle. Involucre campanulate, 710 mm long, 45 mm in diam. Phyllaries in two series; outer ones pappery, green, oblong, ca. 10 mm long, apex obtuse or shortly acute, dorsally scabrous; inner ones oblong to lanceolate, ca. 7 mm long, dorsally pubescent in upper part, apex acuminate. Paleae oblong, sparsely pubescent. Ray florets one series, yellow, ligules oblong, 46 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, apex 23-toothed. Disc florets tubular, yellow, limbs 5-toothed. Achenes obovoid-triangonous, slightly compressed, ca. 5 mm long red brown. Pappus 23. Fl. AprOct.
Streamside, roadside; 5001200(3000)m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].
硬果菊属 ying guo ju shu
Annuals, perennials or subshrubs. Stems sprawling to erect, branched. Leaves mostly cauline; opposite (proximal) or alternate; petiolate [sessile]; blades 3-nerved, ovate to rhombic or lanceolate, bases cuneate to rounded, margins coarsely toothed, faces glabrous or ± scabrous. Heads radiate, borne singly. Involucres rotate to hemispheric, 1220 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 58(21) in 1(2) series. Receptacles low-conic, paleate; paleae each closely investing subtended floret, each forming a hard perigynium around a fruit and shed with it. Ray florets 58, neuter; corollas yellow to orange. Disc florets 1050, bisexual, fertile; corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes with purple, tubes much shorter than cylindric throats, lobes 5, lance-linear. Cypselae (within perigynia) weakly compressed, obliquely obovoid or arcuate (glabrous); pappi 0, or coroniform (of distinct or connate scales or bristles). x = 12.
About 12 species; mainly in United States, Mexico, Central America, one species in tropical Africa, tropical Asia. One species introduced in China.
硬果菊 ying guo ju
Annual herbs. Stems 2550 cm high, white hirsute. Leaves opposite; blade ovate, 3.57 Χ 1.52 cm, apex acute or obtuse, base decurrent to petioles, margins serrate, both surfaces scabrous. Head solitary, 812 mm diameter. Involucre campanulate; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 1 cm long, apex acuminate; inner ones ovate-oblong, shorter than outer ones, abaxially densely tomentose. Ray florets in one series; ligules broad elliptical, apex 2-lobed; disc florets puberulous. Achenes oblong. Pappus coroniform of distinct or connate scales.
Naturalized in Xizang [native to tropical Africa and Asia].
肿柄菊属 zhong bing ju shu
Annuals, perennials, subshrubs or shrubs. Stems erect, branched. Leaves all or mostly cauline; opposite (proximal) or mostly alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades often (1-), 3-, or 5-nerved, mostly deltate or pentagonal, sometimes 3- or 5-lobed, bases truncate or auriculate, ultimate margins serrate to crenate, faces glabrate, ± hirsute, pilose, soft-pubescent, or villous, often gland-dotted. Heads borne singly (peduncles usually distally dilated, fistulose). Involucres campanulate to hemispheric. Phyllaries persistent, in 25 series. Receptacles hemispheric to convex, paleate. Ray florets 830, neuter; corollas yellow or orange. Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes shorter than throats, lobes 5, triangular. Cypselae compressed or flattened, often 3- or 4-angled or biconvex, cuneiform in silhouette, sometimes with basal elaiosomes; pappi 0, or coroniform, of connate scales, 12 scales sometimes subulate to aristate. x = 17.
About 11 species, SW United States, Mexico, Central America; one species introduced and naturalized in China.
肿柄菊 Zhong bing ju
Mirasolia diversifolia Hemsley, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2 : 168, plate 47. 1881.
Perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, to 250(500) cm. Leaves: petioles 26 cm; blades ± deltate to pentagonal, 733 Χ 722 cm, sometimes 3- or 5-lobed, abaxial faces glabrous to hispid-pilose. Peduncles 724 cm. Phyllaries 1628 in (3)4 series, oblong to ovate; outer 610 Χ 47 mm, apices rounded to acute, abaxial faces usually glabrous; inner 1020 Χ 310 mm, apices rounded to acute, abaxial faces glabrous. Paleae 1013 Χ 23 mm, mucros 1.52.5 mm. Ray florets 714; corollas yellow, laminae linear, 4869 Χ 916 mm. Disc florets 80120+. Cypselae 46 mm. Fl. SepJan. 2n = 34.
Introduced and naturalized in Guangdong, Taiwan, Yunnan [Mexico].
向日葵属 xiang ri kui shu
Annuals or perennials. Stems erect or ascending to decumbent or procumbent, usually branched distally. Leaves basal and/or cauline; opposite, or opposite (proximal) and alternate, or alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly deltate, lance-linear, lanceolate, lance-ovate, linear, or ovate, bases cordate to narrowly cuneate, margins usually entire or serrate, rarely lobed, faces glabrous or hairy, often gland-dotted. Heads usually radiate or sometimes discoid, borne singly or in corymbiform, paniculiform, or spiciform arrays. Involucres usually hemispheric, sometimes campanulate or cylindric. Phyllaries persistent, in 23+ series, subequal to unequal. Receptacles flat to slightly convex or conic, paleate; paleae conduplicate, usually rectangular-oblong, usually 3-toothed, sometimes entire, apices sometimes reddish or purplish. Ray florets usually 530, rarely 0, neuter; corollas usually yellow. Disc florets numerous, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow or reddish, tubes shorter than campanulate throats, lobes 5, triangular. Achenes usually purplish black, sometimes mottled, ± obpyramidal, ± compressed; pappi 0 or readily falling, of 2(3) usually lanceolate, aristate, or erose scales plus 08 usually shorter scales, 0.22 mm. x = 17.
Species ca. 52. North America, Mexico; two species introduced in China.
1a. Annual herbs without tuber; heads large, ca. 1030 cm in diam.; disc florets brown or purple 1. H. annuus
1b. Perennial herbs with tuber;
heads ca. 25 cm in diam.; disc florets yellow
2.
H. tuberosus
向日葵 xiang ri kui
Helianthus annuus subsp. jaegeri (Heiser) Heiser; H. annuus subsp. lenticularis (Douglas ex Lindley) Cockerell; H. annuus var. lenticularis (Douglas ex Lindley) Steyermark; H. annuus var. macrocarpus (Candolle) Cockerell; H. annuus subsp. texanus Heiser; H. aridus Rydberg; H. jaegeri Heiser; H. lenticularis Douglas ex Lindley; H. macrocarpus Candolle.
Annuals, 100300 cm. Stems erect, usually hispid. Leaves mostly cauline; mostly alternate; petioles 220 cm; blades lance-ovate to ovate, 1040 Χ 540 cm, bases cuneate to subcordate or cordate, margins serrate, abaxial faces usually ± hispid, sometimes gland-dotted. Heads 19. Peduncles 220 cm. Involucres hemispheric or broader, 1540(200) mm diam. Phyllaries 2030(100), ovate to lance-ovate, 1325 Χ (3)58 mm, (margins usually ciliate) apices abruptly narrowed, long-acuminate, abaxial faces usually hirsute to hispid, rarely glabrate or glabrous, usually gland-dotted. Paleae 911 mm, 3-toothed (middle teeth long-acuminate, glabrous or hispid). Ray florets (13)1730(100+); laminae 2550 mm. Disc florets 1501000; corollas 58 mm, throats bulbous at bases, lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow; anthers brownish to black, appendages yellow or dark. Achenes (3)45(15) mm, glabrate. Pappus of 2 lanceolate scales 23.5 mm plus 04 obtuse scales 0.51 mm. Fl. JulSep, fr. AugOct. 2n = 34.
Open areas; widely cultivated in China [native to North America].
Helianthus annuus is a major agronomic crop, intoduced nearly worldwide.
菊芋 ju yu
Helianthus tomentosus Michaux; H. tuberosus var. subcanescens A. Gray.
Perennials, 50200 cm, rhizomatous, producing tubers late in growing season. Stems erect, scabro-hispid to hirsute, sometimes glaucous. Leaves mostly cauline; opposite or alternate proximally, usually alternate distally; petioles 28 cm (often ± winged); blades (3-nerved from near bases) lanceolate to ovate, 1023 Χ 715 cm, bases broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins entire or serrate, abaxial faces puberulent or hirsutulous to tomentulose and gland-dotted or ± scabrous. Heads 315. Peduncles 115 cm. Involucres hemispheric, (1025 Χ) 812 mm. Phyllaries often dark green, drying nearly black, 2235, subequal, bases appressed, apices ± spreading, sometimes reflexed in fruit, lanceolate, 8.515 Χ 24 mm, margins ciliate, apices acuminate, abaxial faces hispidulous or puberulent, gland-dotted. Paleae 89 mm, 3-toothed, apices hairy. Ray florets 1020; laminae 2540 mm. Disc florets 60+; corollas 67 mm, lobes yellow; anthers dark brown or black, appendages dark or yellowish. Cypselae 57 mm, glabrous or distally hairy. Pappus of 2 aristate scales 1.93 mm plus 01 deltate scales 0.50.8 mm. Fl. AugSep. 2n = 102.
Roadsides, fields, waste areas; widely cultivated in China [native to North America].
Helianthus tuberosus is a vegetable crop and widely naturalized.
金钮扣属 jin niu kou shu
Spilanthes Jacquin sect. Acmella (L. C. Richard) Candolle.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite and/or basally rosulate. Heads solitary or in cymes, radiate, disciform, or discoid. Involucres ± hemispheric to ovoid; phyllaries in one to three rows, subequal or with outer row spreading and longer, entire or irregularly dentate. Receptacles conic, paleate; paleae falling with fruit, ± navicular, membranous to scarious, each about equaling subtended floret. Ray florets, when present, 2- or 3-lobed, variously colored; disc florets 4- or 5-lobed,corolla yellow or orange, 45-lobed. Achenes ciliate, glabrous or sometimes with corky margins; ray achenes broadly ovate or elliptic, 3-angled; disc achenes ellipsoid, strongly compressed. Pappus absent or of up to 10 awnlike bristles. x = 13.
About 30 species: pantropical; three species in China.
1a. Perennial herbs; leaf margin peaked serrate ....................................................... 1. A. calva
1b. Annual herbs; leaf margin dentate.
2a. Leaves broadly ovate to deltate, 510 cm long; heads
10.523.5 mm tall
................................................................................................................. 2.
A. oleracea
2b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to
ovate, 24 cm long; heads 8.412.5 mm tall
.............................................................................................................. 3.
A. paniculata
美形金钮扣 Mei xing jin niu kou
Spilanthes calva Candolle in Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind. 19. 1834; S. acmella var. calva (Candolle) Clarke ex J. D. Hooker; S. callimorpha A. H. Moore.
Perennial herbs. Stems creeping or prostrate, 2060 cm long, glabrous, rooting at nodes, sparsely pilose. Leaves lanceolate, 37 Χ 13 cm, apex acuminate or caudate, base cuneate, margin peaked serrate, adaxilly pubescent, abxailly nearly glabrous or only pubescent along veins; petioles 58(24) mm long, pubescent. Heads ovoid-conoid, 911(14) mm long, 68 mm in diam.; peduncles 314 cm. Phyllaries ca. 8, in two series, subequal, green, ovate-oblong, 33.5 mm long, apex acute or obtuse, margin ciliate. Receptacle columned-conoid, 48 mm long, with oblong, navicular, membranous paleae. Flower yellow; ray florets female, ca. 4 mm long, ligules short, obovate, apex shallowly 3-lobed; disc florets bisexual florets tubular, ca. 2 mm long, 45-toothed. Achenes oblong, 1.52 mm long, brown, pubescent or glabrous. Pappus 2, arista-like. Fl. MayDec.
Streamside, marshes, moist forest margin, fields; 10001900 m. Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand].
桂圆菊 gui yuan ju
Spilanthes oleracea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 2: 534. 1767.
Plants annual. Stems decumbent to usually erect, not rooting at nodes, green to red, glabrous. Petiole 26.4 cm long, glabrous to very sparsely pilose, narrowly winged. Leaf blade 510 Χ 48 cm, broadly ovate to deltate, base truncate to short attenuate, apex short acuminate to usually acute, usually glabrous on both surfaces, margins dentate. Heads discoid, 10.523.5 mm tall, 1117 mm in diam.; peduncles 3.512.5 cm long, glabrous to very sparsely pilose. Receptacle 8.321.5 mm tall, 3.58.5 mm in diam. Involucral bracts 1518, triseriate, herbaceous, entire to sinuate, sparsely ciliate; bracts of outer series 5 or 6, 5.87.3 Χ 2.12.8 mm, usually narrowly ovate to lanceolate or sometimes ovate, acute. Disc florets 400600; corolla 2.73.3 mm long, yellow, 5-merous; tube 0.50.7 mm long, 0.20.4 in diam.; lobes 0.30.6 Χ 0.20.4 mm; stamens 1.41.7 mm long; achenes 22.5 Χ 0.91.1 mm, moderately to densely ciliate with straight-tipped hairs. Pappus of 2 subequal bristles, longer one 0.51.5 mm long, shorter one 0.31.3 mm long.
Cultivated in Southern China and Taiwan [Known only from cultivation and escaped in weedy habitats].
Acmella oleracea is cultivated for medicinal, insecticidal and horticultural purposes.
金钮扣 Jin niu kou
Spilanthes paniculata Wallich ex Candolle, Prodr. 5: 125. 1836; S. acmella var. paniculata (Wallich ex Candolle) J. D. Hooker; S. acmella auct. non (Linneaus) J. A. Murray, Li, Fl. Taiwan 4: 945. 1978.
Annual herbs. Stems branched, erect or ascending, to 30 cm or more tall, rarely rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 24 cm long, 12.5 cm broad, apex acute, base cuneate, 3-nerved, entire, coarsely or crenately serrate; petiole 12 cm long. Heads discoid, solitary, terminal or axillary, 8.412.5 mm tall, 6.910 mm in diam.; peduncles 2.516 cm long, sparsely pilose. Receptacle 58 mm tall, 1.13 mm in diam., apex acuminate. Involucral bracts 912, in 2-series, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm long, herbaceous, glabrous. Disc florets 90200; tubular, minute, 4- or 5-lobed. Achenes obovoid, 3-angled, ca. 3 mm long, apex slightly depressed, margins scabrid. Pappus of 2 subequal bristles, longer one 0.51.1 mm long, shorter one 0.40.9 mm long. Fl. AprNov. 2n=26.
Fields, waste places, roadside, forest margin; 8001900 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Taiwan [India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
金腰箭属 jin yao jian shu
Annual herbs. Stems erect or ascending. Leaves opposite, petiolate. Heads radiate, sessile or subsessile, in axillary glomerules or borne singly. Involucres cylindric to campanulate. Phyllaries persistent, 25+ in 1(2) series. Receptacles convex, paleate. Ray florets in 12 series, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellowish. Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas yellowish, tubes about equaling slightly ampliate, cylindric throats, lobes 4, rounded-deltate. Cypselae dimorphic, strongly obcompressed or flattened, narrowly oval and winged or linear-cuneate and not winged; pappi persistent, of 2 triangular scales (ray) or 23 subulate scales or awns (disc).
Two species, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, introduced in Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia; one species in China.
金腰箭 Jin yao jian
Verbesina nodiflora Linnaeus, Cent. Pl. I, 28. 1755.
Annuals, 1080 cm high. Stems erect or ascending, branched from bases or ± throughout. Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate; blades ovate to elliptic, 310 Χ 25 cm. usually 3-nerved, bases cuneate to rounded, margins toothed, faces ± scabrous. Heads radiate, sessile or subsessile in axillary glomerules or borne singly. Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 36 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 25+ in 1(2) series, lanceolate, herbaceous to chartaceous. Receptacles convex, paleate; paleae lance-linear, scarious, flat or weakly cupped at bases. Ray florets 29, in 12 series, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellowish, ca. 2 mm long; ligules ovate to linear, 24 mm long. Disc florets 412+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellowish, tubes ca. 4 mm long, about equaling slightly ampliate, cylindric throats, lobes 4, rounded-deltate. Flowering year round. 2n = 40.
Fields, waste places, roadsides. Guangdong, Taiwan, Yunnan [pantropical weed of American origin].
金腰箭舅属 jin yao jian jiu shu
Small annual or perennial herbs, usually procumbent or prostrate. Leaves opposite, petiolate, margin crenate-serrate. Heads solitary or in small dense clusters, radiate. Involucreal bracts ca. 5. Receptacle with flat or concave paleae. Ray florets 58, pistillate, yellow; disc florets 45-lobed, yellow. Achenes oblanceolate-obconical, doriventrally compressed, tubuerculate or smooth. Pappus of 2 stout awns.
Three species in South America to North America; one species naturalized in China.
金腰箭舅 jin yao jian jiu
Perennial herbs. Stems prostrate, branched, rooting at nodes, densely appressed strigillose. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, to 35 Χ 25 mm, apex acute, apiculate, base attenuate, margin crenate-serrate, both surfaces densely appressed strigillose; petiol 38 mm long, narrowly winged toward blade, margin ciliate. Heads axillary, solitary, subsessile, peduncle to 15 mm long. Involucre narrowly oblong-oblanceoloid, 67 Χ 2.53.5 mm. Phyllaries 4, in 2 series, concave, lanceolate, apex acuminate and apiculate, 67 Χ 33.5 mm. Paleae hyaline, narrowly elliptic, 3.54.8 Χ 0.81 mm. Ray florets 38, yellow; corolla 4.56.2 mm long, 1.41.8 mm diameter, 3-toothed; achenes oblanceolate, 3.54 mm long, 1.72 mm wide, pappus of 2 ascending divergent awns, 1.22.4 mm long. Disc florets 38; corolla 2.63.6 mm long, apex 23-toothed or entire, densely papillose within; achenes similar to those of ray florets but slightly narrower and thicker, sometimes 3-angled, 1.11.7 mm across, evidently muricate. 2n = 24.
Naturalized weed of roadsides. Taiwan [native to USA, Mexico and Cuba].
金鸡菊属 jin ji ju shu
Annuals, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, often rhizomatous or with cormiform bases. Stems usually 1, erect, branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves basal, basal and cauline, or cauline; opposite or alternate or both; petiolate or sessile; blades simple and usually entire, or pinnately or pedately lobed, faces glabrous or hairy. Heads radiate, borne singly or in open, corymbiform arrays. Calyculi of (3)8+, distinct, ± herbaceous bractlets. Involucres ± globose to cylindric, 425+ mm diam. Phyllaries usually ca. 8 in ca. 2 series. Receptacles flat to convex, paleate; paleae falling, ovate to linear or subulate, flat, scarious. Ray florets mostly (5)8(12+), neuter, or styliferous and sterile, or pistillate and fertile; corollas usually yellow, sometimes red-brown to purple proximally, sometimes wholly purple or pink to white. Disc florets 8150+, bisexual, fertile; corollas usually yellow, sometimes red-brown to purple at tips or throughout, tubes equaling or shorter than narrowly funnelform throats, lobes 4 or 5. Cypselae obcompressed, ± orbiculate to ovate, oblong, or linear, usually thin-margined or winged, wings membranous to chartaceous or corky, entire or lobed to toothed, sometimes ciliolate; faces smooth or ± papillate to tuberculate. Pappus 0, or persistent, of 2 bristly cusps or scales, sometimes pappi 0 and shoulders of cypsela wings bristly, pappus-like. x = 14.
About 35 species: mostly temperate North America, also tropical New World and Old World; three species introduced in China.
1a. Ray florets above yellow, base reddish brown; disc florets reddish brown; achenes wingless 1. C. tinctoria
1b. Ray florets and disc florets yellow; achenes winged.
2a. Achenes broadly elliptic or nearly rounded; lower
pinnately dissected
............................................................................................................ 2. C. grandiflora
2b. Achenes rounded; lower leaves entire .................................................... 3. C. lanceolata
两色金鸡菊 liang se jin ji ju
Annuals, (10)3070(150) cm. Leaves: proximal blades usually 1(3)-pinnate, terminal lobes lance-ovate to oblanceolate, 1060 Χ 525 mm; cauline blades usually 13-pinnate, rarely simple, simple blades or terminal lobes lance-linear to linear or filiform, 1045 Χ 0.55 mm. Peduncles 115 cm. Calyculi of deltate-lanceolate bractlets 13+ mm. Phyllaries ± lance-oblong to lance-ovate, 49 mm. Ray laminae usually yellow with red-brown blotch, sometimes red-brown in proximal 1/39/10 and distally yellow, rarely yellow throughout, 1218+ mm. Disc corollas 2.53+ mm. Cypselae 1.54 mm, wings 0 or 0.10.7 mm wide; pappi 0, or of 12 cusps or subulate scales 0.11 mm. Fl. JunAug. 2n = 24.
Moist, sandy or clay soils, sometimes alkaline flats, prairies, ditches, disturbed places [native to North America].
Coreopsis tinctoria is widely grown in public and residential gardens, and commercially (for cut flowers), and has become widely established in the flora area.
大花金鸡菊 da hua jin ji ju
Perennials, 4060 cm. Aerial nodes proximal to first peduncle usually 610+, distalmost 13 internodes 47+ cm. Leaves: mostly cauline on proximal 2/37/8 of plant heights; petioles 0 or 1035+ mm; blades usually 1(2)-irregularly pinnately or ± pedately lobed with (3)59+ lobes, rarely simple, simple blades or terminal lobes narrowly lanceolate to linear or filiform, 1545(90+) Χ (0.5)28(12+) mm. Peduncles 815(25+) cm. Calyculi of lanceolate to linear bractlets 3.59+ mm. Phyllaries lance-ovate, 79(12) mm. Ray laminae yellow, 1225+ mm. Disc corollas 3.34.8 mm, apices yellow. Cypselae 23+ mm, wings spreading, ± chartaceous, entire or irregularly toothed to pectinate. Flowering MayAug. 2n = 26.
Sandy soils, ditches and roadsides, other disturbed sites, granite and sandstone outcrops [native to North America].
剑叶金鸡菊 jian ye jin ji ju
Perennials, 1030(60+) cm. Aerial nodes proximal to first peduncle usually 13(5+), distalmost 13 internodes 12(8+) cm. Leaves: basal and cauline on proximal 1/41/3(1/2) of plant heights; petioles 15(8+) cm; blades simple or with 12+ lateral lobes, simple blades or terminal lobes lance-ovate or lanceolate to oblanceolate or lance-linear, 512 cm Χ 815(18+) mm. Peduncles (8)1220(35+) cm. Calyculi of lance-ovate to lance-linear or linear bractlets 48(12) mm. Phyllaries deltate to lance-deltate, 812+ mm. Ray laminae yellow, 1530+ mm. Disc corollas 67.5 mm, apices yellow. Achenes 2.64 mm long, wings ± spreading, ± chartaceous, entire. Flowering MayJul. 2n = 26.
Sandy soils, ditches and roadsides, other disturbed sites [native to North America].
大丽花属 da li hua shu
Perennial herbs with rhizomes, developing elongated tubers. Leaves opposite, pinnatisect with toothed (or incised and parted) segments; sometimes simple leaves are also present on the same plant stems; as also the entire plant, glabrous. Heads large, usually drooping, long pedunculate. Involucre, consisting of an external row of recurvate herbaceous few bracts, basally, more or less, united, membranous at apex, occasionally arranged almost in two rows. Receptacle flat with large membranous bracts. Marginal ligulate florets pistillate or sterile; internal ones tubular, bisexual; forms with double-flowers are not rare. Achenes flattened, cuneate, without pappus or with its traces in the form of two denticules.
About 15 species: South America, Central America, Mexico; one species cultivated in China.
大丽花 da li hua
Perennial. Stems 1.52.0 m high, erect, more or less, woody at base, hollow or unbranched. Leaves pinnate (sometimes bipinnate), ovate, oblong-ovate, often tapered at apex, margin serrate-toothed; bracts usually 5 in nember. Heads large, long-pedunculate, drooping. Ligulate florets arranged in one or a few rows, or all florets ligulate (in double-forms), variously colored, sometimes fancifully variable (convolute into tube or trulliform etc.). Achenes ??ate, 912 Χ 34 mm, or obascidiform, flattened. Fl. JunDec, fr. SepOct.
Widely cultivated in China [native to Mexico].
Dahlia pinnata is an important ornamental plant, and widely cultivated worldwide.
秋英属 qiu ying shu
Annuals, perennials or subshrubs. Stems usually 1, erect or ascending, branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves mostly cauline; opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades usually 13-pinnately lobed or undivided, ultimate margins usually entire, faces usually glabrous, sometimes glabrate, hispid, puberulent, or scabridulous. Heads radiate, borne singly or in corymbiform arrays. Calycles of (5)8 basally connate, ± linear to subulate, herbaceous bractlets. Involucres hemispheric or subhemispheric, 315 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, (5)8 in ± 2 series, distinct, lanceolate, lance-oblong, lance-ovate, or oblong, ± equal, membranous or herbaceous, margins ± scarious. Receptacles flat, paleate; paleae falling, linear, flat or slightly concave-convex, scarious or entire. Ray florets neuter; corollas white to pink or purple, or yellow to red-orange. Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow or orange, tubes shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, ± deltate. Achenes relatively slender, quadrangular-cylindric or -fusiform, sometimes slightly arcuate, attenuate-beaked, not winged [winged], faces glabrous or hispid to scabridulous or ± setose, sometimes papillate, usually with 1 groove; pappi of 24(8) retrorsely barbed awns, sometimes 0. x = 12.
About 26 species: tropical and subtropical America, especially Mexico, widely introduced elsewhere; two species introduced in China.
1a. Ray laminae pink, purple, purplish, rose-pink, violet, or white ................... 1. C. bipinnatus
1b. Ray laminae yellow to red-orange ............................................................ 2. C. sulphureus
秋英 qiu ying
Plants 30200 cm high, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, sometimes scabridulous. Leaves sessile or with up to 1 cm long petioles; blades 611 cm long, ultimate lobes to 1.5 mm wide, margins entire, apices acute. Head solitary, 36 cm in diam.; peduncles 1020 cm long. Calycles of spreading, linear to lanceolate bractlets 613 mm, apices acuminate. Involucres 715 mm diameter. Phyllaries erect, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 713 mm, apices round or obtuse. Ray corollas white, pink, or purplish, laminae obovate to oblanceolate, 1550 mm, apices ± truncate, dentate. Disc corollas 57 mm. Achenes 716 mm long, glabrous, papillose. Pappus 0, or of 23 ascending to erect awns 13 mm. Fl. JunAug. 2n = 24.
Widely introduced in China [native to Mexico and southwestern United States].
A favorite garden plant, it has escaped and naturalized widely in warm climates almost worldwide.
硫磺菊 liu huang ju
Plants 30200 cm high, glabrous or sparsely pilose to hispid. Leaves petiolate; petioles 17 cm; blades 512(25) cm, ultimate lobes 25 mm wide, margins sparsely spinulose-ciliate, apices apiculate. Peduncles 1020 cm. Calycles of spreading-ascending, linear-subulate bractlets 57(10) mm, apices acute. Involucres 610 mm diam. Phyllaries erect, oblong-lanceolate, 913(18) mm, apices acute to rounded-obtuse. Ray corollas intensely yellow to red-orange, laminae obovate, 1830 mm, apices ± truncate, denticulate. Disc corollas 67 mm. Achenes 1530 mm long, usually hispidulous, rarely glabrous. Pappus 0, or of 23 widely divergent awns 17 mm. Fl. JunSep. 2n = 24, 48.
Introduced in Beijing, Guangdong, Yunnan [native to Mexico].
鬼针草属 gui zhen cao
Annuals or perennials. Stems usually erect, branched distally or throughout. Leaves usually cauline; usually opposite, rarely whorled, distal sometimes alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades simple, compound (leaflets petiolulate), or 13-pinnatisect or -pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire, dentate, laciniate, serrate, or toothed, faces usually glabrous, sometimes hirtellous, hispidulous, pilosulous, puberulent, scabrellous, or strigillose. Heads usually radiate or discoid, sometimes disciform, usually in corymbiform arrays, sometimes in 2s or 3s or borne singly. Calycles erect to spreading or reflexed, herbaceous bractlets or bracts. Involucres mostly hemispheric or campanulate to cylindric. Phyllaries persistent, mostly in 2 series, usually distinct, sometimes connate 0.050.1 Χ their lengths, mostly oblong or ovate to lance-oblong, chartaceous to membranous or scarious (usually striate with brownish nerves, margins usually hyaline). Receptacles flat or slightly convex, paleate; paleae usually falling, (usually stramineous, sometimes yellow to orange, with darker striae) flat to slightly navicular. Ray florets usually in one series, usually neuter, sometimes styliferous and sterile; corollas usually yellow, sometimes white or pinkish. Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes whitish or purplish, tubes shorter than throats, lobes (3)5, deltate (staminal filaments glabrous; style-branch appendages deltate or lanceolate to subulate). Achenes usually obcompressed to flat, unequally 34-angled, and cuneate to oblanceolate or obovate, sometimes (all or inner) equally 4-angled and linear-fusiform, rarely subterete, margins usually retrorsely, sometimes patently or antrorsely, barbed or ciliate, apices sometimes attenuate, not beaked, faces smooth, striate, or tuberculate, glabrous or hairy, each sometimes with 2 grooves; pappi 0, or persistent, of (1)24(8) usually retrorsely, sometimes antrorsely, barbellate or ciliate, rarely smooth, awns. x = 12.
150250 species: widespread, especially in subtropical, tropical, and warm-temperate North America and South America; ten species in China.
1a. Achenes broad, cuneate or obovate-cuneate, apex truncate.
2a. Achenes 4-angled, barbed awns usually 4; disc floret corolla 5-dentate; ray florets present 1. B. cernua
2b. Achenes compressed, barbed awns usually 2; disc floret corolla 45-dentate; ray florets absent.
3a. Median cauline leaves of pinnate compound leaves ................................. 2. B. frondosa
3b. Median cauline leaves of dissected simple leaves, rarely entire leaves.
4a. Leaves deeply dissected.
5a. Heads subequal in length and wide; outer phyllaries
59; achenes 611 mm
3.
B. tripartita
5b. Heads unequal in length and wide; outer phyllaries 914; achenes 34.5 mm 4. B. maximowicziana
4b. Leaves not dissected or 3-lobed.
6a. Outer phyllaries 912(14), oblong-linear or lanceolate-linear, 820 mm long; corolla 4-toothed 5. B. radiata
6b. Outer phyllaries usually 4, elliptic, oblong or linear, 1.53.8 cm long; corolla 5-toothed 6. B. leptophylla
1b. Achenes linear, apex gradually narrower.
7a. Achenes with 2 barbed awns; disc corolla 4-toothed ............................... 7. B. parviflora
7b. Achenes with 34 barbed awns; disc corolla 5-toothed.
8a. Involucral bracts spatulate, dilated toward apex;
achenes numerous, ca. 5070
8. B. pilosa
8b. Involucral bracts linear, not dilated toward apex; achenes fewer than 50.
9a. Leaves 23 pinnatisect, leaflet lanceolate, terminal segment narrow, few-toothed 9. B. bipinnata
9b. Leaves 23 pinnatisect, leaflet lanceolate, terminal segment narrow, few-toothed 10. B. biternata
柳叶鬼针草 liu ye gui zhen cao
Bidens cernua var. elliptica Wiegand; B. cernua var. integra Wiegand; B. cernua var. minima (Hudson) Pursh; B. cernua var. oligodonta Fernald & H. St. John; B. cernua var. radiata Candolle; B. filamentosa Rydberg; B. glaucescens Greene; B. gracilenta Greene; B. minima Hudson; B. prionophylla Greene.
Annuals, 10100 cm high. Leaves sessile; blades lance-ovate or oblanceolate to lanceolate or linear, 40100(200) Χ (2)525(45) mm, bases cuneate to rounded, margins usually coarsely dentate to serrate, sometimes entire, sometimes ciliate, apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous. Heads borne singly or in open, corymbiform arrays. Peduncles 1040(100+) mm. Calycles of (3)58(10) spreading to reflexed, oblong to lance-linear, often ± foliaceous bractlets or bracts (3)812(25) mm, margins usually ciliate, abaxial faces usually glabrous, bases sometimes hispidulous. Involucres hemispheric or broader, (3)610 Χ (8)1220+ mm. Phyllaries 68+, ovate or lance-ovate to lanceolate, 210 mm. Ray florets usually 68, sometimes 0; laminae orange-yellow, 215(18) mm. Disc florets (10)40100(150+); corollas orange-yellow, 34 mm. Achenes blackish or brown, usually flattened, sometimes 4-angled, cuneate, outer (3)56 mm, inner 48 mm, margins thickened or winged, retrorsely ciliate, apices truncate to convex, faces ± striate, glabrous or tuberculo-strigillose; pappi of (2)4, retrorsely barbed awns (1)24 mm. Fl. AugOct. 2n = 24, 48.
Swamps, marshes, peat and sedge bogs, flood plains; 02300 m. Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan [Asia, Europe; North America].
大狼杷草 da lang ba cao
Bidens frondosa var. anomala Porter ex Fernald; B. frondosa var. caudata Sherff; B. frondosa var. pallida (Wiegand) Wiegand; B. frondosa var. stenodonta Fernald & H. St. John; B. melanocarpa Wiegand.
Annuals, 20120 cm high. Leaves petiolate; petioles 1040(60) mm; blades deltate to lance-ovate overall, 3080(150) Χ 2060(100) mm, 3(5)-foliolate, leaflets petiolulate, lanceolate to lance-ovate, (15)3560(120) Χ (5)1020(30) mm, bases cuneate, margins dentate to serrate, sometimes ciliate, apices acuminate to attenuate, faces glabrous or hirtellous. Heads usually borne singly, sometimes in 2s or 3s or in open, corymbiform arrays. Peduncles 1040(80) mm. Calycles of (5)8(10) ascending to spreading, spatulate or oblanceolate to linear, sometimes ± foliaceous bractlets or bracts 520(60) mm, margins usually ciliate, abaxial faces glabrous or hirtellous. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric or broader, 69 Χ 712 mm. Phyllaries 612, oblong or ovate to lance-ovate, 59 mm. Ray florets 0 or 13+; laminae golden yellow, 23.5 mm. Disc florets 2060(120+); corollas ± orange, 2.53+ mm. Cypselae blackish to brown or stramineous, ± obcompressed, obovate to cuneate, outer 57 mm, inner 710 mm, margins antrorsely or retrorsely barbed, apices ± truncate to concave, faces usually 1-nerved, sometimes tuberculate, glabrous or sparsely hirtellous. Pappus of 2 ± erect to spreading, antrorsely or retrorsely barbed awns 25 mm. Fl. AugSep. 2n = 24, 48, 72.
Moist woods, meadows, thickets, fields, roadsides, railroads, borders of streams, ponds, sloughs, swamps, ditches. Introduced in Shanghai [native to North America].
狼杷草 lang bao cao
Bidens repens D. Don; B. tripartita Linnaeus var. quinqueloba Z. X. An, syn. nov.; B. tripartita Linnaeus var. repens (D. Don) Sherff; B. tripartita Linnaeus var. shimadai (Hayata) Yamamoto; B. shimadai Hayata.
Annuals, 10150 cm high. Leaves sessile or petioles 515(35) mm (± winged); blades elliptic to ovate or lanceolate, 4080(150) Χ 1540(60) mm, sometimes laciniately 1-pinnatisect with 14+ lobes near bases, bases cuneate, margins entire or dentate to serrate, usually ciliate, apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or hirtellous. Heads borne singly or in 2s or 3s. Peduncles 1040(80) mm. Calyculi of (2)67(10) spreading, oblanceolate or lanceolate to linear, ± foliaceous bractlets or bracts 735(60) mm, margins (entire or serrate) sometimes sparsely ciliate, abaxial faces hispidulous near bases, distally glabrous. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric or broader, (4)57(12) Χ (3)612(15) mm. Phyllaries (6)78(13), elliptic-ovate to lance-ovate, (4)69(12) mm. Ray florets usually 0, sometimes 15; laminae orange yellowish, 48 mm. Disc florets (5)2060(150); corollas pale yellow to orange, (2)34 mm, apex 45-toothed. Achenes blackish to purplish or brown, ± flattened, sometimes weakly 3(4)-angled, usually cuneate to linear, outer (3)67(10) mm, inner (4)69(11) mm, margins proximally antrorsely to patently, distally retrorsely, barbed, apices ± truncate to concave, faces ± 1-nerved, usually smooth, seldom notably tuberculate, glabrous or sparsely strigillose; pappi 0, or of 13(4) erect to spreading, retrorsely barbed awns (0.2)23(6) mm. Fl. JulOct. 2n = 48.
Marshes and other wet sites, waste fields, roadside. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Philippines, Russia; Australia; Europe; North America; N Africa].
A worldwide weed.
羽叶鬼针草 yu ye gui zhen cao
Annual. Stems 3050(80) cm high, erect, simple or branched with obliquely upright branches, glabrous, or, sparsely and finely hairy mainly in upper part. Leavees petiolate, pinnati sect (rarely ternate); segments narrow and long, oblong to linear, laterals (1)23 in number, 23 to 78 cm long, apical segments usually larger than laterals, serrate-toothed, margin fine with, appressed prickles. Heads solitary or in groups of 23 at the apex of stem and its branches, flat (wider than long and measures about 15 mm). External involucral bracts green, oblong, distinctly exceeding the head; internal ones shorter, lanceolate, brown-green, as long as achenes (including awns). Ligulate florets absent, all florets tubular, yellow. Achenes cuneate, 4 mm long, laterally compressed, tuberculate at margin, and slightly hairy with relatively long and plentiful bristly hairs pointing downwards, awns two in number. Fl. JulAug.
River banks, wet padings on meadows, humus sandy soil. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Russia].
大羽叶鬼针草 da yu ye gui zhen cao
Bidens radiata Thuillier var. microcephala C. X. An, syn. nov.
Annuals. Stems (5)1560(80) cm high, erect, branched, in upper part simple, glabrous or indistinctly hairy. Leaves yellowish-green, 35-parted or dissected, lateral parts lanceolate or ovate-rhombical, serrate-toothed, but the apical part much larger than laterals, glabrous or subglabrous, on rather long petioles, sometimes entire, large-toothed to parted (f. pseudocernuus Ganessch.): Heads erect, 1215(20) mm wide, width more than length (sometimes, almost twice). Outer phyllaries (9)1012(14) in number, oblong-linear or lanceolate-linear, 820 mm long, foliaceous, margins beset with fine prickles, considerably (sometimes, almost three times) exceeding the head; internal ones shorter, oval; bracts narrow-linear, exceeding in length or equal to the achenes (including awns). Florets tubular. Achenes cuneate, 34 mm long, glabrous, compressed, with two awns, equal to or almost shorter than achenes; sometimes awns four, but then, two of them longer than the other two. Fl. JunSep.
Banks of rivers, lakes, marshes, wet meadows, wet ditches. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe].
薄叶鬼针草 bao ye gui zhen cao
Annuals, up tp 25 cm high. Leaves opposite, blade ovate-elliptic, ovate-rhombic or oblong, 1.85.8 Χ 0.52 cm together with petioles, apex shortly acute, base decurrent to petioles, margin 13-toothed, sometimes with a pair of lobes from base; lobes oblong-linear. Heads solitary, terminal or axillary. Involucre 810 mm long, 58 mm in diam. Outer phyllaries usually 4, foliaceous, elliptic, oblong or linear, 1.53.8 cm long, apex acute, margin entire or 13-toothed; inner phyllaries coriaceous, brown. Ray florets absent. Disc florets yellow, corolla 33.5 mm long, apex 5-dentate. Achenes cuneate, ca. 6 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, compressed, two-ribbed. Pappus of two barbed awns ca. 2.5 mm long.
* Farmland. Xinjiang (Yiwu).
小花鬼针草 xiao hua gui zhen cao
Annuals. Stems (10)2050(80) cm long, erect, branched, glabrous or bearing rarely indistinct hairs. Leaves many-fold (bi, tri) pinnatisect with narrow lanceolate or linear-lanceolate to linear segments, which, in their turn, bear small teeth and incisions on petioles, usually sparsely fine hairy to subglabrous. Heads solitary (or 23) at apices of the stem and its branches, on long peduncles, narrow, subcylindrical. External involucral bracts narrow-linear, green, herbaceous, finely hairly, shorter than internal ones, lanceolate-linear, greenish-brown, bearing rarely short bristles only on margins; bracts linear, shorter than achenes. Florets all tubular, yellow, not numerous. Achenes linear-tetragonate, more or less, compressed, beset with upright lucid bristles along ribs, otherwise, glabrous or finely hairy, unequal in length; internal ones 1520(25) mm long, external ones shorter, two upright awns, 45 mm long, at the top of achenes. Fl. JulSep.
Marshes, fields, streamsides. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
鬼针草 gui zhen cao
Bidens chilensis Willdenow; B. pilosa Linnaeus var. minor (Blume) Sherff; B. pilosa Linnaeus var. radiata Schultz-Bipontinus; B. pilosa Linnaeus f. rubiflorum S. S. Ying; B. sundaicus Blume var. minor Blume.
Annuals. Stems 30180 cm high, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent in upper part. Leaves: petioles 1030(70) mm; blades either ovate to lanceolate, 3070(120) Χ 1218(45) mm, or 1-pinnately lobed, primary lobes 37, ovate to lanceolate, (10)2580 Χ (5)1040 mm, bases truncate to cuneate, ultimate margins serrate or entire, usually ciliate, apices acute to attenuate, faces pilosulous to sparsely hirtellous or glabrate. Heads usually borne singly, sometimes in open, ± corymbiform arrays. Peduncles 1020(90) mm. Calycles (6)79(13), appressed, spatulate to linear bractlets (3)45 mm, margins ciliate, abaxial faces usually hispidulous to puberulent. Involucres turbinate to campanulate, 56 Χ 68 mm. Phyllaries (7)89(13), lanceolate to oblanceolate, 46 mm. Ray florets 0 or (3)58; ligules whitish to pinkish, 515 mm long. Disc florets 2040(80); corollas yellowish, (2)35 mm. Achenes: outer red-brown, ± flat, linear to narrowly cuneate, (3)45 mm, margins antrorsely hispidulous, apices truncate or somewhat attenuate, faces obscurely 2-grooved, sometimes tuberculate-hispidulous; inner blackish, ± equally 4-angled, linear-fusiform, 716 mm, margins antrorsely hispidulous, apices attenuate, faces 2-grooved, tuberculate-hispidulous to sparsely strigillose; pappi 0, or of 23(5), erect to divergent, retrorsely barbed awns (0.5)24 mm. Flowering year round. 2n = 24, 36, 48, 72.
Roadside, fields, village; up to 2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan; tropical and subtropical regions].
婆婆针 po po zhen
Bidens pilosa var. bipinnata (Linnaeus) Hooker.
Annuals, (15)30100(150+) cm. Leaves: petioles 2050 mm; blades rounded-deltate to ovate or lanceolate overall, (20)3070+ Χ (20)3060+ mm, (1)2(3)-pinnatisect, ultimate lobes obovate or lanceolate, 1545+ Χ 1025+ mm, bases truncate to cuneate, ultimate margins entire, sometimes ciliolate, apices rounded to acute or attenuate, faces usually glabrous, sometimes hirtellous. Heads usually borne singly, sometimes in ± corymbiform arrays. Peduncles (10)2050(100) mm. Calyculi of (7)8(10) linear bractlets 35 mm, ± appressed, margins ciliate, abaxial faces usually glabrous. Involucres ± campanulate, 57 Χ 34(5) mm. Phyllaries 812, lanceolate to linear, 46 mm. Ray florets 0 or 35+; laminae yellowish or whitish, 12(3) mm. Disc florets 1020(30+); corollas yellowish to whitish, 23 mm. Cypselae red-brown, outer weakly obcompressed, 715 mm, inner ± 4-angled, linear to linear-fusiform, 1218 mm, margins not ciliate, apices ± attenuate, faces 2-grooved, often tuberculate-hispidulous. Pappus of (2)34, erect to divergent, retrorsely barbed awns 24 mm. Fl. AugOct. 2n = 24, 72.
Fields, forests, disturbed, wettish sites; up to 1800(3000) m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Jilin, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Korea; North America; South America; Europe; Pacific Islands].
金盏银盘 jin zhan yin pan
Coreopsis biternata Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 508. 1790; Bidens chinensis Willdenow; B. robertianifolia H. Lιveillι & Vaniot.
Annuals. Stems erect, 30150 cm high, subtetragonous, loosely crisp pilose, branched in upper portion. Leaves cauline; median leaves opposite, petiole 35 cm long, blade 915 cm long, prominently soft pubescent on both surfaces, once or twice divided into pinnate leaflets, terminal segment ovate, short acuminate, rather prominently toothed, lateral segments ovate, sometimes lower one pinnatifid; upper leaves gradually smaller, opposite or alternate, bi-pinnately parted. Heads radiate or discoid, 710 mm across; peduncle 1.55.5 cm long; phyllaries 810, in one series, herbaceous, linear, 365. mm long, acute; outer chaff 56 mm long, hyaline margined. Ray florets 05, sterile, ligule yellow, ca. 5.5 Χ 2.53 mm, tube 1.21.5 mm long; disc florets bisexual, fertile, corolla 45.5 mm long, tube 1.22 mm long. Achenes linear, 919 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, compressed, 4-angled, short strigose; awns 34, 34 mm long. Fl. SepNov.
Roadside, waste fields; up to 1300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam; Oceania; Africa].
鹿角草属 lu jiao cao shu
Glabrous perennials with a thick caudex; stems erect, branched; leaves few. Radical leaves crowded, long petiolate, pinnately parted; cauline leaves alternate. Heads small, solitary or few in corymbs, heterogamous. Involucral bracts in 14 series, outer bracts and palea oblong, slightly connate, somewhat inflated at base, inner palea narrowed, flat. Ray florets in 1 row, pistillate, fertile, corollas spreading, 3-toothed. Disc florets tubular, bisexual, corollas 4-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base. Achenes glabrous, flattened dorsally, linear, truncate. Pappus of 2 retrorsely scabrid awns.
Eleven species in northern Africa, tropical Asia to southern Australia and the Pacific islands; one species in China.
鹿角草 lu jiao cao
Zinnia bidens Retzius, Observ. Bot. 5: 28. 1788; Bidens meyeniana Walpers; B. tenuifolia Labillardiθre; Glossogyne bidens (Retzius) Alston; G. oluanpiensis S. S. Ying; G. tenuifolia Cassini.
Perennial herbs; stems woody at base, 2030 cm long, somewhat tufted. Radical leaves persistent, glabrous, long 4.59 cm long, sometimes undivided and linear, usually pinnately parted, segments 2 or 3 pairs, remote, spreading, linear, 1.82 mm wide, obtuse, lower segments 820 mm long, petiole 2.76 cm long; median leaves few, remote, petiolate, 34 cm long, pinnately parted or linear; upper leaves smaller, linear. Heads ca. 7 mm across, solitary, basal bracteoles ca. 1.5 mm long. Involucral bracts and palea ca. 7, oblong, ca. 3 mm long. Ray florets few, in 1 series, fertile, corolla ca. 3.5 mm long, lip 3-dentate. Disc florets: corolla ca. 2.5 mm long, apex 4-dentate. pappus awns erect, 1.52 cm long. 2n = 24.
Exposed coastal areas, sometimes on raised coral reefs; lower elevations. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Xizang [Bengal, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines; Oceania; New Caledonia].
牛膝菊属 niu qi ju
Annuals, 262 cm. Stems erect. Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate; blades (3-nerved) lanceolate to broadly ovate, margins entire or serrulate to serrate, faces glabrate to densely pilose. Heads radiate or discoid, in ± cymiform arrays. Involucres hemispheric to campanulate, 2.56 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent or falling, 69[16] in 2[3] series (elliptic, lance-ovate, oblong, or ovate, outer shorter, herbaceous or scarious, margins entire or minutely laciniate). Receptacles conic, paleate (paleae persistent or falling, scarious, proximal broadly elliptic to obovate, often connate at bases or nearly to apices, united in groups of 23 to adjacent proximal phyllary, each complex often enclosing and shed with a ray cypsela; distal persistent or falling, lanceolate to obovate, entire or 2- or 3-lobed, convex to conduplicate). Ray florets [0](3)5(8)[15], pistillate, fertile; corollas white or dull white to pinkish [purplish] (tubes pilose, laminae quadrate-obovate to oblong, lobes 03). Disc florets 550[150], bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes (pilose) shorter than cylindric throats, lobes 5, deltate (anthers yellow; style-branch apices acute). Cypselae obconic to obpyramidal, glabrous or strigose (rays often shed with subtending phyllary plus 23 adjacent paleae); pappi 0, or persistent, of 520, white or gray, fimbriate, sometimes aristate scales. x = 8.
Species 1533: North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America. Two species introduced in China.
1a. Phyllaries persistent; inner paleae 3-lobed, lobes 1/3+ total lengths, acute; disc pappi 0, or of 1520 often gray, sometimes white, linear, fimbriate, obtuse scales 0.52 mm ............... 1. G. parviflora
1b. Phyllaries falling; inner paleae entire or 2- or 3-lobed, lobes to 1.3 total lengths, blunt; disc pappi 0, or of 15 or 1420 white, lanceolate to oblanceolate, fimbriate, sometimes aristate, scales 2. G. quadriradiata
牛膝菊 niu qi ju
Plants 460 cm. Leaf blades 7110 Χ 370(80) mm. Peduncles 140 mm. Involucres campanulate, 2.55 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent. Paleae: outer persistent with distal phyllaries or falling, elliptic to obovate; inner usually persistent, lanceolate to ovate or obovate, 23.5 mm, 3-lobed, lobes to 1/3+ total lengths, acute. Ray florets (3)5(8); corollas usually dull white (pink), laminae 0.51.8 Χ 0.71.5 mm. Disc florets 1550. Cypselae: rays 1.52.5 mm; discs 1.32.5 mm, glabrous or strigose; pappi: rays 0 or of 510, laciniate scales 0.51 mm; discs 0, or of 1520 white or gray, linear, fimbriate, obtuse (acute) scales 0.52 mm. Fl. JulOct.
In fields, streamsides and sparse forests. A common weeds widely distributed in China [native to America].
粗毛牛膝菊 cu mao ni qi ju
Plants 862 cm. Leaf blades 2060 Χ 1545 mm. Peduncles 520 mm. Involucres hemispheric to campanulate, 36 mm diam. Phyllaries falling. Paleae: outer falling, broadly elliptic to obovate, 23 mm; inner falling, linear to lanceolate, 23 mm, entire or 2- or 3-lobed, lobes to 1/3 total lengths, blunt. Ray florets (4)5(8); corollas usually white, sometimes pink, laminae 0.92.5 Χ 0.92 mm. Disc florets 1535. Cypselae: rays 1.52 mm; discs 1.31.8 mm; pappus: rays of 615 fimbriate scales 0.51 mm; discs 0, or of usually 1420, rarely 15, white, lanceolate to oblanceolate, fimbriate, sometimes aristate, scales 0.21.7 mm. Fl. JulOct. 2n = 32, 48, 64.
In forest, roadsides. Jiangxi [native to America].
羽芒菊属 yu mang ju shu
Perennials. Leaves opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades deltate, lanceolate, lance-ovate, or ovate, often pinnately or palmately lobed, ultimate margins coarsely toothed to subentire, faces glabrate, hirsute, scabrellous, or strigillose. Heads radiate or discoid, borne singly or several in cymiform arrays. Involucres cylindric to hemispheric, 48 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, in 23+ series; outer usually shorter, more herbaceous, the inner often scarious. Receptacles convex to conic; paleae persistent, lance-linear, scarious, weakly conduplicate, often apically toothed. Ray florets pistillate, fertile; corollas pale yellow, white or purplish. Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas yellowish, whitish or purplish, tubes shorter than cylindric or funnelform throats, lobes 5, usually deltate, sometimes rays 0 and corollas of peripheral florets bilabiate. Cypselae obconic to obpyramidal, 3-, 4-, or 5-angled, densely piloso-sericeous, glabrous or villous. Pappus persistent, of plumose or ciliate, setiform scales. x = 10.
About 26 species: tropical America and Asia; one species naturalized in China.
羽芒菊 yu mang ju
Perennial herbs, caulescent, decumbent. Stems procumbent, branched at base, branches slender, spreading or ascending, 2050 cm long, hirsute. Leaves short petiolate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, few, 2.55 cm long, apex acute or acuminate, margins deeply irregularly serrate, pinnatisect, segments few, narrow, base cuneate. Heads solitary, 11.5 cm across, peduncle 1030 cm long. Involucre subcampanulate, 67 mm long. Involucral bracts hispid, in few series; outer bracts densely grayish white, elliptic, ca. 5 mm long, long hirsute; inner bracts tinged purplish, narrower, ca. 6 mm long. Ray florets 4, white, ligulate or 2-lipped. Disc florets yellow, tube ca. 5 mm long, limb 5-lobed, lobes reflexed, hairy. Achenes brown, oblong, ca. 2 mm long, densely silky pubescent. Pappus 56 mm long, of shiny feathery bristles. Fl. NovMar. 2n = 36.
A noxious weed, along exposed, dry roadsides, on waste grounds and in lawns. Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical America].
Addendum
Gaillardia is transferred from the Helenieae, where it was treated in FRPS 75 (1979). Because the two species are only cultivated in China, presumably for ornament rather than as large-scale crops, these treatments should be deleted. However, the two species should be mentioned among other purely cultivated Heliantheae in China in a comment at the start of the tribe.
天人菊属 tian ren ju shu
Annuals, perennials, or subshrubs. Stems usually erect, usually branched. Leaves basal, basal and cauline, or mostly cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblong, obovate, ovate, or spatulate, often pinnately lobed, ultimate margins toothed or entire, faces usually scabrellous to villous, rarely glabrous, usually notably gland-dotted. Heads usually radiate or discoid, borne singly. Involucres hemispheric to nearly rotate, mostly 920+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, in 23+ series, reflexed in fruit, usually distinct, oblanceolate, lanceolate, narrowly triangular, or linear, subequal to unequal, usually chartaceous proximally, distally herbaceous, apices often attenuate. Receptacles convex to hemispheric, smooth or pitted, epaleate. Ray florets 0, or 515+, usually neuter, rarely pistillate and fertile or styliferous and sterile; corollas yellow to white or orange to red, purplish, or brown, often bicolored (sometimes "ray" corollas funnelform, 5-lobed, heads radiant). Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow or orange to red, purplish, or brown, tubes much shorter than ampliate, campanulate to cylindric or urceolate throats, lobes 5, broadly deltate or ovate. Cypselae obpyramidal to clavate, ca. 4-angled, sparsely to densely hairy. Pappus usually persistent, of 610+ medially thickened, laterally scarious scales in 12 series, rarely absent.
About 20 species: North America, South America; two species introduced in China.
1b. Annuals (seldom persisting); leaves all or mostly cauline; receptacular setae mostly 0.33 mm 2. G. pulchella
宿根天人菊 su geng tian ren ju
Perennials, 2080 cm high. Leaves basal and cauline or cauline; petiolar bases 515 cm; blades oblanceolate to lanceolate, 515 cm Χ 530(40) mm, margins raggedly pinnately lobed to toothed or entire, faces scabrellous and/or sparsely to densely villous (hairs jointed). Peduncles (5)2035+ cm. Phyllaries 2440+ ovate to lance-attenuate, 1015+ mm, ciliate with jointed hairs (also strigose and gland-dotted). Receptacular setae 26 mm. Ray florets (6)1218+; corollas yellow or yellow/purple, rarely tubular and 5-lobed, usually distally laminate and 3-lobed, 1535+ mm. Disc florets 60120+; corollas usually purple or purple-tipped, sometimes yellow, tubes 0.51.5 mm, throats cylindric to urceolate, 4.55.5 mm, lobes lance-ovate to triangular-attenuate, 12 mm, jointed hairs ca. 0.3+ mm. Cypselae clavate (outer) to obpyramidal (inner), 2.56 mm, hairs 1.52.5 mm, inserted at bases. Pappus of 8 ovate to lanceolate, aristate scales 56 mm. Fl. MaySep. 2n = 34, 68.
Widely cultivated in China [native to North America].
天人菊 tian ren ju
Gaillardia pulchelalla f. flaviflora S. S. Ying.
Annuals, 535(60) cm high. Leaves cauline; petiolar bases 03+ cm; blades linear, oblong, or spatulate, 15(12) cm Χ 412(35) mm, margins usually entire, sometimes toothed or lobed, faces closely strigillose or hirtellous to ± villous. Peduncles 310(20) cm. Phyllaries 1828+, narrowly triangular- to linear-attenuate, 614+ mm long, usually ciliate with jointed hairs. Receptacular setae 1.53 mm. Ray florets usually 814, rarely 0; corollas usually reddish to purplish proximally, yellow to orange distally, rarely yellow, reddish, or purplish throughout, 1330+ mm. Disc florets 40100+; corollas yellowish to purple or brown, often bicolored, tubes 0.81.2 mm, throats campanulate to urceolate, 34 mm, lobes deltate to ovate, often attenuate, 13+ mm, jointed hairs ca. 0.3+ mm. Cypselae obpyramidal, 22.5 mm, hairs 1.52 mm, inserted at bases and on angles. Pappus of 78 deltate to lanceolate, aristate scales 47 mm. Fl. MayAug. 2n = 34.
Widely cultivated in China [native to North America].