鼠麴草族 shu qu cao zu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生)[1], Zhu Sixin (朱世新)[2]; Randall J. Bayer[3]
Tribe description needed.
Number genera and ca. ?? species: give global distribution; ?? genera and ?? species in China.
1a. Receptacle with paleae; external florets invaginated by paleae; bisexual florets style unbranched or subulate branched ............................................................................................................ 1. Filago
1b. Receptacle without paleae; bisexual florets style apex truncate.
2a. Bisexual florets mostly fertile; bisexual florets style branched.
3a. Heads with only bisexual florets or with few male florets in outer parts; phyllaries white, yellow, brown or pink, papery ..................................................................................... 8. Helichrysum
3b. Heads with female and bisexual florets; phyllaries yellow, brown or achromatous.
4a. Female florets multiseriate; anther base obtuse or slightly acute .............. 6. Phagnalon
4b. Female florets 2- to multiseriate; anthers tailed .................................... 7. Gnaphalium
2b. Bisexual florets sterile, bisexual florets style unbranched to shortly branched.
5a. Pappus detached; heads corymbose, rarely spicate ................................... 5. Anaphalis
5b. Pappus connate at base; heads ± in dense corymbose, rarely solitary.
6a. Plant monoecious or dioecious; inflorescences usually
with bracteal leaves
....................................................................................................... 4.
Leontopodium
6b. Plant dioecious; inflorescences without bracteal leaves.
7a. Scapose plant with rosulate leaves; capitula generally
corymbose
2.
Antennaria
7b. Pulvinate herbs; capitula solitary .............................................. 3. Sinoleontopodium
絮菊属 xu ju shu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生); Randall J. Bayer
Annual herbs. Stems with fibers in phloem, without resin canals, without pericyclic cambium. Leaves alternate, sessile, tomentose, eglandular. Heads heterogamous, disciform, few together, surrounded by a ray of leaves. Involucral bracts in a few rows, cartilaginous or apically minutely papery, monomorphic, monochromous, brownish, transparent, not enclosing florets; stereome entire. Receptacles cylindric to clavate, glabrous, epaleate. Female florets purple, filiform, outnumbering disc florets. Disc florets perfect, or functionally male; corolla purple; corolla lobes 4, erect; veins ending below lobes. Anthers ecalcarate, with short tails; endothecial tissue polarized; apical appendage flat, as wide as thecae. Achenes brown, monomorphic, terete to compressed, cylindric to obovoid, with 2 vascular bundles, sparsely hairy with short, clavate, myxogenic twin hairs; epidermis smooth. Pappus monomorphic, of free, scabrid capillary bristles in 1 row, basally with patent cilia; apical cells acute. x = 7, 9, 13, 14.
About 46 species: N Africa, W Asia, Atlantic islands, Europe; two species in China.
1a. Heads ca. 3 mm, few in dense corymbs; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series; bracteal leaves slightly longer than inflorescence ............................................................................................... 1. F. arvensis
1b. Heads ca. 5 mm, numerous in globose corymbs; phyllaries in 35 series; bracteal leaves shorter than inflorescence ............................................................................................ 2. F. spathulata
絮菊 xu ju
Gnaphalium arvensis Willdenow; Logfia arvensis (Linnaeus) J. Holub.
Annual. Stems 535 cm tall, erect, paniculately branching, more rarely simple, sometimes forkedly branching in upper portion, with dense whitish or grayish lanate pubescence. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 515 Χ ca. 1.3 mm, acute, with soft lanate pubescence. Calathidia 23 mm, ovate or pyramidal, gathered in 2s10s into numerous heads, arranged at apices of stems and ramuscules and forming paniculate, racemose, more rarely spiciform inflorescences; floral leaves as long as or shorter than heads. Involucre 2- or 3-seriate, involucral bracts stellate-patent after ripening of achenes; external involucral bracts 510, linear or lanceolate, cymbiform, ecarinate, slightly acuminate, 23 mm, closely surrounding pistillate florets, green, in middle scarious, white transparent at margin, abaxially with thick continuous gray lanate pubescence, glabrous at apex; inner involucral bracts 5, broadly lanceolate, slightly concave, acuminate or obtuse, becoming green in middle, at margin abaxially indistinctly pubescent or glabrous. Achenes oblong-ovate, slightly flattened, light brown, 0.81 Χ ca. 0.3 mm, glabrous, with sparse, larger than in other species of genus. Pappus of pistillate and bisexual florets, of 1215 finely crenate bristles. 2n = 28.
Dry slopes, dunes; ca. 1000 m. Xinjiang, Xizang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia; Europe].
匙叶絮菊 shi ye xu ju
Annual. Stems 580 cm tall, generally branching from base, with erect or ascending branches, often slightly sinuate, forkedly branching at apex, gray appressed pubescent. Leaves thin, 1.52 cm Χ 46 mm, oblong-spatulate, narrowed to base, obtuse or shortly acuminate, pubescent with long appressed gray tomentum sparsely on both sides. Calathidia ca. 5 mm, ovate, gathered in 10s15s into dense ± orbicular heads, 612 mm in diam., arranged in bifurcations of stems and at apices of branches; floral leaves, slightly exceeding heads in length. Involucre 5-seriate; external involucral bracts lanceolate, cymbiform, 55.5 Χ ca. 1 mm, straight or slightly unbent at apex, thin, subulate acumen, abaxially with distinct light gray lanate pubescence of long hairs; inner involucral bracts 44.5 mm, broadly lanceolate, flat, scarious, becoming green in middle, transparent white at margin, long acuminate at apex; innermost involucral bracts lanceolate, shortly acuminate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, flat, transparent-white, glabrous. Bisexual florets 57. Achenes 0.50.8 Χ 0.20.4 mm, oblong-obovate, glabrous, finely papillate, external achenes epappose, inner ones bearing a few bristles, pappus of bisexual florets with 1214 bristles.
Dry slopes, dunes. Xinjiang, Xizang [Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia; Europe].
蝶须属 die xu shu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生); Randall J. Bayer
Perennials or subshrubs, dioecious, gynoecious, or polygamodioecious, caespitose, stoloniferous, or rhizomatous. Stems erect, without fibers in phloem, without resin canals. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, petiolate or sessile; blades mostly cuneate, elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, or spatulate, margins entire, abaxial faces usually tomentose, adaxial glabrous or tomentose to sericeous or glabrescent. Heads unisexual, homogamous, discoid, borne singly or in corymbiform, paniculiform, racemiform, or subcapitate arrays. Involucres: staminate campanulate to hemispheric; pistillate turbinate or campanulate to cylindric. Phyllaries in 36+ series, usually relatively narrow, unequal, proximally papery or membranous; distally ± scarious, often black, brown, castaneous, cream, gray, green, olivaceous, pink, red, white, or yellow, apices usually acute, sometimes obtuse to ± truncate. Receptacles flat to convex or ovoid, foveolate, epaleate. Ray florets absent. Disc florets mostly 20100+, functionally staminate or pistillate; staminate corollas white, yellow, or red, narrowly funnelform or tubular; lobes usually 5, erect to recurved; pistillate corollas white, yellow, or red, narrowly tubular to filiform. Anthers ecalcarate, with short tails; endothecial tissue polarized; apical appendage flat, as wide as thecae. Style bifid; style-branches truncate with obtuse sweeping hairs abaxially not reaching furcation; stigmatic surface separated. Cypselae small, ellipsoid to ovoid, with 2 vascular bundles, sparsely hairy with short, clavate, myxogenic twin-hairs; epidermis smooth. Pappus dimorphic, of free, barbellate, capillary bristles in 1 row, basally with patent cilia; apical cells clavate in disc florets, acute in female. x = 14.
About 71 species: temperate and arctic/alpine regions, mainly North America and Eurasia, a few taxa in South America; one species in China.
蝶须 die xu
Gnaphalium dioicum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 850. 1753; Antennaria hyperborea D. Don; A. insularis Greene.
Perennial dioecious herbs, 310 cm tall. Stolons 25 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate or rhombic-spatulate, 318 Χ 36 mm, tips mucronate, abaxially gray tomentose, adaxially green glabrous and distally pink or white phyllaries. Cauline leaves linear, 713 mm, not flagged (apices acute). Heads 37 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 56.5 mm; pistillate 57 mm. Phyllaries distally dark pink to light pink or white. Corollas: staminate 34 mm; pistillate 45 mm. Cypselae 0.51 mm, papillate; pappus 3.54.5 mm in staminate florets, 56 mm in pistillate florets. Fl. MayAug. 2n = 28.
Dry slopes on tundra, meadows, conifer forests; 6002700 m. Gansu, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang [Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, North America (Alaska)].
君范菊属 jun fan ju shu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生); Randall J. Bayer
Compact cushion-forming, dioecious perennials. Stem without pericyclic cambium, neither with resin canals, nor with fibers in phloem. Leaves alternate, very densely set, concave, hairy with a distal hair tuft adaxially, eglandular, margin entire. Capitula solitary, sessile, unisexual. Involucral bracts in a few rows, with brown, papery lamina; stereome undivided. Receptacle flat, epaleate. Female florets yellow, filiform, pistillate with long apical hairs. Cypselas as in disc florets. Pappus with acute apical cells. Disc florets functionally male with long apical hairs. Corolla yellow; corolla lobes erect, veins reaching ape of lobes. Anthers ecalcarate, with short tails; endothecial tissue polarized; apical appendage flat, as wide as thecae. Pollen gnaphalioid. Style bifid; style-branches obtuse with obtuse sweeping-hairs abaxially, reaching to furcation; stigmatic surface separated. Cypselas glabrous, slightly angular, with 5 vascular bundles; epidermis smooth. Pappus dimorphic, barbellate, capillary bristles in 1 row; basally without patent cilia; apical cells clavate in disc florets, acute in female.
* One species.
君范菊 jun fan ju
Pulvinate perennials, 45 cm tall, densely white or yellowish lanate. Rhizome slender, woody, ascending or erect, with numerous flowering and sterile stems densely congested. Stems 23 cm tall, simple or 23(5) branched above. Leaves sessile, alternate and very densely set; blade ovate-oblong, elliptic-oblong, or oblanceolate, 28 Χ 12.5 mm, apex obtuse, base narrower, margin entire, surfaces white or grayish lanate with a distinct distal hair tuft adaxially. Heads usually solitary, dioecious. Involucre 68 Χ 45 mm. Phyllaries in 5 or 6(or 7) series, pallid brown; outer ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 35 Χ 1.52 mm, apex obtuse; middle one oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 78 Χ 23 mm, apex acute; inner ones linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 45 Χ ca. 1 mm, apex fimbriate lacerate. Florets 4455 per head; corolla yellow, ca. 3 mm, densely white villous in upper part; style slightly exserted, lobes ca. 0.3 mm; ovary ca. 0.5 mm, glabrous. Achenes ca. 1 mm, 1-nerved, sparsely glandular-papillose. Pappus white, serrulate. Fl. Jul.
* Alpine glacial and gravelly slopes or rocky places; 45004900 m. Xizang (Milin).
This species is characterized by the pulvinate habit, homogeneous florets and corolla rather densely white villous in the upper part.
火绒草属 huo rong cao shu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生); Randall J. Bayer
Perennial herbs. Stem with fibers in phloem, without resin canals, without pericyclic cambium. Leaves alternate, sessile, tomentose to villous, eglandular; margin flat, entire. Capitula heterogamous, disciform, in flat-topped terminal corymbs, surrounded by a whorl of prominent, white woolly leaves. Receptacle flat, epaleate. Involucral bracts papery, monomorphic, monochromous, brownish, transparent; stereome undivided. Female florets yellow, filiform, outnumbering disc florets. Cypselas as in disc florets. Pappus with acute apical cells. Disc florets functionally male; corolla yellow; corolla lobes erect, veins reaching apex of lobes. Anthers ecalcarate, with short tails; endothecial tissue polarized; apical appendage flat, as wide as thecae. Pollen gnaphalioid. Style bifid; style-branches truncate with obtuse sweeping hairs abaxially, not reaching furcation; stigmatic surface separated. Cypsela small, oblong, with 5 vascular bundles, sparsely hairy with short, clavate, not myxogenic twin-hairs; epidermis smooth. Pappus dimorphic, of basally connate, barbellate, capillary bristles in 1 row; apical cells clavate in disc florets, acute in female. x = 7.
About 58 species: Asia, Europe; 36 species (18 endemic) in China.
The application of the following names cannot be ascertained here because we have not seen any specimens:
Leontopodium brachyactis Gandoger, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 44: 420. 1899.
Leonotopodium junpeianum Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. & Geobot. 4: 102. 1935.
1a. Pappus not white.
2a. Pappus purplish brown; corolla purplish brown at less in upper part; bracteal leaves linear-lanceolate or linear.
3a. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 39 mm wide; pappus purplish brown, but yellow in lower part; corolla purplish brown at upper part; achenes ca. 1.8 mm ........ 1. L. giraldii
3b. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 24 mm wide; pappus deep purplish brown throughout; corolla purplish red above; achenes less than 1 mm ............................................. 2. L. villosum
2b. Pappus yellowish brown; corolla yellow or purplish red; bracteal leaves oblong-lanceolate or absent.
4a. Sparse erect herbs; bracteal leaves oblong-lanceolate ....................... 3. L. forrestianum
4b. Compact pulvinate herbs; bracteal leaves absent ............................... 4. L. aurantiacum
1b. Pappus white or rarely red.
5a. Compact pulvinate herbs; bracteal leaves absent ................................... 5. L. haastioides
5b. Erect herbs or subpulvinate herbs; bracteal leaves present.
6a. Pappus and corolla red above ................................................................... 6. L. roseum
6b. Pappus white; corolla yellow or white.
7a. Stems and leaves adaxially densely yellow or brown glandular hairs, or arachnoid pubescent on leaf surfaces.
8a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate basally gradually narrower, both surface with grayish or greenish arachnoid pubescence ............................................................ 7. L. haplophylloides
8b. Leaf blade base cordate, auriculate or narrower, abaxially densely white arachnoid tomentose.
9a. Leaf blade linear or spatulate-lanceolate, veinlets indistinct.
10a. Perennial herbs; stems not branched; leaves 1035 Χ 13 mm ..... 8. L. franchetii
10b. Subshrubs; stems numerous branched; leaves 310 Χ
0.51.5 mm
............................................................................................. 9.
L. suffruticosum
9b. Leaf blade ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, margin even or undulate, veinlets distinct.
11a. Stems herbaceous or subwoody at base; leaf blade base cordate; bracteal leaves ovate-lanceolate ................................................................................................... 10. L. stracheyi
11b. Stems woody; leaf blade base narrower or slightly auriculate; bracteal leaves lanceolate or long lanceolate ......................................................................... 11. L. artemisiifolium
7b. Stems and leaves white, gray or yellowish arachnoid pubescent, without glandular hairs.
12a. Leaf base ampliate and cordate ..................................................... 12. L. dedekensii
12b. Leaf base narrower or equal, or rarely auriculate.
13a. Subshrubs, stems woody, usually branched ...................................... 13. L. sinense
13b. Perennial herbs, stems herbaceous or woody at lower part, usually not branched.
14a. Cauline leaves not sheathing at base.
15a. Rhizome shortly branched, usually without relics of old
leaves; stems branched or not branched; inflorescence usually in compound
corymbs
14.
L. japonicum
15b. Rhizome long branched, densely covered with relics of old leaves above; stems not branched; inflorescence usually solitary.
16a. Rhizome and suckers sparsely arranged; bracteal leaves subequal, but usually broader than cauline leaves.
17a. Flowering stems 1242 cm; achenes glabrous ........................ 15. L. wilsonii
17b. Flowering stems 510(18) cm tall; achenes papillose ......... 16. L. omeiense
16b. Rhizome and suckers densely arranged and tufted; bracteal leaves distinctly broader than cauline leaves.
18a. Leaves linear or subulate, 830 Χ 0.81.4 mm, margin reflexed, adaxially usually green and glabrescent ....................................................................... 17. L. andersonii
18b. Leaves oblanceolate, 712 Χ 1.52 mm, margin not reflexed, densely whitish woolly on surfaces ....................................................................... 18. L. microphyllum
14b. Cauline leaves or some of them sheathing at base.
19a. Bracteal leaves larger than cauline leaves; heads
solitary
19.
L. monocephalum
19b. Bracteal leaves subequal to cauline leaves, or slightly wider; heads usually numerous, very rarely solitary.
20a. Plant pulvinate; leaves linear-lanceolate, 610 Χ 0.51
mm
............................................................................................ 20.
L. muscoides
20b. Plant caespitose with long stems, or pulvinate, or stem solitary; leaves linear-lanceolate, linear-spatulate or spatulate, usually longer and wider.
21a. Plant caespitose or pulvinate; rhizome stout, with numerous suckers, without sterile rosette stems; or in case with sterile rosette stems, leaves spatulate.
22a. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rarely elliptic; heads 45 mm in diam.; bracteal leaves distinct and forming a star.
23a. Sheaths as wide as leaf wide .................................... 21. L. delavayanum
23b. Sheath narrower than leaf wide.
24a. Leaves oblanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate, 715 Χ 26 mm; flowering stems 17 cm tall .......................................................................... 22. L. fangingense
24b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 625 Χ 13 mm; flowering stems 628 cm tall.
25a. Plant stoloniferous, stolons slender, elongate, usually branched, terminated by a loose rosette of leaves; achenes pubescent ....................... 23. L. jacotianum
25b. Plant not stoloniferous; stems erect, caespitose, usually not branched; achenes glabrous 24. L. caespitosum
22b. Leaves spatulate; heads 413 mm in diam.; bracteal leaves indistinct.
26a. Bracteal leaves numerous, large, forming an irregular
star
25. L. pusillum
26b. Bracteal leaves few, smaller, not forming a star.
27a. Plant pulvinate, caespitose; heads 13, 613 mm in diam. 26. L. nanum
27b. Plant caespitose; heads numerous, ca. 4 mm in diam.
............................................................................... 27. L. stoloniferum
21b. Plant caespitose or stem solitary; rhizome slender, usually with sterile rosette stems.
28a. Upper cauline leaves base broadened, usually surrounding stem.
29a. Cauline leaves linear or ligulate-linear, 14 cm; bracteal
leaves 914, 1020 Χ 1.53 mm, forming a star of 23 cm in diam.
28.
L. souliei
29b. Cauline leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 515 cm; bracteal leaves 1018, 2045 Χ 36 mm, forming multiradiate star 58 cm in diam. 29. L. calocephalum
28b. Upper cauline leaves base narrower or equal, not surrounding stem.
30a. Bracteal leaves ligulate, usually broader at base, apex acute to acuminate 30. L. himalayanum
30b. Bracteal leaves lanceolate or ovate, rarely linear, apex acute or obtuse.
31a. Leaves adaxially usually green and glabrescent .......... 31. L. longifolium
31b. Leaves adaxially as same as abaxially, grayish arachnoid tomentose.
32a. Plant usually 510 cm tall, usually with dense sterile
rosettes; leaves oblong, ligulate, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate
32. L. ochroleucum
32b. Plant usually 1535 cm tall, not forming dense clusters; leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate.
33a. Bracteal leaves distinct, ovate-lanceolate, broadened at base, abaxially light green ......................................................................... 33. L. conglobatum
33b. Bracteal leaves much larger than upper cauline leaves, oblong or linear, base not broadened, abaxially no gray or whitish.
34a. Bracteal leaves similar to upper cauline leaves,
linear, apex acuminate, forming a distinct star; phyllaries ca. 4 mm
........................................................................... 34.
L. campestre
34b. Bracteal leaves oblong, linear-lanceolate or rarely linear, not forming a regular star; phyllaries 4.56 mm.
35a. Bracteal leaves few, not forming a star ...... 35. L. leontopodioides
35b. Bracteal forming an irregular star ..................... 36. L. smithianum
秦岭火绒草 qin ling huo rong cao
Perennial. Rhizome stout and branched, densely covered with black-brown relics of leaves, forms rather caespitose of several stems and sterile leaf rosettes. Stems erect and firm, 1028 cm tall, ash-colored arachnoid-lanate. Leaves discolored on both sides, adaxially glabrate greenish, abaxially densely white arachnoid-lanate; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3090 Χ 310 mm, apex obtuse or acute, basally narrower, basal ones usually larger than upper ones; radical rosette leaves oblong-spatulate or narrowly oblong 2050 Χ 58 mm, narrowed in vagina. Involucre leaves similar to upper cauline leaves in shape, size and indumentum, but slightly narrower, forming irregular star of 68 cm in diam. Heads 68 mm in diam., 59, in sparse corymbs; peduncles ca. 1 cm, connate with base of bracteal leaves. Involucral bracts in 3 or 4 series, oblong, ca. 4 mm, abaxially densely white tomentose, apex glabrous, purplish brown, obtuse or lacerate. Heads heterogamous; corolla ca. 3 mm, purplish brown above. Achenes glabrous, ca. 1.8 mm. Pappus purplish brown, serrulate, 23 mm. Fl. MayAug, fr. JulSep.
* Subalpine stony scree slopes, grasslands; 20003200 m. Shaanxi (Mt. Tabaishan).
A distinct and very rare species endemic to China.
柔毛火绒草 rou mao huo rong cao
Perennial herbs. Rhizome short, with dense rosette leaves in upper part and a flowering stem. Stems erect 2032 cm tall, grayish arachnoid pubescent. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 174 Χ 34 mm, adaxially sparsely grayish arachnoid pubescent, abaxially densely grayish arachnoid tomentose; upper leaves longer, linear, 345 Χ 24 mm, margin reflex, adaxially green, sparsely grayish arachnoid pubescent or glabrescent, abaxially densely grayish arachnoid tomentose. Bracteal leaves 1215, similar to upper leaves in shape, size and indumentum. Heads 45 mm in diam., 510, densely congested. Involucre 45 mm, outer side densely grayish arachnoid pubescent; phyllaries in 3 series, apex obtuse and lacerate, glabrous, red-brown; corolla ca. 3 mm, upper part purplish brown. Achenes glabrous, less than 1 mm. Pappus purplish brown, ca. 4 mm, serrulate. Fl. Aug.
* Alpine meadows; ca. 4000 m. Sichuan (Baoxing).
A very rare and distinct species similar to Leontopodium giraldii Diels in its purplish brown florets and pappus, but its leaves more narrower and longer, pappus purplish brown in all parts and achenes more smaller.
鼠麴火绒草 shu qu huo rong cao
Perennial. Rhizome slender, with numerous flowering and sterile stems. Stems slender, erect, 210 cm tall, simple or branching at base, entire plant gray silky or ash lanate and equally leafy. Leaf blade linear, oblong to oblanceolate, 811 Χ 1.52.5 mm, apex obtuse or acute, basally narrower, sessile, adaxially yellowish green and arachnoid, abaxially white or ash-colored lanuginous. Heads 23(7), 57 mm in diam., in dense corymbs, or solitary; bracteal leaves numerous, as large as upper leaves or broader, leaves adaxially sordid yellow tomentose, abaxially densely white tomentose; involucre in 3 series, abaxially yellowish pilose, phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, apex acute and brown; marginal florets female, corolla capillary; disc florets male, corolla subtubular, ca. 3.5 mm; achenes papillose; pappus of capillary bristles, yellowish. Fl. JulSep, fr. SepOct.
Alpine grassland, gravelly slopes, thickets; 35003800 m. NW Yunnan [Myanmar].
A very rare and distinct species related to the genus Gnaphalium.
黄毛火绒草 huang mao huo rong cao
Perennial pulvinate herbs, ca. 2 cm tall. Rhizome slender, short and numerously branched. Stems numerous, usually shortly branched, with several leaves in middle and rosette leaves at apex, forming a mat of 1260 cm in diam., entire plant densely covered with brownish yellow tomentum. Leaves sessile, obovate or spatulate-ovate, 45 Χ 22.5 mm, apex acute, base narrower, surfaces densely covered with brownish yellow tomentum. Bracteal leaves 812, obovate, apex acute, similar to cauline leaves in shape and size, but densely covered with distinct brownish yellow tomentum on surfaces; bracteal leaves surrounded by rosette of several cauline leaves. Head solitary, ca. 5 mm in diam. Involucral bracts lanceolate, 44.5 Χ ca. 1.5 mm, abaxially brownish tomentose, with acute, often lacerate apex of dark brown color. Heads heterogamous or dioecious. Corolla orange-yellow, ca. 3 mm. Achenes ca. 0.5 mm, shortly pilose. Pappus yellow to brownish yellow, 34 mm. Fl. JunJul.
Alpine stony meadows, gravelly slopes, cliffs; 36004000 m. NW Yunnan [N Myanmar].
A very rare and distinct species.
密垫火绒草 mi dian huo rong cao
Leontopodium jacotianum Beauverd var. haastioides (Handel-Mazzetti) R. C. Srivastava.
Perennial herbs forming dense cushions up to 10 cm in diam. Rhizome slender and numerous branched. Shoots numerous, 1.53 cm tall, short columnar, with closely imbricate leaves. Leaves spatulate or oblong, 26 Χ 12 mm; tip spreading, thickened, herbaceous and thickly grayish tomentose, apex rounded; base thin, appressed, scarious and sparsely arachnoid below. Capitula solitary, 34 mm in diam., dioecious or predominantly female, ebracteate, immersed among leaves; phyllaries lanceolate to oblanceolate, 46 Χ 0.62 mm, acute or obtuse, tips scarious, brownish. Corolla 34 mm. Achenes ca. 1.2 mm, papillose or glabrous; male ovary glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. JulAug.
Alpine meadows, stony slopes, snow lines; 43005300 m. Sichuan (Muli), Xizang [Bhutan, India (Sikkim)].
红花火绒草 hong hua huo rong cao
Perennial herbs similar to Antennaria in habit. Rhizome stout, densely covered with brown decayed leaves with dense radical rosettes of sterile leaves and flowering stems. Stems usually single, erect, 835 cm tall, densely white lanuginous. Leaves sessile, spatulate to spatulate-lanceolate, 2050 Χ 312 mm, apex rounded, surfaces densely white tomentose. Bracteal leaves 58, linear-spatulate, similar to upper cauline leaves, forming a star of 25 cm in diam., or rarely compound stars. Heads 56 mm in diam., 310, in 1 or rarely 25 dense corymbs. Involucre ca. 4 mm, white lanate; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, inner ones lanceolate, apex acute or obtuse, glabrous, light brown or red. Flowers heterogamous; corolla 33.5 mm, upper part usually light red, scurfy pilosulose; corolla of male florets narrowly funnel-shaped in upper part, with narrowly triangular lobes; corolla of female florets filiform. Achenes ca. 1 mm, hairy. Pappus serrulate, light red or red, longer than corolla. Fl. JunAug; fr. AugSep.
* Grassy slopes, thickets, dry riverbeds; 12003700 m. W Sichuan.
香芸火绒草 xiang yun huo rong cao
Perennial herbs. Rhizome short and densely branched, with numerous flowering stems and sterile stems. Stems erect, not branched, 1530 cm tall, woody in lower part, ash arachnoid pubescent, internodes 58 mm, equally densely leafy, lower leaves usually wither away during flowering period. Leaves sessile, blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1040 Χ 13.5 mm, apex acuminate or acute, basally narrower, surfaces grayish arachnoid pubescent. Bracteal leaves numerous, lanceolate, adaxially densely white tomentose, abaxially concolored with cauline leaves, forming star of 25 cm in diam. Heads ca. 5 mm in diam., 57 in dense corymbs. Involucre ca. 5 mm, densely grayish arachnoid tomentose; phyllaries in 3 or 4 series, apex acute, glabrous, dark brown; corolla ca. 3.5 mm. Achenes papillose. Pappus white, serrulate, 34 mm. Fl. AugSep, fr. SepOct.
* Alpine meadows, gravelly slopes, thickets, conifer forest margin; 24004000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, W Sichuan.
坚杆火绒草 shu gan huo rong cao
Perennial herbs. Rhizome slender, densely with numerous flowering and sterile stems. Stems woody in lower part, internode 35 mm, covered with yellow glandular hairs and upper part with arachnoid hairs. Leaves dense arranged, linear, 1035 Χ 13 mm, adaxially densely covered with glandular hairs, abaxially with sparse glandular hairs and densely lanate. Bracteal leaves numerous, linear, 510 Χ 12 mm, both surfaces densely lanate. Heads 1030, 35 mm in diam., in dense corymbs. Involucre in 2 or 3 series, abaxially brown, phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, apex acute and brown; marginal florets female, corolla capillary, 23 mm; disc florets male, corolla light yellow, subtubular, ca. 3.5 mm. Achenes papillose; pappus of capillary bristles, white. Fl. JulSep, fr., SepOct.
* Dry grasslands, scree slopes, sandy river banks; 30004000 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
亚灌木火绒草 ya guan mu huo rong cao
Subshrubs. Bark yellowish brown, furnished with scales. Stem woody, erect, light brown, 2030 cm tall, numerously branched from base and middle, white arachnoid pubescent or sometimes glabrescent. Leaves sessile, linear-spatulate or linear, 310 Χ 0.51.5 mm, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces white arachnoid tomentose and glandular. Bracteal leaves few, linear, 58 mm, forming a star of ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Heads heterogamous or dioecious, 35(7), densely congested; involucre hemispherical, ca. 3 mm, glandular or sparsely arachnoid tomentose; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, apex acute or obtuse, glabrous, light brown or dark brown; corolla yellow, 23 mm. Achenes sparsely pubescent. Pappus white, slightly longer than corollas. Fl. Jun, fr., Aug.
* Dry riverbeds; ca. 3200 m. E Xizang.
This species is similar to Leontopodium franchetii but differs by its subshrub habitat; branchlets numerous, old branches woody, covered with white to grayish white tomentose pubescence and remains of withered leaves; leaves and bracts much shorter, 57 mm; bracts and capitula fewer.
毛香火绒草 mao xiang huo rong cao
Leontopodium alpinum Cassini var. stracheyi J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 279. 1881; L. stracheyi var. tenuicaule Beauverd; L. stracheyi Χ artemisiifolium Ling.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome stout, branched, with numerous flowering and sterile stems. Stems subwoody, erect, usually not branched, (5)1260 cm tall, glandular and sometimes arachnoid pubescent; internodes (3)510 mm. Leaves narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2050 Χ 312 mm, apex acute or acuminate, base sessile and almost auriculate, adaxially green, glandular and sometimes arachnoid pubescent, abaxially densely white tomentose. Bracteal leaves 712, similar to upper leaves in shape and size, surfaces white arachnoid tomentose, more densely so above; forming a star of 26 cm in diam., or compound stars. Heads 311, crowded, usually dioecious. Involucre 45 mm, pilose; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, ovate to oblanceolate, 44.5 Χ 12 mm, with dark brown scarious margin; corollas 3.54 mm. Achenes 0.751 mm, pubescent; male ovary pubescent. Pappus white. Fl. JulSep, fr. SepOct.
Grassland, thickets, sparse forests, gravelly slopes; 20004700 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [N India, Nepal].
艾叶火绒草 ai ye huo rong cao
Gnaphalium artemisiifolium H. Lιveillι, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 492. 1913; Leontopodium maireanum Beauverd ex Handel-Mazzetti.
Perennial herbs. Stems several, woody, erect, not branched, 2560(100) cm tall, sparsely covered with brown decayed leaves in lower part, entire stem covered with glandular pilose, upper part usually covered with arachnoid hairs. Cauline leaves 1935, oblong-lanceolate, 2050 Χ 58 mm, apex acute with a short mucro, base narrower, adaxially green and covered with sparse short glandulous hairs, abaxially pale white and densely tomentose. Bracteal leaves 1113, lanceolate, surfaces densely white tomentose, 1030 Χ 2.56 mm. Heads usually 612 mm in diam., in dense corymbs at ends of stems or in sparsely compound corymbs. Involucre subglobose, 46 mm wide; phyllaries in 3 series, abaxially densely covered with tomentum, apex acute, glabrous and naked; marginal florets female, corolla capillary, 34 mm; achenes ca. 1 mm, ± papillose; disc florets bisexual, corolla subtubular, 34 mm, sterile. Pappus white, ca. 3 mm, serrulate. Fl. AugSep, fr. SepOct.
* Grassland, forest margins, river banks; 21003200 m. Sichuan, N Yunnan.
戟叶火绒草 ji ye huo rong cao
Gnaphalium dedekensi Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 5: 70. 1891; G. leontopodium Scopoli var. foliosa Franchet; Leontopodium dedekensii var. microcalathinum Ling; L. foliosum Beauverd; L. franchetii Beauverd Χ dedekensii Handel-Mazzetti; L. futtereri (Franchet) Diels; L. hastatum Beauverd; L. micranthum Ling.
Perennial. Rhizome short and stout, with several to numerous stems. Stems 1045 cm tall, not branched or rarely slightly branched, entire plant densely grayish arachnoid pubescent, equally and densely leafy. Leaves sessile, lower ones usually larger than upper ones; blade linear-lanceolate, 1040 Χ 1.36.5 mm, apex obtuse, base cordate, sagittate, or truncate, surfaces densely grayish arachnoid pubescent. Bracteal leaves 1420, 530 Χ 24 mm, surfaces densely whitish to yellowish arachnoid pubescent, forming a star shape of 25 cm in diam. Heads 530, 45 mm in diam., closely aggregated; involucre 34 mm; phyllaries in 3 series, 34 mm, spatulate-oblong, apex glabrous, dry membranous, acute or rounded. Heads heterogamous or dioecious; corolla ca. 3 mm. Achenes papillose. Pappus white, serrulate, 34 mm. Fl. JunJul, fr. JulSep.
Grassland, thickets, conifer forests; 14004100 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Myanmar].
华火绒草 hua huo rong cao
Gnaphalium nobile Bureau & Franchet; G. sinense (Hemsley) Franchet; Leontopodium arbusculum Beauverd; L. longifolium Χ stoechas Ling; L. niveum Handel-Mazzetti; L. nobile (Bureau & Franchet) Beauverd; L. rosmarinoides Handel-Mazzetti; L. stoechas Handel-Mazzetti; L. stoechas var. minor Ling.
Subshrubs. Rhizome stout, woody. Stems woody, numerous, 3070 cm tall, usually branched, densely white tomentose. Leaves sessile, oblong, (7)1565 Χ 27 mm, apex acute, forming a sheath at base, surfaces densely yellowish tomentose. Bracteal leaves 59, similar to cauline leaves, but usually much larger, sparsely arranged, forming a irregular star of 2.57.5 cm in diam., or usually in compound stars. Heads 38 mm in diam., 720, in 1 or usually 25 corymbs. Involucre 34 mm, white lanate; phyllaries in 3 series, inner ones oblong, apex obtuse, glabrous, light brown. Flowers heterogamous; corolla 2.53 mm. Achenes ca. 1 mm, papillose. Pappus white, serrulate, longer than corolla. Fl. JulSep, fr. SepNov.
* Grassy slopes, thickets, riverbeds, dry mountain slopes; (700)13003600 m. Guizhou, W Hubei, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
薄雪火绒草 bao xue huo rong cao
Perennial herbs from tufted rhizomes; stems leafy to apex, erect, 2555 cm tall. Leaves 2030, mainly cauline; middle leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 4065 Χ 515 mm, acute to acuminate, base abruptly narrowed, sessile, adaxially green, glabrous or thinly woolly, abaxially whitish woolly. Heads several, in dense corymbs at ends of stems and branches; bracteal leaves 58, loosely arranged, smaller than upper leaves, adaxially sordid yellow tomentose; involucre subglobose, 45 Χ ca. 5 mm; phyllaries in 3 series, acute or acuminate, densely hairy abaxially; marginal florets female, corolla capillary, ca. 2 mm; achenes ca. 1 mm, ± papillose; disc florets bisexual, corolla subtubular, ca. 3 mm, sterile. Pappus white, ca. 3.5 mm log. Fl. JunSep, fr. SepOct.
Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, dry slopes, pebbly slopes, gravelly grounds; 7002300 m. Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan].
1a. Text needed ................................................................................................. 14a. var. japonicum
1b. Text needed ......................................................................................... 14b. var. microcephalum
薄雪火绒草(原变种) bao xue huo rong cao (yuan bian zhong)
Leontopodium japonicum var. xerogenes Handel-Mazzetti.
Diagnosis needed.
Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, pebbly slopes; 7002300 m. Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang [Japan].
小头薄雪火绒草 xiao tou bao xue huo rong cao
Leontopodium microcephalum (Handel-Mazzetti) Ling.
Stems slender, ca. 1 mm in diam., internodes 515 mm. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1545 Χ 34 mm, apex acuminate. Bracteal leaves smaller, oblong-lanceolate, 1325 Χ 36 mm. Heads smaller, 23 mm, ca. 3 mm in diam., in dense corymbs. Fl. JunAug, fr. SepOct.
* Dry slopes, gravelly grounds; 8001700 m. Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi.
川西火绒草 chuan xi huo rong cao
Leontopodium chuii Handel-Mazzetti; L. wilsonii var. maius Beauverd.
Perennial herbs. Stems woody, erect, not branched, 1242 cm, entire plant light gray tomentose, densely arranged with leaves in upper part, densely covered with brown decayed leaves in lower part. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, 2435 Χ 22.8 mm, apex acute, base narrower, adaxial surface green, covered with light gray pilose, abaxial surface densely covered with light gray tomentum, lateral veins not distinct. Bracteal leaves 1520, densely arranged, oblong, apex acute, larger than upper leaves, surfaces densely grayish white tomentose, forming a star of 45.5 cm in diam. Heads 711, 45 cm in diam. Involucral bracts ovate, 2- or 3-seriate, ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse, black brown adaxially, abaxially white tomentose. Florets dioecious or heterogamous; corolla ca. 3 mm. Achenes glabrous, oblong, ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, serrulate, ca. 3 mm. Fl. JunAug, fr. SepOct.
* Grasslands, thickets, rocks, 20002500 m. S Gansu, Sichuan.
The specimens identified as Leontopodium jacotianum var. minum (Beauverd) Handel-Mazzetti from Gansu belong to this species.
峨眉火绒草 e mei huo rong cao
Perennial herbs. Rhizome slender and usually branched, subwoody, erect or procumbent, densely covered with brown decayed leaves with dense radical rosettes of sterile leaves and numerous filiform radicals. Stems solitary or 3 or 4, usually 510(18) cm tall, not branched, with 515(30) leaves, entire plant covered with light gray tomentum, but nearly glabrous on abaxial surface of leaves. Stems sometimes not developed and forming sessile heads, not exceeding ca. 3 cm in height. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, lanceolate-oblong, or oblong-spatulate, 2025 Χ 2.54.5 mm, apex obtuse or acute, base narrower, adaxial surface covered with sparse light gray tomentum and appeared greenish, abaxial surface white, densely covered with light gray tomentum, lateral veins not distinct. Bracteal leaves 912, densely arranged, oblong, apex acute or obtuse, larger than upper leaves, surfaces densely grayish white tomentose, forming a star of 35.5 cm in diam. Heads 59, 4.55.5 mm in diam. Involucral bracts ovate, ca. 3-seriate, ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse, brown to almost black adaxially, abaxially often green. Calathidia unisexual, dioecious or heterogamous; corolla ca. 3 mm, male floret corolla funnelform; female floret corolla filiform. Achenes papillose. Pappus white, longer than corolla, serrulate. Fl. MayJun., fr. JunAug.
* Moist rocks; 18002800 m. SE Gansu, W Sichuan.
松毛火绒草 song mao huo rong cao
Gnaphalium andersonii (C. B. Clarke) Franchet; G. subulatum Franchet; Leontopodium bonatii Beauverd; L. stracheyi Χ subulatum Handel-Mazzetti; L. subulatum (Franchet) Beauverd; L. subulatum var. bonatii (Beauverd) Handel-Mazzetti.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome short and stout, branched, densely covered with black-brown relics of leaves. Stems 530 cm, erect, 13 mm in diam., usually not branched, white sericeous, with leaves densely arranged; leaves much denser in sterile young stems. Leaves linear to subulate-linear, 830 Χ 0.81.4 mm, apex acute or obtuse, margin reflexed, adaxially sparsely arachnoid or nearly glabrous, green, abaxially densely white tomentose. Bracteal leaves numerous, equal or longer than cauline leaves, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, apex acute, surfaces densely covered with white to yellowish tomentum. Heads 1040, 34 mm in diam., in dense corymbs. Involucre 34 mm, abaxially densely tomentose; phyllaries in 3 series, abaxially yellowish tomentose; marginal florets female, corolla capillary; disc florets male, corolla subtubular, 2.53 mm; achenes papillose; pappus of capillary bristles, white. Fl. AugSep, fr. SepOct.
Dry grassland, sparse forests, gravelly slopes, wasted fields; 10003600 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Laos, Myanmar].
小叶火绒草 xiao ye huo rong cao
Perennial herbs. Stems slender, slightly woody, branched; branches procumbent at base, densely woolly. Cauline leaves oblanceolate, 712 Χ 1.52 mm, apex acute, base sessile, abruptly narrowed at base, densely whitish woolly on surfaces. Bracteal leaves 710, radiate, generally unequal, linear-lanceolate, 612 Χ 1.52 mm, densely white woolly. Heads 49; involucre hemispheric, ca. 3 Χ 4 mm, bracts 3-seriate, subequal, oblong, acute to obtuse; corolla of outer florets ca. 2.5 mm; corolla of central florets tubular, ca. 2.5 mm. Achenes oblong, glabrous or papillose, ca. 1 mm. Pappus bristles white, ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. JulSep.
* Rocky slopes; 32003800 m. Taiwan.
单头火绒草 dan tou huo rong cao
Leontopodium evax Beauverd var. fimbrilligerum (J. R. Drummond) Beauverd; L. fimbrilligerum J. R. Drummond.
Stoloniferous, forming mats, 410 cm; stolons slender, with scattered recurved scales or small non-sheathing leaves, ± prostrate, terminated by a loose rosette of leaves. Leaves spatulate to oblong-oblanceolate, 718 Χ 23.3 mm, obtuse, rarely brown apiculate, dilated a base, yellowish, rarely grayish, tomentose. Flowering stems 0.56 cm. Capitula 110, dioecious (in our specimens), central one 57 mm wide; radiating bracts oblanceolate or spatulate, to 14 Χ 3(4) mm, grayish yellow to brown villous (or sericeous) adaxially, sometimes with concealed apiculus. Phyllaries oblanceolate, rarely ovate-oblanceolate, 46.2 Χ 12 mm, with blackish, scarious, deeply lacerate margins. Corollas 3.34.2 mm. Achenes pubescent; male ovary sparsely pubescent.
Alpine gravelly slopes, meadows; 40005000 m. Xizang [India, Nepal].
藓状火绒草 xian zhuang huo rong cao
Perennial subpulvinate herbs. Rhizome slender, numerously branched, covered with withered petioles. Suckers numerous, erect, somewhat rigid and densely covered with withered leaves at base, or with dense leaves forming rosette at apex. Stems slender, 18 cm tall, with 48 cauline leaves, entire plant grayish or yellowish lanuginous. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, 610 Χ 0.51 mm, apex acute or obtuse, base forming a sheath, surfaces grayish or yellowish lanuginous. Bracteal leaves 610, similar to cauline leaves, forming a star of 1.72.5 cm in diam. Heads (1)36, ca. 4 mm, densely congested. Involucre subglobose, 45 mm, abaxially lanate; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, apex acute, dark brown, naked; corolla 34 mm. Achenes glabrous, oblong, ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, 45 mm. Fl. JulAug, fr. Sep.
* Alpine meadows, thickets, Abies forests, rocky places; 40004200 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
A very rare species in China.
云岭火绒草 yun ling huo rong cao
Perennial pulvinate herbs. Rhizome stout, prostrate, usually numerously branched, densely covered with brown relics of leaves. Stems numerous, erect, not branched, 613 cm tall, equally leafy, whitish arachnoid pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2045 Χ 36 mm, apex acute, base forming sparse sheaths surrounding stem, surfaces whitish arachnoid pubescent, more sparse in adaxial surface, with 2 distinct lateral nerves nearly parallel to midnerve. Bracteal leaves 1116, linear-oblong, 1025 Χ 37.5 mm, forming multiradiate star 46.5 cm in diam., surfaces densely white or yellowish tomentose, apex acuminate, base broader. Heads 620, closely aggregated, ca. 5 mm in diam. Involucre ca. 4 mm, white tomentose; phyllaries in 3 series, apex dark brown, acute or lacerate, glabrous, margin membranous. Heads heterogamous or diclinous; corolla ca. 3 mm. Achenes sparsely pilose. Pappus white, serrulate, ca. 4 mm. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct.
Alpine gravelly slopes, rocky places; 34004000 m. W Yunnan [Myanmar].
梵净火绒草 fan jing huo rong cao
Perennial subpulvinate herbs. Rhizome slender, prostrate, usually numerously branched, densely covered with brown relics of leaves. Stems numerous, erect, usually not branched, 17 cm tall, equally leafy, whitish arachnoid pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate, 715 Χ 26 mm, apex acute, base narrower, adaxial surface whitish arachnoid pubescent or nearly glabrescent, abaxial surface whitish arachnoid tomentose. Bracteal leaves 68, similar to cauline leaves in shape and size, forming multiradiate star 2.53.5 cm in diam., surfaces densely white or yellowish tomentose. Heads (1)37, closely aggregated, 45 mm in diam. Involucre subglobose, ca. 4 mm, white tomentose; phyllaries in 3 series, apex dark brown, acute, glabrous, margin membranous. Heads heterogamous or dioecious; corolla ca. 3.5 mm. Achenes glabrous. Pappus white, serrulate, ca. 4 mm. Fl. MayJul, fr. JulAug.
* Moist rocky places on mountain peaks; 21002300 m. Guizhou (Mt. Fangjingshan).
雅谷火绒草 ya gu huo rong cao
Perennial herbs, stoloniferous, forming mats, 628 cm, grayish tomentose; stolons slender, elongate, usually branched, terminated by a loose rosette of leaves. Leaves lanceolate, 625 Χ 12 mm, apex acute to acuminate, usually brown apiculate; rosette leaves linear, ligulate-spatulate, or oblanceolate, 13 mm wide; cauline leaves lanceolate to ligulate or linear with margins recurved, 13 mm wide. Flowering stems 225 cm. Capitula 49(18), all female or predominantly male or female, usually densely crowded; radiating bracts lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 825 Χ 2.27 mm, often long acuminate, more densely whitish (rarely yellowish or brownish) tomentose than cauline leaves. Phyllaries lanceolate to oblanceolate, 35 mm, brown scarious adaxially; corolla 33.5 mm. Achenes pubescent; male ovaries pubescent or subglabrous. Pappus white. Fl. JulAug, fr. AugSep.
Alpine meadows, gravelly slopes; 35004400 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal].
A very rare species in China.
1a. Text needed ................................................................................................ 23a. var. jacotianum
1b. Text needed ............................................................................................... 23b. var. paradoxum
雅谷火绒草(原变种) ya gu huo rong cao (yuan bian zhong)
Diagnosis needed.
Alpine meadows, gravelly slopes; 35003600 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal].
密生雅谷火绒草 mi sheng ya gu huo rong cao
Leontopodium paradoxum J. R. Drummond, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 77. 1910.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome branched, up to 8 cm, with numerous flowering stems and sterile stems. Stems 312 cm tall, erect, densely covered with brown relics of leaves at lower part. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 613 Χ 11.5 mm, apex acute, adaxially green and sparsely ash arachnoid pubescent, abaxially densely whitish tomentose. Bracteal leaves densely grayish lanate, forming a star of 23 cm in diam. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct.
Alpine gravelly slopes; 35004400 m. SE Xizang [India (Sikkim), Nepal].
丛生火绒草 cong sheng huo rong cao
Leontopodium jacotianum var. caespitosum (Diels) Handel-Mazzetti; L. jacotianum var. minum (Beauverd) Handel-Mazzetti; L. wilsonii var. minum Beauverd.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome stout, long, usually branched, with numerous flowering stems and sterile stems. Stems woody, erect, branched or not branched, 1225 cm, entire plant light gray arachnoid pubescent, densely arranged with leaves in upper part, densely covered with brown decayed leaves in lower part. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 1025 Χ 1.53 mm, apex acute, base narrower, adaxial surface green, glabrous, abaxial surface densely covered with light gray tomentum, lateral veins not distinct. Bracteal leaves 610, oblong, apex acute, 1430 Χ 24.5 mm, surfaces densely grayish white tomentose, forming a star of 34.5 cm in diam. Heads 610, 45 cm in diam. Involucral bracts lanceolate, 2- or 3-seriate, ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse, apex black brown, abaxially white tomentose; corolla ca. 3 mm. Achenes glabrous, oblong, ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, serrulate, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct.
Moist grassland, alpine meadows, gravelly places; 33003600 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan [Myanmar].
弱小火绒草 ruo xiao huo rong cao
Leontopodium alpinum Cassini var. pusillum Beauverd, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genθve ser. 2, 2: 251. 1910; Leontopodium alpinum Cassini var. frigidum Beauverd; L. evax Beauverd.
Perennial subpulvinate herbs. Rhizome slender and numerously branched, with dense radical rosettes of sterile leaves and numerous flowering stems. Stems 27 cm tall, densely leafy, with dense white tomentose. Leaves spatulate to oblong-spatulate; radical leaves 1025 Χ 24 mm, cauline leaves sessile, 1020 Χ 23 mm, apex obtuse, narrower at base, surfaces with dense white tomentose. Bracteal leaves numerous, similar to cauline leaves, congested, forming star of 1.52.5 cm in diam. Heads 56 mm in diam., (1)37, densely congested. Involucre 34 mm, abaxially white lanate; phyllaries in 3 series, apex acute, glabrous, usually dark brown; corolla 2.53 mm. Achenes glabrous or slightly papillose. Pappus white, serrulate. Fl. JulAug, fr. AugSep.
Alpine meadows, gravelly slopes, salt lake banks; 35005600 m. Alpine grasslands, rocky scree slopes, saline shores; 35005000 m. Qinghai, W Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [India (Sikkim)].
矮火绒草 ai huo rong cao
Antennaria nana J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 100. 1876.
Perennials. Plants forming small clusters. Rhizome short to 2 cm, densely covered with brown decayed leaves with dense radical rosettes of sterile leaves and numerous filiform radicals, rhizome emitting 15 creeping and branching brown scaly stolons, up to 10 cm. Stems solitary, more rarely 2 or 3, usually to 5 cm tall, rarely higher, with 37 leaves, entire plant covered with light gray lax tomentum, and violet below, stems often not developed at all, and then, a plant along with sessile heads, not exceeding 1.52 cm in height. Leaves oblong-spatulate to spatulate oblong; radical leaves to 20 Χ ca. 5 mm; cauline leaves erect, to 1.5 cm and narrower, equally pubescent on both sides. Floral leaves not different from cauline ones, erect, not exceeding head, but more often shorter, not forming a star. Heads very compact, 615 mm in diam., (1)35. Involucral bracts lanceolate, ca. 6 mm, thinly acute and scarious at apex, brown to almost black, abaxially often green. Flowers unisexual, dioecious or heterogamous, in staminate florets corolla ca. 4 mm, pappus ca. 6 mm; in pistillate ones, corolla ca. 6 mm, pappus 89 mm. Pappus white, slightly exceeding corollas and involucral bracts and forming a prominent compact white cap. Fl. MayJun, fr. JunAug.
Alpine meadows, thickets, marshes; 21005000 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [India, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Pakistan].
匍枝火绒草 pu zhi huo rong cao
Perennial herbs. Rhizome branched, with stolons up to 7 cm, with rosette suckers and flowering stems. Stems erect, 314 cm tall, usually solitary and not branched, white tomentose; internodes 310 mm. Leaves on suckers spatulate-lanceolate, 1020(30) Χ 2.54.5 mm, apex obtuse, surfaces with dense white tomentose; cauline leaves spatulate or spatulate-linear, 1020 Χ 25 mm, apex obtuse, surfaces with dense white tomentose. Bracteal leaves 610, similar to upper cauline leaves in shape, size and indumentum, forming a star of 1.22.5 cm in diam. Heads ca. 4 mm in diam., 36, densely congested. Involucre 45 mm, densely white arachnoid tomentose; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, obovate-lanceolate, apex obtuse or lacerate, glabrous, dark brown; corolla ca. 3 mm. Achenes pubescent. Pappus white. Fl. Sep, fr. Oct.
* Moist streamside; 29003600 m. Sichuan (Daofu).
银叶火绒草 yin ye huo rong cao
Perennial herbs. Rhizome prostrate, with 1 to several flowering stems and several sterile rosette suckers. Flowering stems slender, 625 cm tall, not branched, white arachnoid pubescent. Leaves on rosette suckers linear-lanceolate, usually larger than cauline ones, 1540 Χ 13 mm, apex acute, adaxially green and glabrescent, abaxially white arachnoid pubescent. Cauline leaves linear or ligulate-lanceolate, 1040 Χ 13 mm, apex acute, surfaces white arachnoid pubescent. Bracteal leaves 914, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1020 Χ 1.53 mm, surfaces densely white arachnoid tomentose, forming a star of 23 cm in diam. Heads 57 mm in diam., 415(20); phyllaries in 3 series, 3.54 mm, abaxially densely yellowish lanate, apex obtuse, glabrous, dark brown; corolla 34 mm. Achenes pubescent or glabrous. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm, serrulate. Fl. JulAug, fr. Sep.
* Grassland, thickets, sparse forests; 27004500 m. Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan.
美头火绒草 mei tou huo rong cao
Gnaphalium leontopodium Linnaeus var. calocephalum Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39: 131. 1892; Leontopodium calocephalum var. depauperatum; L. calocephalum var. uliginosum Beauverd.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome slender, prostrate, usually branched. Stems erect, not branched, 1050 cm tall, arachnoid pilose. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, 50150 Χ 212 mm, apex acuminate, base forming sparse sheaths surrounding stem, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely pilose, abaxially white tomentose, with 2 distinct lateral nerves nearly parallel to midnerve. Bracteal leaves 1018, linear, 2045 Χ 36 mm, forming multiradiate star 58 cm in diam., surfaces densely white or yellowish tomentose, apex acuminate, base broader. Heads 520, closely aggregated, 510 mm in diam. Involucre 46 mm, white tomentose; phyllaries in 4 series, apex dark brown, acute or rounded, glabrous. Heads heterogamous or diclinous-dioecious; corolla 34 mm. Achenes pilose. Pappus white, serrulate, ca. 4 mm. Fl. JulSep, fr. SepOct.
* Alpine meadows, grasslands, thickets, marshes, conifer forests, gravelly slopes, lake banks; 26004200 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan.
珠峰火绒草 zhu feng huo rong cao
Leontopodium himalayanum var. pumillum Ling.
Plant densely tufted, (3)732 cm; offsets sheathed below by many old leaf bases, terminated by loose tuft of few leaves. Offset leaves linear-spatulate, sometimes brown apiculate; cauline leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1870 Χ 14 mm, apex acute or subobtuse, less often apiculate, grayish tomentose. Capitula crowded, (4)712(20), discoid or disciform; disciform capitula usually all similar, sometimes central one predominantly male and remainder predominantly or entirely female; bracts ligulate, usually dilated at or near base or sometimes linear-lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, basal half at least of upper surface more densely white or yellowish gray tomentose than leaves or very rarely villous, outer ones 1240 Χ 27.5 mm. Inflorescence 37 cm in diam. Involucre 57 mm in diam.; phyllaries oblong, 3.56 Χ 12.5 mm, with black brown scarious margin; corolla 3.34 mm. Achenes 1.52 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; male ovaries always glabrous. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. JulAug.
Alpine gravelly slopes, meadows; 30005100 m. Xizang, NW Yunnan [India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal].
长叶火绒草 chang ye huo rong cao
Leontopodium linearifolium Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 1: 115. 1924, not (Weddell) Bentham & J. D. Hooker (1873); L. longifolium f. angustifolium Ling.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome short, with flowering and sterile stems. Flowering stems erect, 225 cm tall, not branched, gray silky or ash lanate. Leaves in lower part usually larger than these in upper part; blade linear, spatulate-linear, 20130 Χ 1.59 mm, apex obtuse, basally narrower and forming indistinct sheaths at base, both surfaces densely gray silky or ash lanate, sometimes adaxially nearly glabrous and green. Bracteal leaves 610, oblong to lanceolate, 1020 Χ 36 mm, apex acute, forming a star of 3.55 cm in diam., surfaces densely gray silky or ash lanate. Inflorescence of 330 aggregate heads in corymb. Heads 69 mm in diam. Involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, white lanate outside; apex acute, usually dark brown; corolla ca. 4 mm. Achenes glabrous or papillose. Pappus white, serrulate, slightly longer than corolla. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct.
* Grassy slopes, thickets, rocks; 11004800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang.
黄白火绒草 huang bai huo rong cao
Leontopodium alpinum Cassini var. debile Beauverd; L. alpinum var. hedinianum Beauverd; L. fischerianum Beauverd; L. leontopodinum Handel-Mazzetti; L. melanolepis Ling.
Perennials. Rhizome shortly branching, densely covered with black-brown relics of leaves, forms rather caespitose of numerous stems and sterile leaf rosettes and sometimes gives long, up to 10 cm, herbaceous brown scaly, often branching, stolons. Stems erect and firm, 515 cm tall, with 48 remote leaves, ash-colored arachnoid-lanate or tomentose in upper half, sometimes glabrescent in lower half. Leaves concolored ash lanate on both surfaces, sometimes glabrate greenish abaxially, without a distinct nerve; cauline leaves oblong, ligulate, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 10250 Χ 24 mm, apex obtuse or acute; radical rosette leaves oblong-spatulate or narrowly oblong 2040 Χ 24.5 mm, narrowed in vagina. Involucre leaves distinct, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, loosely tomentose adaxially, pallid yellow, sometimes even ash- to sulfur-colored in dried plant; ash lanate abaxially, forming rather regular multiradiate star, 1.52(2.5) cm in diam. Heads 57 mm in diam., 57(12), densely aggregated. Involucral bracts lanceolate, 45 mm, abaxially yellowish lanate or greenish, with prominent brown or almost black shining apex; heads heterogamous and unisexual-dioecious. Corolla 34 mm. Achenes glabrous or papillose. Pappus dirty white, in sterile bisexual florets, 35 mm; in pistillate florets 45 mm. Fl. MayAug, fr. JulSep.
Mountain tundra, humid or dry meadows, stony fields of slopes; 22005000 m. Qinghai, Xizang, Xinjiang [India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia].
团球火绒草 tuan qiu huo rong cao
Leontopodium sibiricum Cassini var. conglobatum Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 20: 9. 1847; L. ochroleucum Beauverd subsp. conglobatum (Turczaninow) V. M. Khanminchun; L. ochroleucum var. conglobatum (Turczaninow) Grubov.
Perennials. Rhizome short, with solitary stem or multiheaded without stolons, with bundle of filiform radicals, forming small fasciculate clusters of 2 or 3 stems and sterile bundles of leaves. Stems erect and firm, (10)1530(45) cm tall, ash- or grayish arachnoid pubescent, often subglabrous, violet or red-brown, equally and rather densely leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate and linear-spatulate; cauline leaves 26 cm Χ 210 mm, erect; upper leaves; sessile, lower ones long narrowed at base and often early marcescent; radical leaves in a rosette, to 10 cm Χ 13 mm, linear, pubescent to subglabrous, green. Inflorescence usually large, often complex branched, with a few heads and more than 30 calathidia, but compact, compact-corymbiform; usually calathidia homogeneous, 68 mm in diam., closely aggregated in heads, to 3 cm in diam.; floral leaves ovate-lanceolate and oblong, flat, to 3 cm Χ 10 mm, densely tomentose, more often greenish yellow to yellowish and light ash-colored adaxially, greenish tomentose abaxially, forming a star to 7 cm in diam. Heads heterogamous or diclinous-dioecious. Fl. JunAug, fr. JulSep.
Dry meadow of river banks, steppes, limestone slopes of mountains, dry Larix forest and Pinus forest and forest edges; 4001700 m. Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol [Mongolia, Russia].
山野火绒草 shan ye huo rong cao
Leontopodium alpinum Cassini var. campestre Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 2: 614. 1846; L. fedtschenkoanum Beauverd; L. ochroleucum Beauverd subsp. campestre (Ledebour) V. M. Khanminchun; L. ochroleucum var. campestre (Ledebour) Grubov.
Perennials. Rhizome simple, shortened, with solitary stem or multiheaded, to 10 cm, densely covered with brown relics of leaf vaginas and beset with thinly filiform radicals, usually without stolons, forming small lax fasciculate clusters of a few stems and sterile bundles of leaves. Stems (5)1530(50) cm tall, erect or ascending, herbaceous, firm sometimes subflexuose ash- or gray arachnoid-tomentose or arachnoid, violet (pubescence) flocculose (as on leaves), usually glabrescent, at least in lower half up to anthesis, equally leafy, with 520 leaves. Leaves oblong, linear, linear-spatulate or linear-lanceolate; cauline leaves sessile, 2.54.5 cm Χ 25 mm, usually corrugated and dropping at anthesis; radical rosette leaves more often narrowly lanceolate, narrowed into a long petiole, ca. 15 cm Χ 9 mm, equally and subequally ash- or gray arachnoid-tomentose on both sides. Inflorescence usually simple, loose, but sometimes corymbiform, to 7 cm in diam., of 37 separate heads; bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, of very unequal lengths, with convolute margins, yellowish or almost white, to pallid yellow (in dried plants,) densely tomentose, forming irregular multiradiate star 45 cm in diam. Heads 46 mm in diam., numerous(712, to 20), closely aggregated. Apices of involucral bracts somewhat prominently tomentose, almost transparent to almost black. Heads heterogamous or unisexual, dioecious. Fl. MaySep, fr. JunSep.
Steppes, dry or marshy meadows, dry pebbly and stony rocks and hills, herbaceous sands, forests; (700)14004500 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia].
火绒草 huo rong cao
Filago leontopodioides Willdenow, Phytogr. 12. 1794; Gnaphalium leontopodioides Willdenow; Leontopodium sibiricum Cassini; L. sibiricum var. depauperatum Turczaninow.
Perennials. Rhizome abbreviate, lignose, multiheaded, with numerous flowering and sterile stems, but without sterile rosettes of leaves, forming a fine, but dense cluster. Stems erect, firm, in lower part often somewhat ligneous, thin, sometimes subflexuose, (10)2025(40) cm tall, simple, or sometimes branching in inflorescence, entire plant gray silky or ash lanate, sometimes flocculent pubescence, plentifully leafy, leaves erect, often appressed to stem, linear-lanceolate, to narrowly lanceolate, 1545 Χ 25 mm, acute, large hydathode at apex, basally rotund, sessile, solid, often involute at margin, with prominent nerve abaxially, both sides equally or more densely abaxially pubescent, ash colored, greenish adaxially or almost equally colored, or yellowish abaxially. Inflorescence depauperate, of 3 or 4(7) aggregate heads or heads solitary, or in corymb, each head on a separate peduncle to 2.5 cm; floral leaves 14 per head, almost not distinguishable from upper leaves, linear to narrowly lanceolate, erect, not forming a star. Heads 710 mm in diam., 67 mm tall. Involucral bracts lanceolate, 56 mm, white lanate outside, with acute, colorless or light brown apex. Florets diclinous and plants dioecious, very rarely heads heterogamous; corolla of staminate florets 3.54.5 mm. Pappus dirty white, 4.56.5 mm. Fl. JunSep, fr. AugOct.
Steppes, dry meadows, dry stony and rocky slopes, sandy places, shrubby thickets; 1003800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
绢茸火绒草 juan rong huo rong cao
Perennial herbs. Rhizome short, stout, with several sterile stems and flowering stems. Stems erect, 1045 cm tall, densely grayish or white tomentose, densely and equally leafy; internodes 0.52 cm. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2055 Χ 48 mm, apex obtuse or acute, narrower to base, surfaces densely grayish or white tomentose. Bracteal leaves 310, oblong or linear-lanceolate, similar to upper leaves in size, shape and indumentum, forming an irregular star or compound stars. Heads 69 mm in diam., (1)325. Involucre 46 mm, white lanate; phyllaries in 3 or 4 series, apex acute, glabrous, dark brown. Florets heterogamous; corolla 34 mm. Achenes papillose. Pappus white, serrulate, ca. 4 mm. Fl. JunAug, fr. AugOct.
* Subalpine meadows or dry grassland; 16002900 m. Gansu, Hebei, Qinghai, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi.
Natural hybrids of Leontopodium
白灰火绒草 bai hui huo rong cao
* Meadows, thickets, rocky slopes; 27003500 m. Yunnan.
纤细火绒草 xian xi huo rong cao
Leontopodium hapliphylloides Χ linearifolium Handel-Mazzetti; L. hapliphylloides Χ longifolium Ling.
* About 3300 m. N Sichuan.
* Riversides; 3100 m. Sichuan (Daofu).
* Dry slopes; 18001900 m. W Sichuan.
* About 3200 m. W Sichuan.
* 32003900 m. Sichuan (Daofu).
* About 3100 m. Sichuan (Daofu).
* Dry slopes; 3600 m. Sichuan (Daofu).
Zhu Sixin (朱世新); Randall J. Bayer
[Ed. note: Anaphalis (55 spp.) is by a different Chinese author, Zhu Sixin at Zhengzhou University, Henan. The manuscript is currently being edited (27 March 2008) and will follow as soon as possible.]
绵毛菊属 mian mao ju shu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生); Randall J. Bayer
Perennial herbs or sometimes shrublets. Stem with fibers in phloem, without pericyclic cambium and resin canals. Leaves generally sessile, sparsely hairy; margin often dentate, revolute. Capitula solitary or few together, heterogamous, disciform. Involucral bracts generally cartilaginous but often with a papery apical portion, in several rows, outnumbering disc florets. Cypselas and pappus as in disc florets. Disc florets perfect; corolla yellow; corolla lobes erect; veins reaching apex of lobes. Anthers ecalcarate, without tails; endothecial tissue polarized; apical appendages flat, as wide as thecae. Style-branches obtuse, abaxially with obtuse sweeping hairs not reaching furcation; stigmatic surface basally separated but apically confluent. Cypselas with 2 or 3 vascular bundles, sparsely hairy with elongated, not myxogenic twin hairs; epidermis smooth. Pappus of basally connate, barbellate, capillary bristles in 1 row; apical cells acute. x = 9.
About 43 species: C and W Asia, Europe, North Africa, Macaronesia; one species in China.
绵毛菊 mian mao ju
Phagnalon denticulatum Decaisne ex C. B. Clarke.
Subshrubs with erect or decumbent stem, (5)1030(40) cm tall, few to profusely branched, branches and stem covered with dense snow white cottony wool. Branches densely foliate. Leaves variable in shape and size, 835(40) Χ (2)48 mm, lanceolate, oblanceolate, linear oblong, or spatulate, sometimes much narrowed into a sessile base, apex obtuse or subobtuse, with entire, undulate, dentate or shallowly lobed margins, densely white cottony below, less or ± glabrous adaxially. Peduncles erect, 2070(80) mm, covered with white cottony wool, bearing a single capitulum. Capitula 812(14) mm in diam., multiflorous; phyllaries many seriate, densely floccose lanate, outer phyllaries subulate to narrowly lanceolate, 22.5 Χ ca. 0.5 mm; middle ones 33.5 Χ ca. 0.5 mm, subulate to narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a acicular point with entire margins, apex ± opaque, inner phyllaries 67 Χ ca. 0.5 mm, subulate, long acuminate. Bisexual florets tubular, 56 mm, tube ± glabrous, lobes small ± rounded, ± hairy at tips. Anthers included to subexserted, totally ecaudate at base. Style included to subincluded, bifid, stigmas rounded, papillose. Achenes compressed, sparsely hairy, ca. 1 mm; pappus setae 5, 45 mm, barbellate almost up to base. Fl. MayAug. 2n = 18.
Valleys; 18002700 m. W Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan].
鼠麴草属 shu qu cao shu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生); Randall J. Bayer
Annuals or perennials, usually taprooted, sometimes fibrous-rooted. Stems usually 1, erect, with or without fibers in phloem, without resin canals, without pericyclic cambium. Leaves mostly cauline, alternate, sessile; blades oblanceolate to spatulate or linear, bases cuneate, margins entire, faces concolored, gray and tomentose, eglandular. Heads heterogamous, disciform, usually in ± capitate clusters in axils of leaves or bracts, sometimes in spiciform glomerules. Involucres narrowly to broadly campanulate, 2.54 mm. Phyllaries in 35 series, usually white or tawny to brown, opaque or hyaline, often shiny; stereomes usually glandular distally; equal to unequal, papery toward tips; inner phyllaries narrowly oblong, usually white-tipped and protruding distal to outer. Receptacles flat, smooth, epaleate. Marginal florets pistillate, 4080; corollas purplish or whitish. Disc florets bisexual, 47; corollas purplish or whitish. Anthers ecalcarate, with short tails; endothecial tissue polarized; apical appendage flat, as wide as thecae. Pollen gnaphalioid. Style bifid; style branches truncate with obtuse sweeping hairs apically; stigmatic surface separated. Cypselas oblong, with 2 vascular bundles, sparsely hairy with short, clavate, not myxogenic twin hairs; epidermis with imbricate papillae. Pappus dimorphic, of free, scabrid, capillary bristles in 1 row, basally with patent cilia; apical cells subclavate in disc florets, acute in female. x = 7.
About 200 species: Africa, Asia, Australia, Central, North, and South America; 20 species (one endemic, three introduced) in China.
1a. Heads in terminal corymbs; phyllaries membranous, nitid, golden yellow, citrine yellow, light yellowish white, or dark brown.
2a. Phyllaries light white or bright brown.
3a. Robust herbs, up to 1 m tall; leaves distinctly 3-nerved ........................... 1. G. adnatum
3b. Dwarf herbs, 1040 cm tall; leaves 1-nerved.
4a. Annual herbs; leaves spatulate or spatulate-oblong, apex obtusely rounded, base narrower 2. G. luteo-album
4b. Perennial herbs; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rarely linear, apex shortly acute, base broader ......................................................................................................... 3. G. flavescens
2b. Phyllaries golden yellow or citrine yellow.
5a. Stems shortly glandular; leaves base decurrent to form wings; heads ca. 5 mm in diam. or larger 4. G. chrysanthum
5b. Stems white lanate, leaves base decurrent, sometimes slightly amplexicaul; heads 24 mm in diam.
6a. Dwarf herbs, 1040 cm tall, usually branched from base; leaves spatulate or spatulate-oblanceolate, not amplexicaul or auricled, whitish tomentose on both surfaces; pappus connate at base 5. G. affine
6b. Robust herbs, up to 70 cm tall, only branched in upper part; leaves linear, subamplexicaul-auricled, green glandular adaxially, white tomentose abaxially; pappus distinct 6. G. hypoleucum
1b. Heads in dense globose or glomerulate inflorescences, raceme or spike, rarely solitary; phyllaries herbaceous or rarely membranous, yellowish brown or reddish brown.
7a. Heads in dense globose or glomerulate inflorescences, or compound inflorescences.
8a. Heads sessile, in dense compound inflorescences; leaves adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially densely white lanate; compound inflorescences with equal leaves in radiate or stellate arrangement; phyllaries reddish brown.
9a. Basal leaves withering at anthesis ................................................. 7. G. involucratum
9b. Basal leaves persistent at anthesis, rosette ......................................... 8. G. japonicum
8b. Heads pedunculate, in dense globose or glomerulate inflorescences; leaves both surfaces white lanate; inflorescences with unequal leaves in irregularly arrangement; phyllaries pale yellow or yellowish brown.
10a. Stems prostrate; leaves spatulate; phyllaries all
linear, apex shortly acute
....................................................................................................... 9.
G. pulvinatum
10b. Stems erect; leaves linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong; outer phyllaries ovate or broadly ovate, apex obtuse ........................................................................................... 10. G. uliginosum
7b. Heads in raceme or spike, rarely solitary.
11a. Heads in racemes, panicles, 26(8) in spikes or solitary; plants usually 210 cm tall.
12a. Heads in racemes; outer phyllaries obovate ........................................ 11. G. stewartii
12b. Heads in spike, panicles or solitary; outer phyllaries ovate to ovate-oblong.
13a. Perennial herbs; basal leaves persistent at anthesis; heads 26(8) in spikes or solitary 12. G. supinum
13b. Annual herbs; basal leaves withering at anthesis; heads in loose spikes or panicles 13. G. calviceps
11b. Heads numerous, in spikes; plants usually 2060 cm tall.
14a. Plant usually branched; basal leaves usually withered in flowering; upper leaves similar to lower leaves; phyllaries membranous, pale yellow, apex without stripes and maculae.
15a. Leaves 57-nerved; receptacle concave; pappus connate at
base
14.
G. pensylvanicum
15b. Leaves 1-nerved; receptacle flat or only concave in
center; pappus distinct
15.
G. polycaulon
14b. Plant usually unbranched; basal leaves usually persistent, rosette; upper leaves gradually smaller than lower leaves; phyllaries herbaceous, brown or upper part dark brown, apex striped or maculae.
16a. Bracteal leaves short, spatulate to oblong; leaves spatulate-oblong, apex obtuse.
17a. Adaxial leaf faces glabrous or glabrate; involucres 2.53 mm, bases glabrous; outer phyllaries elliptic-obovate to broadly ovate-elliptic, apices rounded to obtuse; bisexual florets 23 16. G. coarctatum
17b. Adaxial leaf faces sparsely arachnoid (hairs persistent,
evident); involucres 34.5(5) mm, bases (imbedded in tomentum) often sparsely
arachnoid on proximal 1/51/2; outer phyllaries ovate, ovate-triangular, or
ovate-lanceolate, apices acute to acuminate; bisexual florets 26
................................................................................................. 17.
G. purpureum
16b. Bracteal leaves distinct, linear to; leaves linear, filiform, linear-lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate.
18a. Leaves usually 3-nerved .......................................................... 18. G. norvegicum
18b. Leaves 1-nerved.
19a. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 58 mm wide; spikes long and loose; involucre 35 mm in diam. ...................................................................................... 19. G. sylvaticum
19b. Leaves linear or filiform, 13 mm wide; spike short and dense; involucre 23 mm in diam. 20. G. nanchuanense
宽叶鼠麴草 kuan ye shu qu cao
Anaphalis adnata Wallich ex Candolle, Prodr. 6: 274. 1838; A. esquirolii H. Lιveillι; A. sericeo-albidum (Vaniot) H. Lιveillι; Gnaphalium esquirolii H. Lιveillι; G. formosanum Hayata; G. sericeo-albidum Vaniot.
Robust herbs. Stems erect, 48 mm in diam., 50100 cm tall, unbranched or rarely branched below, corymbosely branched above, densely woolly. Basal leaves withering at anthesis; middle and lower leaves oblanceolate or subelliptic, 49 Χ 12 cm, apex obtuse, base decurrent, leathery, surfaces densely tomentose, midrib elevated. Heads 57 mm in diam., in corymbs on upper stem. Involucre yellow or whitish, scarious, globose, 56 mm wide, in 3 or 4 series; outer bracts obovate or oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm, rounded; inner bracts elliptic or oblong, ca. 4 mm. Outer florets many, corolla ca. 3 mm; central florets 57, ca. 3 mm. Achenes oblong, ca. 0.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. 3 mm. Fl. AugOct.
Mountain slopes, roadsides and exposed rocky environments; 5003000 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indochinaneed to list which countries, Myanmar, Philippines].
丝棉草 si mian cao
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (Linnaeus) Hilliard & Burtt.
Annuals, 1540 cm; taprooted or fibrous-rooted. Stems loosely white tomentose, not glandular. Leaf blades (crowded, internodes 15, sometimes to 10 mm) narrowly obovate to subspatulate, 13(6) cm Χ 28 mm (distal smaller, oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or linear), bases subclasping, usually decurrent 12 mm, margins weakly revolute, surfaces mostly concolored to weakly bicolored, abaxially gray tomentose, adaxially usually gray tomentose, sometimes glabrescent, neither glandular. Heads in terminal glomerules (12 cm in diam.). Involucres broadly campanulate, 34 mm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 series, silvery gray to yellowish (hyaline), ovate to ovate-oblong, glabrous. Pistillate florets 135160. Bisexual florets 510 (corollas red-tipped). Cypselae not evidently ridged (conspicuously dotted with whitish, papilliform hairs; pappus bristles loosely coherent basally, released in clusters or easily fragmented rings). 2n = 14, 28.
Exposed fields, roadsides; below 3200 m. Gansu, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan [India, Pakistan, C Asianeed to list which countries; Africa, SW Asia, Australia, Europe, North America].
拉萨鼠麴草 la sa shu qu cao
Pseudognaphalium flavescens (Kitamura) A. Anderberg.
Perennial herbs, somewhat woody at base. Stems in turfs, 11.2 mm thick, branched from middle and in upper part, 1416 cm tall, cobwebby tomentose. Basal leaves withering at anthesis, linear, 1012 Χ ca. 1.5 mm; median leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1518 Χ 22 mm, apex mucronate, base amplexicaul, adaxially green and arachnoid pubescent, abaxially white lanate; upper leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 1015 Χ 35 mm, apex mucronate, base broader. Heads numerous, 45 mm in diam., pedunculate, in terminal compound corymbs. Involucre campanulate, 45 mm in diam.; phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate, nitid, grayish white or light yellow; outer ones ovate, 22.5 mm, apex obtuse, abaxially densely lanate; median ones oblong or obovate-oblong, 34 mm, apex rounded or toothed; innermost ones obovate-oblong, 4.55 mm, abaxially glabrous. Receptacle slightly convex, glabrous. Flowers yellow; outer florets female, corolla filiform, 2.53 mm, limbs usually 4-toothed, rarely 3- or 5-toothed; disc corolla 5-toothed. Achenes oblong or elliptic, ca. 1 mm, papillose. Pappus scabrous, white, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. AugNov.
* Alpine grassland, thickets; 30003800 m. Xizang.
金头鼠麴草 jin tou shu qu cao
Gnaphalium chrysocephalum Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 412. 1896, not Schultz Bipontinus (1845); Pseudognaphalium chrysocephalum (Franchet) Hilliard & B. L. Burtt.
Perennial erect herbs. Stem usually simple, 6080 cm tall, shortly pubescent, upper part woolly; leaves 58 Χ 58 cm, adaxially gray woolly, abaxially scabrous, narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, base half decurrent and narrowly cuneate; inflorescence dense corymbose; heads campanulate. Outer involucral bracts woolly; inner ones golden yellow and polished, obovate-oblong, apex rounded, inmost ones pale, spatulate, base leathery, apex membranous. Heads ca. 6 mm in diam., florets hermaphrodite; pappus white, ca. 4 mm, deciduous. Achenes columniform to nearly ellipsoid, glabrous. Fl. JunOct.
* In grassy slopes, 26002800. W Sichuan, Yunnan.
鼠麴草 shu qu cao
Gnaphalium confusum Candolle; G. luteo-album Linnaeus subsp. affine (D. Don) Koster; G. luteo-album var. multiceps (Candolle) J. D. Hooker; G. multiceps Candolle; G. javanicum Candolle; G. ramigerum Candolle; Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) A. Anderberg; P. luteo-album (Linnaeus) Hilliard & B. L. Burtt subsp. affine (D. Don) Hilliard & B. L. Burtt.
Biennial herbs; stems 1540 cm tall, densely white woolly tomentose. Leaves thin; lower leaves smaller than median cauline leaves; cauline leaves spatulate, 26 Χ 412 cm, apex rounded, mucronulate, base angular, narrowed, sessile, decurrent, margins entire, white woolly on surfaces. Heads numerous, densely aggregated in terminal corymbs. Involucre globose-campanulate, ca. 3 Χ 3.5 mm, bracts 3-seriate, pale yellow, outer ones shorter, broadly ovate, inner ones oblong, apex obtuse. Outer florets many, ca. 1.75 mm; central florets 510, corolla ca. 2 mm. Achenes oblong, compressed, ca. 0.5 mm, papillose. Pappus white, ca. 2 mm, bristles deciduous separately. 2n = 14.
A weed of wastelands and cultivated fields, seasides, common; below 2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam; Australia].
秋鼠麴草 qiu shu qu cao
Erect herbs, 3060(80) cm tall, usually simple, branched above, grayish pubescent to woolly or brownish glandular. Leaves linear with entire to crispate or revolute margins subamplexicaul usually undulate, 1.57.5 Χ 0.10.7 cm, bicolored, dull green glandular pubescent adaxially, white tomentose abaxially. Capitula in dense corymbose clusters, densely woolly, 33.5 mm in diam.; phyllaries yellow to snow white, 4- or 5-seriate, ca. 4 mm, oblong, acute rarely subacute. Outer florets filiform, corolla ca. 2 mm, 3- or 4-toothed, yellow. Disc florets ca. 2 mm, corolla 5-lobed. Cypselas papillose, ca. 0.5 mm; pappus setae white free, minutely bristly, equaling corolla. Fl. AprOct. 2n = 14.
Waste fields, grasslands, bases of slopes, roadsides; below 2700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
1a. Text needed ........................................................................................................ 6x. var. xxxxxxx
1b. Text needed.
2a. Text needed .................................................................................................. 6x. var. xxxxxxx
2b. Text needed .................................................................................................. 6x. var. xxxxxxx
秋鼠麴草(原变种) qiu shu qu cao (yuan bian zhong)
Gnaphalium confertum Bentham; Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum (Candolle) Hilliard & B. L. Burtt.
Habit robust. Leaves subamplexicaul, white tomentose abaxially, dull green adaxially.
Bases of slopes, roadsides; 15002500 m. Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
同白秋鼠麴草 tong bai qiu shu qu cao
Gnaphalium amoyense Hance, J. Bot. 6: 174. 1868; G. hololeucum Hayata; G. hypoleucum Candolle var. hololeucum (Hayata) Yamamoto.
Leaves densely white woolly on surfaces.
* Waste fields, grasslands, roadsides; below 800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang.
亮褐秋鼠麴草 liang he qiu shu qu cao
Heads numerous, globose, in dense compound glomerules; involucres nitid yellowish brown, phyllaries apex shortly acute. Fl. Sep.
* 26002700 m. Yunnan.
星芒鼠麴草 xing mang shu qu cao
Biennials or perennials, 3040 cm; fibrous-rooted; stolons usually absent [reportedly present in Australia and New Zealand]. Aerial stems erect, simple, thinly and persistently white tomentose. Leaves: basal withering before flowering; cauline 610, blades linear to linear-oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 38 cm Χ 23 mm (largest at midstem), bases subclasping (not ampliate), margins revolute, abaxially silvery, tomentose, adaxially green, glabrate (shiny). Bracts subtending heads 35, 1015 mm, surpassing heads, plus some shorter. Heads in hemispheric clusters 1015 mm in diam. (sometimes with axillary clusters). Involucres 44.5 mm. Phyllaries tawny or rosy tinged (shiny), oblong, apices rounded to obtuse. Pistillate florets 80150. Bisexual florets 35(7). Pappus bristles distinct or basally coherent.
Slopes at middle elevations and on high mountains. Taiwan [Indonesia, Philippines; Australia, Pacific islands (Hawaii, New Zealand)].
Gnaphalium involucratum var. involucratum occurs in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Australia, and the Pacific islands (Hawaii and New Zealand), but not in China.
1a. Text needed ..................................................................................................... 7a. var. ramosum
1b. Text needed ....................................................................................................... 7b. var. simplex
分枝鼠麴草 fen zhi shu qu cao
Gnaphalium morii Hayata; Leontopodium scandvicense H. Lιveillι.
Stems 3040 cm, erect, rigid, branching, densely woolly. Lower leaves smaller than cauline; cauline leaves numerous, oblanceolate-linear, 55.5 Χ ca. 0.5 mm, apex acute, mucronulate, base narrowed, sessile, adaxially green, sparsely woolly, abaxially woolly, 1-nerved, margins entire; upper leaves linear, 13 cm Χ 25 mm. Cymes axillary, densely subcapitate, 11.5 cm in diam.; involucre campanulate, ca. 3 Χ 2.5 mm; bracts scarious, brownish; outer ones shorter, oblong, inner ones linear, apex acute. Corolla of outer florets ca. 2.5 mm; style of central florets ca. 2.5 mm. Achenes oblong, ca. 0.6 mm, compressed, papillose. Pappus white, 2.5 mm. Fl. FebMar.
Slopes at middle elevations. Taiwan [Indonesia, Philippines; Australia, Pacific islands (Hawaii, New Zealand)].
单茎星芒鼠麴草 dan jing xing mang shu qu cao
Gnaphalium lineare Hayata; G. sphaericum Willdenow.
Stems slender, woolly, ascending, nearly simple. Leaves leathery; radical leaves shortly linear; cauline ones ± sparsely arranged, linear, 710 Χ 0.20.3 cm, apex acute, base sessile, margins entire, 12.5 cm. Cymes dense, terminal, subcapitate, 12 cm wide. Involucre campanulate, ca. 4 Χ 4 mm, bracts brownish purple, in 3 series; outer involucral bracts obovate, inner ones oblong, apex obtuse. Corolla of outer florets ca. 3 mm; style of central florets ca. 3.5 mm. Achenes oblong, ca. 0.5 mm, minutely punctate. Pappus white, ca. 3.5 mm, bristles slender. Fl. AugDec.
Slopes on high mountains. Taiwan [Indonesia, Philippines; Australia, Pacific islands (New Zealand)].
细叶鼠麴草 xi ye shu qu cao
Perennial herbs from long, creeping rhizomes; flowering stems tufted, 825 cm tall, simple, white woolly. Leaves chiefly radical, few cauline; radical leaves rosulate, linear-oblanceolate, 2.510 cm Χ 47 mm, leaves adaxially green, thinly woolly; median cauline leaves linear, 22.5 cm Χ 24 mm; uppermost leaves subtending inflorescence, lanceolate. Heads 10 to numerous, in a dense head-like corymb; involucre campanulate, ca. 5 mm tall, 45 mm wide; phyllaries imbricate, in 3 series, obtuse, red brown, outer ones broadly elliptic, inner ones narrowly oblong. Marginal flowers female, corolla filiform, ca. 3.5 mm, shorter than style; disc flowers bisexual, ca. 3.5 mm, apex pinkish. Achenes oblong, ca. 1 mm. Pappus of capillary, white, ca. 3 mm. Fl. MayOct. 2n = 28.
Grasslands, waste fields; 2001800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea; Oceania].
垫头鼠麴草 jian tou shu qu cao
Homognaphalium pulvinatum (Delile) A. A. Fayed & M. Zareh.
A diffusely branched prostrate herb, densely whitish to grayish woolly tomentose. Stems 510(15) cm. Leaves spatulate or obovate-spatulate, 312(15) Χ 1.54 mm, narrowly attenuate at base, mucronate at apex, hairy adaxially, densely white woolly abaxially, single veined, upper leaves densely crowded. Capitula 34 mm wide, campanulate, congested in terminal clusters, surrounded by terminal leaves; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, greenish tinged, narrowly elliptic, linear to lanceolate, acute, hyaline at tip. Disc florets 4 or 5, bisexual; female florets numerous. Corolla ca. 1 mm, minutely papillose. Pappus setae white, 6 or 7 in female and 3 or 4 in bisexual ones. Fl. NovMay.
Grows as a weed in arid and semiarid areas; ca. 4000 m. SE Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Myanmar, Pakistan; Africa (Egypt, Sudan), SW Asia].
湿生鼠麴草 shi sheng shu qu cao
Filaginella uliginosa (Linnaeus) Opiz; Gnaphalium baicalense Kirpicznikov & Kuprianova ex Kirpicznikov; G. kasachstanicum Kirpicznikov & Kuprianova ex Kirpicznikov; G. mandshuricum Kirpicznikov & Kuprianova ex Kirpicznikov; G. tranzschelii Kirpicznikov.
Annuals. Stems erect, 1235 cm tall, usually branched from bases, sometimes simple, densely to loosely white woolly. Leaves radical and cauline; radical and lower cauline leaves withering before flowering; median cauline leaves numerous, linear or oblanceolate, 25 cm Χ 1.53(5) mm, apex obtuse, base attenuate, sessile. Heads glomerate in numerous clusters in axils and apex of branches, overtopped by subtending leaves. Involucres subglobose, 24 mm in diam., woolly at base; phyllaries brownish or green, often paler at tip; outer phyllaries obtuse. Marginal florets female, corolla filiform, ca. 1.5 mm; disc florets bisexual, ca. 1.5 mm. Achenes oblong, 0.50.7 mm, papillate or smooth. Pappus of distinct, capillary bristles, falling separately, white. Fl. JulOct. 2n = 14, 56.
Marshes, riverside, moist grassland, saline soils, roadside, Larix forests. N Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, North America].
矮鼠麴草 ai shu qu cao
Herbs. Stems erect, 510 cm tall, base tufted and lanate, upper part unbranched. Basal leaves tufted and rosette, persistent at anthesis, linear, 1520 Χ 12 mm, sessile, abaxially sparsely pubescent, adaxially lanate; cauline leaves few, linear, ca. 10 Χ 1 mm, both surfaces white lanate. Heads few, ca. 5 mm in diam., pedunculate, in racemose. Involucre ca. 5 mm in diam., ca. 6 mm; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, brown or only apex brown, outer ones obovate, 23 mm, ca. 2 mm wide, apex obtuse, abaxially lanate; inner ones linear-oblong, 56 mm, 11.5 mm wide, apex acute, abaxially sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Female florets corolla filiform, ca. 4 mm, apex 3-toothed, glabrous; bisexual florets few, corolla tubular, ca. 4 mm, limbs t-toothed, glabrous. Achenes cylindrical, sparsely pubescent, ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, sericeous, ca. 4 mm. Fl. JunSep.
Alpine meadows; 25004000 m. N Xinjiang, W Xizang [India].
平卧鼠麴草 ping wo shu qu cao
Omalotheca supina (Linnaeus) Candolle.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome thin, emitting long filiform roots. Plants often forming ± distinct clusters. Stems low, (1)512(18) cm tall, thin, simple, erect or somewhat curved, solitary or several (rarely numerous), gray- or whitish tomentose pubescent. Cauline leaves several, remaining aggregated in bundle at stem-base; all leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, narrow, mainly 12.5 mm wide, pilose or more often, tomentose or arachnoid-tomentose pubescent. Heads a few, aggregated in terminal compact or interrupted spiciform inflorescence, or heads 1 or 2 only. Involucral bracts 3- or 4-seriate, often navicular (especially after anthesis), greenish in lower part, brown or almost black-brown at apex, often stellate divaricate after fructification; external bracts ovate or oblong-ovate, abaxially ± distinctly pubescent; inner ones oblong-ovate to oblong-linear, ± distinctly dilatate at apex. Bisexual florets usually 68. Style branches often exserted from filiform female florets, often arranged in 1 row only. Achenes rather densely (sometimes, very plentifully) covered with white, somewhat bristly hairs, often forming a crown-like structure at acumen of achenes; lower part of achene distinctly attenuate, basally provided with sucker-form, often oblique disc. Pappus of 2025(35) crenate hairs (bristles), approximately as long as corolla and deciduous. Fl. JulSep. 2n = 28.
Alpine meadows; ca. 2500 m. Xinjiang [Russia; SW Asia (Iran), Europe].
直茎鼠麴草 zhi jing shu qu cao
Gamochaeta calviceps (Fernald) Cabrera.
Annual erect herbs. Stems branched from base, 1540 cm tall, gray or dull gray-green villous. Basal leaves short lived, withering at anthesis; cauline leaves dull gray-green silky on surfaces, linear to narrowly elliptic, 1.57 Χ 0.20.4 cm, margins entire or wavy, villous. Heads in loose terminal and stalked axillary spikes or panicles; subtending leaves 13, 16 cm. Heads ca. 3.5 Χ 2.53 mm when dry, woolly at base only. Outer involucral bracts ovate, short acute to acuminate, 23 Χ ca. 1 mm; inner ones brownish, sometime tinged purplish, lanceolate, apex obtuse to acute, mucronate, scarious toward margins, 33.2 Χ ca. 0.8 mm. Outer florets many, filiform, corolla 2.12.3 mm; central florets 2 or 3, corolla 1.61.7 mm. Achenes elliptic, ca. 0.5 mm. Pappus ca. 2.5 mm, connate at base into a ring.
Seasides, sandy beaches and waste fields. Introduced in Taiwan [native to South America].
匙叶鼠麴草 shi ye shu qu cao
Gnaphalium spathulatum Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al., Encycl. 2: 758. 1788, not Burman f. (1768); Gamochaeta pensylvanicum (Willdenow) Cabrera; Gnaphalium chinense Gandoger.
Annual herbs. Stems erect, simple or more often branching from base, 1050 cm tall, grayish tomentose. Basal leaves withering at anthesis; cauline leaves remote, scarcely diminishing in size upward, sessile, oblanceolate to spatulate, 2.58 Χ 0.41.8 cm; apex rounded to obtuse, margins entire or slightly wavy, adaxially loosely cobwebby, greenish, abaxially gray-green, woolly. Heads numerous in axillary clusters, forming ± interrupted leafy (leaves 1.55.5 cm) spicate panicles, lower branches usually stalked. Heads ca. 3 Χ 11.5 mm when dry, densely woolly to 2/3 from base. Outer involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 22.5 mm, apex long acute; inner ones linear-oblong, ca. 3 mm, rounded to short acute. Outer florets ca. 100, corolla ca. 2.25 mm; central florets 2 or 3, corolla ca. 2.25 mm. Achenes brown, elliptic, ca. 0.5 mm, minutely glandular. Pappus white, ca. 2.3 mm, connate at base into a ring. 2n = 28.
Waste fields and roadsides; below 1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Africa, Asia, Australia, Central America, Europe, North America (Mexico), South America].
多茎鼠麴草 duo jing shu qu cao
Gnaphalium multicaule Willdenow (1888), not Lamarck (1786); G. strictum Roxburgh.
Annual herbs, dwarf, erect to decumbent, densely white woolly-tomentose, especially in upper part; stems slender, simple or more commonly much branched, 825 cm tall, 0.51.5 mm in diam. Leaves grayish green, spatulate or oblanceolate oblong, 1.54.5 cm Χ 38 mm, obtuse and apiculate, narrowed to sessile petioliform base, entire with wavy margins, margins and lower midribs sometimes flushed with purple, thinly appressed-tomentose on surfaces. Heads campanulate, 2.53 mm tall, 22.5 mm wide, densely wooly to 2/3 from base, 25, arranging in a spike to 2 cm, at tips of stems and branches; phyllaries 3-seriate, loosely imbricate, graduated, elliptic ovate, elliptic to linear-oblong, acute, 1.62.2 mm and 0.50.8 mm wide, scarious, with pale brown apex, red-purple middle and green base, these becoming brown when dry. Outer florets many, corolla filiform, 1.2 mm, greenish yellow, apex minutely 2- or 3-lobed, flushed with purple; central florets 5 or 6, tubular, greenish yellow, ca. 1.5 Χ 0.5 mm, 5-toothed at apex, teeth flushed with purple; stamens yellow, ca. 0.6 mm; anthers sagittate at base, connate into a tube around style; style white, ca. 1.6 mm, style-branches linear, flushed with orange-yellow; ovary cylindrical, olivaceous, ca. 0.5 mm. Receptacle ca. 1.3 mm in diam., pitted. Achenes oblong-rectangular, ca. 0.5 mm, pale brown, minutely punctuate. Pappus whitish, about 1.2 mm, bristles 58, distinct, falling separately. Fl. JanApr. 2n = 14.
A pantropical weed, in moist sunny places at roadsides, in grasslands, and also in and around cultivated fields. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Thailand; tropical and subtropical Africa, Australia, and tropical America].
Similar to Gnaphalium pensylvanicum, but differing by its more compact habit, oblanceolate leaves; free, separately deciduous pappus bristles (not always apparent on flowers pressed in bud), more dilated at apex (more than 0.05 mm wide teeth on bisexual flowers).
裏白鼠麴草 guo bai shu qu cao
Gnaphalium spicatum Lamarck, Encycl. 2: 757. 1788, not Miller (1768); Gamochaeta coarctata (Willdenow) Kerguιlen; G. spicata (Lamarck) Cabrera; Gnaphalium liuii S. S. Ying.
Winter annuals or biennials, 1535(50) cm; fibrous-rooted. Stems ascending, white pannose. Leaves basal and cauline, basal leaves in rosettes, present at flowering, blades spatulate to oblanceolate-obovate, (1.5)38(12) cm Χ 615(22) mm, surfaces bicolored, abaxial closely white pannose, adaxial glabrous or glabrate; distally gradually smaller, slightly succulent, margins often crenulate on drying. Heads initially usually in dense, continuous pressed spiciform arrays 220 cm Χ 1014 mm, later branched, interrupted. Involucres cylindric-campanulate, 2.53 mm, bases glabrous. Phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate; outer ones purplish or rosy, elliptic-obovate to broadly ovate-elliptic, 1/31/4 as long as inner ones, apices rounded to obtuse; inner ones oblong, laminae brown hyaline, apices rounded to obtuse or blunt, apiculate. Florets: bisexual 23; all corollas usually purplish distally. Achenes oblong-elliptic, 0.50.6 mm. Pappus white, ca. 2.5 mm, connate at base into a ring, deciduous. Fl. AprJun. 2n = 28.
Waste fields, roadsides, ditches; 4001400 m. Naturalized in Guizhou and Taiwan [native to South America; widely introduced in Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, Pacific islands, West Indies].
The present report of this species is its first record in mainland China.
Chinese pinyin
Gamochaeta purpurea (Linnaeus) Cabrera; G. rosacea (I. M. Johnston) Anderberg; Gnaphalium rosaceum I. M. Johnston.
Annual or biennial herbs. Stems erect to decumbent-ascending, unbranched or 1 or 2 branched from base, 1040 cm tall, densely but loosely pannose or pannose-tomentose. Leaves basal and cauline, basal and proximal cauline in rosettes, withered but persistent at anthesis; blades oblanceolate to spatulate, 16 cm Χ 514 mm, upper one smaller, surfaces usually bicolored, abaxial closely white pannose, adaxial usually sparsely arachnoid (basal cells of hairs persistent, expanded, glassy), sometimes glabrescent. Heads initially in continuous spiciform arrays 14(5) cm Χ (5)1015 mm, later interrupted, glomerules widely separated, bracteate, proximal often on relatively long peduncles. Involucres turbinate-cylindric, 44.5 mm, bases sparsely arachnoid. Phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate, outer ovate-triangular, lengths 1/32/3 inner, apices acute-acuminate, inner triangular-lanceolate (usually striate), laminae purplish (in bud) to whitish or silvery (in fruit), apices acute (not apiculate). Florets: bisexual 3 or 4; all corollas usually purplish distally. Achenes oblong, 0.60.7 mm. Pappus connate into a ring, ca. 2.5 mm. 2n = 14, 28.
Waste fields at low elevations. Taiwan [native to North America; introduced in Asia, Europe, South America].
挪威鼠麴草 nuo wei shu qu cao
Omalotheca norvegica (Gunnerus) Schultz-Bipontinus & F. W. Schultz; Synchaeta norvegica (Gunnerus) Kirpichnikov.
Perennial herbs, 1040 cm tall. Rhizome cylindrical thin, mainly 23 mm in diam. Stems solitary, very rarely 2 or several, erect, gray tomentose pubescent, relatively sparsely foliated. Leaves lanceolate, upper ones sessile or subsessile, middle ones with attenuate base, to a long petiole; lamina greenish adaxially, not densely arachnoid tomentose pubescent, gray-green or, more often, gray with rather dense arachnoid-tomentose or floccose-tomentose cover abaxially, at least in lower leaves, in which broadest part of lamina usually reaches to 812 mm in width, 3 nerves clearly distinct. Heads narrowly campanulate, 58 Χ 47 mm, aggregated at apex to form a dense compact spiciform inflorescence, at sides (and sometimes beyond upper limits), apical leaves prominent (only, in rare case, inconspicuous or almost scattered and then arranged in 1s, 2s, or severally in axil of apical leaves). Involucral bracts 2025, mostly 3-seriate; external ones ovate, shorter than inner ones; inner ones lanceolate or oblong, abaxially green below, in upper part and at margin brown or fuscous, membranous (scarious). Heads usually with 3545 florets, of which bisexual ones are few (usually 4 or 5). Achenes cylindric, brown, distinctly costate, ca. 1.5 mm, with short white (transparent) hairs. Pappus very thin, basally united in a ring, silky white with slightly crenate hairs, approximately as long as corolla. Fl. JulSep. 2n = 56.
Alpine meadows. Xinjiang [Russia; Europe, North America].
林地鼠麴草 lin di shu qu cao
Omalotheca sylvatica (Linnaeus) Schultz-Bipontinus & F. W. Schultz; Synchaeta sylvatica (Linnaeus) Kirpichnikov.
Perennial herbs. Rhizome short. Stems 2060 cm tall, mainly solitary or a few, whitish or gray tomentose or pubescent. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, green or rarely gray green, subglabrous or ± appressed pilose adaxially. Heads cylindrical or campanulate, 57 mm tall, 35 mm wide, arranged in axils of leaves and aggregated at apex in compound spiciform inflorescences; upper leaves usually inconspicuous in uppermost of spiciform inflorescences. Involucral bracts 2025, fuscous or straw-colored, sometimes greenish, distinctly brown-spotted on striate upper part; outer phyllaries oval, pubescent, shorter than inner ones. Achenes brownish, oblong-prismatic. Pappus of 2535 thin, white crenate hairs, as long as corolla and basally united in a ring. Fl. JunSep. 2n = 56.
Open woods, boggy woods, rocky slopes, clearings, fields, borders of woods, muddy banks, disturbed sites; below 2000 m. N Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia (Iran), Europe].
南川鼠麴草 nan chuan shu qu cao
Perennial herbs, 3040 cm tall. Stems solitary, gray tomentose pubescent, densely foliated. Basal leaves caespistose, withering before flowering; cauline leaves linear, 46 cm Χ 23 mm, apex acute, base narrower, adaxially green, sparsely pubescent, abaxially white lanate, vein solitary. Heads 23 mm in diam., aggregated at apex to form a dense compact spiciform inflorescence 35(8) cm, apical leaves prominent. Involucre ca. 5 mm, 23 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 or 4 series, herbaceous, yellowish brown, apex toothed; external ones ovate, ca. 2 mm, apex brown; inner ones oblong, 35 mm, apex brown striped, membranous. Heads, usually, with ca. 65 florets; female florets ca. 60, corolla filiform, 34 mm, apex 2- or 3-toothed, glabrous; bisexual ones ca. 5, corolla tubular, 34 mm, limbs 5-toothed. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1 mm, sparsely white pubescent. Pappus white, ca. 3 mm, basally united in a ring, silky white with slightly crenate hairs. Fl. JulSep.
* Grassy slopes; 18002200 m. Chongqing, Hubei.
[Ed. note: Was Hubei, E Sichuan is it also in E Sichuan outside of Chongqing?]
蜡菊属 la ju shu
Chen Yousheng (陈又生); Randall J. Bayer
Perennial or annual herbs sometimes shrublets. Stems with or without fibers in phloem, without resin canals, without pericyclic cambium. Leaves alternate, straight, often hairy, pilose to velutinous, eglandular; margin generally flat, entire. Capitula heterogamous disciform, or rarely homogamous, discoid. In terminal, loose, flattopped corymbs or solitary. Involucral bracts in few to many rows, entire, papery, monomorphic, monochromous; lamina brown, yellow, pink or white, transparent; stereome divided. Receptacle flat, epaleate or exceptionally paleate. Female florets yellow, pistillate, filiform, in 1 to several rows, not outnumbering disc florets. Cypselas and pappus as in disc florets. Disc florets perfect; corolla yellow; corolla lobes erect, veins generally reaching apex of lobes, but sometimes not. Anthers ecalcarate, tailed; endothecial tissue polarized; apical appendages flat, as wide as thecae. Pollen gnaphalioid. Style bifid; style branches truncate with obtuse sweeping hairs apically; stigmatic surface separated. Cypselas small, oblong, with 2 or rarely 3 vascular bundles, sparsely hairy with short clavate myxogenic hairs, or with long not myxogenic hairs, or glabrous; epidermis cell walls with imbricate papillae or smooth. Pappus monomorphic of basally free or somewhat connate, barbellate or subplumose, capillary bristles in 1 row; basally with or without patent cilia; apical cells clavate or not. x =7.
About 600 species: Africa, Europe, Asia; four species (one endemic, one introduced) in China.
1a. Heads 25 cm in diam., solitary; phyllaries broader, inner ones broadly lanceolate, acuminate, yellow, white, red or purple, nitid ....................................................................... 1. H. bracteatum
1b. Heads 46 mm in diam., in corymbs or compound corymbs; phyllaries narrower, apex acute or rounded; phyllaries yellow or white.
2a. Phyllaries white ................................................................................. 2. H. kashgaricum
2b. Phyllaries yellow.
3a. Stems usually unbranched; outer phyllaries apex rounded ..................... 3. H. arenarium
3b. Stems branched; outer phyllaries apex acute .................................. 4. H. tianschanicum
蜡菊 la ju
Xeranthemum bracteatum Ventenat, Jard. Malm. t. 2. 1803.
Annual or biennial herbs. Stems 20120 cm tall. Leaves lanceolate to linear, up to 12 cm, entire, apex acute, base gradually narrower, costa prominent. Heads 25 cm in diam., solitary on strong, branching stems. Phyllaries imbricate, outer ones shorter, inner ones broadly lanceolate, apex acuminate, nitid, white, red, yellow, pink or purple. Florets numerous, yellow. Achenes glabrous. Pappus of scabrous bristles. Fl. JulSep. 2n = 28.
Widely cultivated in China as ornamental plant [native to Australia].
喀什蜡菊 kashi la ju
Perennial herbs. Rhizome with flowering stems and sterile stems. Stems 1015 cm tall, entire plant white lanate, more denser on peduncles. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 13 cm Χ 25 mm, apex acuminate, base gradually narrower, semiamplexicaul. Heads in terminal corymbs. Involucre 1.51.8 cm in diam. Phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 58 Χ ca. 2 mm; outer ones white, dry membranous, apex acuminate, base dark brown; inner ones lanceolate, nearly leathery, nearly black outside, margin white, membranous. Female florets few, narrowly funnelform, ca. 1.5 mm, limbs 5-lobed; bisexual florets funnelform above, columniform below, lightly brown, ca. 4 mm, limbs 5-lobed. Pappus ca. 4 mm. Fl. Aug.
* Valleys; ca. 2000 m. Xinjiang.
沙生蜡菊 sha sheng na ju
Gnaphalium arenarium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 854. 1753; Helichrysum arenarium (Linnaeus) Candolle.
Perennials. Rhizome woody, more often thick, 57(15) mm in diam. or much thinner, only 14 mm in diam. Plant tomentose-lanate, not rarely forming ± dense clusters. Floriferous stems a few or many, erect or ascendant, not branching, 1060 cm tall, at very base not rarely with decayed leaves vegetative. Leaves at apex with a small brownish cusp, gradually diminishing upwards. Upper and middle ones sessile, lanceolate-linear, oblong-obovate, or oblong-elliptic, gradually narrowed in petiole. Heads arranged in (5)1030(100) in compact or slightly branching loose corymb, subspherical or widely obovate, (3)46(9) mm in diam., on peduncles of indefinite length; in young state corymbs capitate, not rarely surrounded by a few terminal leaves. Involucral bracts ca. 50, slightly loosely arranged in (3 or)46(or 7) rows, at end of anthesis, often with declined tip, bright lemon yellow, or more pallid yellow, or pinkish, or, at last, orange; external ones obovate or elliptic, abaxially densely villous; internal ones widely or oblong-spatulate to sublinear. Florets (25)3545(50), almost always bisexual, sometimes marginal pistillate florets a few to a whole circle in number. Achenes papillate. Pappus of ca. 30 very thin soft scabrous yellowish or almost white hairs, approximately as long as corolla. Fl. JulSep. 2n = 56.
Grassy slopes; 4002400 m. N Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia; Europe].
天山蜡菊 tian shan la ju
Perennials. Rhizome up to 1 cm in diam., woody, fibrous-splintery, multiheaded. Flowering stems 3060 cm tall, numerous or a few, branching approximately from middle (rarely simple), with slender ramuscules 512 cm, entire plant covered, with thin dense whitish-grayish tomentose pubescence. Leaves of sterile offshoots linear-spatulate, wider and longer than linear-lanceolate acuminate leaves of flowering stems. Heads 36 or more arranged at ends of shoots and branches, narrowly campanulate or obconical, 57 mm tall, 46 mm wide, almost as long as peduncles, or subsessile. Involucral bracts ca. 30, yellow, rather loose imbricate, arranged in 6 or 7 rows, ± squarrose in upper part, abaxially tomentose pubescent in lower part most external ones lanceolate and 23 Χ shorter than internal ones, linear-lanceolate or spatulate, acuminate or truncate at apex. Florets in a head ca. 25. Pappus of ca. 40 very thin hairs. Fl. JulSep. 2n = 28.
Gravelly places, dry slopes, dunes; below 3000 m. W Xinjiang [Kazakhstan].
[1] Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, Peoples Republic of China.
[2] Zhengzhou University, Henan, Peoples Republic of China. [need full address]
[3] The University of Memphis, 2280 Campus Postal Station, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3821, U.S.A.