ASTERACEAE: CARDUEAE [Draft]

 

Shih Chu;

 

1. Tribe ECHINOPSIDEAE Cassini, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 173. 1815.

 

蓝刺头族  lan ci tou zu

 

     Herbs, annual or perennial. Leaves alternate. Inflorescences compound, globose, bracteate. Capitula with 1 floret, grouped into 1 or more globose compound inflorescences with basal bracts. Involucral bracts present. Florets hermaphroditic, fertile. Corolla tubular; limb 5-cleft. Anthers bluish gray, base sagittate; appendages basal. Style arms with a ring of hairs below fork. Achenes cylindrical, angled, densely hairy; hairs straight. Pappus elements scalelike, free or connate.

 

     The tribe has 2 genera: Acantholepis, a monotypic genus distributed in the Mediterranean regions and Central Asia, and Echinops, with ca. 120 species, distributed in Southern Europe and Asia.

 

1. ECHINOPS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 814. 1753.

 

蓝刺头属  lan ci tou shu

 

     Herbs, perennial, rarely annual. Stems erect, usually apically branched, arachnoid to lanate. Involucral bracts in 3--5 rows, margin ciliate; outermost rows with few to many, white, filiform, bristlelike bracts; outer ones linear but apically triangular or broadly elliptic; middle ones keeled, apex subulate-acuminate; inner ones sometimes shorter than middle ones. Pappus elements adpressed, free to connate.

 

^[1]    About 120 species: N Africa, C Asia, S Europe; 17 species in China.

 

1a. Annual herbs; middle bracts abaxially arachnoid.

2a. Stems and branches yellowish, glabrous or with capitate stipitate glands or glandular hairs; leaves green, sparsely arachnoid and with capitate stipitate glands ...........  16. E. gmelini

2b. Stems and branches whitish to grayish white, densely arachnoid-lanate; leaves grayish white, densely to thickly arachnoid-lanate ...........................  17. E. nanus

1b. Perennial herbs; middle bracts abaxially not arachnoid.

3a. Margin of pappus elements not strigose.

4a. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, margin entire, abaxially grayish white, densely arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous ...........................  14. E. integrifolius

4b. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, margin toothed, pinnatilobed, or pinnatifid, concolorous to subconcolorous, adaxially sparsely arachnoid ...................................... .........................................................

..............................................  15. E. humiles

3b. Margin of pappus elements strigose.

5a. Leaves leathery.

6a. Outermost involucral bracts 1/3--1/2 as long as others.

7a. Lower leaves lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed, adaxially shiny ................................  1. E. coriophyllus

7b. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, bipinnatipartite or subpinnatipartite, adaxially sparsely arachnoid ............................................... .........................................................

..........................................  2. E. prezewalskii

6b. Outermost involucral bracts 1/5--1/4 as long as others.

8a. Plants ca. 1.5 m tall; stems sparsely arachnoid and strigose mixed with capitate stipitate glands .......................... .........................................................

............................................  4. E. talassicus

8b. Plants 0.2--0.6 m tall; stems arachnoid-lanate, strigose and not mixed with capitate stipitate glands.

9a. Corolla lobes abaxially glabrous ............  3. E. ritro

9b. Corolla lobes abaxially with a few hairs ................

.........................................  5. E. tjanschanicus

5b. Leaves papery to thickly papery.

10a. Bracts abaxially strigose or arachnoid.

11a. Leaves glabrous or adaxially sparsely arachnoid ........ .........................................................

.........................................  12. E. tricholespis

11b. Leaves adaxially densely strigose ...................... .........................................................

......................................  13. E. sphaerocephalus

10b. Bracts abaxially glabrous.

12a. Stems sparsely to densely and thickly arachnoid to arachnoid-lanate.

13a. Lower and middle stem leaves pinnatipartite; leaf lobes margin finely and closely spiniform ciliate .................... .........................................................

...............................................  6. E. grijsii

13b. Lower and middle stem leaves bipinnatipartite; leaf lobes margin entire or irregularly spinosely toothed  7. E. latifolius

12b. Stems setiferous and basally or below middle mixed arachnoid.

14a. Leaves asperous, adaxially sparsely strigose ...........

..............................................  11. E. setifer

14b. Leaves not asperous, glabrous or adaxially sparsely arachnoid.

15a. Outermost involucral bracts 1/4 as long as others; plants 1.5--2 m tall .................................  10. E. sylvicola

15b. Outermost involucral bracts 1/3--1/2 as long as others; plants 0.3--1 m tall.

16a. Leaves pinnatipartite; involucral bracts 18--22 ........ .........................................................

.........................................  8. E. pseudosetifer

16b. Leaves bipinnatisect; involucral bracts 16--19 .........

.............................................  9. E. dissectus

 

1. Echinops coriophyllus Shih, Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst. 5: 63. 1979.

 

截叶蓝刺头 jie ye lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 45 cm tall. Stems solitary, branched below middle, sparsely arachnoid. Leaves leathery, abaxially gray to gray-green, thinly arachnoid, adaxially green and shiny. Leaves of lower stem sessile, lanceolate, ca. 10.5 × 5.5 cm, base truncate, margin spinosely toothed, teeth with an apical spine. Leaves of midstem similar to lower ones, decreasing in size upward. Uppermost leaves lanceolate to elliptic. Inflorescences solitary on apex of branches, ca. 4 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 1.3 cm. Involucral bracts 20--21, keeled, glabrous; outermost ones ca. 5 mm, unequal, 1/3--1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically broadly elliptic, claw margin sparsely long ciliate, margin apically ciliate, apex cartilaginous and acuminate; middle and inner ones oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 0.8--1.3 cm, margin sparsely ciliate above middle; cilia short, adpressed. Florets ca. 1.3 cm. Corolla blue, glabrous; tube ca. 5 mm. Achenes ca. 6 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, unequal, to 2 mm, connate from or below middle. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     * Mountain slopes; Jiangsu (Tongshan Xian).

 

2. Echinops prezewalskii Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 4: 108. 1923.

 

火烙草  huo lao cao

 

     Herbs, perennial, 15--40 cm tall. Stems simple or fascicled, unbranched or 1--3-branched, arachnoid-lanate. Leaves leathery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, densely to thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green to yellow-green, sparsely arachnoid. Basal and lower stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 10--20 × 2--8 cm, bipinnatipartite or subbipinnatisect, primary lateral lobes or segments in 5--8 pairs, ultimate lobes or segments triangular, margin and apically with spines. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, decreasing in size upward, base semiamplexicaul, pinnatipartite, margin and apically with spines. Inflorescences 1 or few, ± corymbose, 5--5.5 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 1.8 cm. Involucral bracts 16--20, keeled, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones to 8 mm, unequal, 1/2 or more as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically broadly elliptic, claw margin sparsely long ciliate, margin apically sparsely and short ciliate, apex cartilaginous and acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm, above middle constricted into an awn, margin adpressed long ciliate; inner ones similar to middle ones, but longer. Corolla white or bluish, outside glandular-punctate; tube ca. 5 mm. Achenes ca. 6 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, mostly ca. 1 mm, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     Sandy mountainous regions, desert steppes; 500--2200 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi [Mongolia].

 

3. Echinops ritro Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 815. 1753. quoad ß.

 

β.硬叶蓝刺头 ying ye lan ci tou

 

     Echinops acaule S. G. Gmelin; E. ritro Linnaeus var. tenuifolius de Candolle; E. tauricus Willdenow ex Ledebour; E. tenuifolius Fischer ex Schkuhr.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall. Stems whitish to grayish white, simple or fascicled, unbranched or apically branched, densely or thickly arachnoid-lanate. Leaves leathery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, oblanceolate, or linear-elliptic, 8--20 × 2--8 cm, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; basal lobes or segments spiniform; lateral ones in 5--8 pairs, elliptic to lanceolate, margin triangularly toothed, teeth margin and apex with spines; dorsum ones decreasing in size upward. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar to basal and lower ones or sometimes bipinnatisect. Inflorescences corymbose apically on stem and branches, rarely solitary, 3.5--4.5 cm in diam. Capitula 1.2--1.7 cm. Involucral bracts 20--21, keeled, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones 3--4 mm, 1/5--1/4 or more as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically broadly elliptic, margin apically short ciliate, apex cartilaginous and acuminate; middle ones elliptic oblanceolate, 1.3--1.5 cm, patently long ciliate above middle, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones shorter. Corolla blue, tube outside glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 5.5 mm; hairs brown, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.2 mm, connate below middle. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     Gravely places on mountain slopes; 200--2400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia; SW Asia, Europe].

 

4. Echinops talassicus Goloskokov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Kazakhsk. S.S.R. 3: 52. 1965.

 

大蓝刺头 da lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 1.5 m tall. Stems grayish white, solitary, unbranched or 1- or 2-branched, sparsely arachnoid-lanate and strigose, densely so under inflorescences. Leaves leathery, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, densely glandular-punctate. Lower and middle stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade oblanceolate, 15--20 × 2--8 cm, pinnatipartite or pinnatifid; lateral lobes elliptic, margin triangularly toothed; teeth margin and apically with spines. Upper stem leaves sessile, decreasing in size upward, similar to other leaves but base semiamplexicaul. Inflorescences 1 or few at end of a branch, 4--5 cm in diam. Capitula 2--2.3 cm. Involucral bracts few keeled; outermost ones 5--6 mm, unequal, ca. 1/4 as long as others; outer ones narrowly oblanceolate and apically broadly elliptic, apically long ciliate; middle ones oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 0.8--2.5 cm, margin apically short ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.2 cm, apex divided and awned. Corolla blue, tube outside glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 5 mm; hairs long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements ca. 1 mm, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     Mountain slopes; Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan].

 

5. Echinops tjanschanicus Bobrov, Fl. URSS 27:22.1962.

 

天山蓝刺头 tian shan lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, 20--25 cm tall. Stems branched from base, sparsely to densely arachnoid-lanate. Leaves leathery, abaxially grayish white or white, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous, glandular-punctate. Basal and lower stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, 10--20 × 2--3 cm, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, with spines on margin and apically, central one larger; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, basal ones spiniform. Middle and upper stem leaves decreasing in size upward, sessile, similar to other leaves but base semiamplexicaul. Leaves on uppermost stem and under inflorescences narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed. Inflorescences 1 or 2 at end of a branch, 3--4 cm in diam. Capitula 1.4--1.5 cm. Involucral bracts 20--28; outermost ones few, 3--4 mm, unequal, 1/5--1/4 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically brownish and broadly elliptic, margin apically long ciliate, apex cartilaginous and short acuminate; middle ones narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 0.9--1.2 cm, margin above middle long ciliate, suddenly constricted from middle into a long spiniform acumen; inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.3 cm, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue, tube outside glandular-punctate, lobes abaxially with few simple long hairs. Achenes ca. 6.5 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1 mm, unequal, basally connate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     Mountain slopes; Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan].

 

6. Echinops grijsii Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5(5): 221. 1866.

 

华东蓝刺头 hua dong lan ci tou

 

     Echinops cathayanus Kitagawa.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 30--80 cm tall. Stems solitary, apically usually branched, densely and thickly arachnoid, basally with lacerate petiole remains. Leaves papery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, adaxially green, glabrous, non-glandular punctate, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Basal and lower stem leaves long petiolate; petiole brown, fibrous; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 10--15 × 4--7 cm, pinnatipartite; lobes margin finely and closely spiniform ciliate; lateral lobes in ca. 4 or 5(--7) pairs, ovate-triangular, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or long linear-elliptic. Middle stem leaves short petiolate or sessile, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, pinnatipartite; lobes similar to basal and lower stem leaf lobes. Inflorescences 1 to several, ca. 4 cm in diam. Capitula 1.5--2 cm. Involucral bracts 24--28, glabrous, abaxially non-glandular punctate; outermost ones numerous, 7--8 mm, unequal, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically brown and broadly elliptic, claw margin long ciliate below middle, margin apically short ciliate; middle ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.3 cm, margin apically short ciliate, gradually constricted from middle into a spiniform acumen; inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm, apex divided into teeth. Florets ca. 1 cm. Corolla white, tube outside glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 1 cm; hairs brown-yellow, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 3 mm, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     * Grassland; 100--800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong.

 

7. Echinops latifolius Tausch, Flora 11: 486. 1828.

 

驴欺口  lu qi kou

 

     Echinops dahuricus Fischer; E. dahuricus var. latilobus de Candolle; E. dahuricus var. angustilobus de Candolle; Sphaerocephala dahuricus (Fischer) O. Kuntze ex Komarov.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 30--60 cm tall. Stems grayish white, unbranched or short 1- or 2-branched, basally sparsely arachnoid-lanate or glabrous, under inflorescences densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, base with lacerate petiole remains. Leaves papery, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal, lower, middle and upper stem leaves long petiolate; petiole fibrous, base semiamlexicaule; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate-elliptic, 15--35 × 8--18 cm, bipinnatipartite; central lobe largest, primary lateral lobes in ca. 4--8 in pairs; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, ultimate one narrowly elliptic, obliquely triangular, or lanceolate, margin entire or with few triangular spinose teeth, apex long speciform-acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves sessile, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid, base semiamplexicaul. Inflorescences 1--3 at end of a branch, 3--5.5 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 1.9 cm. Involucral bracts 14--17, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones scalelike, ca. 7 mm, ca. 3/5 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically broadly rhombic or elliptic, margin apically long ciliate, apex short acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, 1--1.3 cm, margin sparsely short ciliate, suddenly constricted from maximum width into a long spiniform acumen; inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm, margin apically short ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate. Corolla blue, tube outside glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 7 mm; hairs long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.2 mm, connate below middle. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     Grassland, open forests; 100--2200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia, Russia].

 

8. Echinops pseudosetifer Kitagawa, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV, 2: 120. 1935.

 

羽裂蓝刺头 yu lie lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, 0.5--1 m tall. Stems grayish white, unbranched or apically short branched, below middle setiferous and arachnoid-lanate, under inflorescences densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, base with lacerate petiole remains. Leaves papery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, thickly or densely arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, usually glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves long petiolate; petiole fibrous, base thickened, semiamplexicaul; leaf blade elliptic, 25--30 × 8--13 cm, pinnatipartite; central lobe largest; lateral lobes in 5--8 pairs, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, margin only on one side toothed; teeth 1 or 2 or sometimes more, triangularly spinose. Middle and upper stem leaves conformed, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid, sessile, dilated, semiamplexicaul. Inflorescences 1--7 at end of a branch, ca. 6 cm in diam. Capitula 1.9--2.1 cm. Involucral bracts 18--22, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones 7--8 cm, 1/3--2/5 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate, apically brown and rhombic to broadly elliptic, claw margin short ciliate, margin apically short ciliate; middle ones oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate-elliptic, suddenly constricted from maximum width into a spiniform acumen, 1.3--1.8 cm, margin short ciliate; inner ones linear, ca. 1.5 cm. Corolla blue, outside apically glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 6.5 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 2 mm, basally connate. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     * Mountain slopes; 400--700 m. Hebei, Shanxi.

 

9. Echinops dissectus Kitagawa, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV, 2: 118. 1935.

 

褐毛蓝刺头 he mao lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, 30--90 cm tall. Stems gray, solitary, unbranched or apically short branched, below middle brown setiferous and arachnoid, under inflorescences with dense to dense and thick arachnoid cotton and sometimes multicellular noduliferous hairs. Leaves papery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, densely to densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate and usually with multicellular noduliferous brown long hairs, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal, lower and middle stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 15--25 × 5--13 cm, bipinnatisect; primary lateral segments with 6--10 pairs, elliptic to lanceolate, trawl larger; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, ultimate lobes narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rarely triangularly toothed, teeth margin and apex spinose. Upper stem leaves similar in form and same in division to basal, lower, and middle stem leaves but smaller. Inflorescences 1--3 at end of a branch, 4--6 cm in diam. Capitula 1.7--2 cm. Involucral bracts 16--19, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones 8--10 mm, unequal, nearly 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate, apically brown and broadly elliptic, margin including claw long ciliate, apex long cartilaginous acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate-elliptic, suddenly constricted from maximum width into a spiniform acumen, margin long ciliate; inner ones narrowly elliptic, apex divided into spiniform awns. Corolla blue, tube outside apically glandular-punctate or sometimes very sparsely pubescent. Achenes ca. 6 mm; hairs yellow, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 2 mm, basally connate. Fl. and fl. Jul--Aug.

 

     Forest margins, moist grassland, stony sunny slopes, river margins; 1300--1800 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong [Korea, Russia].

 

10. Echinops sylvicola Hih, Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst. 5: 68. 1979.

 

林生蓝刺头 ling sheng lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, 1.5--2 m tall. Stems whitish to grayish white, solitary, unbranched or apically few-branched, below middle sparsely arachnoid and densely strigose, apically and under inflorescences densely to densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Leaves papery to thinly papery, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous. Middle and upper stem leaves long petiolate; leaf blade oblanceolate, 16--18 × 4--6 cm, pinnatipartite or pinnatifid; central lobe larger, basal ones spiniform, lateral ones in 3 or 4 pairs, triangular to lanceolate, margin spiniform ciliate or triangular and spinosely toothed. Leaves under inflorescences similar to others but smaller. Inflorescences 1--3 at end of a branch, 5--6 cm in diam. Capitula 2--2.4 cm. Involucral bracts ca. 23, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones 5--6 mm, unequal, ca. 1/4 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate, apically brownish and rhombic, claw margin long ciliate, margin apically ciliate, apex short acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, acuminate from maximum width into a spinose awn, 1.4--1.6 cm, margin short ciliate; inner ones narrowly elliptic, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue, tube outside above middle glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 6 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.4 mm, basally connate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Forests; 1300--1500 m. Xinjiang.

 

11. Echinops setifer Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 4: 108. 1923.

 

糙毛蓝刺头 cao mao lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, 1--2 m tall. Stems whitish to grayish white, solitary, unbranched or apically short branched, basally densely long setiferous and sparsely arachnoid, under inflorescences densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Leaves papery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, adaxially green, sparsely strigose, densely and thickly arachinoid-lanate and densely brown long setiferous along veins. Basal and lower stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate-elliptic, 15--25 × 7--14 cm, bipinnatisect to subbipinnatisect; central segment larger, primary lateral ones in 5--7 pairs; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward; ultimate segment narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate-triangular, margin toothed; teeth margin and apex spinose. Middle and upper stem leaves pinnatipartite. Leaves under inflorescences narrowly elliptic. Inflorescences 1--3 at end of a branch, 4--5 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 2 cm. Involucral bracts 17--22, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones 8--9 mm, unequal, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate, apically brown and broadly elliptic, claw margin long ciliate above middle, margin apically sparsely ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, margin ciliate, suddenly constricted from maximum width into a spiniform 1.4--1.6 cm acumen; inner ones elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue, ca. 1.3, tube outside sparsely glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 7 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 2 mm, connate below middle. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes; Henan, Shandong [Japan, Korea].

 

12. Echinops tricholespis Schrenk in Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 47. 1841.

 

薄叶蓝刺头 bo ye lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, 1--1.5 m tall. Stems grayish white, solitary, unbranched or apically branched, sparsely arachnoid and strigose, under inflorescences densely arachnoid-lanate. Leaves green to gray-green, concolorous, papery, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate, 7--16 × 4--9 cm, pinnatipartite; lobes elliptic-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed. Uppermost stem leaves similar in form and same in division to middle and upper stem leaves but smaller. Inflorescences solitary to 2 at end of a branch, 3.5--7 cm in diam. Capitula 2--2.3 cm. Involucral bracts 15--18; outermost ones ca. 1 cm, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate to long spatulate and apically elliptic, abaxially sparsely strigose and glandular-punctate, claw margin long ciliate, margin ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate to oblanceolate-elliptic, 1.5--2 cm, abaxially strigose, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue, tube apically glandular-punctate. Achenenes ca. 7 mm; hairs yellow, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     Mountain slopes; ca. 1300 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

13. Echinops sphaerocephalus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 814. 1753.

 

蓝刺头 lan ci tou

 

     Echinops cirsiifolius K. Koch; E. maximus Sievers ex Palls.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 0.5--1.5 m tall. Stems solitary, branched, densely long setiferous and sparsely arachnoid. Leaves papery, abaxially grayish white, sparsely arachnoid-lanate and long setiferous, adaxially green, densely strigose. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade broadly lanceolate, 15--24 × 5--10 cm, pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 3--5 pairs, triangular to lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed, apex spiniform acuminate. Upper stem leaves decreasing in size upward, sessile. Inflorescences 1--3 at end of a branch, 4--4.5 cm in diam. Involucral bracts 14--18; outermost ones ca. 1 cm, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones narrowly oblanceolate, apically brown and broadly elliptic, abaxially densely strigose and glandular-punctate, margin including of claw long ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.2 cm, abaxially densely strigose, margin long ciliate; inner ones lanceolate, abaxially densely strigose, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue to white, tube outside non-glandular punctate to sparsely glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 7 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements ca. 1.2 mm, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Forest margins, along canals; ca. 2000 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Russia; Europe].

 

14. Echinops integrifolius Karelin & Kirilow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 14: 446. 1841.

 

全缘叶蓝刺Í ·quan yuanye lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, 20--90 cm tall. Stems pale gray to grayish white, solitary, unbranched, leafy, basally and middle densely glandular-punctate, basally densely covered with remains of old leaves apically and under inflorescences densely to densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2--8 × 0.6--0.8 cm, abaxially whitish to grayish white, densely to thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, densely glandular-punctate, margin revolute. Inflorescences solitary, 2--4 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 1.6 cm. Involucral bracts 16--18; outermost ones ca. 7 mm, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate to linear, abaxially and apically strigose, claw margin long ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, ca. 1.1 cm, abaxially strigose, margin long ciliate above middle; inner ones narrowly elliptic, abaxially glandular-punctate, margin long ciliate. Corolla white, tube outside non-glandular punctate. Achenes ca. 5 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements subulate, ca. 1.5 mm, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Dry rocky slopes; ca. 1300 m. Xinjiang (Fuyun Xian) [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

15. Echinops humilis M. von Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 598. 1819.

 

矮蓝刺头 ai lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, 7--16 cm tall. Stems grayish white, solitary to few, unbranched, rarely branched, leafy, densely to thickly arachnoid-lanate. Leaves grayish white, concolorous, papery, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Basal leaves rosulate, short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 2--7 × ca. 1 cm, base semiamplexicaul, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or lyrately pinnatilobed; lateral lobes in 3--6 pairs, obliquely ovate to obliquely triangular, apex obtuse. Stem leaves sessile, base semiamplexicaul. Inflorescences solitary, ca. 3 cm diam. Outermost involucral bracts ca. 1 cm, equal to almost equal to others; outer ones oblanceolate, margin long ciliate below middle; middle ones lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, margin around middle short ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones linear-lanceolate, margin short ciliate, apex long acuminate. Achenes ca. 6 mm; hairs yellow, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.2 mm, basally connate. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     Mountain slopes; ca. 3000 m. SW Xinjiang (Taxkorgan Tajik Zizhixian) [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

16. Echinops gmelini Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 195. 1832.

 

沙蓝刺头 sha lan ci tou

 

     Echinops turczaninovii Ledebour ex Turczaninow; E. foliis integris S. G. Gmelin.

 

     Herbs, annual, 10--90 cm tall. Stems yellowish, solitary, patently branched from middle to base, rarely unbranched, sparsely capitate stipitate glandular pubescent to glabrescent to glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, papery, sparsely arachnoid and capitate stipitate glandular. Lower stem leaves sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, 3--9 × ca. 0.5 cm, base semiamplexicaul, margin spinosely toothed and spiniform ciliate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to lower ones, decreasing in size upward. Inflorescences solitary to several at end of a branch, 2--3 cm in diam. Capitula 1.2--1.4 cm. Involucral bracts 16--20; outermost ones to 1 cm, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically brown and broadly elliptic, abaxially densely strigose, claw abaxially and basally long arachnoid, margin short ciliate but long ciliate around middle, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, ca. 1.3 cm, abaxially strigose but basally long arachnoid, margin short ciliate above middle, apex constricted from maximum width into a spiniform acumen; inner ones narrowly elliptic, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue to white, tube non-glandular punctate. Achenes ca. 5 mm; hairs dark yellow, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.2 mm, basally connate. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     Gravely places on mountain slopes, desert steppes, loess hills, flooded places; 500--3200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russian].

 

17. Echinops nanus Bunge, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 6: 411. 1863.

 

丝毛蓝刺头 si mao lan ci tou

 

     Herbs, annual, 12--16 cm tall. Stems whitish to grayish white, solitary, branched, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate; branches ascending, robust. Leaves thickly papery, subconcolorous, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Lower stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, 4--8 × 1--1.2 cm, pinnatilobed to pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 2--4(or 5) pairs, narrowly ovate, triangular-lanceolate, or triangulate, margin sparsely spinosely toothed. Upper stem leaves similar in form and same in division to lower stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Inflorescences several at end of a branch, 2.5--3 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 1.3 cm. Involucral bracts 12--14; outermost ones slightly shorter than others; outer ones linear but apically slightly wider, abaxially strigose, claw margin long ciliate, margin apically short ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1 cm, abaxially and basally long arachnoid but apically densely strigose, margin short ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones narrowly elliptic, abaxially long arachnoid, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue, tube outside sparsely capitate stipitate and glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 5 mm; hairs long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.3 mm, connate below middle. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

     Deserts; 1300--1500 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

 

2. Tribe CYNAREAE Lessing, Linnaea 5: 128. 1830, p.p.

 

菜蓟族  cai ji zu

 

     Herbs or shrubs, monoecious or dioecious. Leaves alternate. Capitula homogamous or heterogamous. Bracts in many rows, leathery to herbaceous, apically spinose or appendaged. Receptacle with or without scales or hairs, sometimes alveolate; alveola margin with subulate processes. Florets numerous, bisexual or pistillate, or outer ones pistillate and inner ones bisexual. Corolla tubular. Anther base sagittate. Style arms with a thick ring of hairs below fork.

 

     The tribe has ca. 76 genera, best represented in Europe, N Africa and Asia; 42 genera in China.

 

1a. Achene insulas lateral .........  3. Subtribe Centaureinae

1b. Achene insulas basifixed.

2a. Achenes hairy, apex without a rim  1. Subtribe Carlininae

2b. Achenes glabrous, apex ± with a rim .....................

....  ................................... 2. Subtribe Carduinae

 

1. Subtribe Carlininae O. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(5): 314. 1894.

 

刺苞亚族  ci bao ya zu

 

     Achenes densely hairy, apex without a rim; hairs long, straight, adpressed; insulas basifixed.

 

     About 13 genera; three genera in China.

 

1a. Inner bracts longer than florets, spreading and radiate; plant monoecious ...................................  2. Carlina

1b. Inner bracts shorter than florets, erect, not spreading and radiate; plant dioecious.

2a. Receptacle flat, densely covered with scales ............

.............................................  3. Atractylodes

2b. Receptacle convex, without scales ........  4. Tugarinovia

 

2. CARLINA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 828. 1753.

 

刺苞菊属  ci bao ju shu

 

     Athamus Necker; Carlowitzia Moench; Chromatolepis Dulac; Mitina Adanson.

 

     Herbs, annual to perennial. Leaves entire to pinnatisect, margin usually toothed; teeth spinose. Involucre broadly campanulate to hemispherical. Receptacle flat, with scales and sometimes also with bristles; scales divided almost from base or apically into linear segments. Florets all bisexual. Corolla 5-lobed. Filaments glabrous, anthers caudate. Style arms short. Achenes oblong or terete, costate, apex truncate. Pappus elements plumose, in a ring, basally usually united into groups.

 

     About 28 species: Asia, Europe, mostly in Mediterranean regions; one species in China.

 

1. Carlina biebersteinii Bernhardi ex Hornemann, Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl. 94. 1819.

 

刺苞菊  ci bao ju

 

     Carlina longifolia Reichenbach; C. longifolia var. potica Boissier; C. vulgaris Linnaeus var. longifolia (Reichenbach) Korshinsky; C. vulgaris var. microcephala Ledebour.

 

     Herbs, biennial, 20--120 cm tall. Stems apically branched, weakly arachnoid. Basal leaves long petiolate. Stem leaves sessile, green, concolorous or abaxially paler green, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 4--15 × 0.5--2 cm, papery to thickly papery, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid or adaxially glabrous or subglabrous, margin entire and spiniform ciliate. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitulum. Capitula 1 to several, racemose-corymbose. Involucre hemispherical, 3.5--4.5 cm in diam.; outer bracts green, herbaceous, linear-oblong to lanceolate, abaxially sparsely arachnoid, margin toothed and with simple or ramose spines; middle ones brown or dark-purple, narrower and shorter than outer ones, margin with simple or ramose spines; inner ones yellow, linear, rigid, scarious, longer than florets, radiate when dry. Corolla purple, 7--9 mm. Achenes oblong, 2--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Dry meadows, thickets, bench by rivers; ca. 1000 m. Xinjiang (Burqin Xian) [Kazakstan, Russia; Europe].

 

3. ATRACTYLODES de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 748. 1838.

 

苍术属  cang shu shu

 

     Giraldia Baroni.

 

     Herbs, perennial, dioecious, rhizomatous. Leaves entire or divided, margin spiniform ciliate or spinosely toothed. Subtending leaves in 2 rows, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect. Capitula homogamous. Receptacle flat, densely covered with scales. Florets bisexual or sometimes pistillate with reduced stamens. Corolla 5-cleft. Filaments glabrous. Style arms short, triangular, abaxially pubescent. Achenes obovoid to ovoid, compressed, apex truncate. Pappus elements in 1 row, plumose, basally connate into a ring.

 

     About seven species: Eastern Asia; five species in China.

 

     Atractylodes differs from the Mediterranean genus Atractylis Linnaeus by being dioecious.

 

1a. Leaves not pinnately divided.

2a. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sometimes elliptic to long eliptic, widest below middle ............................

...............................................  1. A. koreana

2b. Leaves obovate, long obovate, oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, widest above middle ..........  2. A. lancea

1b. Leaves pinnately divided.

3a. Leaves pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, lyrate-pinnatipartite, or lyrate-pinnatifid.

4a. Leaves pinnatilobed to pinnatifid; lateral lobes triangular .......................................  3. A. carlinioids

4b. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid to lyrate-pinnatipartite; lateral lobes elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or long obovate elliptic  2. A. lancea

3b. Leaves 3--5-pinnatisect.

5a. Involucre 3--4 cm in diam.; corolla red-purple ..........

.... ......................................  4. A. macrocephala

5b. Involucre 1--1.5 cm in diam.; corolla yellow or white  5. A. japonica

 

1. Atractylodes koreana (Nakai) Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 178. 1935.

 

朝鲜苍术  chao xian cang shu

 

     Atractylis koreana Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 478. 1928.

 

     Herbs 25--50 cm tall. Rhizome long, stout, with several adventitious roots of even thickness. Stems simple or fascicled, unbranched or apically branched, glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous to subconcolorous, papery to thickly papery, glabrous, pinnatipartite, margin spiniform ciliate to closely toothed, apex acuminate to subacute; teeth triangular, spinose. Basal and lowermost stem leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5--10 × 2--4 cm, base rounded and semiamplexicaul. Upper stem leaves similar to others but smaller. Capitula 1 to several at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate to cuneate-campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam.; bracts in 6 or 7 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex obtuse to rounded; outer ones ovate, 2--4 × 1--2 mm; middle ones elliptic, 6--7 × 2--3 mm; inner ones narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolate, ca. 1.1 cm × 4 mm. Corolla white, ca. 8 mm. Achenes obovate, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements brown, 6--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     Thickets, dry slopes; 200--700 m. Liaoning, Shandong [Korea].

 

2. Atractylodes lancea (Thunberg) de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 48. 1838.

 

苍术  cang shu

 

     Atractylis lancea Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg. ed 14, 729. 1784; Acarna chinensis Bunge; Atractylis chinensis (Bunge) de Candolle; A. chinensis var. liaotungensis Kitagawa; A. chinensis var. loesseneri Kitagawa; A. chinensis var. quiqueloba Baranov & Sk.; A. chinensis var. simplicifolia (Loesen) Chu; A. ovata Thunberg; A. ovata var. simplicifolia Loesen; A. separata Bailey; Atractylodes chinensis (Bunge) Koidzumi; A. chinensis var. simplicifolia (Loesen) Kitagawa; A. erossodentata Koidzumi; A. lancea (Thunberg) de Candolle var. simplicifolia (Loesen) Kitamura; A. lyrata Siebold & Zuccarini; A. ovata (Thunberg) de Candolle; Giraldia stapfii Baroni.

 

     Herbs, perennial, (15--)30--100 cm tall. Rhizome thick, prostrate or ascending, with many adventitious roots of even thickness. Stems simple or fascicled, unbranched or apically few-branched, sparsely arachnoid or glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, rigidly papery, glabrous, margin spiniform ciliate or spinosely toothed. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower, stem leaves subsessile to petiolate; petiole to 3.5 cm; leaf blade 8--12 × 5--8 cm, 3--5(--9)-pinnatifid or -binnatipartite, sometimes entire; lateral lobes elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or obovate-elliptic; terminal lobe orbicular, obovate, obliquely ovate, ovate, or elliptic. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 0.5--2.5 cm; leaf blade obovate, narrowly obovate, obovate-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire or basally sometimes with 1 or 2 triangular and spinose tooth. Upper stem leaves sometimes triangular, with 1 or 2 spinose teeth. Subtending leaf pinnatipartite to pinnatisect. Capitula 1 to several at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 5--7 rows, margin sparsely arachnoid, apex rounded to obtuse; outer and outermost ones ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3--6 × 1.5--3 mm; middle ones ovate, ovate-elliptic, or elliptic, 6--10 × 3--4 mm; inner ones elliptic to linear, 1.1--1.2 cm × 2--3 mm, apically sometimes turning red. Corolla white, ca. 9 mm. Achenes obovoid. Pappus elements brown to dirty-white, 7--8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

     Grassland, forests, thickets, rock crevices; 700--2500 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia].

 

     Widely cultivated throughout China. The rhizomes are used medicinally.

 

3. Atractylodes carlinoides (Handel-Mazzetti) Kitamura, Acta Phytotax & Geobot. 7: 119. 1938.

 

鄂西苍术e  xi cang shu

 

     Atractylis carlinoides Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 642. 1937.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 30--50 cm tall. Rhizome procumbent, with several adventitious roots of even thickness. Stems usually purple-red, solitary, unbranched. Leaves green, concolorous, papery, glabrous. Basal leaves rosulate, petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 15--21 × 3--4 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lobes triangular, margin spinosely toothed; central one largest; lateral ones 6--9 pairs; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward. Stem leaves several, sessile, elliptic to lanceolate, 5--12 × 1--3 cm, pinnatilobed to pinnatipartite; lobes margin spinosely toothed and teeth apically with long spines. Subtending leaf pinnatipartite. Capitula 1 or 2 at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, 2.5--3 cm in diam.; bracts in 4 or 5 rows; outer ones elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 7--11 × 3--4 mm; middle ones linear-elliptic, ca. 1.7 cm × 4 mm; inner ones linear to broadly linear, ca. 2.1 cm × 3 mm. Corolla yellow, ca. 1.3 cm. Achenes obovoid, ca. 6 mm. Pappus elements white, 7--8 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep.

 

     * Slopes; ca. 1600 m. Hubei (Ziqui Xian).

 

4. Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi, Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 5. 1930.

 

白术  bai shu

 

     Atractylis macrocephala (Koidzumi) Handel-Mazzetti; A. macrocephala (Koidzumi) Handel-Mazzetti var. hunanensis Ling.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall. Rhizome thick. Stems branched from base, glabrous. Leaves papery, glabrous, margin spiniform ciliate to finely spiniform serrate. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 3--6 cm; leaf blade 3--5-pinnatisect; lateral segments 1- or 2-parted, oblanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 4.5--7 × 1.5--2 cm; dorsum and epitropic stem leaves similar in form and same in division to middle stem leaves, decreasing in size upward; terminal segment largest, long obovate, narrowly elliptic, or elliptic. Under capitulum leaves sessile, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, entire. Subtending leaf pinnatisect. Capitula 6--10 at end of a branch. Involucre large, broadly campanulate, 3--4 cm in diam.; bracts in 9 or 10 rows, margin white arachnoid, apex obtuse; outer and middle ones ovate to triangular, 6--8 × 3--4 mm; inner ones lanceolate to broadly linear, 1.1--2 cm × 2--3 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.7 cm. Achenes obconical, ca. 7.5 mm, white hairy. Pappus elements dirty-white, ca. 1.7 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

 

     * Grassland, forests; 600--2800 m. Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.

 

     Widely cultivated throughout China. The rhizomes are used medicinally.

 

5. Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi ex Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 178. 1935.

 

关苍术  guan cang shu

 

    Atractylis japonica (Koidzumi ex Kitamura) Kitagawa; A. ovata Thunberg var. ternata Komarov; A. pinnatifolia (Komarov) S. H. Hu; Atractylodes lyrata Siebold & Zuccarini var. ternata (Komarov) Koidzumi.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 40--80 cm tall. Rhizomes procumbent, thick. Stems solitary or few-fascicled, unbranched or branched, glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, papery, glabrous, margin spiniform ciliate or spinose denticulate. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 5--8 cm; leaf blade 3--5-pinnatisect; lateral segments elliptic, obovate, long obovate, or oblanceolate, 3--7 × 2--4 cm, apex acute, short acuminate, or rounded; terminal segment larger to equal to lateral segments, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or obovate, 4--9 × 2--6 cm. Upper stem leaves short petiolate, similar to lower and middle stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Subtending leaf pinnatisect. Capitula 4--6 at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 7 or 8 rows, margin arachnoid, apex obtuse; outer ones triangular-ovate to elliptic, 3--5 × 1--2 mm; middle ones elliptic, 6--8 × 2--3 mm; inner ones elliptic, 1--1.2 cm × 3--4 mm. Corolla white or yellow, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes obovoid, ca. 5 mm, white hairy. Pappus elements brown, 8--9 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

 

     Forests, forest margins; 200--800 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Japan].

 

     The rhizomes are used medicinally.

 

4. TUGARINOVIA Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 356. 1928.

 

革苞菊属  ge bao ju shu

 

     Herbs, perennial, dioecious, dwarf. Leaves basal, leathery. Capitula solitary, homogamous, functionally staminate or pistillate; staminate flowers small, with revolute stamens; pistillate flowers large, with staminodes. Receptacle without scales. Anthers basally with long filiform tails, apically with lanceolate appendages. Style apically expanded, arms broadly triangular-ovate, apex obtuse in staminate florets and acute in pistillate florets.

 

     One species: China, Mongolia.

 

1. Tugarinovia mongolia Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 357. 1928.

 

革苞菊  ge bao ju

 

     Rhizome thick, 6--7 cm in diam., densely covered with petiole residues. Leaves petiolate; petiole 1.5--7 cm, lanose, base thickened; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 3--15 × 1--4 cm, pinnatipartite, pinnatisect, or pinnatilobed; lobes or segments wide and short, irregularly shallowly spinosely toothed; teeth sparsely to densely arachnoid or lanose, apically spinose; spines rigid, 2--4 mm. Flowering stems fascicled or solitary, unbranched, scapiform, 2--4 cm tall, densely white-lanose, basally dirty-white lanose. Capitulum 1, nodding or erect. Involucre obconic to obovoid, ca. 1 cm in diam.; bracts in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially arachnoid; outer ones leathery, similar to a subtending leaf, shallowly spinosely toothed; teeth apically with a yellow spinule; inner ones linear-lanceolate, entire. Corolla white, 0.7--1.4 cm. Achenes oblong, 8--10 mm, densely sericeous-villous. Pappus elements in many rows, dirty-white, to 1.5 cm, scabrid. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

     Stone hilly lands, sandy sloping fields, gravely slopes; 800--1500 m. Nei Mongol [Mongolia].

 

     The rhizomes are used medicinally.

 

1a. Leaves narrowly elliptic to oblong ...  1a. var. mongolica

1b. Leaves ovate ........................  1b. var. ovatifolia

 

1a. Tugarinovia mongolia var. mongolica

 

革苞菊(原变种)  ge bao ju (yuan bian zhong)

 

     Leaves narrowly elliptic to oblong. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

     Stone hilly lands, sandy sloping fields; ca. 1500 m. Nei Mongol [Mongolia].

 

1b. Tugarinovia mongolia var. ovatifolia Ling & Ma, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 75: 248. 1979.

 

叶革苞  luan ye ge bao ju

 

     Leaves ovate. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

     * Gravely slopes; ca. 800 m. Nei Mongol (Ih Ju Meng).

 

2. Subtribe Carduinae O. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(5): 314. 1894.

 

飞廉亚族  fei lian ya zu

 

     Capitula homogamous or heterogamous. Achenes glabrous, rarely hairy, with ± dentiform rims; insula basifixed. Pappus elements in 1 to many rows.

 

[Distribution??]

 

1a. Capitula heterogamous; outer florets sterile, inner ones bisexual .............................................  25. Crupina

1b. Capitula homogamous; florets bisexual, sometimes all staminate in Cirsium.

2a. Filaments hairy to densely papilose.

3a. Pappus elements long plumose ................  17. Cirsium

3b. Pappus elements serrulate, scabrid or scalelike.

4a. Leaves variagated or green ..................  24. Silybum

4b. Leaves not variagated.

5a. Pappus elements bristlelike, scabrid ........  22. Carduus

5b. Pappus elements bristlelike in outer rows, scalelike in inner row .........................................  23. Oligochaeta

2b. Filaments glabrous or papilliferous but visible only under lens.

6a. Receptacle alveolate, alveola-margin with easily deciduous, rigid, and scarious processes.

7a. Pappus elements scabrid.

8a. Pappus with 1(--3) of inner elements much longer than others; stem winged ....................................  19. Onopordum

8b. Pappus elements ± of same length; stem rarely present, if so then unwinged ..................................  20. Dolomiaea

7b. Pappus elements plumose.

9a. Stem winged; pappus elements with 1(--3) of inner ones much longer than others ...............................  19. Onopordum

9b. Stem lacking; pappus elements ± of same length
.......................................  21. Diplazoptilon

6b. Receptacle densely scaly or hairy, rarely without scales (as in some species of Saussurea).

10a. Receptacle densely scaly.

11a. Pappus elements serrulate, scabrid or short plumose, sometimes with 2--5 of inner ones much longer than others.

12a. Capitula not cotton-spherical; bracts not densely and fluffily cottony; pappus elements sometimes with 2--5 of inner ones much longer than others ......................................

..................................................  5. Jurinea

12b. Capitula cotton-spherical, bracts densely and fluffily cottony; pappus elements all of same length ......  6. Bolocephalus

11b. Pappus elements long plumose at least in inner rows.

13a. Pappus elements in 2 rows; outer ones scabrid; inner ones long plumose ....................................  8. Saussurea

13b. Pappus elements in many rows, plumose.

14a. Anthers without curved hairs ................  5. Jurinea

14b. Anthers with curved hairs ................  7. Pilostemon

10b. Receptacle sparsely to densely hairy.

15a. Pappus elements long plumose at least in inner rows.

16a. Receptacle fleshy; plants cultivated ........  16. Cynara

16b. Receptacle not fleshy; plants wild.

17a. Achenes compressed, without ribs ...........  17. Cirsium

17b. Achenes not compressed, 3- or 4-ribbed ....  18. Ancathia

15b. Pappus elements serrulate, scabrid, short plumose, or narrowly scalelike.

18a. Pappus elements of outer row bristlelike; inner ones narrowly scalelike ...........................  15. Syreitschikovia

18b. Pappus elements serrulate, scabrid or short plumose.

19a. Pappus elements not connate into a ring, easily individually deciduous.

20a. Outer and middle bracts apically with hooked spines  11. Arctium

20b. Outer and middle bracts apically without hooked-spines.

21a. Pappus elements scabrid ....................  9. Cousinia

21b. Pappus elements plumose .............. 10. Schmalhausenia

19b. Pappus elements basally connate into a ring, deciduous.

22a. Bracts margin and apically with scarious appendages  14. Alfredia

22b. Bracts without scarious appendages.

23a. Herbs stemless; corolla yellow; style arms very short  12. Xanthopappus

23b. Herbs tall; corolla purple to blue; style arms long  13. Olgaea

 

5. JURINEA Cassini, Bull. Soc. Sci. Philom. Paris 140. 1821.

 

苓菊属  ling ju shu

 

     Herbs, perennial [or shrublets]. Leaves entire or divided. Capitula 1 to several and corymbose, with numerous florets. Involucre bowl shaped, ovoid, campanulate, hemispherical, or cylindrical, rarely ellipsoid to cuneate; bracts imbricate, adpressed or reflexed, herbaceous or leathery. Receptacle with scales. Florets bisexual. Corolla red to purple. Anthers base lacerate-caudate; filaments free, glabrous or papillose. Style arms short, hairy at base. Achenes narrowly obovoid, narrowly ellipsoid, or long obconical, 4-ribbed, glabrous, sometimes tuberculate, with apical rim. Pappus elements in several rows, persistent or glabrescent, serrulate, scabrid, short plumose to plumose, sometimes 2--5 of inner ones much longer than others.

 

About 250 species: Asia, Europe; 14 species in W China.

 

1a. Achenes not spinose tuberculate.

2a. Pappus elements ca. 1.2 cm; involucre obconical .........

.......................................  3. J. pilostemonoides

2b. Pappus elements 0.8--1 cm; involucre cylindrical to bowl shaped.

3a. Bracts scarious; leaves linear, entire, abaxially grayish white, sparsely to thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous or subglabrous ............................  1. J. multiflora

3b. Bracts leathery; leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, pinnately toothed, pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite, concolorous to subconcolorous, green to gray-green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid ...............................  2. J. mongolica

1b. Achenes spinose tuberculate.

4a. Pappus elements not connate into a ring, persistent.

5a. Outer and middle bracts apex reflexed.

6a. Stems branched; capitula several at end of a branch; leaves gray-green to grayish white, concolorous, sparsely arachnoid .......................................  7. J. suidunensis

6b. Stems unbranched; capitulum 1 at end of stem; leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose adaxially green, asperous, strigose ..............................  8. J. dshungarica

5b. Bracts all straight, adpressed, apex not reflexed.

7a. Involucre cylindrical, 1.2--1.5 cm in diam.; leaves gray-green, concolorous, arachnoid-floccose .........................

............................................  4. J. adenocarpa

7b. Involucre bowl shaped to broadly bowl shaped, 2--3 cm in diam.; leaves abaxially grayish white, densely to thickly tomentose, adaxially green to pale green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid or tomentose.

8a. Leaf lateral lobes margin toothed to undulately toothed; stems branched .................................  5. J. flaccida

8b. Leaf lateral lobes margin entire; stems unbranched ......

...............................................  6. J. lanipes

4b. Pappus elements basally connate into a ring, deciduous.

9a. Achenes densely spinose tuberculate; leaves concolorous, green to grayish green and densely arachnoid or glabrous or grayish white and densely tomentose ..........  14. J. chaetocarpa

9b. Achenes sparsely to densely apically spinose tuberculate; leaves abaxially grayish white, densely or thickly arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid.

10a. Involucral bracts straight, adpressed, apex not reflexed  9. J. lipskyi

10b. Outer and middleinvolucral bracts apex reflexed to patent.

11a. Herbs to 45 cm tall; basal leaves 8--11 × 2--3 cm ...... .........................................................

..........................................  10. J. scapiformis

11b. Herbs dwarf, ± stemless; basal leaves 2.5--4 × 0.3--1 cm.

12a. Leaves lyrate-pinnatipartite or lyrate-pinnatisect and usually also some simple ..........................  11. J. algida

12b. Leaves pinnately toothed, pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite, but without simple leaves.

13a. Leaves flaccid, pinnatipartite .........  12. J. pamirica

13b. Leaves rigid, pinnately toothed or pinnatilobed ........

..........................................  13. J. kaschgarica

 

1. Jurinea multiflora (Linnaeus) B. Fedtschenko, Consp. Fl. Turskest. 4: 295. 1912.

 

多花苓菊  duo hu ling ju

 

     Serratula multiflora Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1145. 1753; Jurinea linearifolia de Candolle; Serratula ambiqua de Candolle; S. salicifolia Lepechin; S. salicina Pallas.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 10--20 cm tall. Stems green or reddish, erect, ribbed, apically short corymbose branched, tomentose and brown-yellowish glandular-punctate. Leaves entire, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly tomentose and glandular-punctate, adaxially green, glabrous or very sparsely to densely yellow glandular-punctate, margin revolute. Basal and lower stem leaves short petiolate. Middle stem leaves sessile, base semiamplexicaul; leaf blade linear to broadly linear, 4--8 × 0.3--0.6 cm. Under capitulum leaves linear-subulate, smaller than other leaves. Inflorescences with many capitula, terminal, corymbose, 3--5 cm in diam. Involucre cylindrical, ca. 5 mm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows, straight, adpressed, scarious, abaxially glandular-punctate; outer ones narrowly to broadly triangular, 3--5 × 1--2.5 mm; middle ones elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 5--9 × 2--2.5 mm; inner ones linear, ca. 1.2 cm × 1.5 mm. Corolla red to purple, ca. 1.3 cm; tube slender, ca. 5 mm. Achenes brown to pale red, obconical, ca. 4 mm, 4-ribbed. Pappus elements persistent, to 8 mm, of same length, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     Grassland; 1800--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, Mongolia; Europe].

 

2. Jurinea mongolica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 519. 1874.

 

蒙古苓菊  meng gu ling ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, 8--25 cm tall. Rhizomes lump-shaped to globose, densely and thickly eriophorous, with petiole residues. Stems pale green or grayish white, stout, erect, branched from base, sparsely to densely arachnoid to arachnoid-lanate, or glabrescent to glabrous. Leaves green to gray-green, concolorous to subconcolorous, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole brown, 2--4 cm; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5--6 × 1--4 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatipartite, or pinnately toothed; lobes margin entire, revolute; central one largest; lateral ones 3 or 4 pairs, narrowly elliptic to triangular-lanceolate; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward; terminal lobe longer, narrowly lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate. Stem leaves sessile; similar in form and same in division to basal leaves or entire. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2--2.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 4 or 5 rows, rigid, leathery, straight, adpressed, abaxially glandular-punctate; outer ones lanceolate, 4.5--5.5 × 1.5--2.5 mm; middle ones lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 7--11 × 2 mm; inner ones linear-elliptic to broadly linear, ca. 2.1 cm × 3 mm. Corolla red, ca. 2 cm, outside glandular-punctate; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes obconical, pale yellow, ca. 6 mm, sparsely yellow-glandular-punctate apically. Pappus elements plumose, to 1 cm, not of same length, with 2--4 of inner ones much longer than others, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

     Slopes, desert steppes; 1000--1500 m. Mei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia].

 

3. Jurinea pilostemonoides Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 22: 277. 1963.

 

羽冠苓菊  yu guan ling ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, to 40 cm tall. Stems erect, long branched, glandular-punctate and densely to sparsely arachnoid-tomentose. Leaves sessile, linear, 3--6 cm × ca. 2 mm, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely glandular-punctate, margin revolute. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre cuneate-obconical, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in 7 or 8 rows, adpressed, sparsely pubescent or glabrous and glandular-punctate; outer ones lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 3 × 1 mm; middle ones elliptic, lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate, 5--9 × ca. 1.5 mm; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 1.4 cm × 1.5 mm. Corolla purple, ca. 1.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes long obconical, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Pappus elements yellow-white to dirty white, persistent, plumose, to 1.2 cm, unequal, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     * Sandy places; ca. 1000 m; Xinjiang (Ürümuqi Shi).

 

4. Jurinea adenocarpa Schrenk in Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Emum. Pl. Nov. 1: 46. 1841.

 

腺果苓菊  xian guo ling ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, 15--40 cm tall. Stems erect, fascicled, sparsely to densely arachnoid-floccose but basally densely tomentose. Leaves gray-green, concolorous, densely to sparsely arachnoid-floccose. Lower and middle stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, 5--7 × 1--2 cm, pinnatipartite or pinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments narrowly elliptic to linear, margin repand. Upper stem leaves sessile, elliptic to linear, decreasing in size upwards on stem, entire. Capitula many, small at end of a branch. Involucre cylindrical, 1.2--1.5 cm in diam. bracts in ca. 6 rows, straight, apex not reflexed; outer ones ovate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, apex acute; middle ones lanceolate, 5--7 × 1--2 mm, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones lanceolate, 1--1.4 cm × 2--3 mm, apex long acuminate. Corolla purple, 1--1.4 cm, outside glandular-punctate; tube slender, 5.5--7.5 mm. Achenes ellipsoid, ca. 6 mm, apically sparsely spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements persistent, plumose, to 1 cm, unequal, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     Slopes; ca. 1500 m. Xinjiang (Burqin Xian) [Kazakstan].

 

5. Jurinea flaccida Shih, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2):61. 1984.

 

软叶苓菊  ruan ye ling ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 50 cm tall. Stems gray-green to grayish white, simple or fascicled, erect, branched from base, densely to sparsely arachnoid and yellow-glandular-punctate. Leaves abaxially grayish white, thickly to sparsely tomentose, adaxially green to pale green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 4--6 cm, base brown, dilated, semiamplexicaul; leaf blade elliptic, 7--10 × ca. 2 cm, pinnatipartite; lobes narrowly elliptic, margin shallowly toothed or 1-lobed on only one side, apex obtuse; central lobe largest; lateral ones in 5--10 pairs; dorsum and epitropic decreasing in size upward. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile or short petiolate; similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Inflorescence branches leafless or with a very few and small linear-subulate leaves. Capitula few at end of a branch. Involucre bowl shaped, 2.5--3 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, straight, adpressed, sparsely arachnoid or abaxially glabrous, apex short to long acuminate and not reflexed; outer ones triangular to triangular-lanceolate, 7--10 × 1--2 mm; middle ones lanceolate, 1.1--1.3 cm × ca. 2 mm; inner ones ca. 1.8 cm × 1.5 mm. Corolla purple, ca. 1.6 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.1 cm, yellow-glandular-punctate outside. Achenes brown, apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, short plumose, with 1 of inner ones much longer than others, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

     * Wastelands, roadsides; 1200--1800 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian).

 

6. Jurinea lanipes Ruprecht ex Osten-Sacken, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 14(4): 58. 1869.

 

绒毛苓菊  rong mao ling ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 30 cm tall. Rootstock thick, densely lanate and with petiole remains. Stems solitary, erect, unbranched, arachnoid-tomentose and glandular-punctate. Leaves , abaxially grayish white, thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous, sparsely glandular-punctate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole brown, to 4 m; leaf blade oblanceolate, narrowly oblanceolate, or elliptic, 5--10 × 2--3 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatipartite, or lyrate-pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 3--6 pairs, ovate to elliptic, margin entire, apex rounded to obtuse, rarely acute; terminal lobe largest, elliptic to ovate, margin entire, apex obtuse. Stem leaves few, sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Uppermost stem leaves usually linear, entire. Capitulum 1 at end of stem. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows; outer ones triangular, ca. 6 × 1.5 mm, abaxially sparsely arachnoid and glandular-punctate, apex short spinulate and not reflexed; middle and inner ones narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, ca. 1.7 cm × 2 mm, abaxially strigose, margin ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate and not reflexed. Corolla red, ca. 1.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes oblong obconical, 4-ribbed, ca. 5 mm, apically sparsely spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements persistent, white, plumose, to 1.2 cm, unequal, with 2 of inner ones much longer than others, not connate into ring. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     Steppes; 1900--2900 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian) [Kazakstan].

 

7. Jurinea suidunensis (C. Winkler) Korshinsky, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 36: 128. 1894.

 

绥定苓菊  sui ding ling ju

 

     Jurinea pollichii Ledebour var. suidunensis C. Winkler in herb. & in Korshinsky, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 36: 128. 1894.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 14 or more cm tall. Rootstock thick. Stems branched. Leaves gray-green to grayish white, concolorous, sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1.5--4 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 5--7 × 1--1.5 cm, pinnatilobed or entire; lateral lobes ovate to broadly triangular, margin entire or toothed, apex obtuse to acute. Stem leaves similar in form and same in division to basal leaves but smaller. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows; outer ones lanceolate, 3--5 × 1--2 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed; middle ones lanceolate, ca. 1 cm × 3 mm, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones lanceolate, ca. 1.4 cm × 2 mm, apex long acuminate and not reflexed. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 4 mm, yellow-glandular-punctate outside. Achenes obconical, ca. 5 mm, apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements persistent, white, plumose, 8--10 mm, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

     * Slopes; 1800--2100 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan and Altay Shan).

 

8. Jurinea dshungarica (Rubtzov) Iljin, Fl. URSS 27: 683. 1962.

 

天山苓菊  tian shan ling ju

 

     Jurinea chaetocharpa Ledebour subsp. dschungarica Rubtzov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 8: 65. 1940.

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 10 cm tall. Rootstock thick, densely cottony and with petiole remains. Stems grayish white, erect, unbranched, densely tomentose and glandular-punctate. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, asperous, strigose, glandular-punctate. Basal leaves many, petiolate; petiole brown, 2--2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, ca. 5 × 1.5--2 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in ca. 4--7 pairs, elliptic, margin entire, apex rounded. Stem leaves few, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Capitulum 1. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts yellow-green, in ca. 5 rows; outer and middle ones triangular to lanceolate, 5--10 × 2--3 mm, abaxially arachnoid, apex spiniform and reflexed; inner ones elliptic to linear-elliptic, to 1 ca. 8 × 1--2 mm, apex acuminate and straight. Corolla red-purple, ca. 1.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes immature, ca. 2 mm, densely to sparsely apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements persistent, white, plumose, to 1.1 cm, unequal, with 2 of inner ones much longer than others, not connate into a ring. Fl. Jul.

 

     * Sunny slopes; ca. 2700 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian)

 

9. Jurinea lipskyi Iljin, Trudy Turkestansk. Nauchn. Obshcha. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 2: 25. 1925.

 

苓菊  ling ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 35 cm tall. Stems erect, unbranched or long branched, floccose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, sparsely tomentose, adaxially green to gray-green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1--2 cm; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 2--4 × 1.5--2 cm, pinnatipartite; central lobe largest; lateral ones in 3 on 4 pairs, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or narrowly triangular, margin undulate or few-serrulate, apex obtuse; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward. Stem leaves few; lower ones similar in form and same in division to basal leaves but smaller; upper ones linear to subulate, smaller than others. Capitula 1 to few at end of a branch. Involucre bowl shaped, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 4 rows, straight, adpressed, glabrous or abaxially sparsely arachnoid, apex acute to acuminate; outer ones lanceolate, 4--6 × 2--3 mm; middle and inner ones linear-lanceolate, 1--1.5 cm × 3--4 mm. Corolla purple, ca. 1.5 mm; tube slender, ca. 5 mm. Achenes obconical, ca. 6 mm, apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, plumose or scabrid, to 9 mm, with 2 of inner ones much longer than others, deciduous, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     * Steppes in hilly areas; ca. 1900 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian).

 

10. Jurinea scapiformis Shih, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2): 62. 1984.

 

长葶苓菊  chang ting ling ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 45 cm tall. Stems grayish white, solitary, erect, unbranched, under capitulum thickly tomentose. Leaves green, rigidly papery, abaxially grayish white, sparsely arachnid, adaxially glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 5--9 cm, base thickened; leaf blade elliptic, 8--11 × 2--3 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in ca. 4--6 pairs, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Stem leaves few, mostly basally on stem, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves but sessile and lateral lobes linear. Flowering stem long scapose, leafless or with a few linear-subulate leaves. Capitulum 1. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows; outer and middle ones triangular to lanceolate, 6--10 × 2--2.5 mm, apex short acuminate and reflexed; inner ones lanceolate, 1.5--2 cm × 3--4 mm, apex long acuminate. Corolla red, ca. 1.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 4 mm. Achenes obconical, ca. 6 mm, brown, apically spinose tuberculate, spines 2- or 3-furcate. Pappus elements white, short plumose, with 1 or 2 of inner ones much longer than others, deciduous, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     * Slopes; ca. 2000 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian).

 

11. Jurinea algida Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 25(11--12): 170. 1924.

 

矮小苓菊  ai xiao ling ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, ± stemless. Rootstock erect, long, with petiole remains. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole brown, 1.5--2.5 cm, base brown and dilated; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 2.5--4 × 0.5--1 cm, pinnatipartite, subpinnatisect, sublimate-pinnatipartite, or sublimate-pinnatisect, rarely entire; lobes or segments abaxially thickly tomentose, adaxially green, soft, sparsely arachnoid and yellow glandular-punctate, margin entire, rarely toothed, apex obtuse to rounded; terminal lobe largest, ovate to elliptic; lateral ones in 2 or 3 pairs, ovate, narrowly elliptic, or broadly linear. Capitula 1 or 2 at end of a scape. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in 3 or 4 rows; outer ones lanceolate, ca. 1 cm × 2 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed; middle ones elliptic, 1--1.5 cm × 2--2.5 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 1.4 cm × 1.5 mm, straight, apex acute and not reflexed. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, brown, ca. 4 mm, apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, plumose, to 1.4 cm, unequal, with 3 of inner ones much longer than others, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Slopes; 3000--3100 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian).

 

12. Jurinea pamirica Shih, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2): 63. 1984.

 

帕米尔苓菊  pa mi er ling ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, scapose; scapes several, short. Rootstock developed, very short branched, with petiole remains. Leaves soft, abaxially grayish white, thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Basal leaves fascicled, petiolate; petiole brown, 2--3 cm, inside lanate, base dilated and sheathlike; leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 2--3 × 0.5--1 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 2--4 pairs, elliptic to obliquely triangular, apex obtuse, margin repand or obtusely minutely denticulate; terminal lobe narrowly elliptic to elliptic. Leaves on scapose stems few, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Capitula several, solitary at end of a scape; scapes short to very short. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows; outer ones broadly linear-lanceolate, ca. 6 × 1.5 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed to patent; middle ones triangular to elliptic-lanceolate, 5.5--8 × ca. 2 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed to patent; inner ones lanceolate, 1--1.3 cm × 2.5--3 mm, apex acuminate and not reflexed. Corolla purple, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 6 mm. Achenes dark-brown, ca. 4 mm, apically sparsely spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, plumose, to 1.2 cm, unequal, with 4 of inner ones much longer than others, deciduous, connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Gravely deserts; ca. 2200 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian).

 

13. Jurinea kaschgarica Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 81. 1928.

 

南疆苓菊  nan jiang ling ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, 15--18 cm tall. Rootstock developed, densely covered with petiole remains. Stems unbranched, scapiform, sparsely arachnoid and yellow glandular-punctate. Leaves abaxially grayish white, thickly tomentose rosulate, adaxially green, sparsely arachnoid. Phyllome short petiolate; petiole brown, 0.5--1 cm; leaf blade linear-elliptic, 1.5--3 × 0.3--0.5 cm, incised- to toothed-pinnatilobed, lobes triangular. Stem leaves few, similar to phyllome or linear, pinnatilobed or entire; upper and uppermost stem leaves subulate, smaller than others, entire. Flowering stems several. Capitula several, solitary. Involucre bowl shaped, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in 4 or 5 rows; outer ones lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, 2--5 × 1--2 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed to patent; middle ones lanceolate, 1--1.2 cm × 2--2.5 mm, apex acuminate; inner ones linear, ca. 1.5 cm × 3 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla red-purple, ca. 1.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 7.5 mm. Achenes obconical, ca. 5.5 mm, apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, short plumose, unequal, with 2--5 of inner ones much longer than others, deciduous, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jun.

 

     * By water, in gullies; ca. 2300 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian).

 

14. Jurinea chaetocarpa Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 2: 765. 1845--1846.

 

刺果苓菊  ci guo ling ju

 

     Jurinea chaetocarpa Ledebour var. typica Herder; Serratula chaetocarpa Ledebour.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 20--30 cm tall. Rootstock weakly developed, densely covered with petiole remains and lanate indumentum. Leaves concolorous, green to grayish green and densely arachnoid or glabrous or grayish white and densely tomentose. Basal leaves in rosulate phyllome, petiolate; petiole to 5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 5--8 × 1--2 cm, pinnatipartite; lobe margin entire or repand; lateral lobes in 4 or 5 pairs, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or obliquely triangular, central ?? margin; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward; terminal lobe longest, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate. Stem leaves few or absent, similar in form and same in division to rosulate leaves but sometime entire and linear to subulate. Flowering stems unbranched or few-branched, sparsely arachnoid and yellow-glandular-punctate. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre bowl-shaped, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in 4 or 5 rows; outer ones lanceolate, ca. 6.5 × 2.5 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed to patent; middle ones lanceolate, 1--1.1 cm × ca. 2.5 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed to patent; inner ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.4 cm × 3--4 mm, apex spiniform acuminate. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 4 mm. Achenes ellipsoid-obconical, 4--5 mm, densely spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, plumose, to 8 mm, unequal, with 2 of inner ones much longer than others, deciduous, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jun.

 

     Gravely Gobi; ca. 800 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia].

 

6. BOLOCEPHALUS Handel-Mazzetti, J. Bot. 76: 291. 1938.

 

球菊属  qiu ju shu

 

     Herbs, perennial. Capitula homogamous, solitary. Involucre spherical, densely and fluffily lanate; bracts imbricate, thin, herbaceous. Receptacle flat, densely scaly. Florets bisexual. Corolla limb 3 × as long as tube; anther laciniate, filaments free, glabrous. Style arms slender and long, basally with a ring of hairs, apex truncate to obtuse. Pappus elements in several rows, fragile, basally connate into a ring.

 

     * One species: endemic to China.

 

1. Bolocephalus saussuroides Handel-Mazzetti, J. Bot. 76: 292. 1938.

 

球菊  qiu ju

 

     Dolomiaea saussuroides (Handel-Mazzetti) Y. L. Chen & Shih.

 

     Herbs 20--30 cm tall. Stems brown to dark brown, solitary, erect, many-striate, basally and middle area sparsely arachnoid, apically thickly lanate, basally densely covered with petiole remains. Leaves abaxially grayish white, sparsely tomentose adaxially green, densely strigose. Basal leaves many, petiolate; petiole brown, 3--6 cm; leaf blade elliptic to broadly linear, 10--12 × 1--1.5 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lobes entire; lateral lobes in 2 or 3 pairs, opposite to obliquely opposite, broadly triangular to obliquely triangular; terminal lobe elliptic to narrowly elliptic. Stem leaves few, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Uppermost stem leaves entire, linear. Capitulum 1. Involucre whitish to grayish white, spherical, 5--6 cm in diam, densely and fluffily lanate; bracts in 5 or 6 rows; outer and middle ones subulate-triangular, 1.5--2.5 × 1.5--2.8 cm; inner ones subulate-lanceolate, ca. 3.5 cm × 3 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.6 cm; tube ca. 4 mm. Achenes brown, obconical, ca. 5 mm, elevately 5-ribbed, apically with rim. Pappus elements to 1.5 cm, unequal, scabrid, deciduous. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     * Alpine rocky areas; ca. 5000 m. Xizang (Nangxian).

 

7. PILOSTEMON Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 391. 1961.

 

毛蕊菊属  mao rui ju shu

 

     Herbs, perennial. Capitula campanulate at anthesis to obconical in fruit, homogamous. Receptacle flat, densely scaly. Florets numerous, bisexual. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers easily glabrescent. Style arms patent, basally with a ring of hairs. Achenes 3- or 4-ribbed. Pappus elements in several rows, persistent, not connate into a ring.

 

     Two species: C Asia; one species in China.

 

1. Pilostemon filifolia (C. Winkler) Ilji, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 393. 1961.

 

毛蕊菊  mao rui ju

 

     Jurinea filifolia C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 170. 1890; J. argetata Shih & S. Y. Jin; Saussurea filifolia Regel & Schmalhausen.

 

     Herbs to 27 cm tall. Stems erect, gray-green, virgately branched from base, densely arachnoid-lanate and yellow glandular-punctate. Leaves sessile, linear to subulate, 1--2 cm × 1--1.5 mm, abaxially grayish white, densely arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous, margin revolute, apex acute. Capitula many, corymbose at end of a branch. Involucre obconical, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows, slightly rigid, abaxially purple-red and sparsely to densely tomentose, apex cartilagineous and acuminate; outer ones lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1 mm; middle ones elliptic to oblanceolate, 0.7--1.3 cm × 1.5--2 mm; inner ones broadly linear ca. 1.4 cm × 1.5 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes narrowly obconical, ca. 4.5 mm, apically densely glandular-punctate, apically with toothed rim. Pappus elements white, plumose, to 1.2 cm, unequal. Fl. and fr. Sep.

 

     Moist places by ditches; 700--800 m. Xinjiang (Huocheng Xian) [Kazakstan].

 

8. SAUSSUREA de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 156. 1810 (nom. cons.).

 

9. COUSINIA Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat. 47: 503. 1827.

 

刺头菊属  ci tou ju shu

 

     Herbs, perennial, biennial, or annual. Leaves entire or divided. Capitula few to many, solitary, racemose, paniculate, or corymbose. Involucre ovoid, spherical, cylindrical, campanulate, or bowl-shaped; bracts imbricate, leathery, apically with spines. Receptacle flat, densely scaly. Florets bisexual. Filaments free, glabrous; anther basally appendaged and appendages pinnate lacerate. Style arms short to long, apex acute. Achenes obovoid to obconical, compressed, with 4 or 5 raised ribs or strias, glabrous, apex ± rimed. Pappus elements in 1 to several rows, scabrid, not connate into a ring.

 

     About 600 species: C and SW Asia; 11 species in China.

 

1a. Stems winged.

2a. Corolla yellow.

3a. Involucre 1.2--1.5 cm in diam.; leaves leathery to subleathery ..........................................  1. C. dissecta

3b. Involucre 0.6--0.9 cm in diam.; leaves thinly papery

.................................................  2. C. alata

2b. Corolla red to purple.

4a. Involucre 1.2--1.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts green, glabrous; leaves not lobed ......................  3. C. leiocephala

4b. Involucre 1.5--2 cm in diam., arachnoid-tomentose; bracts grayish white, tomentose; leaves pinnatilobed

............................................  4. C. platylepis

1b. Stems unwinged.

5a. Corolla white or yellow.

6a. Involucre spherical to ovoid, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; corolla white ...........................................  5. C. affinis

6b. Involucre narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical, 0.6--0.8 cm in diam.; corolla yellow ........................  6. C. polycephala

5b. Corolla red to purple.

7a. Leaves entire, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite.

8a. Leaves entire, stems branched; capitula several .........

...........................................  7. C. lasiophylla

8b. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; stems unbranched; capitulum 1 .....................................  8. C. sclerolepis

7b. Leaves pinnatisect.

9a. Leaf segments not needle-shaped; involucre 1.5--2 cm in diam. ........................................  9. C. caespitosa

9b. Leaf segments needle-shaped; involucre 3--5 cm in diam.

10a. Basal leaf apical spine 5--10 mm ......  10. C. falconeri

10b. Basal leaf apical spine ca. 4 mm ......  11. C. thomsonii

 

 

1. Cousinia dissecta Karelin & Kirilow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 391. 1842.

 

深裂刺头菊  shen lie ci tou ju

 

     Arctium dissectum (Karelin & Kirilow) O. Kuntze.

 

     Herbs, biennial, 25--35 cm tall. Stems erect, densely arachnoid, margin spinosely toothed and winged, apically branched; wings 2--4(--10) mm wide. Leaves leathery to subleathery, abaxially grayish white, densely arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially gray-green, densely arachnoid. Basal and lower stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade bipinnatisect. Middle stem leaves sessile, bipinnatiset or pinnatisect. Uppermost stem leaves narrowly lanceolate, few × divided. Capitula broadly ovoid. Involucre 1.2--1.5 cm in diam.; outer and middle bracts falciform-recurved above middle, apex attenuate and tipped with a spine and spines to 3 mm; inner ones narrowly lanceolate, apex long acuminate, margin ciliate. Corolla yellow. Achenes 4-ribbed, ribs apically prolonged into teeth. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

     * NW Xinjiang.

 

     No material was seen of this species and above descriptions taken from original publication and from Fl. URSS 27:160. 1962.

 

2. Cousinia alata Schrenk in Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 40. 1841.

 

翼茎刺头菊  yi jing ci tou ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, 50--90 cm tall. Stems erect, corymbose to paniculate branched, glabrous, winged; wings spinosely toothed. Leaves thinly papery, sparsely arachnoid. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to elliptic, ca. 12 × 4 cm, bipinnatipartite; ultimate lobe triangular to narrowly ovate, margin entire and unarmed, apically with 1--1.5 mm spines. Middle stem leaves conformed and same in division or pinnatipartite. Upper stem leaves decreasing in size upward, pinnatilobed or pinnately toothed. Capitula many, corymbose to paniculate. Involucre ovoid, 6--9 mm in diam., sparsely arachnoid; bracts in ca. 9 rows; outer and middle ones lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 4--7 × ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a spine and spines 1.5--3 mm, slightly vaulted-retrocurved to patent; inner ones lanceolate-elliptic, 8--10 × 1--1.5 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a ca. 3 mm spine. Corolla yellow, ca. 8 mm. Achenes immature. Pappus elements short. Fl. Jul.

 

     Slopes, sandy places; ca. 500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

3. Cousinia leiocephala (Regel) Jusepczuk, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 3: 314. 1936.

 

光苞刺头菊  guan bao ci tou ju

 

     Cousinia sewertzowii Regel var. leiocephala Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 6: 314. 1880.

 

     Herbs, biennial, 30--60 cm tall. Stems grayish white, solitary, erect, densely arachnoid, winged, apically or sometimes basally branched; wings 4--6 mm wide, spinosely toothed; teeth apically with 0.5--1.5 mm spines. Leaves green to gray-green, concolorous, thinly papery, sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves sessile, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, 2.5--3.5 × 0.7--1.5 cm, margin spinosely crenulate; teeth with apical spines. Capitula 9--12 at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, 1.2--1.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 12 rows; outer and middle ones triangular-subulate to linear-subulate, 5--10 × ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate and spinose; spine 0.5--2 cm, vaulted-retrocurved; inner ones linear, ca. 1.2 cm × 1 mm, abaxially strigose, margin short ciliate, apex dilated and scarious. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.2 cm; tube slender, 4--4.5 mm. Achenes obovoid, 3 mm, pale gray-brown, dark-brown-variagated, many striate. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     Slopes; ca. 1800 m. Xinjiang [Uzbekistan].

 

4. Cousinia platylepis Schrenk ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 9: 10. 1813.

 

宽苞刺头菊  kuan bao ci tou ju

 

     Arctium platylepis (Schrenk ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Kuntze.

 

     Herbs, biennial, 30--80 cm tall. Stems grayish white, erect, arachnoid-tomentose, winged; wings 3--4 mm wide, spinosely toothed. Leaves grayish white, concolorous, densely arachnoid-tomentose. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, pinnatilobed. Upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, 2--2.5 × 1--1.5 cm, margin spinose to spinosely toothed; teeth apically with 0.5--3 mm spines. Under capitulum leaves elliptic to ovate, ca. 10 × 4--5 mm, margin entire. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; arachnoid-tomentose; bracts in ca. 7 rows; outer and middle ones triangular, elliptic, or triangular-lanceolate, 3--10 × 1--3 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a ca. 2 mm spine; inner ones elliptic, ca. 1.1 cm × 3 mm, apex rigid, scarious, dilated, mucronulate; innermost ones broadly linear, ca. 1.4 cm × 2 mm, apex obtuse to rounded. Corolla red, ca. 1.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 5 mm. Achenes yellowish, ellipsoid, ca. 1.8 mm, apex rounded, many-striate. Fl. and fr. May.

 

     Slopes; 1200--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbejstan].

 

5. Cousinia affinis Schrenk in Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Enum Pl. Nov. 1: 41. 1841.

 

刺头菊  ci tou ju

 

     Arctium affine O. Kuntze; Cousinia wolgensis C. A. Meyer var. affinis Regel.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 15--40 cm tall. Root stock thick, densely covered with petiole residue and cottony hairs. Stems grayish white, erect, unbranched or apically branched, thickly tomentose to glabrescent or glabrous. Leaves abaxially grayish white, thickly tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole brown, winged; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 8--12 × 2--4 cm, margin toothed or lobed; teeth or lobes ovate, broadly ovate, or semiorbicular, margin with 0.5--1 mm spinules; apically with 2.5--5 mm spines. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, similar in shape to basal ones or ovate to narrowly ovate and decreasing in size upward, base auriculate, semiamplexicaul. Upper and uppermost stem leaves ovate, smaller than others. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre spherical to ovoid, 1.5--2 cm in diam, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid; bracts in ca. 9 rows; outer and middle ones subulate, ovate, or ovate-elliptic, 0.8--1.2 cm × 2--3 mm, margin ciliate, apex suddenly constricted and tipped with a spine and spines 4--5 mm, vaulted-retrocurved; inner ones elliptic to broadly linear, ca. 1.5 cm × 2--2.5 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a short spine; innermost oblanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm × 2 mm, abaxially strigose, margin short ciliate, apex with a short spine. Corolla white, ca. 2.3 cm; tube slender, ca. 5 mm. Achenes narrowly obovoid, ca. 4 mm, 4-ribbed, ribs apically prolonged into processes. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     Deserts, dunes; 400--800 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia].

 

6. Cousinia polycephala Ruprecht, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 14(4): 54. 1869.

 

多花刺头菊  duo huan ci tou ju

 

     Arctium polycephalum Ruprecht O. Kuntze.

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 1 m tall. Stems erect, branched from middle or apically, arachnoid. Leaves leathery, abaxially grayish white, sparsely to thickly tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, 15--50 × 5--11 cm, pinnatisect; lateral segments triangular, margin spinosely toothed. Lower stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves but smaller. Capitula many, corymbose. Involucre oblong to cylindrical, 6--8 mm in diam., arachnoid; bracts in 3 or 4 rows; outer ones 4--5 mm, apex acuminate and with a short spines; middle ones narrowly ovate to narrowly lanceolate, ca. 3 × as long as outer, apex acuminate and with a long spines; inner ones linear. Corolla yellow. Achenes obconical, 4--5 mm, 3- or 4-ribbed, ribs apically prolonged into process. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Xinjiang.

 

     No material from China was seen, and the description is based on the account of Fl. URSS 27: 206. 1962.

 

7. Cousinia lasiophylla Shih, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2): 59. 1984.

 

丝毛刺头菊  si mao ci tou ju

 

     Herbs, biennial, ca. 40 cm tall. Stems erect, long branched; branches purple-red, striate, sparsely tomentose to glabrescent. Leaves abaxially gray-green, sparsely arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely arachnoid. Middle stem leaves sessile, oblong-elliptic, 9.5--14.5 cm, margin spinose with 0.5--1.5 mm spines or spinosely toothed and teeth with 2.5--5 mm coiled spines, apex acuminate; apical spines rigid. Upper stem leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, 4.5--6 × 3.5--4 cm, margin spinose to spinosely toothed; teeth margin and apically spinose; uppermost ones oblanceolate, ca. 4 × 1 cm, margin entire and without spines. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre broadly campanulate, 4.5--5 cm, fluffily arachnoid; bracts in ca. 7 rows; outer and middle ones triangular-lanceolate, 2.6--3.2 × 0.5--0.6 cm, leathery, abaxially with 1-ridged, apically with a triangular and rigid 3--5 mm spine; inner and innermost ones elliptic-lanceolate, linear, or narrowly linear, 2.5--2.8 cm × 1--3 mm, rigid, scarious, apex acuminate to acute. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes brown-variagated, obovoid, ca. 5 mm, apex rounded. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     * Grassland; ca. 3000 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian).

 

8. Cousinia sclerolepis Shih, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2): 60. 1984.

 

硬苞刺头菊  ying bao ci tou ju

 

     Herbs, biennial, ca. 30 cm tall. Stems purple-red, fascicled, erect, unbranched, densely arachnoid-floccose. Leaves gray-green, concolorous to subconcolorous, papery, sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 6 cm; leaf blade elliptic, ca. 12 × 6 cm, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 5 or 6 pairs, broadly ovate, margin unequally 3--7 spinosely toothed, teeth with apical spines to 1 cm and margin with 3--6 mm spines. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, decreasing in size upward. Capitulum 1. Involucre broadly campanulate, fluffily arachnoid, 4--4.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 6 or 7 rows; outer and middle ones rigid, leathery, subulate-elliptic to subulate-lanceolate, 1.8--3.3 cm × 3--3.5 mm, abaxially 1-ridged, apex acuminate and with a rigid triquetrous spine; inner and innermost ones oblanceolate to broadly linear, ca. 2.3 cm × 2--3 mm, rigid, scarious, apex yellowish and slightly dilated. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes obliquely obovoid, ca. 5 mm, pale dark, striate, apex rounded. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     * Slopes; ca. 3200 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian).

 

9. Cousinia caespitosa C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 93. 1887.

 

丛生刺头菊  cong sheng ci tou ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, 8--14 cm tall. Rootstock well developed. Stems many, fascicled, unbranched, arachnoid. Leaves grayish white, concolorous to almost so, sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1--2 cm, winged; leaf blade elliptic, 1--2 × 0.8--1.3 cm, pinnatisect; segments opposite to obliquely opposite, 4--6 pairs, triangular to triangular-lanceolate, at right angle from rachis, margin revolute, apically with 1--2 mm spines. Stem leaves few, sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves but smaller. Capitulum 1. Involucre bowl shaped, 1.5--2 cm in diam., sparsely arachnoid; bracts in ca. 5 rows, abaxially purple-red; outer and middle ones triangular, 5--12 × 1.5--2 mm, apex acuminate and with a 1.5--2 mm spine; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 1.5 cm × 1 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes brown, ca. 5.5 mm, striate, striae apically prolonged into teeth. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     Slopes; 3200 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian) [Kazakstan].

 

10. Cousinia falconeri J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 360. 1881.

 

穗花刺头菊  sui hua ci tou ju

 

     Herbs, biennial, 30--100 cm tall. Stems grayish white, erect, apically branched, tomentose. Leaves leathery, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green to yellow-green, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 3 cm; leaf blade ca. 10 × 5 cm, pinnatisect to nearly so; segments needle-shaped and at right angle from rachis, margin revolute, entire, midrib abaxially elevated and thick, apically prolonged into a yellow and rigid 5--10 mm spine. Lower and middle stem leaves similar to basal leaves but sessile. Upper stem and under capitulum leaves sessile, similar in form to others or lanceolate, smaller and same in division to basal leaves, base semiamplexicaul. Capitula 4 or 5, spiciform, along stem or branches. Involucre spherical to almost so, 3--5 cm in diam., densely and fluffily arachnoid; bracts in ca. 9 rows, rigid, leathery; outer and middle ones lanceolate, 1.9--2.2 cm × ca. 0.4 mm, apex acuminate and with a straight 2--4 mm spine; inner ones narrowly lanceolate, 1.8--2 cm × ca. 2.5 mm, apex acuminate and with a ca. 2.5 mm spine. Corolla purple-red. Achenes immature. Fl. Jun.

 

     Slopes, gravely places in flooded lands; 4100--4400 m. SW Xizang [India].

 

11. Cousinia thomsonii C. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 213. 1876.

 

毛苞刺头菊  mao bao ci tou ju

 

     Herbs, biennial, 30--80 cm tall. Rootstock covered with petiole remains. Stems grayish white, erect, apically branched, thickly arachnoid-tomentose. Leaves leathery, abaxially grayish white, thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole brown, winged; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 12--13 × 3--3.5 cm, pinnatisect; lateral segments in 6--11 pairs, subulate-triangular, needle-shaped, at a right angle from rachis, margin revolute, entire; midrib abaxially elevated and thick, apically prolonged into a rigid ca. 4 mm spine. Middle stem leaves sessile, similar in form to basal and lower ones or lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate and same in division, base semiamplexicaul. Capitula many at end of a branch. Involucre subspherical, 3--4 cm in diam, densely and fluffily arachnoid; bracts in ca. 9 rows, rigid, leathery, abaxially almost entirely purple-red; outer ones triangular, 1.8--2.3 × 0.4--0.5 cm, apex acuminate and with a rigid 3--4 mm spine; middle and inner ones lanceolate, ca. 2.3 cm × 2.5--3.5 mm, apex acuminate and with a 1.5--2.5 mm spine. Corolla purple to pink, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes obovoid, ca. 5 mm, brown, 1-ribbed on each side, apex rounded. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     Grassland, gravely places in flooded lands; 3700--4300 m. S Xizang [India].

 

10. SCHMALHAUSENIA C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 281. 1892.

 

虎头蓟属  hu tou ji shu

 

     Herbs, perennial. Leaves bipinnatisect. Capitula homogamous, many, clustered at end of stem. Involucre campanulate, densely and fluffily pubescent; bracts imbricate, apex acuminate and long spinose. Receptacle flat, densely hairy. Florets bisexual. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers basally short appendaged. Achenes 5- or 6-ribbed, ribs prolonged into 5 or 6 small teeth. Pappus elements in several rows, plumose, deciduous, not connate into a ring.

 

     One species: China, Kazakstan.

 

1. Scahmalhausenia nidulans (Regel) Petrak, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 20: 117. 1914.

 

虎头蓟  hu tou ji

 

     Cirsium nidulans Regell, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(2):160. 1867; Arctium eriophorum O. Kuntze; Carduus horridus Fedtschendo; Cousinia eriophora Regel & Schmalhausen; Schmalhausenia oriophora C. Winkler.

 

     Herbs ca. 25 cm tall. Stems erect, stout, unbranched, leafy, densely and fluffily arachnoid-tomentose, base covered with petiole remains. Leaves grayish white to gray-green, concolorous, densely and fluffily brown to dirty white villous. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic-oblanceolate, 35--40 × 10--14 cm, bipinnatisect; ultimate segment lanceolate, apex acuminate into a long spine. Stem leaves sessile, similar in form or narrowly elliptic but smaller and same in division to basal leaves. Capitula 5--10. Involucre 2.2--4 cm in diam.; bracts in 3 or 4 rows, narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate and with a long subuliform spine; outer and middle ones abaxially brown villous. Corolla purple. Achenes pale dark, obovoid, ca. 5 mm, wrinkled, ribs prolonged into small 5 or 6 teeth. Pappus elements brown, plumose, to 1.3 cm, unequal. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     Meadows; ca. 3600 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

11. ARCTIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 816. 1753.

 

牛蒡属  niu pang shu

 

     Bardama hill; Lappa Adanson.

 

     Herbs, biennial or perennial. Leaves simple, margin entire to sparsely toothed. Receptacle flat, densely scaly. Florets bisexual. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers basally appendaged and appendage sagittate. Style arms linear, basally with a ring of hairs. Achenes compressed, obovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, apex truncate, striate or ribbed. Pappus elements in many rows, scabrid, free from base.

 

     About ten species: in north temperate zone; two species in China.

 

1a. Inner bracts apex tipped with a hook; involucre glabrous  1. A. lappa

1b. Inner bracts apex not tipped with a hook; involucre fluffily arachnoid ...............................  2. A. tomentosa

 

1. Arctium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 816. 1753.

 

牛蒡  niu pang

 

     Arctium lappa Linnaeus subsp. majus Aréne; A. leiospermum Juzepczuk; A. majus Bernhardi; Lappa major Gaertner; L. vulgaris Hill.

 

     Herbs, perennial, to 2 m tall. Stems purplish, erect, stout, apically branched, sparsely arachnoid; branches ascending. Leaves abaxially grayish white to pale green, thinly to sparsely tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely strigose and yellow glandular-punctate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 32 cm; leaf blade broadly cordate, ca. 30 × 21 cm, margin entire, repand to dentiform-mucronulate. Stem leaves similar in form to basal leaves or ovate. Leaves under inflorescences or capitula ovate to shallowly cordate, smaller than others. Peduncle stout. Capitula few to many, corymbose to paniculate-corymbose. Involucre ovoid, glabrous, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts apex tipped with a hook; outer ones triangular to lanceolate-subulate, ca. 1.5 cm × 1 mm, middle and inner ones lanceolate to linear-subulate, ca. 1.5 cm × 1.5--3 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes narrowly obovoid to obliquely so, 5--7 mm, pale brown, many-striate, variagated or not. Pappus elements to 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

    Near villages, roadsides, near rivers, wet and waste places, forest margins, thickets, valleys, slopes; 700--3500 m, through China [Asia; Europe].

 

     Cultivated throughout China. The achenes and roots are used medicinally.

 

2. Arctium tomentosum Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 3. 1768.

 

毛头牛蒡  mao tou niu pang

 

     Lappa tomentosum Lamarck.

 

     Herbs, biennial, to 2 m tall. Stems erect, main branch sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade cordate, 25--50 × 10--30 cm, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous, margin sparsely spiniform mucronulate, apex acute to obtuse and mucronulate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal leaves. Uppermost stem leaves sessile, ovate to ovate-elliptic. Capitula few to many, corymbose to paniculate-corymbose. Involucre ovoid, 1.5--2 cm in diam., fluffily arachnoid; outer bracts subulate, triangular-subulate, or lanceolate, ca. 6 × 1 mm, apex tipped with a hook; middle ones linear-subulate, 1--1.4 cm × ca. 2 mm, apex tipped with a hook; inner ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate. Corolla purple-red, 0.9--1.2 cm; tube slender, 4.5--6 mm. Achenes pale brown, narrowly obovoid, ca. 5.6 mm, many-striate, dark brown variagated. Pappus elements pale brown, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     Grassland; 1200--2100 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

12. XANTHOPAPPUS C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 10. 1894.

 

黄缨菊属  huang ying ju shu

 

     Herbs, perennial, stemless. Leaves rosulate, pinnatipartite. Capitula homogamous, large, clustered in phylum. Receptacle flat, densely hairy. Florets bisexual. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers basally appendaged and appendage sagittate. Style arms short, apex truncate. Achenes obliquely obovoid, apically with entire rim. Pappus elements in many rows, basally connate into a ring.

 

     * One species: endemic to China.

 

1. Xanthopappus subacaulis C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 11. 1894.

 

黄缨菊  huang ting ju

 

     Carduus euosmus Forrest & W. W. Smith; Xanthopappus multicephalus Ling.

 

     Rootstock very short, with dense remains of fibrous-lacerate petioles. Leaves basal, rosulate, petiolate; petiole brown, to 10 cm; leaf blade rigid, elliptic to linear-elliptic, 20--30 × 5--8 cm, midrib abaxially elevated; lobes abaxially grayish white, thick arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous; central lobe largest, narrowly elliptic to ovate-triangular, margin and apically spinose; lateral lobes in 8--11 pairs; dorsum and epitropic lobes similar to central one, decreasing in size upward. Capitula to 20. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 6 cm in diam.; bracts in 8 or 9 rows, abaxially scabridulous; outer ones lanceolate, 2--2.5 cm × 3--4 mm, rigid, leathery, apex acuminate and with a spine; middle ones lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 3--3.5 cm × 4--5 mm, rigid, leathery; inner ones linear to broadly linear, 3.5--4 cm × 3--4 mm, rigid, scarious. Corolla yellow, ca. 3.5 cm. Achenes obliquely obovoid, ca. 7 mm, inconspicously striate. Pappus elements yellowish, scabrid, 2.5--3.5 cm, deciduous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     * Meadows, steppes, dry slopes; 2400--4000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

13. OLGAEA Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 3: 141. 1922.

 

胃菊属  wei ju shu

 

Takaikazuchia Kitagawa & Kitamura.

 

     Herbs, perennial. Leaves herbaceous or leathery. Capitula homogamous, few to many, a glome or at end of stem or of a branch. Involucre campanulate, semiglobose, or ovoid; bracts rigid, leathery, straight or apically recurved to patent. Receptacle densely hairy. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple to blue. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers basally appendaged and appendage caudate. Style arms slender, apex obtuse to rounded, connivent in most part. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid to obovoid, many-ribbed, apically repand to crenate; rim teeth acute. Pappus elements in many rows, scabrid, deciduous, basally connate into a ring.

 

     About 12 species: mostly in C Asia; six species in China.

 

1a. Stem winged.

2a. Basal leaves lateral lobes elliptic, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, soft in texture, herbaceous or papery; bracts slightly grayish white, sparsely arachnoid .............  1. O. lomonosowii

2b. Basal leaves lateral lobes broadly triangular;; bracts green, glabrous or subglabrous.

3a. Leaves narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, to 5 cm wide; stem wing thickly papery; bracts 2--3 mm wide  2. O. leucophylla

3b. Leaves linear to linear-elliptic, to 3 cm wide; stem wing leathery; bracts 1--1.5 mm wide ................................... .........................................................

.............................................  3. O. tangutica

1b. Stems unwinged.

4a. Capitula several at end of a branch .....  4. O. pectinata

4b. Capitula a glome at end of stem.

5a. Plant usually with undeveloped axillary capitulum under apical glome .................................  5. O. roborowskyi

5b. Plant without undeveloped axillary capitulum under apical glome ...........................................  6. O. lanipes

 

1. Olgaea lomonosowii (Trautvetter) Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 3: 144. 1922.

 

胃菊  wei ju

 

     Carduus lomonosowii Trautvetter, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 1: 183. 1871--1872; C. hsiaowutaishanensis Chen; C. sinensis S. Moore; Olgaea hsiaowutaishanensis (Chen) Ling; O. sinensis (S. Moore) Iljin; Serratula diabolica Kitamura; Synurus diabolica (Kitamua) Kitamura; Takaikazuchia lomonosowii (Trautvetter) Kitagawa & Kitamura.

 

     Herbs 15--60 cm tall. Stems grayish white, solitary, erect, usually branched from base or basally, rarely unbranched, densely and thickly tomentose but glabrescent, base densely covered with petiole remains, winged; wings 1--2 mm wide, margin spinose. Leaves thin, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole brown; leaf blade elliptic, 8--20 × 4--7 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite; lobes margin and apically beset with 0.5--2 mm spines; lateral lobes in ca. 4--7 pairs, elliptic, ovate, narrowly ovate, or ovate-lanceolate; terminal lobe ovate, narrowly ovate, or lanceolate. Lower stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Upper stem and under capitulum leaves sessile, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or narrowly triangular, decreasing in size upward and less divided to entire. Capitula few to many at end of a branch, rarely solitary. Involucre large, campanulate to hemispherical, sparsely arachnoid, 5--7 cm in diam.; bracts apex acuminate and long spiniform; outer and middle rows linear-triangular, 0.8--2.4 cm × 1--2 mm; inner ones similar to others, ca. 3.5 cm × 2 mm. Corolla purple, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes cuneate-obovoid, ca. 6 mm, with apical repand rim. Pappus elements brown, gracile, to 2 cm, unequal. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     Valleys, slopes, sandy areas, river beds; 800--2300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia].

 

2. Olgaea leucophylla (Turczaninow) Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 3: 145. 1922.

 

火媒草  huo mei cao

 

     Carduus leucophyllus Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 94. 1832; Olgaea leucophylla (Turczaninow) Iljin var. aggregata Ling; O. leucophylla var. albiflora Y. B. Chang; O. leucophylla var. jucunda Iljin.

 

     Herbs 15--80 cm tall. Stems grayish white, erect, stout, densely arachnoid-tomentose, branched from base or unbranched, winged; wing margin spinose. Leaves grayish white, concolorous, arachnoid-tomentose. Basal leaves short petiolate; petiole thick, densely and thickly tomentose; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 12--20 × 3--5 cm, slightly pinnatilobed or triangularly spinosely toothed; lobes, teeth margin, and apically spinose; spines brown to yellowish, 5--6 mm, sometimes to 1 cm; lateral lobes in 7--10 pairs, broadly triangular, obliquely triangular, or semiorbicular. Middle stem leaves similar in form or elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate and same in division to basal leaves or entire. Upper stem and under capitulum leaves elliptic, lanceolate, or narrowly triangular, smaller than other leaves. Capitula few to many at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, 3--4 cm in diam., glabrous or nearly so; bracts apex acuminate and with a spine; outer ones triangular, 1--1.5 cm × 2.5--3 mm, recurved; middle ones lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1.8--2.5 cm × ca. 3 mm; inner ones liner-elliptic to broadly linear, 3.2--3.6 cm × 2--2.5 mm. Corolla purple or white, ca. 3.3 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm, yellowish, brown-variagated, 10-ribbed. Pappus elements pale brown, to 2.5 cm, unequal. Fl. and fr. May--Oct.

 

     Grassland, farmlands, by ditches; 750--1730 m. Gansu, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Nei Mongol [Mongolia].

 

3. Olgaea tangutica Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 3: 144. 1922.

 

刺疙瘩  ci ge da

 

     Olgaea echinantha Ling.

 

     Herbs 20--100 cm tall. Stems solitary, erect or 2- or 3-fascicled, usually long branched, sparsely arachnoid, base densely covered with lacerate petiole remains, winged; wing leathery, ca. 1 mm wide, spinosely toothed; teeth margin with short spines, apex with a long one. Leaves leathery, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole brown, fibrous, base thickened; leaf blade linear to linear-elliptic, ca. 33 × 3 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite, lower ones sometimes inconspicously pinnate; lateral lobes in about 10 pairs, triangular, margin with few spines and unequally 2 or 3 toothed; teeth margin with 2 or 3 spines, apically with brown to yellowish 3--4 mm spines. Stem leaves similar in form and same in division to basal leaves or entire. Uppermost and under capitulum leaves narrowly triangular, smaller than other leaves, margin spinosely toothed. Capitula several, lax, inconspicously corymbose. Involucre campanulate, glabrous, 3--4 cm in diam.; outer bracts triangular, 5--10 × 1--1.5 mm, apically recurved to patent, apex acuminate and spiniform; middle ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate 1--1.7 cm × 1--1.5 mm, apically recurved to patent, apex acuminate and spiniform; inner ones linear, ca. 2.3 cm × 1 mm, apex acuminate and long spiniform. Corolla purple to blue-purple, ca. 2.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.7 cm. Achenes long cuneate-ellipsoid, 6 mm, pale yellowish, brownish variagated. Pappus elements brown to pale brick, to 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     * Slopes, thickets in valleys, farmlands, flooded land, wasteland; 1200--2000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi.

 

4. Olgaea pectinata Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 23: 146. 1924.

 

新疆菊  xing jiang wei ju

 

     Herbs 30--70 cm tall. Stems grayish white, solitary, erect, apically branched, densely lanate. Leaves rigid, leathery, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole spinose or unarmed; leaf blade elliptic, 10--15 × 3--3.5 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in many pairs, ovate-triangular, margin 3--5 spinosely toothed; teeth margin basally with ca. 1.5 mm spines, apically with 3--3.5 mm spines. Middle and upper stem leaves short petiolate or sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves but smaller. Under capitulum leaves sessile, elliptic to lanceolate, smaller than others, margin pectinately spinose. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 5 cm in diam., sparsely arachnoid; bracts spines 2--5 mm; outer ones elliptic to lanceolate, herbaceous, leathery, 2--2.5 × 0.5--1 cm, margin spinose to spinosely toothed; teeth with apical spines; middle ones subulate-lanceolate to subulate-elliptic, 2--3 cm × 3--3.5 mm, apex subulate-acuminate; inner ones linear-lanceolate, 2--3 cm × ca. 2 mm, apex long acuminate. Corolla pale purple, ca. 2.6 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes immature, ca. 6 mm. Pappus elements yellowish to dirty white, to 2.5 cm, unequal. Fl. Jul.

 

     Slopes; 200--300 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian) [Kazakstan].

 

5. Olgaea roborowskyi Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 3: 142. 1922.

 

假九眼菊  jia jiu yan ju

 

     Herbs 20--25 cm tall. Stems grayish white, erect, unbranched, lanate. Leaves rigid, leathery, abaxially grayish white, thickly lanate, adaxially green to greenish, glabrous, shiny. Middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic, 10--20 × 2.5--4 cm, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 7--10 pairs, broadly ovate to broadly triangular, margin 3--5 spinosely toothed; teeth with apical spines 3--10 mm. Upper stem and under capitulum leaves similar to middle stem leaves but margin unequally triangular and spinosely toothed; teeth pectinately spinose or apically with spines. Capitula 3--8-glomerate at end of stem and usually with undeveloped axillary capitula under apical glome. Involucre ovoid to campanulate, 2.5--3.5 cm in diam.; outer bracts lanceolate-subulate, ca. 2 cm × 3 mm, apex acuminate and with a rigidly subulate ca. 1.1 cm spine; middle ones elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or linear-subulate, 2.5--3 cm × 2--3 mm, apex acuminate into subulate-spines 1.2--1.5 cm; inner ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2.5--3 cm × 1--3 mm, apex acuminate and with a soft spine. Corolla purple, ca. 2.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.4 cm. Achenes long cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm, gray, dark-variagated. Pappus elements brownish, to 2 cm, unequal. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     * Slopes; 2700--2800 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian).

 

6. Olgaea lanipes (C. Winkler) Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 3: 143. 1922.

 

九眼菊  jiu yan ju

 

     Carduus lanipes C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 9: 519. 1886.

 

     Herbs ca. 40 cm tall. Stems solitary, erect, unbranched, densely lanate. Leaves rigid, leathery, abaxially grayish white, densely arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous, shiny. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 5 cm, margin spinose; leaf blade linear-elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, 10--20 × 3.5--5.5 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 9--11 pairs, semiorbicular to broadly triangular, margin 3--5 and spinosely toothed, teeth with apical yellowish spines 4--6 mm and margin spines 1 mm to less than 1 mm. Middle and upper stem leaves short petiolate or sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Capitula 5--9-glomerate at end of stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 4.5 cm in diam., densely and fluffily lanate; outer and middle bracts lanceolate-subulate, ca. 2 cm × 3.5 mm, apex acuminate and with a spine; inner ones linear to broadly linear, 2.5--3 cm × ca. 1.5 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes obconical, 6--7 mm. Pappus elements yellowish, to 2.5 cm, unequal, serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

    River valleys, gravely places along rivers; ca. 1000 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan].

 

14. ALFREDIA Cassini, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 175. 1815.

 

翅膜菊属  ci mo ju shu

 

     Herbs, perennial. Capitula homogamous, large. Involucre campanulate; bracts numerous, abaxially with dark long agglutinate hairs. Receptacle flat, densely hairy. Florets bisexual. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers basally appendaged and appendages slightly lacerate and caudate. Style arms very short, apex rounded. Achenes compressed, narrowly obovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, brown to yellowish with or without dark-brown-eyes, inconspicously many ribbed or striate, with distinct to inconspicuous apical rims. Pappus elements in many rows, scabrid, unequal, deciduous, basally connate into a ring.

 

     Five species: C Asia; all five in China.

 

1a. Outer and middle bracts margin above middle with rounded to retuse appendages.

2a. Leaves herbaceous, ovate to cordate, entire  4. A. cernua

2b. Leaves leathery, elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, pinnatipartite ...........................  5. A. fetsowii

1b. Outer and middle bracts margin below middle with fimbriate-lacerate appendages.

3a. Leaves leathery, adaxially glabrous .........  1. A. nivea

3b. Leaves papery, adaxially strigose.

4a. Basal and middle stem leaves pinnatipartite, terminal lobe narrowly ovate, base cuneate ...............  2. A. aspera

4b. Basal and middle stem leaves lyrate-pinnatipartite, terminal lobe ovate, base truncate to cordate .........................

.........................................  3. A. acantholespis

 

1. Alfredia nivea Karelin & Kirilow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 395. 1842.

 

厚叶翅膜菊  hou ye ci mo ju

 

     Alfredia suaveolens Ruprecht; Arctium niveum Kuntze; Carduus karelini B. Fedtschenko.

 

     Herbs 35--60 cm tall. Stems red-purple, erect, stout, many-ribbed, unbranched or apically branched once, sparsely arachnoid-tomentose. Leaves leathery, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole winged; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 15--30 × 4--7 cm, pinnatilobed or subpinnatifid; lateral lobes in 6--8 pairs, elliptic to semiorbicular, margin few-toothed; teeth margin sparsely beset with slender spines and apically with straw-colored needle-shaped spines; terminal lobe triangular, margin beset with slender spines and apically with straw-colored needle-shaped spines. Middle leaves sessile or with a short winged petiole, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves. Uppermost stem and under capitulum leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, to 8 × 1 cm, margin sparsely spinosely toothed. Capitula 1 or 2 at end of a branch, nodding. Involucre 5--6 cm in diam.; bracts or outer ones abaxially with dense dark long agglutinate hairs; outer ones needle-shaped, yellowish brown to yellowish green, ca. 3 cm, margin basally with scarious and lacerate appendages; middle ones narrowly triangular-lanceolate, needle-shaped, 2.5--3 cm, margin at base or basally appendaged and appendages scarious, fimbriate-lacerate; innermost linear to linear-lanceolate, to 3 cm, rigid, scarious, entire, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow, ca. 2.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, pale yellow-white, ca. 6 mm, brown-variagated, inconspicously many-striate. Pappus elements fragile, to 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     Grassland; 1500--2400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

2. Alfredia aspera Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 454. 1984.

 

糙毛刺膜菊  cao mao ci mo ju

 

     Herbs ca. 72 cm tall. Stems purple-red, solitary, erect, ribbed, apically 1-branched, sparsely floccose. Leaves herbaceous, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly tomentose, adaxially green, asperous, strigose, margin with yellowish 1--4 mm cilium-shaped spines. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 7--15 cm, winged; leaf blade elliptic, 18--24 × 8--10 cm, pinnatipartite; central lobe largest; lateral lobes in 5 or 6 pairs, elliptic, obliquely obovate, obliquely triangular, or obliquely ovate-triangular; dorsum and epitropic lobes smaller than others. Middle stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves. Upper stem leaves entire, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, base semiamplexicaul. Capitula 2 at end of a branch, crooked. Involucre ca. 5 cm in diam. Involucre basally, below middle, or for most part with dark long agglutinate hairs; outer ones ovate-lanceolate, needle-shaped, ca. 1.5 × 0.8 cm, margin at base with a scarious and lacerate appendage; middle ones lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or needle-shaped, 1.5--1.8 × 0.5--0.7 cm, margin below middle or apically with fimbriate-lacerate scarious appendages; inner ones lanceolate, ca. 2.5 × 0.5 cm, rigid, scarious, apically with short spines, near apex with small scarious and lacerate appendage. Corolla yellow, ca. 2.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes immature. Pappus elements brown, to 1.8 cm, serrulate. Fl. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Open places in forests; 1700--3100 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan).

 

3. Alfredia acantholespis Karelin & Kirilow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 394. 1842.

 

薄叶翅膜菊  bo ye ci mo ju

 

     Alfredia karelini Ledebour; A. tsianschanica Ruprecht; Carduus tsianschanicum B. Fedtschenko.

 

    Herbs ca. 0.4--1.2 m tall. Stems purple-red, solitary, erect, stout, ribbed, usually unbranched, rarely 1-branched, sparsely adpressedly hairy; hairs white, long, scarious. Leaves herbaceous, abaxially grayish white, thickly tomentose, adaxially green, asperous, strigose, margin densely beset with cilium-shaped spines. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 8--10 cm, winged; leaf blade lyrate-pinnatipartite, 15--30 × 5--8 cm; lateral lobes in 2 or 3 pairs, elliptic to ovate, small; terminal lobe ovate, 11--13 × 5--8 cm, base cordate to truncate. Middle stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves. Upper stem leaves narrowly ovate, small, base semiamplexicaul. Capitula 1 or 2 at end of a branch. Involucre broadly campanulate, 4--6 cm in diam.; bracts abaxially with dark long agglutinate hairs; outer and middle ones lanceolate, needle-shaped, 1.2--2.4 × 0.3--0.5 cm, margin with scarious and fimbriate-lacerate appendages; inner ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 cm × 3 mm, rigid, scarious, margin with or without small fimbriate-lacerate scarious appendages. Corolla yellow, ca. 2.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes compressed, cream-colored, obliquely narrowly obovoid, ca. 7 mm, brown-variagated, inconspicously many-striate. Pappus elements fragile, to 2 cm, serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     Meadows, steppes, open forest, or moist places; 1600--3200 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

4. Alfredia cernua (Linnaeus) Cassini, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 175. 1815.

 

翅膜菊  ci mo ju

 

     Cnicus cernus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 826. 1753; Alfredia squarosa Tausch; A. stenolepis Karelin & Kirilow; Carduus cernus Patrin & Ledebour; Silybum cernus (Linnaeus) Gaertner.

 

     Herbs 1--3 m tall. Stems purple-red, solitary, erect, apically long branched, striate, sparsely arachnoid. Leaves herbaceous, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely strigose, margin spinosely toothed. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole winged, base semiamplexicaul; leaf blade ovate to cordate, 25--50 × 15--30 cm. Upper stem leaves decreasing in size upward. Capitula several at end of a branch, nodding. Involucre 4--5 cm in diam.; outer bracts lanceolate, ca. 8 × 3 mm, margin above middle appendaged and appendages rounded, wide, scarious, lacerate, midrib apically prolonged into ca. 1 mm spine; middle ones oblanceolate, 1--2 cm × 3--4 mm, apically appendaged and appendages rounded, scarious, entire or lacerate, midrib apically prolonged or not into a short spine; inner ones oblanceolate, ca. 3 cm × 3 mm, apically appendaged and appendages small, scarious, entire or lacerate, midrib not prolonged. Corolla yellow, ca. 1.6 cm; tube slender, ca. 6 mm. Achenes obliquely narrowly ovoid to narrowly obovoid, ca. 5.5 mm, brown, many-striate. Fl. and fr. Sep.

 

     Slopes; ca. 1400 m. Xinjiang (Altay Shan) [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

5. Alfredia fetsowii Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 4: 38. 1923.

 

长叶翅膜菊  cang ye ci mo ju

 

     Herbs to 1 m tall. Stems purple-red, solitary, erect, sparsely arachnoid. Leaves leathery, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous, margin spinose to needle-shaped spinose; spines to 5 mm. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 7--14 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 17--30 × 4--8 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in ca. 4--6 pairs, elliptic to ovate. Middle and upper leaves sessile, similar in form or lanceolate to oblanceolate and same in division to lower stem leaves. Capitula 1 or 2 at end of a branch, large. Involucre 5--7 cm in diam.; bracts abaxially with dark long agglutinate hairs; outer ones lanceolate, ca. 8 × 3 mm, margin subentire, above middle appendaged and appendages wide, scarious, lacerate, midrib apically prolonged into to 1.5 mm spine; middle ones lanceolate to broadly linear, 1--3 cm × 2--3 mm, margin above middle or apically appendaged and appendages wide, scarious, fimbriate-lacerate, midrib apically prolonged into a 1--1.3 mm spine; inner ones linear, ca. 3 cm × 3 mm, unappendaged. Corolla yellow, ca. 2.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes brown, ca. 5 mm, narrowly obovoid, many ribbed and striate. Pappus elements to 2.8 cm, serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Slopes, ravines; 2100--2700 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan).

 

15. SYREITSCHIKOVIA Pavlow, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 31: 192. 1933.

 

疆菊属  jiang ju shu

 

    Herbs, perennial. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate. Capitula homogamous, small, solitary. Involucre cylindric to campanulate; bracts imbricate, apically spinose. Receptacle flat, densely hairy. Florets bisexual. Filaments glabrous; anthers basally appendaged and appendages setaceous. Style arms short, connivent. Achenes compressed. Pappus elements in many rows, outer ones bristlelike, inner ones scalelike.

 

     Two species: C Asia; one species in China.

 

1. Syreitschikovia tenuifolia (Bongard) Pavlow, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 31: 192. 1933.

 

疆菊  jiang ju

 

     Serratula tenuifolia Bongard, Bull. Acad. Sci. Petrop. 8: 340. 1841; Jurinea tenuis Bunge.

 

     Herbs 15--50 cm tall. Rhizome branched, densely covered with dark cataphylls. Stems erect, slender, unbranched, arachnoid to glabrescent. Leaves sessile, lead blade linear to linear-lanceolate, soft, 3--20 × 0.4--0.7 cm, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous, base cuneate, margin entire or basally spinose ciliate, apex acuminate to acute. Involucre 0.8--1.2 cm in diam.; bracts in 6 or 7 rows, apex acute and with a patent to reflexed spine; outer bracts broadly triangular to ovate, 3--3.5 × ca. 2 mm; apical spine ca. 0.5 mm; middle and inner ones ovate, elliptic, or broadly linear, 6--11 × 2--1.5 mm, apical spine 1--2 mm. Corolla blue to purple-red, ca. 1.3 cm; tube slender, ca. 6 mm. Achenes ellipsoid, 6--7 mm, apically with toothed rim. Pappus elements of outer row ca. 9 mm, serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

     Steppes; 1200--1300 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan].

 

16. CYNARA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 827. 1753.

 

菜蓟属  cai ji shu

 

     Herbs, perennial. Stems erect, striate to ribbed, apically branched, sometimes absent. Basal leaves in a rosette, usually deeply divided. Capitula homogamous, large, 1 or many in a sparingly branched corymbose cyme. Involucre bracts numerous, imbricate, leathery, glabrous. Receptacle fleshy, scales setaceous. Florets bisexual. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers basally appendaged and appendages short and lacerate. Style long exserted, style arms connivent. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, 4- or 5-ribbed, glabrous, without apical rim. Pappus elements in many rows, dirty white, plumose, equal, deciduous, basally connate into a ring.

 

     10 or 11 species: Mediterranean regions; two species cultivated in China.

 

     Grown as ornamentals or as vegetables.

 

1a. Leaf segments without rigid spines; inner bracts apically appendaged; corolla purple-red ...........  1. C. scolymus

1b. Leaf segments with 1.5--3.5 cm rigid spines; inner bracts unappendaged; corolla blue or white .....................

...........................................  2. C. cardunculus

 

1. Cynara scolymus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 827. 1753.

 

菜蓟  cai ji

 

     Herbs to 2 m tall. Stems stout, ribbed, densely arachnoid to glabrescent. Leaves herbaceous, abaxially grayish white, densely to sparsely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous; segments wide, unarmed or mucronulate. Basal leaves rosulate. Lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to broadly lanceolate, ca. 100 × 50 cm, bipinnatisect. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar in form to lower ones, base slightly decurrent. Upper stem leaves narrowly elliptic to linear. Capitula many at end of branched. Involucre ovoid to globose, 7--8 cm in diam.; outer bracts apex acuminate; inner ones apex cuspidate, mucronate and appendaged and appendages ovate, orbicular, or triangular. Corolla purple-red, ca. 4.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 2.8 cm. Achenes 6--7 mm, apex truncate. Pappus elements ca. 3.6 cm. Fl. and fl. Jul.

 

     Cultivated in China [native to Mediterranean region].

 

     The receptacle and bracts are edible.

 

2. Cynara cardunculus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 827. 1753.

 

刺苞菜蓟  ci bao cai ji

 

 

     Herbs 0.2--2 m tall. Stems grayish white, densely tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially gray-green, sparsely tomentose. Lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, ca. 50 × 35 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lateral lobes ovate to linear-lanceolate, apically with 1.5--3.5 cm spines. Upper stem leaves sessile, similar in form to lower ones but smaller. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre ovoid, 6--7 cm in diam.; bracts ovate-elliptic, leathery, apex gradually to abruptly narrowed and tipped with a ± patent 1--5 cm spine. Corolla blue or white, ca. 5.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 3 cm. Achenes 6--8 mm. Pappus elements ca. 4 cm, serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     Cultivated in China [native of Mediterranean regions].

 

     The receptacle and bracts are edible.

 

17. CIRSIUM Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4, 1754.

 

蓟属  ji shu

 

     Echenais Cassini; Epitrachys K. Koch; Eriolepis Cassini; Lophiolepis Cassini; Onotrophe Cassini; Orthocentron Cassini.

 

     Herbs, biennial or perennial, monoecious, rarely dioecious, spiny. Stems rarely absent. Leaves in a basal rosette, entire or pinnate, margin spinose. Capitula homogamous. Bracts numerous, imbricate to inconspicously imbricate, margin and apex spinose. Receptacle densely hairy. Florets bisexual or all staminate. Filaments free, hairy to papillose; anthers basally appendaged and appendages lacerate. Style arms basally with a ring of hairs. Achenes glabrous, compressed, striate, apex truncate, with rim. Pappus elements in several rows, long plumose, deciduous, basally connate into a ring.

 

     250--300 species: N Africa, N and C America, Asia, Europe; 50 species in China.

 

1a. Plant dioecious.

2a. Lower stem leaves pinnately divided; lateral lobes margin unequally 2--5 triangular and spinosely toothed.

3a. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous, sometimes abaxially sparsely arachnoid .......................  49. C. arvense

3b. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous ................  50. C. lanatun

2b. Lower stem leaves simple, sometimes divided in C. setosum, but then leaf lobe margin with short spinules.

4a. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid ..  48. C. incanum

4b. Leaves concolorous to subconcolorous, glabrous, sometimes abaxially slightly arachnoid.

5a. Leaf base attenuate ......................  46. C. setosum

5b. Leaf base auriculate, semiamplexicaule  47. C. tenuifolium

1b. Plant monoecious.

6a. Inner bracts apex dilated to appendaged.

7a. Bracts, at least some, apically appendaged.

8a. Leaves abaxially grayish white, adaxially green .........

..........................................  45. C. chrysolepis

8b. Leaves green, concolorous.

9a. Outer bracts 6--7 mm, middle ones 1.2--1.5 cm ...........

....  ....................................  43. C. glabrifolium

9b. Outer bracts 3--4 mm, middle ones 0.8--1 cm .............

............................................  44. C. sieversii

7b. Bracts, at least innermost, apically dilated.

10a. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or long setiferous along veins.

11a. Stem under capitulum tomentose ...  36. C. tianmushanicum

11b. Stem under capitulum setiferous mixed arachnoid.

12a. Capitula irregularly corymbose .........  37. C. chinense

12b. Capitula racemose, spicate, or racemose-paniculate  38. C. argyrancanthum

10b. Leaves abaxially whitish to grayish white, arachnoid or tomentose, adaxially green, setiferous or strigose, or spinulate.

13a. Leaves adaxially spinulate ..............  42. C. leducei

13b. Leaves adaxially not spinulate.

14a. Leaves pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite  41. C. shansiense

14b. Leaves simple.

15a. Involucre 1--1.5 cm in diam.; bracts abaxially glandular along midrib ...................................  39. C. lineare

15b. Involucre 2--2.5 cm in diam.; bracts abaxially not glandular along midrib ...........................  40. C. hupehense

6b. Inner bracts apex not dilated nor appendaged.

16a. Leaves spinulate at least on one surface.

17a. Stems winged ............................  14. C. vulgare

17b. Stems not winged.

18a. Lateral lobes elliptic, semiorbicular, or ovate.

19a. Leaves abaxially grayish white, adaxially green ........

.........................................  8. C. subulariforme

19b. Leaves green, concolorous.

20a. Involucre spherical, ca. 5 cm in diam.  7. C. eriophoroides

20b. Involucre campanulate, 3--3.5 cm in diam.. 9. C. verutum

18b. Lateral lobes lanceolate to narrowly triangular.

21a. Leaves green to yellow-green, concolorous ..............

..........................................  10. C. chlorolepis

21b. Leaves abaxially grayish white, adaxially green.

22a. Bracts not subulate, imbricate .....  13. C. interpositum

22b. Bracts subulate, valvate or inconspicously imbricate.

23a. Capitula not spherical; involucre sparsely arachnoid  11. C. griseum

23b. Capitula spherical; involucre lanate  12. C. lidjiangense

16b. Leaves not spinulate.

24a. Bracts, at least outer and middle, abaxially setiferous.

25a. Leaves green, concolorous, setiferous ..................

.........................................  15. C. fuscotrichum

25b. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous .........................  16. C. muliense

24b. Bracts glabrous or sparsely arachnoid.

26a. Corolla white or yellow.

27a. Plant 80--150 cm tall; stem apically branched; leaves green, concolorous ..........................  6. C. monocephalum

27b. Plant 45--50 cm tall; stem basally branched; leaves abaxially grayish white, adaxially green .......................... .........................................................

.............................................  34. C. albertii

26b. Corolla red to purple.

28a. Outer bracts herbaceous ..............  1. C. bracteiferum

28b. Outer bracts not herbaceous.

29a. Leaves or at least upper stem leaves abaxially grayish white, adaxially green.

30a. Leaves sessile.

31a. Basal leaves withered at anthesis; capitula racemose   26. C. racemiforme

31b. Basal leaves not withered at anthesis; capitula corymbose to corymbose-paniculate.

32a. Stem tomentose and setiferous ...  24. C. periacanthaceum

32b. Stem arachnoid and setiferous.

33a. Stem branched apically; leaves abaxially tomentose  21. C. helenioid

33b. Stem branched from base or middle; leaves abaxially arachnoid ........................................ 33. C. sairamense

30b. Leaves petiolate.

34a. Leaves abaxially glabrous ...............  5. C. fargesii

34b. Leaves abaxially setiferous at least on veins.

35a. Petiole winged; bracts abaxially with dark mucilaginous glands; corolla ca. 2.4 cm .......................  25. C. maackii

35b. Petiole unwinged; bracts abaxially without dark mucilaginous glands; corolla 1.7--2.1 cm.

36a. Basal leaves not withered at anthesis; middle bract apex acute, apical spine less than 1 mm ............................. .........................................................

.........................................  19. C. vlassovianum

36b. Basal leaves withered at anthesis; middle bract apex acuminate, apical spine 3--7 mm ................  30. C. vernonioides

29b. Leaves green, concolorous.

37a. Herbs stemless.

38a. Petiole unwinged; bracts valvate, in 2--5 rows .........

...............................................  4. C. souliei

38b. Petiole winged; bracts imbricate, in ca. 6 rows ........

...........................................  23. C. esculentum

37b. Herbs 0.2--3 m tall.

39a. Petiole unwinged.

40a. Leaves pinnatilobed, pinnatipartite, pinnatifid, or pinnatisect.

41a. Bracts abaxially with dark mucilagenous glands along midrib ........................................  22. C. japonicum

41b. Bracts abaxially without dark mucilagenous glands along midrib.

42a. Involucre ca. 4 cm in diam., arachnoid .......  2. C. leo

42b. Involucre ca. 2 cm in diam., glabrous .....  3. C. henryi

40b. Leaves not lobed nor parted, margin spinosely toothed, or ciliate.

43a. Involucre ovoid ...................  18. C. serratuloides

43b. Involucre campanulate.

44a. Bracts abaxially with dark mucilagenous glands .........

.........................................  17. C. salicifolium

44b. Bracts abaxially without dark mucilagenous glands ......

......................................  20. C. fanjingshanense

39b. Basal and lower stem leaves and sometimes middle stem leaves petiolate and petiole winged.

45a. Involucral bracts, at least outer and middle ones, abaxially with dark mucilagenous glands.

46a. Basal leaves withered at anthesis ..  28. C. schantarense

46b. Basal leaves not withered at anthesis.

47a. Involucre ca. 3 cm in diam. ...........  22. C. japonicum

47b. Involucre ca. 4.5 cm in diam. ............  27. C. fangii

45b. Involucral bracts abaxially without dark mucilagenous glands.

48a. Involucre oviform.

49a. Stems winged; lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; involucre ca. 1.5 cm in diam. .......................  29. C. alatum

49b. Stems unwinged; lower and middle stem leaves sessile; involucre 2--3 cm in diam. .......................  32. C. semenovii

48b. Involucre campanulate.

50a. Involucral bracts in ca. 10 rows .......  35. C. pendulum

50b. Involucral bracts in 6 or 7 rows.

51a. Basal leaves withered at anthesis ..  28. C. schantarense

51b. Basal leaves not withered at anthesis ..  31. C. handelii

 

1. Cirsium bracteiferum Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 388. 1984.

 

刺盖草  ci gai cao

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 40 cm tall. Stems erect, apically racemose branched, long setiferous but apically mixed arachnoid. Leaves concolorous, sparsely setiferous. Upper stem leaves sessile, elliptic, ca. 13 × 4 cm, pinnatipartite, base semiamplexicaul; lateral lobes in 6 or 7 pairs, obliquely triangular, margin sparsely spinose or toothed, apex with a long spine; teeth apically spinose; spines 3--6 mm. Under capitulum leaves similar in form and same in division to upper stem leaves but smaller. Peduncle stout. Capitula several, racemose, densely setiferous. Involucre broadly campanulate, 3--4.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, valvate, of same length; outer ones herbaceous, subulate-elliptic to subulate-lanceolate, 3.5--4 cm × 3--5 mm, margin minutely toothed and spinose, apex acuminate and tipped with a long spine; middle and inner ones elliptic to broadly linear, ca. 2.1 cm × 2--4 mm, apex acute. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2.1 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes immature. Fl. Jul.

 

     * Slopes; ca. 1500 m. Sichuan (Nanchuan Xian).

 

2. Cirsium leo Nakai & Kitagawa, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV, 1: 60. 1934.

 

魁蓟  kui ji

 

     Cirsium chienii Chang; C. pinnatibracteatum Ling.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 40--100 cm, Stems simple or fascicled, erect, ribbed, apically corymbose branched, rarely unbranched, long setiferous. Leaves green, concolorous, setiferous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate-elliptic, 10--25 × 4--7 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 8--12 pairs, semiorbicular, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or obliquely triangular, margin unequally triangularly spinosely toothed; teeth margin short spinose, apically with (3--)5--6(--12) mm spines. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Capitula corymbose, rarely solitary. Involucre campanulate, to 4 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 8 rows, valvate; outer and middle ones subulate-triangular to subulate-lanceolate, 2--3 cm × 2--3 mm, abaxially sparsely arachnoid, margin with to 2.5 mm spinules, apically with a ca. 3 mm spinule; inner ones lanceolate to linear, ca. 2 cm × 1--2 mm, apex long acuminate. Corolla purple to red, ca. 2.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes gray-dark, obliquely ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements dirty-white, ca. 2.2 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

     * Mountain valleys, slopes, forest margins, flooded lands, rock crevices, along stream, wet places; 700--3400 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Ningxia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

 

3. Cirsium henryi (Franchet) Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 627. 1901.

 

刺苞蓟  ci bao ji

 

     Cnicus henryi Franchet, J. Bot. 11: 21. 1879; Cirsium forrestii (Diels) H. Léveillé; C. melanolepis Petrak; C. taliense (J. F. Jeffrey) H. Léveillé; Cnicus forrestii Diels; C. taliense J. F. Jeffrey.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 30--50 cm tall. Stems erect, apically branched, rarely unbranched, hairy; hairs brown, setiferous. Leaves green to pale green, concolorous, sparsely to densely long setiferous along veins. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 10--18 × 4--8 cm, pinnatifid, pinnatipartite, or subpinnatisect; lobes or segments elliptic, lanceolate, or triangular, margin unequally triangularly spinosely toothed and teeth margin and apically with (2--)6--7 mm spines; lateral lobes or segments in 5--8 pairs, central lobes largest. Middle and upper stem leaves decreasing in size upward, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves sessile. Under capitulum leaves entire, linear to broadly linear, margin spinose. Capitula corymbose or paniculate, rarely solitary. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, valvate, margin spinulose, apex acuminate and spinulose; spinules 2.5--3 mm; outer ones triangular, ca. 1.1 cm × 1.5 mm; middle and inner ones triangular to lanceolate, 1.3--1.4 cm × ca. 2 mm. Corolla purple, ca. 1.6 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes brownish, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements brownish, to 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

     * Meadows; 2700--3500 m. Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

4. Cirsium souliei (Franchet) Mattfeld, J. Arnold Arbor. 14: 42. 1933.

 

葵花 大蓟  kui hua da ji

 

     Cnicus souliei Franchet, J. Bot. 11: 21. 1897.

 

    Herbs, perennial. Stems absent. Leaves green, concolorous, basal, rosulate, petiolate; petiole 1.5--4 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 8--21 × 2--6 cm, long setiferous along veins, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, pinnatipartite, or pinnatisect; lobes or segments ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, or broadly triangular, spinulately to spinosely toothed; teeth apically with 2--5 mm spinules; lateral lobes or segments in 7--11 pairs, sometimes basal ones spiny; central lobe largest; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward. Peduncle short. Capitula few to many in a cluster in phylum of rosette. Involucre campanulate, glabrous, 3--5 cm in diam.; bracts 3--5 rows, valvate, of same length, margin and apical spines 2--3 mm; outer and middle bracts lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate, 1.8--2.3 cm × 1--2 mm; inner and innermost bracts ca. 2.5 cm × 2--2.5 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2.3 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.8 cm. Achenes darkish, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements dirty white to brownish, to 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     * Forest margins, roadside, uncultivated lands, flooded lands, fields, moist places by water; 1900--4800 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang.

 

5. Cirsium fargesii (Franchet) Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 627. 1991.

 

等苞蓟  deng bao ji

 

     Cnicus fargesii Franchet, J. Bot. 11: 22. 1897.

 

     Herbs, perennial, to 100 cm tall. Stems erect, ribbed, apically few-branched, sparsely arachnoid and long setiferous. Leaves abaxially grayish white, sparsely arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Lower to middle stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade broadly lanceolate to lanceolate, 20--30 × 7--8 cm, pinnatifid; lateral lobes in ca. 6 pairs, elliptic, triangular, or broadly triangular, margin toothed; teeth margin short spinose, apically with to 1 cm spine; terminal lobe narrowly lanceolate, margin spinose. Middle to upper stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to lower stem leaves, base thickened, semiampexicaul. Capitula few, corymbose. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 4 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 4 rows, valvate; outer and middle ones linear to subulate-triangular, 2.1--2.4 cm × 3--3.5 mm, patent to slightly recurved above middle part, margin below middle or basally with a ca. 2 mm spine, apex with a brown spine; inner ones linear, ca. 2.1 cm × 2 mm, margin innermost??, apically spinose. Corolla purplish, ca. 2.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes immature. Pappus elements to 2 cm. Fl. Jul.

 

     * Slopes; 2400--2500 m. Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

 

6. Cirsium monocephalum (Vaniot) H. Léveillé, Cat. Pl. Yun-nan 41. 1915.

 

马刺蓟  ma ci ji

 

     Cnicus monocephalus Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 12: 122. 1903; Cirsium cavaleriei (H. Léveillé) H. Léveillé; C. provostii Franchet var. monocephalum (Vaniot) Petrak; C. provostii var. oleracioides Petrak; C. provostii var. racemosum Petrak; C. provostii var. spinosum Petrak; Cnicus cavaleriei H. Léveillé.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 80--150 cm tall. Stems erect, ribbed, apically branched, sparsely arachnoid and long setiferous. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous, or adaxially sparsely long setiferous. Middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 15--25 × 5--9 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 5--10 pairs, lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or triangular, margin spinose to spinosely toothed, apex acute; teeth apically with 3--10 mm spines. Upper stem leaves similar in form and same in division to middle stem leaves but smaller. Capitula few, corymbose, paniculate, or paniculate-corymbose. Involucre broadly campanulate to hemispherical, 4--4.5 cm in diam., sparsely arachnoid; bracts in ca. 8 rows, valvate, linear-subulate, 2.2--3.5 cm × 3--4 mm, of same length, margin innermost??, apically patent to reflexed, apex acuminate and tipped with a long spine. Corolla white or yellowish, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes brown, ca. 3.5 mm. Pappus elements to 1.7 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     * Mountain valleys, forest margins, forests, thickets, wasteland; 700--2000 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

 

7. Cirsium eriophoroides (J. D. Hooker) Petrak, Biblioth. Bot. 78: 9. 1912.

 

贡山蓟  gong shan ji

 

     Cnicus eriophoroides J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 363. 1881; Cirsium bolocephalum Petrak ex Handel-Mazzetti; C. bolocephalum var. racemosum Petrak ex Handel-Mazzetti; C. bolocephalum var. setchwanicum Petrak ex Handel-Mazzetti.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 100--300 cm tall. Stems erect, apically branched, sparsely arachnoid and long setiferous. Leaves green, concolorous, papery, abaxially glabrous or sparsely arachnoid and setiferous, adaxially sparsely spinulate; spines 3--8 mm. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, 20--35 × 8--15 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or spinosely toothed; lateral lobes in ca. 4--8 pairs, elliptic, semiorbicular, or ovate, margin spinose or spinosely toothed; spines or teeth 2--5; teeth margin sparsely short spinose, apically with 0.5--1.5 cm spines. Upper stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to lower and middle leaves. Capitula few, nodding or erect, corymbose. Involucre spherical, ca. 5 cm in diam., densely and fluffily tomentose; bracts in ca. 6 rows, of same length, valvate or inconspicously imbricate; outer and middle ones lanceolate-subulate to triangular-subulate, 2--3 cm × 2--4 mm, subulate part 1.5--2 cm; inner and innermost ones linear-lanceolate-subulate to linear-subulate, ca. 3.5 cm × 2--3 mm, subulate part ca. 1.5 cm. Corolla purple, ca. 3.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 2.2 cm. Achenes dark brown, oblanceolate-oblong, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements ca. 2.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     * Slopes, thickets, thicket edges, grassland, meadows, flooded lands, by water; 2000--4100 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

 

8. Cirsium subulariforme Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 391.1984.

 

钻苞蓟  zuan bao ji

 

     Herbs, perennial, 1.5--2 m. tall. Stems erect, ribbed, sparsely arachnoid but ± densely so under capitulum. Leaves herbaceous, abaxially grayish white, densely to densely tomentose, adaxially green to yellow-green, densely covered with 1--3 mm spinules and with scattered 4--11 mm spines. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 14 cm, winged; wing pinnatilobed or pinnatifid, lobes semiorbicular or undulate, margin with 1--1.5 cm spines or toothed; teeth apically with 1--1.5 cm spines; leaf blade elliptic, ca. 33 × 18 cm, pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 7 or 8 pairs, elliptic, margin unequally triangularly toothed; teeth 3--5, spinose, margin with ca. 1 mm spinulose-cilia, apically with 1 cm spines. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, base semiamplexicaul, margin spinosely crenulate or triangularly spinosely toothed; teeth margin and apically with 5--10 mm spines. Under capitulum leaves reduced to spines. Capitula corymbose to racemose. Involucre campanulate, 3--4 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 7 rows, valvate or inconspicously imbricate, of same length, lanceolate-subulate, elliptic-subulate, or linear-subulate, ca. 1.8 cm × 1.5--2 mm, subulate part 3--10 mm. Corolla purple, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.9 cm. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid-obconic, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements brownish to dirty white, ca. 1.8 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Grassland on mountain slopes, thickets in river valleys, forests; 1500--2500 m. Xizang, Yunnan.

 

9. Cirsium verutum (D. Don) Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 3: 370. 1826.

 

苞叶蓟  bao ye ji

 

     Cnicus verutus D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 167. 1825; Cirsium involucratum de Candolle.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 1--1.5 m tall. Stems erect, branched, long setiferous. Leaves green, concolorous, abaxially glabrous or sparsely arachnoid and long setiferous, adaxially sparsely to densely spinulate. Middle stem leaves sessile, oblanceolate, 15--20 × 3--9 cm, pinnatipartite, base semiamplexicaul; lateral lobes in 10 pairs, ovate to elliptic, margin unequally triangularly spinosely toothed; teeth margin with 1--2 mm spinules, apically with 3--5 mm spines; basal teeth spiniform to spinosely toothed. Upper stem leaves sessile, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, base thickened, semiamplexicaul, margin spinosely toothed, pinnatilobed, or pinnatifid; lateral lobes or teeth apically with 5--10 mm spines. Under capitulum leaves ovate, (subtending leaf shaped,??) margin spinosely toothed to spinose. Capitula corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 3--3.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid; outer and middle ones subulate-triangular to subulate-lanceolate, 1.2--2.5 cm × 2--3 mm, subulate part 1--1.2 cm, patent to reflexed; inner and innermost ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 cm × 2 mm, apex long acuminate. Corolla red-purple, ca. 2.8 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.5 cm. Achenes dark, cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 3.5 mm. Pappus elements brownish, to 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     Slopes, forests, forest margins; 2900--3900 m. Xizang [India, Nepal].

 

10. Cirsium chlorolepis Petrak ex Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 63: 109. 1926.

 

两面刺  iang mian ci

 

     Herbs, perennial, 30--100 cm tall. Stems erect, apically branched, densely long setiferous and sparsely arachnoid but apically and under capitulum densely arachnoid-tomentose. Leaves green to yellow-green, concolorous, abaxially sparsely covered with less than 1 mm spinules, adaxially densely covered with 1--2 mm spinules. Lower and middle leaves sessile, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or elliptic, 16--20 × 6--8 cm, base amplexicaul; pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments in 5--8 pairs, central lobe largest; lateral lobes or segments triangular, triangular-lanceolate, or narrowly triangular, margin with short spinulose-cilia, apically with 5--7 mm spines; dorsum and epitroc ones decreasing in size upward (sometimes basal spiniform??). Upper stem leaves similar in form and same in division to lower and middle stem leaves but smaller. Capitula nodding to inclined, racemose or corymbose. Involucre broadly campanulate, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid, 3.5--4 cm in diam.; bracts in 7 or 8 rows, valvate, lanceolate-subulate, 1.3--2.3 cm × 3--5 mm, abaxially spinulate, subulate part 6--10 mm, patent to recurved. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achemes cuneate-oblanceolate, yellowish, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements brownish. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     * Forests, grassland on mountain slopes; 1300--1800 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.

 

11. Cirsium griseum H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 284. 1913.

 

灰蓟  hui ji

 

     Cirsium botryodes Petrak ex Handel-Mazzetti; C. heleophilum Petrak ex Handel-Mazzetti; C. mairei (H. Léveillé) H. Léveillé; Cnicus mairei H. Léveillé.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 50--100 cm tall. Stems grayish white, erect, usually branched, densely long setiferous and mixed arachnoid but under capitulum densely tomentose. Leaves rigid, abaxially grayish white, densely to densely tomentose, adaxially greenish, densely spinulate. Lower stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 12--16 × 6.5--8 cm, base dilated and semiamplexicaul, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments in ca. 4 pairs, narrowly triangulate to lanceolate, margin basally on one or both sides with 1 triangular and spinose tooth, apex acuminate into a 5--7 mm spine; teeth margin with 1--1.5 mm spinulose-cilia, apically with 3--7 mm spines. Upper stem leaves similar in form and same in division to lower and middle leaves. Under capitulum leaves reduced to spines. Capitula racemose to racemose-corymbose. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 3.5 cm in diam., sparsely arachnoid; bracts in ca. 7 rows, valvate; outer and middle ones subulate-ovate to subulate-elliptic, 1--2 cm × 3--4 mm, subulate part 0.8--1.3 cm; inner and innermost ones subulate-lanceolate to linear, ca. 2.5 cm × 1--2 mm. Corolla white, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements brownish, to 2 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

     * Mountain valleys, grassland on mountain slopes; 2800--3000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

12. Cirsium lidjiangense Petrak ex Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1170. 1936.

 

丽江蓟  li jiang ji

 

     Herbs, perennial, 70--120 cm tall. Stems erect, ribbed, apically racemose to racemose-paniculate branched, basally arachnoid to long setiferous, apically or under capitulum densely arachnoid. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, green, sparsely to densely spinulate; spinules 0.3--1 mm. Lower stem leaves sessile, elliptic, 50--60 × 18--24 cm, bipinnatipartite, base dilated and semiamplexicaul; primary lateral lobes in 10 or 11 pairs, ultimate lateral lobes in 1 or 2 pairs, triangular to triangular-lanceolate, (concentrated in base of primary lateral lobes,??) base with 1 triangular spinose tooth; teeth apically with a spine; terminal lobe narrowly lanceolate, margin with 1 or 2 spines, apically with spines; spines 4--12 mm. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, decreasing in size upward, base dilated and amplexicaul, pinnatifid; lateral lobes equally or subequally forked; forked lobes lanceolate, apex acute and beset with spines. Capitula button-spherical, nodding, racemose to racemose-paniculate. Involucre densely lanate, 4--5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 7 rows, valvate or inconspicously imbricate; outer and middle ones triangular-subulate, lanceolate-subulate. or elliptic-subulate, 2.2--2.5 × 0.4--0.5 cm, subulate part 1--1.2 cm; inner and innermost ones linear-subulate, ca. 3.8 cm × 3 mm. Corolla red-purple, ca. 2.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.9 cm. Achenes brown, long cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     * Meadows; ca. 3200 m. NW Yunnan.

 

13. Cirsium interpositum Petrak, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 43: 283. 1938.

 

披裂蓟  pi lie ji

 

     Cnicus grifithii J. D. Hooker (1881) not Cirsium griffithii Boissier (1875).

 

     Herbs, perennial, 2--2.5 m tall. Stems erect, stout, ribbed, apically branched middle, sparsely arachnoid. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely to densely spinulate. Middle stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, ca. 60 × 25 cm, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul and auricle margin with 2--4 cm spines, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; lobes or segments basally on both sides with 1 or 2 spinose tooth, margin mostly entire and with 1--3 mm spinulose-cilia, apex acuminate and tipped by a 1.5--2.5 cm spine; lateral lobes or segments in 9--11 pairs, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate. Upper stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to middle stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Uppermost stem and under capitulum leaves lanceolate to linear, smaller than others, margin with 2--2.5 cm spines. Capitula nodding to inclined, corymbose. Involucre broadly campanulate, 4--4.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 10 rows, imbricate; outer ones triangular to lanceolate, 8--10 × 2.5--3 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a spinule or a 0.5--2 mm acumen; middle and inner ones lanceolate to linear, 1.5--3 cm × 1.5--2.5 mm, apex scarious and acuminate. Corolla purple, ca. 3.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 2.5 cm. Achenes dark, obliquely cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 2.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Sep--Nov.

 

     * Forests, open forests, grassland on mountain slopes; 2000--2500 m. SE Xizang, NW to SW Yunnan.

 

14. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore, Fl. Napol. 5: 209. 1835--1836.

 

翼蓟  yi ji

 

     Carduus vulgaris Savi, Fl. Pis. 2: 241. 1798.

 

     Herbs, biennial, 25--150 cm tall. Stems grayish white, erect, sparsely long setiferous and arachnoid but apically densely tomentose, winged, apically branched; wing margin spinosely toothed; teeth apically with long spines. Leaves herbaceous, abaxially grayish white, densely to densely tomentose, adaxially green to yellow-green, densely covered with ca. 1.5 mm spinules. Middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 10--15 × 4--5 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 3 or 4 pairs, equally or unequally forked and forked lobes triangular to lanceolate, margin spinulately ciliate, apex acute tipped by a 5--10 mm spine; terminal lobe lanceolate, margin with a few 5--10 mm spines and spinulately ciliate. Upper stem leaves similar in form and same in division to middle stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Under capitulum leaves linear, lobes margin with long spines. Capitula few to many, erect, panniculate-corymbose to racemose. Involucre ovoid, 3--5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 10 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones subulate-triangular, subulate-lanceolate to linear-subulate, 0.8--3 cm × 2--4 mm, subulate part 5--9 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a spine; inner ones linear, ca. 3.4 cm × 3 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla red, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, filiform, ca. 2 m. Achenes brown, obliquely cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements white, to 3 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     Farmlands, wet grassland; 800--1800 m. Xinjiang [C Asia, Russia; Europe].

 

15. Cirsium fuscotrichum Chang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 7: 161. 1936.

 

褐 毛蓟  he mao ji

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 90 cm tall. Stems ribbed, setiferous. Leaves green to greenish, concolorous, long setiferous. Lower stem leaves sessile, oblanceolate, ca. 22 × 9 cm, pinnatifid; lateral lobes in ca. 7 pairs, subtriangular, margin 1- or 2-spinosely toothed; teeth margin spinulosely ciliate, apically with long spines. Middle and upper stem leaves similar in form to lower stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Capitula few, corymbose. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 6 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, lanceolate-subulate to linear-subulate, 3--4 cm × 1.2--2 mm, abaxially densely brown setiferous. Achenes brownish, obliquely cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm, 1-striate on each side. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.4 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     * Slopes; ca. 2500 m. Sichuan (Pingwu Xian).

 

16. Cirsium muliense Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 393. 1984.

 

木里蓟  mu li ji

 

     Herbs, perennial, 25--100 cm tall. Stems grayish white, erect, ribbed, apically short branched, long setiferous but branches of inflorescence densely tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely to densely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Stem leaves sessile, elliptic, 6--7 × 1.5--2 cm, pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 3 or 4 pairs, broadly triangular to semiorbicular, margin unequally 3--5 triangular and spinosely toothed; teeth margin with 1--2 mm spinulose cilia, apically with 4--6 mm spines. Upper stem leaves usually entire, margin spinose to spinosely toothed; teeth apically with to 1.4 cm spines. Capitula few, corymbose, erect. Involucre campanulate, ca. 5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows; outer ones subulate-triangular, 1.5--1.6 cm × 1--2 mm, subulate part 0.9--1.1 cm, abaxially densely long setiferous, apex acuminate and spinose; middle ones subulate-lanceolate, 1.6--1.9 cm × 2--3 mm, subulate part 4--11 mm, abaxially densely setiferous; inner ones linear, ca. 1.7 cm × 1 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla red, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 6 mm. Achenes immature. Pappus elements white, ca. 1.2 cm. Fl. Nov.

 

     * On dry mountain slopes; ca. 3200 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian).

 

17. Cirsium salicifolium (Kitagawa) Shih, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 78(1): 99. 1987.

 

块蓟  kuai ji

 

     Cirsium vlassovianum Fischer ex de Candolle var. salicifolium Kitagawa, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 112. 1834. C. vlassovianum var. viridifolium Handel-Mazzetti; C. viridifolium (Handel-Mazzetti) Shih.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 30--40 cm tall. Stems erect, ribbed, unbranched or few-branched, sparsely long setiferous but apically mixed arachnoid. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or setiferous. Lower stem leaves sessile and semiamplexicaul or attenuate and petiolate; petiole ca. 2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, 7--8 × 1.5--2 cm, margin spiniform ciliate, apex acute and tipped with spines; spinules 1--2 mm. Middle and upper stem leaves similar in form to lower stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Capitula 1 to few at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate, all or only inner bracts abaxially with mucilaginous glands; outer and middle ones triangular to lanceolate, 3--10 × 1--2 mm, apex acute and tipped with a less than 0.5 mm acumen; inner and innermost ones elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 1.2--1.5 cm × 1.5--2 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla purple, ca. 1.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes brown, ribbed, obconic to obliquely oblanceolate, 3.5--4 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     * Moist places, streamsides, roadsides, slopes; 200--2000 m. Hebei, Jilin, Nei Mongol.

 

18. Cirsium serratuloides (Linnaeus) Hill, Hort. Kew 64. 1768.

 

麻花头蓟  ma hau tou ji

 

     Carduus serratuloides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 825. 1753; Cirsium asiaticum Schischkin; Cnicus serratuloides (Linnaeus) Roth.

 

     Herbs, perennial, to 120 cm tall. Stems solitary, erect, ribbed, apically corymbose branched, sparsely long setiferous but inflorescence branches usually sparsely arachnoid. Leaves green, concolorous, long setiferous. Middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, 10--15 × 1.5--3 cm, base dilated, auriculate and semiamplexicaul, margin with less than 0.5 mm spiniform cilia, apex acute. Upper stem leaves decreasing in size upward. Uppermost stem leaf linear-lanceolate. Capitula erect, laxly corymbose. Involucre ovoid, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate, abaxially glabrous; outer ones triangular, ca. 6 × 1.2 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a ca. 1 mm spiniform acumen; middle ones ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, ca. 7 × 2--2.2 mm, apex with a less than 0.5 mm acumen; inner ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 0.8--1.5 cm × 1.5--2 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes brownish, obliquely oblanceolate, ca. 4.2 mm. Pappus elements white, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

    Forests, by rivers, by water; 1200--1400 m. Xinjiang (Altay Shan) [Mongolia, Russia].

 

19. Cirsium vlassovianum Fischer ex de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 653. 1837.

 

绒背蓟  rong bei ji

 

     Cirsium vlassovianum Fischer ex de Candolle var. bracteatum Ledebour; C. vlassovianum var. genuinum Herder; Cnicus vlassovianum (Fischer ex de Candolle) Maximowicz.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 25--90 cm tall. Roots tuberous. Stems erect, ribbed, unbranched or corymbose branched, sparsely long setiferous but apically sparsely mixed with tomentum. Leaves abaxially white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely setiferous. Lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 6--20 × 2--3 cm, margin with ca. 1 mm spiniform cilia, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Middle and upper stem leaves similar in form to lower stem leaves, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul. Capitula 1 to few, corymbose. Involucre erect, narrowly ovoid, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate, abaxially with mucilaginous glands; outer ones triangular, ca. 5 × 2 mm, apex acute and tipped with a less than 1 mm spine; middle ones lanceolate, 0.9--1.1 cm × ca. 2 mm, apex acute and tipped with a less than 1 mm spine; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 2 cm × 1.5 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla purple, ca. 1.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes brownish and brown striate, oblanceolate to obliquely oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

     Forests, forest margins, by rivers, moist places; 300--1500 m. Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].

 

20. Cirsium fanjingshanenese Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 394. 1984.

 

梵净蓟  fan jing ji

 

     Herbs, perennial(?), to 100 cm tall. Stems erect, apically few-branched, subglabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous. Upper stem leaves sessile, broadly elliptic, obovate, or ovate-elliptic, 8--16 × 5--9 cm, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul, margin toothed; teeth simple or 2-parted, margin spinulose, apex acute to obtuse and spinulose; spinules 0.5--2 mm. Under capitulum leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul. Capitula few at end of long branches. Involucre broadly campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 1.2--1.7 cm × 2--3.5 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a short spinule; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 1.5 cm × 1.8 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla ca. 1.8 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes immature. Pappus elements dirty white, ca. 1.3 cm. Fl. Jul.

 

     * Grassland, mountain slopes; Guizhou (Fanjing Shan)

 

21. Cirsium helenioides (Linnaeus) Hill, Hort. Kew 64. 1768.

 

堆心蓟  dui xin ji

 

     Carduus helenioides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 825. 1753; Cirsium heterophylloides Pavlov; C. heterophyllum (Linnaeus) Hill subsp. angarense M. Popov; Cnicus helenioides (Linnaeus) Willdenow.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 35--200 cm tall. Stems erect, ribbed, apically branched, sparsely arachnoid. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely and densely tomentose, adaxially green, setiferous. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 10--30 × 4--6 cm, base semiamplexicaul, margin obliquely triangularly toothed, apex acuminate and tipped by a 0.5--1 mm spine; teeth spines 0.5--1 mm. Upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, decreasing in size upward. Capitula 1 or few, erect, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., glabrous or subglabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones triangular to lanceolate-elliptic, 6--10 × 1.5--2 mm, apex acute and tipped with a less than 0.2 mm spinule; inner ones elliptic to linear-elliptic, 1.3--1.5 cm × 2--2.5 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla red, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes yellowish, cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm. Pappus elements white or dirty white, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Sep.

 

     Moist grassland in mountain valleys, forests, forest margins; 1700--2300 m. Xinjiang (Burqin Xian) [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

22. Cirsium japonicum Fischer ex de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 640. 1837.

 

蓟  ji

 

     Carduus japonicus (Fischer ex de Candolle) Franchet; Cirsium belingshanicum Petrak ex Handel-Mazzetti; C. bodinieri (Vaniot) H. Léveillé; C. cerberus (Vanoit) H. Léveillé; C. hainanense Masamune; C. japonicum var. australe Kitamura; C. japonicum var. fukiense Kitamura; C. japonicum var. intermedium (Maximowicz) Matsumura; C. japonicum var. takaoense Kitamura; C. lacinulatum Nakai; C. maackii Maximowicz var. intermedium (Maximowicz) Nakai; C. maackii var. kiusianum Nakai; C. smithianum Petrak; Cnicus bodinieri Vaniot; C. cerberus Vaniot; C. japonicus (Fischer ex de Candolle) Maximowicz; C. japonicus var. intermedius Maximowicz.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 30--80(--150) cm tall. Roots tuberous, fusiform. Stems grayish white, erect, ribbed, unbranched or apically branched, sparsely to densely long setiferous but under capitulum densely mixed with tomentose hairs. Leaves green, concolorous, sparsely setiferous along veins or glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole short to long, margin winged, spinose to spinosely toothed; leaf blade ovate, obovate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 8--20 × 2.5--8 cm, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments in 6--12 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, obliquely triangular, narrowly triangular, or triangular-lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed; teeth margin and apical spines 2--6 mm; central lobe or segment largest; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, terminal lobe lanceolate to narrowly triangular. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, similar to basal leaves, decreasing in size upward, base semiamplexicaul. Capitula solitary or few, clustered at end of stem, erect or rarely nodding. Involucre campanulate, ca. 3 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate, abaxially with mucilagenosus glands along midrib; outer and middle ones triangular to narrowly triangular, 0.8--1.3 cm × 3--3.5 mm, apex long acuminate and tipped with a 1--2 mm spine; inner ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.5--2 cm × 2--3 mm, apex acuminate and soft spinose. Corolla red to purple, ca. 2.1 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes obliquely cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements pale brown, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Nov.

 

     Forests, forest margins, thickets, grassland, wasteland, farmlands, roadsides, streamsides; 400--2100 m. Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang, [Japan, Korea].

 

23. Cirsium esculentum (Sievers) C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, 8: 42. 1848.

 

莲座蓟  lian zuo ji

 

     Cnicus esculentus Sievers, Neuste Nord. Beytr. Phys. Geogr. Erd.-Völkerbeschreib. 3: 362. 1796; Cirsium acaule Ledebour; C. acaule var. gmelini de Candolle; C. acaule var. sibiricum Ledebour; C. esculentum var. acaule Trautvetter; C. gmelini (Sprengel) Tausch; Cnicus gmelini Sprengel.

 

     Herbs, perennial, stemless. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole short to long, winged; leaf blade green, concolorous, oblanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 6--21 × 2.5--7 cm, densely to sparsely long setiferous, pinnatifid, pinnatipartite, or subpinnatisect; lobes or segments obliquely ovate, elliptic, or semiorbicular, margin spinulose and spinules 2--4 mm to spinosely toothed; teeth apex tipped with to 1 cm spines; lateral lobes or segments in ca. 4--7 pairs, basal ones usually reduced to spines, central one largest. Capitula 5--9, clustered in phylum. Involucre campanulate, 2.5--3 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones triangular to lanceolate, 1--2 cm × 2--4 mm, apex acute and tipped with a less than ca. 0.5 mm acumen; inner and innermost ones linear-lanceolate to linear, 2.5--3 cm × 2--3 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla purple, ca. 2.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.5 cm. Achenes yellowish, cuneate-elliptic, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements white or dirty white, ca. 2.7 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Moist places, by water in plains or on hilly areas; 500--3200 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Russia].

 

24. Cirsium periacanthaceum Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 396. 1984.

 

川蓟  chuan ji

 

     Herbs, perennial, 40--7 cm tall. Stems erect, ribbed, apically branched, densely tomentose and setiferous. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially gray-green, setiferous. Upper stem leaves sessile, elliptic, 12--22 × 5--7 cm, base dilated, auriculate, and semiamplexicaul, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments in ca. 4--8 pairs, elliptic to obliquely elliptic, margin unequally 3--7 triangular and spinosely toothed; teeth margin with spinose cilia, apically with 4--14 mm spines. Under capitulum leaves similar to upper stem leaves. Capitula many, corymbose, surrounded by 2--3 cm spines. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 5 rows, imbricate, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 0.8--1.2 cm × ca. 3 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a 1--5 mm spine. Corolla red, ca. 5 mm; tube slender, ca. 6 mm. Achenes obconic, brown, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     * River valleys, grassland of mountain slopes, roadside; 2400--2600 m. Sichuan.

 

25. Cirsium maackii Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 172. 1859.

 

野蓟  ye ji

 

     Cirsium asperum Nakai; C. japonicum Fischer ex de Candolle var. amurense Kitamura; C. japonicum subsp. maackii (Maximowicz) Nakai; C. japonicum var. ussuriense (Regel) Kitamu; C. littorale Maximowicz var. ussuriense Regel; C. maackii var. koreiense Nakai; Cnicus japonicus (Fischer ex de Candolle) Maximowicz var. maackii Maximowicz; C. maackii (Maximowicz) Nakai; C. maackii var. koriensis Nakai.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 40--150 cm tall. Roots tuberous, fusiform. Stems grayish white, erect, branched or unbranched, setiferous but apically densely tomentose. Leaves abaxially gray of grayish, sparsely tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely setiferous along veins. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole margin winged, spinose to triangularly spinosely toothed and teeth with apical spines; leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, or lanceolate-elliptic, 15--30 × 7--9 cm, pinnatifid, pinnatipartite, or subpinnatisect, lateral lobes or segments in 4--8 pairs, elliptic, margin spinulately ciliate and unequally triangularly spinosely toothed; teeth margin with less than 1 mm spinules, apically with ca. 5 mm spines; central lobe or segment largest. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division as basal and lower stem leaves, decreasing in size upward and sometimes entire, base dilated, auriculate, and semiamplexicaul. Capitula 1 or several, corymbose, erect or nodding. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows, abaxially with dark mucilaginous glands; outer and middle ones triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, 0.6--1.3 cm × 2--2.5 mm, margin ciliate, apex acute and tipped with a less than 0.5 mm spinule; inner and innermost ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.3--2.3 cm × 2--3 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes yellowish, obliquely oblanceolate, 4 mm. Pappus elements white, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     Grassland on mountain slopes, forest margins, meadows, near villages; 100--1100 m. Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Korea, Russia].

 

26. Cirsium racemiforme Linget Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 445. 1084.

 

总序蓟  zong xu ji

 

     Herbs, perennial, to 1.5 m tall. Stems erect, ribbed, apically racemosely branched, long setiferous and arachnoid but inflorescence branches densely tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely and densely tomentose, adaxially green, setiferous. Basal and lower stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 9--21 × 4--7 cm, base auriculate and semiamplaxicaule, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 3--8 pairs, elliptic to broadly triangular, spinosely toothed; teeth margin with ca. 2 mm spinulose cilia, apically with ca. 4 mm spines; central lobe largest. Under capitulum leaves similar in form and same in division to middle and upper stem leaves or with margin spinosely toothed. Peduncle ca. 2 cm, densely tomentose. Capitula 4--8, racemose. Involucre campanulate, 2.5--3 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones triangular to triangular-lanceolate, 6--9 × 1--1.5 mm, abaxially and apically with dark mucilaginous glands along midrib, apex acute and tipped with a 0.8--1.2 mm spinule; inner ones linear-lanceolate to linear, 1.4--2.2 cm × 0.5--1.5 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2.3 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes yellowish, cuneate, ca. 5 mm, elevate-striate. Pappus elements dirty brown, ca. 2.2 cm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jun.

 

     * Mountain valleys, mountain slopes, forests, forest margins; 1000--1300 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan.

 

27. Cirsium fangii Petrak, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 44: 48. 1938.

 

峨眉蓟  e mei ji

 

     Herbs, perennial(?), ca. 120 cm tall. Stems ribbed, apically branched, sparsely long setiferous. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or abaxially sparsely long setiferous. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 2.5--4 cm, base dilated and semiamplexicaul, margin winged and spinose; leaf blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, ca. 16 × 7--10 cm, subpinnatisect; lateral segments in 6 or 7 pairs, elliptic, margin with ca. 0.5 mm spinulose cilia and few triangular and spinose serratures; serrature apically with ca. 2 mm spinules. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar to lower stem leaves, decreasing in size upward and base semiamplexicaul, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite. Leaves under capitula linear to linear-lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed; teeth apically with to 6 mm spines. Capitula few at end of long branches, nodding. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 4.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 7 rows; outer and middle ones triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, 0.6--1.5 cm × 1.5--3 mm, apex acute and tipped with a 0.5--1 mm spinule, abaxially and apically with dark mucilaginous glands along midrib, margin sparsely short to long ciliate; inner and innermost ones linear to broadly linear, ca. 2.4 cm × 2--3 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla red, ca. 2.1 cm; tube slender, ca. 6 mm. Achenes cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 3.5 mm, many-ribbed. Pappus elements brown, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     * Grassland on mountain slopes; 2300--2400 m. Sichuan.

 

28. Cirsium schantarense Trautvetter & C. A. Meyer in Middendorff, Reise Sibir. 1(3): 1-133. 1856.

 

林蓟  ling ji

 

     Cirsium diamentiacum (Nakai) Nakai; C. littorale Maximowicz; C. littorale var. nudum Regel; C. maackii Maximowicz var. spiniferum Nakai; C. pendulum Fischer ex de Candolle var. oligocephalum Regel & Till; Cnicus diamentiacus Nakai; C. japonicus (Fischer ex de Candolle) Maximowicz var. schantarensis (Trautvetter & C. A. Meyer) Maximowicz.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 70--120 cm tall. Stems erect, apically long branched, sparsely long setiferous. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or sparsely setiferous. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole short to long, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul, margin winged and spinose to spinosely toothed; leaf blade elliptic, ovate narrowly ovate, or triangular-lanceolate, 14--27 × 8--12 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments in ca. 4--8 pairs, obliquely triangular, lanceolate, or broadly linear, margin spiniformly ciliate, terminal lobe or segment lanceolate. Upper stem leaves sessile, decreasing in size upward, pinnatilobed, base dilated and amplexicaul. Uppermost stem leaves linear to lanceolate, base semiamplexicaul, usually entire. Peduncle long. Capitula few at end of a branch, nodding. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate, abaxially with or without mucilaginous glands; outer and middle ones triangular to ovate-triangular, 5--8 × 1.5--2 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a ca. 1 mm spinule; inner and innermost ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1--1.2 cm × ca. 2 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate and tipped with a soft spinule. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.6 cm; tube slender, ca. 5 mm. Achenes yellowish, oblanceolate-ellipsoid, ca. 4.5 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.6 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

    Forests, forest margins, along rivers, meadows; 1500--2000 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Russia].

 

29. Cirsium alatum (S. G. Gmelin) Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 43: 1547. 1958.

 

准噶尔蓟  zhun ga er ji

 

     Serratula alata S. G. Gmelin, Reise Russland 1: 155. 1770; Carduus desertorum Fischer ex Steudel; Cirsium desertorum Fischer ex Link; C. desertorum var. integerrimum Trautvetter; C. desertorum var. sinuatolobatum Trautvetter; C. elodes M. Bieberstein var. setigerum Krylov; C. elodes var. sinuatolobatum Fedtschenko; C. elodes var. subintegerrima Fedtschenko; C. setigerum Ledebour.

 

    Herbs, perennial, 30--100 cm tall. Root tuberous, fusiform. Stems solitary, winged, apically usually branched; wings undulate, spinose; spines stout, rigid, ca. 5 mm. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole winged; leaf blade elliptic, to 30 × 4 cm, margin spinosely toothed; teeth apically with 4--9 mm spines. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, similar to basal leaves, decreasing in size upward and base decurrent. Upper stem leaves lanceolate to elliptic. Capitula 1 to several, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, at end of a branch. Involucre ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows; outer ones ovate, ca. 3 × 1.2 mm, apex acute and tipped with a ca. 1.5 mm spinule; middle and inner ones linear-lanceolate, 5--8 × 1.7--2 mm, apex acute and tipped with a ca. 2 mm spinule; innermost linear, 8--9 × ca. 1.5 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla red-purple, 1.8--1.9 cm; tube slender, 7--8 mm. Achenes yellowish, cuneate, ca. 3 mm. Pappus elements white, 1.2--1.3 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

    

     Flooded lands, grassland by lakes, farmland; above 500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Russia; E Europe].

 

30. Cirsium vernoniodes Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 447. 1984.

 

斑鸠蓟  ban ju ji

 

     Herbs, perennial. Roots tuberous. Stems erect, ribbed, long setiferous and arachnoid but under capitulum densely tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, setiferous. Lower stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves short petiolate; petiole to 1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, 8--11 × 2.5--4.5 cm, base cuneate, margin with ca. 1 mm incurved spiniform cilia or alternating with ca. 2 mm patent spines, apex acuminate. Upper stem and under capitulum leaves similar to middle stem leaves. Capitula several, apically corymbose. Involucre erect, 2--2.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 8 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones subulate-triangular, subulate-lanceolate, or subulate-elliptic, 3--10 × 1.5--3 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a 3--7 mm spine; inner and innermost ones elliptic to linear, 1.5--2 cm × 2--3 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla purple, ca. 2.1 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 6 mm. Pappus elements dark brown, ca. 1.8 cm. Fl. and fr. Oct.

 

     * Guangxi (Yaoshan).

 

31. Cirsium handelii Petrak ex Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math.-Naturw. Kl. 63: 110. 1926.

 

驼骑  luo qi

 

     Herbs, perennial, to 1.7 m tall. Stems erect, ribbed, sparsely setiferous mixed arachnoid, apically corymbose to corymbose-paniculate branched. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or sparsely setiferous. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole winged, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul, margin spinose to spinosely toothed; leaf blade elliptic, to 27 × 7 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lateral lobes in ca. 6 pairs, semiorbicular, ovate-lanceolate, or broadly triangular, margin spinose to triangularly spinosely toothed; teeth apically with 1--4 cm spines. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid, spinosely toothed; teeth apically with 1--4 cm spines. Capitula few to many, laxly corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, or rarely solitary, nodding to declined. Involucre campanulate, 3--4.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones subulate-lanceolate, 0.7--1.5 cm × 1.5--2 mm, subulate part patent to reflexed, apex acuminate and tipped with a short and soft spinule; inner ones subulate-linear, ca. 1.8 cm × 1.5 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a short and soft spinule. Corolla purple, ca. 2.1 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes brown, obliquely oblanceolate, ca. 3.2 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

     * Forests, forest margins, thickets, grassland, wasteland; 1700--3400 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

32. Cirsium semenovii Regel & Schmalhausen, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(3): 161. 1867.

 

新疆蓟  xin jiang ji

 

     Chamaepeuce macrantha Schrenk var. bracteata Ruprecht; Cnicus semenovii (Regel & Schmalhausen) C. Winkler.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 50--60(--80) cm tall. Stems erect, apically branched, sparsely long setiferous and arachnoid. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole long, winged, margin with spinulose cilia and spinosely toothed; teeth apically with spines; leaf blade lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or elliptic, to 15 × 3.5 cm, pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 4-6 pairs, elliptic to ovate, margin unequally triangular and spinosely toothed; teeth apically with 0.3--2 cm spines. Upper stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to lower and middle stem ones, decreasing in size upward and base semiamplexicaul. Under capitulum leaves with margin long spinose. Capitula few to many, racemose to glomerate, erect. Involucre ovoid, 2(--3) cm in diam., glabrous or very sparsely arachnoid; bracts in ca. 7 rows; outer ones triangular-subulate 1--1.4 cm × 2--2.5 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a 6--9 mm spine; middle ones ovate-subulate, 1.2--1.3 cm × ca. 2.5 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a 5--6 mm spine; inner ones linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.2--1.5 cm × 1.5--2 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla red, ca. 1.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes brown, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Sep--Oct.

 

     Alpine meadows, forests, by water, wasteland; 800--2500 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

33. Cirsium sairamense (C. Winkler) O. & B. Feddtschenko, Consp. Fl. Turkest. 4: 286. 1911.

 

赛里木蓟  sai li mu ji

 

     Cnicus sairamensis C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 9(2): 522. 1886. Cirsium semenovii Regel & Schmalhausen subsp. sairamense Petrak.

 

    Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall. Stems erect, branched from base or middle, sparsely arachnoid and long setiferous. Leaves abaxially gray-green, sparsely arachnoid, adaxially green, long setiferous. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic, lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, 13--20 × 4.6 cm, base semiamplexicaul, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in ca. 4--7 pairs, elliptic to triangular-ovate, margin unequally 3--5 triangular and spinosely toothed; teeth margin with 2--3 mm spinulose cilia, apically with 1--2 cm spines. Upper stem leaves similar in form and same in division to lower and middle stem ones, decreasing in size upward. Capitula many, corymbose-paniculate at end of a branch, erect or nodding. Involucre campanulate to ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 7 or 8 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones subulate-triangular to subulate-elliptic, ca. 4 cm × 2--3 mm, apically rigid, patent to reflexed and ca. 3 cm spine; inner and innermost ones lanceolate, elliptic, or linear, 1--2 cm × 1--2 mm. apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla purple, ca. 2.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes brownish, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements dirty white, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes, mountain valleys, by water, moist places; 1800--2000 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

34. Cirsium alberti Regel & Schmalhausen, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 5(2): 318. 1880.

 

天山蓟  tian shan ji

 

     Herbs, perennial, 45--50 cm tall. Stems ribbed, branched from base, densely arachnoid and sparsely long setiferous. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely long setiferous. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole margin winged and spinose; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, 22--27 × ca. 7 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in ca. 4--8 pairs, triangular-ovate to elliptic, margin with 0.5--2 mm spinulose cilia and 3--5 toothed; teeth spinose, apically with 5--11 mm spines. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul. Under capitulum leaves smaller than others, margin spinose. Capitula several to many, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate at end of stem and branched, erect or declined. Involucre subovoid to campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in 7 or 8 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones triangular-subulate, ovate-subulate, or lanceolate-subulate, 0.8--1.6 cm × 2--3 mm, apically subulate, patent to reflexed, tipped with a 4--8 mm spine; inner and innermost ones lanceolate to linear, 1.2--2 cm × 1--2 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow or white, ca. 1.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes brown and darker striate, cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements white, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     Forest margins in mountain valleys, mountain slopes, flooded lands, by streams; 1000--2000 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan].

 

35. Cirsium pendulum Fishcer ex de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 650. 1837.

 

烟管蓟  yan guan ji

 

     Cirsium falcatum Turczaninow ex de Candolle; C. helgendorfii (Franchet & Savatier) Makino; C. provostii (Franchet) Petrak; Cnicus helgendorfii Franchet & Savatier; C. pendulus (Fischer ex de Candolle) Maximowicz; C. provostii Franchet.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 1--3 m tall. Stems erect, stout, apically branched, sparsely arachnoid and long setiferous. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile or petiolate; petiole short to long, winged; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, obliquely elliptic, oblanceolate, or elliptic, 40--50 × 20 cm, bipinnatipartite; primary lateral lobes in 5--7 pairs; ultimate lobes margin and apex with ca. 3 mm spines; ultimate lateral lobes obliquely triangular; ultimate terminal lobe narrowly lanceolate to broadly linear. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, decreasing in size upward, base dilated and semiamplexicaul. Capitula several, racemose-paniculate at end of a branch, nodding. Involucre campanulate, 3.5--5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 10 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones triangular to subulate-lanceolate, 1--4 cm × 1--2.5 mm, apically or above middle subulate and reflexed; inner and innermost ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.2--2.5 cm × 1.5--2 mm, apex subulate-acuminate. Corolla purple to red, ca. 2.2 cm; tube slender, filiform, ca. 1.6 cm. Achenes cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements dirty white, ca. 2.2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

    Grassland in mountain valleys and mountain slopes, forests, forest margins, streamsides, near villages, rock revices; 300--2300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Russia].

 

36. Cirsium tianmushanicum Shih, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2): 64. 1984.

 

杭蓟  hang ji

 

     Herbs, perennial, to 1 m tall. Stems erect, apically branched, under capitulum tomentose. Leaves green, concolorous, sparsely setiferous. Upper stem leaves petiolate; petiole 2--2.5 cm, winged; leaf blade elliptic, rarely ovate, 10--15 × 6--7 cm, apex acute, margin serrulate; serrulations margin with less than 1 mm spinules, apically recurved with 1--1.5 mm spinules. Uppermost and under capitulum leaves narrowly elliptic, margin serrulate. Capitula few to many, corymbose, erect. Involucre ovoid, 2--2.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 8 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones triangular-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, 5--10 × 2--3 mm, apex acute and tipped with a 0.5--1 mm spinule; inner ones linear elliptic, ca. 1.6 cm × 2.8 mm, apex acute and tipped with a 0.5--1 mm spinule; innermost linear to broadly linear ca. 1.8 cm × 1--2 mm, red scarious, apically dilated. Corolla white, ca. 2.3 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.1 cm. Achenes obliquely oblanceolate, ca. 4.7 mm. Pappus elements white, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Oct.

 

     * Forests; ca. 1300 m. Zhejiang (Tianmu Shan).

 

37. Cirsium chinense Gardner & Champion ex Hooker, J. Bot Kew Gard. Misc. 1: 323. 1849.

 

绿蓟  lu ji

 

     Cirsium chinense Gardner & Champion var. laushanense (Yabe) Kitamura; C. laushanen Yabe; C. lineare (Thunberg) Schultz-Bipontinus var. glabrescens Petrak; C. lineare var. laushanense (Yabe) Kitamura; C. lineare var. tchefouense (Debeaux) Ling; C. manshuricum Kitagawa; C. tchefouense Debeaux; Cnicus chinensis (Gardner & Champion) Bentham; C. tschefouensis (Debeaux) Franchet.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 0.4--1 m tall. Stems erect, branched above middle or apically, rarely unbranched, long setiferous but under capitulum mixed arachnoid. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or long setiferous along veins. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, 5--7 × 1--4 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 3 or 4 pairs, margin unequally 3 or 4 spinosely toothed; teeth margin with 1--2 mm spinules, apically with to 4 mm spines; sometimes leaves entire, narrowly elliptic, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, or linear. Middle and upper stem leaves usually entire, margin spinose; spines to 3 mm. Capitula few, rarely solitary, irregularly corymbose. Involucre ovoid, ca. 2 cm in diam., glabrous or subglabrous; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate, abaxially often with dark-mucilaginous glands along midrib; outer ones triangular, 5--8 × 1.2--2 mm, apex acute to acuminate and tipped with a ca. 0.5 mm spinule; middle and inner ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1--1.4 cm × 2--3 mm, red scarious, apically dilated. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes cuneate-obovoid, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements dirty white, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

     * Grassland on mountain slopes; 100--1600 m. Guangdong, Hebei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang.

 

38. Cirsium argyrancanthum de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 640. 1837.

 

南蓟  nan ji

 

     Cnicus argyrancanthum (de Candolle) C. B. Clarke.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 0.3--1 m tall. Stems erect, apically branched, sparsely long setiferous but apically mixed arachnoid. Leaves green, concolorous, long setiferous along veins. Middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic, 8--14 × 2--4 cm, base dilated, auriculate, and semiamplexicaul, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in ca. 4--9 pairs, margin unequally 3--5 spinosely toothed; teeth margin with 1--2 mm spinules, apically with 4--7 mm spines. Upper stem leaves sparsely spinosely toothed; teeth apically with 0.7--1.4 cm spines. Under capitulum leaves smaller than others, margin with to 1.5 cm spines. Capitula few to many, racemose, spicate, or racemose-paniculate, erect. Involucre ovoid, 1.5--2 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate; outer ones triangular, 7--8 × 1.5--2 mm, apex acuminate and 3--4 mm spinose; middle ones lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm × 2 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a 2--3 mm spinule; inner ones linear-elliptic to broadly linear, ca. 1.3 cm × 2--3 mm, somewhat scarious, apically dilated. Corolla purple or white, ca. 1.6 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes yellowish, obliquely oblanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.4 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

     Forests, forest margins, grassland, thickets by rivers, by farmland; 2100--3700 m. Xizang, NW Yunnan [India, Nepal].

 

39. Cirsium lineare (Thunberg) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 335. 1874.

 

线叶蓟  xian ye ji

 

     Carduus linearis Thunberg, Syst. Veg. ed 14, 726. 1874; Cirsium lineare var. pallidum (Kitamura) Ling; C. lineare var. tsoongianum (Ling) Ling; C. tsoongianum Ling; Cnicus linenaris (Thunberg) Lessing; Spanioptilon lineare (Thunberg) Lessing.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 0.6--1.5 m tall. Stems erect, ribbed, apically branched, sparsely arachnoid and long multicellular hairy to glabrescent or glabrous. Leaves abaxially whitish, sparsely arachnoid, adaxially green, long setiferous, base attenuate, margin finely and closely recurved-spinulate, apex acute, obtuse, or caudate-acuminate. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile or short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 6--12(--23) × 2--2.5(--5) cm. Upper stem leaves sessile, similar to lower and middle stem leaves or linear-lanceolate or broadly to narrowly linear. Capitula few to many, laxly corymbose-paniculate at end of a branch. Involucre ovoid to narrowly ovoid, 1--1.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones triangular-lanceolate, 5--8 × 2--5 mm, apically with a ca. 2 mm spinule; inner ones lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm × 2--3 mm, apex acuminate; innermost linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.3--1.5 cm × 3--3.5 mm, red scarious, apically dilated. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, as long as limb. Achenes pyramidal, ca. 2.5 mm. Pappus elements brownish to dirty white. Fl. and fr. Sep--Oct.

 

     Mountain slopes, roadsides; 900--1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan].

 

40. Cirsium hupehense Pampanini, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18: 86. 1911.

 

湖北蓟  hu bei ji

 

     Cirsium lineare (Thunberg) Schultz-Bipontinus var. franchetii Kitamura; C. lineare var. salicifolium Ling.

 

     Herbs, perennial, (0.3--)0.5--1(--1.5) m tall. Stems grayish white, erect, ribbed, branched from base or apically and corymbose, rarely unbranched, apically sparsely tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely strigose. Middle stem leaves sessile or short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 9--18 × 1.5--3 cm, base cuneate, margin entire or basally shallowly toothed and ca. 2.5 mm spinules alternating with less than 1 mm spinules, apex obtuse. Upper stem leaves similar or narrowly lanceolate to broadly linear, decreasing in size upward. Capitula corymbose at end of a branch, rarely solitary. Involucre ovoid, 2--2.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate, abaxially with dark mucilaginous glands along midrib; outer ones triangular, ca. 5 × 1 mm, apically with less than 1 mm spinules; middle ones ovate-triangular, ca. 8 × 2 mm, apically with ca. 2 mm spinules; inner and innermost ones triangular-lanceolate to broadly-linear, 1--1.5 cm × 1--1.5 mm, scarious, apically dilated. Corolla purple-red to pink, ca. 2.2 cm; tube slender, as long as limb. Achenes obliquely cuneate-obovoid, ca. 3.5 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

 

     * Thickets, forest margins, grassland, wasteland, farmlands; 500--2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Yunnan.

 

41. Cirsium shansiense Petrak, Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n. s., 50: 176. 1943.

 

牛口蓟  niu kou ji

 

     Cirsium chinense Gardner & Champion var. australe Diels; C. lineare (Thunberg) Schultz-Bipontinus var. intermedium (Pampanini) Petrak; C. lineare var. rigidum Petrak; C. lineare var. spatulatum Petrak; C. lineare var. yunnanense Petrak; C. wallichii de Candolle var. intermedium Pampanini; Cnicus chinensis (Gadner & Champion) C. B. Clarke.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 0.3--1.5 m tall. Stems erect, ribbed, branched, sometimes unbranched, long setiferous and tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, long setiferous. Middle stem leaves sessile or petiolate; leaf blade ovate, lanceolate, elliptic, or linear-elliptic, 5--14 × 1--6 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite; lobes apically with 3--6 mm spines; lateral lobes in 3--6 pairs, obliquely triangular to obliquely elliptic; terminal lobe narrowly triangular to linear. Upper stem leaves similar in form and same in division to middle stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Capitula few to many, paniculate-corymbose at end of a branch, rarely solitary. Involucre ovoid, 2--2.5 cm, in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate, abaxially with mucilaginous dark glands; outer ones triangular-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 8--10 mm, apically with ca. 1 mm spinules; middle and inner ones lanceolate to broadly linear, 1.2--1.7 cm × 1.2--3 mm, red scarious, apically dilated. Corolla pink to purple, ca. 1.8 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes obliquely ellipsoid-obovoid, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Nov.

 

     Forests, thickets, wasteland by rivers, streamsides, roadsides; 1300--3400 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [SE Asia, India].

 

42. Cirsium leducei (Franchet) H. Léveillé, Cat. Pl. Yun-nan 42. 1915.

 

覆瓦蓟  fu wa ji

 

     Cnicus leducei Franchet, J. Bot. 11: 23. 1897.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 0.3--1.5 m tall. Stems grayish white, erect, apically much branched, rarely unbranched, under capitulum densely tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely to densely spinulate. Middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 4--10 × 1--3 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 3--5 pairs, triangular, margin entire or 1-toothed; tooth spinose and apically with a ca. 3.5 mm spine; terminal lobe narrowly lanceolate to broadly linear. Upper stem leaves similar to middle stem leaves but sometimes entire. Under capitulum leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, smaller than others, margin spinose to toothed; teeth apically with a spine. Capitula few to many, rarely 1, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate, abaxially with mucilaginous dark glands along midrib; outer ones lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1 mm, apex acuminate and tipped with a ca. 1.5 mm spinule; middle and inner ones lanceolate, 7--11 × 1.5--2 mm, apex acute and tipped with a short spinule; inner ones elliptic-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 1.2--1.6 cm × 1.2--2 mm, red scarious, apically dilated. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes dark brown striate, obliquely oblanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.5 cm.

 

     * Forests, forest margins, grassland on mountain slopes; 500--1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.

 

43. Cirsium glabrifolium (C. Winkler) O. & B. Fedtschenko, Consp. Fl. Turkest. 4: 286. 1911.

 

无毛蓟  wu mao ji

 

    Cnicus glabrifolius O. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 9(2): 523. 1885; Cirsium glabrifolium Petrak.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 0.7--1 m tall. Stems erect, ribbed, sparsely setiferous. Leaves green, concolorous, abaxially setiferous, adaxially glabrous. Middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, to 20 × 8 cm, base dilated and semiamplexicaul, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 5 or 6 pairs, elliptic, ovate, or triangular-ovate, margin unequally 3--5 spinosely toothed; teeth apically with 5--12 mm or longer spines. Upper stem leaves lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, decreasing in size upward, same in division to middle stem leaves or entire but margin spinosely toothed and teeth apically spinose. Capitula many, paniculate. Involucre ovoid, 1.5--2 cm in diam., glabrous or very sparsely arachnoid; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate; outer ones lanceolate, 6--7 × 1--2 mm, apex acute to acuminate and tipped with a ca. 3 mm spinule; middle ones triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.2--1.5 cm × 2--3 mm, apically appendaged and appendages scarious, margin lacerate, apically spinose; inner ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm × 2 mm, apically appendaged and appendage apically spinose. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.8 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes yellowish and darker striate, cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes, thickets; near sea level to 2700 m. Xinjiang, Xizang [India, Kazakstan, Kashmir, Uzbekistan].

 

44. Cirsium sieversii (Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Petrak, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 61: 324. 191.

 

附片蓟  fu pian ji

 

     Echenais sieversii Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 44. 1841.

 

 Herbs, perennial, 1--2 m tall. Stems erect, long branched, sparsely long setiferous. Leaves green, concolorous, setiferous. Upper stem leaves sessile, elliptic to lanceolate, 10--18 × 3--6 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 3--5 pairs, obliquely ovate to semiorbicular, margin unequally 3--5 triangularly spinosely toothed; teeth margin with few to many spinulate cilia, apically with a 4--6 mm or longer spine. Under capitulum leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, margin spinose. Capitula 3--6, narrowly ovate, at end of stem; or many, paniculate, at end of stem and branches. Involucre ovoid, 1.5--2 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate; outer ones 3--4 × 1--2 mm, apically appendaged and appendage margin lacerate, apically with a 2--3 mm spinule; middle ones 8--10 × ca. 2 mm, apically appendaged and appendage margin lacerate, apically with a 1--2 mm spinule; inner and innermost ones 1--1.2 cm × ca. 1 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, as long as limb. Pappus elements brownish, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

 

     Forests on mountain slopes, by water; ca. 1600 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Russia].

 

45. Cirsium chrysolepis Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 451. 1984.

 

黄苞蓟  huang bao ji

 

     Herbs, perennial, to 1 m tall. Stems erect, apically branched. Leaves abaxially grayish white, sparsely arachnoid, adaxially green, densely spinulate; spinules ca. 0.5 mm. Lower and middle stem leaves not seen. Leaves on inflorescence branches sessile, elliptic to lanceolate, 4--8 × ca. 2 cm, pinnatilobed; lateral lobes in ca. 3 pairs, lanceolate to obliquely triangulate-ovate, margin unequally 2--4 triangularly spinosely toothed; teeth margin with less than 0.5 mm spinulose cilia, apically with a 5--10 mm spine. Under capitulum leaves lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed. Subtending leaves many, margin spinose; spines to 2 cm, varying in length. Capitula apically corymbose, erect. Involucre campanulate, 3--3.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 8 rows, imbricate, straight, adpressed; outer and middle ones elliptic to lanceolate, 0.8--2 cm × ca. 3 mm, margin apically appendaged, apex acuminate and spinose; appendage yellow-white, dilated, rigid, scarious, margin lacerate; middle and inner ones lanceolate to linear, 2.2--2.5 cm × 2--2.5 mm, margin apically appendaged, apex acuminate and spinose; appendage short and narrow. Corolla purple-red. Achenes immature. Pappus elements yellowish, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Aug.

 

     * Mountain slopes; ca. 3500 m. Xizang (Nyalam Xian).

 

     This species is allied to Cirsium flavisquamatum Kitamura from Nepal but differs in having arachnoid leaves.

 

46. Cirsium setosum (Willdenow) M. Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 560. 1819.

 

刺儿菜  ci er cai

 

     Serratula setosa Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3(3): 1645. 1803; Carduus segetum (Bunge) Franchet; Cephalonoplos segetum (Bunge) Kitamura; C. setosum (M. Bieberstein) Kitamura; Cirsium albiflorum (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; C. argunense de Candolle; C. arvense (Linnaeus) Scopoli var. integrifolium Wimmer & Grabowski; C. arvense var. setosum Ledebour; C. laevigatum Tausch; C. segetum Bunge; Cnicus arvensis (Linnaeus) C. Hoffmann var. setosus (Ledebour) Maximowicz; C. setosus Besser.

 

     Herbs dioecious, perennial, 0.3--0.8(--1.2) m tall. Roots far-creeping, bearing adventitious shoots. Stems apically branched; branches glabrous or sparsely tomentose. Leaves concolorous, green and glabrous or gray-green and sparsely tomentose; rarely abaxially gray, sparsely to densely tomentose and adaxially green, glabrous, margin entire, finely and closely spinulate to spinosely toothed; teeth apically with a to 3.5 mm spine. Stem leaves sometimes pinnatilobe, pinnatifid, or loosely crenate; lobes and crenas obliquely triangular, margin with short spinules, apex rounded to obtuse and apically with a longer spine. Lower and middle stem leaves usually sessile, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 7--15 × 1.5--10 cm, base cuneate, apex obtuse to rounded. Upper stem leaves elliptic, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, decreasing in size upward. Capitulum 1 at end of stem or few to many and into terminal corymb at end of stem and branches. Involucre ovoid, narrowly ovoid, 1.5--2 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5--8 × 1.5--2 mm, apex acute and tipped with a less than 0.5 mm spinule; inner and innermost ones elliptic to linear, 1.1--2 cm × 1--1.8 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate and short spinulate. Corolla of pistillate florets purple-red or white, ca. 2.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.8 cm filiform. Corolla of staminate florets ca. 1.8 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm, filiform. Achenes yellowish, ca. 3 mm. Pappus elements dirty white, ca. 3.5 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes, by rivers, water lands, farmlands; 100--2700 m. Almost through China [Europe, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].

 

     The whole plant in used medicinally.

 

47. Cirsium tenuifolium Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 452. 1984.

 

薄叶蓟  bo ye ji

 

     Herbs dioecious, annual, ca. 40 cm tall. Stems erect, unbranched, rarely apically ca. 10 × branched, sparsely long setiferous. Leaves abaxially pale green, glabrous or very sparsely arachnoid, adaxially green, sparsely long setiferous, base auriculate and semiamplexicaule, margin with ca. 3 mm spinules, alternating with ca. 5 mm spines, apex acute to acuminate. Lower stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 6--18 × 1.3--2 cm. Upper stem leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly linear, decreasing in size upward. Capitula 1 or 2 at end of stem. Involucre narrowly ovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, 1.5--2 cm, glabrous; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate; outer ones triangular, ca. 5 × 1--1.5 mm, apically with recurved to reflexed 1--2 mm spinules; middle ones ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 7--10 × 2--3 mm, apex acuminate; inner and innermost ones linear to linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm × 2 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla red, ca. 1.7 cm, tube slender; pistillate florets tube ca. 7.5 mm; staminate florets tube ca. 8 mm. Achenes yellowish, cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements white, to 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     * Forests in mountain valleys, grassland; ca. 1400 m. Xinjiang (Altay Shan).

 

48. Cirsium incanum (S. G. Gmelin) Fischer ex M. Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 561. 1819.

.

阿尔太蓟  a er tai ji

 

     Serratula incana S. G. Gmelin, Reise Russland 1: 155. 1770; Cirsium arvense (Linnaeus) Scopoli var. incanum Ledebour.

 

     Herbs dioecious, perennial, to 1 m tall. Stems grayish white, apically branched, above middle arachnoid-tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, very sparsely arachnoid, margin closely beset with 0.2--0.5 mm fine and spiniform cilia. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic to ovate, 7--8 × 3.4 cm. Upper stem leaves similar to lower and middle ones, decreasing in size upward. Capitula terminal, few to many, corymbose. Involucre narrowly ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, imbricate; outer ones triangular, ca. 3 × 1.2 mm, apically with less than 0.5 mm spinules; middle and inner ones ovate to lanceolate, 5--8 × 1.8--2 mm, apically with less than 0.5 mm spinules; innermost linear to narrowly linear, 1.5--2.2 cm × ca. 1.5 mm, apically scarous, apex acuminate, without spinules. Pistillate florets corolla red-purple, ca. 1.6 cm; tube slender, filiform, ca. 1.3 cm; staminate florets not seen. Achenes yellowish, narrowly ellipsoid-oblanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm. Pappus elements dirty white, ca. 2.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Grassland on flooded lands; 500--1700 m. Xinjiang (Altay Shan) [Kazakstan; SW Asia, Europe].

 

49. Cirsium arvense (Linnaeus) Scopoli, Fl. Carniol. ed. 2, 2: 126. 1772.

 

丝路蓟  si lu ji

 

    Serratula arvensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 820. 1753; Breea arvensis (Linnaeus) Lessing; Carduus arvensis (Linnaeus) Robinson; Cephalonoplos arvense (Linnaeus) Fourreau; Cirsium ochrolepideum Juzepczuk; Cnicus arvensis (Linnaeus) O. Hoffmann; Serratula spinosa Gilbert.

 

     Herbs dioecious, perennial, 50--160 cm tall. Stems erect, apically branched, under capitulum sparsely arachnoid. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or very sparsely arachnoid. Lower stem leaves ± short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 7--17 × 1.5--4.5 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 3--5 pairs, obliquely triangular to obliquely elliptic, margin 2--3 spinosely toothed; teeth margin with short spinules, apicaly with a ca. 5 mm spine. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, conformed and same in division to lower stem leaves, base thickened and semiamplexicaul. Capitula terminal, many, corymbose. Involucre ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 1.5--2 cm in diam., very sparsely arachnoid; bracts in ca. 5 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones ovate, 5--7 × 2--2.5 mm, apex acute and tipped with a reflexed to patent ca. 1 mm spinule; inner and innermost ones elliptic-lanceolate, lanceolate to broadly linear, 0.9--1.4 cm × 1--1.5 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Corolla purple, tube filiform; pistillate floret ca. 1.7 cm, tube ca. 1.3 cm; staminate floret ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes yellowish, cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Pappus elements dirty white, ca. 2.8 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     Moist places by ditches, farmlands, lakesides; 700--4300 m. Gansu, Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Kazakstan].

 

50. Cirsium lanatum (Roxburgh ex Willdenow) Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 3: 372. 1826.

 

藏蓟  zang ji

 

     Carduus lanatus Roxburgh ex Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 1671. 1804; Aplotaxia circioides de Candolle.

 

     Herbs, annual, dioecious, 40--80 cm tall. Stems erect, branched from base, sometimes unbranched, densely arachnoid-tomentose or glabrous. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Lower stem leaves sessile or short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, oblanceolate, or oblanceolate-elliptic, 7--12 × 2.5--3 cm, base attenuate, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 3--5 pairs, semiorbicular, broadly ovate, or elliptic, margin (2 or)3--5 spinosely toothed; teeth margin with less than 2 mm spinules, apically with a 3.5--10 mm spine; terminal lobe broadly ovate, broadly lanceolate, or semiorbicular, margin with less than 2 mm spinules, apically with a 3.5--10 mm spine; sometimes lower stem leaves margin inconspicuously pinnately divided, segments margin usually with 3--5 spines. Upper stem leaves similar to lower stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Capitula terminal, many, corymbose or rarely racemose. Involucre ovoid to campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate; outer ones triangular, ca. 6 × 2 mm, apex acute and tipped with a ca. 2.5 mm spinule; middle ones elliptic, 7--9 × 2--3 mm, apex acute and tipped with a 3--4 mm spine; inner and innermost ones lanceolate to linear, 1.2--1.9 cm × 1--3 mm, apically scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla purple-red, tube filiform; pistillate floret ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 1.4 cm; staminate floret ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 9 mm. Achenes cuneate, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements dirty white to brownish, ca. 2.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     * Grassland on mountain slopes, moist places, roadsides, near villages; 500--4300 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang.

 

18. ANCATHIA de Candolle in Guillemin, Arch. Bot. 2: 331. 1833.

 

肋果蓟属  lei guo ji shu

 

     Cnicus Linnaeus Sect. Ancathia (de Candolle) Bentham.

 

     Herbs, perennial. Leaves entire. Capitula homogamous. Involucre campanulate; bracts numerous, imbricate. Receptacle with dense hairs. Florets bisexual. Filaments free, glabrous; anther tail lacerate. Style arms short, apex obtuse, connivent. Achenes glabrous, 3- or 4-ribbed, apically with crenulate rim. Pappus elements in many rows.

 

     One species: China, Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia.

 

1. Ancathia ingiaris (Sprengel) de Candolle in Guillemin, Arch. Bot. 2: 331. 1833.

 

肋蓟  lei guo ji

 

     Cirsium igniarium Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 3: 375. 1826; Cnicus igniarius (Sprengel) Bentham.

 

     Herbs 15--20 cm tall, rhizomatous; rhizomes stout, ramose. Stems usually unbranched, densely tomentose. Leaves sessile, elliptic, linear-lanceolate, or linear, 10--20 × 0.5--1 cm, leathery, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially gray, glabrous, shiny, margin revolute and with 5--6 mm spines, apex acute and tipped with a 5--6 mm spine. Capitula 1 at end of stem. Involucre 3--5 cm, arachnoid; outer bracts triangular, 7--8 × 1.6--2 mm, apex tipped with a reflexed to patent 2--3 mm spine; middle ones oblanceolate, 1.5--2.5 cm × 3--4 mm, apically suddenly constricted and apex tipped with a reflexed to patent 5--6 mm spine; inner ones lanceolate, oblanceolate, broadly linear, or linear, 3--3.2 cm × ca. 3.5 mm, apex long acuminate. Corolla purple to red, ca. 2.8 cm, tubulate; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes dark-brown to brown, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 6.5 mm, 3--5-ribbed. Pappus elements whitish, plumose, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes, rocky areas; 1100--1500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].

 

19. ONOPORDUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 827. 1753.

 

大翅蓟属  da chi ji shu

 

     Acanos Adanson.

 

     Biennials. Stems erect or absent, spinose winged. Capitula homogamous, 1 to many, inconspicuously or irregularly corymbose, rarely 1 at end of stem. Involucre bracts imbricate at least near base, glabrous or puberulent, apex spinose. Receptacle glabrous, margin with deep pits and toothed. Florets bisexual. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers basally appendaged and appendages short caudate. Style arms long. Achenes 3- or 4-ribbed and ribs prolonged into rim. Pappus elements in several rows, scabrid or plumose, not of same length, basally connate into a ring.

 

     About 40 species: C Asia, mostly in W Asia, Europe; two species in China

 

1a. Pappus elements scabrid  1. O. acanthium

1b. Pappus elements plumose  2. O. leptolepis

 

1. Onopordum acanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 827. 1753.

 

大翅蓟  da chi ji

 

     Acanos spina Scopoli.

 

     Herbs to 2 m tall. Stems erect, stout, glabrous or arachnoid; wings 2--5 cm wide, pinnatifid or triangularly spinosely toothed; lobes or teeth apically yellow-brown, spines to 5 mm. Leaves glabrous or sparsely arachnoid to densely lanate. Basal leaves elliptic to broadly ovate, 10--30 × 4--15 cm, pinnatilobed or unequally triangular spinosely toothed; teeth and lobes with apically yellow-brown spines. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, decreasing in size upward. Involucre globose to ovoid, ca. 5 cm in diam., arachnoid, then glabrous; bracts in may rows, abaxially glandular-punctate, margin ciliate; outer and middle ones leathery, ovate-subulate to lanceolate-subulate, 1.7--1.8 × 0.4--0.5 cm, apically reflexed to patent, apex acute to acuminate; inner ones lanceolate to linear, 2--3 cm × ca. 3 mm, subulate-acuminate. Corolla purple-red to pink, ca. 2.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes grayish black to gray, obovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 6 mm, 3-ribbed, wrinkled. Pappus elements reddish, to 1.2 cm, scabrid. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes, wasteland, by ditches; 800--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan; SW Asia, Europe].

 

2. Onopordum leptolepis de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 619. 1837.

 

羽冠大翅蓟  yu guan da chi ji

 

     Herbs 30--40 cm tall. Stems simple, unbranched or few-branched, densely lanate, broadly winged; wings densely lanate, undulate and with yellow spines. Leaves densely lanate. Lower stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 30--40 cm long, pinnatilobed; lobes ovate, margin undulately spinosely toothed. Upper stem leaves decreasing in size upward, spinosely lobed or undulately toothed; lobes or teeth apically with yellow spines. Capitula 1 at end of a branch. Involucre globose to subglobose, 4--6 cm in diam.; bracts straight, adpressed, lanceolate; innermost 3--3.5 cm × ca. 2 mm, gradually narrowed into a 1.2--1.5 cm acumen. Achenes brown to gray-brown, ca. 6 mm, 4-ribbed, apically with a scarious rim. Pappus elements plumose, to 2.5 cm, with 1 of inner ones much longer than others. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

     Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

     No material from China was seen, above description is taken from Flora Kazakhstana.

 

20. DOLOMIAEA de Candolle, Guill. Arch. Bot. 2: 330. 1833.

 

川木香属  chuan mu xiang shu

 

     Jurinea Casinni sect. subacaulis Bentham & J. D. Hooker; Valdimiria Iljin; Mazzettia Iljin.

 

     Herbs, perennial, usually rosulate. Stems rarely present. Capitula homogamous, few to many, rarely 1, clustered in phylum of basal rosette or in subtending leaves at end of stem. Involucre campanulate; bracts imbricate, leathery to subleathery, margin ciliate. Receptacle flat, with pits not of same length, deciduous, margin with subulate processes. Florets bisexual. Corolla outside glandular-punctate. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers appendaged and appendages lacerate and caudate. Style arms linear, patent, apex acute, sometimes very short, oblong, connivent, apex rounded. Achenes trigonous or tetragonous, sometimes cylindric, with apical rim. Pappus elements in 2 to several rows, scabrid or short plumose, early glabrescent, of same length, basally connate into a ring.

 

     13 species: China, Myanmar; mostly in China.

 

1a. Style arms very short, oblong, connivent, apex rounded.

2a. Leaves 10--20 × 3--5 cm, bipinnatipartite; primary lateral lobes in 7 or 8 pairs; involucre 1.5--2 cm in diam. ....  12. D. calophylla

2b. Leaves 6--9 × 2.5--5 cm, lyrate-pinnatisect, lateral segments in 4--6 pairs; involucre 2--3 cm in diam. .................. .........................................................

...............................................  13. D. wardii

1b. Style arms slender, linear, patent, apex acute.

3a. Capitulum 1.

4a. Leaf margin entire, undulate, or sparsely toothed.

5a. Leaves 8--18 × 5--15 cm; pappus elements in many rows, scabrid, ca. 2.5 cm ...........................  7. D. berardioides

5b. Leaves 5--7.5 × 1.3--2 cm; ; pappus elements in 2 rows, plumose, ca. 3.3 cm ................................  8. D. georgii

4b. Leaves pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite, rarely entire in D. edulis.

6a. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially green, arachnoid only along midrib ....  11. D. platylepis

6b. Leaves green, concolorous, strigose or glabrous.

7a. Leaves 7.5--15 × 6--14 cm; involucre 4--5 cm in diam. ...

................................................  9. D. edulis

7b. Leaves 3.5--10 × 1--2 cm; involucre ca. 2 cm in diam. ...

..........................................  10. D. salwinensis

3b. Capitula (2--)3--8.

8a. Pappus elements retrorcurved and nested in achene .......

...............................................  6. D. souliei

8b. Pappus elements straight, not retrocurved nor nested in achene.

9a. Leaves entire, margin irregularly acute toothed ......... .........................................................

...........................................  1. D. denticulata

9b. Leaves pinnately divided.

10a. Pappus elements apical 1/2 brick color .  2. D. lateritia

10b. Pappus elements yellow-brown to pale brown.

11a. Leaves sparsely strigose ...............  3. D. forrestii

11b. Leaves, at least abaxially, tomentose.

12a. Leaves pinnatipartite, arachnoid-tomentose ............. .........................................................

........................................  4. D. crispoundulata

12b. Leaves pinnatisect, abaxially tomentose, adaxially glabrous ..........................................  5. D. scabrida

 

1. Dolomiaea denticulata (Ling) Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 293. 1986.

 

越隽川木蓝香  yue juan chuan mu xiang

 

     Vlaidimiria denticulata Ling, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 81. 1965.

 

     Herbs stemless. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole 4--10; leaf blade green, broadly oblanceolate to elliptic, 13--30 × 5--12 cm, strigose, base attenuate, margin irregularly acute denticulate, apex obtuse. Peduncle ca. 1.5 cm or absent. Capitula ca. 8, clustered in phylum of rosette. Involucre ca. 2.8 cm in diam.; bracts in 5 or 6 rows, apex obtuse to acute; outer and middle ones ovate, broadly ovate, or elliptic, 0.7--1.5 × 0.5--0.8 cm; inner ones elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 2.5--3 × 0.4--0.6 cm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, ca. 2 cm. Achenes ca. 4 mm, angulate. Pappus elements in many rows, yellow-brown, scabrid, ca. 2.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Forest margins, grassland on mountain slopes; 3000--3500 m. SW Sichuan.

 

2. Dolomiaea lateritia Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 190. 1994.

 

红冠川木香  hong guan chuan mu xiang

 

     Herbs stemless. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole ca. 5 cm; leaf blade elliptic 9--24 × 5--8 cm, margin bipinnatipartite; primary lobes 8 pairs, lanceolate to elliptic; central lobe largest, dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; ultimate lobes triangular, narrowly triangular, or ovate, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous, base auriculate, margin spinulate-denticulate to apiculate. Capitula ca. 8, clustered in phylum of rosette. Involucre ca. 2.5 cm in diam., dark-red; bracts in ca. 6 rows, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones ovate-subulate, ca. 1 cm × 2 mm, apex long acuminate; outer ones triangular-subulate, 1.5--2.5 × ca. 0.6 cm, apex subulate-acuminate; middle and inner ones lanceolate, elliptic, or lanceolate-elliptic, 2.3--3.5 × 0.6--0.7 cm, apex acuminate. Corolla purple-red, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, ca. 2.2 cm. Achenes immature. Pappus elements in many rows, lower 1/2 brown, apical 1/2 brick color, scabrid. Fl. Sep.

 

     * Thickets, meadows; ca. 3400 m. Xizang (Yadong Xian).

 

3. Dolomiaea forrestii (Diels) Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 293. 1986.

 

膜缘川木香  mo yuan chuan mu xiang

 

     Jurinea forrestii Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 200. 1912; Vladiniria forrestii (Diels) Ling.

 

     Stems absent to very short. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole 5--10 cm; leaf blade green, broadly elliptic, narrowly elliptic, ovate, subtriangular, or broadly lanceolate, 12--18 × 9--15 cm, sparsely strigose, base truncate or cuneate, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lobes margin spinosely toothed; lateral lobes in ca. 4--7 pairs, ovate, broadly triangular, or irregularly falcate; central one largest; terminal lobe rhombic, irregularly rhombic, or irregularly semiorbicular. Capitula 3--6, clustered in phylum of rosette. Involucre ca. 3 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows, subleathery, margin brown, rigid, and scarious, apex obtuse; outer ones ovate, ca. 1.5 × 0.5--0.7 cm; middle and inner ones elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 1.7--2.3 × 0.5--0.7 cm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 3.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 2 cm. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm, pimpled above middle part. Pappus elements in many rows, yellow-brown, scabrid, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     * Grassland, thickets, forests, forest margins in mountain valleys or on mountain slopes; 3000--4100 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.

 

4. Dolomiaea crispoundulata (Chang) Ling, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 9. 1965.

 

皱叶川木香  zhou ye chuan mu xiang

 

     Jurinea crispoundulata Chang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 6: 67. 1935; Dolomiaea crispoundulata (Chang) Ling var. chienii Ling; Vladimiria crispoundulata (Chang) Shih & S. Y. Jin.

 

     Herbs stemless. Root stock with petiole remains. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole dark brown, 1--3 cm, below middle dilated and sheathlike; leaf blade elliptic to broadly linear, 3--7 × 0.7--1 cm, crisped pinnatipartite; lobes grayish white, concolorous, arachnoid-tomentose, base obtuse to rounded; lateral lobes in 3--15 pairs, unequal, obtusely triangular, broadly ovate, or semiorbicular; terminal lobe ovate. Capitula ca. 3, clustered in phylum. Involucre ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 4 rows; outer ones triangular to lanceolate, ca. 1.7 cm × 3 mm, margin sparsely ciliate, apex acute, middle and inner ones triangular to lanceolate, ca. 2.2 cm × 3--5.5 mm, margin sparsely ciliate, apex acute to obtuse. Corolla pale purple, ca. 2.1 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes immature, ca. 5 mm, wrinkled. Pappus elements in 2 rows, yellow-brown, scabrid, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. Jul.

 

     * Thickets; ca. 4400 m. SC Xizang.

 

5. Dolomiaea scabrida (Shih & S. Y. Jin) Shih, Acta Phytotax. 24: 293. 1986.

 

糙羽川木香  cao yu chuan mu xiang

 

     Vladimiria scabrida Shih & S. Y. Jin, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 21: 91. 1983.

 

     Herbs stemless. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole 2--4.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 4--12 × 1--3 cm, pinnatisect; segments abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous, margin denticulate; lateral segments in 4--6 pairs, elliptic, ovate, obliquely ovate, or obovate; terminal segment largest, narrowly ovate. Capitula 2 or 3, clustered in phylum of rosette. Involucre ca. 3 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 4 rows; outer ones triangular, ca. 1.5 cm × 4 mm; middle ones lanceolate to elliptic, 1.6--1.9 cm × 2.5--3 mm; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 1.9 cm × 2 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla purple, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.1 cm. Achenes brown, obconic, 6--7 mm. Pappus elements in 2 rows, pale brown to dirty brown, scabrid, ca. 3 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     * Gravely places by river, in mountain valleys; 4400--4500 m. Xizang (Ngamrim Xian).

 

6. Dolomiaea souliei (Franchet) Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin 24: 294. 1986.

 

川木香  chuan mu xiang

 

     Herbs stemless. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole 2--6(--16) cm, densely arachnoid-tomentose, strigose, and glandular-punctate; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 10--30 × 5--13 cm, green to pale green and concolorous or abaxially grayish white, sparsely arachnoid to tomentose and adaxially green to pale green, sparsely strigose and glandular-punctate, margin lobed and spinosely toothed, rarely entire; teeth apically with a spine; lateral lobes in ca. 4--6 pairs, obliquely triangular to broadly lanceolate; terminal lobe similar to lateral ones but smaller. Capitula 6--8, clustered in phylum of rosette. Involucre broadly ca. 6 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, apex caudate-acuminate and spinose; outer ones ovate to ovate-elliptic, 2--2.5 × ca. 1 cm; middle ones obliquely elliptic to lanceolate, ca. 3 × 0.6--1.1 cm; inner ones lanceolate, ca. 3.5 × 0.5 cm. Corolla red, ca. 4 cm; tube slender, ca. 3 cm. Achenes cylindric, 7--8 mm. Pappus elements in many rows, yellow-brown, short plumose or scabrid, ca. 3 cm; outer ones retrocurved and nested??.

 

     * Grassland, thickets, grassland on mountain slopes; 3700--4800 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan.

 

     The roots are used medicinally.

 

1a. Leaves green to pale green, concolorous      1a. var. souliei

1b. Leaves abaxially grayish white, adaxially green to pale green  1b. var. mirabilis

 

6a. Dolomiaea souliei var. souliei.

 

川木香(原变种)  chuan mu xiang (yuan bian zhong)

 

     Jurinea souliei Franchet, J. Bot. 8: 377. 1894; Vladimiria souliiei (Franchet) Ling.

 

     Leaves green to pale green, concolorous, sparsely strigose and glandular-punctate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     * Grassland or thickets; 3700--4800 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang.

 

6b. Dolomiaea souliei var. mirabilis (Anthony) Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 294. 1986.

 

灰毛川木香  hui mao chuan mu xiang

 

     Jurinea mirabilis Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 22. 1933; J. muliensis Handel-Mazzetti; J. trachyloma Handel-Mazzetti; Vladimiria muliensis (Handel-Mazzetti) Ling; V. souliei (Franchet) Ling var. cinerea Ling; V. trachylome (Handel-Mazzetti) Ling.

 

    Leaves abaxially grayish white, sparsely arachnoid to arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely strigose. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     * Grassland on mountain slopes; ca. 3800 m. NW to SW Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan.

 

7. Dolomiaea berardioidea (Franchet) Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 294. 1986.

 

厚叶川木香  hou ye chuan mu xiang

 

     Saussurea edulis Franchet var. berardioidea Franchet, J. Bot. 2: 338. 1888; Jurinea berardioidea (Franchet) Diels; J. edulis (Franchet) Franchet var. berardioidea (Franchet) Franchet; Vladimiria berardioidea (Franchet) Ling.

 

     Herbs stemless. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole 3--8 cm; leaf blade green, concolorous, elliptic, ovate, or oblong, 8--18 × 5--15 cm, densely strigose and glandular-punctate, base shallowly cordate to truncate, margin undulate or sparsely spinulately toothed, apex rounded to acute. Capitulum 1 in phylum of rosette. Involucre ca. 5.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 4 rows; outer ones elliptic, oblanceolate-elliptic, or lanceolate-elliptic, 1.5--2 × 1--1.3 cm, middle and inner ones lanceolate, 2.5--3.4 × 0.6--0.8 cm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 3.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 2.3 cm. Achenes trigonous, ca. 7 mm. Pappus elements in many rows, brown, scabrid, ca. 2.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

 

     * Grassland or thickets on mountain slopes; 2800--3000 m. Yunnan (Lijiang Xian).

 

8. Dolomiaea georgii (Anthony) Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 294. 1986.

 

腺叶川木香  xian ye chuan mu xiang

 

     Jurinea georgii Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 21. 1934; Vladimiria georgii (Anthony) Ling.

 

     Stems absent or very short. Leaves basal, rosulate, petiolate; petiole 3--8 cm, base thickened; leaf blade concolorous, elliptic, oblanceolate, or spatulate, 5--7.5 × 1.3--2 cm, glabrous but densely glandular-punctate, base attenuate, margin entire or shallowly undulate, apex acute to obtuse. Capitulum 1 at end of stem or in phylum of rosette. Involucre 2--2.5 cm, in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows, apex obtuse, rounded, or acute; outer and middle ones ovate, narrowly ovate, or ovate-elliptic, ca. 2 × 0.6--0.7 cm; inner ones elliptic to broadly linear, ca. 3 cm × 3--5 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 3.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 2.7 cm. Achenes trigonous or quadrangular, 4--5 mm. Pappus elements in 2 rows, pale yellow-brown, plumose, ca. 3.3 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

 

     * Moist places or open slopes; ca. 3200 m. NW Yunnan.

 

9. Dolomiaea edulis (Franchet) Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 294. 1986.

 

菜木香  cai mu xiang

 

     Saussurea edulis Franchet, J. Bot. 2: 377. 1888; Jurinea edulis (Franchet) Franchet; Vladimiria edulis (Franchet) Ling.

 

     Herbs stemless or stem 15--30 cm tall. Leaves rosulate, basal or cauligerous, petiolate; petiole to 6 cm; leaf blade green, concolorous, broadly oblanceolate, elliptic, broadly elliptic-ovate, or suborbicular, 7.5--15 × 6--14 cm, sparsely to densely strigose, base cordate, cuneate, or truncate, usually pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite but sometimes entire; lobe or leaf margin apiculate to toothed; teeth apically with spinules; lateral lobes in 3 or 4(--6) pairs, falcate to obliquely triangular. Capitulum 1 in phylum of rosette or in subtending leaves at end of stem. Involucre 4--6 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows, rigid; outer and middle ones ovate to elliptic, 2.4--2.6 × 1.2--1.7 cm, apex rounded to obtuse; inner ones elliptic, lanceolate, or broadly linear, 2--3 × 0.3--0.6 cm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, ca. 2 cm. Achenes pale brown, trigonous, ca. 7 mm, wrinkled. Pappus elements in many rows, scabrid, ca. 3 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     * Forest margins, grassland or uncultivated lands; 2900--4700 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.

 

10. Dolomiaea salwinensis (Handel-Mazzetti) Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 295. 1986.

 

怒江川木香  nu jiang chuan mu xiang

 

    Jurinea salwinensis Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss Wien, Math-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 69. 1925; Mazzettia salwinensis (Handel-Mazzetti) Iljin; Vladimiria salwinensis (Handel-Mazzetti) Iljin.

 

     Herbs to 10 cm tall. Stems absent or present. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous. Basal leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole long, winged; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or spatulate, 3.5--10 × 1--2 cm, thin, base attenuate, margin entire, sparsely toothed, or ± pinnatilobed, apex obtuse to acute. Under capitulum leaves similar to basal leaves. Capitulum 1 in phylum of rosette or at end of stem. Involucre ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in 3 rows, apex obtuse to acute; outer ones ovate, 1--1.3 × 0.4--0.6 cm; middle ones ovate to lanceolate, 1.4--1.5 × 0.3--0.5 cm; inner ones lanceolate, ca. 2 cm × 2--3 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.7 cm. Achenes dark, trigonous, ca. 3.8 mm. Pappus elements in 2 rows, yellow-brown, plumose, ca. 3 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     * Forest margins, grassland on mountain slopes; 2900--3500 m. NW Yunnan.

 

11. Dolomiaea platylepis (Handel-Mazzetti) Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 295. 1986.

 

平苞川木香  ping bao chuan mu xiang

 

     Jurinea platylepis Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 658. 1937; Vladimiria platylepis (Handel-Mazzetti) Ling.

 

     Stems absent or present. Leaves basal, rosulate, rigid, petiolate; petiole to 10 cm; leaf blade obovate, ovate, or elliptic, 7--13 × 5--9 cm, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, arachnoid only along midrib, base truncate or cuneate, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lobes margin spinulately acute to denticulate; lateral lobes in 2 or 3 pairs, obliquely broadly triangular to obliquely ovate, apex rounded, obtuse, or acute; terminal lobe semiorbicular to irregularly rhombic, apex obtuse to rounded. Capitulum 1 in center of phylum or at end of stem. Involucre 4--6 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 4 rows; outer ones broadly ovate, 1.4--1.8 × 1--1.5 cm, apex rounded to obtuse; middle ones narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 2--2.5 × 0.5--1 cm, apex obtuse to acute; inner ones linear lanceolate, ca. 3 × 0.5 cm, apex acute; all bracts leathery. Corolla purple-red, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, ca. 2 cm. Achenes long obpyramidal, ca. 8 mm. Pappus elements in many rows, yellow-white, plumose, ca. 3 cm. Fl. and fr. Sep--Oct.

 

     * Grassland, thickets on mountain slopes; 3100--3400 m. SW Sichuan.

 

12. Dolomiaea calophylla Ling, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 88. 1965.

 

美叶川木香  mei ye chuan mu xiang

 

     Herbs stemless. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole robust, 5--9 cm; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 10--20 × 3--5 cm, rigidly papery, abaxially white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, strigose, margin bipinnatipartite; primary lateral lobes in 7 or 8 pairs, ovate to elliptic, central one largest, upper and lower ones decreasing in size upward; secondary lobes elliptic, obliquely ovate, or semiorbicular, margin unequally or spinosely toothed. Capitula 10--25, clustered in center of phylum. Involucre 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, apically purple-red, apex mucronate; outer ones elliptic, 0.9--1.1 × 0.5 cm, apex rounded to acute; middle ones lanceolate, 1.2--1.7 × ca. 0.5 cm, apex acute; inner ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.8--2 cm × 2--3 mm, apex acute. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes tetragonous, obpyramidal, ca. 5 mm, ± wrinkled. Pappus elements in many rows, brown, scabrid, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     * Grassland, gravely areas; 3300--4700 m. CS Xizang.

 

13. Dolomiaea wardii (Handel-Mazzetti) Ling, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 88. 1965.

 

西藏川木香  xi zang chuan mu xiang

 

     Jurinea wardii Handel-Mazetti, J. Bot. 76: 290. 1938.

 

     Herbs stemless. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole 1.5--7.5 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate to obovate, 6--9 × 2.5--5 cm, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid, margin lyrate-pinnatisect; segments margin acutely denticulate, rarely shallowly crenate; denticle apically with a cartilaginous acumen; lateral lobes in ca. 4--6 pairs, elliptic; terminal lobe ovate to broadly ovate. Capitula 4--8, clustered in center of phylum. Involucre 2--3 cm in diam.; bracts in 4 or 5 rows, apex acute and mucronate; outer ones elliptic, 4--8 × 3.5--4 mm; middle ones elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 1--1.5 × 0.4--0.5 cm; inner ones linear-elliptic to broadly linear, 2--2.3 cm × 2--3 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.1 cm. Achenes obpyramidal, ca. 6 cm, wrinkled. Pappus elements in many rows, scabrid, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     * Thickets, gravely places on flooded land; 3800--4500 m. SE Xizang.

 

21. DIPLAZOPTILON Ling, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 85. 1965.

 

重羽菊属  chong yu ju shu

 

     Herbs, perennial, stemless. Leaves rosulate. Capitula homogamous, clustered in center of phylum. Involucre campanulate; bracts imbricate, rigid or soft. Receptacle flat, pits with unequal subulate processes. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple-red. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers appendaged and appendages basally fimbriate-lacerate and caudate. Style arms long, linear, apex acute. Achenes obconic, 4-costate, with apical rim. Pappus elements in 2 rows, long plumose, basally connate into a ring.

 

     * Two species: endemic to China.

 

1a. Leaves green, concolorous, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely strigose, entire or toothed; capitulum 1    1. D. picridifolium

1b. Leaves abaxially green-white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, strigose, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; capitula 3--8      2. D. cooperi

 

1. Diplazoptilon picridifolium (Handel-Mazzetti) Ling, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 85. 1965.

 

重羽菊  chong yu ju

 

     Jurinea picridifolia Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 69. 1925.

 

     Leaves petiolate; petiole 1--2 cm; leaf blade green, concolorous, elliptic to lanceolate, 8--15 × 1--5 cm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely strigose, base attenuate, margin entire or sparsely toothed, apex acute to obtuse; teeth margin and apically with spinules. Capitulum 1. Involucre 2--3 cm in diam.; bracts in 4 or 5 rows, apex acuminate; outer and middle ones triangular, 1.5--2 × 0.4--0.5 cm; inner ones lanceolate, elliptic, or linear, 2.5--3 × ca. 0.5 cm. Corolla ca. 2.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.7 cm. Achenes 5--6 mm. Pappus elements pale brown, ca. 2.3 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     * Grassland on mountain slopes; 3600--3800 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.

 

2. Diplazoptilon cooperi (Anthony) Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 21: 93. 1983.

 

裂叶重羽菊  lie ye chong yu ju

 

     Jurinea cooperi Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 21. 1934; Dolomiaea cooperi (Anthony) Ling.

 

     Leaves petiolate; petiole 2--4 cm; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate-elliptic, 8--15 × 3.5--8 cm, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, densely strigose, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; lobes margin toothed and teeth apically with spinules; lateral lobes in ca. 4--6 pairs, elliptic, broadly ovate, or triangular-ovate, decreasing in size upward toward base; terminal one largest, ovate, obliquely triangular, or elliptic. Capitula 3--8. Involucre ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 4 rows, herbaceous, apex acuminate; outer ones triangular-lanceolate, 0.9--1.3 × 0.2--0.4 cm; middle ones lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1.3--2 cm × 0.2--0.4 mm; inner ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.4 cm × 2.5 mm. Corolla ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.3 cm. Achenes ca. 4 mm, dark. Pappus elements dirty white, ca. 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     * Thickets on mountain slopes; ca. 4100 m. SC Xizang.

 

22. CARDUUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 820. 1753. p.p.

 

闪ô  fei lian shu

 

     Herbs, annual, biennial, rarely perennial. Stems winged. Leaves spinosely toothed, subentire, pinnatilobed, pinnatipartite, or pinnatisect. Capitula homogamous. Involucre ovoid, cylindric, obconic, globose, or depressed-globose; bracts in 8--10 rows, imbricate, erect, adpressed, tipped with a spine. Receptacle flat to slightly convex, densely hairy. Florets many, bisexual. Corolla tube slender; limb with 1 lobe ± longer than others. Filaments free; anther appendage slender, entire or basally lacerate. Style arms short. Achenes smooth or with many striae; rim entire. Pappus bristles in many rows, basally connate into a ring; inner ones longest.

 

     About 95 species: tropical Africa, Asia, Europe; three species in China.

 

1a. Involucre campanulate, 4--7 cm in diam.; outer and middle bracts 4--5 mm wide, geniculate at or above middle    1. C. nutans

1b. Involucre ovoid, 1.5--2(--2.5) cm in diam.; outer middle bracts 0.7--2 mm wide, not geniculate.

2a. Leaves abaxially gray-green to pale gray, thinly arachnoid, adaxially green, sparsely setiferous along veins    2. C. crispus

2b. Leaves green, concolorous, sparsely setiferous    3. C. acanthoides

 

1. Carduus nutans Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 821. 1753.

 

闪®  fei lian

 

    Carduus armenus Boissier; C. coloratus Tamamschian; C. nutans Linnaeus var. songaricus C. Winkl; C. schischikinii Tamamschian; C. songaricus (C. Winkler) Tamamschian; C. thoemeri Weinmann.

 

     Herbs, biennial or perennial, 30--100 cm tall. Stems grayish white, simple or fascicled, ribbed, usually much branched, rarely unbranched, sparsely arachnoid and setiferous but apically densely arachnoid-tomentose; wings continuous, margin unequally triangular spinosely toothed; teeth margin and apex with yellow-white to brown spines. Leaves green, concolorous, setiferous along veins or sparsely arachnoid. Lower and middle leaves sessile, ovate to lanceolate, (5--)10--40 × (1.5--)3--10 cm, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 5--7 pairs, obliquely triangular to triangular-ovate, margin with short spinules, apically with a 4--6 mm spine. Upper stem leaves conformed, decreasing in size upward, pinnatilobed or entire. Capitula usually 4--6, solitary at end of a branch, rarely solitary at end of stem, mutant. Involucre campanulate to broadly so, 4--7 cm in diam.; bracts midrib raised and apically elongated into a spine; outermost triangular, 1.4--1.5 × 0.4--0.5 cm, geniculate at or above middle; middle and inner ones triangular-lanceolate, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5--2 × ca. 0.5 cm, at middle or apically geniculate; innermost broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, 2--2.2 cm × 2--3 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2.5 cm; tube ca. 1.3 cm. Achenes gray-yellow with many pale brown striae, infundibuliform, ca. 3.5 mm, wrinkled. Pappus bristles white, scabrid, unequal, inner ones to 2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     By croplands, grassland, in valleys; 500--2300 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Russia, Kazakstan; N Africa, Europe].

 

2. Carduus crispus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 821. 1753.

 

丝毛飞廉  si mao fei lian

 

     Herbs, biennial or perennial, 40--150 cm tall. Stems erect, ribbed, unbranched or apically very short to long branched, sparsely setiferous but apically sparsely to densely arachnoid to arachnoid-lanate; wing margin spinosely toothed, teeth margin and apex with yellow-white 2--3(--5) mm spinules. Leaves abaxially gray-green to pale gray, sparsely arachnoid, adaxially green, sparsely setiferous along veins. Lower stem leaves sessile, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, 5--18 × 1--7 cm, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 7--12 paired, elliptic, triangular, or ovate-triangular, margin unequally triangularly spinosely toothed; teeth margin with short spinules, apically with a pale brown to pale yellow to ca. 3.5 cm spine; sometimes lower stem leaves entire, margin largely toothed to duplicate-toothed. Middle stem leaves similar in form and same in division to lower stem leaves but smaller. Uppermost stem leaves oblanceolate to broadly linear. Capitula usually 3--5, clustered at end of stem or branches, rarely solitary at end of a branch. Involucre ovoid, 1.5--2(--2.5) cm in diam.; bracts glabrous or abaxially sparsely arachnoid; outer ones triangular, ca. 3 × 0.7 mm, apex short acuminate and mucronulate to spiniform; middle and inner ones subulate-triangular, subulate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 4--13 × 0.9--2 mm, apex acuminate and mucronulate to spiniform. Corolla purple to red, ca. 1.5 cm; tube ca. 7 mm. Achenes cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm, wrinkled. Pappus bristles white or dirty white, scabrid, to 1.3 cm. Fl. and fr. Feb--Oct.

 

     Grassland on mountain slopes, farmlands, wasteland, by rivers, forests; 400--3600 m. Almost through China [Russia, Kazakstan, Mongolia, Korea; North America, Europe].

 

     Weedy, but a good nectariferous plant.

 

3. Carduus acanthoides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 821. 1753.

 

节毛飞廉  jie mao fei lian

 

     Herbs, biennial or perennial, (10--)20--100 cm tall. Stems solitary, long branched or unbranched, sparsely to densely long setiferous; wings spinosely toothed, teeth margin and apex with spines 3--5 mm. Leaves green, concolorous, sparsely setiferous. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, elliptic to oblanceolate, 6--29 × 2--7 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 6--12 pairs, elliptic, obliquely elliptic, or triangular, margin spinosely toothed; teeth margin and apical spine 3--5 mm. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Under capitulum leaves broadly linear to linear, sometimes entire. Capitula 3--5, sessile, clustered at end of stem and branches. Involucre ovoid, 1.5--2(--2.5) cm in diam.; bracts glabrous or abaxially sparsely arachnoid; outer ones linear to subulate-triangular, ca. 7 × 1 mm, apically with brown to pale yellow 1--2 mm spinules; middle and inner ones subulate-triangular to subulate-lanceolate, 0.8--1.4 cm × 1.5--1.6 mm, apically with brown to pale yellow 1--2 mm spinules; innermost linear to subulate-lanceolate, ca. 1.6 cm × 1 mm, apex subulate-acuminate. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.7 cm; tube ca. 8 mm. Achenes brownish, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm, much wrinkled. Pappus bristles white, scabrid, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Oct.

 

     Mountain slopes, mountain valleys, ravine, grassland, forest margins, thickets, farmland, by water; 200--3500 m. Almost through China [Europe, Russia, NE Asia].

 

23. OLIGOCHAETA (de Candolle) K. Koch, Linnaea 17: 42. 1843.

 

寡毛菊属  gua mao ju shu

 

     Serratula sect. Oligochaeta de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 671. 1837; Centaurea sect. Microlonchus (Cassini) O. Hoffmann; Cousinia subgenus Oligochaeta (K. Koch) C. Winkler; Microlonchus Cassini.

 

     Herbs, annual. Leaf entire or lyrate-pinnatipartite. Capitula homogamous. Involucral bracts imbricate. Receptacle hairy. Florets bisexual. Filament flat, papilliferous, hairy; anther with a small basal appendage. Style arms patent. Achenes rim entire or minutely denticulate. Pappus bristles in 2 rows; outer row serrulate, basally connate into a ring; inner row with 3--5 very short scales.

 

     Three species: C Asia; one species in China.

 

1. Oligochaeta minima (Boissier) Briquet, Biblioth. Universelle Rev. Suisse 5e période 12: 113. 1930.

 

寡毛菊  gua mao ju

 

     Microlonchus minimus Boisier, Fl. Orient. 3: 701. 1875; Centaurea minima (Boissier) B. Fedtschenko; C. vedenskyi M. Popov; Jurinea korolkowi Regel & Schmalhausen.

 

     Herbs dwarf. Branches diffuse, densely to sparsely hairy. Leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-obovate, 1--1.5 × 0.5--0.6 cm, densely arachnoid or abaxially scabrid and setiferous and adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin entire or minutely serrulate, apex acute. Capitula few, axillary or solitary at end of a branch. Involucre ellipsoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, 4--7 mm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows; outer and middle ones ovate to elliptic, 0.4--1 cm × 1.5--2 mm, abaxially white-pubescent, apically with 2--3 mm spinules, apex acute; inner ones linear, ca. 1.2 cm × 1 mm, apex acuminate and spiniform. Corolla pink, ca. 7.5 mm; tube slender, ca. 3 mm. Achenes oblanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, yellowish, apex truncate. Pappus bristles white; outer row bristles scabrid, to 6 mm, with 1 or 2 of inner ones much longer than others. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     Mountain slopes; NW Xinjiang [C Asia, Iran].

 

24. SILYBUM Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 116. 1763.

 

水飞蓟属  shui fei ji shu

 

     Herbs, annual or biennial. Leaves green or variegated, margin with stout spines; veins white. Capitula many, large, solitary at end of a branch, not corymbose. Bracts imbricate. Receptacle densely hairy. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple or rarely white, tube long, limb deeply lobed. Filaments short, free; anthers basally with lacerate appendages. Style arms mostly connivent. Achenes compressed, rim entire. Pappus elements in many rows, basally connate into a ring.

 

     Two species: C Asia, Europe, Mediterranean region; one species cultivated in China for medicine and as an ornamental.

 

1. Silybum marianum (Linnaeus) Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378. 1791.

 

水飞蓟  shui fei ji

 

     Carduus marianus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 823. 1753; C. mariae Crantz; Carthamus maculatus (Scopoli) Lamarck; Cirsium maculatum Scopoli; Mariana mariana (Linnaeus) Hill; Silybum mauclatum (Scopoli) Loench; S. mariae (Crantz) S. F. Gray.

 

     Herbs, annual or biennial, to 1.2 m tall. Stems erect, ribbed, branched or rarely unbranched, slightly arachnoid-pubescent or glabrous, white-farinose. Leaves concolorous, glabrous, margin and apically spinose; spines yellowish, rigid, to 5 mm. Basal and lower stem leaves rosulate, petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, 25--50 × 15--25 cm, pinnatilobed to pinnatisect. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, pinnatilobed. Uppermost stem leaves lanceolate, entire, base cordate and amplexicaul. Peduncle long. Involucre globose to ovoid, 3--5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer and middle ones broadly spatulate, elliptic, rhombic, or lanceolate, 1--3 × ca. 1.2 cm, adpressed at base or basally, apically appendaged and appendage rigid, foliaceous, with margin toothed and teeth setose, apically gradually tapered and recurved, apex tipped with a canaliculate 2--5 cm spine; inner ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.7 cm × 4 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla red-purple, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, ca. 2.1 cm. Achenes brown, narrowly ellipsoid to narrowly obovoid, ca. 7 mm. Pappus elements white, scabrid, serrulate. Fl. and fr. May--Oct.

 

     Cultivated in China [native of Europe].

 

     The achenes are used medicinally.

 

25. CRUPINA (Persoon) de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 157. 1810.

 

半毛菊属  ban mao ju shu

 

     Centaurea sect. Crupina Persoon, Syn. Pl. 2: 488. 1807.

 

     Herbs, annual. Stems slender, erect, apically corymbose to paniculate branched. Leaves unarmed; basal ones entire; cauline ones pinnatisect. Capitula heterogamous. Bracts imbricate. Receptacle scales linear-subulate. Florets few; outer ones 3 and sterile; inner one 1 and bisexual. Filaments papilliferous; anthers basally short appendaged. Achenes dark-brown, subcylindric, compressed, villous towards apex, apex truncate, with rim. Pappus elements absent in outer achenes and of 2 rows in inner achenes.

 

     Three to four species: C and SW Asia, Europe; one species in China.

 

1. Crupina vulgaris Persoon, Syn. Pl. 2: 488. 1807.

 

半毛菊  ban mao ju

 

     Centaurea crupina Linnaeus; Serratula crupina (Linnaeus) Villars.

 

     Herbs ca. 40 cm tall. Stems solitary, basally pubescent, apically glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous. Basal leaves soon decaying, sessile, obovate, scabrid, margin entire or toothed, apex obtuse. Cauline leaves sessile; lateral segments in 3--5 pairs, linear to broadly-linear, 1.4--4 mm wide, margin entire or sparsely minutely denticulate. Capitula 5 or 6, laxly corymbose at end of a branch. Involucre ellipsoid, 4--6 mm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, pale green, herbaceous, many striate, margin narrowly white and scarious, apex acute; outer ones broadly ovate to elliptic, 1.5--2.1 mm, middle and inner ones elliptic-lanceolate, 5--11 × 1.5--2.5 mm. Florets outer striae??. Corolla purple, filiform, ca. 1.1 cm, outside pubescent. Achenes subcylindrical, 3.5--6 mm, villous towards apex. Pappus elements of outer row to ca. 6 mm, very unequal, minutely scabrid; of inner row 5 or 6 very short scales. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     Slopes; ca. 1100 m. Xinjiang (Ili Kazak Zizhi Zhou) [Europe, Russia, Kazakstan].

 

3. Subtribe Centaureinae O. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(5a): 324. 1904.

 

矢车菊亚族  shi che ju ya zu

 

     Tribe Carduceae Cassini, p. p.; Tribe Centaureae Cassini.

 

     Capitula homogamous or heterogamous; outer florets in 1 row, sterile, rarely pistillate and with corolla infundibuliform; inner florets in many rows, fertile and corolla tubular. Achenes glabrous, rarely hairy, with or without an apical rim; insula lateral. Pappus elements in 2 to many rows; outer rows bristlelike; inner ones scalelike.

 

[Distribution.]

 

1a. Capitula homogamous; florets bisexual.

2a. Filaments pubescent to papillar-pubescent.

3a. Pappus elements bristlelike, scabrid, serrulate or short plumose; bracts very narrow, needle shaped; capitula not surrounded by subtending leaf

           34. Tricholespis

3b. Pappus elements scalelike or absent; bracts not needle shaped; capitula surrounded by subtending leaf      33. Carthamus

2b. Filaments glabrous, sometimes papilliferous.

4a. Pappus elements of 2 rows, outer ones bristlelike or plumose, inner ones scalelike; bracts with apical cristas  32. Hemistepta

4b. Pappus elements of 1 row, scabrid or serrulate; bracts without apical cristas.

5a. Pappus elements scalelike or absent; capitula surrounded by subtending leaf       33. Carthamus

5b. Pappus elements bristlelike, scabrid, denticulate or short plumose; capitula not surrounded by subtending leaf.

6a. Pappus elements not connate into a ring, respectively deciduous.

7a. Achenes apex without rim; inner bracts with apical hyaline appendages       28. Plagiobasis

7b. Achenes with rim; inner bracts without apical hyaline appendages.

8a. Corolla outside and achenes glabrous    26. Serratula

8b. Corolla outside and achenes pubescent  27. Russowia

6b. Pappus elements basally connate into a ring, deciduous.

9a. Bracts apex acute, unappendaged    29. Synurus

9b. Bracts apex rounded, with apical pale brown or white scarious appendages.

10a. Involucre hemispherical, 3.5--6 cm in diam.; bract appendages brownish; achene rim present  30. Rhaponticum

10b. Involucre ovoid to narrowly ellipsoid-ovoid, 0.5--1.5 cm in diam.; bract appendages white; achene rim absent    31. Acroptilon

1b. Capitula heterogamous; outer florets pistillate or sterile; inner florets bisexual.

11a. Filaments papillose or pubescent.

12a. Filaments papillose      37. Centaurea

12b. Filaments pubescent      40. Hyalea

11b. Filaments glabrous or papillose.

13a. Pappus elements bristlelike to scalelike, sometimes absent.

14a. Pappus elements all scalelike     36. Amberboa

14b. Pappus elements bristlelike or absent.

15a. Capitula not visible, surrounded by subtending leaf  35. Cnicus

15b. Capitula visible, not surrounded by subtending leaf.

16a. Achenes apex rounded, without rim; corolla outside white-pubescent       28. Plagiobasis

16b. Achenes apex truncate, with rim; corolla outside glabrous.

17a. Pappus inner bristles longest     26. Serratula

17b. Pappus inner bristles shortest or pappus absent          

           37. Centaurea

13b. Pappus elements in many rows; outer rows bristlelike; inner rows scalelike.

18a. Outer rows of pappus elements plumose; stems winged  39. Chartolepis

18b. Outer rows of pappus elements bristlelike, serrulate or scabrid; stems wingless.

19a. Capitula visible, not surrounded by upper stem leaf  37. Centaurea

19b. Capitula not visible, surrounded by upper stem leaf  38. Schischkinia

 

26. SERRATULA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 816. 1753.

 

麻花头属  ma hua tou shu

 

     Klasea Cassini; Mastrucium Cassini; Schumeria Iljin.

 

     Herbs, perennial, rarely stemless. Leaves rigid or soft, pinnatilobed, pinnatipartite, or pinnatisect, rarely entire, margin entire or toothed. Capitula homogamous, rarely heterogamous, 1 to many in a panicule, rarely compactly corymbose. Involucre globose, ovoid, hemispheric to bowl-shaped; bracts imbricate, rigid; inner ones longest. Receptacle densely hairy. Florets bisexual, rarely outer ones pistillate. Filaments free, glabrous; anthers basally with sagittate appendages. Style arms slender. Achenes glabrous. Pappus elements in several rows, finely serrulate or scabrid.

 

     About 70 species: Asia, Europe; 17 species in China.

 

1a. Capitula heterogamous; outer ones pistillate; inner ones bisexual    17. S. coronata

1b. Capitula homogamous; florets bisexual.

2a. Bracts apex obtuse to rounded, without apical spine    1. S. chinensis

2b. Bracts, at least outer ones, apex acute to acuminate, tipped with a spine or spinule.

3a. Bracts apically darker or dark-brown.

4a. Capitula 2--7, rarely solitary at end of a branch    

           14. S. cardunculus

4b. Capitulum 1 at end of stem.

5a. Corolla pink, ca. 1.9 cm; pappus elements whitish yellow, ca. 1 cm  15. S. algida

5b. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.6 cm; pappus elements brown, ca. 1.2 cm    16. S. marginata

3b. Bracts apically not darker.

6a. Stems absent or reduced.

7a. Leaves 6--7 × 3--4 cm; achenes smooth; pappus elements whitish yellow       12. S. lyratifolia

7b. Leaves 2.5--6 × 1--2.5 cm; achenes wrinkled; pappus elements brown  13. S. rugosa

6b. Stems conspicuous.

8a. Capitula nodding??  11. S. procumbens

8b. Capitula erect.

9a. Involucre cylindrical, 0.5--1 cm in diam.

10a. Leaves and involucre glabrous; corolla ca. 1.9 cm     2. S. forrestii

10b. Leaves and involucre tomentose; corolla ca. 1.3 cm    10. S. dissecta

9b. Involucre not cylindrical (sometimes cylindrical in S. suffruticosa), 1.5--3.5 cm in diam. (sometimes ca. 1 cm in S. polycephala).

11a. Leaves not scabrous, adaxially nitid.

12a. Bracts apex tipped with a less than ca. 0.5 mm spine      3. S. suffruticosa

12b. Bracts apex tipped with a 3--5 mm spine     4. S. alatavica

11b. Leaves scabrous, adaxially not nitid.

13a. Leaves not lobed nor parted, margin toothed      5. S. cupuliformis

13b. Leaves pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite.

14a. Capitula usually many.

15a. Involucre bowl-shaped, 2--3 cm in diam      6. S. chanetii

15b. Involucre narrowly ovoid, 1--1.5 cm in diam      7. S. polycephala

14b. Capitula few.

16a. Involucre hemispherical to oblate, 2.5--3.5 cm in diam    8. S. strangulata

16b. Involucre ovoid to narrowly ovoid, 2--2.5 cm in diam.

17a. Involucre 2 cm in diam.       9. S. centauroides

17b. Involucre 2--2.5 cm in diam.      5. S. cupuliformis

 

1. Serratula chinensis S. Moore, J. Bot. 13: 228. 1875.

 

华麻花Í· hua ma hua tou

 

     Centaurea missionis H. Léveillé.

 

     Herbs 60--120 cm tall. Stems erect, apically branched, sparsely arachnoid, glabrescent to glabrous. Leaves scabrid, setiferous and brown-yellow glandular-punctate, margin denticulate. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 1.5--2.5(--4.5) cm; leaf blade elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, rarely obovate, 9.3--13 × 3.5--7 cm, base cuneate. Upper leaves sessile or subsessile, similar to middle stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Capitula 1--4, solitary at end of branches and stem. Involucre bowl-shaped, ca. 3 cm in diam.; bracts in 6 or 7 rows, purple, apex rounded to obtuse; outer ones ovate to elliptic, 5--13 × 3--5 mm; inner and innermost ones elliptic to linear-elliptic, 2--2.6 × 0.3--0.5 cm. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple-red, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.3 cm. Achenes dark brown, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm. Pappus elements brown, ca. 1.6 cm, finely serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     * Grassland on slopes, forest margins, forests, thickets, thicket margins; 1100--3500 m. Anhui, Henan, Hunan, Guangdong, Zhejiang.

 

2. Serratula forrestii Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 91. 1928.

 

Insert Chinese and Pin Yin

 

     Herbs 70--150 cm tall. Stems sometimes purple-red, erect, long virgately branched, leafy, glabrous, base woody. Leaves glabrous, base cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acute to obtuse. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, broadly linear, or linear, 2.5--10 × 0.3--2 cm. Upper stem leaves similar to lower and middle leaves, decreasing in size upward. Capitula several to many, solitary at end of a branch. Involucre cylindrical, less than 1 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 10 rows, green to yellow-green, imbricate, margin narrowly white scarious; outer and middle ones triangular, ovate-triangular, ovate, or lanceolate, 0.2--1.4 cm × 1--3 mm, apex acute and with less than 0.5 mm spinules; inner and innermost ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm × 1.5--2 mm, apex acuminate. Florets bisexual. Corolla ca. 1.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes linear, 7--8 mm. Pappus elements brown, 1.2 cm, finely serrulate. Fl. and fr. Aug--Nov.

 

     * Grassland on mountain slopes, rock revices; 1300--2000 m. NW Yunnan.

 

3. Serratula suffruticosa Trautvetter, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 8: 510. 1883.

 

木根麻花Í· mu gen ma hua tou

 

     Herbs 20--40 cm tall. Rhizomes brown, robust, woody. Stems erect, ± woody, apically several × branched. Leaves rigid, subleathery, glabrous, adaxially shiny, margin toothed or entire. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2.5--5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to spatulate, 4.5--8 × 1.5--2.5 cm, base cuneate, apex obtuse to acute. Middle stem leaves similar to basal leaves or lanceolate to oblanceolate and smaller. Upper stem leaves smallest, linear. Capitula several, solitary, straight. Involucre yellow-green, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 8 rows, imbricate; outer ones triangular-ovate to ovate, 2.5--5 × 2--3 mm; middle ones elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 0.7--1.5 cm × 2.5--4 mm, apex acute and with less than 0.5 mm spinule; inner and innermost ones broadly linear to linear, 1.8--2 cm × 0.5--1 mm, apex acute and mucronate. Florets bisexual. Corolla red, ca. 1.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes brown, cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 6 mm, striate. Pappus elements brown, scabrid, ca. 8 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     Mountain slopes; ca. 1500 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan].

 

4. Serratula alatavica C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 14: 56. 1869.

 

阿拉套麻花Í· a la tao ma hua tou

 

     Serratula dissecta Ledebour var. aperula Regel & Herder; S. trautvetteriana Hegel & Schmalhausen.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 30--80 cm tall. Rhizomes long, woody. Stems erect, apically long virgately branched, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, adaxially shiny. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, entire, margin toothed. Lower and middle stem leaves lyrate-pinnatipartite; lateral lobes sublinear to linear, terminal lobe ovate to narrowly elliptic, margin toothed. Upper stem leaves pinnatipartite or entire. Capitula several, solitary at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; outer bracts triangular, ovate, or ovate-elliptic, 4--7.5 × 1.5--3 mm, apex acute and with 3--5 mm spines; middle ones lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, 1.1--1.3 cm × ca. 2 mm, apex acute and with a 3--5 mm spine; inner and innermost ones oblanceolate, 2--2.3 cm × 1.5--2 mm, apex acuminate. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 6 mm. Pappus elements yellowish, scabrid, ca. 1.2 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes; ca. 1400 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

5. Serratula cupuliformis Nakai & Kitagawa, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV, 1: 66. 1934.

 

钟苞麻花Í· zhong bao ma hua tou

 

     Klasea cupuliformis (Nakai & Kitagawa) Kitagawa.

 

     Herbs 40--100 cm tall. Rhizomes brown, robust. Stems solitary, erect, unbranched or apically several × branched, setiferous, glabrescent to glabrous, base with lacerate remains of petioles. Leaves scabrid, glabrous or setiferous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole fibrous, 3--6 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblanceolate, or elliptic, 9--20 × 4--5 cm, base attenuate, margin toothed to duplicate-toothed, apex acuminate. Middle stem leaves lyrate-pinnatilobed, lyrate-pinnatifid, or entire, smaller than lower and middle stem leaves. Upper stem leaves conformed to lower and middle stem leaves or oblanceolate or linear, smaller than other leaves, margin entire, pinnatilobed, or pinnatifid. Capitula 1--4, solitary at end of a branch. Involucre ovoid, (1.5--)2--2.5 cm in diam., apically constricted; bracts in ca. 10 rows, imbricate, glabrous; outer and middle ones ovate, elliptic to lanceolate, 2.5--7.5 × 2--3 mm, apex acute and with less than 0.5 mm spinules; inner ones lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or narrowly linear, 0.9--1.1 cm × 1.5--4 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes ca. 5 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Pappus elements brick, ca. 7 mm, serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     * Grassland on mountain slopes, open forests; 900--2000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi.

 

6. Serrutula chanetii H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 351. 1912.

 

碗苞麻花Í· wang bao ma hua tou

 

     Herbs 40--100 cm tall. Rhizomes very short. Stems simple or fascicled, apically few to much branched, rarely unbranched, setiferous, base with lacerate remains of petioles. Leaves scabrid, setiferous along veins. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole brown, fibrous, 2.5--9 cm; leaf blade elliptic, oblanceolate, or oblanceolate-elliptic, 10--21 × 4--9 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatipartite, lyrate-pinnatilobed, or lyrate-pinnatipartite; lobes margin few-toothed or entire; lateral lobes in 6--10 pairs, terminal lobe largest than or equal to lateral lobes. Middle leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves. Upper stem leaves broadly linear to linear, margin entire, rarely 3--5-pinnate. Capitula 3--6(--12), inconspicuously corymbose at end of a branch, rarely solitary. Involucre bowl-shaped, 2--3(--3.5) cm in diam.; bracts in 7 or 8 rows, imbricate, margin narrowly white and scarious; outer ones triangular, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 3--5.5 × 2--3 mm; middle ones elliptic-lanceolate, 7--10 × ca. 3 mm, apex acute and with less than 1 mm spinule; inner ones linear-lanceolate to linear, 1.2--1.8 cm × 1--2.5 m, apex acute and with less than 1 mm spinule. Corolla purple to pink, ca. 2.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes yellowish, cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm, 4-ribbed. Pappus elements yellow-white, scabrid, ca. 1 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Oct.

 

     * Grassland on mountain slopes, forests, wasteland, farmland; 200--2100 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi.

 

7. Serratula polycephala Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 90. 1928.

 

多花麻花Í ·duo hua ma hua tou

 

     Klasea ortholespis (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; K. polycephala (Iljin) Kitagawa; Serratula manshuriensis W. Wang; S. ortholespis Kitagawa; S. polycephala Iljin var. ortholespis (Kitagawa) Ling & H. Ch. Fu.

 

     Herbs 40--80 cm tall. Rhizomes stout. Stems erect, apically corymbose branched, setiferous, glabrescent, or glabrous towards ??, base with lacerate remains of old petioles. Leaves scabrid, setiferous along veins. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole brown, fibrous, 2--4 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or elliptic, 5--15 × 2.5--5 cm, pinnatipartite; lobes narrowly elliptic, broadly linear, or linear-triangular, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; lateral lobes in 5--9 pairs, central one largest; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, terminal lobe smallest. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves. Uppermost stem leaves linear to subulate, margin entire. Capitula 10--20, corymbose. Involucre narrowly ovoid, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 8 or 9 rows, imbricate; outer ones ovate to ovate-triangular, 3--5 × 1--2.5 mm, apex acute and with 0.2--0.4 mm spinule; middle ones elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, 8--11 × ca. 2.5 mm, apex short acuminate and with 0.2--0.4 mm spinule; inner ones linear, ca. 1.6 cm × 1--2 mm. Corolla purple to pink, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes brown, ca. 5 mm, 3-ribbed. Pappus elements brown, ca. 7 mm, serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     * Mountain slopes, roadsides, farmland; 600--2000 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Liaoning, Shanxi.

 

8. Serratula strangulata Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 89. 1928.

 

缢苞麻花Í· yi bao ma hua tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, 40--100 cm tall. Rhizomes procumbent. Stems erect, unbranched or 2- or 3-branched from middle, sparsely setiferous, base with lacerate remains of petioles. Leaves scabrid, setiferous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole brown, fibrous, 4--7 cm; leaf blade elliptic, oblanceolate-elliptic, or oblanceolate, 10--20 × 3--7 cm, margin lyrate-pinnatipartite or pinnatipartite, rarely entire; lateral lobes in 3--7 pairs, elliptic to triangular, margin toothed, few-toothed, or entire. Middle stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves; lateral lobes entire or 1-toothed, narrowly triangular, linear-triangular, or lanceolate. Upper stem leaves sometimes absent, linear, margin entire. Capitula few, solitary at end of a branch or stem. Involucre hemispherical to oblate, (2--)2.5--3.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 10 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, 6--13 × 3--5 mm, apex acute and with ca. 1 mm spinule; inner and innermost ones elliptic to linear, 1.4--2.2 cm × 2--5 mm. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple-red, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.5 cm. Achenes skin colored or pale yellow, narrowly cuneate-ellipsoid to obliquely cuneate, 5--6 mm, 3- or 4-ribbed. Pappus elements brown sometimes with a slight mixture of red, scabrid, 7--9 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     * Mountain slopes, grassland, roadsides, flooded land, farmland; 1300--3500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shansi, Sichuan.

 

9. Serratula centauroides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 820. 1753.

 

麻花Í· ma hua tou

 

     Klasea centauroides (Linnaeus) Cassini; K. centauroides (var. albiflora Y. B. Chang; K. komarovii (Iljin) Kitagawa; K. mongolica (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; K. yamatsutana (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; Serratula centauroides Linnaeus var. macrocephala Ledebour; S. hsinganensis Kitagawa; S. komarovii Iljin; S. mongolica Kitagawa; S. yamatsutana Kitagawa; S. yamatsutana var. mongolica (Kitagawa) Kitagawa.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 40--100 cm tall. Rhizomes prostrate. Stems erect, unbranched or apically few-branched, below middle sparsely to densely setiferous, base with lacerate remains of petioles. Leaves glabrous or setiferous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole fibrous, 3--9 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 8--12 × 2--5 cm, pinnatipartite; lobes narrowly elliptic to broadly linear, margin entire or few-toothed, apex acute; lateral lobes in 5--8 pairs. Middle stem leaves sessile or very short petiolate, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves. Upper stem leaves smaller than others, 5--7-pinnatisect; segments entire. Capitulum 1 at end of stem or few at end of a branch. Inflorescence branches long, leafless. Involucre ovoid to narrowly ovoid, 1.5--2 cm in diam., apically constrict to slightly so; bracts in 10--12 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones triangular, triangular-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 4.5--8.5 × 3--3.5 mm, apex acute and with ca. 2.5 mm spinule; inner and innermost ones elliptic, lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or linear, 1--2 cm × 1--4 mm. Corolla red, red-purple, or white, ca. 2.1 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes brown, narrowly cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm, 4-ribbed. Pappus elements brown or with a slight mixture of brick, scabrid. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     Forest margins on mountain slopes, steppes, meadows, roadsides, farmland; 1100--1600 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia, Russia].

 

10. Serratula dissecta Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 4: 40. 1833.

 

羽裂麻花Í· yu lie ma hua tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 27 cm tall. Rhizomes short and thick. Stems simple or fascicled, apically ascending and branched, sparsely setiferous, base with lacerate remains of petioles. Leaves strigose and sparsely setiferous. Basal and lower stem leaves long petiolate; petiole fibrous; leaf blade elliptic, 10--15 × 1.5--3.5 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 5--8 pairs, lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or broadly linear, margin toothed. Middle stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, margin toothed. Capitula few to many, corymbose-paniculate. Involucre cylindrical, 0.5--1 cm in diam., tomentose; bracts in 6 or 7 rows; outer ones broadly ovate, 3.5--6 × 1.5--2 mm, apically patent to reflexed and with a 0.5--2 mm spinule; middle ones lanceolate, ca. 1 cm × 2.5 mm, apically patent to reflexed and with a ca. 3 mm spinule; inner and innermost ones elliptic to broadly linear, ca. 1.7 cm × 1.5--2 mm, apex acuminate. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple to red, ca. 1.3 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes flesh-colored to yellowish, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 6 mm, many-striate. Pappus elements whitish to slightly brown, ca. 1.1 cm, serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jun.

 

     Deserts; ca. 1500 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

11. Serratula procumbens Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40: 165. 1867.

 

歪斜麻花Í· wai xie ma hua tou

 

     Jurinea paulseni O. Hoffmann ex Paulsen; Serratula flexicaulis Ruprecht.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 7--15 cm tall. Rhizomes long, procumbent. Stems very short, 3-branched, rarely unbranched, glabrous. Basal and middle stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate-elliptic, or lanceolate, 4--6 × ca. 2 cm, base attenuate, margin toothed nad teeth apically with cartilaginous acumens, apex acute to obtuse. Middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, small, base semiamplexicaul, margin below middle toothed. Uppermost stem leaves broadly linear, margin entire. Capitula 2 or 3, solitary at end of a branch, rarely solitary at end of stem and nodding. Involucre ovoid-cylindrical, 1.5--2(--2.5) cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in 10--12 rows, imbricate; outer ones ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute 5--7 × ca. 3 mm, apically patent to reflexed and with a 1.5--2 mm spinule; middle ones elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic, 0.9--1.2 cm × ca. 3 mm, apically patent to reflexed and with a 1.5--2 mm spinule; inner ones lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or broadly linear, 1.6--2.2 cm × 2.5--3 mm. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple-red, ca. 3 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes brown, ellipsoid, ca. 6.5 mm, 4-ribbed. Pappus elements pale yellow, scabrid, ca. 1.7 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     Mountain slopes; 2600--3600 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan].

 

12. Serratula lyratifolia Schrenk in Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 445. 1841.

 

无茎麻花Í· wu jing ma hua tou

 

     Serratula demosti Boriss; S. tianschanica Saposhnsky & Nikit.

 

     Herbs stemless. Rhizome stout, clothed with remains of petioles. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole ca. 4 cm; leaf blade 6--7 × 3--4 cm; pinnatipartite; lobes strigose, margin entire or toothed; lateral lobes in ca. 2 pairs, elliptic to narrowly elliptic; terminal lobe ovate to orbicular, larger than others. Peduncle very short or absent. Capitulum 1, in center of phylum. Involucre bowl-shaped, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 8 rows; outer ones triangular, ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, apex acute and with less than ca. 2 mm spinule; middle ones ovate to ovate-elliptic, 6--10 × 4--5 mm, apex acute, with less than 2 mm spinule; inner ones lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or broadly linear, 1.4--2.2 cm × 2--4 mm. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple-red, ca. 2.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes brown, narrowly cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm. Pappus elements yellowish white, scabrid, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes; ca. 2000 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

13. Serratula rugosa Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 87. 1928.

 

新疆麻花Í· xin jiang ma hua tou

 

     Herbs small, stemless. Rhizome clothed with lacerate remains of petioles. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole brown, fibrous, 2--5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 2.5--6 × 2--2.5 cm, pinnatipartite; lobes elliptic to obliquely triangular, setiferous, margin entire or few-toothed, apex obtuse to acute; lateral lobes in ca. 4 or 5 pairs, central one largest; basal ones smaller than others. Peduncle very short. Capitulum 1 in center of phylum. Involucre bowl-shaped, 2--2.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones ovate, 7--12 × 4--6 mm, margin apically dark brown, apex short acuminate; inner ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, ca. 2 cm × 3--5 mm. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple, ca. 2.6 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.1 cm. Achenes oblanceolate, wrinkled. Pappus elements brown, scabrid, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Jul.

 

     * Talus slopes on mountain; 2100--3400 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan).

 

14. Serratula cardunculus (Pallas) Schischkin, Fl. West. Sib. 11: 2938. 1949.

 

分枝麻花Í· fen zhi ma hua tou

 

     Centaurea cardunculus Pallas, Reise 1: 500. 1771; Serratula nitida Fischer ex Sprengel.

 

     Herbs 30--70 cm tall. Rhizomes short. Stems erect, unbranched or apically branched, glabrous, basally clothed with remains of petioles. Basal leaves short to long petiolate; petiole brown; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, elliptic, or lanceolate, 5--10 × 1--2 cm, apex obtuse to acute, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire or toothed, glabrous. Stem leaves several, sessile, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, smaller than basal leaves, margin entire, toothed, or pinnatilobed. Upper stem leaves linear, smaller than others, margin entire. Capitula 2--7, or solitary at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in 5 or 6 rows, imbricate; outer and middle ones ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apically dark to dark-brown and with 0.5--1 mm spinules; inner ones linear-lanceolate, rigid, scarious, apically pale yellow. Florets bisexual. Corolla white or red-purple, 1.5--1.7 cm; tube slender, 5--7 mm. Achenes brown, oblong, ca. 3.5 mm. Pappus elements pale yellow, scabrid. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

     Meadows; ca. 1500 m. Nei Mongol (Xilin Gol Meng) [Mongolia, Russia].

 

15. Serratula algida Iljin, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35: 357. 1934.

 

全叶麻花Í· quan ye mahua tou

 

     Herbs, perennial, 25--80 cm tall. Rhizomes procumbent to ascending. Stems simple or fascicled, erect, under capitulum setiferous, basally clothed with remains of petioles. Leaves soft, slippery, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves long petiolate; petiole brown, fibrous; leaf blade elliptic, oblanceolate, or subspatulate, ca. 6 × 2 cm, base attenuate, margin entire, rarely showily repand-crenate, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate and mucronate. Epitropis stem leaves similar in form to basal and lower stem leaves or narrowly lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, margin entire. Uppermost stem leaves linear. Capitulum 1 at end of stem. Involucre campanulate, 2.5--3 cm, sparsely arachnoid; bracts in ca. 6 rows, dark to dark-brown above middle; outer and middle ones triangular, ovate, elliptic-ovate, or lanceolate, 0.7--1.4 cm × 1.5--3 mm, apex acuminate to long acuminate and with 0.5--2 mm spinules; inner and innermost ones pale yellow, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.6--2.1 cm × 1.5--2 mm, apically scarious. Florets bisexual. Corolla pink, ca. 1.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 1 cm. Achenes immature, brown, 4-ribbed. Pappus elements pale yellow-white, scabrid, ca. 1 cm. Fl. Jun.

 

     Mountain meadows; ca. 200 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

16. Serratula marginate Tausch, Flora 11: 484. 1828.

 

薄叶麻花Í· bo ye ma hua tou

 

     Serratula glauca Ledebour; S. gmelini Ledebour ex de Candolle (1837) not Tausch (1828); S. nitida Fischer ex Sprengel var. glauca (Ledebour) Trautvetter.

 

     Herbs 13--35 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending to procumbent. Stems solitary, erect, simple, clothed with lacerate remains of petiole at base. Leaves sparsely setiferous to glabrescent. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole brown, fibrous, to 6 cm; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or ovate, 3--6 × 1.5--2 cm, margin entire or repand-crenate, rarely pinnatilobed. Stem leaves few, sessile, lanceolate to linear, pinnatilobed or toothed. Capitulum 1 at end of stem. Involucre campanulate to bowl-shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in 7 or 8 rows, apically dark to dark-brown; outer and middle ones ovate, ovate-triangular, elliptic, or ovate-elliptic, 3--8 × 2.5--3 mm, apex acuminate and with ca. 1 mm to less than 1 mm spinules; inner and innermost ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate 1.1--1.4 cm × 2--3 mm. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.6 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes oblong, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements brown, scabrid, ca. 1.2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     Mountain steppes, hilly areas; 1500--2300 m. Gansu, Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].

 

17. Serratula coronata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1144. 1763.

 

伪泥胡菜  wei ni hu cai

 

     Mastrucium pinnatifidum Cassini; Serratula coronaria Pallas; S. manshurica Kitagawa; S. maritinii Vaniot.

 

     Herbs 0.7--1.5 m tall. Rhizomes stout, procumbent. Stems erect, apically corymbose branched, rarely unbranched, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 5--16 cm; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, to 40 × 12 cm, pinnatisect; segments green, narrowly elliptic, strigose to glabrescent, margin toothed; lateral segments in ca. 8 pairs; terminal segment similar to lateral segments. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves but smaller; segments oblanceolate, lanceolate, or elliptic. Under capitulum leaves sometimes lyrate-pinnatisect. Capitula heterogamous, corymbose at end of branches and stem, rarely solitary at end of stem. Involucre bowl-shaped to campanulate, 1.5--3 cm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate, abaxially purple-red; outer ones triangular to ovate, 1--7 × 1.5--4 mm, apex acute and with a spinule; middle and inner ones elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 1--1.8 cm × 3--4 mm, apex acuminate to acute; innermost linear, ca. 2 cm × 1 mm. Florets purple; outer ones pistillate with rudimentary stamens, corolla ca. 2.6 cm, tube slender and ca. 1.2 cm; inner ones bisexual, corolla ca. 2 cm, tube slender and ca. 1 cm. Achenes oblanceolate-ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm, many-striate. Pappus elements yellow-brown, scabrid, ca. 1.2 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

 

     Forests, forest margins on mountain slopes, steppes, meadows, river banks; 130--1600 m. Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Japan, Russia; Europe].

 

27. RUSSOWIA C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 11(2): 281. 1892.

 

纹苞菊属  wen bao ju shu

 

     Herbs, annual. Stems much branched, glabrous. Leaves pinnatisect. Capitula homogamous, laxly paniculate to corymbose-paniculate at end of branches and stem. Involucral bracts in ca. 5 rows, imbricate. Receptacle hairy. Florets bisexual. Filaments glabrous; anthers basally with caudate appendages. Style arms basally with a ring of hairs. Achenes compressed, rim denticulate. Pappus elements in many rows, not connate into a ring.

 

     One species: China (C Asia).

 

1. Russowia sogdiana (Bunge) B. Fedtschenko, Consp. Fl. Turkest. 4: 267. 1911.

 

纹苞菊  wen bao ju

 

     Plagiobasis sogdiana Bunge, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 7: 361. 1851; Russowia crupinoides C. Winkler.

 

     Herbs 25--35 cm tall. Root slender, descending. Stems erect, paniculate to corymbose-paniculate branched from base or above middle; branches slender, smooth, triate. Leaves sessile; segments green, linear, broadly linear, or linear-lanceolate, 1--3 mm wide, smooth, glabrous; lateral segments in 1--3 pairs; terminal segment longest. Capitula fairly small, few to many. Involucre cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 3--5 mm in diam.; bracts dark red, deeply 3- or 4-striate, apex obtuse; outer and middle ones ovate to elliptic, 2--3.5 × ca. 2 mm; inner and innermost ones elliptic lanceolate to elliptic-oblanceolate, 6--10 × 2--2.5 mm. Florets few. Corolla yellow, purple, or red, ca. 1 cm; sparsely villous above middle; tube slender, ca. 6 mm. Achenes yellowish, narrowly ellipsoid, 3.5--4 mm, sparsely white pubescent. Pappus elements white, ca. 5 mm, serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

     Deserts; 800--1000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

28. PLAGIOBASIS Schrenk, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 3: 108. 1845.

 

斜果菊属  xie guo ju shu

 

     Herbs, perennial. Stems branched. Leaves thick, glabrous, margin entire. Capitula heterogamous, rarely homogamous. Involucral bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate. Outer florets pistillate or sterile; inner ones bisexual. Filaments short, papilliferous, glabrous; anthers basally with caudate appendages. Style arms patent, basally with a ring of hairs. Achenes ellipsoid-cylindrical, without rim. Pappus elements in many rows, not connate into a ring.

 

     One species: China (C Asia).

 

1. Plagiobasis centauroides Schrenke, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 3: 109. 1845.

 

斜果菊  xie guo ju

 

     Plagiobasis dschungaricus Iljin.

 

     Herbs 25--60(--80) cm tall. Stems simple or few-fascicled, stout, erect, striate, glabrous, long branched above middle. Leaves margin toothed, apex obtuse to slightly obtuse. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 1.5--6 cm, apically sparsely toothed; leaf blade elliptic to ovate. Middle leaves sessile, similar to basal and lower stem leaves. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, smaller than others. Capitula few, corymbose to laxly paniculate. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 7 rows, green to yellow-green, leathery; outer ones ovate, 0.5--1.2 × 0.2--0.7 cm, apex rounded; middle ones elliptic, ca. 1.3 × 0.7 cm, apex rounded to obtuse; inner and innermost ones elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 1.7--1.9 cm × 1.5--6 mm, apically appendaged, apex obtuse, rounded, or acute; appendages orbicular, hyaline, scarious. Corolla purple, ca. 2 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid-cylindrical, 5--6 mm, sparsely pubescence and early glabrescent, not ribbed, apex rounded. Pappus elements white, 5--6 mm, serrulate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     Arid areas, on gravel; ca. 800 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

29. SYNURUS Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 6(2): 35. 1926.

 

山牛蒡属  shan niu pang shu

 

     Herbs, perennial. Capitula large, nodding, homogamous. Involucre bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rigid. Receptacle long hairy. Florets bisexual. Filaments glabrous; anthers basal appendages connate into a tube and surrounding filament. Style arms short, connivent. Achenes slightly compressed, smooth, with rim. Pappus elements in many rows, scabrid, basally connate into a ring, deciduous.

 

     One species: China, Mongolia (E Asia).

 

1. Synurus deltoides (Aiton) Nakai, Kôryô Sikenrin no Ippan 64. 1927.

 

山牛蒡  shan niu pang

 

     Onopodum deltoides Aiton, Hort. Kew 3: 146. 1789; Carduus atriplicifolium Trevissan; Centaurea atriplicifolia (Trevissan) Matsumura; Cirsium ficifolium Fischer; Rhaponticum atriplicifolium (Trevissan) de Candolle; Serratula atriplicifolia (Trevissan) Bentham; S. atriplicifolia (Trevissan) Bentham var. excelsa Makino; S. deltoides (Aiton) Makino; S. deltoides var. palmatipinnatifida Makino; S. pungens Franchet & Savatier; Silybum atriplicifolium (Trevissan) Fischer; Stephanooma atriplicifolium (Trevissan) Turczaninow ex Ledebour; Synurus atriplicifolium (Trevissan) Iljin; S. excelsus (Makino) Kitamura; S. hondae Kitagawa; S. palmatopinnatifidus (Makino) Kitamura; S. pungens (Franchet & Savatier) Kitamura; S. pungens (Franchet & Savatier) Kitamura var. gigantens Kitamura.

 

    Herbs 0.7--1.5 m tall. Rhizomes stout. Stems grayish white, solitary, stout, erect, ribbed, branched or unbranched, basally densely tomentose to glabrescent or glabrous. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, asperous, setiferous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 34 cm, narrowly winged; leaf blade cordate, ovate, broadly ovate, ovate-triangular, or triangular-saggitate, 10--26 × 12--20 cm, base cordate, saggitate, or truncate, margin entire or triangularly toothed, sometimes pinnatifid or pinnatipartite. Epitropic stem leaves sessile or short petiolate, ovate, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, margin toothed to spinose. Capitula several at end of a branch or 1 and at end of stem. Involucre globose, 3--6 cm in diam., densely and fluffily arachnoid to glabrescent or glabrous; bracts in 13--15 rows, apex long acuminate; inner ones longer, sometimes purple; outer and middle ones lanceolate, 0.7--2.3 cm × 3--4 mm, patent to reflexed; inner ones linear-lanceolate, 2.3--2.5 cm × 1.5--2 mm. Corolla purple, ca. 2.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes brown, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm, apex truncate. Pappus elements brown, scabrid, 1.5--2.0 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

     Forest margins, forests, meadows; 500--2200 m. Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Zhejiang, [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].

 

30. RHAPONTICUM Ludwig, Inst. Regn. Veg. ed. 2, 123. 1757.

 

漏芦属  lou lu shu

 

     Herbs, perennial. Stems solitary, erect, unbranched, sometimes absent. Capitula large, homogamous, solitary at end of stem or branches. Involucre hemispherical; bracts imbricate, with apical scarious appendages. Receptacle slightly convex, densely hairy. Florets bisexual. Corolla purple-red, rarely yellow. Filaments densely papillose; anthers basally with sagittate appendages. Style arms short, apex obtuse. Achenes compressed, 4-ribbed, rim denticulate. Pappus elements in 2 to many rows, scabrid to short plumose, basally connate into a ring.

 

     About 24 species: Africa, Asia, Australia; two species in China.

 

1a. Pappus elements scabrid  1. R. uniflorum

1b. Pappus elements plumose  2. R. carthamoides

 

1. Rhaponticum uniflorum (Linnaeus) de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 189. 1810

 

漏芦  lou lu

 

     Cnicus uniflorus Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. Alt. 572. 1771; Centaurea grandiflora Pallas; C. membranacea Lamark; C. monantha Georgi; Lauzea dahurica Bunge; Rhaponticum dahuricum (Bunge) Turczaninow; R. monanthum (Georgi) Woroschsky; R. satzyperovii Soskov; Stemmacantha uniflora (L.) Dittrich.

 

     Herbs 30--100 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stems grayish white, simple or fascicled, lanate, basally clothed with remains of petioles. Leaves grayish white, soft, densely arachnoid. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole brown, 6--20 cm; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, 10--24 × 4--9 cm, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments in 5--12 pairs, elliptic to oblanceolate, margin toothed, coarsely toothed, or entire; terminal lobe narrowly elliptic to subspatulate, margin toothed. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile or short petiolate, similar in form and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves. Peduncle stout, leafless or with a few leaves; leaves subulate. Capitulum 1 at end of stem. Involucre 3.5--6 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 9 rows, apically appendaged; appendages brown, broadly ovate to suborbiculate, ca. 1 × 1.5 cm; outer ones ovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm excluding apical appendage; middle ones elliptic to lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm × 4 mm excluding apical appendage; inner and innermost ones lanceolate, ca. 2.5 × 0.5 cm excluding apical appendage. Corolla ca. 3.1 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.5 cm. Achenes cuneate, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements in many rows, scabrid, ca. 1.8 cm. Fl. and fr. Feb--Sep.

 

     Hills, forests; 300--2700 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Sichuan [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].

 

     2. Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willdenow) Iljin, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Sci. S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 204. 1933.

 

鹿草  lu cao

 

     Cnicus carthamoides Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 1685. 1803; Centaurea carthamoides (Willdenow) Bentham; Cirsium carthamoides (Willdenow) Link; C. centauroides Willdenow; C. uniflorus Sievers; Leuzea altaica Fischer ex Schauer; L. carthamoides (Willdenow) de Candolle; Serratula (Willdenow) carthamoides Poiret; S. cynarifolia Poiret; Stemmacantha carthamoides (Willdenow) Dittrich.

 

     Herbs 60--80 cm tall. Rhizomes stout. Stems sparsely arachnoid. Leaves green, concolorous, sparsely arachnoid along veins. Lower and middle stem leaves short petiolate to subsessile, elliptic, oblanceolate, or lanceolate, 13--16 × ca. 7 cm, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments in 5--8 pairs, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, margin toothed; terminal lobe largest, margin toothed. Epitropic stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, margin toothed or basally 3 or 4-pinnatilobed or 3 or 4-pinnatipartite. Capitulum 1 at end of stem. Involucre 5--6 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 12 rows; outer and middle ones ovate to narrowly ovate, 5--10 × 4--5 cm excluding apical appendage, apically purple-red and appendage brown, ovate, broadly triangular, or subrhombic, to 7 × 7 mm, densely villous; inner and innermost ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.5--1.8 cm × 2--3 mm excluding apical appendage and appendage brown, ovate, 6--8 × 2--5 mm, densely villous. Corolla ca. 2.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.4 cm. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, brown, ca. 7 mm. Pappus elements in many rows, short plumose, ca. 1.8 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

     Grassland, meadows; 2000--2700 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].

 

     The rhizomes are used medicinally.

 

31. ACROPTILON Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat. 50: 464. 1827.

 

顶羽菊属  ding yu ju shu

 

     Centaurea Linnaeus sect. Acroptilon (Cassini) Bentham; C. subgen. Acroptilon (Casini) Schmalhausen.

 

     Herbs, perennial. Leaves margin toothed, rarely pinnatifid. Capitula homogamous. Involucre glabrous; bracts imbricate, apically appendaged and appendage semihyaline, scarious. Receptacle hairy. Florets few to many, bisexual. Filaments glabrous; anthers basally with short appendages. Style arms long, apex obtuse. Achenes compressed, inconspicuously striate, apex without rim. Pappus elements in many rows, not connate into a ring.

 

     One species: China, Mongolia, Russia (C and W Asia).

 

1. Acroptilon repens (Linnaeus) de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 663. 1837.

 

顶羽菊  ding yu ju

 

     Centaurea repens Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1293. 1763; Acroptilon angustifolium Cassini; A. australe Iljin; A. obtusifolium Cassini; A. picris (Pallas ex Willdenow) C. A. Meyer; A. serratum Cassini; A. subdentatum Cassini; Centaurea picris Pallas ex Willdenow; Serratula picris (Pallas ex Willdenow) M. Bieberstein.

 

    Herbs 25--70 cm tall. Rhizomes procumbent. Stems simple or fascicled, erect, branched from base, leafy, arachnoid. Leaves sessile, gray-green, concolorous, elliptic, spatulate, or linear, 2.5--10 × 0.6--1.5 cm, slightly rigid, sparsely arachnoid to glabrescent, margin entire, acutely denticulate, or pinnatifid. Capitula many, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate at end of stem and branches. Involucre ovoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, 0.5--1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 8 rows; outer and middle ones ovate to broadly ovate, 3--11 × 2--6 mm, green in lower 1/2, thick, appendaged in apical 1/2 and appendage densely villous, apex obtuse to rounded; inner ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.3 cm × 2--3 mm, appendage small. Corolla pink to pale purple, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes narrowly obovoid, 3.5--4 mm, apex rounded. Pappus elements short plumose, ca. 1.2 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

    Mountain slopes, hills, waste places, farmland, plains; 800--2300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan; SW Asia].

 

32. HEMISTEPTA Bunge, Dorpater Jahrb. Litt. 1: 222. 1833.

 

泥糊菜属  ni hu cai shu

 

     Aplotaxia de Candolle sect. Cirsioides de Candolle; Hemisteptia Bunge ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer; Saussurea de Candolle sect. Elatae J. D. Hooker; Saussurea de Candole sect. Corymbosae purpureae C. B. Clarke.

 

     Herbs, annual. Capitula small, homogamous, laxly corymbose at end of stem and branches, very rarely solitary at end of stem. Involucre campanulate to hemispherical; bracts imbricate; outer and middle ones with purple-red crista near apex. Receptacle flat, densely hairy. Florets bisexual. Filaments glabrous; anther basally appendaged and appendage sagittate, and margin lacerate or entire. Style arms short, apex truncate. Achenes 13--16-ribbed, rim scarious. Pappus elements in 2 rows, basally connate into a ring.

 

     One species: E and S Asia, Australia.

 

1. Hemistepta lyrata (Bunge) Bunge, Dorpater Jahrb. Litt. 1: 221. 133.

 

泥胡菜  ni hu cai

 

     Cirsium lyratum Bunge, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2: 110. 1833; Aplotaxis bungei de Candolle; A. carthamoides (Buchanan-Hamilton ex de Candolle) de Candolle; Cnicus carthamoides Wallich; C. multicaulis Wallich ex de Candolle; Haplotaxis australasia F. Mueller; Hemistepta carthamoides (Buchanan-Hamilton) O. Kuntze; Saussurea affinis Sprengel ex de Candolle; S. carthamoides Buchanan-Hamilton ex de Candolle; S. stricta Sprengel ex de Candolle; Serratula multicaulis Wallich.

 

     Herbs 30--100 cm tall. Stems solitary, rarely fascicled, erect, apically branched, rarely unbranched, sparsely arachnoid. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely to sparsely tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Basal leaves usually withered at anthesis, petiolate; petiole to 8 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, pinnately divided. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 4--1.5 × 1.5--5 cm, margin lyrate-pinnatipartite or ± lyrate-pinnatisect; lobes or segments margin toothed or entire; lateral lobes or segments in (1 or)2--6 pairs, obovate, spatulate, oblanceolate, or lanceolate, decreasing in size toward base; terminal lobe or segment narrowly rhombic, triangular, or ovate, larger than others. Upper stem leaves sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, decreasing in size upward. Capitula many, laxly corymbose at end of stem and branches, rarely solitary at end of stem. Involucre 1.5--3 cm in diam.; outer bracts triangular, ca. 2 × 1.3 mm; middle ones elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2--4 × 1.4--1.5 mm; inner ones linear-elliptic to elliptic, 7--10 × ca. 1.8 mm, apex acuminate, purple-red. Corolla purple to red, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.1 cm. Achenes dark brown, cuneate to obliquely cuneate, ca. 2.2 mm, apex obliquely truncate. Pappus elements outer rows plumose, ca. 1.3 cm, deciduous; inner one of 3--9 bristles, scalelike, lateral, very short, persistent. Fl. and fr. Mar--Aug.

 

     Mountain slopes and valleys, plains, hills, forest margins, forests, grassland, wasteland, farmland, riverside, roadsides; near sea level to 3300 m. Almost throughout China [SE Asia, Japan, Korea; S Asia, Australia].

 

33. CARTHAMUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 830. 1753.

 

红花属  hong hua shu

 

     Kentrophyllum Necker.

 

     Herbs, annual, branched and spiny or rarely biennial or perennial with glandular and ± villous-lanate to arachnoid indumentum. Leaves pinnatilobed, pinnatisect, or entire, margin spiny; subtending leaf surrounding capitulum. Capitula homogamous, few to many at end of a branch and stem, rarely solitary at end of stem. Involucre ovoid or narrowly ellipsoid; outer and middle bracts leaflike, rigid, leathery, spinosely toothed margin; inner ones thin, sometimes with apical appendages. Receptacle flat, with or without hairs. Florets bisexual. Filaments glabrous or bearded; anthers basally appendaged and appendages sagittate and lacerate. Style arms short. Achenes ivory, ovoid, oblanceolate to obpyramidal, 4-angled, glabrous, with a rim; outer ones without pappus; inner ones usually with a persistent pappus. Pappus elements in many rows or absent.

 

     18--20 species: C and SW Asia, Europe, Mediterranean regions; one species in China.

 

     Carthamus lanatus Linnaeus is cultivated as an ornamental in the Beijing area.

 

1. Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 830. 1753.

 

红花  hong hua

 

     Herbs, annual, (20--)50--100(--150) cm tall. Stems erect, apically branched; stem and branches white or whitish, smooth, glabrous. Leaves rigid, leathery, glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, entire, 7--15 × 2.5--6 cm, base attenuate and semiamplexicaul, margin spinosely toothed to entire, apex acute; teeth very rarely pinnatipartite, apically with 1--1.5 mm spinules. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, margin spinosely toothed; teeth apically with a ca. 3 mm spine. Inflorescence subtending leaf surrounding capitulum, margin spinulose. Capitula many, corymbose at end of a branch. Involucre ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 4 rows; outer ones ovate-lanceolate, 6--10 × 3--4 mm, constricted above middle and margin below constriction pale yellow and above constriction, green, herbaceous, and pectinatory spinose; middle and inner ones oblanceolate-elliptic to oblanceolate, ca. 2.2 × 0.5 cm, rigidly scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla red to orange-red, ca. 2.8 cm; tube slender, ca. 2 cm. Achenes ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 5.5 mm, 4-angled. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

     Widely cultivated in China, occasionally naturalized, in saline and alkaline soils, in dry and cold conditions. Gansu, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan [SW Asia].

 

     The seeds yield edible oil and the flowers are used medicinally or for extracting a red pigment used as dye.

 

34. TRICHOLESPIS de Candolle in Guillemin, Arch. Bot. 2: 331. 1833.

 

针苞菊属  zhen bao ju shu

 

     Stictophyllum Edgeworth.

 

     Herbs, annual or perennial. Stems erect, long branched. Lower stem leaves pinnately divided or entire. Capitula homogamous, several, solitary at end of stem and branches. Involucre campanulate to hemispherical. Receptacle densely long hairy. Florets bisexual. Corolla red to yellow. Filaments densely pubescent; anthers basally appendaged and appendages lacerate. Style arms long, patent. Achenes rim denticulate. Pappus elements in many rows or absent; outer bristly or short plumose, scabrid, serrulate, free or basally connate into a ring; inner longer and basally wider.

 

     About 15 species: Afghanistan, India, Myanmar; two species in China.

 

1a. Leaves entire; corolla yellow; pappus elements basally connate into a ring       1. T. furcata

1b. Leaves pinnately divided; corolla red; pappus elements not connate into a ring     2. T. tibetica

 

1. Tricholespis furcata de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 563. 1837.

 

针苞菊  zhen bao ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, 60--70 cm tall. Stems branched from base or middle; stem and branches purple-red, glabrous or pubescent; branches leafless or sparsely leafy. Lower stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, 5--12 × 3--5 cm, scabrid, yellowish glandular-punctate, base cuneate, margin serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar to lower stem leaves. Peduncle leafless or sparsely leafy. Capitula solitary at end of a branch. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam.; bracts numerous, needle awnlike, to 2.3 cm × 1 mm, densely to sparsely strigose in both surfaces and margin. Corolla yellow, ca. 1.9 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes cuneate-ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm, glabrous, slightly compressed, inconspicuously 3- or 4-ribbed. Pappus elements to 1.6 cm, scabrid or serrulate, deciduous, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Oct.

 

     Forest margins in mountain valleys; ca. 2600 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, India, Kashmir].

 

2. Tricholespis tibetica J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke. Comp. Ind. 241. 1876.

 

红花针苞菊  hong hua zhen bao ju

 

     Stems branched, frondose, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Lower leaves pinnatifid; lobes scattered, margin subdentiform. Upper stem leaves oblong linear, margin entire. Inflorescence subtending leaf absent. Capitula ovoid, glabrous. Bracts lanceolate-subulate. Receptacle hairs longer than achenes. Achenes oblong, smooth. Pappus elements numerous, white, longer than achenes, scabrid.

 

     * Xizang (Gyaca Xian).

 

     No material from China was seen and the above description is taken from the original publication (Compositae Indicae, 241. 1876).

 

35. CNICUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 826. 1753.

 

藏掖花属  cang ye hua shu

 

     Carbenia Adanson.

 

     Herbs, annual. Leaves thin, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid. Inflorescence subtending leaf surrounding capitulum. Capitula homogamous. Involucre bracts imbricate; middle and inner ones apically with a pectinate and rigid spines. Receptacle flat, long hairy. Outer florets in 1 row, sterile; inner ones in many rows, bisexual. Filaments densely papilliferous; anthers basally with caudate appendages. Style arms very short, elliptic-ovate. Achenes cylindrical, many-ribbed, rim toothed. Pappus elements in 2 rows of bristles; outer ones minutely scabrid; inner ones ciliate.

 

     One species: China (C and SW Asia, Europe, Mediterranean regions); cultivated or wild.

 

1. Cnicus benedictus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 826. 1753.

 

藏掖花c  nang ye hua

 

     Carbenis benedicta (Linnaeus) Bentham.

 

     Herbs ca. 30 cm tall. Stems erect, usually branched from base; stem and branches densely setiferous. Leaves or leaf lobes green, setiferous, margin spinose to spinosely toothed. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade oblong ca. 30 × 8 cm, runcinate to pinnatifid. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole winged; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, decreasing in size upward, pinnatilobed, or pinnatipartite, base attenuate; lobes triangular, narrowly elliptic-triangular, or narrowly elliptic. Upper stem leaves sessile or subsessile, lanceolate, entire. Capitula few to many, solitary at end of a branch. Involucre ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows; outer ones ovate, ca. 1 × 0.5 cm, foliaceous, margin spinosely toothed, apex acute and tipped with a ca. 3 mm spine; middle ones elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm × 3--6 mm; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 2 cm × 2.5 mm, apical spine inconspicuous. Outer florets corolla white, filiform, 2- or 3-cleft; inner florets corolla pale yellow, 2--4-lobed. Pappus elements outer row 1.1--1.2 cm; inner ones much shorter. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

     Mountain slopes; ca. 2300 m. Xinjiang [India, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan; Europe]

 

     This species is native to Europe, but has become naturalized in other areas.

 

     Cultivated in Chinese gardens. The whole plant is used medicinally.

 

36. AMBERBOA (Persoon) Lessing, Syn. Gen. Compos. 8. 1832.

 

珀菊属  po ju shu

 

    Centaurea amberboa Persoon, Syn. Pl. 5: 316. 1821. p. p.; Amberboa (Persoon) Lessing sect. Chryseis (Cassini) de Candolle; Chryseis Cassini.

 

     Herbs, annual or biennial. Stems erect, branched or unbranched. Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnatipartite. Capitula heterogamous. Involucre glabrous or sparsely arachnoid; bracts imbricate, rigid to subrigid; inner ones apically with hyaline appendage. Receptacle flat, hairy. Outer florets in 1 row, sterile; inner ones many, bisexual, in many rows. Corolla 5--20-cleft. Filaments papilliferous; anthers basally with a caudate appendage. Style arms long. Achenes slightly compressed, many-striate, rim denticulate. Pappus elements scalelike, sometimes absent in cultivated species.

 

     About seven species: C and SW Asia, Europe; two species in China, one of which is wild.

 

1a. Corolla yellow; outer florets 5--10-cleft    1. A. turanica

1b. Corolla purple-red or white; outer florets 10--20-cleft    2. A. moschata

 

1. Amberboa turanica Iljin, Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 30. 110. 1932.

 

黄花珀菊  huang hua po ju

 

     Herbs, annual, 25--35 cm tall. Main stem very short, branched from base; stem and branches floccose. Leaves glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 4.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, entire, 4--6 × 2--3 cm. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile or subsessile, pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 3 or 4 pairs, lanceolate, margin few toothed or entire. Capitula few, solitary at end of branches and stem. Involucre ovoid, bowl-shaped, or hemispherical, 1--2 cm in diam.; bracts in 5 or 6 rows; outer ones broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, 4--6 × 4--7 mm, apex obtuse-rounded; middle ones elliptic, ca. 9 × 6 mm; inner ones spatulate-elliptic, broadly linear to broadly spatulate-linear, ca. 1.2 cm × 2--4 mm, apical appendage lanceolate. Corolla yellow to yellowish, white-pubescent at middle, 5--10-cleft. Achenes cylindrical, ca. 5 mm, 10--15-striate, densely white-villous. Pappus elements in many rows, to 4.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     Sandy areas, waste land, farmland; ca. 400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan; Europe].

 

2. Amberboa moschata (Linnaeus) de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 560. 1837.

 

珀菊  po ju

 

     Centaurea moschata Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 2: 909. 1753.

 

     Herbs, annual or biennial, 30--40 cm tall. Stems solitary, branched or unbranched; stem and branches sparsely floccose. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or sparsely floccose. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 2 cm; leaf blade spatulate to elliptic, 6--7 × 1.5--2 cm, base attenuate, margin serrulate, apex obtuse to acute. Middle and upper stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, lyrate-pinnatipartite. Uppermost stem leaves sessile or subsessile, entire, margin serrulate. Capitula 1 to several at end of stem and branches. Involucre ovoid, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows; outer ones ovate, ca. 4 × 1.8 mm; middle ones ovate to broadly ovate, 5--10 × 3--7 mm; inner ones ovate, ca. 1 cm × 5 mm, apical appendage ovate to rounded. Outer florets longer than inner. Corolla purple-red, 10--20-cleft, outside white villous. Achenes immature, densely villous. Pappus rarely absent.

 

     Naturalized in Gansu [native to SW Asia].

 

     This species is also grown as a garden ornamental.

 

37. CENTAUREA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 909. 1753.

 

矢车菊属  shi che ju shu

 

     Acrocentro Cassini; Acrolophus Cassini; Amblyopogon (de Candolle) Jaubert & Spach; Calcitrapa Adansson; Centaurium Cassini; Cyanus Jussieu; Heterolophus Cassini; Jacea Jussieu; Lepteranthus Necker; Mesocentron Cassini; Microlophus Cassino; Odontolophys Cassini; Phalolepis Cassini; Piptoseras Cassini; Platylophus Cassini; Psephellus Cassini; Solstitiaris Hill; Sosnovskya Takhtajiang; Spilacron Cassini; Stenoloma Cassini; Tetramorphaea de Candolle; Triplocentron Cassini; verutina Cassini; Xanthopsis (de Candolle) C. Kocch.

 

     Herbs, annual, biennial or perennial. Stems erect or procumbent, rarely absent. Leaves entire to pinnately divided. Capitula heterogamous, paniculate-corymbose or paniculate-racemose, rarely solitary at end of stem. Involucre globose, ovoid, campanulate, or bowl-shaped; bracts imbricate, often with a fimbriate to spiny appendage. Receptacle hairy. Florets few to many; outer ones sterile or pistillate with corolla filiform and apex (4 or)5--8(--10)-cleft; inner ones bisexual and apex 5-cleft. Filaments papillar hairy to papilliferous; anthers basally with small appendage. Style arms very short, basally with a ring of hair. Achenes somewhat compressed, ecostate, sometimes striate, sparsely pubescent to glabrescent or glabrous, rim serrulate. Pappus usually present, elements in 2 to several rows, persistent or caducous; bristles scabrid, plumose, or scalelike and scales oblong to linear; outer rows imbricate; inner ones longest, usually differing in shape or texture from outer; innermost rows short, bristles or scales sometimes connate at base.

 

     About 500--600 species: most in Mediterranean region and SW Asia; ten species in China; wild species all in Xinjiang; some introduced from elsewhere.

 

1a. Bracts, at least inner ones, apically with a hyaline appendage; corolla yellow.

2a. Inner bracts appendaged  8. C. ruthenica

2b. All bracts appendaged.

3a. Leaves pinnatisect  9. C. kasakorum

3b. Leaves bipinnatisect      10. C. dschungarica

1b. Bracts apically with a fimbriate to spiny appendage; corolla blue, purple, red, pink, or white.

4a. Bracts appendage spinose.

5a. Bracts appendage palmate       7. C. iberica

5b. Bracts appendage pectinate.

6a. Achenes with pappus       5. C. squarosa

6b. Achenes without pappus    6. C. diffusa

4b. Bracts appendage fimbriate.

7a. Herbs annual; outer florets longer than inner florets      4. C. cyanus

7b. Herbs perennial; outer florets as long as inner florets.

8a. Leaves grayish white, densely tomentose      3. C. sibirica

8b. Leaves green, sparsely to densely strigose.

9a. Leaves entire or toothed       1. C. nigrescens

9b. Leaves pinnately divided       2. C. adpressa

 

1. Centaurea nigrescens Wildenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 2288. 1803.

 

穗裂矢车菊  sui lie shi che ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 1 m tall. Stems erect, branched; stem and branches asperous, strigose. Leaves green, concolorous, asperous, strigose. Lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, base attenuate, margin entire or toothed. Middle stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, margin entire or sparsely toothed. Upper stem leaves linear to lanceolate, margin entire. Capitula many, laxly corymbose at end of stem and branches. Involucre ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 8 or 9 rows; outer and middle ones broadly ovate to lanceolate, 2--8 × 1--3 mm, appendaged and appendages blackish brown, rounded or triangular, wide, scarious, pectinate-fimbriate and fimbriae 8--18 on each side; inner and innermost ones linear to broadly linear, 1--1.4 cm × 1--2 mm, apically appendaged and appendages blackish brown, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, margin entire. Corolla purple. Pappus absent. Fl. Oct.

 

     Widely cultivated; it is grown in the Summer Palace in Beijing [native of Europe].

 

2. Centaurea adpressa Ledebour, Index Sem. Hort. Dorpat. 3. 1824.

 

糙叶矢车菊  cao ye shi che ju

 

     Centaurea adpressa Linnaeus var. angustata Ledebour; C. scagiosa Linnaeus var. adpressa (Ledebour) de Candolle.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 50--100 cm tall. Stems simple or in fascicles, erect, base densely covered with lacerate residue of petioles, apically corymbosely branched; stem and branches sparsely floccose and strigose. Leaves scabrid, densely strigose and sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole brown, fibrous, 5--8 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate to elliptic, 15--20 × ca. 8 cm, pinnatisect; lateral segments in 8--11 pairs, narrowly elliptic, broadly linear, narrowly oblanceolate, or spatulate, entire; dorsum decreasing in size upward; terminal segment usually larger than lateral segments, entire, sometimes toothed. Stem leaves similar in shape and same in division to basal leaves, decreasing in size upward; lower ones short petiolate. Capitula few to many, corymbose or corymbose-paniculate at end of stem and branches. Involucre ovoid to bowl-shaped, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 7 rows, imbricate, appendaged and appendages blackish brown to brown, scarious, fimbriate; outer ones broadly ovate, 4--8 × 3--4.5 mm, abaxially sparsely arachnoid; middle ones narrowly ovate, elliptic-ovate, 1--1.3 × ca. 0.5 cm, abaxially sparsely arachnoid; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 1.5 cm × 3 mm. Outer florets sterile. Corolla purple. Achenes whitish, ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm, 1-striate on each side, sparsely pubescent. Pappus elements in several rows, scabrid to serrulate; outer rows serrulate; inner ones bristlelike, to 8 mm; innermost one very short, scalelike. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

    Deserts, steppes, flooded land, farmland; 400--1400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan; Europe].

 

3. Centaurea sibirica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 913. 1753.

 

矮小矢车菊  ai xiao shi che ju

 

     Heterolophus sibiricus (Linnaeus) Cassini.

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 8 cm tall. Stems 2 or 3, grayish white, erect or procumbent, sparsely tomentose. Leaves grayish white, concolorous, densely tomentose. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, ca. 5 × 2--3 cm, pinnatisect; segments entire; lateral segments in 2--5 pairs, elliptic to ovate; terminal segment ovate. Stem leaves few, sessile, narrowly elliptic to spatulate, margin entire. Capitulum 1(or 2) at end of stem. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, appendaged and appendages yellowish brown, lanceolate, broadly ovate, elliptic, or suborbicular, scarious, with 4--12 fimbriae on each side; outer and middle ones ovate, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 0.4--1 cm × 2--4 mm, arachnoid; inner ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.1 cm × 1.5--2 mm, abaxially glabrous. Outer florets sterile, as long as inner florets. Corolla purple-red. Achenes whitish, obliquely long cuneate, ca. 6.5 mm. Pappus elements in several rows, scabrid to serrulate; outer rows bristlelike; inner ones to 2 mm; innermost one scalelike. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     Dry mountain slopes; ca. 1200 m. Xinjiang [Russia; Europe].

 

4. Centaurea cyanus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 911. 1753.

 

矢车菊  shi che ju

 

     Centaurea cyanocephala Vellozo; C. segetalis Salisbury; C. umbrosa Huet & Reuter; Cyanus segetum Hill; Jacea segetum (Hill) Lamarck.

 

     Herbs, annual, rarely biennial, 30--70 cm tall. Stems erect, branched from middle, rarely unbranched; stem and branches grayish white, thin arachnoid-floccose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, sparsely tomentose, adaxially green to gray-green, sparsely arachnoid. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate to lanceolate, entire, sparsely toothed, or lyrate-pinnatisect; lateral segments 1--3 pairs, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or linear, entire; terminal segment narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, margin serrulate. Middle stem leaves sessile, broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, 4--9 × 0.4--0.8 cm, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acute. Upper stem leaves similar in shape to middle stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Capitula few to many, at end of stem and branches, corymbose or paniculate. Involucre ellipsoid, 1--1.5 cm in diam., sparsely arachnoid; bracts in ca. 7 rows, appendaged and appendages brownish or white fimbriate; outer and middle ones elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 3--6 × 2--4 mm; inner ones elliptic, 1--1.1 cm × 3--4 mm. Outer florets blue, white, red, or purple, longer than inner florets; inner florets bluish violet. Achenes ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm, striate, sparsely pubescent. Pappus elements in several rows, scabrid; outer rows bristlelike, to 3 mm; inner row scalelike, very short. Fl and fr. Feb--Aug.

 

     Widely cultivated in China [native of Europe].

 

     Grown as an ornamental, the whole plant is used medicinally. Seed oil can be used for soap making.

 

5. Centaurea squarosa Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 2319. 1803.

 

小花矢车菊  xiao hua shi che ju

 

     Acrolophus squarosus (Willdenow) Nevski.

 

     Herbs, biennial or perennial, ca. 50 cm tall. Stems erect, fascicled, branched from above middle; stem and branches gray-green, densely arachnoid-tomentose. Leaves densely glandular-punctate, sparsely strigose and arachnoid. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 5--7 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 7--8 × 3--4 cm, bipinnatisect. Middle stem leaves sessile, pinnatisect; ultimate segments linear-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or linear, 0.5--2.2 mm wide, apex obtuse to acute. Upper stem leaves narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate. Capitula many, laxly and broadly paniculate at end of stem and branches. with 2--5 florets. Involucre small, ovoid, ellipsoid-ovoid, or cylindrical, 2.5--3.5 mm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows; outer and middle ones elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or linear-lanceolate, 2--8 × 1--1.8 mm, appendaged and appendages pectinate and spinose, spines 1.5--2 mm and vaultedly recurved; inner ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 8 × 1.5 mm, apically appendaged and appendages hyaline, scarious. Corolla purple to pink. Achenes ovoid, ca. 3 mm, puberulent. Pappus elements in several rows, scabrid; outer row bristlelike; inner ones to 2 mm; innermost row very short, scalelike. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

    Mountain slopes or wasteland; 500--1500 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, W Asia].

 

6. Centaurea diffusa Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. 1: 675. 1783.

 

铺散矢车菊  pu san shi che ju

 

     Centaurea parviflora Besser.

 

     Herbs, biennial, 15--50 cm tall. Stems erect or diffuse, much branched from base; stem and branches densely strigose and sparsely arachnoid. Leaves adaxially strigose. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade bipinnatisect. Middle stem leaves sessile. Upper stem leaves sessile, linear, entire. Capitula many, paniculate at end of stem and branches. Involucre ovoid-cylindrical to cylindrical, 3--5 mm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows; outer and middle ones lanceolate to elliptic, 3--7 × ca. 1.5 mm, appendaged and appendages rigid and spiny, spines 1--5 on each side, ca. 1.5 mm, pectinate; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 8 × 1 mm, appendaged and appendages hyaline. Florets few. Corolla red or white. Achenes pale dark??, narrowly ovoid, ca. 2 mm, sparsely pubescent. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. Sep.

 

     Collected from Lushun Shi [native to Europe].

 

7. Centaurea iberica Trevisan, ex Spreng el. Syst. Veg. 3: 406. 1826.

 

针叶矢车菊  zhen ye shi che ju

 

     Calcitrapa iberica (Trevisan) Schur.

 

     Herbs, biennial, 20--100 cm tall. Stems erect, branched; stem and branches sparsely setiferous. Leaves green, concolorous, sparsely strigose and glandular-punctate. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade lyrate-pinnatipartite or lyrate-pinnatisect. Middle stem leaves sessile, pinnatipartite or pinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments in ca. 4 pairs, narrowly elliptic, oblanceolate, or linear-oblanceolate, margin inconspicuously denticulate, apex rounded, obtuse, or acute. Upper stem leaves decreasing in size upward. Under capitulum leaves narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or elliptic-oblanceolate, often entire. Capitula corymbose-paniculate at end of stem and branches. Involucre ovoid, 1--1.8 cm in diam.; bracts in 6 or 7 rows; outer and middle ones ovate, broadly ovate, or ovate-elliptic, 5--7 × 4--8 mm, margin scarious and spinose, apex tipped with a spine; spines yellowish, basal ones 2--4, 0.4--2 mm and apical one 0.3--2 cm, stout, patent; inner ones narrowly to broadly linear, 1--1.5 × 0.3--0.6 cm, apically appendaged and appendages white, scarious. Florets many. Corolla red to purple. Achenes ellipsoid, 3--4 mm, puberulent. Pappus elements in several rows, scabrid; outer row bristlelike; inner ones to 2 mm; innermost rows scalelike. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes; 500--800 m. Xinjiang [Europe, Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

 

8. Centaurea ruthenica Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. 1: 663. 1783.

 

欧亚矢车菊  ou ya shi che ju

 

     Centaurium ruthenicum (Lamarck) K. Koch.

 

     Herbs, perennial, 80--110 cm tall. Stems simple or fascicled, erect, apically few-branched, glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 4--9 cm, densely lanate inside; leaf blade oblanceolate, ca. 17 × 8 cm, pinnatisect; segments margin toothed to duplicate-toothed; teeth apically with a white spinule; lateral segments 8--10 pairs; dorsum decreasing in size upward. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar in shape and same in division to basal and lower stem leaves, decreasing in size upward; lateral segments in a few pairs, elliptic to linear. Capitula few to several, inconspicuously corymbose at end of stem and branches, rarely solitary at end of stem. Involucre ovoid, 2.5--3 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex obtuse to rounded; outer ones broadly ovate, ca. 6 × 4 mm, unappendaged; middle ones elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 9--10 × ca. 5 mm unappendaged; inner ones elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.4--1.8 cm × 3--5 mm, apically appendaged and appendages brownish, scarious. Florets many. Corolla yellow. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm, ± apically wrinkled. Pappus elements in several rows, scabrid; outer rows bristlelike; inner ones to 4 mm; innermost scalelike, very short. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes, gullies by water; 1200--1900 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan; Europe].

 

9. Centaurea kasakorum Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 7(3): 66. 1937.

 

天山矢车菊  tian shan shi che ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, ca. 30 cm tall. Stems simple or fascicled, erect, few-branched or unbranched, glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 13 cm; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 14--22 × 5--8 cm, pinnatisect to ± pinnatisect; lateral segments in 6--12 pairs, narrowly elliptic, margin toothed to duplicate-toothed; terminal segment elliptic, equal to lateral segments or smaller, margin toothed to duplicate-toothed. Stem leaves several, sessile to short petiolate, similar in shape and same in division to basal leaves. Capitula several at end of stem and branches, rarely solitary at end of stem. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 8 rows, apically appendaged and appendages entire; inner ones longest, appendages white, hyaline, scarious. Achenes 6--8 mm. Pappus elements in several rows, scabrid; outer rows bristlelike; inner ones to 7 mm; innermost row scalelike, short. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

     Mountain slopes; ca. 2300 m. Xinjiang (Xinyuan Xian) [Kazakstan].

 

10. Centaurea dschunarica Shih, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2): 65. 1984.

 

准噶尔矢车菊  zhun ga er shi che ju

 

     Herbs, perennial, 40--80 cm tall. Stems simple or fascicled, erect, apically branched or unbranched, glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2.5--6 cm, base inside densely lanate; leaf blade oblanceolate, elliptic, or obovate, 10--15 × 6--7 cm, bipinnatisect; primary segments in ca. 10 pairs, lanceolate to obliquely lanceolate; dorsum decreasing in size upward; ultimate segment narrowly elliptic, margin toothed. Stem leaves sessile to short petiolate, similar in shape and same in division to basal leaves. Capitula several, corymbose to inconspicuously corymbose at end of stem and branches, rarely solitary at end of stem. Involucre ovoid to bowl-shaped, 1.5--2.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 6 or 7 rows, apical appendaged and appendages white, wide, hyaline, margin entire, apex rounded; outer ones broadly ovate, 5--8 × 5--6 mm, middle and inner ones elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 1.5--1.6 cm × 3--6 mm. Outer florets equal to inner florets. Corolla yellow. Achenes brownish to yellowish, narrowly ellipsoid, 6--7 mm, glabrous. Pappus elements in several rows, scabrid; outer rows bristlelike; inner ones to 6 mm; innermost scalelike, very short. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Mountain slopes; 1600--2000 m. Xinjiang.

 

38. SCHISCHKINIA Iljin, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38: 73. 1935.

 

白刺菊属  bai ci ju shu

 

     Herbs, annual, dwarf. Stems branched from base. Leaves entire, margin beset with rigid white spines. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding and hiding capitulum. Capitula heterogamous. Involucre bracts imbricate, herbaceous. Florets few, of even thickness, not divided into tube and limb; outer florets sterile; inner florets bisexual. Filaments papilliferous; anthers basally with obtuse appendage. Style arms short. Achenes rim denticulate. Pappus elements absent in outer florets, of scabrid bristles or scales in inner florets.

 

     One species: China, Iran, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan.

 

1. Schischkinia abispina (Bunge) Iljin, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38: 73. 1935.

 

白刺菊  bai ci ju

 

     Microlonchus albispinus Bunge, Delect. Sem. Coll. 8. 1843; Centaurea albispina (Bunge) B. Fedtschenko.

 

     Herbs hemispherical. Stems very short; stem and branches white, short strigose. Leaves short petiolate; leaf blade green, concolorous, elliptic, oblanceolate, linear-oblanceolate, or spatulate, 2--5 cm × 2--3 mm, glabrous or abaxially sparsely short strigose, base cuneate-attenuate, margin spines simple or 2--4-digitate, apex acute. Capitula few to many at end of a branch. Involucre narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid, 4--5 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts in ca. 6 rows, apex acuminate and tipped with a spine; outer ones ovate, 5--6 × 2--3 mm; middle ones elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 8--10 × 2--3 mm; inner ones elliptic to linear, 1.2 cm × 1.5 mm. Corolla yellow, 5--6 mm; outer ones apically 4-cleft; inner ones apically 4- or 5-cleft. Achene narrowly ellipsoid-obovoid, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Pappus elements white; outer rows bristlelike, basally connate into a ring; inner ones ca. 7 mm, longer than outer bristles; innermost row with a single ca. 9 mm scalelike bristle. Fl. and fr. Jun.

 

     Sandy areas; ca. 600 m. Xinjiang (Shawan Xian) [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia].

 

39. CHARTOLEPIS Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat. 44: 36. 1826.

 

薄鳞菊属  bo lin ju shu

 

     Centaures Linnaeus sect. Chartolepis (Cassini) de Candolle; C. subgen. Chartolepis (Cassini) Schmalhausen.

 

     Herbs, perennial. Leaves entire or toothed. Capitula heterogamous. Involucre bracts imbricate, glabrous. Receptacle hairy. Florets many; outer ones sterile and small, inner ones bisexual and larger than outer florets. Filaments papilliferous; anthers unappendaged. Style arms very short. Achenes compressed, rim denticulate. Pappus elements in several rows.

 

     About seven species: Kazakstan, Russia (Europe); one species in China.

 

1. Chartolepis glastifolia (Linnaeus) Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat. 54: 492. 1829.

 

薄鳞菊  bo lin ju

 

     Centaurea glastifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 915. 1753; Chartolepis intermedia Boissier.

 

    Herbs ca. 80 cm tall. Stems erect, winged, sparingly branched. Leaves green, concolorous, short strigose and glandular-punctate, margin entire or inconspicuously serrulate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 4--20 cm; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, 6--10 × 2--6 cm. Lower stem leaves similar to basal leaves, base decurrent. Middle and upper stem leaves narrowly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or linear-elliptic, decreasing in size upward, base decurrent. Capitula many to several, laxly racemose-corymbose at end of stem and branches. Involucre narrowly ellipsoid, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in 7 or 8 rows, abaxially and apical with white or brownish, ovate to lanceolate, semihyaline, membranous appendage; outer and middle ones ovate, 0.4--1 cm × 2.5--5 mm; inner ones ovate-lanceolate, much longer than others. Corolla yellow, ca. 2.7 cm; outer ones 4- or 5-cleft, inner ones 5-cleft. Achenes ellipsoid, puberulent. Pappus elements in outer row plumose bristles, to 1 cm; in inner row scalelike, oblong, very short. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     Lakeside, thickets; ca. 800 m. Xinjiang (Manas Xian) [Europe, Kazakstan, Russia].

 

40. HYALEA (de Candolle) Jaubert & Spach, Ill. Pl. Orient. 3: 19. 1850.

 

琉苞属  liu bao shu

 

     Centaurea Linnaeus sect. Hyalea de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 565. 1837; Eremopappus Takhtajiang.

 

     Herbs, annual. Stems usually much branched. Leaves entire, rarely pinnately divided. Capitula small, heterogamous. Involucre bracts herbaceous, imbricate, glabrous. Receptacle hairy. Outer florets in 1 row, sterile; inner florets bisexual. Filaments flat, pubescent; anthers with short basal appendage. Style arms short. Achenes obovoid, sparingly pubescent, rim denticulate. Pappus elements in several rows.

 

     Two species: C Asia; one species in China.

 

1. Hyalea pulchella (Ledebour) K. Koch, Linnaea 24: 418. 1851.

 

琉苞菊  liu bao ju

 

     Centaurea pulchella Ledebour, Icon. Pl. 1: 22. 1829; C. pulchella Ledebour var. viminea (Lessing) de Candolle; C. viminea Lessing; Eremopappus pulchella (Ledebour) Takhtajing.

 

     Herbs 20--70 cm tall. Stems erect, apically branched; branches white or straw-colored, slender, ascending. Leaves green, concolorous, sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves withered at anthesis, short petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, pinnatilobed near base. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2--3 cm × 2--3 mm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire or minutely serrulate, apex acute. Upper stem leaves similar to lower and middle stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Capitula many, corymbose or paniculate at end of stem and branches. Involucre ellipsoid, 0.4--0.6 cm in diam.; bracts in 12 or 13 rows, apically appendaged and appendage white, ovate to half moon, pellucid; outer and middle ones ovate to narrowly ovate, 1--3 × 0.7--1.5 mm excluding appendage; inner ones elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm × 1.5 mm excluding appendage. Corolla red or white, of even thickness, not divided into tube and limb; outer floret corolla ca. 8 mm, 3--5-cleft; inner floret corolla ca. 1 cm, 5-cleft. Achenes obovoid, ca. 3 mm, sparingly pubescent to glabrescent. Pappus elements white; outer rows bristlelike; inner ones to 5 mm; innermost row scalelike, ca. 1 mm. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

     Mountain slopes; sandy areas, deserts; 700--2400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia; SW Asia].