151. SAUSSUREA de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 156, 198. 1810, nom. cons. [Draft]

风毛菊属 feng mao ju shu

Aplotaxis de Candolle; Aucklandia Falconer; Bennettia A Gray; Cyathidium Lindley ex Royle; Eristomen Lessing; Haplatalix Lindley; Heterotrichum M. Bieberstein; Lagurostemon Cassini; Poecilotriche Dulac; Theodorea (Cassini) Cassini.

                Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, sometimes subshrub. Stems glabrous, white lanate tomentose, or pubescent, sometimes plant stemless. Leaves alternate; leaf blade soft or rigid, margin entire, toothed, or pinnate. Capitula numerous to few or rarely solitary, corymbose, paniculate, or racemose, sometimes aggregated and terminal on stem, homogamous. Involucre campanulate, globose, ovoid, or cylindric. Phyllaries in many rows, imbricate, appressed, apex acute, acuminate, obtuse, or rounded, apical appendage sometimes present and red membranous or green herbaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, densely covered with scales, rarely without scales. Pappus in (1 or)2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrid or slightly plumose, caducous; inner pappus long, base connate into a ring, plumose, caducous or persistent. Florets hermaphrodite, tubular, fertile. Corolla purplish red to pale purple, rarely white; tube filiform to slender; limb 5-cleft to middle. Filament column glabrous; anthers with entire or lacerate basal sagittate appendages. Style long, apex 2 branched; stigma long, linear, apex obtuse to subobtuse. Achene straw-colored, sometimes with black stains, rarely black, cylindric to ellipsoid, with basifixed invula??, obtusely 4-ribbed, smooth or transversally rugose, apically coronate or not, apex truncate.

                Ca. 400 species: Asia, Australia, Europe, W North America; 264 species (181 endemic) in China.

                By far the greatest diversity is in Asia, particularly in the C Asia, Himalayas, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.

                The taxonomy of the genus Saussurea in this treatment is based on the monograph by Lipschitz (Rod Saussurea, 1979). Saussurea is divided into five subgenera: Ericorynel, Amphileana, Theodora, Frolovia, and Saussurea. Subgenus Saussurea is divided into eight sections: Depressae, Jacea, Acaeles, Lagusanthera, Pycnocephala, Cyathidium, Rosulascentes, and Saussurea. For purposes of this treatment there is no need to divide the four other subgenera into sections.

                The genus Saussurea is very varied. Many of the species are used medicinally, as for example: S. arenaria, S. epilobioides, S. involucrata, S. medusa, and S. stella.

1a. Capitula aggregated and terminal on stem and surrounded or supported by membranous uppermost leaves  II. subgen. Amphileana

1b. Capitula not aggregated and terminal on stem nor surrounded by membranous uppermost leaves, or aggregated and terminal on stem and surrounded or semi-surrounded by densely lanate subtending leaves.

2a. . Capitula aggregated at inflated end of stem or in rosette of leaves, usually surrounded or semi-surrounded by 5 densely lanate subtending leaves, rarely subtending leaves glabrous and not surrounding capitula  I. subgen. Eriocoryne

2b. Capitula corymbose, paniculate, or racemose, rarely solitary at end of stem, not surrounded by densely lanate subtending leaves.

3a. Phyllaries or at least inner phyllaries apically with a red, dilated, and membranous appendage  III. subgen. Theodorea

3b. Phyllaries apically without a red, dilated, and membranous appendage.

4a. Achene apex with toothed coronule ...........................................................................................  IV. subgen. Frolovia

4b. Achene apex without coronule ..................................................................................................  V. subgen. Saussurea

I. Saussurea subgen. Enocoryne (de Candolle) J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 376. 1881.

雪兔子亚属 xue tu zi ya shu

Aplotaxis de Candolle sect. Eriocoryne Wallich ex de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 54. 1838; Saussurea sect. Acaules J. D. Hooker, p. min. p.; Saussurea sect. Congestae C. B. Clarke; Saussurea sect. Ericoryne (de Candolle) O. Hoffmann; Saussurea sect. Ericoryne (de Candolle) Kitamura.

                Herbs, perennial, rarely annual, cauliferous, stemless, or substemless, usually densely lanate, rarely glabrous or subglabrous. Stems apex claviform and inflated or plants rosular. Leaves lanate, margin entire to pinnate. Capitula numerous or rarely solitary, aggregated in rosette of leaves or terminal on stem. Receptacle with or without scales. Pappus white or brown, in 2 rows, rarely in 1 row and plumose; outer pappus scabrous, early caducous; inner pappus caducous. Achene glabrous, rarely pubescent.

                Ca. 26 species: Bhutan, China, NW India, Mongolia, Nepal, Kashmir, Kazakstan, Pakistan, Sikkim; 25 species (14  endemic) in China.

                Mainly on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and contiguous zones.

1a. Plants glabrous.

2a. Plants cauliferous, stems to 55 cm tall; capitula strongly or slightly spreading corymbose at end of stem  1. S. uliginosa

2b. Plants stemless or almost stemless; inflorescence in rosette of leaves, globose or hemispherical.

3b. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or spatulate ...................................................................................................  4. S. thomsonii

3a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or linear.

4a. Leaf blade stellate, margin entire; pappus white ..........................................................................................  2. S. stella

4b. Leaf blade not stellate, margin pinnately parted; pappus brown ........................................................  3. S. thoroldii

1b. Plants ± lanate, tomentose or puberulous.

5a. Plants tomentose, arachnoid, puberulous or glandular hairy.

6a. Herbs diffuse; outer phyllaries with an apical herbaceous appendage.................................................... 5. S. kingii

6b. Herbs erect or stemless; outer phyllaries without and apical herbaceous appendage.

7a. Herbs monocarpic.

8a. Pappus mouse-gray ...........................................................................................................................................  6. S. aster

8b. Pappus brown or yellowish brown.

9a. Capitula large, solitary in phyllone of rosette ....................................................................................  7. S. grandiceps

9b. Capitula small, terminal on stem and aggregated and into a hemispherical inflorescence.

10a. Pappus in 1 row, plumose ................................................................................................................  8. S. depsangensis

10b. Pappus in 2 rows; outer short, scabrous; inner long, plumose.

11a. Cauliferous herbs, stem 15--35 cm tall ....................................................................................................  9. S. delavayi

11a. Stemless herb .............................................................................................................................................. 10. S. wellbyi

7b. Herbs polycarpic.

12a. Pappus brown.

13a. Pappus in 1 row long, plumose; leaf blade white lanate; phyllaries abaxially subglabrous ....  14. S. gyacaensis

13b. Pappus in 2 rows, outer row short and scabrous, inner row long and plumose; leaf blade abaxially glabrescent, adaxially pubescent; phyllaries abaxially villous ................................................................................  15. S. fistulosa

12b. Pappus black or mouse gray.

14a. Pappus black; leaf blade pinnately lobed ..........................................................................................  11. S. hypsipeta

14b. Pappus mouse gray; leaf blade undivided.

15a. Leaf blade oblong to spatulate, 3--8 mm wide, margin entire or shallowly obtusely toothed, apex obtuse to rounded; florets purplish red ..........................................................................................................................  12. S. gnaphalodes

15b. Leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 1--1.3 cm wide, margin coarsely toothed, apex acute; florets bluish purple ....................................................................................................................................................  13. S. quercifolia

5b. Plants lanate.

16a. Leaf blade pinnately lobed, pinnately cleft, or pinnately parted.

17a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 3--4 X ca. 1.7 cm ......................................................................................  16. S. leucoma

17b. Leaf blade linear 2--6 X 0.3--0.6 cm ................................................................................................  17. S. simpsoniana

16b. Leaf blade margin entire, toothed, or obtusely lobate.

18a. Pappus in 1 row, plumose.

19a. Leaf blade margin shallowly obtusely toothed, shallowly obtusely 2--6-lobate, or apically or near apex toothed, rarely entire .......................................................................................................................................................  18. S. tridactyla

19b. Leaf blade margin sharply toothed ........................................................................................................  19. S. georgei

18b. Pappus in 2 rows; outer short, scabrous; inner long, plumose.

20a. Capitula paniculate-spicate ....................................................................................................................  20. S. laniceps

20b. Capitula aggregated into a hemispherical inflorescence.

21a. Capitula 2--5, inflorescences not surrounded by subtending leaves ..............................................  21. S. paxiana

21b. Capitula numerous, inflorescence surrounded or semi-surrounded by subtending leaves.

22a. Pappus white or dirty white; leaf blade elliptic, obovate, orbicular, flabelliform, or ovate-rhombic.

23a. Leaf blade obovate, orbicular, flabelliform or ovate rhombic; achene 8--9 mm ................................  22. S. medusa

23b. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic; achene 2--3 mm ......................................................................................  23. S. glacialis

22b. Pappus brown.

24a. Plants to 30 cm tall; leaf blade narrowly linear-elliptic, narrowly elliptic or linear-lanceolate  24. S. gossipiphora

24b. Plants 2--12 cm tall; leaf blade linear, lanceolate, elliptic or suborbicular.

25a. Leaf blade linear, densely lanate ....................................................................................................  17. S. simpsoniana

25b. Leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, or suborbicular, abaxially densely addressed tomentose, adaxially arachnoid  25. S. chionophora

1. Saussurea uliginosa Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 16. 1925.

湿地雪兔子 shi di xue tu zi

Saussurea dumetorum J. Anthony; S. uliginosa var. vittifolia (J. Anthony) Handel-Mazzetti; S. vittifolia J. Anthony.

                Herbs, perennial, to 55 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, apex densely covered with blackish brown residue of old petioles. Stems pale yellow, solitary, erect, glabrous, base ca. 6 mm in diam., apex inflated or not and with short corymbose branches. Basal leaves with ca. 6 cm petiole; leaf blade concolorous, linear to lanceolate, 20--40 X 1--2 cm, glabrous, abaxially with numerous golden glandular puncta, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Lower, middle, and upper stem leaves sessile, similar to basal leaves but gradually smaller apically on stem. Subtending leaves linear. Peduncle densely brown tomentose or capitulum sessile. Capitula 9, strongly or slightly spreading corymbose at end of stem. Involucre oblong, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, imbricate, rigid, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries apically brownish gray, ovate or obliquely ovate, 7--8 X 3--3.5 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries apically brownish gray, elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 7--8 X ca. 2 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 9 X 1 mm. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets reddish purple, ca. 6 mm. Achene immature. Fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Grassland on stony, mountain slopes; 2000--4200 m. NW Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

2. Saussurea stella Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 490. 1881.

星状雪兔子 xing zhuang xue tu zi

                Herbs, stemless, glabrous. Roots dark brown, obconic. Leaves purplish red or near base purplish red or green, concolorous, rosular, stellate, sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 3--19 X 0.3--1 cm, glabrous, basally ovately dilated, margin entire, apically long acuminate from middle. Inflorescences hemispherical, 4--6 cm in diam. Capitula sessile, numerous, in rosette of leaves. Involucre cylindric, 8--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, imbricate, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries oblong, ca. 9 X 3 mm, margin ciliate, apex rounded; middle phyllaries narrowly oblong, ca. 10 X 5 mm, margin ciliate, apex rounded; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 12 X 3 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.7 cm, tube ca. 1.2 cm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 5 mm, apex with a membranous coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Grassland on alpine areas, thickets and grassland on mountain slopes, by river marshes, flooded areas; 2000--5400 m. Gansu, Qinghai, W Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Sikkim].

3. Saussurea thoroldii Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 30: 115. 1894.

草甸雪兔子 cao dian xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, stemless, glabrous. Roots dark brown, obconic. Rhizomes thick, densely covered with fibrous lacerate residue of old petioles. Leaves numerous, rosular; petiole short and wide; leaf blade green, narrowly lanceolate to linear. 2--4 X 0.3--0.5 cm, glabrous, pinnately parted; lateral lobes 5-paired, recurvate or horizontally patent, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or broadly linear, margin entire or few toothed. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves; peduncle ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Capitula numerous, hemispherical, 3--4 cm in diam. Involucre cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, margin apically ciliate; outer phyllaries elliptic ca. 4 X 1.5 mm, apex obtuse; middle and inner phyllaries subequal, oblong, ca. 6 X 3 mm. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm; inner pappus ca. 6 mm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 7 mm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 2 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, 2--3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Flooded areas, sandy soil by lakes, saline-alkali lands; 3100--5200 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang [Kashmir, Pakistan].

4. Saussurea thomsonii C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 227. 1876.

肉叶雪兔子 rou ye xue tu zi

Saussurea acaulis Klatt; S. amblyophylla C. Winkler.

                Herbs, stemless, glabrous. Roots vertical, slender. Rhizomes short, with brown residue of old petioles. Leaves rosular, shortly petiolate; leaf blade green, elliptic, ovate, or spatulate, 1.5--2.3 X 0.7--1.5 cm, subfleshy, glabrous, purplish red, leathery, and rigid when dry, base cuneate-attenuate, margin subserrate to subentire, apex obtuse, rounded, or rarely acute. Apicalmost leaves suborbicular. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves. Capitula hemispherical, 2--6. Involucre ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm in diam. Phyllaries usually purplish red, in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries elliptic, ca. 8 X 2 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries obovate, ca. 7 X 3 mm, apex obtuse to rounded; inner phyllaries narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, 7--8 X 1.5--2 mm, apex rounded to obtuse. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 6 mm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 7 mm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 4 mm, transversely rugose.  Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                High mountains by rivers: 4000--5200 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang [NW India, Kashmir, Pakistan].

5. Saussurea kingii J. R. Drummond ex C. E. C. Fischer, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 98. 1937.

拉萨雪兔子 la sa xue tu zi

                Herbs, biennial, diffuse. Roots cylindric, woody, Main stem very short or almost absent, many branched; branches to 20 cm, tomentose. Leaves mainly basal, rosular; petiole 2--5 cm, deplanate; leaf blade green, concolorous, linear to broadly linear, 2.5--14 X 0.3--1.5 cm, gradually smaller towards base and apex, pinnately parted, abaxially white tomentose or glabrescent, adaxially sparsely arachnoid and glandular hairy; lateral lobes 5--10 pairs, elliptic to ovate-oblong, divided, margin obtusely toothed or entire. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves; peduncle 0.3--10 mm. Capitula several to numerous, corymbose, 5--6 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 8--9 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2--4 mm, abaxially arachnoid and glandular hairy, apically with a spatulate to rhombic appendage; middle and inner phyllaries purplish red, ovate, broadly ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, to 20 X 4 mm, glandular hairy, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red or white, 8--10 mm, tube 4--5 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, arachnoid, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Sandy soils on flooded areas, dunes, sandy soils on mountain slopes; 2900--4100 m. Xizang.

6. Saussurea aster Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 30: 115. 1894.

云状雪兔子 yun zhuang xue tu zi

               Herbs, perennial, stemless, polycarpic. Roots fleshy. Rhizomes thick, 1--1.4 cm in diam., densely covered with residue of old petioles. Leaves rosular, shortly petiolate; leaf blade grayish white, linear-spatulate, elliptic, or linear, 1.5 –3 X 1.5--4 cm, densely tomentose, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire, apex obtuse. Inflorescences hemispherical, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Capitula numerous, sessile. Involucre cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, subequal, ovate to linear, 4--6 X 1.5--3 mm, abaxially white tomentose, apex acute. Pappus mouse-gray, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 6.5 mm, tube ca. 3.5 mm, limb ca. 3 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

                Alpine scree; 3900--5400 m. Qinghai, Xizang [Pakistan].

7. Saussurea grandiceps S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 69. 1984.

硕首雪兔子 shuo shou xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, stemless, monocarpic. Roots conical, fleshy. Rhizomes with brown residue of old leaves. Leaves subconcolorous, rosular, sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 2--8 X 0.5--0.5 cm, abaxially pale green to grayish green and thinly arachnoid, adaxially green and glabrous, base wide, margin center sparsely covered with small and sharp teeth, apically long acuminate. Capitula large, solitary apically on rhizome, in rosette of leaves. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 4.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, adaxially sparsely covered with white long and straight thin hairs, margin dark purple, apex acuminate; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.7 X 0.5--0.6 cm in diam; middle phyllaries lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, 2--2.1 X 0.4--0.5 cm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 2.1 X ca. 0.3 cm. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 7 mm; inner pappus ca. 1.4 cm. Florets bluish purple, 1.9--2 cm, tube 1.3--1.4 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 5 mm, transversely rugose, with shallow rim. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Alpine scree; 5000--5300 m. Xizang.

8. Saussurea depsangensis Pampanini, Aggiunte Fl. Caracorùm 176. 1934.

昆仑雪兔子 kun lun xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, stemless or with a short stem, monocarpic. Roots slender, vertical, fleshy. Leaves rosular; petiole short; leaf blade oblong, 1--2.4 X 0.3--1 cm, brown rarely white tomentose, base attenuate, margin entire or sparsely small toothed, apex rounded to obtuse. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves. Capitula sessile, numerous, hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 7--8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3--5 rows, subequal, lanceolate, 6--8 X 2--4 mm, abaxially densely brown or white tomentose, apex acuminate. Pappus yellowish brown, in 1 row, ca. 2.1 cm. Florets purplish red ca. 8 mm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 1 mm. Immature achene ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Alpine scree; 4800--5400 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang [Kashmir]

9. Saussurea delavayi Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 355. 1888.

大理雪兔子 da li xue tu zi

Saussurea delavayi f. hirsuta J. Anthony.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--35 cm tall, monocarpic. Roots dark brown, vertical. Stems grayish white, erect, densely addressed arachnoid tomentose, base with dense brown sheathlike residue of old petioles. Leaves dark brown, dark green, or brown when dry, abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially glabrous or pubescent. Basal leaves with brown ca. 3 cm petiole; leaf blade linear, ca. 11 X 2--3 cm, margin entire, apex acute. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal leaves but gradually smaller apically on stem. Inflorescences terminal on stem, not subtended by uppermost leaves. Capitula numerous, hemispherical, 4--5.5 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate to cuneately campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, imbricate; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, ca. 9 X 3 mm, abaxially sparsely arachnoid, apically abruptly contracted and long acuminate; middle phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 7--8 X 1.8--2.2 mm, abaxially glabrous, apically abruptly contracted and apex acute to long acuminate; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 8.5 X 1 mm, abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3.8 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 7 mm, tube ca. 4 mm, limb ca. 3 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Mountain peaks, mountain slopes, grassy slope; 3300--4400 m. Yunnan (Dali Xian, Fugong Xian, Gongshan Xian, Lijiang Xian).

10. Saussurea wellbyi Hemsley, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 26: t. 2588. 1899.

羌塘雪兔子 qiang tang xue tu zi

Saussurea hyperiophora Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, stemless, monocarpic. Roots brown, conical, fleshy. Rhizomes with brown residue of old leaves. Leaves rosular, sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate 2--5 X 0.2--0.8 cm, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially below middle white tomentose and apically glabrous, base ovately enlarged, margin entire, apex long acuminate. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves; peduncle ca. 2 mm or capitulum sessile. Capitula numerous, hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries apically purplish red, narrowly elliptic to oblong, ca. 7 X 4 mm, abaxially densely white villous, apex acute; middle phyllaries oblong, ca. 12 X 2.5 mm, apex rounded; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 9 X 2 mm, abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube and limb each ca. 5 mm. Achene blackish brown, cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Alpine scree, sandy soils, grassy areas on mountain slopes; 4300--5000 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang.

11. Saussurea hypsipeta Diels ex H. Limpricht, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 512. 1922.

黑毛雪兔子 hei mao xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 5--13 cm tall, cespitose, polycarpic. Rhizomes slender, densely covered with black residue of old petioles, with several rosette leaves. Stems erect, pale brown tomentose. Leaves white or pale brownish yellow tomentose or uppermost stem leaves black tomentose. Rosette leaves and lower stem leaves with petiole as long as leaf blade; leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly spatulate, 3--6 X ca. 1 cm, base attenuate, pinnately lobed, apex acute. Stem leaves linear-lanceolate, margin entire or toothed, apex acuminate. Inflorescences on slightly inflated end of stem. Capitula numerous, sessile, hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially purple; outer phyllaries linear, ca. 7 X 1 mm, abaxially apically lanate, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 8 X 1.5 mm, abaxially lanate, apex acute; inner phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 7--8 X 1--2 mm, white-membranous, apically white lanate, apex acute. Pappus black, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 1.5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 4 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene brown, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Alpine scree; 3700--5400 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan.

12. Saussurea gnaphalodes (Royle) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 331. 1846.

鼠麯雪免子 shu qu xue tu zi

Aplotaxis gnaphalodes Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 251. 1835; A. sorocephala Schrenk; Haplotaxis sorocephala (Schrenk) Schrenk; S. sorocephala (Schrenk) Schrenk; Theodora gnaphalodes (Royle) Kuntze.

                Herbs, perennial, 1--6 cm tall, cespitose, polycarpic. Rhizomes slender, with several rosette leaves. Stems erect, with brown residue of old petioles. Leaves concolorous, crowded, grayish white densely tomentose, petiolate; leaf blade oblong to spatulate, uppermost ones broadly ovate, 0.6--3 X 0.3--0.8 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire or sparsely shallowly and obtusely toothed, apex obtuse to rounded. Inflorescences terminal on stem. Capitula sessile, numerous, hemispherical, 2--3 cm in diam. Involucre oblong, ca. 8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries oblong-ovate, ca. 7 X 3.5 mm, abaxially white or brown lanate, apex acuminate; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic to lanceolate, ca. 9 X 3 mm, abaxially apically purplish red and white villous, apex acute to acuminate. Pappus mouse-gray, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene brown, obconical, 3--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                Alpine scree; 2700--5700 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, S and W Xinjiang, Xizang [NW India, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan].

13. Saussurea quercifolia W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 115. 1913.

槲叶雪兔子 hu ye xue tu zi

Saussurea quercifolia var. major J. Arthony.

                Herbs, perennial, 4--6(--20) cm tall, cespitose, polycarpic. Roots black, vertical, ca. 1 cm in diam. Rhizomes slender to thick, usually branched, neck with brown residue of old petioles. Stems erect, white tomentose. Basal leaves with 1.5--3 cm petiole; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 2--4.5 X 1--1.3 cm, abaxially sparsely arachnoid and densely white tomentose, adaxially grayish white to grayish green, base cuneate-attenuate, margin coarsely toothed, apex acute. Upper stem leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, reflexed, abaxially grayish white and densely lanate, adaxially glabrous and blackish green or sometimes purple when dry, margin sparsely toothed or subentire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal on stem. Capitula numerous, sessile, hemispherical, ca. 5 cm in diam. Involucre oblong, ca. 8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, subequal, margin hyaline-membranous; outer phyllaries purplish red, elliptic to lanceolate, ca. 10 X 4 mm, entirely, apical half, or apically villous, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries purplish red, elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 9--10 X 3--4 mm, apically or near apex villous, apex acute to acuminate. Pappus mouse-gray, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 8.5 mm, tube ca. 4.5 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 2.8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Alpine thickets, scree, rocky slopes; 3300--5300 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Gongshan Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

14. Saussurea gyacaensis S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 69. 1984.

加查雪兔子 jia cha xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 6--8 cm tall, cespitose, polycarpic, white lanate. Rhizomes slender, branched, with several rosette leaves. Stems erect. Rosette and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade oblong to linear, 1.9--5 X 1.1 cm including petiole, white lanate, base attenuate, margin entire or obtusely toothed, apex obtuse. Uppers stem leaves linear, apex acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves linear, usually reflexed. Inflorescences terminal on stem. Capitula numerous, sessile, hemispherical. Involucre cylindric, ca. 1.4 cm. Phyllaries purplish red, linear-oblanceolate, abaxially subglabrous, apex acute. Receptacle naked. Pappus pale brown, in 1 row, plumose. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.2 cm. Achene black, 6--6.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Alpine scree; ca. 4800 m. Xizang (Gyaca Xian).

15. Saussurea fistulosa J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 206. 1934.

管茎雪兔子 guan jing xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 10--15 cm tall, cespitose, polycarpic. Rhizomes thick, apically with densely brown residue of petioles, branched. Stems erect, ca. 1 cm in diam., base, arachnoid, apically densely leafy. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or subglabrous. Lower stem leaves long petiolate; leaf blade narrowly oblong, 6--10 X 0.5--1 cm, abaxially subglabrous, adaxially pubescent, base abruptly narrowed, margin irregularly serrulate, apex acute. Upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, base shortly decurrent. Uppermost stem leaves numerous, under and around capitula, lanceolate, densely stellate. Capitula numerous, sessile, hemispherical. Involucre small. Phyllaries in 4 rows, lanceolate to oblanceolate, abaxially densely villous. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 6 mm. Florets reddish purple, ca. 8 mm, tube as long as limb. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Aug--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes; 3400--4100 m. Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

16. Saussurea leucoma Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 197. 1912.

羽裂雪兔子 yu lie xue tu zi

Saussurea franchetiana H. Léveillé.

                Herbs, perennial, 14--18 cm tall, polycarpic. Roots dark brown, vertical, thick. Stems erect, pale brown or dirty white densely lanate, base with blackish brown residue of old leaves, apically inflated. Leaves abaxially pale grayish white and thinly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially inconspicuously brown green when dry, sparsely arachnoid or glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves with 0.5--2 cm deplanate petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 3--4 X ca. 1.7 cm, pinnately cleft or pinnately parted; lobes margin entire, apex acute to obtuse; lowermost lateral lobes narrowly triangular to small toothed; lateral lobes 5--7-paired, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, gradually smaller towards both ends of leaf; terminal lobe elliptic. Upper stem leaves sessile, linear, ca. 3 cm X 1.8 mm, reflexed, margin entire, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal on stem, paniculate or globose, covered by white or pale brown cottony hairs. Capitula numerous. Involucre oblong, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 10 X 5 mm, abaxially densely brown lanate, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic, 9--10 X ca. 3 mm, abaxially lanate, margin hyaline-membranous, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows, brown; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets blackish purple, ca. 1 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene blackish purple, obconic, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Alpine rocky mountainous regions, scree; 3200--5300 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

17. Saussurea simpsoniana (Fielding & Gardner) Lipschitz, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1964: 319. 1964.

小果雪兔子 xiao guo xue tu zi

Aplotaxis simpsoniana Fielder & Gardner, Sert. Pl.: t. 26. Cum descril. 1844; A. gossypina de Candolle var. minor de Candolle; Saussurea sacra Edgeworth.

                Herbs, perennial, 2--12 cm tall. Stems densely white lanate, base with residue of old leaves. Basal and lower stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade linear, 2--6 X 0.3--0.6 cm, densely white lanate, base cuneate-attenuate, margin toothed or pinnately lobed. Uppermost stem leaves small, usually reflexed, margin entire or sparsely toothed, apex acute. Inflorescences on inflated end of stem. Capitula numerous, hemispherical. Involucre narrowly cylindric. Phyllaries oblong to oblanceolate, apically purplish red, apex acuminate. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.5 cm. Achene brown, 2--3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Alpine scree; 4700--5800 m. S Xinjiang, W Xizang [Bhutan, NW Indian, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].

18. Saussurea tridactyla Schultz-Bipontinus ex J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 377. 1991.

三指雪兔子 san zhi xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 8--15 cm tall, cauliferous, polycarpic. Roots blackish brown, slender. Stem densely white or brown lanate, base with brown residue of petioles. Leaves white or grayish white, concolorous, densely lanate, crowded. Lower stem leaves with brown 1.5--2 cm petiole; leaf blade linear, ca. 15 X 2--4 mm, margin shallowly obtusely toothed. Middle and upper stem leaves with ca. 1 cm petiole; leaf blade spatulate, obovate-spatulate, or oblong, 1--2 X 0.5--1 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin shallowly obtusely 2--6-lobate, apically toothed, or rarely entire. Inflorescences hemispherical, 4--5.5 cm in diam., covered by cottony hairs. Involucre oblong or hemispherical, ca. 8 mm in diam. Capitula numerous or solitary, sessile, hemispherical, 4--5.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 3 or 4 rows, oblong, 9--12 X ca. 3 mm, subequal, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries abaxially lanate; middle and inner phyllaries abaxially glabrous. Pappus in 1 row, brown to dirty brown, ca. 8 mm, plumose. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 5.5 mm, limb ca. 4.5 mm. Achene brown, obconic, ca. 7 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Alpine scree, among broken stones on mountain peaks, grassland on mountain slopes; 4300--5300 m. Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

1a. Capitula numerous; involucre oblong ..............................................................................................  18. var. tridactyla

1b. Capitulum solitary; involucre hemispherical ..........................................................................  18b. var. maiduoganla

18a. Saussurea tridactyla var. tridactyla

三指雪兔子 san zhi xue tu zi

                Capitula numerous. Involucre oblong.

                Alpine scree, among broken stones on mountain peaks, grassland on mountain slopes; 4300--5300 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

18b. Saussurea tridactyla var. maiduoganla S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 71. 1984.

丛株雪兔子 cong zhu xue tu zi

                Flowering stems 3, cespitose. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre hemispherical.

                * Alpine scree; 4600--4700 m. Xizang (Gyirong Xian).

19. Saussurea georgei J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 207. 1934.

川滇雪兔子 chuan dian xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, rosular, polycarpic. Rhizomes long, with black residue of petioles. Leaves reflexed; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade blackish brown when dry, elliptic, ca. 2.5 X 0.8 cm, abaxially densely pale brown lanate, adaxially sparsely lanate, base cuneate-attenuate, margin sharply toothed, apex acuminate. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves. Capitula numerous, hemispherical. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 7--8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, apically blackish purple; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate-elliptic, ca. 8 X 3 mm, abaxially sparsely lanate, apex acuminate; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 13--15 X 3--4 mm, margin white hyaline-membranous, apex acute. Pappus in 1 row, ca. 1.2 cm, plumose. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube and limb each ca. 5 mm. Achene brown, narrowly cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Alpine scree; 3400--5300 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

20. Saussurea laniceps Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gard. Beelin 13: 657. 1937.

绵头雪兔子 mian tou xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 14--36 cm tall, cauliferous, monocarpic. Roots blackish brown, vertical, to 2 cm in diam. Stems base with brown residue of petioles, apically densely white or pale brown lanate. Leaves very dense; petiole  to 8 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate, narrowly spatulate, or narrowly elliptic, 8--15 X 1.5--2 cm, abaxially densely brown tomentose, adaxially arachnoid lanate and glabrescent, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire or sinuolate, apex acute to acuminate. Subtending leaves linear lanceolate, densely white lanate. Capitula numerous, sessile, paniculate-spicate. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, ca. 6 X 1 mm, abaxially white or brown lanate, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 9 X 4 mm, abaxially densely blackish brown lanate, apex linear acuminate. Pappus mouse-gray, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 2 cm. Florets white, 1--1.2 cm, limb 3 X longer than tube. Achene cylindric, 2.5--3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Alpine scree; 3200--5500 m; Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

21. Saussurea paxiana Diels ex H. Limpricht, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 512. 1922.

红叶雪兔子 hong ye xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 5--14 cm tall, cauliferous. Stems purplish red, brownish yellow lanate. Rhizomes short, with brown residue of petioles. Basal and lower stem leaves densely lanate; petiole 3--4 cm; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, spatulate, or elliptic-lanceolate, 5--9 X 1--2 cm, glabrous, abaxially purplish red, adaxially green, base cuneate-attenuate, margin toothed, apex acute to acuminate. Middle stem leaves small. Uppermost stem leaves oblong to lanceolate, basal half brown lanate. Inflorescences hemispherical, ca. 5 cm in diam. Capitula 2--5. Involucre oblong, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, ca. 12 X 4 mm, abaxially brown lanate, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 12 X 3 mm, abaxially brown lanate, apex herbaceous and acuminate; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-linear, ca. 14 X 2 mm, abaxially brown lanate, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 1.5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets dark red, ca. 1.7 cm, tube 9.5 mm, limb 7.5 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                * Alpine scree; 4000--5000 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang.

22. Saussurea medusa Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 488. 1881.

水母雪兔子 shui mu xue tu zi

Saussurea dainellii Pampanini; S. namikawae Kitamura; S. trullifolia W. W. Smith; S. trullifolia W. W. Smith var. pinnatibracteata J. Anthony.

                Herbs, perennial, cauliferous, polycarpic. Rhizomes slender, with blackish brown residue of petioles, branched, apically with several rosette leaves. Leaves grayish green, concolorous or subconcolorous, white lanate, crowded. Lower stem leaves with ca. 2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade obovate, flabelliform, orbicular, oblong, or rhombic, to 7.5 X 3 cm, base cuneate-attenuate and purple, margin apical half coarsely 6--12-toothed, apex obtuse to rounded. Upper stem leaves reflexed, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, apex acute to acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, reflexed, margin serrulate. Subtending leaves linear-lanceolate, white lanate. Inflorescences terminal on stem, hemispherical. Capitula numerous, sessile. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 5--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows; outer phyllaries purple, narrowly elliptic, ca. 11 X 2 mm, abaxially white or brown lanate, apex long acuminate; middle Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. phyllaries oblanceolate, ca. 10 X 4 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 11 X 2 mm, apex obtuse. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene pale brown, fusiform, 8--9 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Rocky mountain slopes, alpine scree; 3000--5600 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian) [Kashmir, Nepal].

                The whole herb is used medicinally.

23. Saussurea glacialis Herder, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(3): 144. 1867.

冰川雪兔子 bing chuan xue tu zi

Saussurea pamirica C. Winkler; S. violacea Pampanini.

                Herbs, grayish green, perennial, to 15 cm tall, polycarpic, cauliferous, densely lanate. Rhizomes slender, with brown residue of petioles. Stems erect, densely leafy, crowned with a rosette of leaves. Leaves abaxially sparsely lanate, adaxially densely and thickly lanate. Basal and lower stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 1.5--4 X 0.4--1 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin apically crenate or entire, apex obtuse. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves, small, supporting inflorescence. Inflorescences terminal on stem, capitate. Capitula 10--20 or more. Involucre campanulate, 7--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3--5 rows, subequal; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic-ovate to narrowly elliptic, abaxially reddish brown and lanate, apex acute; inner phyllaries fleshy, lanceolate, apex acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows, white or dirty white; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.2 cm. Achene ellipsoid-terete, 2--3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                Alpine scree; 3800--4800 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia), Tajikistan].

24. Saussurea gossipiphora D. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 414. 1821.

雪兔子 xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, to 30 cm tall, monocarpic, cauliferous, apically densely white or brownish yellow lanate. Roots blackish brown, vertical, fusiformly branched. Stems erect, with brown residue of petioles. Lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic, ca. 14 cm X 4--14 mm including petiole, abaxially glabrous or lanate when young, base cuneate-attenuate, margin sharply or shallowly toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller apically on stem. Uppermost stem leaves linear-lanceolate, to 6 cm, usually reflexed, densely white or pale yellow lanate, apex long acuminate. Inflorescences hemispherical, 7--10 cm in diam. Capitula numerous or solitary, sessile. Involucre broadly cylindric or hemispherical. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, ovate-lanceolate to linear-oblong, abaxially lanate, apex acute. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 4.5 mm, limb ca. 6.5 mm. Achene black, 3--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Alpine scree, rock crevices on mountain slopes; 4000--5000 m. S Xizang, Yunnan (Lijiang Xian) [Bhutan, NW India, Nepal, Sikkim].

1a. Capitula numerous; involucre broadly cylindric, 0.5--0.6 cm in diam.  ................................  24a. var. gossipiphora

1b. Capitulum solitary; involucre hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam.  .................................................  24b. var. conaensis

24a. Saussurea gossipiphora var. gossipiphora

雪兔子 xue tu zi

Aplotaxis gossypina de Candolle; Saussurea gossypina Wallich.

                Capitula numerous, 7--10 cm in diam; involucre broadly cylindric, 5--6 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Alpine scree, rock crevices on mountain slopes; 4500--5000 m. S Xizang, Yunnan (Lijiang Xian) [Bhutan, India, Nepal. Sikkim].

                The whole herb is used medicinally.

24b. Saussurea gossipiphora var. conaensis S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 71. 1984.

错那雪兔子 cuo na xue tu zi

                Capitula solitary; involucre hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Alpine scree; 4000--4700 m. Xizang (Cona Xian).

25. Saussurea chionophora Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 60: 117. 1923.

显脉雪兔子 xian mai xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes vertical, long, slender, branched, densely covered with membranous brown petiole. Stems branched; some branches crowned by sterile rosette leaves, others 4--7 cm tall, densely white lanate, apically clavate. Leaves with 1--2 cm winged petiole; leaf blade elliptic, orbicular, or sometimes lanceolate, abaxially white addressed tomentose, adaxially blackish green and arachnoid, margin sinuolate, sparsely crenate, or toothed. Subtending leaves linear, 1.5--4 cm, base lanate, margin entire, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal on stem, hemispherical. Capitula numerous, sessile. Involucre cylindric, 1--1.2 cm. Phyllaries straw-colored, spatulate-lanceolate, 3--4 mm wide, apically black and lanate, apex shortly acute. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus few, short; inner pappus long. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene striate, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Rocky mountain slopes; 4300--4700 m. Qinghai, Sichuan (Muli Xian).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

II. Saussurea subgen. Amphilaena (Stscheglejew) Lipschitz, Trans. Musc. Soc. Nat. Bid. Ser. 3: 180. 1960.

雪莲亚属 xue lian ya shu

Saussurea sect. Amphilaena Stscheglejew, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 21(3): 244. 1848; Saussurea sect. obvallatae Maximowicz.

                Herbs, cauliferous, rarely substemless or very rarely stemless. Stem leaves margin entire or toothed. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding or semisurrounding inflorescences or capitula, white or red, boatlike, membranous. Receptacle with short scales. Pappus white or brown, in (1 or)2 rows; outer pappus few, short, scabrous; inner pappus many, persistent, long, plumose. Achene glabrous.

                About 23 species: Bhutan, China, NW India, Kashmir, Kazakstan, Nepal, Sikkim; 20 species (15 endemic) in China.

1a. Leaf blade or leaf blade margin glandular hairy.

2b. Subtending leaves small, not surrounding capitula ................................................................................  32. S. conica

2a. Subtending leaves large, surrounding capitula.

3a. Subtending leaves yellow, narrowly elliptic to ovate-oblong.

4a. Subtending leaves to 11 cm; capitula 6--15, sessile, straight; phyllaries abaxially glandular hairy  30. S. obvallata

4b. Subtending leaves no more than 7 cm; capitula 1--3, with short peduncles, pendent; phyllaries abaxially villous      31. S. wettsteiniana

3b. Subtending leaves purplish red, ovate, broadly ovate, orbicular, or boatlike.

5a. Plants short or stemless; capitula solitary.

6a. Plants cauliferous; capitula at end of stem; phyllaries unequal; leaves lanceolate, apex acuminate densely glandular hairy .........................................................................................................................................................  26. S. bracteata

6b. Plants stemless; capitula in rosette of leaves; phyllaries subequal; leaves elliptic, apex obtuse pubescent, with glandular hairs margin ...........................................................................................................................  27. S. nidularis

5b. Plants tall; capitula (1 or)2--12.

7a. Involucre campanulate, 2--3 cm in diam. ..............................................................................................  28. S. tangutica

7b. Involucre obconic, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. ...............................................................................................  29. S. erubescens

1a. Leaf blade lanate, tomentose, arachnoid, strigose, or glabrous.

8a. Capitula numerous or few.

9a. Leaf blade strigose .....................................................................................................................................  40. S. globose

9b. Leaf blade glabrous or villous, abaxially lanate, and/or adaxially villous.

10a. Leaf blade glabrous ...........................................................................................................................  41. S. involucrata

10b. Leaf blade villous, or abaxially lanate, or abaxially glabrous and adaxially villous.

11a. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous and adaxially villous ........................................................................  42. S. iodostegia

11b. Leaf blade villous or abaxially lanate and adaxially villous.

12a. Leaf blade margin retrorsely toothed ................................................................................................  43. S. nigrescens

12b. Leaf blade margin toothed.

13a. Leaf blade lanceolate, 5--10 cm, abaxially lanate, adaxially villous ..............................................  44. S. phaeantha

13b. Leaf blade lanceolate, 17--20 cm, villous ..........................................................................................  45. S. veitchiana

8b. Capitulum solitary.

14a. Involucre 1--1.3 cm in diam. .................................................................................................................  39. S. polycolea

14b. Involucre (1.5--)2--5 cm in diam.

15a. Leaf blade glabrous ..................................................................................................................................  33. S. uniflora

15b. Leaf blade white lanate, tomentose, or villous.

16a. Leaf blade abaxially densely white lanate ...........................................................................................  38. S. pubifolia

16b. Leaf blade villous or tomentose.

17a. Upper stem leaves not foliaceous ........................................................................................................  34. S. pratensis

17b. Upper stem leaves foliaceous.

18a. Leaf blade straplike, 0.5--0.8 cm wide ..................................................................................................  35. S. muliensis

18b. Leaf blade not straplike, 0.7--3.2 cm wide.

19a. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; florets ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 7 mm; subtending leaves semisurrounding capitula .......................................................................................................................  36. S. velutina

19b. Involucre campanulate, 1.2--2 cm in diam.; florets ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 9 mm; subtending leaves not surrounding capitula ............................................................................................................................  37. S. longifolia

26. Saussurea bracteata Decaisne in Jacquemont, Voy. Inde 4: 94. 1844.

膜苞雪莲 mo bao xue lian

Saussurea schultzii J. D. Hooker.

                Herbs, perennial, 3--8 cm tall. Stems with brown residue of petioles. Stem leaves usually purplish red; petiole 1--3 cm; leaf blade oblong, 7--15 X 0.5--1.3 cm, densely glandular hairy or abaxially subglabrous, base attenuate, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, purplish red, ovate, to ca. 3.5 X 1.6 cm, membranous, glandular hairy, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially and margin purplish red; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 4 mm, abaxially white villous; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm, abaxially white villous, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 1.9 cm X 1 mm, abaxially white lanate, apex long acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.2 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene dark brown, oblong, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Alpine meadows, alpine scree; 4000--5400 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang [NW India, Kashmir, Pakistan].

27. Saussurea nidularis Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 655. 1937.

鸟巢状雪莲 niao chao zhuang xue lian

                Herbs, stemless. Leaves rosular, shortly petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, 8--24 X 2--6 cm, coarsely hairy, base obtuse to attenuate, margin small toothed and glandular hairy, apex obtuse. Subtending leaves surrounding capitula, purplish red, ovate. Capitula solitary in rosette of leaves, sessile or subsessile. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm. Phyllaries subequal; outer phyllaries basally ovate; inner phyllaries narrow, abaxially villous and coarsely hairy, margin brown, apex long acuminate. Pappus sometimes white. Florets numerous. Fl. Aug.

                * Rocky pastures; ca. 3600--4800 m. SE Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

28. Saussurea tangutica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 489. 1881.

唐古特雪莲 tang gu te xue lian

Saussurea obvallata (de Candolle) Edgeworth var. orientalis Diels

                Herbs, perennial, 16--17 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, apically with brown residue of petioles. Stem purple to pale purple, solitary, erect, sparsely white villous. Basal leaves with 2--6 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong to broadly lanceolate, 3--9 X 1--2.3 cm, glandular hairy, base attenuate, margin serrulate, apex acute. Stem leaves narrowly elliptic to oblong, glandular hairy, apex acute. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula or inflorescence, purplish red, broadly ovate, membranous, coarsely and glandular hairy, margin serrulate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences or solitary capitulum terminal on stem, 3--7 cm in diam. Capitula 1--5, sessile. Involucre broadly campanulate 2--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries blackish purple, in 4 rows, abaxially yellowish white villous; outer phyllaries elliptic, ca. 5 X 2 mm, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 10 X 2.5 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm, apex long acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows, pale brown; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene brownish purple, oblong, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Alpine scree, alpine meadows; 3800--5000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

29. Saussurea erubescens Lipschitz, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 20: 342. 1960.

红柄雪莲 hong bing xue lian

Saussurea obvallata (de Candolle) Edgeworth var. gymnocephala Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--30 cm tall. Roots thick, cylindric. Stem solitary, erect, densely yellowish white villous, base with brown fibrous lacerate residue of petioles. Basal and lower stem leaves with to 6 cm petiole; leaf blade broadly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 1.5--5.5 X 1--3.5 cm, densely shortly glandular hairy, base attenuate, margin small toothed or rarely entire, apex acute to acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves semisurrounding capitula, purplish red, boatlike, membranous, densely white villous. Peduncle densely white villous. Capitula (1 or)2--12, terminal, corymbose. Involucre obconic, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, abaxially purplish red and white villous, margin purplish red, apex acuminate; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 6 X 2.5 mm; middle phyllaries linear, ca. 14 X 1.1 mm; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 16 X 1 mm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 6 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets blackish purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on marshes, by rivers, mountain valleys, Mountain peaks, meadows; 3100--4800 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang.

30. Saussurea obvallata (de Candolle) Edgeworth, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 76. 1846.

苞叶雪莲 bao ye xue lian

Aplotaxis obvallata de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 541. 1838.

                Herbs, perennial, 16--60 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, neck densely covered with brown fibrous lacerate residue of petioles. Stems erect, pubescent or glabrous. Basal leaves with to 8 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblong, or ovate, 7--20 X 3--6 cm, glandular hairy, base cuneate, margin serrulate, apex obtuse. Stem leaves sessile, similar to basal leaves but gradually smaller towards stem apex. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding inflorescence, yellow, narrowly elliptic to ovate-oblong, to 16 X 7 cm, membranous, pubescent or glandular hairy, margin serrulate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal on stem, hemispherical. Capitula 6--15, pedunculate or not. Involucre hemispherical, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially pubescent and glandular hairy, margin blackish purple, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate; middle phyllaries elliptic; inner phyllaries linear. Pappus dark brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 mm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 1 cm. Achene oblong, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Grassland, rocky places on mountain slopes, by streams, scree; 3200--4700 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NW Indian, Kashmir, N Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].

                The whole herb is used medicinally.

31. Saussurea wettsteiniana Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 57: 144. 1920.

垂头雪莲 chui tou xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 35--58 cm tall. Stem bases densely covered with brown residue of petioles, apically white villous. Basal leaves with 5--19 cm petiole; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, ca. 25 X 4 cm, glandular hairy, base attenuate, margin evenly small toothed, apex acuminate. Stem leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, small, base semiamplexicaul. Uppermost stem leaves yellow, ovate to elliptic, 5--7 X 3.5--5 cm, membranous, glandular hairy, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Peduncle pendent. Capitula 1--3. Involucre hemispherical, 1.5--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially blackish purple and yellowish white villous; outer phyllaries lanceolate, 2.5--0.5 cm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.2 X 0.4 cm, apex narrowly acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 X 0.2 cm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 1.1 cm. Achene oblong, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Forest edges, grassland, meadows; 3300--4500 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

32. Saussurea conica C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 224. 1876.

肿柄雪莲 zhong bing xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 20--45 cm tall. Stem bases with brown residue of petioles, apically white pubescent. Lower stem leaves oblong, 9--18 X 1.2--3 cm including petiole, glandular hairy, base attenuate, margin toothed, apex acute. Uppermost stem leaves purplish red, ovate, to 5 cm, apex acuminate. Capitula 1--6, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm. Phyllaries lanceolate, abaxially villous, apex acuminate. Pappus pale yellow. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1 cm. Achene ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Grassland on mountain slopes; 4600--5300 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, Sikkim].

33. Saussurea uniflora (Wallich ex de Candolle) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 330. 1846.

单花雪莲 dan hua xue lian

Aplotaxis uniflora Wallich ex de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 539. 1838; S. uniflora var. sinensis J. Anthony.

                Herbs, perennial, 14--60 cm tall. Stems densely villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal leaves with 1--3 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong, linear-oblanceolate, or linear-oblong, 3--15 X 1--2.2 cm, glabrous, margin toothed, apex obtuse. Stem leaves sessile, linear-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, small, apex acuminate to obtuse. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, purplish red, elliptic, to 3 X 1 cm, membranous, densely villous, margin entire, apex caudate-acuminate. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre hemispherical, 2--4 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 4 rows, abaxially apically densely white villous; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 3 mm, apex long acuminate; middle and inner phyllaries linear-oblong, to 15 X 1.8 mm, apex long acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 1.3 cm. Achene cylindric, 3--4 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Forests, thickets; 3400--4000 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Nepal, Sikkim].

34. Saussurea pratensis J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 210. 1934.

草原雪莲 cao yuan xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, to 30 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Stems erect, densely yellowish white villous, with brown residue of petioles. Lower stem leaves with 3--6 cm petiole; leaf blade straplike to lanceolate, 15.5--18 X 1--1.2 cm, sparsely yellowish white villous, base attenuate, margin sparsely small toothed, apex obtuse. Middle stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, to 11 X 0.5 cm, margin entire. Upper stem leaves sessile, linear to ovate-lanceolate, 1.3--6 X ca. 0.2 cm, base amplexicaul, apex acuminate. Capitula solitary. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 1.3 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 4 rows, abaxially densely yellowish white villous, apex narrowly acuminate; outer phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 4 mm; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 17 X 3 mm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 18 X 1--1.8 mm, margin purplish red, apex long acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.7 cm, tube ca. 1 cm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene pale brown, oblong, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland, open grassland; 2000--3100 m. Yunnan (Dali Xian, Lijiang Xian).

35. Saussurea muliensis Hand-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 656. 1937.

木里雪莲 mu li xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 21--29 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Stems purplish red, erect, densely white villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal and lower stem leaf sessile, straplike, 7.5--20 X 0.5--0.8 cm, densely villous, base attenuate, margin entire, apex acute. Middle stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, purplish red, ovate elliptic, yellowish white villous, margin sharply small toothed or entire. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 5 or 6 rows, abaxially villous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 X 5 mm, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 9 X 2 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 2.2 mm, apex long acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Immature achene dark brown. Fl. Aug.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 4300--4400 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian).

36. Saussurea velutina W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 12: 221. 1920.

毡毛雪莲 zhan mao xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 17--35 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stems erect, brownish yellow villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal leaves early deciduous. Lower stem leaves with 2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 9--12 X 0.7--1.5 cm, densely brownish yellow tomentose, base attenuate, margin sparsely small toothed, apex acuminate. Middle stem leaves similar to lower stem leaves or oblong-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, purplish red, obovate, 3--4 X 1.5--2.2 cm, membranous, brownish yellow tomentose, margin serrulate to subentire. Peduncle ca. 5 mm. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially and/or margin blackish purple, abaxially brownish yellow villous, apex long acuminate; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 11 X 4 mm; middle phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.2 mm; inner phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 1 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.9 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Thickets, alpine scree; 3300--5000 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Lijiang Xian).

37. Saussurea longifolia Franchet, J. Bot. 2: 354. 1888.

长叶雪莲 chang ye xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 15--30 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stems erect, white villous, with brown residue of petioles. Basal leaves with 2.5--6 cm winged petiole; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, 7--15 X 2--3.2 cm, villous, base attenuate, margin toothed, apex obtuse. Middle stem leaves sessile, small. Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding capitula, purplish red, elliptic, small, membranous. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, 1.2--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially purplish red and villous; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2.5 mm, apex long acuminate; middle phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 2 mm, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.5 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets reddish purple, ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 9 mm. Achene oblong, 3--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland, thickets; 3200--4600 m. Qinghai, SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.

38. Saussurea pubifolia S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 70. 1984.

毛背雪莲 mao bei xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 15--30 cm tall. Stems bases densely covered with brown residue of petioles, apically white lanate. Basal leaves adaxially green, linear-oblong, 8--25 X 0.8--1.1 cm, abaxially densely white lanate, base attenuate, margin incised-toothed, apex acuminate. Middle stem leaves subsessile, small, semiamplexicaul, decurrent on stem wing. Upper stem leaves ovate, to 6 cm, white lanate, apex long acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding or not surrounding capitulum, purplish red, broadly ovate to suborbicular, membranous or herbaceous. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre hemispherical, to 2 cm. Phyllaries ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, apex acuminate. Pappus brown. Florets brownish purple, 1.2--1.4 cm. Achene black. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Alpine scree, grassland; 4200--5200 m. SC Xizang.

1a. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, large, membranous .............................................  38a. var. pubifolia

1b. Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding capitula, small, herbaceous ....................................  38b. var. lhasaensis

38a. Saussurea pubifolia var. pubifolia

毛背雪莲 mao bei xue lian

                Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, large, membranous.

                * Alpine scree; 4500--5100 m. SC Xizang.

38b. Saussurea pubifolia var. lhasaensis S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 71. 1984.

小苞雪莲 xiao bao xue lian

                Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding capitula, small, herbaceous.

                * Grassland; 4200--5200 m. Xizang (Lhasa Shi).

39. Saussurea polycolea Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 654. 1937.

多鞘雪莲 duo qiao xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 10--26 cm tall. Rhizomes slender. Stem solitary or cespitose, erect, densely white villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal and lower stem leaves with 1.2--4 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate, 3.5--6 X 0.8--2.5 cm, white villous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margin sparsely mucronate, apex obtuse mucronate to acute. Middle stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, base semiamplexicaul. Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding capitula, purplish red, 2--3 X 0.7--1 cm, white villous. Capitulum sessile or pedunculate, terminal on stem, solitary or inflorescences composed of 2 or 3 capitula. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 1--1.3 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 4 or 5 rows or absent, abaxially and/or margin grayish white villous, apex acuminate to long acuminate; outer phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2 cm X 1.5 mm; middle phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2.1 cm X 1.2 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to linear, ca. 2 cm X 0.7--0.8 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, flooded areas, meadows; 3200--4900 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

1a. Capitulum solitary ..............................................................................................................................  39a. var. polycolea

1b. Inflorescences composed of 2 or 3 capitula ...........................................................................  39b. var. acustisquama

39a. Saussurea polycolea var. polycolea

多鞘雪莲 duo qiao xue lian

                Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 3200--4500 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

39b. Saussurea polycolea var. acutisquama (Y. Ling) Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 52: 664. 1967.

尖苞雪莲 jian bao xue lian

Saussurea nigrescens Maximowicz var. acutisquama Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 6: 95. 1949.

                Inflorescences compossed of 2 or 3 capitula. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Flooded areas, meadows, grassland on mountain slopes; 3400--4900 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Xizang.

40. Saussurea globosa F. H. Chen, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 96. 1935.

球花雪莲 qiu hua xue lian

Saussurea taipaiensis Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 10--60 cm tall. Rhizomes neck with brown residue of petioles. Stems green or purple, erect, apically white villous and capitate-glandular hairy. Basal leaves with petiole to 14 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 13--20 X 1.5--3 cm, sparsely brown strigose, base cuneate-attenuate, margin sharply small toothed, apex obtuse, acute, or long acuminate. Stems leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate to linear, gradually smaller apically on stem, base decurrent on stem. Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding inflorescence, purple, boatlike, 4--6 X 1--2 cm, membranous, margin entire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences corymbose; peduncle long. Capitula several to numerous. Involucre campanulate to globose, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially purplish red, white villous, and glandular hairy, margin purplish red, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 3.5 mm; middle phyllaries oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 3 mm; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 25 X 1 mm. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 1.1 cm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassy slopes on alpine, mountain peaks, meadows; 2100--4800 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian).

41. Saussurea involucrata (Karelin & Kirilow) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 331. 1846.

雪莲花 xue lian hua

Aplotaxis involucrata Karelin & Kirilow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 389. 1842; S. karelinii Stscheglejew; S. lioui Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--35 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, neck with brown residue of petioles. Stems stout, 2--3 cm in diam., glabrous, leafy. Basal and stem leaves sessile, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, ca. 1.4 X 2--3.5 cm, glabrous, base decurrent, margin sharply toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding inflorescence, pale yellow, broadly ovate, 5.5--7 X 2--7 cm, membranous, margin sharply toothed. Capitula 10--20, sessile or pedunculate. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially and margin purplish brown, apex acute; outer phyllaries oblong, ca. 11 X 5 mm, abaxially sparsely villous; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate, 15--18 X ca. 2 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 9 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Mountain slopes, mountain valleys, by Waters, meadows, in rock fissures; 2400--4100 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].

42. Saussurea iodostegia Hance, J. Bot. 16: 109. 1878.

紫苞雪莲 zi bao xue lian

               Herbs, perennial, 30--70 cm tall. Rhizomes procumbent, neck with fibrous, lacerate, or scalelike residue of petioles. Stem purple, erect, white villous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 7--9 cm, base sheathing stem; leaf blade linear-oblong, 20--35 X 1--5 cm, abaxially glabrous and adaxially sparsely villous or both surfaces strigose, base attenuate, margin sharply toothed, apex acuminate to narrowly acuminate. Stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, base semiamplexicaul, margin sparsely serrate, apex acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding inflorescence, purple, elliptic to broadly elliptic, ca. 5.5 X 1.3 cm, membranous. Inflorescences terminal on stem, corymbose; peduncle densely white villous or densely brown glandular hairy. Capitula 4--7. Involucre 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially or margin apically purple, abaxially white villous, apex obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate to triangular-ovate, ca. 8 X 3 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 3 m; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to narrowly linear-elliptic, ca. 13 X 2.5 mm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.9 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene pale brown, oblong, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, meadows on mountainous regions, forests, salt-marshes; 1500--3400 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi.

1a. Peduncle densely white villous; leaf blade abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely villous ...  42a. var. iodostegia

1b. Peduncle densely brown glandular hairy; leaf blade strigose ...............................................  42b. var. ferruginipes

42a. Saussurea iodostegia var. iodostegia

紫苞雪莲 zi bao xue lian

                Leaf blade abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely villous. Peduncle densely white villous.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, meadows on mountainous regions, forests, salt-marshes; 1700--3300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi.

42b. Saussurea iodostegia var. ferruginipes J. R. Drummond ex Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 657. 1937.

锈色雪莲 xiu se xue lian

                Leaf blade strigose. Peduncle with brown glandular hairs.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 3000--3400 m. Shaanxi.

43. Saussurea nigrescens Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 491. 1881.

钝苞雪莲 dun bao xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 15--45 cm tall. Rhizomes slender. Stems fascicled or solitary, sparsely villous or glabrous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 8--15 X ca. 1 cm, sparsely villous or glabrescent, base cuneate-attenuate, margin retrorsely sharply toothed, apex acute to acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, base semiamplexicaul, apex acute to acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding inflorescence, purple, small. Peduncle straight, 1.5--7 cm, sparsely villous. Capitula 1--6, corymbose. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries blackish brown to dark brown when dry, in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially white villous, apex obtuse to subobtuse; outer phyllaries ovate, lanceolate, to linear-lanceolate, gradually longer apically on involucre; inner phyllaries purple, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.4 cm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purple, ca. 1.4 cm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Grassland; 2200--4000 m. Gansu, Henan, Qinghai, Shaanxi.

44. Saussurea phaeantha Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 489. 1991.

褐花雪莲 he hua xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 15--30(--40) cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Stem erect, villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal leaves with ca. 1 cm petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, 5--10 X 0.8--1.5 cm, abaxially lanate or arachnoid, adaxially white villous, base attenuate, margin serrulate, apex acuminate. Stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, small, base semiamplexicaul. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding inflorescence, purple, elliptic to lanceolate, membranous, margin entire. Inflorescences corymbose. Capitula 5--15, small, sessile or pedunculate. Involucre ovoid-campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially purplish red and white villous, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 12 X 4 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 3.5 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.1 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets brownish purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene brownish purple, oblong, 3--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                * Meadows, grassland, marshes; 3300--4900 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Gongshan Xian).

45. Saussurea veitchiana J. R. Drummond & Hutchinson, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 190. 1911.

华中雪莲 hua zhong xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 46--61 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Stems purple above middle, erect, sparsely white villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal and lower stem leaves with 4.5--8.5 cm petiole; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 17--30 X 1--1.5 cm, sparsely yellowish white villous, base attenuate, margin sparsely small toothed, apex long acuminate. Middle stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, base semiamplexicaul. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding inflorescence, purple, oblong-elliptic to boatlike, membranous, margin entire or sinuolate. Inflorescences corymbose. Capitula numerous, pedunculate. Involucre narrowly campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially purplish red and sparsely white villous, margin purplish red; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 8 X 2.8 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 9 X 4 mm, apex narrowly acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 5.5 mm, limb ca. 3.5 mm. Achene reddish brown, oblong, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Marshes, grassland on mountain slopes, Mountain peaks; 1600--2900 m. Hubei, Sichuan.

III. Saussurea subgen. Theodorea (Cassini) Lipschitz, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Kamarova Acad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 379. 1961.

附片亚属 fu pian ya shu

Theodorea (Cassini) Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat. 47: 500, 513. 1827 (What is the basionym??); Saussurea sect. Elatae J. D. Hooker; Saussurea sect. Theodora (Cassini) de Candolle

                Herbs, biennial or perennial. Stems tall, branched, leafy. Capitula numerous to very numerous, corymbose or paniculate. Phyllaries purplish red, imbricate, margin sometimes toothed, all or only middle and inner phyllaries with membranous or rarely herbaceous appendage but sometimes appendage rudimentary and inconspicuous. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus short, early caducous; inner pappus long, plumose. Achene subcylindric, striate, apex without coronule.

                About 20 species: China, Europe, Japan, Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan; 16 species (7 endemic) in China.

1a. Phyllaries or at least inner phyllaries with an herbaceous apical appendage or appendage inconspicuous.

2b. Leaf blade undivided, margin entire .........................................................................................  57. S. chinnampoensis

2b. Leaf blade pinnatisect or sinuate-lobate.

3a. Leaf blade lateral segments or lobes linear ..........................................................................................  58. S. malitiosa

3b. Leaf blade lateral segments or lobes triangular.

4a. Leaf blade green, concolorous, sparsely strigose ...............................................................................  59. S. ladyginii

4b. Leaf blade blackish brown when dry, abaxially pale grayish white and sparsely pubescent, thin arachnoid  60. S. nematolepis

1b. Phyllaries or at least inner phyllaries with a purplish red, membranous, and enlarged apical appendage or appendage inconspicuous.

5a. Outer phyllaries with apical cartilaginous mucro.

6a. Herbs, biennial .............................................................................................................................  56. S. pseudomalitiosa

6b. Herbs, perennial.

7a. Stems wingless or wing inconspicuous ..............................................................................................  53. S. runcinata

7b. Stems conspicuously winged.

8a. Basal leaves bipinnately parted; apex of outer phyllaries reflexed ...................................................  54. S. laciniata

8b. Basal leaves pinnately lobed; apex of outer phyllaries not or barely reflexed .......................................  55. S. alata

5b. Outer phyllaries without an apical cartilaginous mucro.

9a. Outer phyllaries apex apicular ...................................................................................................................  52. S. robusta

9b. Outer phyllaries apex not apicular.

10a. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or ovoid-campanulate; outer phyllaries with an apical appendage.

11a. Stems wingless ............................................................................................................................................  46. S. amara

11b. Stem winged.

12a. Leaf blade undivided, oblong-lanceolate ...........................................................................................  47. S. chowana

12b. Leaf blade pinnately cleft, pinnately lobed or pinnately parted ...................................................  48. S. chingiana

10b. Involucre globose, globose-campanulate, cylindric, campanulate, or ovoid-campanulate; phyllaries with an apical appendage.

13a. Involucre 10--15 mm in diam. ................................................................................................................  51. S. pulchella

13b. Involucre 5--8 mm in diam.

14a. Stems usually not winged; involucre cylindric ..................................................................................  49. S. japonica

14b. Stems narrowly winged; involucre campanulate to ovoid-campanulate ............................. 50. S. pinnatidentata

46. Saussurea amara (Linnaeus) de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 200. 1810.

草地风毛菊 cao di feng mao ju

Serratula amara Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 819. 1753; Saussurea amara var. glomerata (Poiret) Trautvetter; S. amara var. glomerata Trautvetter; S. amara f. microcephala Franchet; Saussurea glomerata Poiret; S. glomerata var. chinensis F. H. Chen; S. glomerata var. chinensis f. alata F. H. Chen; S. japonica (Thunberg) de Candolle var. alata (Chen) Nakai & Kitagawa; S. japonica f. leucophylla (Nakai & Kitagawa) Nakai & Kitagawa; S. microcephala Franchet ex Hemsley; S. microcephala var. aptera Nakai & Kitagawa; S. microcephala var. aptera f. leucocephala Nakai & Kitagawa; S. microcephala var. pteroclade Nakai & Kitagawa; S. tenuicaulis Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, (9--)15--60 cm tall. Stems erect, base ca. 7 mm in diam., sparsely white pubescent to most often glabrous, wingless, sometimes narrowly corymbose from middle, apically or apex shortly corymbose. Leaves green, sparsely pubescent and golden glandular punctate. Basal and lower stem leaves with 2--4 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or narrowly lanceolate, 4--18 X 0.7--6 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin usually entire, rarely obtusely few toothed or sinuate and toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Middle and upper stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, base sometimes auriculate. Capitula numerous, corymbose or corymbosely paniculate. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, 0.8--1.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries green to pale green, in 4 rows, abaxially with few golden glandular puncts; outer phyllaries lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3--5 X ca. 1 mm, margin sometimes blackish green and sometimes trilobate, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic to linear, ca. 9 X 1.5 mm, abaxially sparsely white pubescent, margin serrulate, apical appendage pale purplish red, orbicular, and expanded. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 1 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.7 cm. Florets pale purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. 4--ribbed. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                Wasteland, by trails, forest-steppes, steppes, alkali lands, dykes of streams, dunes, by lakes, beside water; 500--3200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan; Europe].

47. Saussurea chowana F. H. Chen, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 119. 1938.

雾灵风毛菊 wu ling feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 4.2 cm tall. Stems erect, ribbed, winged. Leaves base decurrent. Lower stem leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 9--10 X ca. 2 cm, abaxially arachnoid, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, margin toothed with cartilaginous mucro at ends of teeth, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, 4--6 X 2--3 cm. Capitula numerous, pedunculate, paniculately corymbose. Involucre ovoid-campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, apical appendage black, membranous, and unreflexed; outer phyllaries ovate, 2--3 mm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 5 mm. Pappus yellow, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purplish red. Achene ca. 2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; elevation unknown. Hebei.

48. Saussurea chingiana Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 647. 1937.

抱茎风毛菊 bao jing feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 55--100 cm tall. Stems erect, sparsely white pubescent, ca. 9 mm in diam., ribbed, winged; wing margin entire or triangular-toothed, with spiniform mucro at ends of teeth. Leaves green, concolorous, abaxially sparsely hispidulous or glabrescent and sparsely golden glandular punctate, base decurrent on stem wing. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Middle and lower stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 5--9 X 1--3 cm, usually pinnately lobed, pinnately parted or pinnatisect, rarely undivided; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, linear to narrowly triangular, margin entire; middle lobes large, gradually smaller towards both ends of rachis; terminal lobe linear, margin entire. Upper stem leaves similar to lower and middle stem leaves or undivided, linear. Capitula numerous to few, terminally 4--20 m in diam., corymbose. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, 1--1.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4--6 rows; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate-triangular to narrowly triangular, ca. 2.3 X 1 mm, abaxially reddish purple, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, 4--6 X 1--1.5 mm, apically with a reddish purple and orbicular appendage; inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic, ca. 8 X 1.5 mm, apically with a an orbicular and membranous appendage. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.4 cm. Florets reddish purple, ca. 1.4 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 8 mm. Achene obovate, ca. 2.8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * By trails, forests, by dykes, ditches; 2500--3500 m. Gansu, Qinghai.

49. Saussurea japonica (Thunberg) de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 203. 1810. (note that S. W. Liu in  Fl. Yunnan. 13: 538. 2003 indicates that the FRPS treatment of S. japonica at least for Yunnan is incorrect and should be S. amara. Also S. W. Liu does not include S. japonica in Fl. Xizang.)

风毛菊 feng mao ju

Serratula japonica Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 723. 1784; Saussurea japonica var. longicephala Hayata; S. japonica var. maritima Kitagawa; S. intermedia Turczaninow; S. linearis Champion ex Bentham; S. taquetii H. Léveillé & Vaniot.

                Herbs, biennial, 0.5--1.5(--2) m tall. Roots blackish brown, obconic to fusiform, with fibrous roots. Stems erect, sparsely pubescent and golden glandular punctate, base ca. 1 cm in diam., usually wingless. Leaves green, concolorous, with densely depressed yellow glandular puncts. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 3--3.5(--6) cm, narrowly winged; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 7--22 X 3.5--9 cm, pinnately parted or sometimes undivided and lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margin entire or largely toothed; lateral lobes, 7- or 8-paired, narrowly elliptic, elliptic, obliquely triangular, linear-lanceolate, or linear, margin entire or with few large teeth, apex obtuse to rounded; middle lobes large, gradually smaller towards both ends of rachis; terminal lobe lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, long. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade similar to basal and lower stem leaves, but gradually smaller apically on stem. Upper stem leaves and leaf at branches of inflorescences sessile, smaller, pinnately lobed or undivided. Capitula numerous, pedunculate, corymbose to corymbosely paniculate. Involucre cylindric, 5--8 mm in diam., sparsely arachnoid. Phyllaries in 6 rows, apical appendage purplish red, orbicular, membranous, and margin toothed; outer phyllaries apex purplish red, narrowly ovate, ca. 2.8 X 1 mm, apically ± enlarged; middle and inner phyllaries oblanceolate to linear, 4--9 X 0.8--1 mm, apically with an appendage. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purple, 1--1.2 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb 4--6 mm. Achene dark brown, cylindric, 4--5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Nov.

                Mountain slopes, mountain valleys, forests, by trails, thickets, waste slopes, by water, fields; 200--2800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia].

50. Saussurea pinnatidentata Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 57: 524. 1972.

羽裂风毛菊 yu lie feng mao ju

Saussurea runcinata de Candolle var. pinnatidentata (Lipschitz) A. C. Fu & D. C. Wen.

                Herbs, perennial, 25--80 cm tall. Roots fusiform. Stems erect, base with blackish brown residue of petioles, wing narrowly toothed, apically or from base corymbose. Leaves scabrous, strigose, or adaxially glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 5--11 X 0.5--2 cm, pinnately cleft, pinnately parted, or pinnately toothed; lobes apex acute to acuminate; lateral lobes 1--5-paired, linear to oblong, usually recurvate; terminal lobe usually triangular. Upper stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, undivided. Capitula numerous, corymbose or paniculate, pedunculate. Involucre campanulate to ovoid-campanulate, 5--6 mm in diam., sparsely arachnoid or glabrous. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, apically with an enlarged, herbaceous, and margin toothed appendage; middle and inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, apical appendage purplish red, enlarged, herbaceous, and margin toothed. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purple, ca. 1.1 cm. Achene pale brown. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, saline alkali lands, fields; 2200--3200 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Qinghai.

51. Saussurea pulchella (Fischer) Fischer in Colla, Herb. Pedem. 3: 234. 1834.

美花风毛菊 mei hua feng mao ju

Heterotrichum pulchellum Fischer, Mem. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 3: 71. 1812; Serratula pulchella Sims; Theodorea pulchella (Fischer) Cassini.

                Herbs, perennial, 25--100 cm tall. Rhizome dark brown, fusiform. Stems erect, hispidulous and glandular punctate, apically corymbose. Basal leaves with 1.5--3 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, 12--15 X 4--6 cm, pinnately parted or pinnatisect; lobes linear to lanceolate-linear, apex long acuminate, margin entire, toothed, or subdivided, strigose or subglabrous. Lower and middle stems leaves similar and same in division as basal leaves. Upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to linear, small, pinnately lobed or undivided. Capitula numerous, corymbose to corymbosely paniculate. Involucre globose to globose-campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 6 or 7 rows, abaxially sparsely villous or glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 1 mm, apical appendage red, orbiculate, enlarged, membranous, and margin toothed; middle and inner phyllaries ovate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, 4--15 X 2--3 mm, apical appendage pink, membranous, and margin toothed. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets pale purple, 1.2--1.3 cm, tube 7--8 mm, limb 4--5 mm. Achene yellowish brown, obconic, 4--5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                Steppe forests, thickets, meadows; 300--2200 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, E Siberia)].

52. Saussurea robusta Ledebour, Icon. Pl. 1: 16. 1829.

强壮风毛菊 qiang zhuang feng mao ju

                Herbs, biennial or perennial, 30--68 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, sparsely hispidulous and yellow-glandular punctate, with blackish brown residue of petioles, narrowly winged, paniculate branched from base or apically corymbose. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower stem leaves sessile, oblong, 6--10 X 1--3.5 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, decurrent to wing on stem, margin entire, rarely few toothed, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, margin entire, apex acuminate. Capitula numerous, corymbose to corymbosely paniculate, pedunculate. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 8 X 2 mm, abaxially pubescent, apex reflexed and apicular; middle and inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to linear, 10--13 X 1--2 mm, apical appendage enlarged, membranous, abaxially densely tomentose, and ± margin toothed. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus 3--4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 1--1.1 cm. Florets purple, 1.6--1.7 cm, tube ca. 1 cm, limb 6--7 mm. Achene brown, obconic, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Grassy beaches, wasteland near saline lands, waste slopes; 700--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].

53. Saussurea runcinata de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 201. 1810.

倒羽叶风毛菊 dao yu ye feng mao ju

Heterotrichum dissectum M. Bieberstein & Herder; Saussurea alata de Candolle var. runcinata Herder; S. crepidifolia Turczaninow; S. polypodifolia Turczaninow var. angustifolia Turczaninow ex Herder; S. runcinata var. integrifolia H. C. Fu & D. S. Wen.

                Herbs, perennial, (5--)15--60 cm tall. Stems solitary or few, fascicled, erect, glabrous and densely golden glandular punctate, base with fibrous lacerate sheathlike residue of old petioles, apically corymbosely or corymbosely paniculate branched. Leaves glabrous. Basal and lower stem leave petiolate; petiole 1--5 cm, base enlarged and semiamplexicaul; leaf blade elliptic, oblanceolate, linear-oblanceolate, or lanceolate, 4--20 X 0.5--7 cm, pinnately parted to lyrately pinnately parted or sometimes undivided and linear; lateral lobes 4--7-paired, recurvate to horizontally patent, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, elliptic, or falcate, gradually smaller towards both ends of rachis, apex acute to obtuse, margin entire or near base small toothed; terminal lobe linear, lanceolate, ovate or narrowly triangular, margin entire or small toothed, apex acuminate to obtuse. Middle and upper stem leaf sessile, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margin entire or basally small toothed. Capitula numerous to few, corymbose to corymbosely paniculate. Involucre campanulate, 5--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4--6 rows, abaxially glabrous or outer phyllaries with apical margin sparsely pubescent; outer phyllaries ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3.5 X 1.5 mm, herbaceous, enlarged, apex mucronulate; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 7 X 1.8 mm, apically red, enlarged and membranous; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to linear, ca. 19 X 1 mm, apically red, enlarged, and membranous. Pappus pale yellowish brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 7--8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.4 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene blackish brown, cylindric, 2--3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Moist places on food lands, saline alkali lands, fissures of rocks by ditches, low saline areas; 700--1300 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi, Shaanxi [Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].

54. Saussurea laciniata Ledebur, Icon. Pl. 1: 16. 1829.

裂叶风毛菊 lie ye feng mao ju

Saussurea alata de Candolle var. laciniata Herder; S. laciniata Lipschitz var. pygmaea Lipschitz.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--50 cm tall. Stems erect, sparsely pubescent, branched from base, base with brown fibrous lacerate residue of petioles, narrowly winged and wing sharply toothed. Leaves thin, sparsely pubescent and yellow-glandular punctate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1--7 cm, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 3--12 X 1.5--2 cm, bipinnately parted; primary lobes 5--10 pairs, alternate or opposite; ultimate lobe narrowly elliptic, triangular, obliquely triangular, or toothlike, margin entire, apex cartilaginous mucronate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, linear to narrowly elliptic, pinnately lobed, pinnately parted, or undivided but margin entire. Capitula numerous or few, corymbose, pedunculate. Involucre campanulate, ca. 8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries green, ovate to narrowly ovate, ca. 4 X 1.8 mm, herbaceous, not reflexed, apex mucronulate; middle phyllaries green, ovate-lanceolate, 6--8 X ca. 2 mm, herbaceous, margin with enlarged teeth, apex mucronate; inner phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.5--2 mm, apical appendage membranous, densely villous, glandular punctate, and margin with pale purple teeth. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets reddish purple, 1--1.2 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb 4--6 mm. Achene dark brown, cylindric, 2--3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                Desert steppes, saline alkali lands; 1300--2200 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].

55. Saussurea alata de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 16: 201. 1810.

翼茎风毛菊 yi jing feng mao ju

Saussurea runcinata de Candolle var. dentata Ledebour.

                Herbs, perennial, 20--50 cm tall. Stems base densely covered with brown sheath residue, margin broadly winged and wing toothed or entire, apically branched and corymbose to corymbosely paniculate. Leaves green, concolorous, strigose or yellow glandular punctate, margin very scabrous and strigose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 4--9 cm, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 10--11 X 1.5--4 cm, lyrate, pinnately-lobate, pinnately cleft, pinnately parted, or pinnatisect, rarely undivided, margin entire; lateral lobes triangular, lanceolate, or elliptic, margin sinuate and toothed or entire, apex with a cartilaginous mucro. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate or sessile, similar and same in division as basal leaves but gradually smaller apically on stem. Upper stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to linear-lanceolate, margin entire. Capitula numerous, corymbose to corymbosely paniculate, pedunculate. Involucre oblong or ovoid, ca. 8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 X 1.5 mm, apex acute to obtuse; middle lanceolate, 5--6 X ca. 2 mm, apex obtuse to rounded; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 8 X 2 mm, apical appendage purple, membranous, enlarged, and margin toothed. Pappus dirty yellow, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.4 cm, tuber ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 8 mm. Achene obconic, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Farmland, moist places, poolside; 500--1200 m. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].

56. Saussurea pseudomalitiosa Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 59(6): 76. 1954.

类尖头风毛菊 lei jiang tou feng mao ju

                Herbs, biennial, 25--35 cm tall. Roots fusiform. Stem solitary or fascicled, erect, sparsely pubescent, winged, many branched from ball??. Leaves sparsely pubescent, linear to linear-lanceolate, pinnately cleft to pinnatisect; lobes triangular, margin entire or small toothed. Basal leaves petiolate. Stem leaves sessile, ± decurrent. Capitula numerous, paniculate. Involucre ovoid, 1.2--1.5 cm, nitid. Phyllaries in 5 rows, linear-lanceolate, apically with a dark appendage, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 1--1.1 cm. Florets red, 1.1--1.2 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Deserts; ca. 3300 m. Qinghai.

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

57. Saussurea chinnampoensis H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 20(1): 145. 1909.

京风毛菊 jing feng mao ju

Saussurea peipingensis F. H. Chen; Theodorea chinnampoensis (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) Soják.

                Herbs, annual or biennial, 10--60 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous, long branched from base. Basal leaves cuneate-attenuate to short petiole; leaf blade thick, linear, linear-elliptic, oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 5--12 X 0.5--1 cm, glabrous and scabrous, margin entire and revolute, apex acute to obtuse. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, similar to basal leaves but gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitulum solitary or few, terminal on stem, corymbose or paniculate, pedunculate. Involucre broadly campanulate to hemispherical, 1.3--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4--6 rows; outer phyllaries elliptic, ca. 4 X 1.5 mm, apex cartilaginous-mucronate; middle phyllaries lanceolate, 5--7 X ca. 2 mm, apical appendage green, herbaceous, enlarged, and margin entire or small toothed; inner phyllaries linear to broadly linear, ca. 9 X 1 mm, apical appendage purple, herbaceous, and slightly enlarged. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 7--9 mm. Florets pale purple, 1.3--1.5 cm; tube ca. 9 mm, limb 4--6 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Marshes, moist places, meadows; ca. 1200 m. Hebei, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi [Korea].

58. Saussurea malitiosa Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 493. 1881.

尖头风毛菊 jian tou feng mao ju

                Herbs, biennial, 15--30 cm tall. Roots fusiform. Stems erect, villous, base with brown residue of old petioles. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1--2 cm, densely lanate, base enlarged sheathing stem; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, 2.5--5 X 1--1.5 cm, papery, pinnately parted; lobes green, linear, abaxially densely lanate, adaxially subglabrous, margin entire and revolute, apex acute to acuminate, recurvate, and cartilaginous-mucronate. Middle and upper stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile, similar and same in division as basal leaves but gradually smaller apically on stem. Peduncle short, thick, densely pubescent or glabrous. Capitula 5--15, terminally densely corymbose. Involucre ovoid to campanulate, 1.2--1.5 cm in diam., densely lanate. Phyllaries in 5--7 rows, apex acuminate with cartilaginous spiniform recurvate or erect mucro; outer phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, apically pale brown; middle phyllaries usually apically purple, obliquely ovate; inner phyllaries apically purple, linear. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purplish red, 2--2.2 cm. Achene transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                Mountain slopes; 3000--4300 m. W Gansu, Qinghai [Mongolia].

59. Saussurea ladyginii Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 59(6): 77. 1954. (In Fl. Xizang. this species in only included in a discussion at the beginning of the genus)

拉氏风毛菊 la shi feng mao ju

                Herbs, biennial. Roots thick, vertical. Stems erect, ribbed, sparsely villous and pale yellow glandular punctate, narrowly winged and wings toothed, apically corymbose. Leaves green, scabrid, sparsely strigose, golden glandular punctate. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 3.5 cm, basally slightly enlarged; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 11--13 X 3 cm, pinnatisect; segments margin entire or with 1 triangular and sharp tooth only in one side or in each side; lateral segments 6--8-paired with middle pair largest and others gradually decreasing in size towards both end of rachis, basal one usually sharply toothed. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar and same in division as basal and lower stem leaves, gradually smaller apically on stem, wing base decurrent. Capitula numerous, corymbose, pedunculate. Involucre campanulate to ovoid, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 X 1.7 mm, apical appendage green, subulate-acuminate, herbaceous, abaxially glandular punctate, and margin apically villous; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 6--8 X 1.8--2 mm, apical appendage green, herbaceous, margin apically villous, and apex acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 4 mm, limb ca. 6 mm, glandular punctate. Achene brown, obconic, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Habitat and elevation unknown. Xizang.

60. Saussurea nematolepis Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 6: 67. 1949.

钻状风毛菊 zuan zhuang feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial. Stems erect, sparsely white pubescent, ± toothed winged, apically paniculate. Lower stem leaves unknown. Upper stem leaves and leaves at branches of inflorescences sessile, oblong, linear-lanceolate, or linear-oblong, 3--7 X 0.7--2 cm, pinnately lobed or undivided; lateral lobes 1- or 2-paired, broadly triangular, abaxially grayish white and sparsely pubescent, adaxially blackish green and thin arachnoid, base decurrent or auriculate-semiamplexicaul, margin entire or sinuolate. Capitula numerous, laxly paniculate, pedunculate. Involucre campanulate to ovoid, 1--1.5 cm in diam., sparsely arachnoid. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries dark purple, triangular to lanceolate-subulate, 4--5 X 1 mm, apex subulate-acuminate and straight or reflexed; middle phyllaries subulate-ovate to elliptic, 5--7 X 1--2 mm, apical appendage purple, herbaceous, and reflexed or erect; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 1.3 X 1 mm, apical appendage purple and herbaceous. Pappus 2 in rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets pale red, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene brown, obconic, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * By trails on mountain slopes; 1500--3800 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan.

IV. Saussurea subgen. Frolovia (de Candolle) Lipschitz, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 21: 370. 1961.

齿冠亚属 chi guan ya shu

Aplotaxis de Candolle sect. Frolovia de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 538. 1838; Auklandia Falconer; Frolovia (de Candolle) Lipschitz; Haplotaxis Endicher; Saussurea sect. Aucklandia (Falconer) O. Hoffmann; Saussurea sect. Corymbosepurpureae C. B. Clarke; Saussurea sect. Frolovia (de Candolle) Kitamura.

                Stems tall. Capitula large. Involucre hemispherical to campanulate, narrowly pedunculate. Receptacle densely covered with scales, scales 0.5--1.5 cm. Pappus in 1(or 2) rows, plumose. If pappus in 2 rows then outer pappus short and scabrous and inner pappus long and plumose. Achene large, ± coronulate; coronule margin entire or small toothed.

                12 species: Bhutan, NW India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Kashmir, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam; six species (one endemic) plus one cultivated in China.

1a. Leaves undivided ..........................................................................................................................................  61. S. costus

1b. Leaves lyrately pinnately parted, pinnatisect, or pinnately parted.

2a. Pappus in 2 rows .....................................................................................................................................  62. S. lyratifolia

2b. Pappus in 1 row.

3a. Leaves bipinnately parted .....................................................................................................................  67. S. peguensis

3b. Leaves lyrately pinnately parted or pinnatisect.

4a. Leaves concolorous ................................................................................................................................  63. S. abnormis

4b. Leaves not concolorous.

5a. Middle stem leaves sessile, base amplexicaul and auriculate .........................................................  64. S. auriculata

5b. Middle stem leaves narrowly or shortly petiolate.

6a. Capitula 3--4 cm in diam. .........................................................................................................................  65. S. deltoidea

6b. Capitula 0.7--1.8 cm in diam. .........................................................................................................................  66. S. crispa

61. Saussurea costus (Falconer) Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 49: 131. 1964. (Treated as Aucklandia costus Falconer in Fl. Yunnan. 13: 579. 2003 and many other floras)

云木香 yun mu xiang

Aucklandia costus Falconer, Trans. Linn. Soc. 19: 23. 1845; Aplotaxis lappa Decaisne; Saussurea lappa (Decaisne) Schultz-Bipontinus; Theodorea costus (Falconer) Kuntze.

                Herbs, perennial, 1.5--2 m tall. Main root stout, ca. 5 cm in diam. Stems erect, ribbed, apically sparsely pubescent, base ca. 2 cm in diam., simple or apically branched. Leaves brown or abaxially green and sparsely pubescent along veins, adaxially dark brown or brownish green and sparsely strigose. Basal leaves crenate-lobate, with narrowly winged petiole; leaf blade cordate to hastate-triangular, to 24 X 26 cm, margin with large teeth and teeth margins ciliate, apex acute. Lower and middle stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade ovate to triangular-ovate, 30--50 X 10--30 cm, margin irregularly toothed. Upper stem leaves sessile or with a short winged petiole; leaf blade triangular to ovate, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or branches or 3--5 and fascicled corymbose. Involucre black, hemispherical, 3--4 cm in diam., arachnoid, glabrate. Phyllaries in 7 rows, erect, apex spiniform-cartilaginous and acuminate; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, ca. 8 X 1.5--2 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic, 14--16 X 3 mm; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic, ca. 20 X 3 mm. Pappus in 1 row, pale brown, ca. 1.3 cm, plumose. Florets dark purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 8 mm. Achene pale brown with black eyes, ca. 8 mm, 3-ridged, apex truncate, apical coronule toothed. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

                Cultivated in Guangxi, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan [native to Kashmir and Pakistan].

                The roots are used medicinally.

62. Saussurea lyratifolia Y. L. Chen & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 95. 1981.

大头羽裂风毛菊 da tou yu lie feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 60 cm tall. Stems erect, with dark brown residue of old sheath, apically densely white pubescent. Leaves 4, membranous, both surfaces green, abaxially arachnoid-lanate; 2 leaves on basal part of stem elliptic, lyrately pinnately parted, base auriculate-amplexicaul, margin irregularly sinuous-dentate, lateral lobes oblong, 2.5--3.5 X 1.2 X 1.5 cm, middle lobe ca. 10 X 8 cm; 2 leaves on apical part of stem elliptic-lanceolate, 7--14 X 2.5--6 cm, base auriculate, margin irregularly dentate, apex acuminate and mucronate.

Inflorescences hemispherical, 0.9--1 cm in diam. Capitula 5. Involucre ovoid. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries pale yellowish green but margin and apically dark purplish red, broadly ovate-lanceolate, base rounded, apically narrowly acuminate. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus plumose. Florets purplish red, 1.1--1.2 cm, tube 4.5--5 mm, limb 3.5--4 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 2 mm, glabrous, apex with serrulate coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Forests; ca. 3800 m. SE Xizang.

63. Saussurea abnormis Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 56: 826. 1971.

普兰风毛菊 pu lan feng mao ju

Saussurea neglecta Ludlow.

                Herbs, perennial, 8--15 cm tall. Scapes grayish white, few, short, densely arachnoid tomentose. Leaves all basal, arachnoid-tomentose; petiole ca. 2 cm, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate-elliptic, 9 X 3.5 cm, lyrately pinnately parted; lobes gray, concolorous, thick, densely arachnoid to arachnoid tomentose; lateral lobes 2--5-paired, basal ones smaller, elliptic, apex obtuse to rounded; terminal lobe ovate, large, margin sinuolate or small toothed, apex obtuse to acute. Capitulum solitary at end of scape. Involucre campanulate, 1.2--1.4 cm diam., arachnoid tomentose. Phyllaries with ciliate margin; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, 8--9 X 1.2--1.5 mm, apically reflexed or erect, apex narrowly acuminate; middle and inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to linear, 10--12 X ca. 1.8 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus white, in 1 row, plumose. Florets pink, 1.4--1.7 cm. Achene cylindric, 2--3 mm, pubescent, apex with toothed coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul.

                Alpine scree; ca. 4300 m. Xizang [NW India, Nepal].

64. Saussurea auriculata (de Candolle) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 331. 1846.

白背风毛菊 bai bei feng mao ju

Aplotaxis auriculata de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 541. 1838; Saussurea hypoleuca Sprengel ex de Candolle.

                Herbs, perennial, 0.8--1.2 m tall. Roots of even thickness. Rhizomes procumbent. Stems erect, simple or few branched, ribbed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Leaves abaxially grey-white and thinly arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially black when dry and glabrous or sparsely squarrose-hairy. Basal and low stem leaves sessile, 8--12 X 3--5 cm, pinnately parted, base expanded and auriculate-amplexicaul; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, obliquely triangular, margin entire, apex acuminate; terminal lobes large, triangular, margin dentate, apex acute at the apex. Apical stem leaves similar and same in division to low stem leaves or pinnately lobed. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or 2 at end of branches. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 3.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, margin ciliate; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, ca. 8 X 1.5--1.8 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 14--16 X 2--3.8 mm, apically reflexed, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 17 X 1 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus dirty brown, in 1 row, ca. 1 cm, plumose. Florets purple, ca. 8.9 mm, tube ca. 3.9 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene blackish brown, cylindric, ca. 3.5 mm, obtusely 4-ribbed, apically with tuberculous or spiniform processes and serrulate coronule. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Mixed forests; 2700--3800 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, NW India, Nepal, Kashmir, Pakistan, Sikkim].

65. Saussurea deltoidea (de Candolle) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 331. 1846.

三角叶风毛菊 san jiao ye feng mao ju

Aplotaxis deltoidea de Candolle, Prodr. 541. 1838; Frolovia formosana (Hayata) Lipschitz; S. formosana Hayata; S. kouytcheensis H. Léveillé; S. lamprocarpa Hemsley.

                Herbs, biennial, 0.4--2 m tall. Stems erect, densely brown multicellular nodiferous hairy and arachnoid or arachnoid lanate hairy, base ca. 1.5 cm in diam., ribbed. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially green, scabrous, and sparsely strigose. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 3--6 cm, with brown multicellular nodiferous hairs, base enlarged to slightly amplate; leaf blade lyrately pinnatisect; lateral segments 1- or 2-paired, opposite or alternate, narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or triangular, small, margin entire; terminal segment triangular to triangular-hastate, to 20 X 15 cm, base broadly hastate to broadly cuneate, margin toothed or double toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade triangular, triangular-ovate, or triangular-hastate, small, undivided, margin toothed. Uppermost stem leaves numerous, shortly petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, margin sharply toothed. Capitula solitary, terminal on stem or branches, long pedunculate, large, pendent or declinate, paniculate. Involucre hemispherical to broadly campanulate, 3--4 cm in diam., sparsely arachnoid. Phyllaries in 5--7 rows; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 7--8 X 1--1.5 mm, margin serrulate or fimbriate-toothed, apically green, herbaceous, and enlarged; middle phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, 9.5--11.5 X 2.3 mm, enlarged, margin toothed, apically green and herbaceous; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 18--19.5 X 2--2.3 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus white, in 1 row, ca. 1.2 cm, plumose. Florets pale reddish purple or white, ca. 1.2 cm, tube ca. 5.5 mm, limb ca. 5.5 mm. Achene black, obconic, ca. 5 mm, transversely rugose, apex truncate and with toothed coronule. Fl. and fr. Apr--Nov.

                Mountain slopes, Grassland, forests, thickets, waste lands, pastures, forest margins; 800--3400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, NE India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].

66. Saussurea crispa Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 12: 21. 1903.

小头风毛菊 xiao tou feng mao ju

Aplotaxis nivea de Candolle; Saussurea cirsium H. Léveillé; S. deltoidea (de Candolle) C. B. Clarke var. nivea J. D. Hooker; S. deltoidea var. polycephala C. B. Clarke; S. microdeltoides Kitamura.

               Herbs, biennial, 0.5--1.8 m tall. Stems erect, thinly arachnoid lanate, ribbed, apically long branched. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Leaves abaxially white, adaxially green, with squarrose hairs, or densely arachnoid tomentose or lanate. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 1.5--2.5 cm, densely arachnoid lanate; leaf blade lyrately pinnately parted to pinnatisect; lateral lobes 1- or 2-paired, elliptic, small to very small, margin entire, sparsely mucronate, or inconspicuously toothed, apex acute; terminal lobe triangular to triangular-hastate, 8--11 X 5--11 cm, margin unequally triangular-toothed, apex acute and mucronate. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade triangular, triangular-hastate, or ovate-oblong, undivided. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade triangular, lanceolate, or obliquely elliptic, gradually smaller apically on stem, margin sharply toothed or entire. Capitula numerous, sessile or pedunculate, racemosely paniculate along stem. Involucre globose to campanulate, 0.7--1.8 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries elliptic, 4.8 X 2 mm, margin toothed, apex enlarged and reflexed; middle phyllaries elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, 5--7 X ca. 2 mm, margin toothed, apex enlarged and reflexed; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.2 X 1.5 mm, apex acuminate and reflexed. Pappus white, in 1 row, ca. 8 mm, plumose. Florets purple, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene black, obconic, 4-sided, ca. 3.8 mm, with toothed coronule. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

               Grassland on mountain slopes, forests or forest margins in mountain valleys; 200--2800 m. Guizhou, Xizang. Yunnan [NE India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].

67. Saussurea peguensis C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 235. 1876.

叶头风毛菊 ye tou feng mao ju

Saussurea dealbata Collet & Hemsley; S. deltoidea (de Candolle) C. B. Clarke var. peguensis (C. B. Clarke) J. D. Hooker; S. leontopodium H. Léveillé & Vaniot; S. phyllocephala Collet & Hemsley; S. venosa Kerr.

                Herbs, perennial, to 1 m tall. Stems erect, simple, densely covered with brown multicellular nodiferous hairs, base ca. 7 mm in diam. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially brown or blackish brown when dry, scabrous, and densely covered with brown multicellular nodiferous hairs. Lower stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic, 8--15 (30) X 5--8 cm, bipinnately parted to bipinnatisect, base auriculate-semiamplexicaul; primary segments 5--10 pairs; ultimate segments few, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or obliquely triangular, unequal, margin entire or few toothed, apex mucronate. Middle stem leaves similar and same in division as lower stem leaves, gradually smaller. Upper stem leaves and leaves under capitula pinnately parted or pinnatisect. Peduncle short, stout, densely brown multicellular nodiferous hairy. Capitula numerous, on stem, racemose to racemosely paniculate. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries oblong, ca. 9 X 1.5 mm, apically green-herbaceous, enlarged, and arachnoid lanate, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly triangular to narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 8--10 X 1--1.5 mm, apically arachnoid lanate, apex acute and with or without cartilaginous mucro; inner phyllaries linear, 8--10 X 1 mm, margin ciliate, apex acute. Pappus dirty white, in 1 row, ca. 1.1 cm, plumose. Florets purple, ca. 1.4 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene brown to blackish brown, oblong, apex with an inconspicuously subserrate coronule. Fl. and fr. Sep--Oct.

                Forest, plains between mountains; 1200--1600 m, Guizhou, Yunnan  [Myanmar, Thailand].

V. Saussurea subgen. Saussurea

风毛菊亚属 feng mao ju ya shu

Saussurea subgen. Eusaussurea J. D. Hooker; Saussurea subgen. Subusseavena Nakai; Saussurea sect. chaetoclina Franchet; Saussurea sect. depressa C. B. Clarke; Saussurea sect. Gmnoclyne Franchet; Saussurea sect. pleiocephalae H. G. Reichenbach.

                Capitula corymbose or paniculate, sometimes solitary. Receptacle with scale, rarely without scales. Pappus usually in 2 rows; outer pappus short, caducous, scabrous; inner pappus long, plumose, basally connate into a ring. Achene small, cylindric, 4-sided, oblong, or fusiform, hairy or scaly.

                About 310 species: widespread in world; 197 species (144 endemic) in China.

Key to sections of Saussurea subgen. Saussurea

1a. Receptacles usually without scales, if scales present then small, inconspicuous, and deciduous  1. sect. Depressae

1b. Receptacle with subulate persistent scales.

2a. Phyllary margins black or brown ...............................................................................................................  2. sect. Jacea

2b. Phyllary margins not black or brown.

3a. Stems absent or rudimentary; capitula solitary, rarely few or numerous ........................................  3. sect. Acaules

3b. Stem present, rarely absent; capitula ± numerous, arranged in an aggregate terminal on stem or solitary.

4a. Roots or Rhizomes fibrous-laciniate or with fibers ...................................................................  4. sect. Lagwanthera

4b. Roots and rhizome not fibrous lacerate.

5a. Anther-tail with cotton, rarely lacerate.

6a. Leaf blade undivided, lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margin entire or sometimes serrulate  5. sect. Pycnocephala

6b. Leaves usually pinnate, rarely undivided, margin entire or toothed .................................................  6. Cyathidium

5b. Anther tail ciliate or lacerate, without cotton.

7a. Scapoid or subscapoid herb; basal leaves present at anthesis ............................................  7. sect. Rosulascentes

7b. Plant not scapoid, stems branched; basal leaves withered at anthesis ......................................  8. sect. Saussurea

1. Saussurea subgen. Saussurea sect. Depressae C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 221. 1876.

裸托组 luo tuo zu

                Saussurea sect. Gymnoclyne Franchet.

                Herbs, stemless and sometimes rosular or cauliferous. Capitulum solitary or densely corymbose. Receptacle naked, scales inconspicuous and caducous or absent. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus short, caducous; inner pappus long, persistent.

                About 10 species: C Asia, China, Japan, Sikkim; four species (three endemic) in China.

1a. Leaf blade pinnately parted; achene transversely rugose ..............................................................  68. S. andersonii

1b. Leaf blade undivided; achene not transversely rugose.

2a. Leaf blade narrowly linear, 1--2 mm wide .........................................................................................  69. S. poochlamys

2b. Leaf blade narrowly linear-elliptic, 3--15 mm wide.

3a. Leaf blade green when dry, leathery, nitid, glabrous, margin not villous ...........................................  70. S. ciliaris

3b. Leaf blade abaxially pale green and adaxially black when dry, herbaceous, addressed white villous or glabrous, not nitid, margin villous ........................................................................................................................................  71. S. coriolepis

68. Saussurea andersonii C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 226. 1876.

卵苞风毛菊 luan bao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 3.5 cm tall. Stems very short, white lanate, neck with dark brown residue of petioles. Leaves with 5--10 mm petiole; leaf blade linear, ca. 5 X 1.5 cm, runcinately pinnately parted, abaxially pale green and hairy on margin and veins, adaxially green and glabrous; lateral lobes triangular, close together, margin toothed. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre ovoid, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries yellowish green with purple margin, in 4 rows, lanceolate, abaxially glabrous. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purplish red, 2.2--2.3 cm, tube ca. 1.2 cm, limb 1--1.1 cm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                Meadows; ca. 4200 m, Xizang (Dongya Xian) [Sikkim].

69. Saussurea poochlamys Handell-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 15. 1925.

革叶风毛菊 ge ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, stemless or substemless. Rhizomes short, with brown residue of old leaf, with slender roots of even thickness downwards. Leaves green, rosular, sessile, narrowly linear, 3--8 cm X 1--2 mm, leathery, smooth, nitid, glabrous, midvein abaxially elevated and conspicuous, both ends gradually narrow. Capitulum solitary in rosette of leaves at end of rhizome, sessile or peduncle ca. 1.5 cm and glabrous. Involucre narrowly campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, imbricate, abaxially glabrous; outer and middle phyllaries lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 11--12 X ca. 3 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 15--17 X 1--2 mm, apex acute. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.6 cm, tube 1.1 cm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene brown, narrowly elliptic, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Thickets; 3200--4300 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

70. Saussurea ciliaris Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 337. 1888.

硬叶风毛菊 ying ye feng mao ju

Saussurea ciliaris Franchet var. major Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, stemless. Rhizomes ascending, densely covered with dark brown residue of old leaves, with numerous or few blackish brown slender roots of even thickness. Leaves rosular, subsessile; leaf blade green on both surfaces, linear-elliptic, 4.5--8 X 0.3--0.8 cm, rigid and leathery, nitid, glabrous, midveins conspicuous, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire, apex acute. Capitulum solitary in rosette of leaves at end of rhizome, sessile. Involucre campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, imbricate, abaxially glabrous, apex purple; outer and middle phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, ca. 15 X 5--6 mm, apex acute to acuminate; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 18 X 2.5 mm, apex acute. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer scabrous; inner ca. 1.3 cm. Florets bluish purple to blackish purple, ca. 2 cm, tube ca. 1.2 cm, limb ca. 8 mm. Achene brown, curriform or trigonous, ca. 4 mm, white striate or pale yellow striate, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Grassy areas, thickets. Shaded and moist places, open places on mountainous regions; 2600--4400 m; Sichuan, Yunnan (Eryuan Xian, Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

71. Saussurea coriolepis Handell-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 60. 1940.

硬苞风毛菊 ying bao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, stemless. Rhizomes short, with dark brown residue of old leaves, with slender roots of even thickness. Leaves rosular; petiole ca. 1.2 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to narrowly linear-elliptic, 4--5.5 X 0.6--1.5 cm, herbaceous, abaxially pale green, adaxially glabrous or sparsely villous and black when dry, midvein abaxially conspicuous, base cuneate-attenuate, margin revolute and villous, apex obtuse. Capitulum solitary in rosette of leaves at end of rhizome, sessile. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries elliptic, 8.5 X 4 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries elliptic to lanceolate, 10--14 X ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 16 X 2 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets blue, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene ca. 3 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 4000 m. Sichuan.

2. Saussurea subgen. Saussurea sect. Jacea Lipschitz, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 16: 441. 1954.

栗缘组 li yan zu

Saussurea sect. Corymbosae purpurae C. B. Clarke; Saussurea sect. subcorymbose C. B. Clarke.

                Herbs, perennial. Stem solitary, branched. Capitula numerous or few, supported by uppermost stem leaves. Phyllaries straw-colored, brown, or black margin, leathery. Receptacle with scales. Pappus in 1 row, plumose. Achene black when mature.

                Six species: C Asia, China, Himalayas; two species (none endemic) in China.

1a. Leaf blade green and glabrous on both surfaces .................................................................................  72. S. glabrata

1b. Leaf blade abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous ...........  73. S. fastuosa

72. Saussurea glabrata (de Candolle) C. Shih, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 78(2): 84. 1999.

无毛叶风毛菊 wu mao ye feng mao ju

Aplotaxis denticulata Wallich ex de Candolle var. glabrata de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 539. 1838.

                Herbs, perennial, 60--100 cm tall. Stems erect, usually purplish red below middle, glabrous, apically corymbose. Lower stem leaves unknown. Middle stem leaves green, sessile, elliptic to lanceolate, 12--14 X 3.5--4.5 cm, scabrous,  glabrous, secondary veins numerous on each side of midvein and horizontally or almost horizontally spreading, secondary and reticulate veins abaxially elevated and conspicuous, base rotund to cuneate, margin small toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves similar to middle stem leaves, but small. Uppermost stem leaves very small. Capitula few to numerous, corymbose, with stout peduncles. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, imbricate, abaxially glabrous; outer and middle phyllaries ovate, 7--9 X 4--5 mm, margin apically dark and membranous, apex acuminate to obtuse; inner phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly linear-elliptic, 13--15 X 3--4 mm, margin apically dark, apex acute. Pappus pale yellow-white, in 1 row, ca. 1.2 cm, plumose. Florets yellow, ca. 1.4 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene pale brown, narrowly oblanceolate, ca. 5 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. Sep.

                Moist places by waters: 3500--4000 m. Xizang [NW India].

73. Saussurea fastuosa (Decaisne) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 331. 1846. (S. W. Liu in Fl. Yunnan. 13: 550. 2003 indicates that this is a mis-id. and the name that should be used is S. forrestii).

奇形风毛菊 qi xing feng mao ju

Aplotaxis fastuosa Decaisne in Jacquemont, Voy. Inde 4: 97. 1844; A. denticulata Wallich ex de Candolle; A. denticulata var. hypoleuca de Candolle; S. fastuosa (Decaisne) Bentham & J. D. Hooker ex Klatt; S. fastuosa (Descaine) Handel-Mazzetti; S. forrestii Diels; S. wallichii Schultz-Bipontinus.

                Herbs, perennial, 80--150 cm tall. Stems purplish red, erect, glabrous or sparsely brown pubescent, base woody, apically simple or corymbose. Basal and lower stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves with ca. 5 mm petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, or lanceolate-elliptic, 6--15 X 2--4.5 cm, thickly papery, abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous, midvein conspicuous, secondary veins vines numerous and conspicuous, base rotund to broadly cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acute to acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves similar to middle stem leaves but small. Capitula large, solitary at end of stem or few, corymbose, with stout peduncles. Involucre campanulate to broadly campanulate, 1.5--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, imbricate, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries broadly ovate, ca. 8 X 5 mm, margin brown and broadly membranous, apex rounded; middle phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 9--13 X 3--5 mm, margin brown and broadly membranous, apex rounded; inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic, ca. 11 X 2 mm, margin apically brown and broadly membranous. Pappus white, in 1 row, ca. 1 cm, plumose. Florets purple, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene pale brown, 4--4.5 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                Forests, forest or thicket margins,  rocky places on grassland; 2400--3700 m. S Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].

3. Saussurea subgen. Saussurea sect. Acaules C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 220. 1876.

无茎组 wu jing zu

Saussurea sect. Acuales J. D. Hooker.

                Herbs, stemless or substemless. Leaf blade margin entire, toothed, or sinuate. Capitula usually solitary at center of rosette, large or medium-sized, sessile. Receptacle with linear-subulate scales. Pappus brown or dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous, deciduous; inner pappus long, persistent, plumose. Anther base lacerate.

                16 species: Bhutan, China, N India, Pakistan, Sikkim; 14 species (10 endemic) in China.

1a. Pappus of outer row downwards reflexed and surrounding achene; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-oblong, spatulate, ovate-triangular, or ovate, margin sharply toothed ..................................................................................  74. S. katochaete

1b. Pappus of outer row not downwards reflexed also not surrounding achene.

2a. Pappus of outer row plumose; leaf blade adaxially gray-green, abaxially sparsely villous or tomentose, grayish white, densely white tomentose.

3a. Phyllaries abaxially sparsely white villous .......................................................................................  75. S. spatulifolia

3b. Phyllaries abaxially adpressedly black villous .............................................................................  76. S. melanotricha

2b. Pappus of outer row short, strigose.

4a. Perennial cushion plant; leaf blade linear-subulate; capitula small; involucre 0.5--0.7 cm in diam.  77. S. subulata

4b. Plant not cushionlike; leaf blade not linear-subulate; capitula large; involucre 0.8--2.5 cm in diam.

5a. Leaf blade green on both surfaces, glabrous or sparsely white pubescent or margin towards base sparsely arachnoid lanate.

6a. Leaf blade runcinately pinnately lobed or margin subserrate ...................................................................  87. S. apus

6b. Leaf blade margin entire.

7a. Leaf blade lanceolate-spatulate, glabrous ................................................................................................  85. S. pumila

7b. Leaf blade elliptic, sparsely villous ........................................................................................................  86. S. montana

5b. Leaf blade green on both surfaces or adaxially brown when dry, glabrous, glandular hairy or sparsely arachnoid, abaxially white, densely white lanate, tomentose or –pubescent.

8a. Leaf blade margin entire.

9a. Leaf blade spatulate or oblanceolate, 3--6 mm wide ...................................................................  78. S. cochlearifolia

9b. Leaf blade linear or linear-lanceolate, 1--4 mm wide.

10a. Leaf blade 2--4 mm wide ............................................................................................................................  79. S. minuta

10b. Leaf blade 1--2 mm wide ....................................................................................................................  80. S. columnaris

8b. Leaf blade margin subserrate, toothed, crenate, or pinnate.

11a. Capitulum solitary at end of branch of rhizome ..........................................................................  84. S. wernerioides

11b. Capitula 3--18, corymbose arranged or globose; inflorescences at end of rhizome.

12a. Capitula 3--5, globose; inflorescences at end of rhizome ................................................................  83. S. ovatifolia

12b. Capitula 13--18, corymbose; leaf blade cordate or ovate-cordate.

13a. Leaf blade 1--1.5 cm wide ..............................................................................................................................  81. S. bella

13b. Lea blade 2--4.5 cm wide ................................................................................................................................  82. S. haoi

74. Saussurea katochaete Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 491. 1881.

重齿风毛菊 chong chi feng mao ju

Saussurea anochaete Handel-Mazzetti; S. katochaetoides Handel-Mazzetti; S. rohmooana C. Marquand & Airy Shaw.

                Herbs, perennial, stemless. Roots vertical. Rhizomes short, with fibrous-lacerate residue of old petioles. Leaves rosular; petiole 1.5--6 cm, sparsely arachnoid or glabrous; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-oblong, spatulate, ovate-triangular, or ovate, 3--9 X 2--4 cm, abaxially white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous, secondary veins many on each side of midvein and abaxially elevated, base cuneate, rounded, or truncate, margin sharply serrulate or double serrate, apex acuminate, acute, obtuse, or retuse. Capitulum 1(or 2--4) in rosette of leaves, sessile or with short peduncle. Involucre broadly campanulate, to 4 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 9 X 6 mm, margin blackish purple and narrowly membranous, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 12--14 X 5--6 mm, margin apical half black, apex acute to acuminate; inner phyllaries apically purple, narrowly elliptic to broadly linear, ca. 17 X 3.5 mm, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous, reflexed and surrounding achene; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.9 cm, tube ca. 1.2 cm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene brown, ca. 4 mm, trigonous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, marshes in mountain valleys, meadows in flooded areas, forests; 2200--4700 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian) [Bhutan, Sikkim].

75. Saussurea spatulifolia Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 338. 1888.

维西风毛菊 wei xi feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, stemless. Rhizomes thick, branched, with black residue of old leaves. Leaves rosular; petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade spatulate to oblong-spatulate, 1--2 X 0.5--1 cm, adaxially grayish green and sparsely white tomentose, midvein abaxially white, densely tomentose, and inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded. Capitulum solitary at phylloma of rosette. Capitula campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 8 X 4 mm, abaxially sparsely white villous, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 9 X 4 mm, abaxially sparsely white villous, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to linear-elliptic, ca. 11 X 2--3 mm, abaxially sparsely white villous, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, plumose; inner ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene pale yellow, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Grassy mountain slopes, scree; 3000--4600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

76. Saussurea melanotricha Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 61: 204. 1924.

黑苞风毛菊 hei bao feng mao ju

Saussurea xanthotricha Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, stemless or substemless. Rhizomes densely covered with blackish brown residue of old leaves. Leaves rosular; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade elliptic to spatulate-elliptic, 1--3 X 0.4--0.8 cm, abaxially grayish white and densely appressed white tomentose, adaxially grayish green and densely appressed white villous, midvein adaxially depressed and abaxially elevated, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire, obtusely toothed, or sinuolate-lobate, apex rounded to obtuse. Capitulum solitary in rosette of leaves. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially addressed black villous; outer phyllaries ovate, 9--10 X ca. 5 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries lanceolate, 12--13 X 3--3.5 mm, apex rounded to obtuse; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 2.5 mm, apex obtuse to rounded. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, plumose; inner pappus ca. 1.4 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.6 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Sep.

                * Scree, open rocky mountain slopes; 3500--4700 m. Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

77. Saussurea subulata C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 226. 1876.

钻叶风毛菊 zuan ye feng mao ju

Saussurea setifolia Klatt.

                Cushion plants, perennial, 1.5--10 cm tall. Rhizomes many branched, with numerous flowering stems and sterile rosettes. Leaves sessile, subulate-linear, 0.8--1.2 cm X ca. 1 mm, leathery, glabrous but basally arachnoid, base enlarged and sheathing stem, margin entire and revolute, apex with a white cartilaginous mucro. Capitula numerous, situated in ends branches of flowering stems, with very short peduncle. Involucre campanulate, 5--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries apically blackish purple, ovate, ca. 6 X 2--3 mm, apex acuminate and with a rigid mucro; middle phyllaries apically blackish purple, lanceolate-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 6--7 X ca. 2 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries blackish purple, linear, 6--7 X ca. 1.2 mm, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus white, ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus brown, ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.2 cm. Achene cylindric, 1.5--3.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Gravel lands, in river valleys, grassland and meadows in mountain slopes moist places in river valleys, moist places by lake, saline alkaline moist places; 4100--5300 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian) [N India, Pakistan, Sikkim].

78. Saussurea cochlearifolia Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 104. 1981.

匙叶风毛菊 shi ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 2 cm tall. Rhizomes branched, neck with dark brown residue of old petioles. Leaves petiolate; petiole 1.2--1.3 cm, base enlarged and  sheathing stem; leaf blade spatulate to oblanceolate, 2.5--4 X 0.3--0.6 cm, papery, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially glandular hairy and sparsely arachnoid, base attenuate, margin entire, apex acute. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre ovoid, 0.8--1.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, lanceolate, sparsely arachnoid, margin and apically purplish black, apex acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows, pale brown; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, 1.5--1.6 cm, tube 7--8 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene ca. 1.5 mm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Moraine hills, meadows; ca. 4000 m. Xizang (Yadong Xian).

79. Saussurea minuta C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 243. 1894.

小风毛菊 xiao feng mao ju

Saussurea lancifolia Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, 2--3 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, with numerous roots, densely covered with brown residue of petioles. Stems slender. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole red, enlarged, sheathing stem; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 3--7 X 0.2--0.4 cm, subleathery, abaxially white and densely pubescent, adaxially green and glabrous, margin entire and revolute, apex acute. Stem leaves few, similar to basal leaves. Capitulum solitary at end of stem. Involucre narrowly campanulate. Phyllaries purple, in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous or inner phyllaries pubescent; outer phyllaries triangular; inner phyllaries oblong-linear, apex obtuse. Pappus in 2 rows, white; outer pappus short scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purple at base. Achene immature. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Gravel places on mountain slopes; 3500--4900 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan.

80. Saussurea columnaris Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 652. 1937.

柱茎风毛菊 zhu jing feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes stout, branched or not branched, with fibrous roots, with brown residue of leaves. Stems 4--10 cm tall to almost rudimentary. Leaves fascicled at end of rhizome or at ends of end of rhizome branches, rosular, sessile, linear 2--7 cm X 1--2 mm, abaxially white and densely lanate, adaxially dark brown and glabrate when dry, base enlarged and sheathlike, margin entire and revolute, apex acute. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or rhizome. Involucre campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, subequal, abaxially villous, apex acuminate to long acuminate; outer phyllaries yellow basally and purple apically, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 3 mm; middle phyllaries steamineous basally and purplish red apically, narrowly linear, ca. 11 X 2 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly linear, ca. 11 X 2 mm. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus white, ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pale brown, ca. 1 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene dark brown, coniform, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                Meadows, rocky mountain slopes; 3000--4700 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Pakistan].

                This species may possibly occur in Bhutan (Fl. Bhutan 2(3): 1441. 2001).

81. Saussurea bella Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 6: 87. 1949.

漂亮风毛菊 piao liang feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial. Stemless or stem to 1 cm tall. Rhizomes long, thick, woody, apically with lacerate brown residue of petiole. Leaves rosular; petiole winged; leaf blade cordate, ovate-cordate, or sometimes elliptic-ovate, 3--7 X 1--1.5 cm, abaxially white and densely arachnoid tomentose, adaxially green, arachnoid, and glabrate, basally 1--3-lobate, margin sinuolate-crenate to sinuate, apex rounded to acuminate. Capitula 13--18, corymbose, with pubescent peduncles. Involucre campanulate, 2.2--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, arachnoid; outer phyllaries green, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm X 3--5 mm, basally subleathery, apically herbaceous, apex with reflexed spiniform mucro; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 2 cm X 2 mm, apex herbaceous and acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.6 cm. Florets purple, ca. 2 cm, tube ca. 1.1 cm, limb ca. 9 mm. Achene gray, 4-sided, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes; 3600--4500 m. Qinghai, Xizang.

82. Saussurea haoi Y. Ling ex Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 103. 1981.

青藏风毛菊 qing zang feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 3--4 cm tall. Rhizomes neck with residue of petioles. Leaves rosular, with 2--7 cm petiole; leaf blade cordate or suborbicular, 2--6 X 2--4.5 cm, leathery, apex obtuse, cordate or subrounded base, margin toothed, adaxially green and strigose, abaxially white and tomentose. Capitula numerous, with short peduncles, terminally globose. Involucre oblong, 1.2--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries yellowish green, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 4 mm, reflexed; inner phyllaries pale yellow, ca. 16 X 2 mm. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous. Florets purple, 1.7--1.8 cm, tube 9--10 mm, limb 9--9.5 mm. Achene 4-sided, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug-Sep.

                * Alpine scree; 3200--4400 m. Qinghai, E Xizang.

83. Saussurea ovatifolia Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 102. 1981.

卵叶风毛菊 luan ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 2--3 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, with dark brown residue of old petioles. Leaves rosular, 5--9; petiole 3--7 mm, winged; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 1.5--2.5 X 0.8--1.5 cm, abaxially white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and sparsely arachnoid, base rounded, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Capitula 3--5, globose. Involucre ovoid, 6--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries brownish yellow or green, oblong, ca. 7 X 2--3 mm; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 7 X 1 mm. Pappus in 2 rows, dirty white; outer scabrous. Florets purplish red, 1.3--1.5 cm, tube 4--6 mm, limb 5--5.5 mm. Achene 3--4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, by ditches; 4200--5200 m. Xizang.

84. Saussurea wernerioides Schultz-Bipontinus ex J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 367. 1881.

锥叶风毛菊 zhui ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 1.2--3 cm tall, stemless. Rhizomes slender, branched, basally with numerous pale brown fibrous roots, apically with dense dark purplish brown sheathlike residue of old petioles. Leaves rosular; petiole 3--4 mm, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade elliptic-oblanceolate, 13--15 X 1--3 mm, densely tomentose, abaxially grayish white, adaxially green and glabrous, apex acute; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, margin sharply toothed. Capitulum solitary at branched ends of rhizome. Involucre purple, campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, subequal; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 11 X 5 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2 mm, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 10 X 1 mm, apex mucronate. Pappus in 2 rows, pale brown; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.2 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene pale brown, cylindric, ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                                   Grassland on mountain slopes, gravelly mountain slopes; 4200--5400 m. Sichuan, S Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian) [Bhutan, Sikkim].

85. Saussurea pumila C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 244. 1894.

矮小风毛菊 ai xiao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, short. Rhizomes with brown residue of old leaves. Stems very short. Leaves glabrous, margin entire. Basal leaves rosular, subsessile; leaf blade lanceolate-spatulate, ca. 2.5 X 0.5--0.7 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, apex acute. Stem leaves 3 or 4, similar to basal leaves. Capitulum solitary, in rosette of leaves. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries blackish brown when dry, in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 5 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 11 X 3 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 2 mm, apex acute. Pappus pale yellow, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets purple to red, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes; 3600--4700 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang.

86. Saussurea montana J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 208. 1934.

山地风毛菊 shan di feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, stemless, fascicled. Rhizomes thick, woody, densely covered with residue of old leaves. Leaves rosular, petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, ca. 3 X 0.9 cm, both surfaces green and sparsely villous, margin entire and villous, apex acute. Capitulum solitary in rosette of leaves. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, apically abaxially sparsely villous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 6.5 X 3.5 mm, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 8--9 X 2--3 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to broadly linear, 11--12 X 1.5--3 mm, apex acute. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.7 cm, tube ca. 1 cm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene trigonous, ca. 3.5 mm, pimpled, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Rocky pastures, waste land; 3600--4600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Lijiang Xian).

87. Saussurea apus Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 490. 1881.

无梗风毛菊 wu geng feng mao ju

Saussurea humilis Ostenfeld; S. koslowi C. Winkler.

                Herbs, perennial, short, stemless. Rhizomes branched, with brown residue of old leaves. Leaves rosular, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 X 0.3--0.4 cm, green and glabrous, basally margin sparsely white arachnoid lanate, base dark red, enlarged, and sheathing stem, margin runcinately lobate or subserrate, apex acute. Capitula sessile, solitary in rosette of leaves. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, blackish brown or inner phyllaries apically blackish brown; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate, ca. 7 X 3.5 mm, abaxially sparsely villous towards apex, apex acute to obtuse; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 9 X 2 mm, abaxially sparsely villous towards apex, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic, ca. 14 X 2 mm, abaxially glabrous. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus white, ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus pale yellow, ca. 1.3 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene ca. 2 mm, striate, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * River valleys, high mountain plateaus; 4000--5400 m; Gansu, Qinghai, Xizang.

4. Saussurea subgen. Saussurea sect. Lagurathera (C. A. Meyer ex Endicher) Lipschitz, Not. Syst. Herbs. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. Uzbekst. 15: 17. 1957.

纤维组 xian wei zu

Saussurea sect. Lagurostemon subsect. Laguranthera C. A. Meyer ex Endl. Gen. Pl. 468. 1838; Saussurea sect. Lagurostemon (Cassini) de Candolle.

                Perennial herbs, rarely annual herbs or subshrubs. Roots and rhizome fibrous, lacerate or with fibers. Capitula usually numerous, rarely few, corymbose or racemose, narrowly campanulate or cylindric, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries imbricate, appressed, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse and without an apical appendage. Receptacle with scales, rarely without scales. Pappus in 2 rows.

                54 species: C Asia, China, Japan, Kazakstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan; 33 species (20 endemic) in China.

1a. Plants salty, bitter to taste; leaf blade thick, usually fleshy.

2a. Leaf blade bipinnately lobed .....................................................................................................................  88. S. lacostei

2b. Leaf blade pinnately lobed, pinnately parted, or pinnatisect.

3a. Plants grayish green; achene apex with a coronule ............................................................................  89. S. davurica

3b. Plants green; achene apex without a coronule.

4a. Basal leaves pinnately cleft or pinnatisect; phyllaries abaxially purple .....................................  92. S. kaschgarica

4b. Basal leaves lyrately pinnately lobed or lyrately pinnately parted.

5a. Leaf blade terminal lobe hastate ....................................................................................................................  90. S. salsa

5b. Leaf blade terminal lobe not hastate .............................................................................................  91. S. maximowiczii

1b. Plants not salty; leaves not fleshy.

6a. Sheath and base of petiole inside white lanate ...................................................................................  93. S. pulvinata

6b. Sheath and base of petiole inside non white lanate.

7a. Achene transversely rugose .....................................................................................................................  94. S. pulchra

7b. Achene not transversely rugose.

8a. General in florescence supported by uppermost stem leaves.

9a. Leaf blade green, concolorous, glabrous ....................................................................................................  95. S. ovata

9b. Leaf blade abaxially white and sparsely or densely tomentose, adaxially green and sparsely strigose  96. S. licentiana

8b. Inflorescences not supported by uppermost stem leaves.

10a. Phyllary apices with a long and conspicuous mucro.

11a. Leaf blade glabrous; capitula pendent ....................................................................................................  97. S. alberti

11b. Leaf blade abaxially grayish green, arachnoid or tomentose; capitula erect.

12a. Leaf blade lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pinnate ......................................................................  98. S. larionowii

12b. Leaf blade linear or linear-lanceolate, undivided, margin entire ...............................................  99. S. mucronulata

10b. Phyllary apices subobtuse to shortly acuminate.

13a. Herbs, perennial, conspicuously woody base of stem.

14a. Capitula small; involucre 4 mm in diam. .......................................................................................  100. S. kanzanensis

14b. Capitula large; involucre 7--10 mm in diam. .........................................................................................  101. S. blanda

13b. Herbs, perennial, not woody base of stem.

15a. Fascicled herbs.

16a. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or 2. ............................................................................................ 104. S. popovii

16b. Capitula few, corymbose at end of stem.

17a. Leaf blade green, adaxially glabrous, abaxially white densely lanate ..................................................  102. S. cana

17b. Leaf blade grayish white, pubescent ...............................................................................................  103. S. canescens

15b. Plants not fascicled.

18a. Leaf blade green, concolorous, strigose, or abaxially sparsely villous along veins, adaxially densely strigose.

19a. Leaf blade scabrous, adaxially densely strigose, pinnate.

20a. Leaf blade pinnatisect ............................................................................................................................  105. S. acroura

20b. Leaf blade pinnately lobed or pinnately toothed .........................................................................  106. S. salemannii

19b. Leaf blade adaxially glabrous, undivided.

21a. Phyllaries abaxially arachnoid ....................................................................................................  107. S. sutchuenensis

21b. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous.

22a. Phyllaries 5--7 mm in diam; peduncle stout ................................................................................ 108. S. dolichopoda

22b. Phyllaries 3--5 mm in diam; peduncle slender .....................................................................................  109. S. saligna

18b. Leaf blade adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose or pubescent.

23a. Leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatisect.

24a. Petiole winged ..............................................................................................................................  119. S. pteridophylla

24b. Petiole wingless.

25a. Leaf blade pinnately lobed; usually with shortened sterile axially shoot ......................................  120. S. elegans

25b. Leaf blade pinnatisect; without shortened sterile axially shoot .......................................................  121. S. compta

23b. Leaf blade undivided, margin entire or toothed.

26a. Leaf blade narrowly ovate, elliptic, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate.

27a. Petiole wingless; capitula small; involucre 3 mm in diam. ...........................................................  117. S. conyzoides

27b. Petiole winged; capitula large; involucre 8--10 mm in diam. ............................................................  118. S. flexuosa

26b. Leaf blade oblong, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, lanceolate or linear.

28a. Width at maximum of leaves in middle of leaves .............................................................................  110. S. chinensis

28b. Width at maximum not in middle of leaves.

29a. Leaf blade 1.5--3 cm wide.

30a. Leaf blade margin mostly entire, almost not decurrent base .............................................................  113. S. virgata

30b. Leaf blade margin sinuolate-toothed, not decurrent base.

31a. Capitula large; involucre 8--10 mm in diam. .................................................................................  111. S. lomatolepis

31b. Capitula small; involucre 5--6 mm in diam. .................................................................................  112. S. polycephala

29b. Leaf blade less than 1 cm wide.

32a. Leaf blade very narrow; 2--4 mm wide; margin toothed ....................................................................  114. S. petrovii

32b. Leaf blade wide, 3--7 mm wide, margin entire.

33a. Inflorescences narrow, virgate-corymbose ....................................................................................  115. S. salicifolia

33b. Inflorescences diffuse, paniculately corymbose .........................................................................  116. S. integrifolia

88. Saussurea lacostei Danguy, J. Bot. 21: 52. 1907.

高盐地风毛菊 gao yan di feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, erect, 17--25 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, woody, densely covered with residue of old leaves. Stems erect, sparsely or densely white-hispidulous. Leaves green, concolorous, sparsely white-hispidulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 5--7.5 cm. base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, ca. 8 X 3 cm, bipinnately parted; primary lobes 5- or 6-paired, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic; ultimate lobes few-paired, margin toothed. Stem leaves similar and same in division as basal leaves but small. Capitula (1 or)2--6, corymbose, with 1--5 mm peduncles. Involucre obconic, 0.8--1 in diam. Phyllaries straw-colored, in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate ca. 4 X 2 mm, apex acute to acuminate; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 10 X 2 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2 mm, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2.5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus dirty yellow, ca. 1.2 cm. Florets pale purple, ca. 2.4 cm, tube ca. 1.6 cm, limb ca. 8 cm. Achene brown, oblong, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Rocky dry mountain slopes or shade places on mountain slopes; 2600--3700 m. Xinjiang [Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan].

89. Saussurea davurica Adams, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 3: 251. 1834.

达乌里风毛菊 da wu li feng mao ju

Saussurea crassifolia de Candolle var. papposa (Turczaninow ex de Candolle) Ledebour; S. papposa Turczaninow ex de Candolle; S. salsa (Pallas) Sprengel var. papposa (Turczaninow) Ledebous.

                Herbs, grayish green, perennial, 4--15 cm tall. Roots blackish brown, elongate. Stem solitary or 2- or 3-fascicled, erect, striate or ribbed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Leaves grayish green, fleshy, glabrous but densely glandular punctate, margin hispid margin. Basal leaves with (1--)1.5--3 cm; petiole base enlarged; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 2--10 X 0.5--2 cm, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin entire, sinuolate-toothed, runcinately pinnately lobed, or pinnately parted, apex acute. Lower stem leaves similar to basal leaves but smaller, base cuneate-attenuate to short petiole, margin sinuolate and toothed or entire. Upper stem leaves   sessile, smaller, narrowly elliptic to broadly linear. Capitula numerous or few, terminally globosely or hemispherically corymbose. Involucre cylindric, (3--)5--6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 6 or 7 rows, abaxially subglabrous, margin pubescent; outer phyllaries ovate to elliptic, 2--4 X 1--1.5 mm, apically purple red, apex acute to obtuse; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 7 X 1.5 mm, apically purplish red, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 10.5 X 1 mm, apically purplish red, apex acute. Pappus white in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, simple; inner pappus 1.1--1.2 cm. Florets pink, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene cylindric, 2--3 mm, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Alkaline areas near rivers, moist flooded areas, forest on riverbeds, saline low moist areas, salty meadows; 1000--3600 m. W Gansu, Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].

90. Saussurea salsa (Pallas) Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 3: 381. 1826.

盐地风毛菊 yan di feng mao ju

Serratula salsa Pallas, Reise 1: 502. 1771; Heterotrichum salsum M. Bieberstein; Saussurea crassifolia de Candolle.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--50 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, neck with brown residue of petioles. Stem solitary or several, corymbose apically or above middle, sparsely arachnoid. Leaves green, concolorous, fleshy, abaxially glandular punctate, adaxially sparsely white-strigose or glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade oblong, 5--30 X 2--6 cm, lyrately pinnately parted or pinnately lobed; lateral lobes 2-paired, elliptic to triangular, margin entire or subentire; terminal lobe large, triangular to sagittate, margin sinuolate and toothed or entire. Middle stem leaves sessile, oblong, oblong-linear, or lanceolate, margin entire or sparsely toothed. Upper stem leaves sessile, conspicuously rather small, lanceolate, base cuneate, margin entire. Capitula numerous, corymbose, pedunculate. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 5 mm diam. Phyllaries in 5(--7) rows, abaxially arachnoid lanate; outer phyllaries ovate, 2--3 X 2--3 mm, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries lanceolate, 9--10 X ca. 1.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2 mm, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets pale purple, ca. 1.6 cm, limb ca. 7 mm, tube ca. 9 mm. Achene reddish brown, oblong, ca. 2.3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul-Sep.

                Salt grassland, deserts, by lakes; 2700--3300 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang [Mongolia Russia; C Asia, Europe].

91. Saussurea maximowiczii Herder, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(3): 14. 1868.

羽叶风毛菊 yu ye feng mao ju

Saussurea hakoensis Franchet & Savatier; S. maximowiczii f. serratula (Nakai) Kitamura; S. maximowiczii var. serratula Nakai; S. maximowiczii var. triceps (H. Léveillé & Variot) Kitamura; S. triceps H. Léveillé & Vaniot.

                Herbs, perennial, 50--100 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, with fibrous roots. Stem and branches glabrous. Stem solitary, erect, apically corymbose. Leaves green, thick, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with 5--13 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong, 15--22 X 7--10 cm, pinnatisect or pinnately parted, lateral lobes 4--6-paired, oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic or broadly linear, margin sparsely small toothed, 1 large obliquely triangular on 1 side, or sometimes entire, apex acute to acuminate; terminal lobe linear-lanceolate to elliptic, margin with few teeth or entire margin, apex acute to acuminate and mucronate. Middle stem leaves similar and same in division and similar to basal and lower stem leaves but gradually smaller apically on stem. Upper stem leaves sessile, smaller, linear, undivided. Capitula numerous, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 7 rows, puberulous apically and at apex; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3.5 X 2 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries oblong, ca. 7 X 2 mm, apex subobtuse and mucronate; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, 9--11 X ca. 1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene pale yellow, obconic, ca. 7 mm, obtusely ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                Forest margins; elevation unknown. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].

92. Saussurea kaschgarica Ruprecht, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 14(4): 54. 1869.

喀什风毛菊 ka shi feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 20--25 cm tall. Rhizomes with flesh residue of old leaves stem few branched, without wing, sparsely pubescent. Leaves pinnately cleft or pinnatisect, scabrous, many-hispid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 19 cm, base enlarge and sheathing stem; leaf blade margin toothed, apex acute. Stem leaves shortly petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade small, not decurrent. Capitula terminally densely corymbose. Involucre purple, ca. 1.2 X 0.8--1 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, imbricate; outer phyllaries ovate, abaxially, margin, and apically densely pubescent, glabrate, apex subacute. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus unequal, rigid, serrulate; inner pappus 1--1.1 cm. Florets red, ca. 1.4 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Along river banks on high mountains, among gravel in valleys; ca. 3200 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kyrgyzstan].

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the Fl. URSS 27: 509. 1962 account.

93. Saussurea pulvinata Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 493. 1881.

垫状风毛菊dian zhuang feng mao ju

                Cushion plants, perennial, to 19 cm tall. Stems straw-colored, erect, densely to sparsely lanate or villous, densely covered with sheath residue of old leaf bases. Leaves thick, both surfaces or only abaxially sparsely or densely villous, margin entire and revolute. Basal leaf petiolate; petiole to 2 cm, base enlarged and sheathing stem, sheath base and petiole base adaxially white lanate; leaf blade oblong-linear, 3--5 cm X 3--5 mm, base cuneate-attenuate, apex acute. Stem leaves few; petiolate; leaf blade oblong-linear, ca. 3 cm X 3 mm. Capitula 7--12, terminally densely corymbose, with very short peduncles. Involucre cylindric-obovoid, ca. 9 mm in diam. Phyllaries straw-colored, in 4 rows, rigid, apex acute; outer phyllaries oblong, ca. 6.5 X 2.5 mm, apically sparsely villous; inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic, ca. 10 X 1 mm. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus white, ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus brown, ca. 8 mm. Florets pale red, ca. 9 mm, tube and limb each ca. 4.5 mm. Achene brown, ca. 4 mm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Dry mountain slopes; 1100--4100 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Xizang.

94. Saussurea pulchra Lipschitz, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 19: 389. 1959.

美丽风毛菊mei li feng mao ju

Saussurea bella Lipschitz (1954), not Y. Ling (1949); Hemisteptia pulchra (Lipshitz) Soják.

                Herbs, perennial, 8--27 cm tall. Rhizomes short, thick, with dense brown residue of old leaves. Stems erect, spreading or ascendingly 1--3-branched or unbranched, both stem and braches grayish green or white thinly lanate. Leaves sessile, linear, 1--2.5 cm X ca. 1.2 mm, abaxially grayish white and densely lanate, adaxially yellowish green and glabrous, margin entire and revolute or rarely with few teeth, apex acute to obtuse. Basal leaves dense. Stem leaves sparse. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or 2--3 and corymbose, pedunculate. Involucre turbinate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially purple, apex with a cartilaginous mucro; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 6 X 1.5 mm, abaxially sparsely lanate, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblong, 6--9.5 X 1.5--2 mm, apex acute to acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic to broadly linear, 15--19 X 1.8--2 mm, abaxially sparsely lanate, apex acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows, white; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.6 cm. Florets purple, ca. 2.2 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene blackish green, ca. 5.5 mm, transversely rugose, pimpled. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Sandy river valleys; 1900--3100 m. Gansu, Qinghai.

95. Saussurea ovata Bentham in G. Henderson & Hume, Lahore to Yarkand: 325. 1873.

乌恰风毛菊wu qia feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 1.5--4 cm tall. Rhizomes developmental to stems and phyllomes of rosette. Stems erect, glabrous. Leaves green, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with ca. 2 cm petiole; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, or long obovate, 4--6 X 2--3 cm, base cuneate, margin mucronate or toothed, apex rounded to acuminate. Upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves approximate to inflorescence. Capitula 4 or 5, terminally densely corymbose. Involucre narrowly cupular, 5--9 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, apically villous; outer phyllaries broadly ovate, ca. 2 X 2 mm, apex acute to obtuse; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, 6--10 X ca. 2 mm, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets dark red, ca. 1.2 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene ca. 2 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                Alpine meadows, gravelly mountain slopes; 3000--4600 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian) [Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan].

96. Saussurea licentiana Handell-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 85: 222. 1936.

川陕风毛菊chuan shaan feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 40--80 cm tall. Rhizomes procumbent, with many black fibrous roots. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle and upper stem leaves abaxially white and sparsely to densely tomentose, adaxially green and sparsely strigose. Middle stem leaves with ca. 1 cm petiole; leaf blade ovate, obovate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, 4--13 X 2.5--8 cm, base cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate. Upper stem leaves sessile, similar to middle stem leaves but gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula numerous to few, corymbose, pedunculate. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries straw-colored, in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 X 1 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 3 X 1.5 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries elliptic to broadly linear, 6--7 X 1--2 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets purple ca. 7.5 mm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 2.5 mm. Achene pale brown, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Grassy slopes, under cliff; 1900--3300 m. Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

97. Saussurea alberti Regel & C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 6: 298. 1880.

新疆风毛菊xin jiang feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, ribbed wing of stem not well developmental. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 2.8 cm, glabrous, base slightly cuneate, margin sinuate, scabrous toothed, or echinulate, apex acute. Stem leaves narrower than basal leaves, glabrous, base decurrent to wings, margin subentire. Capitula numerous, with 19 or 20 florets, corymbose at ends of flexuous flowering branches. Involucre subcylindric. Phyllaries abaxially arachnoid and glabrate, apex acute and mucronate; outer phyllaries ovate; middle phyllaries oblong-lanceolate; inner phyllaries, sublinear. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 4 X longer than outer. Florets red, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 7 mm. Achene oblong, ribbed, apex with a coronule.

                Xinjiang [C Asia (which countries??)].

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the Fl. URSS 27: 426. 1962 account.

98. Saussurea larionowii C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 376. 1891.

天山风毛菊tian shan feng mao ju

Saussurea takhtadganii Lipschitz; Theodorea larionowii (C. Winkler) Soják.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--25(--30) cm tall. Stem solitary or fascicled, erect, ribbed, pubescent to subglabrous, branched or unbranched, usually with wing not well developmental. Basal leaves sometimes caducous. Lower stem leaves with 2--3(--5) cm petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 5--10 X (0.5--)1--1.5 cm, pinnately cleft or pinnately lobed, abaxially ± grayish white and arachnoid or tomentose, adaxially and margin echinate, margin sinuate or toothed. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, ± decurrent. Capitula terminally densely corymbose. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 0.5--0.7 cm in diam. Phyllaries pale red or green, in 4 or 5 rows, erect or recurved, abaxially arachnoid or glabrescent, midvein conspicuous, apex acuminate and with a needlelike mucro; outer phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries oblong-lanceolate. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--2.5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets red, ca. 1.4 cm tube as long as limb. Achene glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                Forests, gravelly mountain slopes, alpine meadows; 1800--3800 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [C Asia (which countries??)].

99. Saussurea mucronulata Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 59(6): 80. 1954.

小尖风毛菊xiao jian feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 8--20 cm tall. Roots woody, with very numerous-fibers, polycephalous, with residue of sheath and with many flowering stems. Stems unbranched or almost unbranched apically, arachnoid pubescent. Leaves in a rosette. Lower stem leaves usually linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm wide, white tomentose, margin entire or subentire and subrevolute. Upper stem leaves linear sessile and subamplexicaul, ca. 2 mm wide. Capitula corymbose. Involucre blackish purple, cylindric, 6--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 6 or 7 rows, imbricate, apex with reflexed mucro; outer phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries oblong. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 1.1--1.2 cm. Florets red, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 5 mm. Immature achene brown, ca. 3 mm, apex without a coronule. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Scree slopes; 2100-- 3000 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

100. Saussurea kanzanensis Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 75. 1939.

台湾风毛菊tai wan feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 6--14 cm tall. Stems slender, base woody, apically sparsely pubescent. Leaves green, rigid, pubescent. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Stem leaves numerous; petiole 1--2.5 cm, narrowly winged, sometimes decurrent on stem, basal sheath slightly enlarged; leaf blade oblong, 2--4.5 X 1--2 cm, pinnately lobed, base truncate to cuneate, apex acute; lateral lobes triangular to rarely oblong. Upper stem leaves small. Capitula 1--3. Involucre cylindric, 4 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries oblong, apex shortly acuminate; inner phyllaries linear, apex shortly acuminate. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7.5 mm. Florets red, ca. 9 mm, tube as long as limb. Achene brownish purple, cylindric, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Oct.

                * Sunny rocky slopes, semishaded Abies forests;  ca. 3500 m. Taiwan.

101. Saussurea blanda Schrenk, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 10: 354. 1842.

绿风毛菊lu feng mao ju

Saussurea konuroba Saposhnikow.

                Herbs, green, perennial, 10--30 cm tall. Roots woody, fibrous, lacerate. Stems purple, erect, base woody, apically branched or unbranched, glabrous. Leaves green, with yellow glandular, puncts. Middle and lower stem leaves with ca. 2 cm petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate-oblong to oblong, ca. 5 X 2--2.5 cm, pinnately parted or pinnatisect; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, opposite or oblique, ovate triangular to lanceolate, apex acute to obtuse. Upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, pinnately lobed or pinnately parted. Capitula few, corymbose to corymbosely paniculate. Involucre cylindric, 7--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries green, in 5 rows, glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, 5--6 X 1.6--2.2 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 7.5 X 2 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-oblong, 9--10 X ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene ca. 4 mm, ribbed, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                Mountain slopes; ca. 1600 m; Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

102. Saussurea cana Ledebour, Icon. Pl. 1: 18. 1829.

灰白风毛菊hui bai feng mao ju

Saussurea cana Ledebour var. angustifolia Ledebour ex Handel-Mazzeti; S. microcephala C. A. Meyer.

                Herbs, perennial, fascicled, 10--25 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, woody, fibrous, lacerate, apically many branched, with many flowering stems and phyllomes of rosette. Stems erect, usually unbranched, sparsely to densely white lanate or glabrescent. Leaves rosular, rigid, abaxially white and densely lanate, adaxially green and glabrous.  Basal leaves and lower stem leaves with 1.5--3 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, linear-oblong, or linear, 4--7.5 X 0.3--1.5 cm, pinnately lobed, margin pinnately sharply toothed or entire; lateral lobes or lateral teeth few small. Middle and upper stem leaves petiolate or sessile; leaf blade similar to basal and lower stem leaves, gradually smaller apically on stem. Uppermost stem leaves linear, sessile. Capitula 4--20, with short peduncles, corymbose. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 8 mm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red apically or along margin, in 5 rows, abaxially sparsely arachnoid; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3 X 2 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries ovate, oblong, or narrowly elliptic, 3.5--5 X 1.5--2 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries broadly linear, 9--10 X ca. 1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets pale red, ca. 1.2 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene brown, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                River valleys, gravel areas on mountain slopes, dry slopes flooded areas; 800--2700 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia (Siberia)].

103. Saussurea canescens C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 168. 1889.

伊宁风毛菊yi ning feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 1.5--4 cm tall, fascicled. Roots woody. Rhizomes fibrous, lacerate. Stems with residue of old leaves. Leaves grayish white pubescent. Basal and lower stem leaves with 1.5--3 cm petiole; leaf blade pinnately lobed or pinnately cleft. Upper stem leaves subsessile. Capitula 1--3, with short peduncles, slightly nodding, terminally densely corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 7--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, grayish white pubescent, apically nitid or dark red; outer phyllaries ovate, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries oblong to oblong-lanceolate, apex acuminate. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Achene with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                Gravelly mountain slopes; 1600--2200 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

104. Saussurea popovii Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 59(6): 82. 1954.

寡头风毛菊gua tou feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 20--25 cm tall. Roots woody thick, with fibers. Stems very numerous, fascicled, 1.5--2 cm in diam., branched above base, densely leafy, subglabrous. Leaves greenish gray. Basal and lower stem leaves with a short sheath petiole base; leaf blade thick, linear, 4.5--5.5 X 0.5--0.6 cm, gradually smaller apically on stem, abaxially arachnoid, margin entire or small toothed margin, apex cartilaginous and mucronate. Upper stem leaves 5--25 X 1--2 mm. Uppermost stem leaves shortest. Capitulum 1 or 2, terminal on stem. Involucre 5--6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4--6 rows, imbricate; outer phyllaries broadly ovate, abaxially pubescent, glabrate, apex obtuse to shortly mucronate; inner phyllaries oblong, margin ciliate in middle, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets red, ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 6 mm. Achene blackish brown, 4-sided, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Gravelly beaches; ca. 600 m. Xinjiang (E Tian Shan) [W Mongolia].

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

105. Saussurea acroura Cummins, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1908: 19. 1908.

川甘风毛菊chuan gan feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 40--60 cm tall. Stems erect, ca. 2 mm in diam., base, purplish red in greater part of it, sparsely white pubescent, apically corymbose middle. Leaves green, abaxially sparsely pubescent along veins, adaxially densely strigose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 4 cm, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade oblong, 4--13 X 2--5 cm, pinnatisect; lateral segments 4--10-paired, narrowly elliptic, margin entire, apex rounded to obtuse and mucronate; middle segments large, gradually smaller towards both ends; terminal segments narrowly elliptic, base rounded or obtuse, margin entire or 1 small toothed only at one side, apex mucronate. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, similar and same in division as basal leaves, base amplexicaul-auriculate. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller towards stem apex. Capitula numerous, with slender peduncles, corymbose. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2.5 X 1.5 mm, margin and apex sparsely lanate, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic, 4--5 X 1 mm, margin and apex sparsely lanate, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 11 X 1 mm, apex obtuse, abaxially densely lanate. Pappus dirty yellow, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2.5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets pink, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene brown, narrowly obconic, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * River banks; ca. 2300 m. Gansu, Sichuan.

106. Saussurea salemannii C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 166. 1889.

倒卵叶风毛菊dao luan ye feng mao ju

                Rhizomes thick, woody. Stems plurifoliate, coarsely hispid. Leaves green, hispid. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade spatulate-ovate, pinnately lobed or pinnately toothed, rarely lyrately pinnate, all lobes obtuse at apex. Stem leaves sessile, broadly lanceolate, base amplexicaul, margin pinnately toothed, apex of teeth ± obtuse to acuminate. Leaves on flowering branches ovate-lanceolate, margin toothed or entire. Capitula medium-sized, 7--10 mm in diam., crowded at ends of branches, sessile or longer peduncles. Involucre obconic, hispid. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, imbricate, cottony-ciliate. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus dark brown, scabrous, as long as achene; inner pappus whitish, ca. 2 X longer than outer. Florets pale red, tube as long as limb. Achene subcompressed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

                Steppes and rock crevices in mountains, 1600--2200 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

107. Saussurea sutchuenensis Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 353. 1894.

四川风毛菊si chuan feng mao ju

Saussurea dutaillyana Franchet var. shensiensis Pai; S. rufostrigillosa Y. Ling; S. rufostrigillosa var. macrocephala Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 40--100 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stem solitary, erect, ribbed, apically corymbose, with densely bristles. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 20--25 cm, base sheath-amplexicaul; leaf blade green, concolorous, ovate to triangular-ovate, ca. 14 X 10 cm, glabrous, base truncate or somewhat cordate, margin sharply toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves ovate, small. Uppermost stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate-ovate, base cuneate-attenuate. Capitula numerous, corymbose, with peduncles. Involucre ovoid-cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam., arachnoid. Phyllaries in 6 or 7 rows, apex obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, 3--5 X 1--2 mm; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 6--10 X 2--3 mm. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets 1--1.2 cm. Achene brown, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes; 700--1700 m. Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

108. Saussurea dolichopoda Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 623. 1901.

长梗风毛菊chang geng feng mao ju

Saussurea saligniformis Handel-Mazzetti; S. wilsoniana Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, 80--100 tall. Rhizomes ascending. Stems erect, striate, corymbose to corymbosely paniculate branched apically, branches slender. Leaves green, glabrous. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower stem leaves unknown. Middle stem leaves with 1.5--2 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, 12--14 X 5--6 cm, base cuneate to obliquely rounded, margin serrulate, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade similar to middle stem leaves or narrowly elliptic, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula numerous or few corymbose to corymbosely paniculate, with long and stout peduncles. Involucre campanulate to ovoid, 5--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4--6 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 1.8 mm, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries oblong, ca. 4 X 2 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to broadly linear, 9--11 X 1--2 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Pappus in 2 rows, pale brown; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 7--8 mm. Achene brown, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Forests in mountain valleys or mountain slopes; 1400--3700 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian).

109. Saussurea saligna Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 345. 1894.

尾尖风毛菊wei jian feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 70--120 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, striate, apically branched. Lower and middle stems leaf with 1--3 cm petiole; leaf blade green, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 4 cm, glabrous or subglabrous, base rounded to somewhat truncate, margin inconspicuously subserrate, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves with very short petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, 18--20 X 3.5--4.5 cm, apex caudate-acuminate. Uppermost stems leaf lanceolate. Capitula 5--7, terminally or axially, corymbose, with 0.3--3 cm peduncle. Involucre cylindric, 3--5 mm. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries oblong to lanceolate, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries oblanceolate, apex obtuse and barbate. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purple, 9--10 mm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene cylindric, 4--5 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Mountain slopes, forests; 1200--2500 m. Shaanxi, Sichuan.

110. Saussurea chinensis (Maximowicz) Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 51: 1496. 1966.

中华风毛菊zhong hua feng mao ju

Saussurea salicifolia (Linnaeus) de Candolle var. chinensis Maximowicz, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 54(1): 28. 1879; S. alpina (Linnaeus) de Candolle var. leucophylla Hance; S. denticulata Ledebour var. chinensis Y. Ling; S. salicifolia var. shensiensis Y. Ling.

                Herbs, annual, to 40 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous. Leaves abaxially green and glabrous, adaxially white and densely tomentose. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 9--10 X ca. 2 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin serrulate, apex acuminate. Middle stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 10--12 X ca. 2 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin small toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, margin entire. Capitula few, terminally, ca. 3 cm in diam., corymbose, pedunculate. Involucre cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially sparsely pubescent, apically dark purple; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3 X 1.8 mm, apex acute to acuminate; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, 5.5 X 2 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries broadly linear, ca. 8 X 1 mm, apex acute. Pappus pale yellow, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets pale purple, ca. 8 mm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene brown, ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Fl. Aug--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 1900--2300 m. Hebei.

111. Saussurea lomatolepis Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 59(6): 80.1954.

纹苞风毛菊wei bao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 15--35 cm tall. Rhizomes woody, fibrous, lacerate. Stems erect, arachnoid, glabrate, simple or rarely branched from base, with residue of old leaves. Basal and lower stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade broadly lanceolate to oblong, 8--10 X 1.5 –2 cm, abaxially grayish white arachnoid, adaxially subglabrous, margin sinuolate-toothed. Upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, usually with sterile shoots in axil. Capitula 2--5, corymbose. Involucre broadly cylindric, 8--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, brown- or black-striate margin, apex obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries oblong. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 10--11 mm. Florets dark red, ca. 1.2 cm, limb equaling tube. Achene cylindric, ca. 6 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                Steppes, meadows; 1300--2700 m. Xinjiang [Central Asia (Which countries ?? Note that the Fl. USSR says “Probably it occurs in the USSR.”) ].

112. Saussurea polycephala Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 313. 1938.

多头风毛菊duo tou feng mao ju

Saussurea thibetica Franchet.

                Herbs, perennial, 60--100 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stem solitary, erect, sparsely arachnoid or glabrous. Leaves abaxially white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and sparsely strigose. Basal and lower stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves with 4--6 cm petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 10--15 X 2.5--3 cm, base cuneate, margin small toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula 10--15, corymbose, pedunculate. Involucre cylindric, 5--6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 6 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 1 mm, abaxially sparsely arachnoid, apex shortly acuminate; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 6 X 1.5 mm, abaxially densely villous, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 7 X 1 mm, margin and apically sparsely villous, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, ca. limb 4.5 mm. Achene brown, ca. 3 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes, by trails on mountain slopes; 1200--2200 m. Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan.

113. Saussurea virgata Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 340. 1894.

帚状风毛菊zhou zhuang feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 90 cm tall. Stem solitary, slender, ribbed, somewhat scabrous, shortly branched only apically, densely leafy. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, papery, abaxially white arachnoid, adaxially glabrous, margin entire or towards apex at least small toothed. Capitula narrowly obovoid, pedunculate. Involucre small. Phyllaries in 5 rows, lanceolate, abaxially arachnoid. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purple. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 2800--3400 m. Yunnan (Dali Xian, Huize Xian).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

114. Saussurea petrovii Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 57: 524. 1972.

西北风毛菊xi bei feng mao ju

Saussurea petrovii Lipschitz var. latifolia H. C. Fu.

                Herbs, perennial, 5--20 cm tall. Roots woody, fibrous, lacerate. Rhizomes branched, with residue of old leaves. Stems erect, unbranched or corymbose branched apically, sparsely white pubescent. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous. Basal and lower and middle stem leaves sessile, linear, linear-oblong, or oblong, 2--10 X 0.2--0.4 cm, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate, margin sparsely small toothed. Capitula few, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, 5--8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially sparsely white arachnoid; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2.5 X 2 mm, apex shortly acuminate; middle phyllaries oblong, ca. 6 X 2 mm, apex shortly acuminate; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 7 X 2 mm, apex acute. Pappus white in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2.8 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets pink, 0.8--1.2 cm, tube 5--6 mm, limb 3--6 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, 3--4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes; 1700--2500 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia.

115. Saussurea salicifolia (Linnaeus) de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 200. 1810.

柳叶风毛菊liu ye feng mao ju

Serratula salicifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 817. 1753; Saussurea leucota Handel-Mazzetti; S. multiflora (Linneaus) de Candolle; Serratula multiflora Linneaus.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--40 cm tall. Roots stout, fibrous, lacerate fibers. Stems erect, ribbed, arachnoid or pubescent, corymbose apically or branched from base. Leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 2--10 X 0.3--0.5 cm, abaxially white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous or sparsely pubescent, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire or rarely basally toothed and usually revolute, apex acuminate. Capitula numerous to few, pedunculate, corymbose, terminally fastigiate-corymbose. Involucre cylindric, 4--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 4 or 5 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 1.5 X 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; middle phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, 6--8 X 1--2 mm, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets pink, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene brown, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Alpine thickets, meadows, moist places in gullies; 1600--3800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].

116. Saussurea integrifolia Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 313. 1838.

全缘叶风毛菊quan yuan ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 60--100 tall. Stems erect, leafy, glabrous, paniculately corymbose or unbranched. Leaves abaxially white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and slightly scabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves sessile or subsessile; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 5--12 X 0.6--0.7 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire and revolute, apex acute to long acuminate. Upper stem leaves similar to middle leaves, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula numerous, patently corymbose to corymbosely paniculate. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries dark purple, in 5 or 6 rows, sparsely pubescent, glabrescent; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3 X 1--1.5 mm, apex acute to obtuse; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 7 X 2 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic, 7--8 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Pappus pale yellow; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets purple, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 4 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene brown, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Nov.

                * Thickets in mountain valleys, grassland, by trails on mountain slopes; 2000--4200 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian).

117. Saussurea conyzoides Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 309. 1892.

假蓬风毛菊jia peng feng mao ju

Saussurea oppositicolor H. Léveillé & Vaniot; S. rosthonii Diels; S. rosthornii var. oppositicolor (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) F. H. Chen ex Handel-Mazzetti; S. silvestri Pampanini.

                Herbs, perennial, 0.9--1.2 m tall. Stems erect, subglabrous, base ca. 5 mm in diam., apically corymbose middle branches short and slender. Basal and lower stem leaves unknown. Middle stem leaves with petiole to 2.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, 7.5--12(--20) X 5--6 cm, abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and sparsely strigose, base cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acuminate. Capitula corymbose, pedunculate. Involucre cylindric, ca. 3 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, apex obtuse; outer phyllaries oblong, ca. 1.5 X 0.2 mm; middle phyllaries ovate to narrowly elliptic, 2--4 X 0.8--1.5 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 6 X 1--1.5 mm. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, simple; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple. Immature achene glabrous. Fl. Jul--Aug.

                * Forests; 1000--2300 m. Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

118. Saussurea flexuosa Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 341. 1894.

城口风毛菊cheng kou feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 65--100 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stem solitary, erect, basally dark purple, apically paniculariform branched. Both stem and branches sparsely white pubescent or glabrous. Leaves abaxially white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and sparsely strigose. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves winged at anthesis; petiole to 5 cm, with 1-paired broadly obtusely-triangular tooth; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly ovate, 9--12 X 4--4.5 cm, base cuneate to truncate, margin serrulate, sinuate, or toothed, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to middle stem leaves, gradually smaller apically on stem, margin mucronate or entire. Capitula numerous to few, pedunculate, corymbose or paniculiform. Involucre campanulate, 8--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, margin and apex sparsely lanate; outer phyllaries ovate, 2.5--1.2 mm, apex acute and mucronate; middle phyllaries blackish purple, ovate-elliptic, ca. 4 X 2 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries red or purple apically or at apex, elliptic to narrowly linear-elliptic, 7 –10 X 1.5--2 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus 4 mm, simple; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets red, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene brown, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Forests; thickets, lawns; 1300--1900; Sichuan.

119. Saussurea pteridophylla Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1149. 1936.

延翅风毛菊yan chi feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 60--70 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, with stout roots. Stems erect, striate, sparsely nodiferous pubescent, paniculiform branched, partly winged, leafy. Basal and stems leaves  petiolate; petiole ca. 2.5 cm, wing from decurrent from basal lobe of leaf blade; leaf blade lanceolate, 10--16 X 2.5--4 cm, pinnately parted; lobes 2--5 mm wide, herbaceous, with nodiferous bristles, margin ciliate, apex acute and mucronate; lateral lobes 10--paired, remote, sessile; low lateral lobes ovate, usually divided to base; upper lateral lobes linear-lanceolate. Leaves on branches of inflorescences subsubulate. Panicle lax; peduncle slender, with nodiferous hairs and arachnoid hairs. Capitula with 5--10-florets. Involucre narrowly campanulate. Phyllaries in 6 rows, abaxially ± arachnoid, apex softly ciliate; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3 mm, apex with a dark mucro; middle and inner phyllaries straw-colored, oblong, apex obtuse. Pappus in 2 rows, brown, unequal; inner plumose, ca. 7 mm. Florets red, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Oct.

                * Thickets; ca. 3000 m. Sichuan.

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

120. Saussurea elegans Ledebour, Icon. Pl. 1: 19. 1829.

优雅风毛菊you ya feng mao ju

Saussurea amoena Karelin & Kirilow; S. elegans var. latifolia Karelin & Kirilow; S. elegans var. nivea Lipschitz; S. salicifolia (Linnaeus) de Candolle var. elegans (Ledebour) Trautvetter; S. tenuis Ledebour.

                Herbs, perennial, 30--60 cm. Rhizomes fibrous, lacerate. Stems few, ribbed, usually arachnoid and sparsely glandular punctate, usually with sterile branches at axil. Leaves abaxially grayish white and arachnoid tomentose, adaxially green strigose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1.5--6 cm, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade oblong to oblong-ovate, ca. 15 X 1.5--3(--4) cm, pinnately lobed or sublyrately pinnalobate. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade similar to basal leaves, small, margin entire, toothed, or sometimes basally lobed. Upper stem leaves linear-lanceolate, small. Capitula numerous, corymbose or paniculate. Involucre cylindric, 5--8 mm in diam., sparsely arachnoid and glandular punctate. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3 X 2 mm, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate; middle phyllaries oblong-ovate, ca. 6 X 3 mm, apex shortly acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2 mm, apex mucronate. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--2.5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets red, ca. 2.7 cm, tube ca. 1.2 cm, limb ca. 1.5 cm. Achene cylindric, ca. 5 mm, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                Mountain slopes, grassy slopes, farmlands; 1100--3200 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia), Uzbekistan].

121. Saussurea compta Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 10: 422. 1896.

华美风毛菊 hua mei feng mao ju

Saussurea chrysanthemoides F. H. Chen.

                Herbs, perennial, 30--50 cm. Stems slender, base ca. 3 mm in diam., plurifoliate, sparsely arachnoid and multicellular nodiferous hairy above middle, apex shortly corymbose. Leaves abaxially scabrous, sparsely hispid, white densely tomentose, adaxially green. Basal and lower stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic 4--5 X ca. 1.5 cm, pinnatisect, lateral segments 2- or 3-paired, oblong, lanceolate, or narrowly triangular, margin entire or 1-lobed only at one side or 1-lobed on each side, apex acute to obtuse; terminal segments caudate. Upper stem leaves sessile or subsessile, similar and same in division to middle stem leaves, gradually smaller apically on stem; lateral segments 1- or 2-paired. Capitula few, terminally small corymbose, pedunculate. Involucre obconic-oblong, ca. 7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 6 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 1.5 mm, apically pubescent, apex acute to obtuse; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 4 X 1 mm, apically sparsely pubescent, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic, ca. 8 X 1.5 mm, margin sparsely villous, apex obtuse. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 8 mm, tube as long as limb. Achene blackish brown, ca. 2.8 mm. Fl. Aug, fr. Nov.

                * Sunny places on steppes; 2300--4300 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Lijiang Xian).

5. Saussurea subgen. Saussurea sect. Pycnocephala Lipschitz, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 16: 447. 1954.

全叶组 quan ye zu

Saussurea sect. Caulescens J. D. Hooker; Saussurea sect. Chaetocline Franchet; Saussurea sect. Lagurostemon (Cassini) de Candolle; Lagurostemon Cassini.

                Roots and rhizome not fibrous-lacerate, not surrounding by root-fibers. Capitula large, usually solitary and at end of stem, sometimes ± numerous and densely racemose- or corymbosely paniculate. Receptacle with or without scales. Pappus in 2 rows. Anther base lanate or lacerate. Achene black, apical coronule entire or toothed.

               About 21 species: China, NW India, Kashmir, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan; 18 species (13 endemic) in China.

1a. Achene densely white villous; anther-tails lacerate.

2a. Capitula 2 ...............................................................................................................................................  122. S. pubescens

2b. Capitulum 1 .................................................................................................................................................  123. S. sericea

1b. Achene glabrous; anther-tails with cotton.

3a. Stem with fibrous-lacerate residue of old leaves and densely brown lanate base.

4a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate .................................................................................................................  124. S. souliei

4b. Leaf blade narrowly linear ...............................................................................................................  125. S. romuleifolia

3b. Residue of old leaf of stem base sometimes fibrous, lacerate, sometimes entire, not lacerate; base of stem non lanate.

5a. Leaf blade with glandular hairs .....................................................................................................  126. S. glanduligera

5b. Leaf blade without glandular hairs.

6a. Receptacle with papillar mucro .........................................................................................................  127. S. baicalensis

6b. Receptacle densely covered with scales.

7a. Leaf blade broadly lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic, 0.8--7 cm wide.

8a. Capitula racemose on stem ..................................................................................................................  135. S. tuoliensis

8b. Capitula corymbose or paniculate.

9a. Leaf blade broadly lanceolate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate.

10a. Leaf blade 0.8--2 cm wide .....................................................................................................................  136. S. sylvatica

10b. Leaf blade 2--7 cm wide ..........................................................................................................................  137. S. sordida

9b. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong.

11a. Involucre campanulate, 2--3 cm in diam. .....................................................................................  138. S. semifasciata

11b. Involucre hemispherical-campanulate, 3--3.5 cm in diam. ...................................................  139. S. sobarocephala

7b. Leaf blade narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate, 0.1--1 cm wide, entire or inconspicuously toothed.

12a. Capitula 2, situated at ends of branches .............................................................................................  128. S. tibetica

12b. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem

13a. Phyllaries abaxially white and brown villous .........................................................................  129. S. brunneopilosa

13b. Phyllaries abaxially white lanate, rarely glabrous.

14a. Leaf blade abaxially lanate or pubescent.

15a. Phyllary apices not reflexed ...........................................................................................................  130. S. leucophylla

15b. Phyllary apices reflexed ......................................................................................................................  131. S. loriformis

14b. Leaf blade glabrous or abaxially subglabrous, sometimes lanate or tomentose.

16a. Base of basal and lower stem leaves enlarged to membranous sheath .................................  132. S. graminifolia

16b. Base of basal and lower stem leaves not enlarged to membranous sheath base.

17a. Leaf blade linear, 3--5 mm wide; involucre ca. 2 cm in diam. ................................................................  133. S. rockii

17b. Leaf blade narrowly linear, 1(--3) mm wide; involucre 1.5--1.8 cm ................................................  134. S. graminea

122. Saussurea pubescens Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 95. 1981.

毛果风毛菊mao guo feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 4--6 cm tall. Rhizomes branched, neck with brown residue of old sheath. Branches sterile and fertile. Stems erect or somewhat inflected, densely white lanate. Basal leaves linear, 3.5--7 cm X 2--3 mm, abaxially densely lanate, adaxially sparsely lanate, midvein conspicuous, , base somewhat wide and sheathing stem, margin revolute, apex acuminate. Stem leaves few. Capitula 2, approximate; large capitulum at end of stem, 1--1.6 cm in diam.; small capitulum lateral on stem and with several linear leaves at base, 6 mm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.2 cm. Phyllaries in 3 rows, densely brown villous; outer phyllaries green, ovate-lanceolate, reflexed, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries linear, basally straw-colored, apically purplish red. Florets dark pink, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 8 mm.  Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous; inner pappus pale brown but some slightly purple. Achene cylindric, ca. 2 mm, densely white villous.

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 4900 m. Xizang.

123. Saussurea sericea Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 96. 1981.

绢毛风毛菊 juan mao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 2--3 cm tall. Rhizomes branched, with brown residue of old sheaths. Stems erect, white sericeous. Leaves linear, 1.5--2.5 cm X 2--2.5 mm, densely white sericeous, midvein conspicuous, base somewhat widened and sheathing stem, apex acute. Capitulum solitary, at end of stem, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 1.3--1.5 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, densely brown villous; outer phyllaries green, lanceolate, reflexed; inner phyllaries linear, basally yellowish green, apically purplish red, apex reflexed. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous; inner pappus purple at base. Florets purplish red, 1.4--1.6 cm, limb 6--6.5 mm, tube 8--9.5 mm. Achene cylindric, 2--3 mm, densely white villous.

                * Mountain slopes; 5100--5200 m. SE Xizang.

                This species may possibly occur in Bhutan and Sikkim (Fl. Bhutan 2(3): 1441. 2001).

124. Saussurea souliei Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 3: 147. 1891.

披针叶风毛菊pi zhen ye feng mao ju

               Stems erect, strong, sparsely sericeous pubescent, fibrous, lacerate base. Leaves lanceolate, abaxially grayish white, base decurrent, margin sharply serrulate, apex acuminate. Capitula 20--30, densely arranged, ovoid, small. Phyllaries green, in 6--8 rows, linear-lanceolate, straight, basally leathery and apically herbaceous, abaxially pubescent, apex acuminate. Receptacle with scales; scales not longer than achene, ca. 3 X shorter than involucre. Pappus dirty white.

                * Sichuan.

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

125. Saussurea romuleifolia Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 339. 1888.

鸢尾叶风毛菊yuan wei ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 10--35 cm tall. Rhizomes fusiform, neck with brown fibrous residue. Stems erect, ribbed, villous mixed glandular puncts, base densely dark brown sericeous lanate. Basal leaves numerous. Stem leaves few. Leaves sessile, narrowly linear, 3--4.5 cm X 1--2 mm, rigid, abaxially sparsely grayish white pubescent,, adaxially glabrous entire, margin revolute, apex acute. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries purple apically and along margin, in 5 rows, margin entire or serrulate; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 1.3 X 0.3--0.4 cm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries broadly elliptic, ca. 2.5 X 0.4 cm, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 2.3 X 0.2 cm, apex long acuminate. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 2 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 1.2 cm. Achene 4--5 mm, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, forests, forest margins; 2200--4000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

126. Saussurea glanduligera Schultz-Bipontinus ex J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 371. 1881.

腺毛风毛菊xian mao feng mao ju

                Roots stout. Stems to 20 cm tall, branched, Basal leaves petiolate; petiole base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 2--4 cm, glandular pubescent, base and margin usually lanate, margin irregularly sinuate and toothed. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves. Capitulum solitary, 2.5--3.7 cm in diam., usually surrounding by linear leaves. Phyllaries lanceolate, erect, pubescent or lanate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus strigose; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets ca. 1.2 cm. Achene 4-sided, ca. 3 mm.

                Scree, grassland, rock crevices; 4900--5500 m. Xinjiang, Xizang [NW India, Kashmir, Pakistan].

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

127. Saussurea baicalensis (Adams) Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 47: 216. 1911.

大头风毛菊da tou feng mao ju

Liatris baicalensis Adams, Mem. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 115. 1817; Carphephorus baicalensis (Adams) de Candolle; Saussurea calobotrys Diels; Theodorea baicalensis (Adams) Kuntze.

                Herbs, perennial, 30--60 cm tall. Roots dark brown, strong. Stems erect, hirsute. Basal and lower stem leaves green, elliptic-lanceolate, 14–20 X 2--3.5 cm, scabrous, villous, base cuneate, margin sharply toothed, apex acute to acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves. Capitula numerous, large, densely racemose on stem, raceme 10--20 cm. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, subequal, lanceolate, 10--20 X 2--3 mm, abaxially, margin, or apically hirsute, apex acute to acuminate. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purple, tube ca. 1.1 cm, limb 3--4 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 4 mm, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

                Mountain peaks; 2200--3000 m. Hebei (Xiaowutai Shan) [Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].

128. Saussurea tibetica C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 242. 1894.

西藏风毛菊xi zang feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 10--16 cm tall. Stems straw-colored, ribbed, densely white villous. Leaves linear, 3--8 cm X 1--3 mm, grayish white villous, basal sheath amplexicaul, margin entire and revolute, apex acute. Capitula 2, apical terminal on stem and branch. Involucre obconic, 2--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries purple, in 4 rows; outer phyllaries oblong-ovate, ca. 8 X 3--5 mm, abaxially densely white villous, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 10--12 X 2--3 mm, abaxially white villous, apex acute to acuminate; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 11 X 1 mm, abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate. Pappus dirty white to pale yellowish brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous, 1--2 mm; inner pappus 7--8 mm. Florets purple, 9--11 mm, tube 6--7 mm, limb 3--4 mm. Achene obovate-oblong, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Mountain slopes; 3400--4700 m. Qinghai, N Xizang.

129. Saussurea brunneopilosa Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 651. 1937.

异色风毛菊yi se feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 7--45 cm tall. Rhizomes branched, neck with fibrous lacerate residue of sheath. Stems erect, simple, densely white villous. Branches sterile and fertile. Basal leaves sessile, narrowly linear, 3--10(--15) cm X ca. 1 mm, abaxially densely white sericeous, adaxially glabrous, basally enlarged and sheathing stem, margin entire and involute. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem with numerous and exceeding capitula and stellate upper most stem leaves at fruiting base. Involucre subspherical, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries brown, in 4 rows, abaxially white villous; outer phyllaries ovate-elliptic, ca. 11 X 3 mm, apex brownish purple, long acuminate, and recurvate; middle phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2 mm, apex purple; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 20--30 X ca. 1 mm, abaxially purple. Pappus yellowish brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous, 1.5--2 mm; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.4 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene pyramidal, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * By trails, shade places on mountain slopes; 2900--4900 m. Gansu, Qinghai.

130. Saussurea leucophylla Shrenk, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 10: 354. 1842.

白叶风毛菊bai ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 3--12 cm tall. Rhizomes with brown fibrous residue of old leaves. Stems purple, erect, densely sericeous. Basal leaves many, dense. Stem leaves few. Leaves narrowly linear, 3--8 cm X 1--2 mm, grayish white lanate, base enlarged and sheathing stem, margin entire and involute, apex acuminate. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre obconic, ca. 3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries purple, ovate, ca. 5 X 5 mm, apex caudate-acuminate, abaxially white villous; inner phyllaries purple, linear-lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm. Pappus yellowish brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube equal in length to limb. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 2 mm, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                Mountain slopes; 2600--4000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, W Mongolia, Russia (Siberia), Tajikistan].

131. Saussurea loriformis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 114. 1913.

带叶风毛菊dai ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, fascicled, 10--15 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, densely covered with dark brown sheath residue. Stems erect, grayish white, lanate. Basal leaves and stem leaves linear, 2--8 X 0.3--0.4 cm, thin, papery, abaxially grayish white densely lanate, adaxially brownish or yellow and lanate, base enlarged and sheathing stem, margin entire and subrevolute, apex obtuse. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, 2--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows; outer phyllaries subulate-lanceolate, ca. 8 X 2 mm, abaxially with long and straight hairs, apically reflexed; middle phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 2 mm, abaxially densely covered with long and straight hairs, apically reflexed, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, abaxially densely covered with long and straight hairs, apex acuminate. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets pale reddish purple, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 3 mm. Achene black, ca. 2.6 mm, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                * Alpine deserts, grassy slopes, thickets; 4100--5100 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

132. Saussurea graminifolia Wallich ex de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 536. 1838.

密毛风毛菊mi mao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 10--20 cm tall. Rhizomes branched, with sterile shoots and flowering stems. Stems erect, densely white lanate. Basal leaves narrowly linear, 5--14 cm X 1--2 mm, abaxially grayish white and densely white lanate, adaxially glabrous, margin entire, base somewhat wide and sheathlike, margin revolute, apex acuminate. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves, reflexed, basally enlarged to a purple membranous sheath. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre subspherical, ca. 2.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially lanate; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 7 X 2 mm, apex purple, long acuminate, and reflexed; middle phyllaries lanceolate, 9--1.5 mm; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 10 X 1 mm. Pappus pale yellowish brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 1--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purple, 1.8--2 cm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Grassland on mountain slopes, grassland near gravel beaches; 4500--4600 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, NW India, Kashmir, Nepal].

133. Saussurea rockii J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 211. 1934.

显鞘风毛菊 xian qiao feng mao ju

               Herbs, perennial, 10--12 cm tall, fascicled. Stems purplish red, erect, sparsely villous, with densely residue of old leaves. Leaves rigid, leathery, abaxially pale gray and sparsely sericeous tomentose, adaxially green or tinged with yellow, glabrous, and nitid. Basal leaves dense, linear, 5--6.5 cm X 3--5 mm, base enlarged and sheathing stem, margin revolute and entire or rarely sparsely small toothed, apex acute. Stem leaves few, similar to basal leaves. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially densely to sparsely villous; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 13 X 3 mm, base black to blackish green, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 14--16 X 2--3 mm, black to blackish green above middle or apically; inner phyllaries broadly linear, ca. 15 X 2 mm, apex long acuminate. Pappus dirty brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, ca. 2.8 mm, simple; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene brown, ca. 2.6 mm, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. May--Oct.

                * Rocky slopes; 2700--3900 m. Yunnan (Gongshan Xian, Lijiang Xian).

134. Saussurea graminea Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 509. 1903.

禾叶风毛菊he ye feng mao ju

Saussurea graminea Dum var. ortholepis Handel-Mazzetti; S. lanicaulis Handel-Mazztti; S. poophylla Diels; S. romuleifolia Franchet var. ortholepis (Handel-Mazzetti) Handel-Mazzetii ex S. Y. Hu.

                Herbs, perennial, 3--25 cm tall. Rhizomes many branched, neck with brown fibrous residue of old sheaths and with sterile and fertile stems. Stems erect, densely sericeous pubescent. Basal leaves narrowly linear, 3--15 cm X 1--3 mm, abaxially densely tomentose, adaxially sparsely sericeous pubescent or subglabrous, base sheathing stem, margin entire and revolute, apex acuminate. Stem leaves few, similar to basal leaves but small. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--1.8 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, densely to sparsely sericeous-villous; inner phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, 10--12 X 2--3 mm, apex long acuminate and reflexed; middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2 mm; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 12 X 1 mm. Pappus pale yellowish brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 1--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 9 mm. Achene cylindric, 3--4 mm, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, meadows, grassland on flooded areas, thickets; 3400--5400 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Ninglang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

135. Saussurea tuoliensis G. M. Shen, Coll. Bot. Pap. Xinjiang 112. 1991.

托里风毛菊tuo li feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 50--100 cm tall. Stems erect, ribbed, racemose branched, apically densely covered with coarse hairs and glandular hairs and with dark black residue of sheathes. Leaves green, densely glandular hairy and sparsely villous. Basal and lower stem leaves with winged petiole to 10 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 20--40 X 5--7 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin serrulate, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves sessile, elliptic to lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula 6 or 7, apically on stem, racemose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm in diam. Phyllaries black brown, in 4 rows, glabrous or abaxially sparsely villous; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 9 X 4 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 13--15 X 2--3 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, ca. 18 X 2 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, simple; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purple, 1.4--1.5 cm, tube 5--7 mm, limb 8--9 mm. Achene cylindric, 5--6 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Mountain slopes; 2000--2800 m. Xinjiang.

136. Saussurea sylvatica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 495. 1881.

林生风毛菊lin sheng feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 34--82 cm tall. Rhizomes with fibrous-laciniate residue of old leaves. Stems purple, erect, apically white sericeous. Leaves with 3--5 cm petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, 7--13 X 0.8--2 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, margin toothed, apex obtuse to rarely acuminate. Capitula solitary or numerous and corymbose or paniculate. Involucre spherical, 2--5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries ovate-elliptic, ca. 6 X 2 mm, abaxially glabrous, margin and midvein purple, apex acute; middle phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm, abaxially white sericeous, margin purple, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm, apex acuminate. Florets purple, ca. 1.9 cm, tube ca. 1 cm, limb ca. 9 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                * Shaded places in grassland, mountain slopes; 2100--4500 m. Gansu, Hebei (Xiaowutai Shan), Qinghai, Shanxi.

1a. Capitula numerous, corymbose or paniculate ...............................................................................  136a. var. sylvatica

1b. Capitulum solitary at end of stem ...............................................................................  136b. var. hiaowutaishanensis

136a. Saussurea sylvatica var. sylvatica

林生风毛菊 lin sheng feng mao ju

Saussurea grumgrshimailoi C. Winkler ex Breitschneider.

                Capitula numerous, corymbose or paniculate arranged. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                * Shaded places in grassland; 2100--4500 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shanxi.

136b. Saussurea sylvatica var. hiaowutaishanensis (F. H. Chen) Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 76(4): 87. 1979.

川五台山风毛菊chuan wu tai shan feng mao ju

Saussurea hsiaowutaishanensis F. H. Chen, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 5: 85. 1934.

                Capitulum 1, solitary at end of stem. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 2500 m. Hebei (Xiaowutai Shan).

137. Saussurea sordida Korelin & Kirilow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 389. 1842.

污花风毛菊wu hua feng mao ju

Saussurea pycnocephala Ledebour var. sordida (Karelin & Kirilow) Herder; S. russowii C. Winkler; S. sordida var. oligocephala C. Winkler ex Lipschitz.

                Herbs, perennial, to 60 cm tall. Rhizomes apex with fibrous, with lacerate residue of old sheath. Stem solitary, erect, unbranched or branched, with rigid hairs, sometimes glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole winged, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade broadly lanceolate, ovate, or oblong-ovate, 20--35 X 2--7 cm, with rigid hairs especially along veins in abaxial surfaces or rarely glabrous, adaxially scabrous echinulate, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves gradually small. Capitula usually numerous and corymbosely paniculate, rarely 1 or few. Involucre 2--2.5 cm in diam., glabrous or with rigid hairs. Phyllaries lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, addressed, margin sparsely blackish brown- or rarely green echinulate, apex acuminate; outer phyllaries subequal or shorter than inner phyllaries. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus 1--4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 1--1.5 cm. Florets reddish purple, 1.4--1.5 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb 8--9 mm. Achene flesh-colored, ca. 6 mm, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                Meadows, gravel mountain slopes; 2100--2800 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan].

138. Saussurea semifasciata Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 60: 100. 1923.

锯叶风毛菊 ju ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 24--67 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, long branched from middle or unbranched, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, with sinuate-lobate wing, with lacerate residue of old sheath base. Leaves sessile, pale green, lanceolate, 8--12 X 1--1.5 cm, glabrous, base decurrent to stem-wing, margin serrulate, apex acute to obtuse. Inflorescences supported by upper stem leaves. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or terminally densely corymbose. Involucre broadly campanulate, 2--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries black, in 4 rows, margin white lanate; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 4.5 X 2.8 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries long elliptic, ca. 9 X 4 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 18 X 2.1 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 1 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.4 cm. Florets red, ca. 1.2 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 3 mm. Achene 4-sided, ca. 3 mm, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Forests, thickets; 3800--4800 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

139. Saussurea sobarocephala Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(Beibl. 82): 108. 1905.

昂头风毛菊ang tou feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Stems erect, with numerous fibrous lacerate residue of old leaves, sparsely white pubescent near apex. Lower and middle stem leaves green, sessile, lanceolate-oblong, 8--12 X 1--2 cm, glabrous, base decurrent to stem-wings, margin serrulate, apex acute. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, apex long acuminate. Capitula 2--11, corymbose. Involucre spherical-campanulate, 2--3.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries usually black, in 4 rows, margin arachnoid, apex acuminate; outer phyllaries ovate-triangular to oblong, ca. 10 X 5 mm, usually with a green herbaceous apical appendage; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, apical appendage herbaceous and acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purple, ca. 1.6 cm. Achene cylindric, 5--6 mm, ribbed, apex with a fimbriate coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Forest margins, grassland of mountain slopes; 1900--3600 m. Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.

6. Saussurea subgen. Saussurea sect. Cyathidium (Lindley ex Royle) Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 6: 89. 1949.

羽裂组 yu lie zu

Cyathidium Lindley ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 251. 1835; Saussurea sect. Acaule monocephalae C. B. Clarke; Saussurea sect. Acaules J. D. Hooker; Saussurea sect. Chaetocline Franchet; Saussurea subgen. Eusaussurea J. D. Hooker sect. Caulescentesi J. D. Hooker; Saussurea sect. Lagurostemon (Cassini) de Candolle subsect. Acaulescentes (J. D. Hooker) Nakai; Saussurea sect. Lagurostemon subsect.Cyathidium Lindley; Saussurea sect. Nepalenses Kitamura; Saussurea sect. Saussurea  subsect. Acules (J. D. Hooker) Kitamura; Saussurea sect. Strictae C. B. Clarker; Saussurea sect. Taraxacolia Lipschitz.

                Herbs, tall or short. Stems developments, ± foliate or scapiform. Leaves concolorous or not, usually rigid, thick or leathery, usually pinnately cleft to pinnatisect. Capitulum 1(--3), sometimes ± numerous. Phyllaries in many rows, imbricate, glabrous or pubescent. Receptacle with or without scales. Pappus white or brown, usually in 2 rows; outer pappus short, deciduous, scabrous or rarely plumose; inner pappus long, plumose.  Achene many-ribbed, smooth or transversely rugose, glabrous.

                About 46 species: China, NW India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim; 39 species (32  endemic) in China.

1a. Plants stemless or substemless herbs.

2a. Leaf blade margin entire, sinuolate, or shallowly crenate.

3a. Capitula large; involucre 2--3 cm in diam. ............................................................................................  166. S. arenaria

3b. Capitula small; involucre 0.8--2 cm in diam.

4a. Leaf blade spatulate to oblanceolate, margin entire ...............................  78. S. cochlearifolia (see sect. Acaules).

4b. Leaf blade oblong to obovate, margin sinuolate or shallowly crenate ..........................  167. S. dschungdienensis

2b. Leaf blade pinnate, margin sometimes sinuate or toothed.

5a. Leaf blade bipinnatisect ..................................................................................................................  168. S. lavrenkoana

5b. Leaf blade pinnate.

6a. Leaf blade white tomentose.

7a. Upper part of rhizome with blackish brown residue of old leaf ................................................  169. S. andryaloides

7b. Upper part of rhizome without blackish brown residue of old leaf ...............................................  170. S. stoliczkae

6b. Leaf blade glabrous, adaxially glandular hairy or strigose, strigose, pubescent, tomentose or abaxially glabrous.

8a. Leaf blade abaxially yellow tomentose .......................................................................................  171. S. ochrochlaena

8b. Leaf blade glabrous or abaxially white tomentose.

9a. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous ............................................................................................................  172. S. flavovirens

9b. Leaf blade abaxially white tomentose.

10a. Achene not transversely rugose.

11a. Lateral lobes of leaf 9--11-paired .....................................................................................................  177. S. kansuensis

11b. Lateral lobes of leaf 3- or 4-paired ...............................................................................................  178. S. brachylepsis

10b. Achene transversely rugose.

12a. Leaf blade adaxially glandular hairy.

13a. Leaf blade linear, 3--7 mm wide, runcinately divided, lobes triangular ...................................  173. S. nyalamensis

13b. Leaf blade oblanceolate to oblong oblanceolate, 8--12 mm, pinnate, lobes suborbicular .......  174. S. nimborum

12b. Leaf blade adaxially strigose.

14a. Leaf blade lateral lobes 4- or 5-paired; involucre 0.8--1.3 cm in diam. ...........................................  175. S. ceterach

14b. Leaf blade lateral lobes 8--12-paired; involucre 1.5--3 cm in diam. ..................................  176. S. leontodontoides

1b. Stems developmental, sometimes tall, sometimes short.

15a. Leaf blade concolorous, glabrous or subglabrous, but adaxially sparsely glandular punctate, or grayish white and sparsely lanate, abaxially densely tomentose.

16a. Stems and peduncle with multicellular-nodiferous hairs ................................................................  140. S. scabrida

16b. Stems and peduncle arachnoid or strigose, rarely lanate.

17a. Leaf blade undivided, ovate-triangular, margin incised .......................................................................  141. S. incisa

17b. Leaf blade pinnate.

18a. Plants to 3.5 cm tall; achene transversely rugose .....................................  68. S. andersoni (see sect. Depressae)

18b. Plants 14--80 cm tall; achene not transversely rugose.

19a. Leaf blade pinnatisect, lateral segment linear, margin entire; achene pubescent ............................  144. S. henryi

19b. Leaf blade runcinately pinnately cleft, lateral lobes narrowly triangular-falcate, semiorbicular, or triangular, margin toothed; achene glabrous.

20a. Leaf blade lateral lobes triangular ...............................................................................................  142. S. taraxacifolia

20b. Leaf blade lateral lobes narrowly-triangular or semiorbicular .....................................................  143. S. nepalensis

15b. Leaf blade adaxially green, glabrous, subglabrous, sparsely pubescent, or lanate, abaxially white, densely white-tomentose, arachnoid or lanate.

21a. Capitula numerous, aggregate at end of stem.

22a. Perennial cushion plants, 1--4 cm tall; leaf blade rigid, 3--7 cm .................................................  165. S. salwinensis

22b. Tall herbs; stems (6--)15--60 cm tall; leaf blade soft, (3.5--)6--18 cm.

23a. Involucre glabrous ...............................................................................................................................  162. S. lingulata

23b. Involucre sparsely villous.

24a. Involucre 0.8--1.2 cm in diam. ........................................................................................................  163. S. likiangensis

24b. Involucre 0.6--0.8 cm in diam. .........................................................................................................  164. S. przewalskii

21b. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or 2.

25a. Leaf blade bipinnate.

26a. Plants 10--48 cm tall; stems densely brown tomentose; phyllaries yellow tomentose .............  145. S. centiloba

26b. Plants 3--5 cm tall; stem arachnoid; phyllaries abaxially glabrous ................................................  146. S. colpodes

25b. Leaf blade pinnate or undivided.

27a. Leaf blade undivided, margin small toothed ..............................................................................  147. S. yunnanensis

27b. Leaf blade pinnate.

28a. Leaf blade ± pubescence or tomentose, rarely adaxially glandular hairy or arachnoid, margin strigose.

29a. Receptacle without scales; leaf blade lyrately pinnately lobed, lobe margins subserrate; capitula small; involucre 2--3 cm in diam. ...................................................................................................................................  160. S. porphyroleuca

29b. Receptacle with scales; leaf blade pinnate; lobe margins serrate; capitula large; involucre 2.5--3.5 cm ..  161. S. pachyneura

28b. Leaf blade glabrous, pubescent, or glandular hairy, adaxially strigose or arachnoid.

30a. Leaf blade green, adaxially glabrous.

31a. Achene transversely rugose ...........................................................................................................  159. S. irregularis

31b. Achene not transversely rugose.

32a. Achene apex with a coronule .....................................................................................................  156. S. purpurascens

32b. Achene apex without a coronule.

33a. Stems stout, ca. 5 mm in diam. base; capitula large; involucre 2.5--3 cm in diam., densely villous  157. S. wardii

33b. Stems slender, 2--3 mm in diam. base; capitula small; involucre 1.7--2 cm in diam.

34a. Involucre ca. 1.7 cm in diam., glabrous or sparsely villous ..........................................................  158. S. leptolepis

34b. Involucre ca. 2 cm in diam., slightly densely villous ................................................................  147. S. yunnanensis

30b. Leaf blade pubescent, glandular hairy, strigose or arachnoid, rarely adaxially glabrous.

35a. Leaf blade pinnately parted below middle or sinuolate.

36b. Phyllaries leathery, abaxially glabrous or arachnoid ..............................................................  155. S. subulisquama

36b. Phyllaries herbaceous, abaxially sparsely villous.

37a. Leaf blade margin sinuolate .............................................................................................................  153. S. limprichtii

37b. Leaf blade pinnately parted or subpinnatisect ..............................................................................  154. S. semilyrata

35b. Leaf blade lateral lobes evenly arranged along rachis.

38a. Leaf blade margin sinuolate or pinnately lobed.

39a. Achene transversely rugose, apex with coroniform rim ........................................................  151. S. lhunzhubensis

39b. Achene not transversely rugose, apex without coroniform rim ....................................................  152. S. paleacea

38b. Leaf blade pinnately parted or pinnatisect.

40a. Achene apex with coroniform rim .......................................................................................................  150. S. coriacea

40b. Achene apex without coroniform rim.

41a. Leaf blade lateral lobes 4--7-paired, margin entire ..................................................................  148. S. polypodioides

41b. Leaf blade lateral lobes 9--11-paired, margin toothed .............................................................  149. S. rhytidocarpa

140. Saussurea scabrida Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 3: 146. 1891.

糙毛风毛菊cao mao feng mao ju

Saussurea leontodon Dunn; S. pseudoleontodon F. H. Chen.

                Herbs, perennial, 30--60 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending, with residue of petioles. Stems erect, densely covered with pale brown multicellular nodiferous hairs. Leaves green, with multicellular nodiferous hairs. Basal leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 10--23 X 1.5--4.5 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin runcinately pinnately parted; lobes margin mucronate-toothed; lateral lobes 3--12-paired, triangular,  gradually smaller towards both ends. Stem leaves similar and same in division as basal leaves, but gradually smaller towards stem apex. Uppermost stem leaves sessile, usually lanceolate, base semiamplexicaul, margin toothed. Capitulum solitary; peduncle with multicellular nodiferous hairs. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially densely villous or with multicellular nodiferous hairs; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 16 X 3.5--4 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 15 X 3.5 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 18 X 1--1.5 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 3.5--5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 3 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 6 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Thickets, forests, forest margins, meadows; 2700--4200 m. W Sichuan, E and SE Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

141. Saussurea incisa F. H. Chen, Bull. Fan. Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 96. 1935.

锐裂风毛菊rui lei feng mao ju

                Stems slender, sparsely strigose, shortly paniculately branched, branches slender. Lower stem leaves long petiolate; leaf blade ovate-triangular, 4--8 X 3--6 cm, papery, glabrous, margin incised-toothed, teeth wide and triangular, apex mucronate. Upper stem leaves linear-lanceolate, 1--3 X 0.2--0.8 mm. Capitula 1--1.5 X 0.5--1.4 cm, paniculately corymbose, Involucre ovoid-cylindric. Phyllaries in 4 rows, glabrous, apex acuminate; outer phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus 1/2 length of inner. Florets campanulate. Achene glabrous. Fl. and fr. Oct.

                * Grassland slopes, thickets. Hebei.

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

142. Saussurea taraxacifolia Wallich ex de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 532. 1838.

蒲公英风毛菊pu gong ying feng mao ju

                ?Cyathidium taraxacifolium Lindley ex Royle.

                Herbs, perennial, 20--50 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, neck with dark brown residue of petioles. Stems erect or somewhat curved, lanate. Basal leaves long petiolate; leaf blade oblong, 5--15 X 1--1.8 cm, base attenuate, margin runcinately pinnate, apex acuminate; lobes triangular, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially sparsely lanate, margin mucronate-toothed. Stem leaves 4 or 5, small. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem, 2--3.5 cm in diam. Involucre subglobose, 1.6--1.8 cm, pubescent. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries blackish green, lanceolate, 12--15 X 2--3 mm, apex sometimes revolute; inner phyllaries straw-colored but apically blackish green, broadly linear, ca. 16 X 3 mm, pubescent. Pappus pale brown, 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets ca. 2 cm. Achene cylindric, 4--4.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Thickets; 3800--4700 m. C Xizang [Bhutan, NW Indian, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].

143. Saussurea nepalensis Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 3: 380. 1826.

尼泊尔风毛菊ni bo er feng mao ju

Aplotaxis nepalensis (Sprengel) de Candolle; Saussurea chapmannii C. E. C. Fischer; S. eriostemon Wallich ex C. B. Clarke; Theodorea taraxacifolia Kuntze.

                Herbs. Stem solitary or didymous, slender, glabrous or apically sparsely lanate, with fibrous lacerate residue of petiole bases. Basal leaves few or numerous; petiole 1--7 cm; leaf blade oblong to oblanceolate-oblong, 4--18 X 1.3--3 cm, margin runcinately pinnately cleft; lateral lobes opposite or alternate, narrowly triangular to semiorbicular, ca. 1.2 X 1.2 cm, gradually smaller towards apex, margin mucronate-toothed or mucronate-lobed apex acute. Stem leaves 1 or 2, small, similar to basal leaves. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows; outer phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 4 mm, apically blackish green to purple-blue, apex acute and reflexed; inner phyllaries ca. 19 X 3 mm, apical half blackish purple, apex acute to acuminate. Pappus brown in 2 rows, plumose; outer pappus ca. 3 mm; inner pappus ca. 1.8 cm. Florets purple. Achene oblong, 3.5--4.5 mm, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                River valleys, by trails; 3700--4200 m. Xizang (Yadong Xian) [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

144. Saussurea henryi Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 311. 1892.

巴东风毛菊ba dong feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 14--80 cm tall. Rhizomes short, stems slender, solitary, simple or branched, arachnoid tomentose or apically subglabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or sparsely strigose. Basal leaves petiole; petiole 1--3.3 cm, base enlarged and semiamplexicaul; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 7--12.5 X 2.5--4.5 cm, pinnatisect; segments 6--11-paired, linear, evenly distributed along rachis. Lower and middle stem leaves with 0.5--2 cm petiole; leaf blade similar and same in division as basal leaves but gradually smaller apically on stem. Upper stem leaves linear, apex scale-shaped. Capitula 1--3, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, sparsely arachnoid or glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 10 X 5 mm, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 4 X 1 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 11 X 8 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus pale yellow-white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 8 mm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene black, obconic, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Forest, rocky slopes; 2000--2800 m. Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

145. Saussurea centiloba Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 57: 144. 1920.

百裂风毛菊bai lie feng mao ju

Saussurea leveillei F. H. Chen; S. vaniotii H. Léveillé.

                Herbs, perennial, 10--48 cm tall. Rhizomes unbranched, neck with dark brown fibrous residue of petioles. Stem solitary, simple, densely brownish yellow tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves numerous; petiole 1--6 cm; leaf blade linear, 8--21 X 1.5--2 cm, bipinnately parted or bipinnatisect; primary lobes numerous, 10--15-paired; ultimate lobes with obtuse apex. Stem leaves few, similar and same in division as basal leaves. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5--7 rows; outer phyllaries purple, linear-lanceolate, ca. 6 X 1--1.2 mm, abaxially yellow tomentose, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries lanceolate purple, ca. 12 X 1.8 mm, densely yellow tomentose, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly purple, lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm, abaxially densely yellow tomentose, apex obtuse. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus 3.5--4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 1.5--1.7 cm. Florets pale purplish red, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 2 mm. Achene unknown. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Forest margins, thickets, grassland; 3200--4200 m. Sichuan, NW Yunnan.

146. Saussurea colpodes Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 104. 1981.

鞘基风毛菊qiao ji feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 3--5 cm tall. Rhizomes long, with dark brown residue of petioles. Stems erect, arachnoid. Leaves rosular; petiole 2--3.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly oblong, 6--15 X 1.5--2 cm, abaxially densely white lanate, adaxially with nodiferous glandular hairs, base enlarged to a sheath, pinnately parted, apex acute; lobes subovate, pinnate, pinnules margin revolute. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, 2.2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows; outer phyllaries pale brown on yellowish green but apically green, lanceolate, herbaceous, scarious, reflexed. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 1.1--1.2 cm, plumose; inner pappus 1.5--1.7 cm. Florets bluish purple, 2.2--2.5 cm, tube 1--1.2 cm, limb 8--10 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, 3--4.5 mm, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Forest margins, by trails; 3300--3400 m. N Xizang.

147. Saussurea yunnanensis Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 340. 1888.

云南风毛菊yun nan feng mao ju

Saussurea mairei H. Léveillé; S. yunnanensis var. integrifolia Franchet; S. yunnanensis var. runcinata Franchet; S. yunnanensis var. sessilifolia J. Anthony; S. vaginata Dunn.

                Herbs, perennial, 12--25 cm tall, densely or sparsely arachnoid or tomentose, densely covered with blackish brown sometimes fibrous lacerate residue of petioles. Leaves abaxially grayish white and thin arachnoid or densely tomentose, adaxially green or reddish brown when dry and glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves dense, numerous or few; petiole 1.5--2(--4) cm, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, narrowly, or broadly linear, 3--9(--15) X 0.2--1.5 cm, runcinately pinnately lobed or pinnately parted, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; lateral lobes 6- or 7-paired, linear or obliquely narrowly triangular, larger at middle, gradually smaller towards both ends; terminal lobe linear. Middle and upper stem leaves similar and same in division to base and lower stem leaves or undivided. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre narrowly ovoid, ca. 2 cm in diam., densely villous. Phyllaries 5 rows, apically purplish red; outer phyllaries subulate-triangular, ca. 12 X 1 mm, apex long acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate, 10--13 X ca. 1.4 mm, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, ca. 15 X 1.5--2 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus 4 mm, plumose; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Stone precipices, grassland, gravelly mountain slopes, forests; 2300--4300 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

148. Saussurea polypodioides J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 209. 1934.

水龙骨风毛菊 shui long gu feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 14--20 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, slender, densely white tomentose, glabrescent. Basal leaves with 2--4.5 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 5--10 X 1--2.5 cm, runcinately pinnately parted; lateral lobes 4--7-paired, obliquely triangular, margin entire, apex acute and mucronate; terminal lobe lanceolate to triangular, apex acute mucronate or not mucronate. Stem leaves few or almost absent, sessile, linear, ca. 4 cm X 2 mm. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green and sparsely pubescent. Capitulum solitary at end of stem. Involucre campanulate to funnel-shaped, 1.5--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, rigid, abaxially sparsely white villous; outer phyllaries subulate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2 mm, apex subulate and long acuminate; middle phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, ca. 15 X 2 mm, apex long subulate-acuminate; inner phyllaries long subulate-elliptic, ca. 17 X 2 mm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3.2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Nov.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, thickets; 2800--4100 m. Xizang, Yunnan (Dali Xian, Dêqên Xian, Lijiang Xian).

149. Saussurea rhytidocarpa Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 331. 1938.

皱果风毛菊zou guo feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 7--13 cm tall. Rhizomes short, neck with dark brown residue of old leaves. Stems erect, purple, densely tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and later blackish purple with sparsely glandular hairs. Basal leaves with 0.5--1.5 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 3--8 X 0.3--0.6 cm, pinnately parted or pinnatisect; lateral lobes 9--11-paired, oblong to ovate, margin sharply triangular-toothed. Stem leaves few, petiolate; leaf blade small, similar and same in division as basal leaves. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, 1.2--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries purple, in 5 rows, tomentose; outer phyllaries linear, ca. 12 X 1 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 17 X 1.8 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 1.6 mm, scabrous; inner ca. 1 cm. Florets purple. Achene narrowly elliptic, 3--4 mm, transversely rugose, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Forests; 3700--3900 m. Sichuan.

150. Saussurea coriacea Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 101. 1981.

黄苞风毛菊ge bao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 15--20 cm tall. Rhizomes obliquely ascending, neck with blackish brown residue of old petioles and with sterile stems and flowering stems. Stems purplish red, erect, white arachnoid lanate. Leaves 5 or 6; petiole purplish red, 1--2.5 cm, arachnoid lanate; leaf blade narrowly oblong, 5--10 X 1--1.5 cm, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially glandular hairy, base enlarged and sheathlike, margin pinnately parted, apex acuminate; lobes oblong, margin mucronate-toothed and revolute. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, 1.2--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries dark purplish red, in 4 or 5 rows, lanceolate, basally brownish yellow and rounded, margin arachnoid lanate and leathery, apex acuminate. Pappus pale yellowish brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purple, 2--2.4 cm, tube ca. 1.1 cm, limb ca. 9 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 4 mm, apex with coroniform edge. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Terraces; ca. 3800 m. N Xizang.

151. Saussurea lhunzhubensis Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 100. 1981.

林周风毛菊lin zhou feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 4--6 cm tall. Rhizomes branched, with brown residue of old petioles. Stems erect, arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purplish red, 1.5--2 cm, base enlarged; leaf blade lanceolate to oblanceolate, 5--8 X 0.4--1.2 cm, papery, base attenuate, margin entire or pinnately lobed, apex acuminate and mucronate; lobes abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially green, densely pubescent, and sparsely arachnoid, apex mucronate. Stem leaves linear, small. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, 2--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries pale brown but apically sometimes green, lanceolate, leathery, arachnoid, margin purplish red; inner phyllaries straw-colored but apically purplish red, linear. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purplish red, ca. 2 cm, tube 9.5--10 mm, limb 8--9 mm. Achene oblong, 3--5 mm, transversely rugose, apex with coroniform edge. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Sandy grassland on mountain slopes; 4000--4600 m. C Xizang.

152. Saussurea paleacea Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 99. 1981.

糠粃风毛菊kang pi mao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 5--10 cm tall. Rhizomes neck with brown residue of old leaves and with short sterile and fertile stems. Stems erect, with glandular hairs. Leaves green abaxially densely grayish white tomentose, adaxially strigose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2--3.5 cm, with glandular hairs; leaf blade oblong, 5--8 X 1.4--2 cm, base attenuate, margin subentire, sinuolate, and rarely irregularly coarsely toothed with teeth apically mucronate, apex acuminate and mucronate. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries yellowish green or slightly purplish red, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 3 mm, densely pubescent, margin black-purplish red, apically herbaceous and reflexed; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 14 X 2 mm, scarious. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purple, ca. 2.6 cm, tube 1.2--1.3 cm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene cylindric, 3--3.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Grassy slopes; 4300--4400 m. E Xizang.

153. Saussurea limprichtii Diels ex H. Limpricht, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 512. 1922.

巴塘风毛菊 ba tang feng mao ju

                Stems to 15 cm tall. Leaves attenuate to petiole; petiole 2.5--5 cm; leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate, 6--9 X ca. 1.5 cm, abaxially densely glandular hairy and grayish white tomentose, margin sinuolate. Uppermost stem leaves reduced, linear-lanceolate. Capitula solitary, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries lanceolate, sparsely pubescent, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 2700--5100 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

154. Saussurea semilyrata Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 5: 76. 1891.

半琴叶风毛菊ban qin ye feng mao ju

Saussurea stoetzneriana Diels; S. viridibracteata F. H. Chen.

                Herbs, perennial, 24--50 cm tall. Rhizomes obliquely ascending, densely covered with blackish brown residue of old petioles. Stem solitary, erect, striate, densely or sparsely white lanate. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green and glandular hairy. Basal leaves with 2.5--3.5 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, 7--14 X 2.5--4 cm, pinnately parted or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes 6--9(or 10)-paired, ovate-triangular, margin toothed or entire, apex acute to obtuse; terminal lobe broadly triangular to hastate, small. Stem leaves 2--4, sessile, similar and same in division as basal leaves. Leaves under capitula linear, undivided, margin entire. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2(--2.5) cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, herbaceous, sparsely villous, basally brownish yellow, margin and apically purplish brown; outer phyllaries lineolate, ca. 12 X 2 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 9 X 3 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries elliptic to broadly linear, 11--13 X 1--2 mm, apex acute. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 8 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Forest margins, forests, thickets, grassland; 3200--4200 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

155. Saussurea subulisquama Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 326. 1938.

尖苞风毛菊jian bao feng mao ju

Saussurea kokonorensis Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, (5--)7--18 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, neck densely covered with blackish brown sometimes fibrous lacerate residue of old petioles. Stems erect, densely arachnoid, sometimes glabrescent. Basal leaves with 4--7 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 7--15 X 2.5--3 cm, pinnately parted or pinnately lobed; lateral lobes 4--7-paired, concentrated towards middle of leaf, ovate to triangular, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse and mucronate; terminal lobe large. Stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade same in division as basal leaves. Leaves green, abaxially thinly grayish white arachnoid tomentose, adaxially glabrous. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, leathery, sparsely arachnoid to subglabrous; outer phyllaries lanceolate, 12--14 X ca. 3 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate, 15--17 X ca. 3 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries broadly linear, ca. 22 X 1.8 mm, apex shortly acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 1.4 cm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland; 2400--4600 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan.

156. Saussurea purpurascens Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 105. 1981.

紫苞风毛菊zi bao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 5 cm tall. Rhizomes obliquely ascending, with brown residue of old petioles. Stems erect, pubescent. Leaves green, rosular, sessile, linear, 4--9 X 0.3--0.8 cm, runcinately pinnate, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially glabrous, apex acute and mucronate; lobes narrowly triangular, margin subrevolute, apex mucronate. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre broadly campanulate to globose, ca. 2.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries purplish red, ovate-lanceolate, 13--14 X ca. 4 mm, leathery, glabrous, margin dark purplish red, apically green, herbaceous,  and reflexed; inner phyllaries pale green but apically purple, linear, ca. 17 X 02 mm, scabrous. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 0.8--1 cm; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 1 cm. Achene cylindric, ca. 2 mm, apex with deeply-brown coroniform edge. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Thickets on mountain slopes; ca. 4200 m. Xizang (Dongya Xian).

157. Saussurea wardii J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 216. 1934.

川滇风毛菊chuan dian feng mao ju

Saussurea graminicola F. H. Chen.

                Herbs, perennial, 18--25 cm tall. Stem solitary, purplish red, erect, stout, striate, sparsely to densely arachnoid or glabrous. Leaves green, abaxially grayish white arachnoid tomentose, adaxially glabrous. Basal leaves with 2--3 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to rarely oblanceolate, 6--8 X 1--2 cm, pinnately cleft or runcinately pinnately cleft base cuneate-attenuate to petiole base; lateral lobes 3--5-paired, ovate to rarely obliquely triangular, margin entire or 1- or 2-mucronate, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded and mucronate. Lower stem leaves similar and same in division as basal leaves or linear, margin sharply incised or rarely. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, 2.5--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, densely villous; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, ca. 9 X 2 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries narrowly triangular, ca. 11 X 1 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, 3--4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. and Aug--Nov.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 3500--4000 m. Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Weixi Xian).

158. Saussurea leptolepis Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 337. 1938.

薄苞风毛菊bao bao feng mao ju

Saussurea handeliana Y. Ling; S. incospicua Handel-Mazzetti; S. nodesta Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, 6--16 cm tall. Rhizome short, with dark brown residue of old petioles. Stem solitary, purple, erect, slender, densely or sparsely villous. Leaves purple with age, glabrous, abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green. Basal leaves with 1.5--2 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 2.5--5 X 0.7--1 cm, thin, pinnately lobed, base attenuate to petiole base; lateral lobes 3- or 4-paired, triangular, apex obtuse and mucronate. Stem leaves 1--2, linear to lanceolate, margin irregularly triangulate-toothed. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre funnel-shaped, ca. 1.7 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, apically sparsely villous; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 11 X 1 mm, apex long acuminate; middle phyllaries broadly lanceolate, ca. 13 X 3 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 19 X 1.7 mm, apex long acuminate.  Pappus yellowish brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2.2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 3 mm. Achene purplish red, cylindric, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Alpine meadows; 4200--4400 m. Sichuan.

159. Saussurea irregularis Y. L. Chen & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 106. 1981.

异裂风毛菊yi lie feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 5 cm tall. Rhizomes branched, densely covered with brown residue of old petioles. Stems short, white lanate. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate, 8--10 X 1--1.5 cm, pinnately parted, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially glabrous; lobes remote, divided or undivided, margin revolute. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--1.8 cm in diam. Phyllaries straw-colored to yellowish green, in 4 rows, margin purplish red or green; outer phyllaries lanceolate, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries linear. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purple, ca. 2 cm, tube ca. 1 cm, limb ca. 1 cm. Immature achene ca. 2.5 mm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 3800 m. S Xizang

160. Saussurea porphyroleuca Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 15. 1925.

紫白风毛菊 zi bai feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 4--12 cm tall. Rhizomes very short, with mat brown residue of old petioles. Stems erect, white arachnoid tomentose. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green and sparsely arachnoid or glabrous. Basal leaves numerous, subrosular; petiole purplish red, 2--4 cm, abaxially white arachnoid tomentose, base somewhat enlarged; leaf blade obovate-oblong to elliptic, 4–11 X 2--4 cm, margin lyrately pinnately lobed or obtusely toothed margin; lateral lobes (2 or)3--5-paired, ovate, obliquely obtusely triangular, or semiorbicular, margin sinuolate, apex obtuse to rounded and mucronate or not mucronate; terminal lobe ovate to narrowly ovate, large, margin subserrate or sinuolate. Stem leaf absent or very few, narrowly linear. Capitulum solitary in rosette leaves or at end of stem, large. Involucre campanulate to funnel-shaped, 2--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, apex acute; outer phyllaries linear, ca. 12 X 1 mm, abaxially apically arachnoid tomentose; middle phyllaries lanceolate, 14--17  X 2.5--3 mm, abaxially white arachnoid tomentose, apically mat purple; inner phyllaries broadly linear, ca. 22 X 2 mm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets dark purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 1 cm, limb ca. 8 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 2 mm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 3000--4200 m. Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Lijiang Xian).

161. Saussurea pachyneura Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 354. 1894.

东俄洛风毛菊 dong e luo feng mao ju

Saussurea bodinieri H. Léveillé; S. kunthiana Wallich ex C. B. Clark var. caulescens Kitamura; S. kunthiana var. major J. D. Hooker; S. sikangensis F. H. Chen.

                Herbs, perennial, 5--28 cm tall. Rhizomes branched or unbranched, with densely dark brown residue of old leaves. Stems erect, with brown glandular hairs or glabrous. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green and glandular hairy. Basal leaves rosular; petiole purplish red, 2--9 cm, arachnoid; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 5--28 X 1.5--4 cm, pinnatisect; lateral segments 6--11-paired, elliptic to ovate, margin unequally coarsely triangular-toothed. Stem leaves 1--3, similar and same in division as basal leaves but small. Capitulum solitary at end of stem. Involucre campanulate, 2.2--3.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, rigid, abaxially sparsely pubescent, basally straw-colored, margin purple, apically green; outer phyllaries oblong to lanceolate, ca. 7 X 2 mm, apex long acuminate and reflexed; middle phyllaries ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 15--17 X ca. 5 mm, apex acuminate and reflexed; inner phyllaries lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 20 X 3 mm, apex acuminate and mucronate. Pappus white slightly tinged with brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 1.1 cm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene brown, oblong, 3--3.5 mm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

               Mountain slopes, thickets, meadows, scree; 3200--4700 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N Myanmar, E Nepal, Sikkim].

162. Saussurea lingulata Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 10: 423. 1896.

小舌风毛菊xiao she feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 11--39 cm tall. Rhizomes branched or unbranched, densely covered with dark brown residue of petioles. Stems purplish red, erect, simple, arachnoid. Leaves green, abaxially grayish white and densely arachnoid, adaxially glabrous. Basal leaves numerous; petiole 2--7 cm, winged; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 3.5--8 X 1.5--2.5 cm, margin runcinately pinnately lobedm pinnately cleft, or obtusely toothed; lateral lobes 4--9-paired, obliquely triangular, margin entire, apex obtuse to acute and mucronate; terminal lobe triangular, margin entire, apex acute. Stem leaves few, sessile or subsessile, similar and same in division as basal leaves. Capitula 2--5, aggregated and terminal on stem, subsessile. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries green, in 5 rows, glabrous; outer and middle phyllaries lanceolate, 4--13 X 1--2 mm, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to linear, 15--16 X 1--1.5 mm, apex long acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets blackish purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube and limb each ca. 6 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Rock slopes, grassy slopes; 3000--4200 m. Sichuan, NW Yunnan.

163. Saussurea likiangensis Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 356. 1888.

丽江风毛菊li jiang feng mao ju

Saussurea cissioides Hemsley; S. giradii Diels; S. likiangensis var. integrifolia Handel-Mazzetti; S. likiangensis var. siningensis Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, 10--80 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, neck with mat brown residue of petioles. Stems erect, stout, white arachnoid lanate. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade narrowly oblong, 6--18 X 2--3 cm, pinnately lobed, abaxially densely white lanate, adaxially green and arachnoid or glabrous; lobes triangular to rarely oblong, margin entire or 1- or 2-toothed, apex mucronate. Stem leaves 2--5, shortly petiolate towards stem base, sessile towards stem apex. Uppermost stem leaves linear-lanceolate. Capitula 3--12, subsessile, aggregated at end of stem into globose 0.8--1.2 cm in diam. head. Involucre ovoid. Phyllaries purple, ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate, apically sparsely pubescent; outer phyllaries 7--8 X ca. 2 mm; inner phyllaries similar to outer. Pappus pale brown; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purple, 1.3--1.5 cm. Achene 2.5--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Forest margins, grassland, thickets; 3800--5100 m. Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

164. Saussurea przewalskii Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 494. 1881.

弯齿风毛菊wan chi feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, (6--)15--25 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, with brown residue of old sheath. Stems blackish purple, erect, stout, white arachnoid lanate. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely white arachnoid tomentose, adaxially green and arachnoid or glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 4--8 cm, winged, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 8--15 X 1--2 cm, pinnately lobed or pinnately cleft, base attenuate; lateral lobes 4--6-paired, triangulate, margin small-toothed, apex mucronate; terminal lobe triangulate, apex acute to obtuse. Stem leaves 3 or 4, similar and same in division to basal leaves, gradually smaller apically on stem, base attenuate to short petiole. Leaves under inflorescence sessile, linear-lanceolate, pinnately lobed or pinnately cleft. Capitula terminal on stem, 6--8, almost sessile, globose, small. Involucre ovoid, 6--8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries blackish purple, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 6 X 3 mm, abaxially sparsely white villous, apex long acuminate; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 8 X 2 mm, apically blackish purple, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 9 X 1.3 mm, apically purple, apex acute. Pappus dirty brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets purple, ca. 8 mm, tube ca. 4 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Thickets, scree, forest margins; 3000--4800 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

165. Saussurea salwinensis J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 211. 1934.

怒江风毛菊nu jiang feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, fascicled, forming cushions 1--4 cm tall. Rhizomes densely covered with red residue of sheaths. Stems short, stout, glabrous. Leaves abaxially grayish white and thinly arachnoid tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous. Basal leaves rosular; petiole 1--2 cm, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade elliptic to broadly linear, 3--7 X 0.5--1.5 cm, base attenuate, margin pinnately shallow tooth-shaped divided, sparsely sharply tooth-shaped divided, pinnately lobed, or rarely entire; lateral lobes or teeth 4- or 5-paired, triangular, apex acute and mucronate. Stem leaves few, similar and same in division as basal leaves but small, base cuneate-attenuate to a very small petiole or sessile. Capitula ca. 10, aggregate into a globose at end of stem; peduncle very short. Involucre ovoid to narrowly ovoid, 6--8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 3 mm, pubescent, apically green, apex long acuminate; middle phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 4 mm, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries elliptic, ca. 7 X 1 mm. Pappus brown, in 1 row, ca. 8 mm, plumose. Florets pale purple, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene brown, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Thickets, meadows, scree; 3500--4800 m. Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Gongshan Xian, Weixi Xian).

166. Saussurea arenaria Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 490. 1881.

沙生风毛菊sa sheng feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 3--7 cm tall. Rhizomes branched, neck with brown fibrous lacerate residue of petioles. Stems very short and densely white tomentose or absent. Leaves rosular exceeding capitula; petiole 1.5--4 cm; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate 4--11 X 1.2--3.5 cm, abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green arachnoid and densely glandular punctate, base attenuate, margin entire, subsinuolate, or sharply toothed, apex acute to acuminate. Capitulum solitary in leaf rosette. Involucre broadly campanulate to ovoid, 2--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 16 X 4 mm, abaxially sparsely white tomentose and glandular hairy, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 16 X 2 mm, basally subglabrous, apically purplish red puberulous; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 20 X 1 mm, abaxially sparsely tomentose and glandular hairy, apex purple. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 1 mm; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets purple, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 3 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes, mountain tops, meadows, sand lands, dry river beds; 2800--4500 m. Gansu, Qinghai, E Xizang.

167. Saussurea dschungdienensis Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 61: 205. 1924.

中甸风毛菊zhong dian feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 3--4 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, with brown residue of petioles. Leaves rosular; petiole 1--1.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to obovate, abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate-attenuate, margin shallowly crenate to sinuolate, apex acute and mucronate. Capitulum 1(or 2) in rosette of leaves at end of stem. Involucre funnel-shaped to campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, thin, apically pale purple; outer phyllaries subulate-lanceolate, 7--10 X ca. 2 mm, apex subulate and acuminate; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 12 X 2 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries broadly linear, ca. 15 X 2 mm. Pappus in 2 rows, pale brown; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Forest margins, grassland by small streams, gravelly mountain slopes; 3000--4000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

168. Saussurea lavrenkoana Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 57: 532. 1972.

双齿风毛菊shuang chi feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 1--1.5(--2) cm tall. Stemless or substemless. Rhizomes slender, sometimes apically branched, with fibrous lacerate residue of old leaves. Leaves lanceolate, pinnatisect, abaxially white tomentose, adaxially glabrous; segments many-paired, small, again dichotomous-partite. Capitula solitary, ca. 2 X 0.5--0.7 cm. Phyllaries straw-colored or brown, in 4 rows, imbricate, leathery, puberulous, glabrescent, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate; inner phyllaries linear-oblong, unequal. Pappus dirty white, in 1 row, plumose. Immature achene ca. 4 mm, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. Oct.

                * Grassy slopes in high mountains; ca. 4000 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

169. Saussurea andryaloides (de Candolle) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 331. 1846.

吉隆风毛菊ji long feng mao ju

Aplotaxis andryaloides de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 542. 1938; S. falconeri J. D. Hooker.

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 5 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, with brown residue of old leaves. Stems very shout and densely white tomentose or absent. Basal leaves conspicuously exceeding capitula, shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade broadly linear to narrowly triangular, densely white tomentose, base attenuate, margin runcinately pinnately lobed; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, apex acute; terminal lobe with apex caudate-acuminate to acuminate. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or rhizome. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.7 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 6 rows, densely grayish white tomentose; outer phyllaries triangular-lanceolate, ca. 11 X 3 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 12 X 4 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 18 X 3 mm, apex caudate-acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.4 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 1.1 cm, limb ca. 2 mm. Achene brown, subcylindric, ca. 4 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                Mountain slopes; ca. 4600 m. Xizang [NW India, Kashmir, Pakistan]

170. Saussurea stoliczkae C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 225. 1876. (In Fl. Yunnan., S. W. Liu considers the species to be S. leiocarpa at least for Yunnan and not S. stoliczkae. In Fl. Xizang., S. W. Liu only has this species occuring in Yongya Xian of Xizang.)

川藏风毛菊chuan zang feng mao ju

Saussurea leiocarpa Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, 2--6 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, branched. Stems very short and densely white tomentose or almost absent. Leaves conspicuously exceeding capitula; petiole 1--2 cm; leaf blade linear-oblong to lanceolate, 3.8--8.5 X 0.8--1.5 cm, pinnately lobed, abaxially densely tomentose, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base attenuate; lateral lobes 5-paired, obtuse triangular to obliquely triangular, apex mucronate. Capitulum solitary, at end of rhizome. Involucre ovoid, 1.2--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, sparsely pubescent; outer phyllaries green or rarely slightly purplish red, ovate-lanceolate, 11--12 X 3--4 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries green or slightly purplish red, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 17 X 3 mm; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 15--20 X 1.5--2 mm, apically purple, apex obtuse. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 2 mm. Achene pale brown, cylindric, ca. 4.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                Gravelly mountain slopes, thickets, steppes, meadows, same flats, streamside by lakes, ditches; 3200--5400 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [NW India, Kashmir, Nepal].

171. Saussurea ochrochlaena Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 27. 1925.

褐黄风毛菊he huang feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 3--5 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, neck densely covered with blackish brown residue of petiole and with sterile and fertile stems. Flowering stems stout and short, sparsely villous or glabrescent. Leaves abaxially yellow and densely yellow tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous. Leaves basal rosular; petiole usually purplish red, 1--2.5 cm, sparsely arachnoid; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 2--5 X 0.8--1.2 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin pinnately lobed or sinuolate, apex acute and mucronate; lateral lobes triangular, ovate, or semiorbicular, apex mucronate. Stem leaves few, subsessile, narrowly linear to narrowly elliptic, small. Capitula 3--9, aggregated and terminal on stem; peduncle very short and densely white tomentose or absent. Involucre ovoid, 6--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries mat brown, in 3 or 4 rows, rigid, sparsely villous, basally straw-colored, apically green; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 6 X 3 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 9 X 3 mm, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 9 X 2 mm. Pappus dirty brown, in 1 row, ca. 1 cm, plumose. Florets purple, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Grassland, meadows; 4200--4900 m. S Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Gongshan Xian).

172. Saussurea flavovirens Y. L. Chen & S. Y. Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 105. 1981.

黄绿风毛菊huang lu bao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 2--4 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, with brown residue of petioles. Leaves rosular, petiolate; leaf blade linear, 2.5--4 X 0.2--0.4 cm, abaxially grayish green, sparsely strigose or glabrous, adaxially green, base enlarged to an ovate sheath, margin pinnately lobed, apex acuminate; lobes triangular. Capitula solitary. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows; outer phyllaries yellowish green, ovate-lanceolate, reflexed, leathery, margin sparsely toothed, apically green; inner phyllaries purplish red apically, glabrous. Pappus brown but basally purplish red; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purplish red, ca. 2.3 cm, tube ca. 1.1 cm, limb 8--9 mm. Achene cylindric, 3--4 mm, transversely rugose, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Thickets on mountain slopes; 3500--4300 m. Xizang (Yadong Xian), Yunnan (Fugong Xian, Gongshan Xian).

173. Saussurea nyalamensis Y. L. Cheng & S. Y. Liang, Act. Phytotax. 19: 103. 1981.

聂拉木风毛菊nie la mu feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 2--3 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, with brown fibrous, residue of petioles. Leaves rosular; petiole base enlarged to a purplish red sheath; leaf blade linear, 2.5--4.5 X 0.3--0.7 cm, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially densely noduliferous glandular hairy, margin runcinately pinnate rarely toothed; lobes triangular, margin revolute. Capitula 1-several. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 6--9 mm in diam. Phyllaries brownish yellow to yellowish green, in 3 or 4 rows, lanceolate, margin and apically dark purplish red. Pappus yellowish brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purplish red, 1.2--1.4 cm, tube 4--7 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Immature achene transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Grassy slopes, gravel lands; ca. 4700 m. Xizang.

174. Saussurea nimborum W. W. Smith, J. & Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. n.s. 7: 73. 1911.

倒披针叶风毛菊dao pi zhen ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 2--4 cm. Rhizomes branched, neck with mat brown residue of petioles. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, 3--4.5 X 0.8--1.2 cm, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially densely nodiferous glandular hairy, base attenuate, margin pinnately lobed, apex acute; lobes green, nearly orbicular. Capitulum solitary or 2. Involucre ovoid-campanulate, 0.8--1.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries straw-colored, ovate-lanceolate, leathery, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid, base rounded, margin apically and apex mat purple or rarely green, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries linear, scabrous. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus strigose. Florets pale purplish red, 1.6--2.2 cm. Achene cylindric, 2--3 cm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Grassland on mountain slopes, grassy areas by rivers; 4500--5000 m. Xizang [Bhutan, NW Indian, Sikkim].

175. Saussurea ceterach Handel-Mazzetti. Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 323. 1938.

康定风毛菊kang ding feng mo ju

                Herbs, perennial, small, stemless. Roots slender, with dark brown residue of petioles. Leaves rosular; petiole 1--1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 2.5--4.5 X 0.8--1.2 cm, abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially mat green and strigose or glabrous, pinnately lobed; lateral lobes 4- or 5-paired, ovate to semiorbicular, largest in middle, margin entire, apex rounded and mucronate. Capitulum solitary in rosette of leaves. Involucre campanulate, 0.8--1.3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows; outer and middle phyllaries narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 8--10 X 1.5--2 mm, white pubescent, margin and apically green, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, 12--15 X ca. 1.5 mm, apically purplish red, apex acute to subobtuse. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 1.4 cm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 2 mm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Thickets; 3800--4500 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang.

176. Saussurea leontodontoides (de Candolle) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaeus 19: 330. 1846.

狮牙草状风毛菊shi ya cao zhuang feng mao ju

Aplotaxis lenontodontoides de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 539. 1838; Saussurea kunthiana C. B. Clarke; S. kunthiana C. B. Clarke var. filifolia J. D. Hooker; S. leontodontoides var. filifolia (J. D. Hooker) Handel-Mazzetti; S. sungpanensis Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, 4--10 cm tall. Rhizomes branched, with densely mat purple residue of petioles, residue sometimes fibrous and lacerate. Stems very short, grayish white, densely arachnoid-lanate to glabrescent. Leaves rosulate; petiole 1--3 cm; leaf blade linear-elliptic, 4--15 X 0.8--1.5 cm, abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green and sparsely strigose, pinnatisect; lateral segments 8--12-paired, elliptic, semiorbicular, or subtriangular, apex rounded to obtuse and mucronate, margin entire or 1-auriculate base on one side; terminal segments obtuse triangular, small. Capitulum solitary in rosette of leaves. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.5--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, glabrous; outer and middle phyllaries lanceolate, 9--12 X 0.5--3 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries 14--15 X 1.5--2 mm, apex acute. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets purplish red, 1.8--2.2 cm, tube ca. 1 cm, limb 0.8--1.2 cm. Achene cylindric, ca. 4 mm, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Nov.

                Gravel lands on mountain slopes, gravel places among forests, forest margins, thicket margins; 3200--5500 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [NW Indian, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].

177. Saussurea kansuensis Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 648. 1937.

甘肃风毛菊gan su feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, stemless. Rhizomes neck with brown residue of petioles. Leaves rosular; petiole 1--2 cm; leaf blade broadly linear, 6--14 X 1--2 cm, abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially mat green and sparsely pubescent, pinnatisect; lateral segments 8--10-paired, obliquely ovate to obliquely elliptic, largest at middle and gradually smaller towards both ends, margin entire or with 1(or 2) large teeth only in one side, apex rounded to obtuse; terminal segment elliptic, small. Capitulum solitary in rosette of leaves. Involucre campanulate, 2--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, glabrous; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 1.4 X 0.3 cm, apex long acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 2--2.5 X 0.3--0.4 cm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 2.5 X 0.1 cm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 2 cm. Florets dark purple, ca. 2.2 cm, tube ca. 1.7 cm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 5 mm, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Grassy slopes, sand slopes; 3600--4300 m. Gansu, Qinghai.

178. Saussurea brachylepsis Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 326. 1938.

短苞风毛菊duan bao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 4--4.5 cm tall. Rhizomes with brown fibrous lacerate residue of petioles. Stems very short to almost absent, densely white tomentose. Leaves rosular; petiole 1.5--2 cm; leaf blade narrowly oblong, 4.5--9 X 0.8--3 cm, abaxially grayish white and white tomentose, adaxially green and strigose, inconspicuously lyrate-pinnately cleft or lyrate-pinnately parted; lateral lobes 3- or 4-paired, ovate, obliquely oblong, or rarely triangular, margin entire, apex rounded to obtuse. Capitulum solitary in rosette of leaves. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, glabrous or subglabrous; outer phyllaries ovate-triangular, 5--6 X 2--2.5 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, 7--8 X 1.5--2 mm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 14--15 X 2.5--3 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 1.25 cm, limb ca. 2.5 mm. Achene immature. Fl. Aug.

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 3600 m. Sichuan.

7. Saussurea subgen. Saussurea sect. Rosulascentes (Kitamura) Lipschitz, Gen. Saussurea 171. 1979.

莲座组 lian zuo zu

Saussurea sect. Saussurea subsect. Rosulascentes Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 24: 22. 1969.

                Herbs, scapiform or subscapiform. Basal leaves present at anthesis, rosular or subrosular, abaxially white tomentose, adaxially ± pubescent or glabrous. Stem leaves reduced. Capitulum solitary or few, sometimes supported by uppermost stem leaves. Involucre ovoid or campanulate. Phyllaries imbricate, margin entire, apex obtuse or acuminate.

                About 15 species: China, Russia; seven species (6 endemic) in China.

1a. Petiole of basal leaves winged; leaf blade leathery ..............................................................................  179. S. fargesii

1b. Petiole of basal leaves wingless or basal leaves sessile.

2a. Basal leaf blades lyrately pinnately parted .............................................................................................  180. S. kungii

2b. Leaf blade margin large toothed, toothed, or pinnate.

3a. Leaf blade pinnate or triangularly large toothed.

4a. Stems simple; capitulum solitary at end of stem; leaf blade margin pinnately lobed or triangularly large toothed        184. S. acrophila

4b. Stems few branched apically; capitula 2, situated at ends of branches .......................................  185. S. paucijuga

3b. Leaf blade margin large toothed or toothed.

5a. Leaf blade abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially glabrous or sparsely arachnoid  181. S. tomentosa

5b. Leaf blade green, both surfaces glabrous or abaxially sparsely arachnoid.

6a. Leaf blade obovate to narrowly oblanceolate, 4--12 X 2--4.5 cm .............................................  182. S. oligocephala

6b. Leaf blade oblong ovate, 12--15 X 5--6 cm ...................................................................................  183. S. oblongifolia

179. Saussurea fargesii Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 344. 1894.

川东风毛菊chuan dong feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 60 cm tall. Stems sparsely strigose, branched apically, branches monocephalous. Leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 3 cm, broadly winged, wing sinuolate and decurrent on stem; leaf blade broadly ovate, 18--20 X 7--8 cm, leathery, abaxially thinly white lanate, adaxially sparsely strigose, base inconspicuously cordate truncate to obtuse, margin weakly crenate, apex shortly acuminate. Capitulum solitary at end of branch, campanulate, 1.4--1.8 cm. Phyllaries leathery, abaxially lanate, margin brown; outer phyllaries suborbicular to broadly ovate, apically with erect or reflexed herbaceous mucro; inner phyllaries oblong, apex obtuse. Pappus in 1 row. Florets purple, anther-tails fringed-ciliate. Achene glabrous.

                * Sichuan.

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

180. Saussurea kungii Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 3: 158. 1935.

洋县风毛菊yang xian feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 60--100 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, obliquely ascending. Stem solitary, brownish purple, erect, slender, ribbed, arachnoid, basally glabrescent, apically few-corymbose. Leaves concolorous, abaxially pale green and glabrous, adaxially green or purple and glabrous. Basal leaves with 2--3.5 cm petiolate; leaf blade obovate lanceolate, 15--20 X 3--6 cm, thinly papery, lyrately pinnately parted; lateral lobes (1- or)2- or 3-paired, margin entire or subentire; terminal lobe narrowly ovate-triangular to narrowly elliptic, large, apex acute to acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves 1 or 2, lanceolate to linear, small, subtending leaf-shaped??, (1.5--)2--3 X 0.2--0.5 cm, margin entire, apex acute. Capitula few; corymbose. Involucre turbinate, 5--12 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows; outer phyllaries green, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 11 X 3 mm, arachnoid; middle phyllaries purple, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, ca. 9 X 1.2 mm, herbaceous, apically arachnoid, apex rounded to obtuse; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 11 X 1 mm, apically arachnoid, apex acute. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 6 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1.3 cm. Achene oblong, ca. 4 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Sep-Oct.

                * Forests on mountain slopes; 1800--1900 m. Shaanxi (Qinling Shan).

181. Saussurea tomentosa Komarov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 2: 135. 1921.

高岭风毛菊gao ling feng mao ju

Saussurea alpincola Kitamura; S. eriphylla Nakai var. alpina Nakai.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--20 cm tall. Stems erect, simple, sparsely tomentose. Basal leaves and lower stem leaves with 2--4 cm petiole; leaf blade triangular-cordate, triangular, or triangular-lanceolate, (3--)5.5--12 X 1--2 cm, abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green sparsely arachnoid tomentose to subglabrous, base cordate, truncate, or cuneate, margin sharply toothed or entire, apex acuminate, acute, or sometimes obtuse. Middle and upper stem leaves few, lanceolate to linear, margin sharply toothed or entire. Capitulum 1(or 2), terminal on stem, usually supported by 1 or 2 linear subtending leaves. Involucre campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, white tomentose; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 X 2.5 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries lanceolate-elliptic, 7--8 X ca. 2.8 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 10--11 X 1.5--2 mm, apex acute. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 1--1.1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube and limb each ca. 6 mm. Achene flesh-colored, cylindric, ca. 5 mm, ribbed, apex with a denticulate coronule. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                By waterfalls, grassland, in rock crevices; 1500--2600 m. Jilin, Liaoning [Russia (Far East)].

182. Saussurea oligocephala (Y. Ling) Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 6: 83. 1949.

少头风毛菊shao tou feng mao ju

Saussurea acrophila Diels var. oligocephala Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 3: 155. 1935.

                Herbs, perennial, 10--60 cm tall. Rhizomes obliquely ascending, covered by residue of petioles. Stem solitary, erect, slender, apically branched, sparsely arachnoid but glabrescent. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade obovate to narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, 4--12 X 2--4.5 cm, thinly papery, abaxially purplish red and subglabrous, adaxially green and sparsely multicellular nodiferous hairy, base cuneate-attenuate, margin sinuate or toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Stem leaves few, linear, small, undivided, margin entire. Capitula 2--9, terminally laxly corymbose. Involucre turbinate to narrowly campanulate, 6--9 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, arachnoid; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3 X 2 mm, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 8 X 1.8 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, ca. 11 X 1 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube and limb each ca. 6 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm, ribbed, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Sep--Oct.

                * Forests, thickets; 2000--3000 m. Shaanxi (Qinling Shan).

183. Saussurea oblongifolia F. H. Chen, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 99. 1935.

长圆叶风毛菊chang yuan ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 40 cm tall. Stems arachnoid, basally branched. Leaves abaxially sparsely arachnoid, adaxially apically scabrous. Lower stem leaves long petiolate; leaf blade oblong-ovate, 12--15 X 5--6 cm, base attenuate, margin mucronate-toothed, apex acute. Upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Capitula 9, laxly paniculately corymbose, 1.5--2 X 1--2 cm. Phyllaries in 6 rows, sparsely pubescent; outer phyllaries ovate, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, apex acuminate. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Achene immature. Fl. Sep.

                * Yunnan.

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

184. Saussurea acrophila Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(Beibl 82): 108. 1905.

破血丹po xue dan

                Herbs, perennial, 10--20 cm tall. Rhizomes obliquely ascending, neck with brown residue of petioles. Stem solitary, erect, simple, apically white arachnoid, glabrescent. Leaves green, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with 2--4.5 cm petiole; leaf blade elliptic to obovate, 2.5--6.5 X 1--3 cm, papery, base cuneate, margin triangularly large toothed or rarely pinnately lobed, apex acute; lateral lobes 3- or 4-paired, broadly triangular. Middle stem leaves with 1--2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade obovate-lanceolate to linear, base cuneate, margin sinuate or entire. Upper stem leaves linear, small, margin entire. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre broadly campanulate to campanulate, 1--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid lanate; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3 X 2 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 7 X 3 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to linear-lanceolate, ca. 11 X 2 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene pale brown, cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous, apex with denticulate coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Forests on mountain slopes; 2800--3100 m. Shaanxi (Qinling Shan).

185. Saussurea paucijuga Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 6: 99. 1949.

深裂风毛菊 shen lie feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 10--32 cm tall. Rhizomes short, neck surrounded by mat brown petiole. Stem solitary, slender, erect, sparsely white arachnoid lanate. Leaves abaxially pale green and sparsely white arachnoid, adaxially green and glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1.5--4 cm, base slightly enlarged; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 3--11 X 0.9--2 cm, papery, pinnately parted or pinnatisect, apex acute to shortly acuminate; lateral lobes 3--6-paired, elliptic-ovate to triangular, margin entire, apex spiny and mucronate; terminal lobe triangular. Middle and upper stem leaves subtending leaf-shaped??, linear to linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2 mm. Capitula 2, arranged at end of branches; peduncle 1--5 cm, white arachnoid. Involucre campanulate to funnel-shaped, ca. 1.1 cm in diam. Phyllaries straw-colored, in 4 rows, arachnoid, later glabrate, apex green or purple and cartilaginous mucronate; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 X 2 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 6 X 3 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-oblanceolate, ca. 8 X 1 mm. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purple ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 4 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene immature. Fl. Aug--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes; 2400--2800 m. Shaanxi (Qinling Shan).

8. Saussurea subgen. Saussurea sect. Saussurea

风毛菊组 feng mao ju zu

Saussurea sect. Beneticta de Candolle; Saussurea sect. Chaetocline Franchet; Saussurea sect. Coarctae C. B. Clarke; Saussurea sect. Corymliferae J. D. Hooker; Saussurea sect. Pleiocephalae Reichenbach.

                Leaves varied, wide or narrow, undivided, pinnately cleft to pinnatisect, base auriculate, cordate, rounded, or truncate base. Phyllary margins entire or pectinate.

                About 153 species: China, Europe, Japan, Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, Russia, Sikkim, other parts of the world??; 79 species (60  endemic) in China.

1a. Phyllary margins pectinate.

2a. Capitula small; involucre 0.5--0.6 cm in diam. ................................................................................  186. S. odontolepis

2b. Capitula large; involucre 1--2 cm in diam. ..........................................................................................  187. S. pectinata

1b. Phyllary margins entire or subentire.

3a. Leaf blade base usually cordate.

4a. Leaf blade adaxially green and glabrous, abaxially white, tomentose, arachnoid, or lanate,

5a. Basal and lower stem leaves narrow, 1.5--2 cm wide.

6a. Involucre narrowly cylindric ..........................................................................................................  203. S. graciliformis

6b. Involucre ovoid .................................................................................................................................  204. S. dimorphaea

5b. Lower stem leaves 2--14 cm wide.

7a. Lower stem leaves ovate-triangular, cordate or hastate .........................................................................  205. S. nivea

7b. Leaf blade ovate or reniform.

8a. Phyllaries apex without mucro.

9a. Capitula racemose- or narrowly racemosely paniculate .................................................................  211. S. pinetorum

9b. Capitula corymbose.

10a. Stems with multicellular nodiferous hairs ........................................................................................  212. S. splendida

10b. Stems thinly arachnoid, arachnoid lanate or glabrous.

11a. Leaf blade margin inconspicuously serrulate or mucronate; involucre cuneately campanulate, 0.7 cm in diam.  213. S. paleata

11b. Leaf blade margin sharply toothed; involucre oblong, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. .........................  214. S. chetchozensis

8b. Phyllaries apex with black mucro.

12a. Stems with equidistant leaf; capitula numerous.

13a. Phyllaries abaxially hirsute ............................................................................................................  206. S. vestitiformis

13b. Phyllaries abaxially arachnoid ....................................................................................................  207. S. huashanensis

12b. Stem leaves few, unequidistant; Capitula few or numerous.

14a. Stems with brown multicellular nodiferous hairs ..........................................................................  208. S. baroniana

14b. Stems white arachnoid or lanate.

15a. Stems slender; involucre obconic or oblong, 5--6 mm in diam. .......................................................  209. S. flaccida

15b. Stems stout; involucre campanulate, 6--10 mm in diam. ..........................................................  210. S. acromelaena

4b. Leaf blade concolorous.

16a. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or 2, situated terminal on stem. .......................................  188. S. populifolia

16b. Capitula numerous or few.

17a. Phyllaries with conspicuous appendages apically from middle.

18a. Phyllary appendage saber-shaped.

19a. Leaf blade margin entire or serrulate .......................................................................................  191. S. subtriangulata

19b. Leaf blade pinnate.

20a. Capitula small, numerous; involucre oblong, 5--7 mm in diam. ...................................................  189. S. mongolica

20b. Capitula large, few; involucre obconic, 10--15 mm in diam. ..............................................................  190. S. sinuata

18b. Phyllary appendage not saber-shaped.

21a. Capitula small; involucre cylindric or cuneate-cylindric, 5--7 mm in diam. .......................................  194. S. stricta

21b. Capitula large; involucre campanulate or obconic, 8--15 mm in diam.

22a. Lower and middle stem leaves cordate; stem glabrous .................................................................  192. S. cordifolia

22b. Lower and middle stem leaves ovate-cordate; stem with sparse nodiferous hairs and glabrate  193. S. oligantha

17b. Phyllaries without an appendages and apex obtuse, acute, or aristate.

23a. Capitula terminally racemose, racemosely paniculate, paniculate or paniculately corymbose.

24a. Involucre cylindric.

25a. Leaf margin incised .............................................................................................................................  195. S. stenolepis

25b. Leaf blade margin shallowly sinuate or toothed .........................................................................  196. S. manshurica

24b. Involucre obconic or narrowly campanulate.

26a. Middle stem leaves with 16--17 cm petiole; leaf blade base cordate ............................................  197. S. bullockii

26b. Lower and middle stem leaves with 2 cm petiole; leaf blade base inconspicuously cordate  198. S. pseudobullockii

23b. Capitula terminally corymbose.

27a. Capitula small; involucre ca. 5 mm in diam. ....................................................................................  199. S. tenerifolia

27b. Capitula large; involucre 5--15 mm in diam.

28a. Capitula small; involucre 0.5--0.8 cm in diam. ...............................................................................  202. S. ussuriensis

28b. Capitula large; involucre ca. 1.5 cm in diam.

29a. Leaf blade sparsely strigose ...........................................................................................................  200. S. grandifolia

29b. Leaf blade adaxially sparsely strigose, abaxially glabrous. ..............................................  201. S. hwangshanensis

3b. Leaf blade base cuneate, rounded, or truncate but if leaf blade amplexicaul-auriculate then base cordate.

30a. Leaf blade base amplexicaul auriculate.

31a. Capitula large, few, 1--3, situated at ends of branches; involucre 1.2--2 cm in diam.

32a. Leaf blade oblong, 2.5--5 cm wide ..............................................................................................  215. S. neofranchetii

32b. Leaf blade linear to oblong 1--2.5 cm wide .........................................................................................  216. S. caudata

31b. Capitula small or medium-sized, numerous, paniculate or corymbose.

33a. Stems winged; leaf blade adaxially green and glabrous, abaxially white mixed with green, thinly arachnoid  217. S. leclerei

33b. Stem wingless.

34a. Leaf blade not dark amplexicaul base, abaxially villous ....................................................................  220. S. merinoi

34b. Leaf blade dark broadly auriculate amplexicaul base.

35a. All leaves sessile ....................................................................................................................................  218. S. macrota

35b. Lower stem leaves petiolate ...............................................................................................  219. S. semiamplexicaulis

30b. Leaf blade base not amplexicaul auriculate.

36a. Leaf blade lyrately or inconspicuously lyrately pinnate; stems winged or almost winged.

37a. Receptacle without scales ..............................................................  160. S. porphyroleuca (see sect. Cyathidium).

37b. receptacle with scales.

38a. Leaf blade decurrent on stem; stem winged or almost winged.

39a. Capitula large; involucre ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. .................................................................  221. S. peduncularis

39b. Capitula small; involucre 0.6--1 cm in diam.

40a. Leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces ...............................................................................................  222. S. frondosa

40b. Leaf blade adaxially glabrous or pubescent, abaxially arachnoid or lanate.

41a. Capitula large; involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. ..........................................................  223. S. eriocephala

41b. Capitula small; involucre ovoid or campanulate, 0.6--0.8 cm in diam.

42a. Involucre ovoid, 6--8 mm in diam; leaf blade adaxially strigose, abaxially arachnoid ..............  224. S. dzeurensis

42b. Involucre campanulate, ca. 6 mm in diam; leaf blade adaxially pubescent, abaxially lanate .  225. S. kiraisiensis

38b. Leaves not decurrent on stem; stem wingless.

43a. Leaf glabrous.

44a. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or 2--4 .....................................................................................  228. S. morifolia

44b. Capitula numerous, corymbose or paniculate.

45a. Capitula large; involucre hemispherical, 2--2.5 cm in diam. .....................................................  226. S. carduiformis

45b. Capitula small; involucre campanulate, 0.4--0.9 cm in diam. ..........................................................  227. S. mutabilis

43b. Leaf blade adaxially glabrous, abaxially arachnoid tomentose, strigose, or lanate, pubescent.

46a. Terminal lobe of leaf blade ovate, base cuneate to nearly truncate .......................................  231. S. tsinlingensis

46b. Terminal lobe of leaf blade ovate-triangular or ovate, base conspicuously cordate.

47a. Lateral lobes of leaf blade 1- or 2-paired, toothed or triangular ......................................................  229. S. alatipes

47b. Lateral lobes of leaf blade 2- or 3-paired, ovate or triangular ................................................  230. S. lampsanifolia

36b. Leaf blade undivided or pinnate.

48a. Leaf blade pinnate.

49a. Leaf blade green, concolorous, or subconcolorous and , abaxially pale green and pubescent or arachnoid, adaxially green and glabrous.

50a. Capitula numerous, corymbose; leaf blade green, glabrous .........................................................  245. S. dielsiana

50b. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or several, terminally densely corymbose.

51a. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem; leaf blade arachnoid ...................................................  260. S. grosseserrata

51b. Capitula 3--4), terminally densely corymbose; leaf blade adaxially glabrous, abaxially pale green, pubescent  261. S. recurvata

49b. Leaf blade adaxially green and strigose, glandular-hairs or sparsely arachnoid, abaxially white and densely tomentose, lanate or thinly arachnoid.

52a. Capitula numerous, corymbose; involucre ovoid or oblong, ca. 0.5 cm in diam. .......................  264. S. variiloba

52b. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or 2; involucre campanulate or hemispherical, 1--3.5 cm in diam.

53a. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem; involucre hemispherical, 2.5--3.5 cm in diam; leaf blade adaxially glandular hairy or glabrous, abaxially densely lanate ...............................................................................................  262. S. bomiensis

53b. Capitula 2; involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; leaf blade sparsely arachnoid adaxially, abaxially densely lanate ......................................................................................................................................................................  263. S. lanata

48b. Leaf blade undivided.

54a. Leaf blade adaxially green and glabrous or strigose or white or grayish white and densely tomentose; abaxially thinly arachnoid.

55a. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem.

56a. Plants to 40 cm tall; involucre small, 0.5--0.7 cm in diam. ..............................................................  247. S. iodoleuca

56b. Plants 4--8 cm tall; involucre large, 2--2.5 cm in diam. ...................................................................  248. S. woodiana

55b. Capitula 1--4 or numerous and terminally racemose, corymbose or paniculate.

57a. Capitula 1--4.

58a. Stems wingless ................................................................................................................................  251. S. alaschanica

58b. Stem winged.

59a. Capitula small; involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, 5--7 mm in diam. ...................  249. S. komarnitzkii

59b. Capitula large; involucre ovoid or obconic ca. 13 mm in diam. ................................................  250. S. rotundifolia

57b. Capitula numerous, terminally racemose, corymbosely paniculate.

60a. Capitula racemose ........................................................................................................................  252. S. polygonifolia

60b. Capitula corymbose or paniculate.

61a. Capitula paniculate ...................................................................................................................................  253. S. vestita

61b. Capitula corymbose.

62a. Stems winged.

63a. Stems with multicellular nodiferous herbs ......................................................................................  254. S. platypoda

63b. Stems without multicelluar nodiferous hairs.

64a. Middle stem leaf blade ovate to orbicular .....................................................................................  255. S. cauloptera

64b. Middle stem leaf blade lanceolate to linear ....................................................................................  256. S. amurensis

62b. Stem wingless.

65a. Plants to 5 cm tall; leaf blade orbicular to broadly ovate ...................................................................  257. S. bullata

65b. Plants 20--120 cm tall; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate.

66a. Capitula large; involucre campanulate, 6--12 mm in diam. ..................................................................  258. S. alpina

66b. Capitula small; involucre ovoid, ca. 5 mm in diam. ..........................................................................  259. S. undulata

54b. Leaf blade green, concolorous, glabrous or adaxially sparsely pubescent or glandular hairy.

67a. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem

68a. Leaf blade sparsely pubescent; stem densely brown villous ..................................................  232. S. hieracioides

68b. Leaf blade glabrous; stem sparsely strigose ................................................................................  233. S. sclerolepis

67b. Capitula 1--4 or numerous, corymbose arranged.

69a. Capitula 1--4.

70a. Capitula 3--4; leaf blade margin retrorsely toothed ....................................................................  238. S. retroserrata

70b. Capitula 1--3; leaf blade margin entire or toothed.

71a. Leaf blade margin retrorsely toothed. ...........................................................................................  234. S. micradenia

71b. Leaf margin toothed but not retrorsely so, or entire.

72a. Leaf blade margin entire ..................................................................................................................  235. S. tatsienensis

72b. Leaf blade margin toothed.

73a. Lower stem leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate ......................................................  236. S. hultenii

73b. Middle stem leaf blade broadly ovate ..............................................................................................  237. S. euodonta

69b. Capitula numerous, corymbose.

74a. Leaf blade margin entire ....................................................................................................................  239. S. acuminata

74b. Leaf blade margin toothed.

75a. Leaf blade glandular punctate.

76a. Leaf blade adaxially densely glandular punctate; outer and middle phyllaries without an apical appendage  240. S. glandulosa

76b. Leaf blade abaxially densely glandular punctate; phyllaries with an apical appendage .....  241. S. epilobioides

75b. Leaf blade not glandular punctate.

77a. All phyllaries or outer and middle phyllaries with an apical saber-shaped appendage.

78a. Involucre ovoid-campanulate, 2--3.5 mm in diam. ...................  139. S. sobarocephala (see sect. Pycnocephala)

78b. Involucre campanulate, 4--5 mm in diam.

80a. Leaf blade margin entire ....................................................................................................................  239. S. acuminata

80b. Leaf blade margin toothed ...................................................................................................................  242. S. umbrosa

77b. Phyllaries without an apical appendage.

79a. Involucre 5--10 mm in diam.

81a. Stems with densely blackish brown glandular puncts; middle stem leaf blade narrowly elliptic or oblong  243. S. hemsleyi

82b. Stems without glandular puncts; middle stem leaf blade lanceolate or elliptic .........................  244. S. parviflora

79b. Involucre 4--5 mm in diam.

82a. Stem leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, undivided, 2--4 cm wide. .....................................  246. S. neoserrata

82b. Stem leaf blade oblong-triangular, 4--8 cm wide, undivided or divided ......................................  245. S. dielsiana

186. Saussurea odontolepis Schultz-Bipontinus ex Herder, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(3): 13. 1868.

齿苞风毛菊chi bao feng mao ju

Saussurea aspera Handel-Mazzetti; S. pectinata Bunge var. amurensis Maximowicz; S. ussuriensis Maximowicz var. odontolepis Herder.

                Herbs, perennial, to 70 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous or subglabrous. Leaves green, abaxially glabrous, adaxially scabrous and densely strigose. Basal and lower stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves with ca. 5 cm petiole; leaf  blade ovate lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 10--12 X 4--5 cm, pinnately parted or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes 7-paired, elliptic to linear-elliptic, margin entire or conspicuously or inconspicuously 1--toothed on only on one side, apex acute and mucronate; terminal lobe triangular, apex acute. Upper and uppermost stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade similar and same in division to middle stem leaves. Capitula small, few to many, corymbose. Involucre ovate to ovate-campanulate, 5--6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4--6 rows, margin and apex lanate; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 5 X 1 mm, herbaceous, margin pectinate, apex acute and mucronate; middle phyllaries lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, 4--5 X 1.5--1.8 mm, margin entire or pectinate, apex acute and mucronate; inner phyllaries elliptic, ca. 7 X 2 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 5.5 mm, limb ca. 5.5 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Forest margins, grassland; 100--700 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East)].

187. Saussurea pectinata Bunge ex de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 538. 1838.

篦苞风毛菊bi bao feng mao ju

Saussurea davidii Franchet; S. davidii var. macrocephala Franchet; S. pectinata var. macrocephala (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; S. pectinata var. pekinensis Maximowicz.

               Herbs, perennial, 20--100 cm tall. Rhizomes obliquely ascending, with brown fibrous, lacerate residue of petioles. Stems erect, ribbed, apically sparsely arachnoid and strigose. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves with 4.5--5(--17) cm petiole; leaf blade ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, 9--22 X 4--12 cm, pinnately parted or rarely pinnately lobed; lateral lobes (4- or)5--8-paired, broadly ovate, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, abaxially pale green, pubescent, and glandular punctate, adaxially and margin green and strigose, margin sinuate or obtusely incised-toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade pinnately lobed or undivided and margin entire. Capitula several, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 1--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, apically arachnoid; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 3 mm, usually reflexed, margin pectinate, apex green; middle phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 11 X 2 mm, apex green; inner phyllaries pinkish purple, linear, ca. 13 X 1.2 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube and limb each ca. 6 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Forests, forest margins, by trails, steppes, ravines; 350--1900 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi.

188. Saussurea populifolia Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 311. 1892.

杨叶风毛菊yang ye feng mao ju

Saussurea acropiline Diels.

                Herbs, perennial, 30--90 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, obliquely ascending. Stem solitary, erect, apically 1 or 2 branched. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves with 2--8 cm petiole; leaf blade green, cordate to ovate-cordate, 5--11 X 3--8 cm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely strigose, base cordate or rounded, margin mucronate-toothed, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, base cuneate, apex long acuminate. Capitula 1 or 2, terminal on stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries with a purple flush, in 5--7 rows, puberulous; outer phyllaries ovate, 5--6 X 2--3 mm; middle phyllaries oblong, 7--8 X ca. 4 mm; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 14 X 2 mm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 2 mm. Achene brown, subcylindric, ca. 5 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, marshes; 1700--3600 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Lijiang Xian).

189. Saussurea mongolica (Franchet) Franchet, Bull. Herb. Boissier 5: 539. 1897.

蒙古风毛菊meng gu feng mao ju

Saussurea ussuriensis Maximowicz var. mongolica Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 6: 61. 1883; S. matsumurae Nakai; S. mongolica f. shansiensis (F. H. Chen) Y. Ling; S. mongolica var. viridior Handel-Mazzetti; S. sinuata Komarov var. shansiensis F. H. Chen.

                Herbs, perennial, 30--90 cm tall. Rhizomes obliquely ascending, with brown residue of petioles. Stems erect, ribbed, glabrous or sparsely strigose, apically corymbose or corymbosely paniculate branched. Leaves green, sparsely strigose. Lower stem leaves with petiole to 16 cm; leaf blade ovate-triangular to ovate, 5--20 X 3--6 cm, pinnately lobed, or basally half pinnately lobed but apically coarsely toothed, base cordate to subcordate, apex acute, pinnately parted; lateral lobes 1--3-paired, long-elliptic to elliptic, margin sparsely toothed or entire, apex acute to obtuse. Middle and upper stem leaves similar and same in division to lower stem leaves or oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, and margin coarsely toothed. Capitula numerous, corymbose to corymbosely paniculate. Involucre oblong, 5--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, sparsely arachnoid or pubescent, apical appendage saber-shaped, long acuminate, and reflexed; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3.2 X 1 mm; middle phyllaries narrowly ovate, 7--8 X ca. 2 mm; inner phyllaries linear or narrowly elliptic, ca. 10 X 2 mm. Pappus white apically but basally pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                Mountain slopes, forests, thickets, beside trails, grassy slopes; 500--2900 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia].

190. Saussurea sinuata Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 25: 735. 1907.

林风毛菊lin feng mao ju

Saussurea sinuata f. japonica Nakai; ?S. sinuatoides Nakai.

                Herbs, perennial, to 60 cm tall. Rhizomes short and thick. Stems erect, ribbed, apically corymbosely paniculate or paniculate branched. Leaves green, flaccid, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves withered. Middle stem leaves with ca. 8 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly triangular-cordate, triangular-ovate, or ovate, 8--13 X 4--7 cm, base cordate to truncate, margin toothed, largely toothed, lobed, or cut, apex acute. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade similar to middle stem leaves but small. Leaves at forks of inflorescences linear to subulate. Capitula terminally laxly corymbose or paniculate. Involucre obconic, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, apical appendage long acuminate and reflexed; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 6 X 1.5 mm; middle phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, simple; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 9 mm. Achene cylindric, 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep.

                Forest on mountain slopes; elevation unknown. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol [Japan, Russia (Far East)].

191. Saussurea subtriangulata Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 39: 119. 1923.

吉林风毛菊ji lin feng mao ju

Saussurea eriocepis Bunge var. caudata Herder; S. grandifolia Maximowicz var. caudata (Herder) Komarov.

                Herbs, perennial, to 50 cm tall. Stems erect, slender, many branched, brown arachnoid. Middle stems leaves sessile, oblanceolate to lanceolate, 6--8 X 0.7--1.2 cm, base cordate to subtruncate, margin entire or small toothed, apex long acuminate. Upper stem leaves linear-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula 20--30, terminally paniculate. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.3 cm in diam. Phyllaries purple, in 8 rows, apical appendage acinaciform and long acuminate; outer phyllaries triangular, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, ca. 4 X 1 mm; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 7 X 3 mm; inner phyllaries linear-oblong, ca. 11 X 2 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 2 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 1.4 cm. Achene blackish brown, obconic. Fl. and fr. Jul.

                Forest margins, forests; elevation unknown. Heilongjiang, Jilin [Korea, Russia (Far East)].

192. Saussurea cordifolia Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 310. 1892.

心叶风毛菊xin ye feng mao ju

Saussurea alginophylla Diels; S. cavaleriei Lévelillé & Vaniot; S. cordifolia var. ombrophilla Handel-Mazzetti; S. dutaillyana Franchet.

                Herbs, perennial, 40--150 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stems erect, glabrous, apically corymbose to corymbosely paniculate branched. Leaves green, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely strigose. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves with 8--10 cm petiole; leaf blade cordate, 10--18 X 10--18 cm, base deeply cordate, margin coarsely toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade similar to lower and middle stem leaves or ovate, gradually smaller apically on stem, base cordate, rounded, or broadly truncate, margin toothed, apex acute to acuminate. Leaves at forks of inflorescence lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, smaller. Capitula several to many, terminally laxly corymbosely paniculate, long pedunculate. Involucre campanulate, 0.8--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, apically with a short, herbaceous, acuminate, and reflexed or erect appendage; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 7 X 3 mm; middle phyllaries ovate to oblong, 8--11 X ca. 4 mm; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 13 X 2 mm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, simple; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.2 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 6 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Forest margins, mountain valleys, mountain slopes, under stone precipice; 700--2000 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Zhejiang.

193. Saussurea oligantha Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 10: 421. 1896.

少花风毛菊shao hua feng mao ju

Saussurea oligantha var. oligolepis (Y. Ling) X. Y. Wu; S. oligantha var. parvifolia Y. Ling; S. oligolepis Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 40--70 cm tall. Rhizomes obliquely ascending. Stems erect, ribbed, with sparse multicellular nodiferous hairs or glabrescent. Leaves green, sparsely strigose to subglabrous. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 9--15 cm, with brown multicellular nodiferous hairs or glabrous, base somewhat enlarged and amplexicaul; leaf blade broadly ovate-cordate, 5--11 X 5--11 cm, base cordate to hastate, margin coarsely toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves sessile, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, apex long acuminate. Capitula 2--8, terminally laxly corymbose or paniculate. Involucre obconic to campanulate, 1.2--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4--6 rows, apical appendage green, acuminate, herbaceous, and reflexed or erect; outer phyllaries ovate to broadly ovate, ca. 6 X 2 mm; outer phyllaries oblong to elliptic, 8--10 X 3--3.5 mm; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 10 X 2 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus 3--4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene oblong, 3--4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes, forest margins, forests; 1300--4100 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan (Gongshan Xian).

194. Saussurea stricta Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 342. 1894.

喜林风毛菊 xi lin feng mao ju

Saussurea hylophila Handel-Mazzetti; S. subcordata F. H. Chen.

                Herbs, perennial, 0.9--1.2 m tall. Rhizomes neck with sparse residue of sheath. Stem solitary, erect, ribbed, apically or apex corymbose, puberulent or glabrous near apex. Leaves green but becoming abaxially brown, thin, papery. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 2--18 cm, base enlarged and amplexicaul; leaf blade cordate, broadly cordate, or suborbicular, 6--8 X 8--13 cm, base deeply cordate to rarely hastate, margin toothed, apex shortly acuminate. Upper stem leaves subsessile; leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, base hastate to rounded, margin entire or inconspicuously toothed, apex acuminate. Capitula numerous, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, 5--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, apically without an appendage; outer phyllaries ovate to broadly ovate, ca. 3 X 3 mm; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 7 X 2.8 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 11 X 2 mm. Pappus dirty yellow, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Forests on mountain slopes; 1400--3200 m. Henan, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan (Gongshan Xian).

195. Saussurea stenolepis Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 207. 1915.

窄苞风毛菊zai ye feng mao ju

                ?Saussurea aristata Lipschitz.

                Rhizomes repent, short. Stems ribbed. Basal leaves withered. Stem leaves ovate, abaxially pale green, adaxially green and subglabrous or sparsely covered with bristles, margin sinuately incised. Capitula racemose- or racemosely paniculate, long pedunculate. Involucre cylindric, 1.7--2 X ca. 0.5 cm. Phyllaries, black to blackish purple, very narrow, subglabrous, apex acute. Pappus dirty white; outer pappus short, bristlelike. Florets purple, tube 4--4.5 mm. Achene 4.5--5 mm.

                Jilin [Korea].

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

196. Saussurea manshurica Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 424. 1901.

东北风毛菊dong bei feng mao ju

Saussurea manshurica var. pinnatifida Nakai; S. triangulata Trautvette subsp. manshurica (Komarov) Kitamura; S. triangulata var. pinnatifida (Nakai) Kitamura.

               Herbs, perennial, 50--100 cm tall. Rhizomes repent. Stems erect, striate, glabrous, apically paniculately branched. Leaves thin, papery. Basal leaves with 6.5--14 cm petiole; leaf blade green, triangular-hastate, rarely ovate to oblong, 6.5--1.4 X 2--8 cm, glabrous, base cordate, cuneate, or rarely truncate, margin sinuolate and toothed or mucronate, apex acute to acuminate. Lower and middle stem leaves similar to basal leaves, but gradually small. Upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to oblong, smaller. Capitula numerous, terminally paniculate. Involucre cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5--7 rows, margin and apex glabrous or puberulous, apex obtuse at least for inner phyllaries; outer phyllaries broadly ovate to ovate, ca. 2.2 X 2 mm; middle phyllaries broadly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, ca. 6.5 X 1.2 mm; inner phyllaries oblong, ca. 11 X 1.1 mm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1 cm. Achene brown, cylindric, 3--4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Mixed woods; on rock; 900--1500 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Korea, Russia (Far East)].

197. Saussurea bullockii Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 509. 1903.

庐山风毛菊lu shan feng mao ju

Saussurea kwangtungensis F. H. Chen; S. tienmoshanensis F. H. Chen.

                Herbs, perennial, 40--100 cm tall. Rhizomes obliquely ascending. Stems erect, thinly lanate arachnoid or basally glabrescent, apically corymbosely paniculate branched. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 16--17 cm, base enlarged and semiamplexicaul; leaf blade triangular-cordate, 10--15 X 6--12 cm, abaxially thinly arachnoid lanate but gradually glabrescent, adaxially sparsely strigose, base cordate, margin sharply sinuate and toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade ovate to ovate-triangular, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula numerous, corymbosely paniculate. Involucre obconic, 1.2--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, arachnoid or glabrescent, margin and apex usually slightly purple; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3 X 2 mm, apex awn-shaped; middle phyllaries oblong to narrowly elliptic, ca. 10 X 2 mm, apex obtuse and mucronate; inner phyllaries narrowly oblong, ca. 12 X 1.2 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene pale brown, cylindric, ca. 4 mm, ribbed, glabrous, apex with a coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, forests, by steam in mountain valleys; 900--2100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang.

198. Saussurea pseudobullockii Lipschitz, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1964: 321. 1964.

洮河风毛菊tao he feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 25--30 cm tall, stems erect, apically corymbosely paniculate branched, arachnoid but glabrescent. Lower stem leaves with ca. 2 cm petiole; leaf blade triangular-lanceolate, ca. 9.5 X 2 cm, base inconspicuously cordate, truncate, or subtruncate base, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Middle stem leaves with 3--5 mm petiole. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller apically on stem. Uppermost leaves bractlike. Leaves green, subleathery, subglabrous. Capitula numerous, corymbosely paniculate. Involucre obconic, ca. 8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, arachnoid; outer and middle phyllaries ovate-triangular, apex acute and mucronate; inner phyllaries long, apex obtuse. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous; inner pappus 8--10 mm. Florets purple. Immature achene glabrous. Fr. Jul.

                * Meadows; 2700--2800 m. Gansu.

199. Saussurea tenerifolia (is this a correctable orthographic error for tenuifolia?) Kitagawa, Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 5: 159. 1941.

长白山风毛菊chang bai shan feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 50--60 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stems erect, ribbed, glabrous, unbranched. Leaves green, papery, glabrous. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves with petiole to 7 cm; leaf blade ovate-cordate, to 15 X 9 cm, base cordate to hastate, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves sessile or subsessile; leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, base rounded to cuneate, margin mucronate or not mucronate, apex acuminate. Capitula ca. 6, densely corymbose at end of stem; peduncle sparsely arachnoid. Involucre ovoid, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries straw-colored, in 4 rows, rigid, leathery, abaxially sparsely arachnoid; outer phyllaries broadly ovate to rounded, 2--3 X 2--3 mm, apex purple and acutely mucronate; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic, ca. 5 X 3 mm, apically purple mucronate, apex acute or rounded. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets purple, ca. 8 mm, tube and limb each ca. 4 mm. Immature achene ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jul.

                * Forests; 1100--1700 m. Jilin, Liaoning.

200. Saussurea grandifolia Maximowicz, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 169. 1859.

大叶风毛菊da ye feng mao ju

Saussurea grandifolia var. asperifolia Herder; S. grandifolia var. coarctata Herder; S. grandifolia var. tenuior Herder.

                Herbs, perennial, 35--120 cm tall. Rhizomes repent, thick. Stems erect, sparsely strigose to subglabrous, apically corymbose or paniculate branched. Leaves green, rigid, scabrous and sparsely strigose. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves with 3--9 cm petiole; leaf blade cordate-ovate to triangular, 8--20 X 4--13 cm, base shallowly cordate to truncate, margin coarsely toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem shortly petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade ovate-triangular, ovate-rhombic, or lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Capitula 3--18, corymbose or paniculate. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows; outer and middle phyllaries elliptic, 5--6 X ca. 2 mm, margin and apically white arachnoid, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 9 X 1 mm, arachnoid, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets mat red, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene slightly curviform, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Forest margins, mountain valleys, grassland; 200--1100 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Korea, Russia (Far East)].

201. Saussurea hwangshanensis Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping, 6: 79. 1949.

黄山风毛菊huang shan feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 42 cm tall. Rhizomes woody, with brown residue of sheathes. Stems erect, ribbed, glabrous, apically or apex corymbose. Leaves green, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely strigose. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 8--13 cm, base enlarged and sheathing stem; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 8--13 X 6--10 cm, base cordate, margin coarsely toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade ovate, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula ca. 8, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, rigid, leathery, margin and apically sparsely white arachnoid; outer phyllaries elliptic, 4--6 X ca. 3 mm, apex rounded; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, 9--10 X 2--3 mm, apex rounded; inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic, ca. 11 X 2 mm, apex rounded to obtuse. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Ditches, forests, grassland; ca. 1000 m. Anhui, Zhejiang.

202. Saussurea ussuriensis Maximowicz, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 167. 1859.

乌苏里风毛菊wu su li feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 30--100 cm tall. Rhizomes repent, with numerous brown adventitious roots. Stems erect, ribbed, sparsely pubescent to subglabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with 3.5--6 cm petiole; leaf blade green, ovate, broadly ovate, oblong-ovate, triangular, or elliptic, 6--10 X 2.5--6 cm, abaxially sparsely pubescent to almost glabrous or sparsely arachnoid to densely lanate, adaxially substrigose and dense dark glandular-punctate, base cordate, hastate, or truncate, margin coarsely toothed, serrulate, or pinnately lobed, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves shortly petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade oblong-ovate, lanceolate, or linear, gradually smaller apically on stem, base truncate to hastate base, margin serrulate, apex acuminate. Capitula corymbose, with linear subtending leaves. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 5--8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5--7 rows, margin and apically usually slightly purplish red; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2.2 X 0.7 mm, apex shortly acuminate; middle phyllaries oblong, ca. 8 X 2 mm, apex acuminate to obtuse; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 14 X 1 mm, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purplish red, 1--1.2 cm, tube and limb each 5--6 mm. Achene pale brown, 4--5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Grassland on mountain slopes, forests, by rivers, ravines; 1100--2900 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East)].

1a. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely pubescent ....................................................................................  202a. var. ussuriensis

1b. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely arachnoid to densely lanate ...............................................................  202b. var. firma

202a. Saussurea ussuriensis var. ussuriensis

乌苏里风毛菊wu su li feng mao ju

Saussurea ussuriensis var. incisa Maximowicz; S. ussiriensis var. pinnatifida Maximowicz.

                Leaf blade abaxially sparsely pubescent.

                Grassland on mountain slopes, forests, by rivers; ravines; 1100--2900 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East)].

202b. Saussurea ussuriensis var. firma Kitagawa, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo sect. IV 4(4): 97. 1936.

硬叶乌苏里风毛菊ying ye wu su li feng mao ju

Saussurea firma (Kitagawa) Kitamura.

                Leaf blade thick and rigid, abaxially sparsely arachnoid to densely lanate.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, ravine; ca. 1100 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol.

203. Saussurea graciliformis Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 57: 532. 1972.

纤细风毛菊xian xi feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 30 cm tall. Stems erect, slender, ribbed, subglabrous, apex unbranched or shortly corymbose. Leaves thick, abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with 4--7.5 cm petiole; leaf blade ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate, 3--9.5 X 1.5--2 cm, base shallowly cordate to truncate, margin sinuate mucronate or small toothed, apex acute. Middle stem leaves  similar to basal and lower stem leaves, gradually smaller apically on stem. Upper stem leaves narrowly elliptic to linear, smaller. Capitula ca. 5, a corymb at end of stem. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, thin, glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 3 X 1.5 mm, apex acute and mucronate; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 7 X 1.8 mm, apex acute and conspicuously or inconspicuously mucronate; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 8 X 1.6 mm, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene cylindric, 3--4 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * On rocks, river floodplains, under forests; 2200--3400 m. Gansu, Qinghai.

204. Saussurea dimorphaea Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 340. 1894.

东川风毛菊dong chuan feng mao ju

                Stem solitary, to 30 cm tall or more, ribbed, basally naked at anthesis, apically from middle densely leafy. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, or ovate-triangular, 5--8 cm, abaxially white tomentose, adaxially scabrous, base cordate to truncate base, margin sharply toothed or mucronate. Lower stem leaves petiolate with wing decurrent on stem. Upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula 8--10 mm, each 3--5 aggregate at end of branch, sessile. Phyllaries almost in 5 rows, sparsely arachnoid; outer phyllaries ovate-triangular, short, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries oblong, membranous, margin broad and purple. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus short. Florets purple. Achene glabrous.

                * Sichuan.

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

205. Saussurea nivea Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 10: 153. 1837.

银背风毛菊yin bei feng mao ju

Saussurea discolor de Candolle var. eriolepis Bunge ex Maximowicz; S. eriolepis Bunge ex de Candolle.

                Herbs, perennial, 30--120 cm tall. Rhizomes oblique, neck with brown residue of petioles. Stems erect, sparsely arachnoid or glabrate. Leaves abaxially silver-gray and densely lanate, adaxially green and glabrous. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves with 3--8 cm petiole; leaf blade lanceolate-triangular, cordate, or hastate, 10--12 X 5--6 cm, base cordate, hastate, or truncate, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade similar to lower and middle stem leaves or ovate-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula corymbose, with linear subtending leaves; peduncle 0.5--5 cm. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 6 or 7 rows, white lanate; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 4 X 2 mm, apex acuminate and with a dark purple mucro; middle phyllaries elliptic to ovate-elliptic, ca. 7 X 3 mm, apex acute to subobtuse; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 10 X 1.5 mm, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus 9--10 mm. Florets purple, 1--1.2 cm, tube subequaling limb. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Forest margins on mountain slopes, forests, thickets; 400--2200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Korea].

206. Saussurea vestitiformis Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 643. 1937.

河谷风毛菊he gu feng mao ju

                Stems to 60 cm tall, densely leafy, apically arachnoid tomentose. Leaves green, slightly thick, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially subarachnoid. Lower stem leaves with ca. 13 cm slender petiole; leaf blade ovate, ca. 13 X 8.5 cm, base deeply cordate, margin small toothed with mucronate teeth, apex subacute. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade base rounded, margin small toothed. Upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, apex acute. Capitula paniculately corymbose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.2 cm. Phyllaries in 6 rows, broadly ovate or outer phyllaries oblong, pale yellow sericeous hirsute, apex obtuse. Pappus brown; outer pappus ca.  1/4 as long as inner pappus, simple. Florets numerous. Achene obovoid. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep.

                * Forests, grasslands on mountain slopes; ca. 2900 m. Yunnan (Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

207. Saussurea huashanensis (Y. Ling) X. Y. Wu, Fl. Tsinling; 1: 365. 1985.

华山风毛菊hua shan feng mao ju

Saussurea eriolepis Bunge var. huashanensis Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 3: 163. 1935; S. alatipes Hemsley var. huashanensis (Y. Ling) Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 40--60 cm tall. Rhizomes oblique, with brown residue of petioles. Stem solitary, erect, arachnoid lanate. Leaves abaxially grayish green and densely white lanate, adaxially green and glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves similar; petiole 8--11 cm, wingless or narrowly winged, wing 1--3-lobed or toothed, base sheath enlarged and amplexicaul or semiamplexicaul; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 7--14 X 4--9 cm, papery, base cordate to rarely truncate, margin sinuate or basally from middle sinuate or lobate, apex acute to acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves with 1--2 (--4) cm petiole; leaf blade cordate, oblong, or lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem. Capitula numerous, corymbosely paniculate, arachnoid lanate, with linear subtending leaf; peduncle 5--16 mm. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 8--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 6 or 7 rows, arachnoid, apex black and mucronate; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 2 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries oblong to narrowly elliptic, ca. 8 X 3 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 11 X 2 mm, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets pale purple, 1.4--1.6 cm. Achene cylindric, ca. 6 mm, ribbed, glabrous, apex with a crenellate coronule. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Among tall thickly growing grass; 1800--2100 m. Henan, Shaanxi.

208. Saussurea baroniana Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 625. 1901.

棕脉风毛菊zong mai feng mao ju

Saussurea broussonetifolia F. H. Chen; S. rufotricha Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 20--56 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, with numerous fibrous roots. Stem solitary, basally  with dense and apically with sparse brown multicellular nodiferous hairs, apically corymbose to corymbosely paniculate branched. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely arachnoid lanate, adaxially green, scabrous, and strigose. Lower and middle stem leaves similar; petiole 2--13 cm, with brown multicelluar-nodiferous hairs, base enlarged and semiamplexicaul; leaf blade ovate to ovate-cordate, 8.5--14 X 4.5--9 cm, base cordate to rarely rounded, margin coarsely toothed, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade ovate, small, base cuneate. Capitula 2 to many, corymbose to corymbosely paniculate; peduncle 0.5--3.5 cm, densely rust pubescent or multicellular-nodiferous hairy and arachnoid lanate. Involucre narrowly campanulate to ovoid, 6--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 6 or 7 rows, arachnoid; outer phyllaries ovate-triangular, leathery, apex black and mucronate; inner phyllaries oblong to oblong-lanceolate, apex purple obtuse. Pappus grayish white to pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purple, ca. 1.1 cm. Achene 4-sided, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Mountain slopes, forest margins; 2200--2800 m. Shaanxi (Qinling Shan).

209. Saussurea flaccida Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 3: 165. 1935.

萎软风毛菊wei ruan feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 25--50 cm tall. Rhizomes oblique, surrounded by few membranous sheathlike residues of petiole bases. Stem solitary, erect, slender, sparsely arachnoid, apically corymbose. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green, scabrous, and densely strigose. Basal and lower stem leaves similar; petiole 6--13 cm, base enlarged and amplexicaul; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, 2.5--6 X 2--4 cm, thinly papery, base cordate, margin sharply toothed or sinuately sharply toothed, apex acute. Middle leaves stem similar to basal and lower stem leaves or cordate and apex shortly acuminate. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to oblong. Capitula 2--4, corymbose; peduncle 0.5--3.5 cm, arachnoid pubescent. Involucre obconic to oblong, 5--6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, rigid, leathery, abaxially densely white-arachnoid, apex with a blackish brown to purplish brown mucro; outer phyllaries ovate-triangular, ca. 3 X 2 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 6 X 2 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries broadly linear, ca. 7 X 1 mm, apex acute. Pappus pale yellow, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner ca. 8 mm. Florets pale yellowish brown, ca. 1 cm, tube and limb each ca. 5 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 5 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes, among thickly growing grass; 2700--2800 m. Shaanxi (Qinling Shan).

210. Saussurea acromelaena Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1151. 1936.

肾叶风毛菊shen ye feng mao ju

                ?Saussurea discolar (Willdenow) de Candolle var. nana F. H. Chen; S. nivea Turczaninow var. nana (F. H. Chen) Handel-Mazzetti; S. reniformis Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 40--50 cm tall. Rhizomes oblique. Stems erect, stout, sparsely white lanate, apically paniculately branched. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely white lanate, adaxially yellow or yellowish green when dry and glabrous or with fine hairs. Basal and lower stem leaves similar; petiole 6--12 cm, lanate; leaf blade broadly nephroid, 4.5--11 X 7--17 cm, base cordate to deeply cordate, margin coarsely toothed, apex rounded and emarginate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar; petiole 0.5--1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, triangular-ovate, or lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, base truncate to cuneate, apex acute to acuminate. Capitula numerous, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 6--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, leathery, densely white lanate, apex blackish purple mucronate; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 4 X 3 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries oblong, ca. 7 X 3 mm; inner phyllaries oblong to narrowly lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2.3 mm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets pale purple, ca. 1.1 cm. Achene brown, cylindric, 4--5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Sep--Oct.

                * Forests; 400--2500 m. Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi.

211. Saussurea pinetorum Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1150. 1936.

松林风毛菊song lin feng mao ju

Saussurea conodasys Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, 30--50 cm tall. Rhizomes oblique, with fibrous adventitious roots. Stems erect, with rust multicellular nodiferous hairs, racemosely branched from middle, apically arachnoid. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green and with rust nodiferous hairy. Basal and lower stem leaves similar; petiole 1.5--3 cm, wing margin sparsely toothed or entire and decurrent on stem; leaf blade oblong to ovate, 3--10 X 2.5--6 cm, base subcordate to rarely truncate, margin sharply small toothed, apex rounded, obtuse, or acute. Middle stem leaves petiolate sessile, similar to basal and lower stem leaves;  if petiole present then wing cuneate-attenuate from leaf base and to stem wings; leaf blade similar in shape to lower stem leaves or oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or linear, gradually small apically on stem. Capitula 3--12, terminally racemose- or narrowly racemosely paniculate. Involucre oblong, 7--9 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, thin, glabrous or abaxially subglabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, 2.8--3 X ca. 1.5 mm, apex obtuse to slightly acute; middle phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 5--8 X 1.8--2 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries broadly linear, ca. 9 X 1 mm, apex obtuse to rounded. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets purple, ca. 1 cm, glabrous, tube and limb each ca. 5 mm. Achene pale brown, 2--3 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Pinus woodlands, grassy slopes; 1900--3800 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

212. Saussurea splendida Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 424. 1901.

节毛风毛菊jie mao feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 0.9--1.2 m tall. Stems stout, striate, with sparsely misty-brown colored slimy multicellular nodiferous hairy. Lower stem leaves long petiolate; leaf blade ovate, 14--16 X 9--11 cm, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base nearly cordate, margin irregularly toothed, apex acute. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade ca. 11 X 8 cm. Upper stem leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, abaxially white, glabrous. Capitula numerous, densely corymbose; peduncle short, ferrugineous, glandular hairy. Involucre 7--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, apex caudate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus few, fragile; inner pappus basally brownish, apically white. Florets pale red. Fl. Aug.

                Jilin [Russia (Far East)].

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

213. Saussurea paleata Maximowicz, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 168. 1859.

膜片风毛菊mo pian feng mao ju

Saussurea corymbosa F. H. Chen; S. eriolepis Bunge var. paleata (Maximowicz) Herder.

                Herbs, perennial, to 60 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stems erect, white arachnoid or glabrous, shortly corymbose in apex. Leaves abaxially grayish green and thinly arachnoid tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous. Basal leaves with 5--7 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly ovate-cordate to oblong-cordate, 6--8 X 4--5 cm, base cordate, margin inconspicuously serrulate or mucronate, apex shortly acuminate. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, small. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to linear, gradually smaller apically on stem, apex acute. Capitula few to many, corymbose. Involucre cuneately campanulate, ca. 7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, thin, margin arachnoid and apically purplish red, apex purplish red; outer phyllaries triangular, ca. 3 X 1 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries oblong, ca. 6 X 1.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic, ca. 6.5 X 1 mm, apex acute. Pappus white but basally brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 1.3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 8 mm, tube as long as limb. Achene brown, 4-sided, ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Fl.  and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes; 1700--2200 m. Hebei, Liaoning.

214. Saussurea chetchozensis Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 359. 1888.

大坪风毛菊da ping feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 60 cm tall. Stems erect, arachnoid lanate, apically corymbose. Leaves abaxially grayish white or green and densely white tomentose or glabrous, adaxially green and glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Basal leaves with 5--6 cm petiole; leaf blade broadly ovate, 8--10 X 4--6 cm, base cordate to cuneate, margin sharply small toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Middle stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves. Upper stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, base decurrent to stem wing, apex acute. Uppermost stem leaves linear. Capitula several, corymbose. Involucre oblong, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, abaxially sericeous-villous; outer phyllaries ovate, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.2 cm. Achene brown, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Forests on mountain slopes, grassland; 2000--3700 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

1a. Leaf blade abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose ....................................  214a. var. chetchozensis

1b. Leaf blade abaxially green and glabrous ..................................................................................  214b. var. glabrescens

214a. Saussurea chetchozensis var. chetchozensis

大坪风毛菊da ping feng mao ju

Saussurea coeruleo-violacea H. Léveillé; S. lanuginosa Vaniot.

                Leaf blade abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose.

                * Forests on mountain slopes; grassland; 2000--3700 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

214b. Saussurea chetchozensis var. glabrescens (Handel-Mazzetti) Lipschitz, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 248. 1971.

光叶风毛菊guang ye feng mao ju

Saussurea lanuginosa Vaniot var. glabrescens Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 643. 1937.

                Leaf blade abaxially green and glabrous.

                * Grassland; 3000--3600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

215. Saussurea neofranchetii Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 57: 676. 1972.

耳叶风毛菊er ye feng mao ju

Saussurea auriculata Franchet (1887), not (de Candolle) Schultz-Bipontinus (1846).

                Herbs, perennial, 50--70 cm tall. Rhizomes slender, with brown residue of old leaf. Leaves papery, glabrous. Basal leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic, base cuneate-attenuate. Middle and lower stem leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, 10--15 X 2.5--5 cm, basally slightly constricted, base auriculate base, margin serrulate, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves sessile, similar to low and middle stem leaves, basally enlarged and semiamplexicaul. Capitula 1--3, solitary, terminal on stem and branches; peduncle long, sparsely villous. Involucre campanulate, 1.2--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, subleathery, apex acute to acuminate and retroflexed; outer phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries oblong-lanceolate. Pappus pale yellow, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.5 cm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 4 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Forest margins, grassland; 3000--3800 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

216. Saussurea caudata Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 3: 147. 1891.

尾叶风毛菊wei ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 55--84 cm tall. Rhizomes repent, with numerous adventitious roots. Stems purple to pale purple, erect, ribbed, simple or shortly 2--3-branched, glabrous, with residue of petiole. Leaves thin, papery, abaxially green and glabrous or sometimes sparsely strigose along veins, margin serrulate or inconspicuously serrulate. Basal leaves with 7--9 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong, 5--9 X 1--2.5 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, apex acute to acuminate. Lower stem leaves similar to basal leaf or broadly linear, basally attenuate to winged-petiole, apex caudate-acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, basally slightly narrowed, base auriculate, enlarged-amplexicaul, apex caudate-acuminate. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or 2--4 terminal on stem and branches, not inconspicuously corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, 8--9 X 4--7 mm, leathery, apex acuminate and reflexed; inner phyllaries oblong, ca. 12 X 4 mm, leathery; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 15 X 2 mm, apex acute. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, simple; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * By ditches at forest margins, meadows, open rocky pastures; 3000--4000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian).

217. Saussurea leclerei H. Léveillé, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 25: 18. 1915.

利马川风毛菊li ma chuan feng mao ju

Saussurea mollis Franchet.

                Herbs, perennial, to 1 m tall. Stems erect, striate, glabrous, winged, with slender paniculate branches. Leaves papery, abaxially grayish green and thinly arachnoid, adaxially green and glabrous. Upper stem leaves with petiole base inconspicuously small auriculate and narrowly decurrent to wing on stem; leaf blade oblong to narrowly ovate, 6--11 X 2.5--4.5 cm, base cuneate-attenuate and decurrent to shortly winged petiole, margin sparsely mucronate, apex caudate-acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, smaller, margin subsinuate or entire. Capitula small, numerous, paniculate; peduncle slender. Involucre campanulate, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 1.5 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 1.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries oblong, ca. 6 X 1.5 mm, apex rounded. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets purple, ca. 1.2 cm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Mountain slopes; 2000--3300 m. Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan.

218. Saussurea macrota Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 343. 1894.

大耳叶风毛菊da er ye feng mao ju

Saussurea auriculate Hemsley; S. hemsleyana Handel-Mazzetti; S. kitamurae S. Y. Hu; S. otophylla Diels; S. otophylla Diels var. cinerea Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 25--75 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, with numerous adventitious roots. Stem solitary, erect, strigose or glabrous, wingless, apically corymbose. Leaves green, thin, abaxially sparsely brown glandular punctate, adaxially sparsely strigose, margin sparsely toothed. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 10--22 X 3--6 cm, base deeply cordate with amplexicaul large auricles, apex acuminate, acute, or emarginate. Upper stem leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, apex acuminate. Capitula 2--10, corymbose; peduncle 2--20 mm, densely or sparsely glandular punctate. Involucre ovoid to oblong, 6--8 mm in diam. Phyllaries usually purplish red or with brown margin and apex, in 5 or 6 rows, leathery, sparsely arachnoid or abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 4 X 2.5 mm, apex acute and mucronate; middle phyllaries narrowly ovate, ca. 7 X 3 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 12 X 1.5 mm, apex acute. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets dark purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 4.5 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Mountain slopes, forests, thickets; 2200--3300 m. Gansu, Hubei, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

219. Saussurea semiamplexicaulis Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 57: 528. 1972.

半抱茎风毛菊ban bao jing feng mao ju

                Stems 60--70 cm tall, erect, wingless, apically branched, branches pubescent. Leaves green, abaxially sparsely arachnoid, adaxially glabrous, margin densely small toothed. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 4--4.5 cm, winged, base enlarged  and semiamplexicaul; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, 6--9 X (2.5--)3--3.5 cm, base subcordate to truncate, apex acute. Upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, base auriculate-amplexicaul. Capitula numerous, terminally paniculate. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, leathery, pubescent, apex obtuse to acuminate; outer phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries lanceolate. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous; inner pappus 1--1.1 cm. Achene ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; ca. 2700 m. Yunnan (Dêqên Xian).

220. Saussurea merinoi H. Léveillé, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 25: 19. 1915.

截叶风毛菊jie ye feng mao ju

                Stems wingless. Leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green and subvillous, base truncate, margin coarsely toothed. Pappus ± tinged red. Achene brown, cylindric. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; ca. 3200 m. Yunnan (Qiaojia Xian).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

221. Saussurea peduncularis Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 357. 1888.

显梗风毛菊xian geng feng mao ju

Saussurea peduncularis var. lobata Franchet; S. peduncularis var. diversifolia Franchet; S. peduncularis var. lobata (Franchet) Lipschitz.

                Herbs, perennial, 50--90 cm tall. Stems erect, winged, glabrous, apically corymbosely or paniculately branched. Leaves green, thin, papery, abaxially sparsely strigose along veins or glabrous, adaxially glabrous. Lower stem leaves with a winged petiole; petiole ca. 4 cm, wing with 1- or 2-paired, owing to teeth in petiole-wing; leaf blade narrowly ovate, elliptic, or ovate, 8--18 X 4--8 cm, lyrately pinnate, base cuneate-attenuate to winged petiole, margin toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Middle stem leaves similar to low stem leaves, gradually smaller apically on stem, base decurrent to stem wing, margin toothed. Upper stem leaves narrowly elliptic, smaller, base decurrent to stem wing, margin toothed. Capitula numerous, corymbose or paniculate. Involucre ovoid to campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., apically constricted or not. Phyllaries in 5 rows, margin sparsely arachnoid; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 4 X 2 mm, apex acute to obtuse; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 7 X 3 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 9 X 2 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets dark bluish purple, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Thickets, forest margins; 2800--3500 m. Yunnan .

222. Saussurea frondosa Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 312. 1938.

狭翼风毛菊xie yi feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 60 cm tall. Rhizomes slender. Stems erect, narrowly winged, densely pubescent, apically or apex corymbose. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Leaves green, glabrous, margin serrulate or upper stem leaves entire. Lower and middle stem with a shortly winged petiole or sessile; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 10--16 X 3--6 cm, undivided or lyrately pinnately parted, base cuneate-attenuate and decurrent into shortly winged petiole or sessile, apex acute to acuminate; lateral lobes 1-paired, triangular to elliptic, very small; terminal lobe ovate to elliptic. Upper stem leaves subsessile; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, gradually smaller apically on stem, base cuneate, apex acute. Capitula numerous, small, corymbose; peduncle 2--10 mm, slender. Involucre ovoid-oblong. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially sparsely arachnoid; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 mm, apex with a ca. 4 mm subulate acumen; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 6 X 2.5 mm, apex with a 3--4 mm subulate acumen; inner phyllaries oblong, 7--10 X 2--3 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.6 cm, tube 9.5 mm, limb 6.5 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Forests on mountain slopes; 1400--2300 m. Fujian, Henan, Shanxi, Shanxi, Yunnan.

223. Saussurea eriocephala Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 339. 1894.

棉头风毛菊mian tou feng mao ju

Saussurea pallidiceps Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, to 50 cm tall. Stems erect, winged, wing entire. Leaves and segments of leaf papery, abaxially pale grayish white and thinly arachnoid, adaxially green and glabrous, margin inconspicuously small toothed. Middle stem leaves with ca. 3 cm petiole; leaf blade lyrately pinnatisect or pinnately parted; lateral segments 1-paired, elliptic, small; terminal segments shallowly cordate to shallowly ovate-cordate, ca. 7 X 4.5 cm, apex acute to obtuse, base shallowly cordate. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller apically on stem, lyrately pinnate or undivided; terminal lobe or leaf blade ovate. Capitula numerous, corymbose or paniculately corymbose; peduncle thick. Involucre yellowish brown, campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, rigid, thinly leathery, abaxially especially apically densely brown villous; outer phyllaries ca. 5 X 2--3 mm, apex obtuse; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 10--14 X 2--2.5 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1 cm. Immature achene ca. 0.8 mm, glabrous. Fl. Aug--Sep.

                * Along trails on mountain slopes; 1900--2600 m. Yunnan (Lijiang Xian).

224. Saussurea dzeurensis Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 339. 1894.

川西风毛菊chuan xi feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 60--90 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, neck with numerous fibrous residue of petioles. Stems erect, with a toothed wing, sparsely lanate or glabrescent, apically corymbose. Leaves abaxially white arachnoid, adaxially sparsely strigose. Basal leaves long petiolate; leaf blade decurrent to wing on stem base, runcinately pinnate; lateral lobes 3--6-paired, triangular, margin toothed; upper stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, margin coarsely toothed. Capitula usually 7--10, corymbose; peduncle with linear subtending leaves, sparsely lanate. Involucre ovate, 1--1.2 cm. Phyllaries leathery, sericeous, margin black, apex acute to obtuse; outer and middle phyllaries ovate to lanceolate; inner phyllaries oblong. Pappus pale yellowish brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous. Florets white, 8--9 mm. Achene ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep--Oct.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 3500--4000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan.

225. Saussurea kiraisiensis Masamune, J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 2: 241. 1930.

台岛风毛菊tai dao feng mao ju

                Stems 5--15 cm, slender, puberulent, simple. Lower leaves petiolate; petiole 1.5--4 cm, sometimes winged; leaf blade oblong, ovate, or broadly ovate, 2--5 cm, distinctly pinnately lobed, abaxially lanate, base truncate to cuneate and decurrent into petiole, margins irregularly mucronulate-toothed, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse; lateral lobes oblong, small, margins irregularly mucronulate-denticulate, apically puberulous. Upper stem leaves shorter-winged petiolate or sessile; leaf blade oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, base cuneate to truncate, apex acute to acuminate. Capitula 1--4, congested together, ca. 6 mm wide, subsessile to shortly pedunculate. Involucres campanulate, ca. 9 X 6 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries shorter, ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries oblong, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear, apex acute.

                * Rocky areas or scree at mountain summits; ca. 3500 m. Taiwan.

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from “Flora of Taiwan 4: 928. 1978".

226. Saussurea carduiformis Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 343. 1894.

蓟状风毛菊ji zhuang feng mao ju

                Herbs, annual, to 50 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, ribbed, base naked. Leaves green, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiole; petiole 3--5 cm, winged; leaf blade pinnately lobed, lobes 1--3-paired, triangular or toothed; terminal lobe triangular to elliptic, ca. 6 X 4 cm, margin with a few large teeth, apex acute. Upper stem leaves smaller, narrowly elliptic to broadly linear, base cuneate, sessile, and semiamplexicaul, margin few-toothed, apex acute and mucronate. Capitula 7, corymbose. Involucre hemispherical, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries triangular, ca. 4 X 3 mm, apex acute and with a 4--5 mm spine; middle phyllaries narrowly ovate-triangular, ca. 5 X 2 mm, apex acute and with a to 4 mm spine; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 11 X 1.8 mm, apex acuminate to short spines. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Sep.

                * Sparse forests in mountains, by farmlands: ca. 2600 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

227. Saussurea mutabilis Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(Beibl. 82): 109. 1905.

变叶风毛菊bian ye feng mao ju

Saussurea mutabilis var. diplochaeta Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 40--70 cm tall. Rhizomes slender. Stems erect, ribbed, sparsely pubescent, paniculate branched apically. Leaves green, glabrous or subglabrous. Lower stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves with 5--11 cm petiole; leaf blade thin, 7--15 X 5--9 cm, lyrately pinnately parted or undivided; lateral lobes 1- or 2-paired, elliptic to triangular; terminal lobe ovate, margin sinuate or toothed, apex acute. Upper stem leaves with ca. 1 cm petiole or sessile; leaf blade gradually small towards stem apex, lyrately pinnately parted; lateral lobes 1-paired, ovate-elliptic. Capitula numerous, corymbose or paniculate. Involucre 4--9 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, abaxially arachnoid; outer phyllaries ovate, apex recurvate or explanate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, apex acute to subobtuse. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets white, 8--11 mm. Achene pale brown, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Forests on mountain slopes; 1300--1800 m. Gansu, Shaanxi.

228. Saussurea morifolia F. H. Chen, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 123. 1938.

桑叶风毛菊sang ye feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous, unbranched or few branched. Leaves green and glabrous. Basal leaves with 8--11 cm petiole; leaf blade ca. 11 X 6 cm, lyrately pinnatisect; lateral segments 4-paired, elliptic, basally gradually smaller, margin subentire or mucronate, apex obtuse, rounded, or acute; lowermost segment smallest, narrowly triangular; terminal segments shallowly ovate-hastate, margin sparsely small toothed or mucronate, apex acute to acuminate. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade lyrately pinnatisect; lateral segments 2-paired, elliptic; terminal segment triangular-hastate. Upper stem leaves small, few-divided; terminal lobe narrowly elliptic; lateral lobes 1-paired or undivided, broadly linear. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or 2--4. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially subglabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 X 3 mm, apex long acuminate and reflexed; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 10 X 3 mm, apex long acuminate and reflexed; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 10 X 1 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 9 mm; limb ca. 6 mm. Achene brown, 4--5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Forests, beside trails; 1800--2700 m. Gansu, Shaanxi.

229. Saussurea alatipes Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 308. 1892.

翼柄风毛菊yi bing feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 15--30 cm tall. Rhizomes oblique, with brown residue of petioles. Stem solitary, erect, sparsely white lanate or glabrescent, unbranched, few branched, or apically paniculate branched. Leaves abaxially grayish white and densely white tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with winged petiole 3.5--11 cm; leaf blade lyrately pinnately parted; lateral lobes 1- or 2-paired, obliquely triangular to toothed??; terminal lobe ovate, ovate-triangular, or inconspicuously cordate, 9--10 X 3.5--6 cm, margin toothed. Middle and upper stem leaves winged petiolate; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem. Leaves at forks of inflorescences smaller, subulate. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem or 2 to numerous and terminally paniculate. Involucre cylindric to campanulate, 8--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 6 or 7 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 1 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries oblong to ovate-oblong, 4--7 X 2--3 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries oblong to linear, 8--12 X 1--1.5 mm, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets pale purple, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Forests, grassland, beside trails; 1500--2600 m. Hubei, Sichuan.

230. Saussurea lampsanifolia Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 357. 1888.

鹤庆风毛菊he qing feng mao ju

                Rhizomes thick. Stems erect, roughish, many-leafed. Leaves petiolate; petiole with a toothed wing.  Leaves lyrately pinnate, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially scabrous; terminal lobe ovate-triangular, base truncate to subcordate; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, ovate to triangular, margin entire or toothed.  Floral branches axillary toward stem apex. Capitula numerous, small, each 3 or 4 congregate, subsessile. Phyllaries addressed, ovate, leathery, margin ciliate, apex long acuminate. Pappus pale white; outer pappus scabrous. Fl. and fr. Sep.

                * Forests. Yunnan (Heqing Xian).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

231. Saussurea tsinlingensis Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 85: 223. 1936.

秦岭风毛菊qing ling feng mao ju

Saussurea flexuosa Franchet var. pencillata Franchet.

                Herbs, perennial, 50--70 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, apically paniculately branched, branches slender, both stem and branches glabrous. Leaves abaxially pale white and arachnoid, adaxially green, scabrous, and strigose. Lower stem leaves with petiole to 7 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to narrowly ovate-elliptic, 6--17 X 5--9 cm, papery, lyrately pinnately parted; lateral lobes 1-paired, obliquely triangular to lanceolate, small; terminal lobe triangular-ovate, base cuneate to subtruncate, margin toothed, apex acute. Middle stem leaves with 2--3 cm petiole; leaf blade similar and same in division to low stem leaves, gradually smaller apically on stem. Upper stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade undivided, narrowly elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, smaller, base cuneate, margin entire or small toothed, apex acuminate. Capitula numerous, terminally laxly paniculate; peduncle densely white arachnoid. Involucre ovoid to campanulate, 7--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, gradually larger from outer to inner, abaxially sparsely arachnoid; outer phyllaries ovate to broadly ovate, apex with a black straight mucro; inner phyllaries lanceolate, apex purplish red. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 4 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * By trails and in sparse forests on mountain slopes; 1500--2000 m. Gansu, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

232. Saussurea hieracioides J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 371. 1881.

长毛风毛菊chang mao feng mao ju