千 里 光 族 qian li guang zu
Chen Yi-lin[1]; Bertil R. Nordenstam[2], Charles Jeffrey[3], Hiroshige H. Koyama[4], Michele Funston[5], Debra Trock[6], Leszek Vincent[7]
Herbs annual or perennial, rarely subshrubs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, sometimes rosulate or opposite, sessile or petiolate, entire to lobed or deeply divided. Capitula arranged in corymbs or racemes, or solitary, heterogamous and radiate or disciform, or homogamous and discoid; plants sometimes dioecious. Phyllaries (involucral bracts) 1- or 2-(or rarely pluri-)seriate, free or connate, outer row of bracts (calyculus) smaller, or absent. Receptacle flat or raised, rarely conical, naked or alveolate. Ray florets female, ligulate or shortly tubular; styles 2-lobed. Disc florets bisexual; perfect or functionally male; corolla tubular, or with limb infundibuliform or campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed; stamens 4 or 5, anthers basally rounded, acute, or sagittate, sometimes caudate; style bifid, style arms flat with entire or divided stigmatic area inside, sometimes sterile or entire, apically truncate, obtuse or rounded to conical, sometimes appendaged with tufts or hair pencils, glabrous or papillate tohirsute, with or without apical sweeping-hairs; endothecial cell wall thickenings radial or polarized or transitional, filament collar straight and uniform or dilated toward base. Achene cylindrical or terete-angular to ellipsoid-oblong or sometimes flattened, glabrous, ribbed or smooth, glandular, or pubescent. Pappus 1- to many seriate, bristles few or numerous or 0, rarely absent from all florets, white or colored, persistent or caducous. Pollen Senecioid or sometimes Helianthoid.
About 150--160 genera widely distributed worldwide; ca. 20 genera (18 native) and 258 species in China (# endemic??).
This is a major tribe in the Compositae. According to a recent record (Nordenstam, 2006), there are 151 genera in the tribe. They are sometimes referred to only two or three subtribes, Senecioninae, Tussilagininae and Blennospermatinae. A satisfactory subtribal classification would probably recognize about eight subtribes, but has not yet been produced. The Chinese Senecioneae are here provisionally divided into three subtribes: Tussilagininae Dumortier, Tephroseridinae C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen, and Senecioninae (Farfugium, Ligularia, and Cremanthodium were treated in Senecioninae in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 77(2), but are here referred to the Tussilagininae). Twenty genera, with 258 species are recorded in this volume. Plants in some genera have economic value such as Tussilago, Petasites, Parasenecio, Ligularia, and Gynura which are used medicinally. Several genera are well known in horticulture (Doronicum, Euryops, Farfugium, Kleinia, Ligularia, Parasenecio, Pericallis, Senecio, Sinacalia, Steirodiscus, etc.)
Chen, Yiling, ed. 1999. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 77(1): 1326.
vernacular name??
Luininae Rydberg.
Filament collars cylindrical or obconic, without enlarged marginal basal cells; endothecial tissue cell wall thickenings polarized, cells short; stigmatic, stigmatic areas usually confluent or contiguous; chromosome number usually 30, sometimes 29, 28, 27, 26, or 25, rarely 20 or 19.
1a. Phyllaries in 2 series, all alike, herbaceous ........................................................ 1. Doronicum
1b. Phyllaries in 1 series, herbaceous, cartilaginous or leathery, if an outer series (calyculus) is also present, then distinct in size and form from inner series.
2a. Inner florets female; flowers precocious.
3a. Plants monoecious; peduncles 1-headed ................................................... 10. Tussilago
3b. Plants subdioecious; capitula with polygamous florets; peduncles several headed 11. Petasites
2b. Inner florets hermaphroditic, flowers not precocious.
4a. Leaves basally vaginate-sheathed; achenes not beaked.
5a. Leaf margins involute; achenes hairy ................................................... 2. Farfugium
5b. Leaf margins revolute; achenes glabrous.
6a. Involucres cylindrical or obconic ....................................................... 3. Ligularia
6b. Involucres broadly campanulate or hemispherical ..................... 4. Cremanthodium
4b. Leaves basally not vaginate-sheathed; achenes beaked or not.
7a. Capitula radiate, ligulate; rhizomes dilated, tuberiform ............................. 5. Sinacalia
7b. Capitula discoid, homogeneous, hermaphoditic flowers; rhizomes not tuberform.
8a. Style arms with papillae divided at apex into two brush-like lobes 6. Dicercoclados
8b. Style arms with papillae undivided at apex.
9a. Cotyledons l, radical leaves umbelliform??, pendulous when young . 9. Syneilesis
9b. Cotyledons 2; basal leaves not umbelliform??, not pendulous when young.
10a. Anthers caudate or sagittate; filament collars cylindrical; radical leaves withered by anthesis ......................................................................................... 7. Parasenecio
10b. Anthers obtuse, not caudate; filament collars cylindrical; radical leaves persistent by anthesis ........................................................................................ 8. Ligulariopsis
Filament collars cylindrical, narrow, without enlarged marginal basal cells, endothecial tissue with cell wall thickenings polarized, scattered or radial, cells short; stigmatic areas confluent, contiguous or discrete; gametic chromosome number usually 24, rarely 25 or 13.
1a. Leaves pinnately lobed ............................................................................... 14. Nemosenecio
1b. Leaves palmately lobed or unlobed.
2a. Leaves palmately veined; endothecial cell wall thickenings polarized or scattered, rarely radial; involucres sometimes calyculate ............................................................................... 12. Sinosenecio
2b. Leaves pinnately veined; endothecial cell wall thickenings radial; involucres not calyculate 13. Tephroseris
vernacular name??
Filament collars balusterform, with enlarged marginal basal cells; endothecial tissue with usually radial cell wall thickenings, rarely scattered; stigmatic areas usually discrete, rarely contiguous or confluent; gametic chromosome number usually 20 or 10, less often 52, 50, 30, 23, 22, 19, or 5.
1a. Anther bases with sterile caudate auricles.
2a. Plants erect or subscandent, without prehensile petioles ..................................... 15. Synotis
2b. Plants scandent, with basally thickened, prehensile petioles .................. 165. Cissampelopsis
1b. Anther bases without sterile caudate auricles, obtuse to sagittate.
3a. Involucre not calyculate.
4a. Style arms with shortly conical appendages; capitula with homogeneous hermaphroditic disc florets 20. Emilia
4b. Style arms truncate, with brush-like papillae .............................................. 21. Pericallis
3b. Involucre calyculate.
5a. Style arms erect, with long, subulate, papillose appendages ........................... 22. Gynura
5b. Style arms recurved, without papillose appendages.
6a. Marginal female florets filiform .......................................................... 19. Erechtites
6b. Marginal female florets radiate or absent.
7a. Apex of style arms without a central appendage of fused papillae ...... 176. Senecio
7b. Apex of style arms with a central appendage of fused papillae 18. Crassocephalum
款 冬 亚 族 kuan dong ya zu
多 榔 菊 属 duo lang ju shu
Herbs perennial. Leaves alternate, basal leaves long petiolate, stem leaves sessile and amplexicaul. Capitula large, usually solitary or 26(8) laxly corymbose, radiate, involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate; phyllaries 2(or 3)-seriate, herbaceous, subequal, outer ones lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate-linear, inner ones linear or linear-lanceolate, laxly pubescent or glandulous, apex long acuminate. Receptacle slightly raised, glabrous or hairy, heterogamous, all florets fertile. Ray florets uniseriate, female. Disc florets many seriate, hermaphroditic, tubular, yellow, limb cylindrical or campanulate, 5-lobed. Anther bases entire or +/- auricled, filamentous cells equal in size, appendages ovate, style 2-lobed, lobes arms shortly linear, apex rounded or truncate, puberulous. Achenes oblong or oblong-obconic, glabrous or adpressed hairy, ribbed, pappus of many fine bristles, white or reddish, usually absent in ray florets.
About 40 species distributed in temperate Eurasia and North Africa; seven species in China in NW and SW areas (four endemic). [here and throughout, please indicate number of endemic species per genus!!]
The capitula of the genus are large and colorful. Some species are often cultivated as ornamental plants, and some used medicinally.
??Doronicum bargusinense Sergievsk var. pilosum C. H. An, Fl. Xinjiang. 5: 477. 1999.
??Doronicum cavillieri I. Αlvarez Fernαndez & G. Nieto Feliner, Ann. Bot. Fennici 37: 250. 2000.
??Doronicum tianshanicum C. H.. An, Fl. Xinjiang. 5: 477. 1999.
??where is key lead to 7. D. stenoglossum
1a. Ray florets ca. as long as involucre or shorter; capitula 1.52(2.5) cm in diam., few arranged in racemes at apex of stem.
2a. Peduncle thick, 38 cm, apex dilated and obconic, glandular villous; rays oblong or oblong-elliptic, 78 Χ ca. 2 mm; achenes heteromorphic; glabrous and without pappus in ray florets, densely puberulous in disc florets ................................................................................................................ 6. D. conaense
2b. Peduncle slender, 11.5 cm, apex not dilated, densely villous, glandular hairy; rays linear, 710 Χ 0.20.5 mm; achenes homomorphic; achenes in all florets puberulous, pappus present.
1b. Ray florets distinctly overtopping involucre; capitula 57 cm in diam., solitary, rarely 2.
3a. Ovary and achenes heteromorphic, achenes in ray florets, glabrous and without pappus in disc florets, pappus present and adpressed hairy.
4a. Basal leaves elliptic or obovate-oblong, 26(10) cm, base attenuate into 1620 cm petioles; outer bracts lanceolate, 1.53.5 mm wide, inner bracts narrowly lanceolate, 1.23 mm wide; tube of ray florets glabrous, rays basally puberulous ................................................... 4. D. oblongifolium
4b. Basal leaves obovate-spatulate or suborbicular, 411 cm, base attenuate into 415 cm winged petioles; outer bracts linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1.82 mm wide, inner bracts linear, 11.5 mm wide; tube of ray florets densely glandular hairy, rays basally glabrous ................. 5. D. turkestanicum
3b. Ovary and achenes homomorphic, glabrous or laxly hairy, all achenes with pappus.
5a. Rhizomes slender, often stoloniferous; capitula 35 cm in diam.; involucres 1.52 cm in diam., phyllaries laxly or densely pubescent; achenes glabrous ....................................... 3. D. gansuense
5b. Rhizomes robust, not stoloniferous; capitula 47 cm in diam., phyllaries glandular hairy or villous.
6a. Basal leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rarely orbicular, petioles 619 cm, lower stem leaves ovate-oblong, basally attenuate into ca. 2 cm broadly winged petioles, glabrous or glandular ciliate on margin; involucre 23 cm in diam.; ray florets 1.62.5 cm, tube ca. 1/2 as long as pappus or shorter; achenes glabrous or sometimes laxly puberulous .............................................. 1. D. altaicum
6b. Basal leaves obovate-spatulate or oblong-elliptic, petioles shorter, lower stem leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-spatulate, basally attenuate into 24 cm broadly winged petioles, both surfaces articulate-villous and glandular hairy, especially on veins; involucre 33.5 cm in diam.; ray florets 2.22.8 cm, pappus ca. 3 Χ as long as achenes; achenes laxly puberulous on veins ......... 2. D. thibetanum
阿 尔 泰 多 郎 菊 altai duo lang ju
Arnica altaica Turczaninow, nom. nud.!!; Aronicum altaicum (Pallas) A. de Candolle.
Rhizomes procumbent or sometimes ascending, stout, ca. 1 cm in diam. Stem solitary, erect, green or brown, sometimes purple-tinged, 2080 cm tall, simple, basally glabrous, apically densely glandular hairy, more densely so below capitula. Radical leaves usually withered by anthesis; petiole long, 619 cm; blade ovate or obovate-oblong, 510 Χ 45 cm, base attenuate, apex rounded or obtuse. Stem leaves 5 or 6, uppermost leaves ovate-oblong, 56 Χ 44.5 cm, base attenuate into ca. 2 cm broadly winged petiole, other stem leaves sessile, broadly ovate, amplexicaul. Median leaves 78 Χ 33.5 cm, upper ones 2.53.5 Χ 0.82.5 cm, base broadly cordate, amplexicaul, all glabrous, margin undulate-denticulate, or sometimes entire, glandular ciliate, apex obtuse or slightly acute. Capitula solitary, large, 46 cm in diam. with ray florets. Involucre hemispherical, 23 cm in diam.; phyllaries equal, 11.3 cm; outer ones oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1.82 mm wide, densely glandular hairy at base; inner ones linear-lanceolate or linear, 0.51 mm wide, glabrous or ciliate on margins only, all bracts apically long acuminate. Ray florets yellow, (1.6)22.5 cm, with 22.5 mm tube, glabrous; rays linear-oblong, 1622 Χ 22.5 mm, 3-veined, apically 3-denticulate. Disc florets yellow, 55.3 mm, with 1.52 mm tube and cylindrical campanulate limb, 5-lobed, lobes ca. 1 mm, apically acute; anthers ca. 2 mm, basally obtuse, appendages ovate, style arms short, apically obtuse or truncate. Achenes yellow-brown or dark brown, cylindrical, 24 mm, ribbed, glabrous or sparsely puberulous. Pappus present in all florets, white or red-brown at base, 34 mm. Fl. Jun-Aug, ??fr. 2n = 30, 60.
Grasslands on slopes, under Picea forests; 23002500 m. Nei Mongol, ??Shaanxi, N Xinjiang [??Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].
西藏多郎菊 xizang duo lang ju
Cremanthodium calotum Diels; Doronicum limprichtii Diels.
Rhizomes procumbent or ascending, stout, ca. 1 cm in diam., tuberous, sometimes short and slender. Stem solitary, erect, green or sometimes purple-tinged, (6)1075 cm tall, simple, densely villous, yellow-brown, with intermixed short glandular hairs, more densely so below capitula, part of stem leafy. Radical leaves often withered by anthesis, long petiolate; petiole 24 cm, dilated at base; leaf blade obovate-spatulate or oblong-elliptic, 415 Χ 1.53.5 cm, submembranous, base attenuate into narrow or broad petiole, apex obtuse or rounded. Stem leaves dense or lax, usually up to apex of stem; lower leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-elliptic, base narrowed into 24 cm broadly winged petiole, margin ciliate. Capitula solitary, terminal, large, 56(7) cm in diam. Involucre hemispherical, 33.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, equal; outer ones lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1.51.8 Χ 1.52.2 mm; inner ones linear-lanceolate or linear, 11.5 mm wide, densely pubescent and shortly glandular hairy, apically narrowly lanceolate. Ray florets yellow, 2.22.8 cm, with ca. 3 mm tube, glabrous; rays oblong-linear, 1.83 mm, 3- or 4-veined, apically 3-denticulate. Disc florets yellow, 4.55 mm, with 22.5 mm tube and campanulate limb, 5-lobed, lobes ovate-triangular, apically acute; anthers 11.5 mm, basally obtuse, style arms 2-fid, apex obtuse or truncate. Achenes cylindrical, 1.52 mm, 10-ribbed, sparsely puberulous on ribs. Pappus present in all achenes, numerous, yellow-brown, 55.5 mm, scabrous. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr.??
* Alpine grasslands, thickets, stony slopes; 34004200 m, Qinghai, SW and W Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan.
甘 肃 多 郎 菊 gansu duo lang ju
Rhizomes erect or ascending, slender, clad in persistent brown petiole bases. Stem solitary or rarely with stoloniferous branches, green, erect, 1020 cm tall, simple, glabrous, or upper part especially below capitula yellow-brown glandular hairy. Radical and stoloniferous leaves long petiolate; petiole 3.57.5 cm, slender, not winged; leaf blade obovate-oblong, ca. 2.5 Χ 1.52 cm, base slightly cordate, apex rounded. Lower stem leaves with petiole dilated at base; blade obovate or obovate-spatulate, +/- membranous, base narrowed into ca. 2 cm, winged petiole, apex rounded or obtuse. Median and upper leaves sessile, ovate to ovate-oblong, 2.54 Χ 12.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely puberulous, base cordate, amplexicaul, margin apically entire or rarely inconspicuously denticulate, ciliate, apex obtuse or rounded. Capitula solitary, terminal, 35 cm in diam. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate, 1.52 cm in diam.; phyllaries biseriate, green, subequal, herbaceous; outer ones narrowly lanceolate, 1013 Χ 1.51.8 mm; inner ones linear-lanceolate, 11.3 mm wide, abaxially laxly or densely white hairy, apex acuminate. Ray florets 1.82.3 cm, with ca. 2 mm tube, glabrous; rays yellow, 1620 Χ 1.52 mm, 4-veined, apically 3-denticulate. Disc florets yellow, 4.55 mm, with ca. 2 mm tube and campanulate limb; lobes ovate, ca. 1 mm; anthers obtuse at base; style arms apically truncate. Achenes cylindrical, ca. 2 mm, ribbed, glabrous. Pappus present in all florets, yellow-brown, 34 mm, scabrous. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes, forest understories; ca. 3100 m. Gansu (Siku [spelling??]).
长 圆 叶 多 郎 菊 chang yuan ye duo lang ju
Rhizomes short, stout, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., sometimes tuberous, ascending, with black membranous bristles at collar of root. Stem solitary, erect, green, sometimes reddish violet in upper part, 2530(50) cm tall, glabrous, glandular hairy in upper part. Radical leaf petiole 1620 cm; blade elliptical or obovate-oblong, 26(10) Χ 1.52.5 cm, base tapered, attenuate, apex rounded-obtuse. Lower stem leaves similar to radical ones, but narrowed to large winged petioles, subamplexicaul or sometimes sessile. Median stem leaves sessile, narrowly oblong, 48 Χ 23 cm, base subamplexicaul, apex obtuse or rather acute. Upper leaves 34 Χ ca. 1 cm. All leaves glabrous, margin entire or sometimes terminal ones inconspicuously dentate, glandular ciliate on margin. Capitula solitary, long pedunculate, 34 cm in diam., hemispherical, 1.22 cm; phyllaries 1.22 cm, white pubescent, with long, simple, and orbicular-glandular hairs; outer phyllaries lanceolate, 1.53.5 mm wide; inner ones narrowly lanceolate, 1.23 mm wide. Ray florets 2.22.8 cm; corolla yellowish, with ca. 2 mm tube; rays 1.82.4 Χ 3.65 mm, hairy at base, 46-veined, apically finely toothed. Disc florets 56 mm; corolla yellow, with ca. 2 mm tube and campanulate limb, lobes 11.5 mm, glabrous. Achenes heteromorphic, achenes in ray florets ca. 1.8 mm, glabrous, without pappus; disc achenes 22.8 mm, adpressed-hairy. Pappus white, 22.3 mm, bristly, serrate. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr.??. 2n = 40.
Beside water canals, forest understories; ??elevation. Xinjiang (Habi - spelling??) [Kazakhstan, ??Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].
This species is similar to Doronicum turkestanicum but differs in having radical leaves elliptic or obovate-oblong; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate; tube of ray florets glabrous, and rays hairy basally.
中 亚 多 郎 菊 zhong ya duo lang ju
Doronicum oblongifolium A. de Candolle var. leiocarpum Trautvetter.
Rhizomes horizontal or oblique, ca. 1 cm in diam. Stem solitary, erect, striate, green, 2580 cm tall, simple, with scattered, orbicular, glandular hairs, sometimes subglabrous in lower part. Leaves with both surfaces glabrous or adaxially and marginally sparsely hairy, margin entire or finely and sparsely toothed, apex?? or base?? obtuse or rather acute. Radical leaves withered by anthesis or present, obovate-spatulate or suborbicular, 411 Χ 46.5 cm, abruptly or gradually narrowed into 410(15) cm winged petiole. Stem leaves 46, oblong-ovate or oblong, rarely ovate, 311 Χ 1.54 cm, sessile or with broadly winged short petiole, subamplexicaul. Upper leaves smaller, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rarely linear-lanceolate. Capitula solitary with ray florets 56 cm in diam. Involucre hemispherical, (2)2.53 cm in diam.; outer bracts lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, 1.21.7 Χ (1.5)1.82 mm wide; inner ones linear, 11.5 mm wide; all bracts abaxially and marginally sparsely or densely glandular pubescent, apically long acuminate. Ray florets yellowish, 1.83 cm, with ca. 2.5 mm tube, outside densely glandular hairy; rays 1.52 cm Χ 22.8 mm, 4- or 5-veined, apically finely (2 or)3-toothed. Disc florets 5.57 mm; corolla dark yellow, with 2.53 mm tube and campanulate limb lobes ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 1.5 mm, basally entire, filament collar cylindrical. Achenes heteromorphic, brown, marginal ones smooth, 34 mm, pappus absent. Achenes in disc florets 33.5 mm, glabrous or scattered appressed puberulous pappus of numerous serrate bristles, white, 33.5 mm. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr.??.
On slopes, under Picea forests; 19002700 m. Nei Mongol, N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].
错 那 多 郎 菊 cuo na duo lang ju
Rhizomes short, not tuberous, with numerous fibrous roots. Stem solitary, erect, green, striate, 6090 cm tall, rather stout, 78 mm in diam., simple or branched on inflorescences, scattered glandular hairy in upper part, subglabrous in lower part. Radical leaves often withered by anthesis. Median stem leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, 47 Χ 2.53 cm, membranous, both surfaces scattered adpressed glandular pubescent, especially on veins, base dilated, cordate, subamplexicaul, margin rounded finely toothed or subentire, apex obtuse or rather acute. Upper stem leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.54 Χ 1.52 cm, both surfaces sparsely shortly glandular hairy, base cordate, subamplexicaul, apex acuminate. Capitula 3 or 4 in axillary racemes, with ray florets, 22.5 cm in diam.; peduncles 38 cm, glandular pubescent, apically obconically dilated. Involucres hemispherical, 1013 Χ 1520 mm; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate; outer bracts narrowly lanceolate, 1.52 mm wide, abaxially glandular pubescent in lower half, glabrous or subglabrous in upper part, margin long ciliate; inner ones linear-lanceolate or linear, 0.50.8 mm wide, ciliate; all bracts long acuminate, equal to disc or rather shorter than disc. Ray florets yellow, 810 mm with 2.53 mm tube, glabrous; rays oblong or oblong-elliptic, 78 Χ ca. 2 mm, 4-veined, apically 2- or 3-denticulate. Disc florets numerous; corolla yellow-green, 3.44 mm, with ca. 2.5 mm tube and campanulate-infundibular limb, lobes ovate-triangular; anthers linear, 11.2 mm, basally obtuse; style arms short, obtuse or truncate. Achenes heteromorphic, brown, obconic-oblong, 2.53 mm, 10-ribbed; marginal achenes glabrous, without pappus, achenes in disc florets densely white hairy. Pappus pallid-yellow, 33.5 mm, scabrous. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr.??.
* Thickets on slopes; 38003900 m. Xizang (Cona Xian).
狭 舌 多 郎 菊 xia she duo lang ju
Doronicum souliei Cavillier; D. yunnanense Franchet ex Diels.
Rhizomes short, slender, not tuberous. Stem solitary, erect, 50100 cm tall, simple, rarely virgately inflorescence-branched, sparsely or densely white hairy, with intermixed short glandular hairs. Radical leaves withered by anthesis, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 811 Χ 34 cm, base cuneately narrowed into 36 cm petiole, apex obtuse or shortly acuminate. Lower leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 410 Χ 2.54 cm, basally narrowed to narrowly winged petiole. Upper leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 312 Χ 1.53.5 cm, base cordate, subamplexicaul or constricted and lyrate in lower half. All leaves membranous, margin denticulate or subentire, both surfaces pubescent and shortly glandular hairy, especially on veins. Capitula small, 22.5 cm in diam., 210 arranged in racemes; peduncles 11.5 cm, shortly conical, densely glandular pubescent and villous. Involucres hemispherical or broadly campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, green, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, often exceeding disc, 0.31.5 mm wide, outside sparsely or densely villous and glandular hairy, subglabrous or glabrous in upper part, apex acuminate. Ray florets pallid-yellow, shorter than involucres or equal to them, with 2.53 mm tube; rays linear, 710 Χ 0.20.3 mm, 3- or 4-veined, apically 2- or 3-denticulate. Disc florets yellow, ca. 3.5 mm, with 1.52 mm tube and narrow campanulate limb; lobes ovate, ca. 0.5 mm; anthers ca. 3 mm, basally obtuse; style arms obtuse or truncate. Achenes homogeneous, brown, subcylindric or slightly curved, 2.53 mm, 10-ribbed, puberulous. Pappus present in all florets, white, yellow-white, or reddish, equal to achenes, scabrous. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr.??.
* Subalpine and alpine grasslands, forest margins, secondary thickets, under Picea forests; 21003900 m. Gansu, Qinghai, NW and W Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan.
华 蟹 甲 属 hua xie jia shu
Herbs perennial, erect, with thick subterranean tuberiform rhizomes and numerous fibrous roots. Leaves simple, petiole not winged, basal and lower cauline usually fallen by anthesis; blade ovate to suborbicular, palmately or pinnately veined, base cordate to subtruncate, sometimes expanded and subamplexicaul, but not vaginate. Capitula solitary or few to numerous, arranged in terminal lax corymb or compound paniculoid thyrses, radiate; peduncles bracteolate. Involucres not calyculate, narrowly cylindrical to obconic-campanulate, with minutely puberulous tips and scarious margins. Ray florets 28; rays yellow, oblong or linear-oblong, 47-veined, with 2 or 3 small terminal teeth. Disc florets 2 to many; corolla yellow; limb infundibular; lobes 5, anthers shortly acutely to obtusely caudate, tails 1/43/4 as long as filament collar; filament collars broadly obconic to somewhat balusterform, broader than filament at base; endothecial cell wall thickenings strictly polar. Style arms incurved, obtuse with numerous rather long, prominent, obtuse terminal papillae. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed, glabrous. Pappus persistent, capillary.
Four species, all endemic to China.
Ligularia and Parasenecio are the closest relatives. Sinacalia differs from the former by its non-vaginate leaf sheaths, and from the latter by its ligulate capitula, and from both by its tuberiform rhizomes.
1a. Capitula small, numerous, in broad, richly branched paniculoid thyrses; involucre cylindrical, ca. 2 mm in diam., phyllaries 5; ray florets 2 or 3.
2a. Leaf blade deeply pinnatisect, with 3 or 4 lateral lobes on each side, pinnately veined 4. S. tangutica
2b. Leaf blade not lobed, pentagonal or triangular, sinuate, apiculate-dentate, basally palmately 35-veined 3. S. davidii
1b. Capitula large, 20 or fewer, corymbose or solitary; involucre obconic-campanulate, 58 mm in diam., phyllaries 8; ray florets 58.
3a. Leaf blade deeply cordate, thickly papery; rays 1518 mm ................... 1. S. macrocephala
3b. Leaf blade shallowly cordate, truncate, or broadly cuneate, leathery or subleathery; rays 811 mm 2. S. caroli
大 头 华 蟹 甲 da tuo hua xie jia
Cacalia macrocephala Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 13: 633. 1937, not (Less.) Kuntze 1891; Koyamacalia macrocephala (Handel-Mazzetti) H. Robinson & Brettell (1973), nom. illegit. because based on C. macrocephala Hand.-Mazz.?, a combination only, no description included).
Stems erect, conspicuously striate, robust, 810 mm in diam. at base, fistulose, 80100 cm tall, simple, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves subradical, thickly papery, long petiolate; petiole 815 cm, stout, expanded and somewhat amplexicaul at base, sparsely puberulous or subglabrous; blade broadly ovate-orbicular, 1416 Χ 2030 cm, thickly papery, adaxially dark green and glabrous, abaxially arachnoid, soon glabrescent, veins prominent on both surfaces, base cordate, margin irregularly repand-denticulate, apex rounded, mucronate. Stem leaves bract-like, ovate-lanceolate, 23 cm Χ 46 mm, many veined, sparsely arachnoid, glabrescent, apex acuminate. Capitula large, 522, arranged in a terminal corymb or compound corymb; peduncles 13.5 cm, stout, fulvous-arachnoid; bracteoles 2 or 3, linear-lanceolate, 610 Χ 11.5 mm. Involucres obconic-campanulate, 1315 Χ 610 mm; phyllaries 8, green, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, ca. 15 Χ 23.5 mm, herbaceous, glabrous or subglabrous, with puberulous tips and broadly scarious margins, obscurely 35-veined, apically acuminate. Ray florets 5 or 6, yellow, with 88.5 mm tube; rays linear-oblong, 1518 Χ 33.5 mm, 6- or 7-veined, apically minutely 2- or 3-dentate. Disc florets numerous; corolla yellow, 1.21.3 cm, with 55.5 mm tube and infundibular limb; lobes oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, apically acuminate; anthers oblong, 44.5 mm, shortly obtusely caudate, appendages ovate-oblong; style arms ca. 1.5 mm. Achenes cylindrical, 56 mm, glabrous, ribbed. Pappus white, 1.31.5 cm, scabrous. Fl. Sep-Nov, fr.??.
* Habitat and elevation unknown. W Hubei (near Yichang).
革 叶 华 蟹 甲 ge ye hua xie jia
Senecio caroli C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 7. 1893; Cacalia caroli (C. Winkler) C. C. Chang.
Rhizomes fusiform, 56 mm in diam., subglabrous, with numerous fibrous roots. Stem solitary, erect or ascending, often flexuous, 23 mm in diam. at base, leafless in lower part, 1540 cm tall, sparsely puberulous or subglabrous. Radical and lower leaves fallen by anthesis. Stem leaf petiole 2.56 cm, sparsely puberulous, expanded and somewhat amplexicaul at base; blade suborbicular or subflabelliform, 24 Χ 36 cm, leathery or subleathery, adaxially dark green and glabrous, abaxially pale green or purplish and fulvous-puberulous or glabrescent, basally palmately 79-veined, veins distinctly prominent abaxially, base truncate or weakly cordate, rarely broadly cuneate, margin coarsely palmately dentate-lobulate with apically cartilaginous-mucronate teeth, +/- revolute. Upper stem leaves progressively smaller with shorter petioles. Uppermost leaves bractlike, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, apically cartilaginous-mucronate. Capitula solitary or 35 arranged in lax corymbs, medium-sized, 2.56 cm in diam.; peduncles 35 cm, slender, usually 57-bracteolate. Involucres obconic-campanulate, 1213 Χ 57 mm; phyllaries 8, oblong-linear or linear, ca. 12 Χ 23 mm, +/- glabrous, with white-puberulous tips and scarious margins, apex acute or subobtuse. Ray florets 68, yellow, corolla tube ca. 6 mm; rays oblong-lanceolate, 811 Χ 2.53 mm, 46-veined, apically minutely 3-dentate. Disc florets numerous; corolla yellow, 99.5 mm, with 44.5 mm tube and infundibuliform limb; lobes oblong-ovate, ca. 2 mm, apically acute. Anthers dark brown, oblong, ca. 3.5 mm, shortly obtusely caudate; appendages ovate-oblong; style arms ca. 1.5 mm, apically obtuse, papillose. Achenes cylindrical, ca. 4 mm, glabrous, ribbed. Pappus 99.5 mm. Fl.??, fr.??
* Roadsides, forest understories, in valleys; 10002900 m. Gansu (Dibu - spelling??), Sichuan.
双 花 华 蟹 甲 shuan hua hua xie jia
Senecio davidii Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sιr. 2. 10: 40. 1887; Cacalia davidii (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; C. didymantha (Dunn) Handel-Mazzetti; S. didymanthus Dunn; S. tuberivagus W. W. Smith.
Stems robust, 810 mm in diam. at base, fistulose, to 150 cm tall, distinctly sulcate when dry, glabrous. Radical and lower stem leaves fallen by anthesis, petiolate; middle stem leaves with petioles 35 cm, sparsely puberulous or glabrous, basally expanded and subamplexicaul; blade of middle stem leaves triangular or pentagonal, 815 Χ 920 cm, leathery, abaxially pale green or purplish and fulvous puberulous along veins or glabrescent, adaxially dark green and sparsely hispidulous or subglabrous, basally palmately 35-veined, base truncate or weakly cordate, apex acute, mucronate-dentate. Upper stem leaves smaller; uppermost leaves shortly petiolate, ovate-triangular. Capitula small, numerous, arranged in terminal compound paniculoid thyrses; axes and peduncles fulvous-puberulous; peduncles short, 25 mm, usually with 2 or 3 linear or linear-lanceolate bracteoles. Involucres cylindrical, 810 Χ 1.52 mm; phyllaries 4 or 5, linear-oblong, 0.51.5 mm, with obtuse minutely puberulous tips and narrow scarious margins, glabrous, inconspicuously 35-veined. Ray florets 2; corolla yellow, ca. 8 mm with ca. 5.5 mm tube; rays oblong-linear, 1012 Χ 0.51.5 mm, 4-veined, apically minutely 2-dentate. Disc florets 2, rarely 4; corolla yellow, ca. 8 mm, with ca. 2 mm tube and infundibuliform limb; lobes 5, lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, apically acute. Anthers linear-oblong, ca. 3.5 mm, shortly caudate; appendage ovate-oblong. Style arms ca. 1.5 mm, papillose, obtuse. Achenes cylindrical, ca. 3 mm, glabrous, ribbed. Pappus white, sometimes rufescent, 56 mm. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes, cliffs, roadsides, forest margins; 9003200 m. Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
华 蟹 甲 hua xie jia
Senecio tanguticus Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pιtersbourg, Sιr. 3, 27: 486. 1881; Ligularia tangutica (Maximowicz) J. Mattfeld; Senecillis tangutica (Maximowicz) Kitamura; Senecio henryi Hemsley; Sinacalia henryi (Hemsley) H. Robinson & Brettell, non rite publ.
Rhizomes tuberiform, 11.5 cm in diam., with numerous fibrous roots. Stems robust, fistulose, 50100 cm tall, 56 mm in diam., simple, sparsely arachnoid when young, or glabrous at base, puberulous with brown hairs in upper parts. Lower stem leaves fallen by anthesis, petiolate. Petiole of median stem leaves 36 cm, expanded and subamplexicaul at base, sparsely puberulous or subglabrous; blade of median stem leaves ovate or ovate-cordate, 1016 Χ 1015 cm, thickly papery, adaxially dark green and sparsely adpressed-hispidulous at least on veins, abaxially puberulous and sparsely arachnoid, distinctly pinnately veined, base subtruncate or weakly cordate, margin deeply pinnatisect with 3 or 4 lateral lobes on each side, apex mucronate; lateral lobes subopposite, narrowly to broadly oblong, with a few acute marginal teeth or lobules. Upper stem leaves smaller, shortly petiolate. Capitula small, numerous, arranged in terminal often broad and much branched, compound paniculoid thyrses; axes and peduncles fulvous glandular puberulous; peduncles 23 mm, slender, with 2 or 3 small linear-acuminate bracteoles. Involucres cylindrical, 810 Χ 1.52 mm; phyllaries