大吴风草属 da wu feng cao shu
Liu Shangwu[1]; Irina Illarionova
Herbs, perennial, deciduous or sometimes evergreen, with long rhizomes. Stem scape-like, leafless or with few bracteal leaves, base densely long lanate. Leaves all basal in rosette, each leaf involute and appearing fistlike; petiole broadly sheathed at base; leaf blade reniform or orbicular-reniform, palmately veined, abaxially densely hairy. Capitula many in corymb, base with fewer supplementary bracts (calyculus). Involucre campanulate; involucral bracts in 2 rows, outer ones narrow, inner ones broad, margin membranous. Receptacle flat, without scales, alveolate, with shallow pits, margin of pit denticulate. Outer florets ligulate, female, in 1 row. Central florets tubular, hermaphroditic; limb 5-lobed. Anthers caudate at base, apex appendage oblong, obtuse; filaments glabrous. Branches of style shortly hairy, obtuse at apex. Achenes cylindric, hairy between ribs. Pappus of denticulate hairs, white.
Two species in China and Japan; one species in China.
Liu Shangwu. 1989. Farfugium In: Ling Yong & Liu Shangwu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 77(2): 14.
大吴风草 da wu feng cao
Rhizomes stout, 12 cm in diam. Scape to 70 cm tall, 56 mm in diam. at base, initially densely shortly pale yellow pilose, glabrate. Leaves with petiole 1525 cm, initially densely shortly pale yellow pilose, ± glabrate, amplexicaul, sheath densely villous inside; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, reniform, 913 Χ 1122 cm, subleathery, initially gray puberulous, glabrate, base cordate, margin entire or dentate to palmatilobed, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade. Stem leaves bracteal, oblong or linear-lanceolate, 12 cm. Capitula 27 in corymb; peduncles 213 cm, puberulous. Involucre campanulate or broadly turbinate, 1.21.5 cm, mouth to 1.5 cm wide, outside puberulous; involucral bracts 1214, oblong, apex acuminate, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 812, yellow; ligules oblong or spatulate-oblong, 1.52.2 cm Χ 34 mm, apex rounded or acute. Tubular florets numerous, 11.2 cm; tube ca. 6 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes ca. 7 mm, ribbed, hairy. Fl. and fr. Aug to following March. 2n = 60@.
Lower elevation forests, grassy slopes, valleys, sometimes cultivated in gardens; elevation??. Anhui??, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu??, Taiwan, Zhejiang?? [Japan].
橐吾属 tuo wu shu
Liu Shangwu; Irina Illarionova
Herbs, perennial. Rhizome short, with non-flowering rosulate leaves. Roots stout or slender, glabrous or hairy. Stem arising from outer axil of rosulate leaves, erect, usually solitary, base surrounded with remains of old petiole. Basal leaves (rosulate and lower stem leaves) well developed, palmately or pinnately veined; petioles longer, base broadly sheathed. Stem leaves alternate, fewer, similar to basal leaves, but smaller, gradually decreasing in size upward; petiole short, base with or without broad sheath. Capitula numerous in corymb, compound corymbs, racemes, paniculate racemes, or solitary, base with few or numerous supplementary bracts; peduncle with a foliose [leaflike??] bract. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, turbinate, or hemispherical; involucral bracts in 2 rows, separate, outer ones narrow, inner ones broad, margin membranous or in 1 row, united, apex 25-dentate. Receptacle flat, without scales. Outer florets female, ligulate or rarely slenderly tubular, or sometimes ligulate floret absent. Central florets tubular, hermaphroditic; limb 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base, apex triangular or ovate, acute; filaments glabrous, apex inflated. Branches of style slender, apex obtuse or rounded. Pappus with 2 or 3 rows of denticulate hairs or hairs sometimes absent. Achenes ribbed, glabrous.
About 140 species: Asia and Europe; 124 (00 endemic) species in China, .
Liu Shangwu. 1989. Ligularia In: Ling Yong & Liu Shangwu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 77(2): 4115.
1a. Capitula in corymb or compound corymbs, very rarely solitary.
2a. Leaves palmately veined, with 39 main veins; foliose [leaflike??] bract ovate to linear; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla or tube of corolla.
3a. Capitula including ligules 312 cm in diam.; involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate, (7)1030 mm wide; ligulate florets numerous, ligules long and wide.
4a. Basal leaves ovate, base cordate or rounded, margin regularly sharply dentate; capitula 35; involucre broadly campanulate; supplementary bracts many; pappus yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla; ligules lanceolate, apex acuminate ........................................................................ 1. L. pyrifolia
4b. Basal leaves reniform or ovate-reniform, base??, margin dentate or palmatisect; capitula??; involucre??; supplementary bracts 24 or absent; pappus??; ligules??.
5a. Involucral bracts closely imbricate, not spreading, inner ones convex, 2-carinate on outside, margin membranous; pappus reddish brown.
6a. Involucre hemispherical, broader than long, 1525 Χ 1830 mm; ligules 46.5 cm.
7a. Leaf margin dentate; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla .................... 2. L. dentata
7b. Leaves palmatisect; pappus ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla ........ 3. L. japonica
6b. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1014 Χ 718 mm; ligules 1.53 cm.
8a. Capitula 1 to many; involucre longer than broad; involucral bracts outside glabrous or white pilose, apex broadly triangular, obtuse; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla 4. L. hodgsonii
8b. Capitula 24; involucre ca. as long as broad or broader than long; involucral bracts outside shortly brown pilose, apex acute; pappus slightly longer than tube of tubular corolla 5. L. calthifolia
5b. Involucral bracts laxly imbricate, spreading, inner ones not convex, not carinate on outside, margin narrowly membranous; pappus yellowish white or purplish brown.
9a. Pappus purplish brown, ca. as long as or shorter than tube of tubular corolla; upper stem shortly purplish brown pilose ................................................................ 6. L. phoenicochaeta
9b. Pappus yellowish white, ca. as long as tubular corolla; upper stem??.
10a. Involucre 1012 mm wide, outside glabrous; stem distally white pilose 7. L. kangtingensis
10b. Involucre 1020 mm wide, outside hairy; stem??.
11a. Stem distally and involucre outside black pilose .................................. 10. L. retusa
11b. Stem distally shortly yellow pilose; involucre outside white pilose or glabrous.
12a. Ligules oblong, 1015 Χ 24 mm ................................... 8. L. cremanthodioides
12b. Ligules cuneate or obovate, 78 Χ 36 mm .................................... 9. L. cuneata
3b. Capitula small, including ligules less than 2 cm in diam.; involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, 27 mm wide; if involucre broader, then capitula without ligulate florets; ligules??.
13a. Capitula with few ligulate florets; ligules slightly extending from involucre, rarely longer and split.
14a. Ligules 1015 mm, 25-parted to -divided, rarely entire.
15a. Capitula with 1015 florets; involucre 46 mm wide, bracts 710; ligulate florets 35; ligules 35-divided .......................................................................................... 11. L. stenoglossa
15b. Capitula with 57 florets; involucre 23 mm wide, bracts 5; ligulate florets 1 or 2; ligules 2- or 3-parted or entire ............................................................................... 12. L. oligonema
14b. Ligules 47 mm, entire, apex 2- or 3-denticulate or ligulate floret similar to tubular floret.
16a. Capitula with 25 florets; involucre 23 mm wide, outside glabrous; ligulate floret usually 1 or absent, similar to tubular floret, but split only on one side and ca. as long as tubular floret 13. L. franchetiana
16b. Capitula with 510 florets; involucre 47 mm wide, outside glabrous or pilose; ligulate florets 16.
17a. Involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate, curved; ligulate floret 1, ca. as long as tubular florets, ligules small and narrow; limbs of tubular florets wholly extending from involucre; pappus brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla .............................. 14. L. curvisquama
17b. Involucral bracts all or only inner ones oblong, apex obtuse or acute, erect; ligulate florets??, ligules??; tubular florets slightly longer than involucre; pappus brown or white, ca. as long as or longer than tube of tubular corolla.
18a. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 34 mm wide, outside shortly pilose; ligulate floret 1, ligule obovate-oblong or oblong, ca. 3 mm wide ..................................... 15. L. rockiana
18b. Involucre narrowly campanulate, ca. 6 mm wide, outside glabrous; ligulate florets 36, ligules narrowly oblong, 1.52 mm wide ......................................... 16. L. transversifolia
13b. Capitula without ligulate floret.
19a. Involucre narrowly or broadly campanulate, or turbinate, 520 mm wide.
20a. Leaves palmatisect, lobes narrow; involucre 712 mm wide; pappus brown, shorter than tubular corolla ............................................................................................. 17. L. paradoxa
20b. Leaves undivided, margin dentate; involucre??; pappus??.
21a. Capitula numerous in compound corymbs; involucre turbinate, outside yellowish brown shortly pilose, inner bracts marginally broadly brown membranous; pappus brown or white, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla; stem robust, taller, 12 cm in diam. at base ... 18. L. purdomii
21b. Capitula fewer, in corymb; involucre outside glabrous, inner bracts marginally narrowly membranous; pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla; stem slender, dwarf, ca. 7 mm in diam. at base.
22a. Capitula less than 14; involucre 510 mm wide, bracts 510; leaves??.
23a. Leaves glabrous, abaxially pale green, adaxially green, margin coarsely sharply dentate; involucre narrowly campanulate, bracts 58; florets 620 ....... 19. L. yunnanensis
23b. Leaves often purplish red, abaxially with short hairs on white reticulate veins, margin undulately dentate; involucre turbinate, bracts 910; florets 2030 ............... 20. L. potaninii
22b. Capitula 16; involucre broadly campanulate, 1520 mm wide, bracts 1315; leaves abaxially shortly pilose only on veins.
24a. Leaves thick, margin undulate-dentate; involucral bracts purplish red, petaloid, apex acute 21. L. cymosa
24b. Leaves thin, margin regularly sharply dentate; involucral bracts dark brown, apex obtuse, mucronate or acute ............................................................. 22. L. microcephala
19b. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 1.57 mm wide.
25a. Peduncles shortly purplish brown pilose; involucral bracts oblong, apex obtuse; pappus brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla.
26a. Florets 5 or 6(8), yellow; involucral bracts 5; leaves ovate-cordate or subreniform, 56(11) cm wide ............................................................................................ 24. L. tenuicaulis
26b. Florets 3 or 5, purple or ??; involucral bracts 35; leaves reniform, 617 cm wide.
27a. Florets 5 or 4, purple; involucral bracts 4 or 5, outside purple shortly pilose 24. L. dux
27b. Florets 3, color??; involucral bracts 3, glabrous ....................... 25. L. tonkyukensis
25b. Peduncles shortly yellow pilose or glabrous; involucral bracts??; pappus white.
28a. Involucral bracts 510, narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate; florets??.
29a. Leaf margin regularly triangular-denticulate; involucre outside shortly yellow pilose; florets more than 20; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla .......................... 26. L. xanthotricha
29b. Leaf margin irregularly coarsely dentate, teeth to 2 cm wide; involucre??; florets 616.
30a. Involucral bracts outside densely shortly yellow pilose; pappus ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla ................................................................................. 27. L. achyrotricha
30b. Involucral bracts outside glabrous, purple ciliate; pappus slightly shorter than tubular corolla .............................................................................................. 28. L. macrodonta
28b. Involucral bracts 57, oblong, apex acute or obtuse; florets 39 (12).
31a. Involucre outside densely yellow shortly pilose ................... 31. L. kongkalingensis
31b. Involucre outside glabrous.
32a. Limb of tubular corolla extending from involucre; pappus ca. as long as or shorter than tube of tubular corolla .......................................................................... 29. L. duciformis
32b. Limb of tubular corolla slightly extending from involucre; pappus longer?? than tube of tubular corolla .................................................................................. 30. L. nelumbifolia
2b. Leaves pinnately veined; foliose bracts linear; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla.
33a. Stem base with a circle of densely, brown or reddish brown, floccose-lanate; stem leaves without broad sheaths.
34a. Capitula small, in paniculate compound corymbs; involucre narrowly campanulate, cylindric, or turbinate, 511 Χ 310 mm.
35a. Leaves ovate-oblong, base subrounded, with prominent reticulate veins on both surfaces; involucre turbinate, mouth to 10 mm wide, bracts with margin brown membranous; ligulate florets 37 32. L. rumicifolia
35b. Leaves sagittate or triangular-cordate, base deeply cordate; without prominent reticulate veins on both surfaces; involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, longer than wide, bracts with margin white membranous; ligulate florets 14.
36a. Involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate, 47 mm wide, longer than wide; ligulate florets 14.
37a. Leaves sagittate; involucral bracts apex obtuse; ligulate florets 3 or 4 33. L. songarica
37b. Leaves triangular-cordate; involucral bracts apex acute; ligulate florets 1 or 2 34. L. thomsonii
36b. Involucre semispherical or cupular, 820 mm wide, wider than long; ligulate florets 512.
38a. Capitula 28, in corymb; involucre semispherical or cupular, 1120 mm wide, bracts 1013; leaves abaxially white floccose-lanate ............................................ 35. L. narynensis
38b Capitula numerous, in paniculately compound corymbs; involucre cupular 6 9 mm wide, bracts 68 ............................................................................................... 36. L. thyrsoides
34b. Capitula solitary or in raceme to paniculate raceme.
39a. Plant without hairs; capitula 35, in raceme.
40a. Achenes glabrous ....................................................................... 37. L. xinjiangensis
40b. Achenes sparsely hairy .................................................................. 38. L. tianshanica
39b. Plant often hairy.
41a. Capitula in paniculate raceme.
42a. Involucre narrowly campanulate; leaves basally cordate ............. 42. L. knorringiana
42b. Involucre cupular; leaves basally cuneate, strongly oblique ....... 43. L. kunlunshanica
41b. Capitula solitary, rarely in raceme.
43a. Involucre broadly campanulate, to 40 mm wide; stem densely hairy 39. L. schischkinii
43b. Involucre semispherical, to 26 mm; stem glabrous.
44a. Throat of ligulate floret outside with 6 flat hairs; stem leaves dumbell-shaped 40. L. hamiica
44b. Throat of ligulate floret outside without hairs; stem leaves ovate ... 41. L. tulupanica
33b. Stem base not densely hairy; stem leaves obviously broadly sheathed; involucre turbinate or campanulate.
45a. Ligulate florets absent; involucre turbinate; pappus yellowish.
46a. Capitula numerous, in compound corymbs; involucre ca. 5 mm wide, bracts 5; florets 5, wholly extending from involucre; stem robust, base 11.5 cm in diam. .... 44. L. myriocephala
46b. Capitula 210, in corymb; involucre 1015 mm wide, bracts 1013; florets numerous, not extending from involucre; stem slender, base 35 mm in diam.
47a. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, base cuneate, margin coarsely irregularly dentate; involucre outside glabrous, bracts apically acuminate; outer florets slenderly tubular, female 45. L. discoidea
47b. Leaves ovate-cordate, margin denticulate; involucre outside hairy; outer florets tubular, hermaphrodite.
48a. Plant densely black-purple pilose; involucral bracts lanceolate, margin narrowly brown membranous, apex acute ......................................................... 46. L. atroviolacea
48b. Plant densely yellow pilose; involucral bracts oblong, margin broadly brown membranous, apex obtuse ..................................................................................... 47. L. microcardia
45b. Ligulate florets persistent; involucre campanulate; pappus white or red-brown.
49a. Leaves white arachnoid-puberulous on both surfaces; stem robust, base 12.5 cm in diam.
50a. Capitula less than 50; involucre semispherical or broadly campanulate, to 20 mm wide; pappus red-brown; leaves basally truncate or somewhat cuneate .............. 48. L. lapathifolia
50b. Capitula more than 50; involucre campanulate or turbinate, 610 mm wide; pappus white.
51a. Ligules apically entire, longer than tubular florets; leaves basally shallowly cordate 49. L. cymbilifera
51b. Ligules apically 2- or 3-parted, ca. as long as tubular florets; leaves basally cuneate 50. L. zhouquensis
49b. Leaves glabrous or hairy on both surfaces; stem slender, base 47 mm in diam.
52a. Leaves narrowly elliptic, glabrous, base cuneate; capitula 5 or 6 ................ 51. L. yuii
52b. Leaves pilose on both surfaces or at least abaxially, base cordate or hastate, rarely subtruncate; capitula more than 10.
53a. Leaves cordate-lanceolate, margin coarsely dentate, apex acuminate; pappus rufous 52. L. euryphylla
53b. Leaves ovate-cordate or ovate-oblong, margin denticulate, apex obtuse; pappus brown 53. L. tongolensis
1b. Capitula in panicle-racemes, racemes, or solitary; if in corymb, then plant blue-gray; pappus absent.
54a. Basal leaves erect, blue-green or grayish green, often glabrous, usually mealy; stem leaves sessile and without sheath, erect or ascending; pinnately veined.
55a. Involucral bracts united, apex 25-dentate; pappus ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla or absent.
56a. Capitula numerous in raceme; pappus reddish brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla 54. L. schmidtii
56b. Capitula 19, solitary or in corymb; pappus absent ...................................... 55. L. biceps
55b. Involucral bracts 515, separate; pappus??.
57a. Pappus reddish brown, ca. as long as or shorter than tube of tubular corolla; involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, bracts 5 or 6, oblong, apex obtuse or acute ... 56. L. mongolica
57b. Pappus white, rarely rufous, ca. as long as tubular corolla; involucre??, bracts??.
58a. Racemes paniculate, with dense and numerous branches in lower part of inflorescence, the branches longer, each bearing a raceme.
59a. Capitula small; involucre narrowly cylindric or turbinate, 3.55 Χ 23 mm, bracts 4 or 5, oblong, apex rounded or obtuse; ligulate florets 13; tubular florets 27 .... 57. L. macrophylla
59b. Capitula large; involucre cupular or campanulate, 68 Χ 58 mm, bracts 68(10), lanceolate or oblong, apex acute or acuminate; ligulate florets 47; tubular florets 1014 58. L. heterophylla
58b. Raceme with fewer capitula, rarely branched.
60a. Leaves with conspicuous, white reticulate veins when dry; stem leaves broadly ovate to oblong, ca. 2 Χ as long as internodes, ascending, base broadened, auricular or semi-amplexicaul.
61a. Capitula without ligulate florets; foliose[??leaflike] bracts ovate-oblong to lanceolate, membranous, reddish yellow when dry, with conspicuous reticulate veins; involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 10 mm wide; leaves basally cuneate ........................ 59. L. lingiana
61b. Capitula with ligulate florets; foliose bracts linear; involucre campanulate or turbinate, 46 mm wide; leaves??.
62a. Leaves herbaceous; petiole of basal leaves broadly winged; involucral bracts blackish gray, apex acute or acuminate .............................................................. 60. L. melanocephala
62b. Leaves leathery; petiole of basal leaves without wings; involucral bracts dark green, apex triangular.
63a. Stem solid; leaf base cordate; involucral bracts outside and margin glabrous or brown ciliate .............................................................................................. 61. L. dictyoneura
63b. Stem hollow; leaf base cuneate; involucral bracts outside shortly pilose, margin densely white ciliate ...................................................................................... 62. L. brassioides
60b. Leaves with obscurely reticulate veins; stem leaves oblong to lanceolate, shorter than internodes, erect, base narrowed, semi-amplexicaul or not.
64a. Leaves oblong or elliptic, apex rounded or obtuse; involucre campanulate, bracts apically acute or obtuse.
65a. Leaves margin entire; involucral bracts outside glabrous ..................... 63. L. altaica
65b. Leaves margin dentate; involucral bracts outside yellow shortly pilose 64. L. alpigena
64b. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, apex acute; involucre turbinate, bracts apically acute or acuminate.
66a. Pappus rufous; involucral bracts brown; leaves narrowly lanceolate 65. L. longifolia
66b. Pappus white; involucral bracts blackish gray; leaves??.
67a. Capitula without ligulate florets; leaves ovate, base abruptly narrowed, petiole slender and long ................................................................................................... 66. L. chalybea
67b. Capitula with ligulate florets; leaves??, petiole??.
68a. Leaves usually linear-oblong or elliptic; capitula inclined to one side of racemose rachis; involucre turbinate; ligules broadly elliptic, 36 mm wide; limb of tubular corolla ca. 6 Χ as long as tube ........................................................................ 67. L. pleurocaulis
68b. Leaves not linear-oblong nor elliptic; capitula equally distributed in racemose rachis; involucre campanulate or turbinate; ligules linear, 12.5 mm wide; limb of tubular corolla ca. as long as tube.
69a. Leaves broadly ovate or ovate [to elliptic??], base subtruncate or broadly cuneate, margin coarsely dentate; stem glabrous ......................................... 68. L. tangutorum
69b. Leaves elliptic, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, base attenuate, margin entire or dentate; stem hairy or glabrous.
70a. Stem glabrous; leaf base gradually attenuate, subsessile, margin entire 69. L. virgaurea
70b. Stem hairy; leaves with winged petiole, margin dentate.
71a. Involucral bracts outside white puberulous or glabrous, margin densely white ciliate 70. L. liatroides
71b. Involucral bracts outside glabrous, margin glabrous or sparsely white ciliate 71. L. eriocaulis
54b. Basal leaves spreading or ascending, hairy or at least ciliate on margins, abaxially pale green, adaxially green; stem leaves??.
72a. Stem scape-like, leafless, base with a circle of densely long white lanate; leaves pinnately veined; foliose bracts linear; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla.
73a. Scape stout, base ca. 1 cm in diam.; involucre narrowly campanulate, 68 Χ ca. 5 mm, outside white puberulous; ligules ca. 8 mm ............................................................ 72. L. melanothyrsa
73b. Scape slender, 45 mm in diam.; involucre campanulate, 1012 Χ 810 mm, outside sparsely puberulous; ligules 1018 mm .................................................................. 73. L. vellerea
72b. Stem with normal leaves, base without densely lanate; leaves??; bracts??; pappus??.
74a. Leaves pinnately veined; stem leaves without broad sheaths; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla, rarely shorter than tubular corolla.
75a. Capitulum solitary; involucre broadly campanulate; ligules to 4 cm; leaves hastate, adaxially densely shortly yellowish brown pilose ................................................................. 74. L. jamesii
75b. Capitula numerous in paniculate-racemes or raceme; involucre??; ligules??; leaves??.
76a. Inflorescence paniculate; foliose bracts linear or subulate; leaves abaxially shortly pilose.
77a. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, base truncate; inflorescence to 80 cm; ligules 59 Χ to 2 mm; limb ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla ......................................... 75. L. fangiana
77b. Leaves triangular or ovate-triangular, base subtruncate or cordate; inflorescence to 50 cm; ligules 1318 Χ ca. 6.5 mm; limb 34 Χ as long as tube of tubular corolla ... 76. L. jaluensis
76b. Inflorescence racemose, lower sometimes branched; foliose bracts linear to rhombic; leaves??.
78a. Leaves broadly ovate-cordate, abaxially shortly pilose; peduncles usually 24, crowded; involucre outside shortly pilose; ligules linear 915 Χ 11.5 mm ....................... 77. L. tenuipes
78b. Leaves??; peduncle solitary; involucre??; ligules usually wider; if ligules linear, then more than 3 cm.
79a. Stem and abaxial surface of leaves densely puberulous; stem leaves numerous, apex caudate-acuminate.
80a. Leaves ovate-cordate, abaxially shortly brown pilose; involucre campanulate, bracts 5, outside shortly pilose; outer florets female 12, without corolla; tubular florets 5; pappus shorter than tubular corolla ............................................................................ 78. L. petiolaris
80b. Leaves ovate or triangular, abaxially gray-white puberulous; involucre shallowly campanulate, bracts 8 or 9, outside grayish white puberulous; tubular florets numerous; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla.
81a. Capitula with ligulate florets; ligules yellow, to 13 mm .......... 79. L. lankongensis
81b. Capitula without ligulate florets; outer florets 13(or 4), slenderly tubular, labiate, not colored, shorter than tubular florets ................................................. 80. L. nyingchiensis
79b. Stem and leaves without dense hairs; stem leaves apex obtuse or acute.
82a. Basal leaves sagittate or ovate-cordate; stem leaves all or at least lower ones with long winged petiole.
83a. Pappus rufous, ca. as long as or slightly longer than tube of tubular corolla; petiole broadly winged.
84a. Plant usually shortly yellowish pilose; wings of petiole dentate; involucre broadly campanulate, bracts 8, outside shortly pilose; pappus ca. 4 mm 81. L. pterodonta
84b. Plant glabrous; wings of petiole entire or dentate; involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, bracts 58, outside glabrous or white ciliate; pappus 67 mm 82. L. latipes
83b. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla; petiole narrowly winged.
85a. Leaves ovate-cordate; foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate; involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 10 mm wide; ligules linear, to 3 cm ........................................... 83. L. alatipes
85b. Leaves sagittate or ovate-cordate; bracts??; involucre campanulate, 48 mm wide; ligules oblong, 212 mm.
86a. Foliose bracts ovate, membranous; ligules 23 mm ............. 84. L. botryodes
86b. Foliose bracts narrowly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate to linear, herbaceous; ligules 512 mm ......................................................................................... 85. L. sagitta
82b. Basal leaves ovate, base shallowly cordate, truncate, or cuneate; stem leaves sessile, erect or ascending.
87a. Basal leaves broadly sheathed; mouth of sheath recurved; stem leaves numerous and narrow, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, erect, adnate, base narrowed, not amplexicaul.
88a. Leaves ovate-cordate; involucre broadly turbinate, to 15 mm wide; pappus reddish brown or initially yellowish white; foliose bracts linear or filiform ..... 86. L. platyglossa
88b. Leaves ovate-oblong, triangular or cordate; involucre 510 mm wide; pappus yellowish; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate to rhombic.
89a. Involucre campanulate, longer than wide, bracts oblong, apex acute or obtuse, erect 87. L. kanaitzensis
89b. Involucre cupular, broader than long, bracts broadly obovate or elliptic, apex broadly triangular and recurvedly mucronate ............................... 88. L. lidjiangensis
87b. Basal leaves narrowly sheathed; stem leaves fewer and wider, oblong or ovate, base rounded or subtruncate, semi-amplexicaul.
90a. Plant taller, more robust; stem to 2.8 cm in diam. at base; leaves ovate-oblong or broadly ovate, with stout midvein; capitula larger; involucre hemispherical or campanulate, to 2.5 cm wide ................................................................................. 89. L. ghatsukupa
90b. Plant middle; stem 38 mm in diam. at base; capitula smaller; involucre campanulate, 47 mm wide.
91a. Raceme longer; capitula numerous; involucral bracts green, outside glabrous, apex dark brown ....................................................................... 90. L. tsangchanensis
91b. Raceme shorter; capitula 413; involucre blackish purple or green, outside shortly pilose 91. L. muliensis
74b. Leaves palmately veined, with 39 principal veins; stem leaves broadly sheathing; pappus ca. as long as or shorter than tubular corolla.
92a. Pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla.
93a. Foliose bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, margin denticulate.
94a. Foliose bracts herbaceous, green; raceme not spreading; peduncles short; involucre campanulate, base rounded; leaves glabrous ............................................................ 92. L. sibirica
94b. Foliose bracts membranous, purplish red; raceme spreading; peduncles long; involucre cupular, base truncate; leaves abaxially shortly pilose .................................. 93. L. cyathiceps
93b. Foliose bracts linear, margin entire.
95a. Capitula in paniculate racemes, without ligulate florets; limb ca. 2 Χ as long as tube of tubular corolla.
96a. Leaves ca. 5 cm wide, glabrous; involucre campanulate or cupular, outside glabrous, nitid; pappus brown ................................................................................. 94. L. leveillei
96b. Leaves more than 5 to 11 cm wide, adaxially densely shortly yellow pilose; involucre narrowly campanulate, outside densely shortly yellow pilose; pappus yellow 95. L. nanchuanica
95b. Capitula in raceme or solitary, with or without ligulate florets; limb ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla.
97a. Involucre campanulate to broadly campanulate; pappus reddish brown; stem slender, 1.54 mm in diam. at base; leaves small, ca. 5 cm wide.
98a. Leaves reniform or cordate, base??, margin coarsely triangular-dentate; ligules linear, 1.52 mm wide ...................................................................................... 96. L. hookeri
98b. Leaves triangular, base truncate, margin denticulate; ligules oblong, to 5 mm wide 97. L. parvifolia
97b. Involucre campanulate or turbinate; pappus white or pale yellow; stem??; leaves??.
99a. Stem 24 mm in diam. at base; leaves triangular-sagittate or ovate-cordate, 2.215 cm wide.
100a. Capitula with ligulate florets; involucre campanulate-turbinate .... 98. L. lamarum
100b. Capitula without ligulate florets; involucre campanulate ............ 99. L. subspicata
99b. Stem 610 mm in diam. at base; leaves reniform or cordate, to 24 cm wide.
101a. Leaves abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely shortly pilose; involucre campanulate to broadly turbinate; ligules short and wide, 34 mm wide, apex rounded 100. L. wilsoniana
101b. Leaves abaxially??, adaxially glabrous; involucre campanulate; ligules longer and narrower, 12 mm wide, apex??.
102a. Leaves abaxially pale green, shortly pilose only on veins, adaxially dark green; pappus white ........................................................................................... 101. L. atkinsonii
102b. Leaves abaxially densely shortly white pilose; pappus yellowish brown 102. L. pubifolia
92b. Pappus ca. as long as or shorter than tube of tubular corolla.
103a. Foliose bracts broadly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or spatulate, margin usually denticulate; if bracts linear-lanceolate, then involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 10 mm wide; pappus brown.
104a. Leaves variable, base sagittate or hastate; basal lobes divergent; sheaths of stem leaves marginally denticulate or laciniate.
105a. Stem 412 mm in diam.; stem leaves dense and numerous, gradually smaller upward; raceme 2265 cm; capitula numerous; involucre narrowly campanulate.
106a. Leaves ovate-cordate, glabrous; ligulate florets 46 ............... 103. L. phyllocolea
106b. Leaves triangular-hastate or hastate, brown pilose on both surfaces; ligulate florets 2 or 3 104. L. villosa
105b. Stem 3.56 mm in diam. at base; stem leaves few, 2 or 3, remote; raceme to 30 cm; capitula 525.
107a. Involucre broadly campanulate, 812 mm wide; leaves broadly hastate, 2 to 3 Χ wider than long, apex rounded; ligules linear or linear-lanceolate, to 4 cm, width?? 105. L. latihastata
107b. Involucre campanulate or narrowly campanulate, 57 mm wide; leaves??; ligules shape??, to 2 cm, usually broader.
108a. Stem and leaves glabrous; leaves triangular- to ovate-cordate; ligules oblanceolate 106. L. caloxantha
108b. Stem and leaves yellowish red pilose; leaves horseshoe-shaped; ligules linear-oblong 107. L. odontomanes
104b. Leaves reniform or triangular-reniform, base cordate; basal lobes suborbicular, undivergent; sheaths of stem leaves marginally entire.
109a. Leaves and involucre glabrous; pappus reddish brown or brown.
110a. Capitula with ligulate florets ........................................................... 108. L. fisheri
110b. Capitula without ligulate florets .......................................... 109. L. chekiangensis
109b. Involucre shortly pilose; pappus??.
111a. Inflorescence racemose, white arachnoid-hairy; foliose bracts spatulate, with short petiole; ligules linear, ca. 2 mm wide ..................................................... 110. L. anoleuca
111b. Inflorescence racemose, shortly yellow or purplish red pilose; foliose bracts ovate; ligules oblong, 24 mm wide or absent.
112a. Leaves abaxially densely shortly yellow pilose; foliose bracts herbaceous; pappus brown or yellowish brown .............................................................. 111. L. sachalinensis
112b. Leaves glabrous; foliose bracts submembranous; pappus??.
113a. Ligulate florets persistent; sheath and foliose bracts glabrous 112. L. veitchiana
113b. Ligulate florets absent; sheath and foliose bracts shortly pilose 113. L. ianthochaeta
103b. Foliose bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, margin entire.
114a. Involucre campanulate or broadly campanulate, 812 Χ 49 mm, bracts 610; florets numerous.
115a. Leaves reniform, glabrous, basal lobes undivergent; pappus purplish brown.
116a. Ligulate florets persistent; involucre glabrous .......................... 114. L. intermedia
116b. Ligulate florets absent; involucre shortly pilose ......................... 115. L. hopeiensis
115b. Leaves hastate, shortly pilose, basal lobes divergent; pappus pale yellow or yellowish brown.
117a. Leaves abaxially and sheath shortly pilose; ligules oblong, to 6 mm wide 116. L. chimiliensis
117b. Leaves shortly pilose on both surfaces; ligules linear, 1.52 mm wide.
118a. Involucre outside glabrous; pappus pale yellow ................. 117. L. longihastata
118b. Involucre outside shortly white pilose; pappus yellowish brown 118. L. ruficoma
114b. Involucre cylindric, 612 Χ 24 mm, bracts 46; florets 515; if bracts to 8, then involucre broader, 1719 mm.
119a. Leaves palmatisect; capitula with 5 or 6 florets ......................... 119. L. przewalskii
119b. Leaves undivided, margin dentate only; capitula??.
120a. Ligulate florets absent; leaves shortly pilose on both surfaces 120. L. confertiflora
120b. Ligulate florets persistent; leaves glabrous or abaxially sometimes only short hairy on veins.
121a. Leaves cordate-hastate, coarsely 1- or 2-dentate on each outer margin of basal lobes; ligules linear-oblong or oblanceolate, 24 mm wide.
122a. Stem 36 mm in diam. at base; capitula with 615 florets; involucre 2.54 mm wide, rarely broader ........................................................................ 121. L. stenocephala
122b. Stem 23 mm in diam. at base; capitula with 46 florets; involucre to 2 mm wide 122. L. dolichobotrys
121b. Leaves reniform or ovate- or cordate-hastate, margin denticulate; ligules linear, 11.5 mm wide.
123a. Leaves reniform, to 3.5 cm wide, basal lobes undivergent; capitula with 8 or 9 florets 123. L. kojimae
123b. Leaves ovate- or cordate-hastate, to 6 cm wide, basal lobes divergent; capitula with 5 florets ..................................................................................... 124. L. fargesi
梨叶橐吾 li ye tuo wu
Stems 1 or 2, erect, 2025 cm tall, 2.53 in diam. at base, glabrous except on inflorescence. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 16 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate or cordate-ovate, 57.5 Χ 46.3 cm, glabrous, both surfaces with prominent palmate veins, base rounded or shallowly cordate, margin regularly dentate, apex caudate-acuminate. Stem leaves 1 or 2, similar, but smaller, petiolate, with enlarged sheath. Capitula 35, in lax corymb; peduncles 1.314 mm, distally shortly brown pilose; foliose[??leaflike] bracts linear-lanceolate, 11.5 cm, margin entire; supplementary bracts to 15, linear-lanceolate, 1014 Χ ca. 1.5 mm wide, glabrous, margin entire. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.62 Χ ca. 1.5 cm; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 24 mm wide, margin dark brown, apex acute. Ligulate florets 610, yellow; ligules lanceolate, 2025 Χ ca. 6 mm, with 6 or 7 brown veins, apex acuminate. Tubular florets numerous, 1011 mm; tube ca. 4 mm. Pappus brownish or yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. AugOct.
* Mixed forests, between moist rocks; 16002500 m. Yunnan (Jingdong).
齿叶橐吾 chi ye tuo wu
Stem erect, 30120 cm tall, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and branches of inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2260 cm, stout, palmately veined with 57 principal veins, white puberulous, base sheathed; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, adaxially green, reniform, 730 Χ 1238 cm, abaxially white puberulous, adaxially glabrous, margin regularly dentate, ciliate between teeth, apex rounded. Stem leaves similar, but smaller; distal stem leaves sessile, broadly sheathed. Inflorescence corymbose or compound-corymbose, spreading; peduncles to 9 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow pilose; foliose bracts ovate to linear-lanceolate, margin denticulate; supplementary bracts absent. Capitula numerous. Involucre hemispherical, broader than long, 1.52.5 Χ 1.83 cm, outside densely white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts 814, closely imbricate, oblong, to 1 cm wide, inner ones 2-carinate on convex outside and margin brown membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules narrowly oblong, to 5 cm Χ 47 mm, apex acute; tube 712 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 11.8 cm. Pappus reddish brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 710 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
Grassy slopes, riversides, forest margins, forest understories, sometimes cultivated in gardens; 7003200 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, ?Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, ?Zhejiang [Japan; cultivated in Europe].
大头橐吾 da tou tuo wu
Stem erect, 50100 cm tall, to 1 cm in diam. at base, distally and branches of inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous or glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole grayish green, with purple spots, 20100 cm, stout, unwinged, base sheathed; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, reniform, ca. 40 cm in diam., veins palmate, abaxially initially white puberulous, glabrate, adaxially glabrous or shortly pilose, palmatisect; lobes 35, palmatilobed; segments pinnate, margin dentate, or rarely entire. Middle and distal stem leaves smaller, shortly petiolate, sheath amplexicaul. Distalmost stem leaves without sheaths, palmatipartite. Capitula 28, in corymb; supplementary and foliose bracts usually absent; peduncles to 20 cm, white floccose-puberulous. Involucre hemispherical, broader than long, 12.5 Χ 1.52.4 cm, outside white puberulous; involucral bracts 912, closely imbricate, broadly oblong, to 8 mm wide, apex triangular, mucronate, inner ones 2-carinate on convex outside and margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 46.5 Χ ca. 1 cm; tube 712 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 2 cm; tube ca. 1 cm. Pappus reddish brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 710 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. AprSep. 2n = 60@.
Stream banks, grassland slopes, forest understories; 6002300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, ?Guizhou, ?Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, India; North America (cultivated)].
1a. Leaves adaxially glabrous .................................................................................. 3a. var. japonica
1b. Leaves adaxially shortly pilose ....................................................................... 3b. var. scaberrima
大头橐吾 （原变种） da tou tuo wu (yuan bian zhong)
Arnica japonica Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 319. 1784; Erythrochaeta palmatifida Siebold & Zuccarini; Ligularia macrantha (C. B. Clarke) H. Koyama; Senecillis japonica (Thunberg) Kitamura; Senecio japonicus (Thunberg) Schultz-Bip.; S. macranthus C. B. Clarke; S. palmatifidus (Siebold & Zuccarini) Wittrock & Juel.
Leaves adaxially glabrous.
Streambanks, grassland slopes, forest understories; 9002300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, ?Guizhou, ?Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea; North America (cultivated)].
糙叶大头橐吾（变种） cao ye da tou tuo wu
Senecio japonicus var. scaberrimus Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6(suppl.): 40. 1916, nom. nud.
Leaves adaxially shortly pilose.
Grassland slopes, stream banks; 600700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
鹿蹄橐吾 lu ti tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, 35 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1030 cm, slender, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade reniform or cordate-reniform, (2)58 Χ 4.513 cm, thick, glabrous, with palmate veins and conspicuous reticulate veins, base cordate, margin triangular-dentate or crenate and ciliate between teeth, apex rounded. Middle to distal stem leaves few, shortly petiolate or sessile, base broadly sheathed; leaf blade reniform, smaller than lower leaves. Capitula 1 to many, solitary or in corymb or compound corymb, branches 612 cm, fasciate; foliose bracts navicular, 23 Χ ca.1 cm; peduncles 0.52.5 cm; supplementary bracts linear-subulate, shorter than involucre. Involucre broadly campanulate, longer than broad, 1014 Χ 710 mm, outside glabrous or white arachnoid-puberulous, base truncate or rounded; involucral bracts 8 or 9, closely imbricate, purplish red, oblong, 34 mm wide, brown ciliate, apex broadly triangular, sometimes mucronate, inner ones 2-carinate on convex outside, margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 1525 Χ to 6 mm wide, apex obtuse and denticulate; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, extending from involucre, 910 mm; tube 23 mm. Pappus reddish brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 78 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. JulOct. 2n = 58.
Stream banks, grassy slopes, forest margins; 9002800 m. ?Anhui, SW Gansu, W Guangxi, NW Guizhou, ?Henan, Hubei, S Shaanxi, N Sichuan, ?Xizang, E Yunnan [Japan, Russia (Far East), ?Vietnam].
乌苏里橐吾 wu su li tuo wu
Stem erect, 3080 cm tall, 2.55 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole long and slender, 24 Χ as long as leaf blade, base sheathed; leaf blade cordate-reniform or cordate-ovate, 618 Χ 612 mm, both surfaces with prominent palmate veins, glabrous, base cordate, margin obtusely and sharply dentate, apex obtuse or acute. Middle to distal stem leaves 1 or 2, similar but smaller, petiolar base enlarged into a sheath. Capitula 24, in corymb; foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. as long as peduncle, white puberulous; peduncles to 9 cm, shortly brown pilose; supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate, ca. as long as or longer than involucre. Involucre broadly campanulate or cupular, 1.21.3 Χ 1.31.8 cm, outside shortly brown pilose; involucral bracts (5)812, closely imbricate, ovate-oblong or narrowly lanceolate, apex acute, mucronate, inner ones broader, 2-carinate on convex outside, margin membranous. Ligulate florets yellow, 810; ligules linear-spatulate, 23 cm Χ 46 mm; tube 79 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 1.21.3 cm; tube ca. 6 mm. Pappus reddish brown, slightly longer than tube of tubular corolla. Fl.??, fr.??
Grasslands, meadows; elevation??. Heilongjiang [Russia (Far East)].
紫缨橐吾 zi yin tuo wu
Stem erect, 1540 cm tall, 22.5 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous or hairy, distally shortly brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 420 cm, base sheathed; leaf blade orbicular-reniform, 48 Χ 512.5 cm, palmate veins prominent abaxially, glabrous, margin regularly triangular-dentate. Stem leaves 13, gradually smaller upward, proximal leaves petiolate, base broadly sheathed; leaf blade reniform. Capitula 16, solitary or in corymb; foliose and supplementary bracts linear-subulate, shorter; peduncles shortly brown pilose, longer than involucre. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical, 810 mm Χ to 20 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 814, dark brown, oblanceolate, ca. 3 mm wide, apex obtuse, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules elliptic, 11.5 cm Χ ca. 2 mm, apex acute; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets yellow, numerous, 69 mm; tube 1/31/2 as long as campanulate limb. Pappus purplish brown, 12 mm, ca. as long as or shorter than tube of tubular corolla. Fl. Aug-Sep.
* Moist slopes, alpine meadows; 32004200 m. Xizang (Chayu), NW Yunnan.
康定橐吾 kang ding tuo wu
Stem erect, 2530 cm tall, 1.52 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence densely white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 13 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 23.3 Χ 4.56 cm, palmately veined, veins prominent abaxially, glabrous, margin regularly denticulate, apex rounded, rarely retuse; sinus ca. 1/4 as long as leaf blade, broad. Stem leaf 1, similar, but smaller, slenderly petiolate, base broadly sheathed. Capitula 4 or 5, in lax corymb; foliose bracts navicular, 1.64 Χ 0.61.2 cm, glabrous, margin entire; peduncles 39 cm; supplementary bracts to 1.2 cm. Involucre campanulate, 810 mm, mouth 11.2 cm wide, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 1012, dark brown, usually curved, lanceolate, 1.52 mm wide, apex acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear, 1.11.3 cm Χ ca. 1 mm, apex acute; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. as long as limb of tubular corolla. Pappus yellowish white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes; ca. 4000 m. Sichuan (Kangding).
垂头橐吾 chui tou tuo wu
Stem erect, 560 cm tall, 35 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally densely shortly yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 733.5 cm, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 3.513.5 Χ 4.511 cm, palmately veined, glabrous or abaxially shortly pilose only on veins, margin regularly triangular-dentate, tips of teeth mucronate, apex rounded or retuse; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, narrow, basal lobes orbicular. Stem leaves similar, but smaller, petiolar base broadly sheathed. Middle to distal leaves smaller, only base broadly sheathed. Capitula 211, in corymb or rarely solitary; foliose and supplementary bracts linear; peduncles to 10 cm, densely shortly yellow pilose. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, 11.4 Χ 11.5 cm, outside white arachnoid-puberulous or glabrescent; involucral bracts 1013, in 2 rows, lanceolate or oblong, minutely denticulate, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 1015 Χ 24 mm, apex acute, 3- or 4-denticulate. Tubular florets numerous, 58 mm; limb ca. 2 mm wide; tube 12 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug.
Forest understories of valleys and rocky areas; 36005300 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [E Himalaya - please list countries!!, Nepal].
楔舌橐吾 xie she tuo wu
Stem erect, 70100 cm tall, glabrous. Basal leaves not seen. Stem leaves petiolate; petiole 814 cm, base broadly sheathed; sheaths 712 cm, to 10 cm wide, submembranous, shortly white pilose; leaf blade reniform, 712 Χ 1424 cm, palmately veined, with 59 principal veins, abaxially shortly yellowish pilose, adaxially shortly white pilose, base cordate, margin triangular-dentate, apex retuse. Distalmost stem leaves reniform, smaller. Capitula numerous, in compound corymbs; each peduncle with 15 capitula, densely shortly yellowish green pilose; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate, 810 mm. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, 912 Χ 1015 mm, outside shortly white pilose; involucral bracts many, equal, lanceolate or oblong, 810 Χ 35 mm, submembranous, margin ciliate, apex acute or acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules obovate or cuneate, 78 Χ 36 mm, apex obtuse, 3- or 4-denticulate; tube 45 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellowish brown, 67 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Jun.
* Stream banks; ca. 3800 m. Xizang (Gyirong (Jilong)).
黑毛橐吾 hei mao tuo wu
Stem erect, 1 or 2, 38100 cm tall, 3.512 mm in diam. at base, densely shortly black pilose or proximally glabrescent. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 7.520 cm, shortly black pilose, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 2.27.5 Χ 415 cm, palmately veined, abaxially glabrous or shortly pilose along veins, adaxially glabrous, margin regularly denticulate, between teeth shortly black pilose, apex retuse; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, basal lobes orbicular. Middle stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate, base broadly sheathed; sheath cymbiform, 49 Χ 1.53 cm, shortly black pilose, rarely glabrous; leaf blade 39.5 Χ 716 cm. Distalmost stem leaves only broadly sheathed. Capitula 211(27), solitary or in corymb, branches spreading; branches and peduncles black pilose; foliose and supplementary bracts linear-lanceolate, less than 1 cm, shortly black pilose. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, 11.5 Χ 1.52 cm, outside shortly black pilose; involucral bracts 1118, oblong or lanceolate, 25 mm wide, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong or oblanceolate, 910 Χ 34 mm, apex subtruncate, 2- or 3-denticulate. Tubular florets numerous, yellowish brown, 56 mm; tube 11.5 mm. Pappus yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
Stream banks, grassland slopes, alpine grasslands; 38004500 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Nepal].
裂舌橐吾 lie she tuo wu
Stem erect, robust, to 150 cm tall, 1.52 cm in diam. at base, densely shortly yellow pilose or glabrescent. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 70 cm, densely shortly yellow pilose, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 1015 Χ 2229 cm, palmately veined, abaxially with prominent reticulate veins, both surfaces shortly pilose, margin triangular-dentate, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes orbicular. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; petiole to 3 cm, base broadly sheathed, sheath cymbiform, to 11 cm, ca. 5 cm wide; leaf blade reniform, to 21 cm wide. Distalmost stem leaves smaller, sessile. Corymbs compound, spreading; branches to 10 cm, shortly yellow pilose. Capitula numerous; foliose and supplementary bracts subulate, smaller; peduncles 310 mm, shortly yellow pilose. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 910 Χ 46 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 710, oblong, 22.5 mm wide, brown ciliate, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 35, yellow; ligules 35-divided, segments filiform or linear, to 1.5 cm; tube ca. 6 mm. Tubular florets more numerous, to 10, yellowish brown, ca. 1 cm; tube ca. as long as limb. Pappus reddish brown, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric. Fl. and fr. SepNov.
* Forest understories, grassland slopes; 21004000 m. NW and W Yunnan.
疏舌橐吾 shu she tuo wu
Stem erect, 55150 cm tall, to 1.2 cm in diam. at base, shortly reddish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 53 cm, shortly brown pilose or glabrescent, base narrowly sheathed; sheath striate, to 2 cm wide; leaf blade reniform, 1127 cm, to 50 cm wide, submembranous, palmately veined, abaxially with 5 principal veins and prominent reticulate veins, glabrous, or abaxially shortly pilose, margin regularly denticulate, tips of teeth black mucronate, apex rounded or slightly retuse; sinus 1/31/2 as long as leaf blade, narrow, basal lobes orbicular, divergent. Middle and distal stem leaves shortly petiolate, base broadly sheathed; sheath ovate, ca. 2 cm in diam., shortly yellowish brown pilose; leaf blade reniform, to 18 cm wide. Corymbs compound, spreading; branches to 15 cm. Capitula numerous; foliose and supplementary bracts subulate, smaller; peduncles 314 mm. Involucre cylindric, 912 Χ 23 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 5, oblong, 1.53 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 1 or 2, yellow; ligules linear, 11.5 cm, 2- or 3-divided, segments filiform, rarely undivided; tube ca. 6 mm. Tubular florets 4 or 5, 89 mm; tube ca. 4 mm. Pappus white, shorter than tubular corolla or ca. as long as tube. Achenes cylindric, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. SepOct.
* Forest understories, grassland slopes; 30004000 m. SW Sichuan, NW and W Yunnan.
隐舌橐吾 yin she tuo wu
Stem erect, 70150 cm tall, 721 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly purplish red pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 932 cm, glabrous or shortly brown pilose, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 430 Χ 642 cm, palmately veined, with 5 principal veins and prominent reticulate veins, glabrous or abaxially pale green and initally shortly brown pilose, adaxially green, margin regularly dentate, between teeth brown ciliate, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad. Middle and distal stem leaves shortly petiolate, base broadly sheathed; leaf blade reniform. Distalmost stem leaves smaller, sessile, base broadly sheathed. Corymbs compound, spreading, to 17 cm; branches and peduncles to 12 cm, densely shortly brown pilose. Capitula numerous; foliose and supplementary bracts subulate, smaller. Involucre cylindric, 511 Χ 23 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts (2 or)35, oblong, 12 mm wide, brown ciliate, margin membranous, apex triangular-acute. Florets (2 or)35, yellow; ligulate floret solitary or absent, tubular, split on one side, ca. as long as tubular florets. Tubular florets 910 mm; tube 34 mm. Pappus white, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, to 8 mm. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
* Stream banks, forest understories, grassland slopes; 24003900 m. SW Sichuan, NE and NW Yunnan.
弯苞橐吾 wan bao tuo wu
Stem erect, to 70 cm tall, 927 mm in diam. at base, shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 24 cm, ca. 5 cm wide, shortly yellowish brown pilose, base sheathed; sheath to 5 cm; leaf blade reniform, 89 Χ 1820 cm, palmately veined, both surfaces sparsely shortly pilose, base cordate, margin dentate, between teeth ciliate, apex retuse; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes orbicular. Middle and distal stem leaves shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged into a leaf blade, to 6 cm wide, not amplexicaul, margin laciniate; leaf blade reniform 38 cm, to 10 cm wide, abaxially shortly pilose. Corymbs compound, branched, not spreading, branches to 23 cm, erect, fasciate, densely shortly yellowish brown pilose. Capitula numerous; foliose and supplementary bracts subulate, smaller; peduncles 210 mm, shortly yellowish brown pilose. Involucre narrowly turbinate, 68 mm, mouth ca. 6 mm wide; involucral bracts 710, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, outside glabrous, apex caudate-acuminate, curved, dark brown, ciliate, inner ones 22.5 mm wide, margin membranous. Ligulate florets 1, yellow; ligules short, narrow, ca. as long as tubular florets, rarely absent. Tubular florets 8 or 9, 610 mm, wholly extending from involucre in fruit; tube ca. 2.5 mm. Pappus brown above, purplish brown below, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes brown, cylindric, to 7 mm. Fl. and fr. JulNov.
* Stream banks, bogs, forest understories, grassland slopes; ca. 4000 m. NW Yunnan.
独舌橐吾 du she tuo wu
Stem erect, 5070 cm tall, 68 mm in diam. at base, shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1926 cm, shortly yellowish brown pilose, base sheathed; sheath usually reddish purple, entire; leaf blade peltate, broadly reniform, 915 Χ 2030 cm, palmately veined, abaxially shortly pilose, adaxially glabrous, margin dentate, apex retuse; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes divergent. Middle and distal stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; sheath enlarged, cucullate; leaf blade reniform, smaller. Distalmost stem leaves only sheathed. Corymbs compound, not spreading, to 20 cm; branches to 15 cm, fasciate, shortly yellowish brown pilose. Capitula numerous; foliose and supplementary bracts linear; peduncles 710 mm, shortly yellowish brown pilose. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 79 Χ 34 mm, outside shortly pilose; involucral bracts 58, lanceolate or oblong, apex acute or obtuse, inner ones brown, margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets 1, yellow; ligules oblong or obovate-oblong, 56 Χ ca. 3 mm, apex obtuse. Tubular florets 610, 56 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white to pale yellow, 34 mm, shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, to 7 mm. Fl. and fr. MayNov.
* Stream banks, bogs, forest understories, grassland slopes, gravelly slopes; 34003900 m. NW Yunnan.
横叶橐吾 hung ye tuo wu
Stem erect, 50100 cm tall, 625 mm in diam. at base, densely shortly rufous pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 30 cm, densely shortly rufous pilose, base sheathed; sheath to 11 Χ ca. 1.5 cm; leaf blade orbicular or orbicular-reniform, 724.5 Χ 1138 cm, palmately veined, both surfaces shortly pilose, margin denticulate, apex rounded or retuse; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes orbicular. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; sheath enlarged, broadly ovate, ca. 5 cm, to 13 cm wide, denticulate; leaf blade reniform, smaller. Distalmost stem leaves only broadly sheathed. Corymbs compound; branches spreading or fasciate, proximal ones to 11cm. Capitula numerous; foliose and supplementary bracts linear-subulate; peduncles to 15 mm. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 68 Χ ca. 6 mm, outside glabrous or glabrescent; involucral bracts 57, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, margin membranous, apex acute. Ligulate florets 36, yellow; ligules narrowly oblong, 36 Χ 1.52 mm, apex 2- or 3-denticulate. Tubular florets to 15, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white or brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Fl. Jun-Jul.
* Stream banks, grassland slopes, alpine grasslands; 34004500 m. NW Yunnan.
奇异橐吾 qi yi tuo wu
Stem erect, to 90 cm tall, ca. 6 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 32.5 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade orbicular or broadly ovate, 1025 cm in diam., palmately veined, glabrous or abaxially pale green and initially hairy, 38(or 17)-palmatisect or palmatilobed; lobes 3-divided, lobules pinnatisect; segments linear-oblong, 715 Χ 36(8) mm, margin revolute, apex acute. Stem leaves 2 or 3, similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate, ± divided; sheath enlarged, cymbiform, glabrous, margin entire. Corymbs compound, slightly spreading; branches and peduncles shortly yellowish brown pilose. Capitula to 30; foliose and supplementary bracts filiform, glabrous. Involucre campanulate-turbinate, 1013 Χ 712 mm, outside shortly pilose; involucral bracts 8 or 9, purple, oblong or lanceolate, 35 mm wide, margin membranous, apex acute. Ligulate florets absent. Tubular florets numerous, 67 mm, extending from involucre; tube 11.5 mm. Pappus brown, shorter than tubular corolla, usually deciduous. Fl. and fr. Sep-Oct.
* Grassy slopes, forest understories, alpine grasslands; 34004500 m. Yunnan.
1a. Leaves 38-palmatipartite, lobes 3-divided .................................................... 17a. var. paradoxa
1b. Leaves palmati-lobed; lobes 17, 1.53 cm wide, lobed or dentate ............... 17b. var. palmatifida
奇异橐吾（原变种） qi yi tuo wu (yuan bian zhong)
Cremanthodium pteridophyllum Y. L. Chen.
Leaves 38-palmatipartite; lobes 3-divided.
* Grassy slopes, forest understories, alpine grasslands; 34004500 m. NW Yunnan.
半裂橐吾（变种） ban lie tuo wu
Leaves palmatilobed; lobes 17, 1.53 cm wide, lobed or dentate.
* habitat??; elevation?? Yunnan (Habaxue Shan, Zhongdian).
褐毛橐吾 he mao tuo wu
Stem erect, to 150 cm tall, 12 cm in diam. at base, shortly brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purplish red, to 50 cm, robust, to 1 cm in diam., shortly brown pilose, base narrowly long sheathed; leaf blade adaxially green, reniform or orbicular-reniform, 1450 cm in diam. or broader than long, peltate, palmately veined, abaxially densely shortly pilose, adaxially glabrous, margin regularly dentate, apex rounded or retuse; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes orbicular. Middle stem leaves similar, but smaller, to 18 cm wide, apex retuse, shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, 710 cm, to 10 cm in diam., shortly brown pilose. Distalmost stem leaves only broadly sheathed. Corymbs compound to 50 cm, much branched; branches numerous, densely shortly brown pilose, each branch with 37 capitula; peduncles to 3 cm, shortly brown pilose. Capitula numerous; foliose and supplementary bracts linear, hairs similar to peduncles. Involucre campanulate-turbinate, 813 Χ 616 mm, outside shortly yellowish brown pilose, rarely glabrous; involucral bracts 612, dark brown, oblong or lanceolate, apex acute, inner ones brown membranous at margin. Florets numerous, yellow, all tubular, 79 mm; tube ca. 3 mm; limb ca. 2 mm wide. Pappus white or brown when mature, 34 mm, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes to 7 mm, slenderly ribbed. Fl. JunJul.
* Stream banks, swamps; 37004100 m. SW Gansu, SE Qinghai, NW Sichuan.
云南橐吾 yun nan tuo wu
Stem erect, 3056 cm tall, slender, 2.54 mm in diam. at base, shortly brown pilose, or proximally glabrous. Basal leaves 2, petiolate; petiole 1541 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly long sheathed; sheath ca. 8 cm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, reniform or orbicular-reniform, 36.5 Χ 711 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, margin coarsely triangular-dentate, tips of teeth black mucronate, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad. Stem leaves 2 or 3, similar, but smaller, petiole to 21 cm, slender, base sheathed; sheath enlarged, cucullate, 2.54 cm, to 2 cm wide, or lower narrower. Capitula 914, in corymb; branches shorter, fasciate, shortly brown pilose; foliose and supplementary bracts linear, ca. 1 cm; peduncles to 1.5 cm, densely shortly brown pilose. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 914 Χ 57 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 58, in 2 rows, oblong, 23.5 mm wide, margin membranous, apex acute or acuminate. Florets 620, yellow, all tubular, 78 mm; tube ca. as long as limb of tubular corolla. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. and fr. MayOct.
* Grassy slopes, forest understories, between rocks; 31004000 m. NW Yunnan.
浅齿橐吾 qian chi tuo wu
Stems 1 or 2, erect, to 31 cm tall, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and branches of inflorescence shortly brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole often purplish red, to 11 cm, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade abaxially purplish red, broadly reniform, 4.56 Χ 910.5 cm, subleathery, palmately veined, abaxially hairy only on veins, reticulate veins prominent and white, adaxially glabrous, base shallowly cordate, margin undulate-crenate and ciliate, apex rounded or retuse; sinus ca. 1/4 as long as leaf blade, broad. Middle stem leaves reniform, smaller; petiole enlarged into a sheath; sheath 2.55 cm, to 2.5 cm wide. Distalmost stem leaves with only enlarged sheath or very rarely lanceolate, without sheath. Capitula (3)79 in corymb; foliose and supplementary bracts linear; peduncles 12 cm. Involucre turbinate, 11.1 cm, mouth ca. 1 cm wide, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 9 or 10, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, purple ciliate, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Florets 2030, yellow, all tubular, 910 mm; tube ca. 5 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Jul.
* Swamp grasslands; ca. 4000 m. SW Gansu, N Sichuan.
聚伞橐吾 ju san tuo wu
Stems 1 or 2, erect, 745 cm tall, ca. 2 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly purple pilose and white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 524 cm, slender, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, (2)412.5 cm in diam., palmate veins prominent abaxially, abaxially shortly pilose only on veins, adaxially glabrous, margin regularly undulate-dentate, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, narrow. Middle stem leaves reniform, smaller, petiole short, with enlarged sheaths. Distalmost stem leaves only enlarged sheathed; mouth of sheath shallowly dentate at margin. Capitula 36 in corymb; foliose and supplementary bracts linear, shorter than peduncle and involucre; peduncles 440 mm, densely shortly purple pilose and white arachnoid-puberulous. Involucre campanulate, 815 mm, mouth to 1.5 cm wide, outside glabrous; involucral bracts ca. 13, in 2 rows, purplish red, oblong, petaloid, 24 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones narrowly membranous at margin. Florets numerous, yellow, all tubular, 510 mm; tube 12 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Aug.
* Grasslands; ca. 4000 m. NW Sichuan.
小头橐吾 xiao tou tuo wu
Stems 1 or 2, erect, often purple, to 24 cm tall, 24 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 21.5 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade abaxially pale purple, adaxially green, reniform, 1.54.5 Χ 4.59.5 cm, palmately veined, with conspicuous reticulate veins, abaxially shortly pilose only on veins, adaxially glabrous, margin regularly sharply dentate, apex rounded or retuse; sinus narrow, ca. 1/3(1/2) as long as leaf blade, basal lobes orbicular. Stem leaves 1 or 2, reniform, smaller; petiole 1115 cm, base enlarged sheathed; sheath to 3.5 cm, ca. as long as broad or narrower. Capitula 14, in corymb or solitary; foliose bract lanceolate, ca. as long as peduncles; supplementary bracts 3 or 4, subulate, shorter than involucre; peduncles divaricately branched, to 1cm, densely shortly brown pilose. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical, ca. 8 mm, to 2 cm wide, outside glabrous or shortly white pilose; involucral bracts ca. 15, in 2 rows, dark brown, elliptic, 23 mm wide, margin shallowly denticulate, apex obtuse or acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Florets numerous, yellow, all tubular, 56 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Alpine grasslands, grassy slopes, rocky slopes; 37004800 m. NW Yunnan.
紫花橐吾 zi hua tuo wu
Stem erect, to 90 cm tall, 35 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally umbrella-branched, shortly purplish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 625 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade orbicular-reniform or reniform, 1.510 Χ (3)615 cm, palmately veined, abaxially pilose, adaxially glabrescent, margin triangular-dentate, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes oblong, to 10 cm, margin coarsely dentate. Stem leaves reniform, smaller, petiolate, sheath amplexicaul. Corymbs compound spreading or narrowed; branches to 13 cm; foliose and supplementary bracts, linear, 410 mm. Peduncles 37 mm, shortly purplish brown pilose. Capitula 58 or more. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 810 Χ 23 mm, outside shortly purplish brown pilose; involucral bracts 4 or 5, in 2 rows, oblong, 23 mm wide, apex obtuse, inner ones membranous at margin. Florets 4 or 5, purplish red, all tubular, 89 mm; tube 34 mm; Pappus yellowish brown, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, to 6 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.
Grassy slopes, forest understories; 32003900 m. SE Xizang [NE India, Myanmar].
1a. Capitula numerous, in compound corymbs; basal leaves 615 cm wide .................... 23a. var. dux
1b. Capitula 58, in corymb; basal leaves 35 cm wide ............................................ 23b.var. minima
紫花橐吾 (原变种) zi hua tuo wu (yuan bian zhong)
Senecio dux C. B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 40. 1889; Senecillis dux (C. B. Clarke) Kitamura.
Plant to 90 cm tall. Basal leaves 4.510 Χ 615 cm, base cordate. Capitula numerous, in compound corymbs.
Grassy slopes, forest understories; 32003900 m. SE Xizang [NE India, Myanmar].
小紫花橐吾 xiao zi hua tuo wu
Ligularia tenuicaulis C. C. Chang var. purpuracea S. W. Liu.
Plant 2540 cm tall. Stem slender, 1.52.5 mm in diam. at base. Leaves reniform, 23 Χ 35 cm, base subtruncate. Capitula 58, in corymb.
* Grassy slopes; 32004200 m. Xizang (Motuo).
纤细橐吾 qian xi tuo wu
Stem erect, 4265 cm tall, 1.53 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence densely shortly brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 30 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade ovate-cordate or subreniform, 4.56 cm, base to 11 cm wide, palmate veins prominent abaxially, abaxially sparsely shortly pilose, adaxially glabrous, base cordate, margin irregularly coarsely triangular-dentate, apex acute. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 510 mm; sheath enlarged, ovate, 1725 Χ 810 cm; leaf blade reniform, 22.5 Χ 45 cm, base shallowly cordate or subtruncate, margin denticulate, apex rounded. Distalmost stem leaves ovate, base not amplexicaul. Compound corymbs spreading; branches to 6 cm; foliose and supplementary bracts subulate, much shorter; peduncles to 2 cm, densely shortly brown pilose. Capitula 913. Involucre cylindric, 912 mm, to 4 mm wide, outside glabrous, base shortly brown pilose; involucral bracts 5, in 2 rows, oblong, 1.53 mm wide, margin membranous, apex acute. Florets 5 or 6(8), yellow, all tubular, 67 mm; tube ca. as long as limb. Pappus pale brown below, brown above, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes linear, brown, 68 mm. Fl. and fr. SepOct.
* Grasslands, scrub; 32004500 m. Xizang??, NW Yunnan.
东久橐吾 dong jiu tuo wu
Stem erect, 6090 cm tall, distally branched, densely shortly brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 30 cm, slender; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, broadly reniform, ca. 10 cm, to 17 cm wide, palmately veined, with 9 principal veins and slender reticulate veins, abaxially shortly brown pilose on veins, base broadly cordate, margin sharply dentate, apex rounded; basal lobes orbicular. Middle stem leaves petiolate; sheath lanceolate; leaf blade reniform, ca. 7 cm. Distalmost stem leaves bracteal, spatulate, narrowly shortly petiolate, margin entire. Compound corymbs clustered, ca. 5 cm wide; foliose and supplementary bracts filiform; peduncles to 5 mm, shortly purplish brown pilose. Capitula numerous. Involucre brown, narrowly cylindric, ca. 1 cm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 3, linear, margin brown or purplish brown membranous, apex obtuse. Florets 3, all tubular, longer than involucre; tube ca. as long as limb. Pappus reddish brown, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Fl.??, fr.??
* Scrub; 34004000 m. Xizang (Nyingchi (Linzhi)).
黄毛橐吾 huang mao tuo wu
Stem erect, robust, to 150 cm tall, base 11.5 cm diam., densely yellow shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 38 cm, shortly yellow pilose, base enlarged-sheathed; leaf blade orbicular-reniform, 721 cm, to 50 cm wide, palmately veined, abaxially with prominent reticulate veins, glabrous, margin densely minutely denticulate, apex rounded or retuse; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, narrow. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate, base enlarged-sheathed; sheath broadly ovate, to 7 cm Χ ca. 4 cm, shortly yellow pilose; leaf blade reniform, 2.76.5 Χ to 13 cm. Compound corymbs ca. 38 cm; branches densely shortly yellow pilose; foliose and supplementary bracts filiform-subulate, to 1.3 cm; peduncles 515 mm, shortly yellow pilose. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 68 mm in diam., outside shortly yellow pilose; involucral bracts 810, narrowly lanceolate, 915 Χ 23(4) mm, margin narrowly membranous, apex acuminate. Florets more than 20, yellow, all tubular, 89 mm; tube ca. 4 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes brown, cylindric, 56 mm. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
* Scrub, grasslands, stream banks; 17003500 m. Gansu (Tao River), Hebei, Shanxi.
刚毛橐吾 gan mao tuo wu
Stem erect, 2564 cm tall, densely shortly brown pilose, to 8 mm in diam. at base. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 27 cm, shortly brown pilose, base narrowly sheathed; sheath ca. 12 cm; leaf blade reniform, 310 Χ 722.5 cm, palmately veined, glabrous or abaxially pubescent along veins, margin irregularly coarsely dentate and brown ciliate, apex rounded; teeth triangular, 26 mm; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes suborbicular. Middle stem leaves smaller, shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, brown pubescent; leaf blade reniform, ca. 6.5 Χ 12 cm, margin coarsely triangularly dentate, apex rounded or retuse; teeth to 7mm. Compound corymbs spreading, to 15 cm, branched; foliose and supplementary bracts subulate; peduncles ca. 2 cm, densely yellow pubescent. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, 56 mm diam., outside yellowish brown pubescent; involucral bracts 810, in 2 rows, narrowly lanceolate, 910 Χ 1.52.5 mm, outside densely shortly yellow pilose, apex acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Florets 1016, yellow, all tubular, 79 mm; tube 4.55 mm; limb to 2 mm wide. Pappus white or lower yellow, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes narrowly cylindric, to 8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Aug.
* Grassy slopes, forest margins; 33003700 m. Shaanxi (Qinling Mts.).
大齿橐吾 da chi tuo wu
Stem erect, 5080 cm tall, to 7 mm diam. at base, glabrous or distally and sometimes at base shortly brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 30 cm, slender, glabrous, base enlarged sheathed; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, reniform, 516 Χ 820 cm, palmately veined, abaxially glabrous or pubescent on veins, adaxially glabrous, margin deeply coarsely dentate, apex retuse; teeth irregularly triangular-lanceolate, to 2 cm wide, apex blackish purple and mucronate, recurved; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes subdivergent. Middle stem leaves reniform, smaller, shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, broadly ovate, margin entire. Distalmost stem leaves only enlarged sheathed. Compound corymbs branched; branches to 15 cm, densely shortly pilose; foliose and supplementary bracts linear-subulate, shorter; peduncles to 1.5 cm, slender, densely shortly pilose. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 1 cm, rarely to 1.3 cm, 34 mm wide, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 58, in 2 rows, linear-lanceolate, 1.52 mm wide, purple ciliate, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Florets 68, yellow, all tubular, 89 mm; tube slightly longer than limb. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm, shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes slender. Fl. Sep.
* Grassy slopes; 26004300 m. SW Gansu, Qinghai (Xionghua).
大黄橐吾 da huang tuo wu
Stem erect, to 170 cm tall, to 1 cm diam. at base, glabrous or distally shortly yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole shortly yellow pilose, to 31 cm, base enlarged sheathed; leaf blade reniform or cordate, 516 Χ 750 cm, palmately veined, with 35 principal veins and prominent reticulate veins, glabrous, margin irregularly dentate, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes orbicular. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 49.5 cm, densely shortly yellowish green pilose; sheath much enlarged, to 5 cm Χ ca. 4 cm, shortly yellow pilose, mouth of sheath entire; leaf blade reniform, 410 Χ 820 cm, margin denticulate, apex retuse. Distalmost stem leaves only sheathed. Compound corymbs to 20 cm; branches spreading, pubescent; foliose and supplementary bracts minute, linear-subulate; peduncles to 1 cm, densely shortly yellow pilose. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 813 Χ 34 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 5, in 2 rows, oblong, ciliate, apex triangular-acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Florets (5 or)6(or 7), yellow, all tubular, 69 mm, wholly extending from involucre; tube ca. as long as limb. Pappus white, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes to 1 cm, slender. Fl. and fr. Jul-Sep.
* Stream banks, forest understories, grasslands, alpine meadows; 19004300 m. S Gansu, Hubei, Ningxia (Jingyuan), Shaanxi??, N to SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
莲叶橐吾 lian ye tuo wu
Stem erect, 80100 cm tall, to 1 cm in diam. at base, distally white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow pilose, Basal leaves petiolate; petiole white arachnoid-puberulous, 1050 cm, base enlarged sheathed; leaf blade peltate, reniform, 730 Χ 1338(80) cm, palmately veined, abaxially with prominent reticulate veins, abaxially white arachnoid-puberulous, adaxially glabrous, margin sharply dentate, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes suborbicular. Distal stem leaves petiolate; petiole 520 cm; sheath enlarged, 46 Χ 22.5 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous. Compound corymbs spreading; branches numerous, divaricate, blackish purple, white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow pilose; foliose and supplementary bracts subulate, minute; peduncles blackish purple, to 1.5 cm, often curved. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 1012 Χ 34 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 57, in 2 rows, oblong, 2.53 mm wide, white ciliate, apex triangular, obtuse, inner ones marginally brown or yellow, broadly membranous. Florets 68, rarely to 12, yellow, all tubular, 79 mm, slightly extending from involucre; tube ca. as long as limb. Pappus white, 67 mm, slightly shorter?? than tubular corolla. Fl. JulSep.
* Forest understories, slopes, alpine meadows; 24003900 m. S Gansu, W Hubei, NW to SW Sichuan, NE to NW Yunnan.
贡嘎岭橐吾 gong ga ling tuo wu
Stem erect, 6090 cm tall, to 1 cm in diam. at base, shortly yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole densely shortly yellowish brown pilose, to 28 cm, base long sheathed; leaf blade orbicular-reniform, ca. 17 Χ to 24 cm, abaxially with prominent palmate veins and shortly pilose, adaxially glabrous, margin coarsely dentate, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, narrow. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 7 cm; sheath enlarged, ca. 5 Χ 2.5 cm, densely shortly yellow pilose; leaf blade reniform, smaller. Distalmost stem leaves ovate, sessile, without sheath. Compound corymbs spreading or clustered; foliose and supplementary bracts linear, shortly pilose; peduncles to 2 cm, shortly yellow pilose. Capitula numerous. Involucre cylindric or campanulate-cylindric, 1012 Χ 46 mm, outside densely shortly yellow pilose; involucral bracts 57, in 2 rows, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Florets 59, yellow, all tubular, 78 mm, extending from involucre; tube ca. 5 mm; limb campanulate. Pappus pale brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Fl. AugSep.
* Alpine stream banks; 38004800 m. Sichuan (Gonggaling).
藏橐吾 zang tuo wu
Stem erect, 40100 cm tall, white lanate, 38 mm in diam. at base, with a circle of dense reddish brown lanate hairs. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 20 cm, winged or not, base slightly enlarged; leaf blade ovate-oblong, 1019 Χ to 14.5 cm, pinnately veined, with white prominent reticulate veins, both surfaces initially white lanate, glabrate, adaxially or on both surfaces glabrescent, base rounded or shallowly cordate, margin minutely denticulate, apex obtuse or rounded. Middle to distal stem leaves without petiole and sheath; leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to 19 cm Χ 69 cm, base auricular-amplexicaul or not, margin dentate, apex obtuse or acute. Distalmost stem leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, to 6 cm, base not amplexicaul, margin subentire. Compound corymbs or paniculate, initially clustered, later spreading; branches to 17 cm, white lanate; foliose and supplementary bracts linear, shorter; peduncles shorter or to 3 cm, white lanate. Capitula numerous. Involucre turbinate or campanulate-turbinate, 59 mm, mouth to 1 cm wide, outside green, glabrous or initially white pubescent; involucral bracts 58, in 2 rows, dark brown, elliptic or oblong, apex acute, inner ones broadly pale brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 37, yellow; ligules linear-oblong, 11.6 cm Χ 23 mm, apex rounded; tube 23 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 5.56.5 mm; tube 11.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes narrowly oblanceolate, 46 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
Lake shores, forest understories, scrub, slopes; 37004500 m. SW Sichuan, NE to SE Xizang [Nepal].
准噶尔橐吾 zhun ga er tuo wu
Stem erect, 4070 cm tall, glabrous, 58 mm in diam. at base, with a circle of dense reddish brown lanate hairs. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 8.526 cm, without wings, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade sagittate, ovate-sagittate, or oblong-sagittate, 614(35) Χ 411 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, margin minutely denticulate, apex obtuse or acute; sinus broad, basal lobes coarsely dentate. Middle stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate, without wings, white lanate in axils. Distal stem leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate. Compound corymbs spreading; branches to 6 cm; foliose and supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate to subulate, 13 mm; peduncles 27 mm, glabrous. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 57 Χ (3)45 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 57, in 2 rows, oblong or ovate-oblong, apex obtuse, inner ones white membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 3 or 4, yellow; ligules oblong, 68 Χ 24 mm, apex rounded, minutely denticulate; tube 34 mm. Tubular florets 813, 67 mm, extending from involucre; tube 23 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes white, oblong, 44.5 mm. Fl. and fr. MarAug.
Stream banks, slopes, moist grasslands; 5001100 m. Xinjiang (Tianshan) [E Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].
西域橐吾 xi yu tuo wu
Stem erect, 3560 cm tall, white lanate, 58 mm in diam. at base, with a circle of densely reddish brown lanate hairs. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 820 cm, white lanate, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade triangular- or ovate-cordate, 1014 Χ 1219 cm, veins palmate-pinnate, abaxially sparsely white lanate, adaxially glabrous, base cordate or hastate, margin minutely denticulate, apex obtuse; basal lobes suborbicular, slightly divergent. Middle to distal stem leaves shortly petiolate; petiole to 4 cm, base slightly enlarged; leaf blade ovate-cordate to narrowly ovate, smaller than basal leaves. Distal stem leaves narrowly lanceolate, 25 cm Χ 310 mm. Corymbs paniculate, spreading; branches to 7 cm, each branch with 24 capitula; foliose and supplementary bracts subulate, 410 mm; peduncles 520 mm. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly cylindric or campanulate, 911 Χ 47 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 57, in 2 rows, dark brown, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 1.53 mm wide, margin membranous, apex acute. Ligulate florets often 1 or 2, yellow; ligules narrowly oblong, to 1.8 cm Χ 34 mm, apex subentire; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets 711, ca. 9 mm, extending from involucre; tube ca.3 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Jul.
Grasslands, forest margins; 15003500 m. Xinjiang (Tianshan) [Afghanistan, Kashmir, E Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan].
山地橐吾 shan di tuo wu
Grassy slopes, forest understories, alpine meadows; 6003200 m. Xinjiang [E Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].
塔序橐吾 ta xu tuo wu
Slopes, forest understories, moist grasslands, streambanks; 5002000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, W Mongolia, Russia (SW Siberia)].
新疆橐吾 xin jiang tuo wu
Stem erect, 3540 cm tall, glabrous, ca. 1 cm in diam. at base, with a circle of dense reddish brown lanate hairs. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole longer than leaf blade, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade orbicular-ovate, orbicular-cordate, or orbicular, 27 Χ 28 cm, green, pinnately veined, glabrous, base cordate, margin irregularly sharply dentate, apex obtuse or rounded. Distal stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade triangular, 510 Χ 35 cm, base auriculate-amplexicaul; distalmost stem leaves bracteal. Capitula 5, in subcorymb; foliose bracts triangular, supplementary bracts 13, subulate; peduncles 38 cm, upper floccose-lanate. Involucre hemispherical or cupular, ca. 1.4 Χ 2.52.7 cm, outside glabrous, only base pubescent; involucral bracts 12 or 13, in 2 rows, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones broadly white membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 1315, yellow; ligules oblong, ca. 16 Χ ca. 6 mm, apex acute; tube 34 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 89 mm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes brown, cylindric, ca. 5 mm, hairy in between ribs (?). Fl. and fr. JunJul.
* Subalpine meadows; 24002800 m. Xinjiang.
天山橐吾 tian shan tuo wu
Stem erect, 2025 cm tall, glabrous, ca. 4 mm in diam. at base, with a circle of dense reddish brown lanate hairs. Basal and proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole longer than leaf blade, 812 cm, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade green, orbicular-reniform, 1.84 Χ 34.5 cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, base cordate, margin irregularly sharply dentate, apex obtuse. Distal stem leaves sessile, bracteal. Capitula 3, in raceme or solitary; foliose bracts triangular, supplementary bracts 13, subulate; peduncles 1.56 cm, upper floccose-lanate. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, 11.3 Χ 1.52 cm, outside glabrous, only base pubescent; involucral bracts 12 or 13, in 2 rows, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones broadly white membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 1012, yellow; ligules oblong, ca. 25 Χ 5 mm, apex acute; tube 34 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 8 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes brown, cylindric, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. JunJul.
* Subalpine meadows; 24002700 m. Xinjiang.
高山橐吾 gao shan tuo wu
Stem erect, 517 cm tall, white lanate, 26 mm in diam. at base, with a circle of dense reddish brown lanate hairs. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 68 cm, white lanate, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade broadly ovate or orbicular, 1.53.5 Χ 1.54 cm, pinnately veined, abaxially sparsely lanate, base cordate, margin entire, undulate, or dentate, apex obtuse. Middle to distal stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade long ovate to lanceolate. Distal stem leaves linear-lanceolate. Capitula 1 or 2, often solitary. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical, 0.91.3 Χ 1.64 cm, outside lanate at base; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, lanceolate or linear, margin dark brown, apex acute or acuminate. Ligulate florets 1014, yellow; ligules oblong or broadly elliptic, 1.42.5 cm, apex truncate or 3-lobed; tube 34 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 78 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes yellowish white, cylindric, 45 mm. Fl. Jul.
Alpine meadows; 23003200 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan (Tarbagataj Mt. Range)].
哈密橐吾 ha mi tuo wu
Stem erect, ca. 35 cm tall, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 15 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate-reniform, 57 Χ ca. 7 cm, pinnately veined, base cordate, margin dentate, apex obtuse. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 24 cm, base enlarged into lamellate??; leaf blade ovate-orbicular to broadly ovate, 57 Χ 56 cm, base cordate or truncate, margin dentate, apex obtuse. Distal stem leaves long triangular-ovate or oblong, 56 Χ 33.5 cm. Capitula solitary or in raceme, nodding; peduncles 110 cm. Involucre hemispherical, 1.82 Χ ca. 2.5 cm; involucral bracts in 2 rows, oblong-lanceolate, margin densely short tomentose, apex acuminate. Ligulate florets numerous, yellow; ligules narrowly elliptic, ca. 20 Χ 5 mm, throat of tubular corolla with 46, yellow, flat hairs; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 89 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 6 mm. Fl. Jun-Jul.
* Habitat unknown; elevation??. Xinjiang (Hami).
土鲁番橐吾 tu lu pan tuo wu
Stem erect, 2040 cm tall, glabrous, with a circle of dense reddish brown lanate hairs. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 710 cm, leaf blade broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, 34 Χ 36 cm, pinnately veined, base cordate, margin dentate, apex obtuse or rounded. Stem leaves sessile; leaf blade ovate, base cordate, margin dentate, apex obtuse. Distal stem leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear. Capitula 1 or 2, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 1.31.5 Χ 2.42.6 cm; involucral bracts in 2 rows, oblong-lanceolate to linear, 25 mm wide, margin shortly tomentose, apex acuminate. Ligulate florets numerous, yellow; ligules oblong, 1.52 cm Χ 57 mm, throat of tubular corolla glabrous; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 89 mm, tube 33.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 6 mm.
* Habitat unknown; elevation?? Xinjiang (Hami, Qitai).
特克斯橐吾 te ke si tuo wu
Stem erect, 1440 cm tall, arachnoid hairy, base with a circle of dense red-brown lanate hairs. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 16 cm, base narrowly sheathing; leaf blade green adaxially, pale green abaxially, cordate, cordate-oblong, or triangular, 38 Χ 2.55 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base cordate, margin irregularly denticulate, apex acuminate. Middle to upper stem leaves sessile; leaf blade linear-oblong to linear, margin entire. Capitula 26(10), in raceme, rarely panicle-raceme; involucre narrowly campanulate or obconic, outside glabrous or hairy; bracts 79, in 2 rows, linear or linear-lanceolate, inner margin broadly membranous, apex acute. Ligulate florets 57, yellow; ligules ovate-oblong, 1011 Χ 34.5 mm. Tubular florets 730; limb narrowly campanulate. Pappus white, ca. as long as corolla. Achenes cylindric. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
Alpine meadows, forest margins; ca. 3600 m. Xinjiang (Tekkesi he) [Central Asia - list countries please??!!].
昆仑山橐吾 kun lun shan tuo wu
Plant white floccose-lanate. Stem erect, 7070 cm tall, ca. 4 mm in diam. at base, with a circle of dense reddish brown lanate hairs. Basal and proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole 1015 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade oblong or elliptic, 412 Χ 27 cm, pinnately veined, base oblique, both laterally unequal, margin irregularly sparsely dentate, apex obtuse. Distal stem leaves sessile, oblong, broadly lanceolate, or linear, bracteal. Capitula 10, in corymb-raceme; supplementary bracts subulate; peduncles 612 cm. Involucre campanulate or cupular, 11.5 Χ 1.52 cm; bracts in 2 rows, linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate, inner ones broadly white membranous at margin. Ligulate florets numerous, yellow; ligules obovate-oblong, 1.51.8 cm Χ ca. 4 mm, apex acute; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 7 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 33.5 mm. Fl. Jun.
* Subalpine meadows; 24002700 m. Xinjiang.
千花橐吾 qian hua tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, 11.5 cm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally umbellate-branched, white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 3540 cm, upper winged, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade oblong, 2225 Χ 1218 cm, pinnately veined, abaxially shortly pilose, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin regularly dentate, apex subrounded. Middle stem leaves similar, but smaller, petiolate; sheath enlarged, 810 cm, cymbiform-amplexicaul. Distal stem leaves sessile, lanceolate. Compound corymbs large, to 40 cm, branches numerous, densely shortly brown pilose; foliose and supplementary bracts lanceolate or linear; peduncles short, densely shortly brown pilose. Capitula numerous and smaller. Involucre turbinate, 46 mm, mouth ca. 5 mm wide, outside densely shortly brown pilose, base acute; involucral bracts 5, in 2 rows, ovate-oblong, ca. 2 mm wide, margin broadly brown membranous, apex acute. Florets 5, all tubular, wholly extending from involucre, 56 mm; tube 1.52 mm. Pappus yellowish, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes dark brown, elliptic, 56 mm. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Grasslands, forest margins; 26004300 m. Xizang (Cona (Cuona)).
盘状橐吾 pan zhuang tuo wu
Stem erect, 3540 cm tall, 2.53 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly yellowish brown pilose and white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves oblong-obovate or oblong, 46.5 Χ 34 cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, base cuneate, narrowed into a winged petiole, margin irregularly coarsely dentate, apex acute; teeth triangular, curved apically. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller, sessile; leaf blade to 13 Χ 34.5 cm; sheath 2.55 cm. Distalmost stem leaves oblong, tubular-amplexicaul, apex caudate-acuminate. Capitula 48, in a corymb; foliose and supplementary bracts linear; peduncles 13.5 cm, densely shortly yellowish brown pilose and white arachnoid-puberulous. Involucre broadly turbinate, 911 mm, mouth 11.5 cm wide, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, linear-oblong, ca. 2 mm wide, brown ciliate, apex acuminate, inner ones dark brown membranous at margin. Outer florets female, narrowly tubular, 25-divided, segments unequal or similar to ligule, with 1 or 2 sterile stamens, anthers ovoid. Central florets tubular, hermaphroditic, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus yellowish, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes dark brown, cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.
* Scrub; ca. 4300 m. Xizang (Nyingchi (Linzhi)).
黑紫橐吾 hei zi tuo wu
Stem erect, 2560 cm tall, 35 mm in diam. at base, densely long blackish purple pilose, intermixed white arachnoid-puberulous in inflorescence. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 715 cm, densely long blackish purple pilose, base narrowly sheathing; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 59 Χ 3.57 cm, pinnately veined, lateral veins 610 pairs, abaxially with conspicuous slender reticulate veins, abaxially shortly pilose, densely so on veins, adaxially glabrescent, base cordate, margin minutely denticulate, long blackish purple pilose between teeth, apex obtuse; sinus 1/41/3 as long as blade, narrow, basal lobes oblong, convergent. Middle stem leaves often solitary, similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, 34 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, densely long blackish purple pilose. Capitula 410, in corymb; foliose and supplementary bracts subulate, shorter; peduncles 315 mm, densely long blackish purple pilose. Involucre narrowly campanulate or turbinate, 610 mm, mouth to 1 cm wide, outside long blackish purple pilose; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, outer ones lanceolate and narrow, inner ones oblong and ca. 2.5 mm wide, margin narrowly brown membranous, apex acute. Florets numerous, all tubular, yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus yellowish, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. AugDec.
* Forest understories, grasslands; 30004000 m. NW Yunnan.
心叶橐吾 xin ye tuo wu
Stem erect, to 45 cm tall, 34 mm in diam. at base, densely shortly yellow pilose, proximal hairs black, distal hairs yellow. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 12 cm, slender, densely shortly pilose; sheath 44.5 cm, densely shortly pilose, mouth of sheath entire; leaf blade ovate-cordate or ovate, 49.5 cm, to 11.5 cm wide at base, pinnately veined, abaxially sometimes shortly pilose, adaxially glabrous, base cordate, margin regularly denticulate, between teeth pubescent, apex obtuse; sinus 1/51/4 as long as leaf blade, basal lobes orbicular. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, cymbiform. Capitula 26, in corymb; foliose bracts linear; supplementary bracts absent; peduncles 0.52 cm, densely shortly yellow pilose. Involucre broadly turbinate, 810 mm, mouth ca. 1 cm wide, outside densely shortly yellow pilose; involucral bracts ca. 13, in 2 rows, oblong, ca. 3 mm wide, apex obtuse, inner ones broadly brown membranous at margin. Florets numerous, higher than involucre, all tubular, yellow, 5.56.5 mm; tube 11.5 mm; limb cylindric. Pappus yellowish, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes dark brown, fusiform, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. SepOct.
* Stream banks, grassy slopes; 33004000 m. S and SW Sichuan.
牛旁叶橐吾 niou pan ye tuo wu
Stem erect, to 120 cm tall, 815 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence initially shortly pilose and white arachnoid-puberulous, glabrate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 725 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate or ovate-oblong, 1940.5 Χ 8.523 cm; pinnately veined, midvein strong [wording??], to 1.2 cm wide, lateral veins spreading, both surfaces sparsely white arachnoid-puberulous or glabrate, base truncate or cuneate, margin regularly denticulate, between teeth ciliate, apex obtuse. Middle to distal stem leaves smaller distally, sessile, sheath amplexicaul; leaf blade ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, to 20 Χ 9 cm. Compound corymb branched; branches to 23 cm, spreading or fasciate; foliose and supplementary bracts linear-subulate, smaller; peduncles 0.54 cm. Capitula 623, rarely more. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate, 11.2 Χ ca. 2 cm, outside white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts 814, in 2 rows, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, to ca. 7 mm wide, subleathery, apex acute, often curved, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-oblong, 1.52 cm Χ 34 mm, apex acute; tube ca. 7 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 11.1 cm; tube ca. 5 mm; limb narrowed at base. Pappus reddish brown or yellowish, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes brown, oblong, 47 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Forest understories, grassy slopes, scrub; 18003300 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
舟叶橐吾 zhou ye tuo wu
Stem erect, 80120 cm tall, to 2.5 cm in diam. at base, shortly pilose and white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 15 cm, winged; wings to 4 cm wide, entire; leaf blade elliptic or ovate-oblong, rarely obovate, 1560 Χ to 45 cm; pinnately veined, midvein strong, white arachnoid-puberulous, base shallowly cordate, margin minutely denticulate, apex rounded. Middle stem leaves sessile, cymbuliform [word okay??], to 20 cm, both surfaces white arachnoid-puberulous, sheath amplexicaul. Distalmost stem leaves sheathlike. Compound corymb much branched, to 40 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly pilose; foliose and supplementary bracts linear, smaller; peduncles 215(22) mm. Capitula numerous. Involucre campanulate, 810 mm, mouth to 1 cm wide, outside white arachnoid-puberulous or glabrous; involucral bracts 710, in 2 rows, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, margin brown membranous, apex acute. Ligulate florets yellow, ligules linear, 11.4 cm Χ 1.52 mm; tube 45 mm. Tubular florets numerous, deep yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white or yellowish, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes blackish gray, narrowly oblong, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
* Forest margins, grassy slopes, alpine scrub, alpine meadows, stream banks; 29004800 m. NW to SW Sichuan, Xizang (Pali), NW Yunnan.
舟曲橐吾 zhou qu tuo wu
Stem erect, 7085 cm tall, 510 mm in diam. at base, distally white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves obovate, small; sheath ca. 7 Χ 1 cm. Stem leaves 3 or 4, obovate to elliptic, 1220 Χ 4.57.5 cm, pinnately veined, white arachnoid-puberulous, base cuneate, sheath amplexicaul, margin remotely denticulate, apex rounded. Distal stem leaves elliptic to narrowly elliptic, smaller, base not amplexicaul, apex acuminate. Compound corymbs paniculate, 2328 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly brown pilose; foliose bracts linear to linear-lanceolate; supplementary bracts 2 or 3, linear, smaller; peduncles 1.53 cm. Capitula numerous. Involucre turbinate, ca. 7 Χ 6 mm, outside dark green, base sparsely white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, linear or oblanceolate, margin membranous, apex acute to acuminate. Outer florets female, 57, yellow, similar to tubular florets, limb 24-lobed to -divided, lobes 0.54 mm, unequal; tube 24 mm. Tubular florets 1215, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 2.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, with 710 ribs. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Alpine meadows; 28003600 m. SW Gansu.
季川橐吾 ji chuan tuo wu
Stem erect, 4550 cm tall, 33.5 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves not seen. Proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole 1.22.5 cm Χ ca. 3 mm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 3.56 Χ 1.21.3 cm, thick, pinnately veined, glabrous, base cuneate, margin denticulate, slightly revolute, apex acute. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate to linear, bracteal, 1.56 cm Χ 1.57 mm, base auriculate-amplexicaul, apex acute or obtuse. Capitula 5 or 6, in corymb; peduncles 525 mm, white arachnoid-puberulous; supplementary bracts numerous, linear or subulate. Involucre campanulate, 67 Χ to 7 mm, outside glabrous, base white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts ca. 13, in 2 rows, dark brown, narrowly lanceolate, apex acute, inner ones ca. 1.5 mm wide, margin white membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 57 Χ ca. 1.5 mm, apex rounded. Tubular florets 67 mm; limb cuneate. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
* Grasslands; ca. 3000 m. Yunnan (Zhongdian).
广叶橐吾 guang ye tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 3040 cm, often winged, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 1520 cm, pinnately veined, both surfaces shortly white pilose or abaxially intermixed arachnoid-puberulous, adaxially glabrous, base hastate or cordate, rarely subtruncate, margin irregularly coarsely dentate, apex acuminate. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole winged; leaf blade cordate, 2035 Χ ca. 9 cm, base sheathed, amplexicaul, margin sharply dentate. Capitula 1215, in corymb; peduncles long, glabrous or arachnoid-puberulous; supplementary bracts 37, linear. Involucre campanulate, ca. 10 Χ 8 mm; involucral bracts 8 or 9, in 2 rows, margin membranous, apex black. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules slightly longer than involucre, apex 3-denticulate. Tubular florets numerous. Pappus pale red. Achenes obovate, ribbed. Fl. and fr. Aug.
* Grasslands; ca. 4300 m. Sichuan (Batang, Kangding, Litang).
东俄洛橐吾 dong e luo tuo wu
Stem erect, 20100 cm tall, ca. 5 mm in diam. at base, white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 625 cm, shortly pilose, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-cordate or ovate-oblong, 317 Χ 2.512 cm, pinnately veined, shortly pilose, base shallowly cordate, rarely subtruncate, margin denticulate, apex obtuse. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller, smaller distally, shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, to 10 cm, shortly pilose. Capitula 120, in corymb or solitary; peduncles 17 cm, arachnoid-puberulous and shortly pilose; foliose and supplementary bracts linear, shorter. Involucre campanulate, 510 Χ 56(7) mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, to 3 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 5 or 6, yellow; ligules oblong, 717 Χ 1.52 mm; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 7 mm, extending from involucre; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus pale brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Forest margins, forest understories, moist valleys, scrub, alpine meadows; 21004000 m. NW to SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
合苞橐吾 he bao tuo wu
Plants grayish green, stem erect, 50200 cm tall, 2.57 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade broadly ovate or oblong, 1030 Χ 522 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base rounded, margin irregularly undulately dentate, apex obtuse or acute. Middle to distal stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong, to 13 Χ 4 cm, smaller distally. Inflorescence racemose, 613(18) cm; peduncles 315 cm; foliose and supplementary bracts smaller. Capitula numerous. Involucre campanulate, 67 Χ ca. 5 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts united, apex 25-dentate, tips of teeth acute or rounded. Ligulate florets 26, yellow; ligules oblong, 1.32.2 cm Χ 26 mm, apex acute; tube 45 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 710 mm; tube 23 mm. Pappus reddish brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 78 mm. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
Forest understories, grassy slopes, scrub; elevation?? S Heilongjiang [Korea, Russia (Far East)].
无缨橐吾 wu ying tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, to 50 cm tall, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 25 cm, glabrous, middle to distal ones broadly winged; leaf blade ovate to orbicular, to 28 Χ 23 cm; pinnately veined, with conspicuous reticulate veins, glabrous, base cordate, margin undulate-dentate or entire, apex rounded. Middle to distal stem leaves lax, similar, but small, sessile. Distalmost stem leaves bracteal. Capitula 19, often in corymb. Involucre blackish gray, campanulate, or cupular in fruit, 11.2 cm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts spreading, leathery, middle lower?? united, upper 35-lobed; lobes ovate or triangular, apex rounded, mucronate. Ligulate florets 613, yellow; ligules broadly elliptic, to 3 Χ 1.1 cm, apex entire or denticulate. Tubular ca. 1 cm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus absent. Achenes brown, 610 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul.
* habitat??; elevation?? Liaoning (Motianling).
全缘橐吾 quan yuan tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, 3110 cm tall, 2.55 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 35 cm, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade ovate, oblong, or elliptic, 625 Χ 412 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base cuneate, narrowed into a petiole, margin entire, apex obtuse. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, erect, adnate, base semi-amplexicaul. Inflorescences racemose, clustered, subcapitate, 24 cm, or proximally remote, to 16 cm; foliose and supplementary bracts linear-subulate, less than 1 cm; peduncles 35 mm, slender. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, 810 Χ 45 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 5 or 6, in 2 rows, oblong, to 4 mm wide, apex obtuse or acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 14, yellow; ligules oblong, 11.2 cm Χ to 6 mm, apex rounded; tube ca. 6 mm. Tubular florets 510, 810 mm; tube 45 mm; limb base cuneate, narrowed. Pappus reddish brown, ca. as long as or shorter than tube of tubular corolla. Achenes brown, cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. MaySep.
Swamp meadows, slopes, scrub, canopy gaps in forests; to 1500 m. Hebei??, Liaoning??, Nei Mongol?? N and NE China - please list provinces!! [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
大叶橐吾 da ye tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, 56110(180) cm tall, 815 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole often purplish red, 520 cm, glabrous, narrowly winged, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-oblong or oblong, 616(45) Χ 4.59(28) cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base cuneate, narrowed into a petiole, margin undulately denticulate, apex obtuse. Stem leaves sessile, erect, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, to 12 Χ 5 cm, tubular-amplexicaul or semi-amplexicaul at base. Inflorescence paniculate, 724 cm, proximally branched; foliose and supplementary bracts linear-subulate, 38 mm; peduncles 13 mm, slender. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly turbinate or cylindric, 3.55(6) Χ 23(5) mm or mouth to 6 mm wide, outside white puberulous; involucral bracts 4 or 5, in 2 rows, obovate or oblong, 1.53 mm wide, apex obtuse or rounded, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 13, yellow; ligules oblong, 68 Χ 23 mm, apex rounded; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets 27, extending from involucre, 57 mm; tube 22.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JunAug. 2n = 32.
Stream banks, swamps, grasslands on shaded slopes, forest margins; 7002900 m. Xinjiang (Altai, Tianshan) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].
异叶橐吾 yi ye tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, 30100 cm tall, 48 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow pilose. Rosette of leaves not seen. Proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole often purplish red, 48 cm, glabrous, broadly winged, base enlarged sheathed; leaf blade elliptic, oblong, or orbicular, 817 Χ 610.5 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base broadly cuneate or rounded, narrowed into a petiole, margin undulately shallowly dentate or irregularly sharply dentate, tips of teeth curved mucronate, apex obtuse. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile, oblong or elliptic, smaller distally, proximal ones to 17 Χ 8.5 cm, tubular-amplexicaul or semi-amplexicaul at base. Inflorescence racemose paniculate, ca. 30 cm, rarely proximally branches fewer and shorter, with a raceme; branches 13(7) cm; foliose and supplementary bracts linear-subulate or filiform, to 1 cm; peduncles 24 mm. Capitula numerous. Involucre cupular or campanulate, 68 Χ 58 mm, outside sparsely white puberulous; involucral bracts 68(10), in 2 rows, lanceolate or oblong, 23.5 mm wide, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets (4 or)57, yellow; ligules narrowly oblong or oblong, 710 Χ 24 mm, apex acute or obtuse; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets 1014, slightly higher than involucre, 67 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug.
Slopes, grasslands, streambanks, swamps; 22002500 m. Xinjiang (Tianshan) [S Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan].
君范橐吾 jun fan tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, to 120 cm tall, 34 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves not seen. Middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade elliptic or oblong, 1015 Χ 610.5 cm, pinnately veined, midvein strong[??], with conspicuous prominent reticulate veins on both surfaces, leathery, glabrous, base cuneate, semi-amplexicaul, margin undulately shallowly dentate, apex rounded. Distal stem leaves sessile, oblong, smaller, with conspicuous reticulate veins, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescence racemose, lax, to 15 cm; foliose bracts reddish yellow or yellowish brown when dry, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 25 Χ 1.52.5 cm, with conspicuous reticulate veins, membranous, smaller distally, apex acuminate; peduncles to 2 cm, often curved. Capitula 6, nodding; supplementary bracts linear-lanceolate. Involucre broadly campanulate, 11.2 Χ ca. 1 cm, base subtruncate; involucral bracts 810, in 2 rows, dark brown, lanceolate or oblong, apex acute, inner ones broader, ca. 5 mm wide, margin membranous. Florets numerous, all tubular, yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes white, oblong, 4.55 mm, with 4 ribs. Fl. and fr. Aug.
* Scrub, forest margins; ca. 3600 m. Sichuan (Muli).
黑苞橐吾 hei bao tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, 68 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence shortly brown pilose. Basal leaves shortly petiolate; petiole broadly winged, base enlarged sheathed; leaf blade oblong, ovate, or broadly ovate, 1428 Χ 9.511 cm, herbaceous, pinnately veined, with prominent reticulate veins on both surfaces, glabrous, base cordate or broadly cuneate, narrowed into a petiole, margin denticulate, apex obtuse. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, 1427 Χ 810 cm, base auriculate-amplexicaul, apex obtuse or acute. Inflorescence racemose, 3040 cm, lax; foliose bracts linear, to 3.5 cm, smaller distally; peduncles 530 mm. Capitula numerous, supplementary bracts subulate. Involucre blackish gray, turbinate, rarely subcampanulate, 58 Χ ca. 5 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 812, yellow; ligules oblong or elliptic, 48 Χ 23.5 mm, 2- or 3-dentate, apex rounded; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 56 mm, higher than involucre; tube 1.52 mm. Pappus yellowish white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, to 7 mm, prominently ribbed. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
* Forest margins, forest understories, grassy slopes; 34004000 m. Sichuan (Muli), NW Yunnan.
网脉橐吾 wang mai tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, purplish red, 33124 cm tall, 2.54 mm in diam. at base, solid, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 822 cm, glabrous, below rounded, above flat, middle to distal ones narrowly winged; leaf blade oblong, ovate, or suborbicular, 830 Χ 521 cm, pinnately veined, midvein robust, to 5 mm wide, with prominent reticulate lateral veins on both surfaces, glabrous, base cordate or slightly subtruncate, margin dentate or subentire, apex rounded. Middle to distal stem leaves subsessile; leaf blade obovate to ovate, 716 Χ 411 cm, base semi-amplexicaul or tubular-amplexicaul, margin dentate, apex obtuse. Distalmost stem leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate to linear. Inflorescence racemose, to 30 cm, initially densely clustered, elongating in fruit, lax; foliose and supplementary bracts linear, less than 1 cm; peduncles unequal, to 6.5 cm, densely shortly yellowish brown pilose. Capitula numerous. Involucre turbinate or subcampanulate, 69 Χ 45 mm, outside dark brown, glabrous; involucral bracts 68, in 2 rows, oblong, 34 mm wide, brown ciliate, apex broadly triangular, acute, or shortly mucronate, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 46, yellow; ligules oblong, 68(20) Χ 34 mm, apex rounded; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 56 mm, higher than involucre; tube 2.53 mm. Pappus yellowish white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JunAug.
* Stream banks, forest understories, grassy slopes, scrub; 19003600 m. SW Sichuan, Xizang??, NW Yunnan.
芥形橐吾 jie xing tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, 4570 cm tall, ca. 7 mm in diam. at base, hollow, glabrous, except white arachnoid-puberulous in inflorescence. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 15 cm, glabrous, base sheathed, upper winged; leaf blade oblong or ovate, 1730 Χ 6.517 cm, pinnately veined, midvein robust, with white prominent reticulate veins on both surfaces, glabrous, base cuneate, narrowed into a petiole, margin denticulate, apex obtuse. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile; leaf blade oblong, to 14 Χ 4 cm, smaller distally, reticulate veins conspicuous, base semi-amplexicaul or tubular-amplexicaul, apex obtuse. Inflorescence racemose, to 26 cm, initially densely clustered, elongating in fruit; foliose bracts linear, shorter than peduncle, supplementary bracts subulate, shorter; peduncles 45 mm. Capitula numerous. Involucre shallowly campanulate, 68 Χ to 6 mm wide, outside shortly pilose; involucral bracts 68, in 2 rows, black, ovate or oblong, rarely glabrous, apex triangular, inner ones densely white ciliate and brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 5 or 6, yellow; ligules oblong, 810 Χ ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 7 mm; tube slightly shorter than limb. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Jul.
* Grassy slopes; 26003100 m. SW and W Sichuan.
阿勒泰橐吾 a lei tai tuo wu
Plants grayish green or bluish green. Stem erect, 1068(90) cm tall, 46 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1320 cm, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed, upper narrowly winged; leaf blade oblong, ovate-oblong, or elliptic, 815 Χ 37 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base cuneate, narrowed into a petiole, margin entire, apex obtuse or rounded. Stem leaves similar, but sessile, smaller distally, base semi-amplexicaul, proximal leaves to 13.5 Χ 4 cm. Inflorescence racemose, 67 cm, glabrous; foliose and supplementary bracts linear-subulate, less than 4 mm; peduncles to 1 cm. Capitula 1011(25). Involucre campanulate or subcupular, 68 Χ 57 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 69, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, 1.53 mm wide, glabrous, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 4 or 5, yellow; ligules obovate or oblong, 67 Χ 34 mm, denticulate, apex rounded; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, extending from involucre, ca. 7 mm; tube ca. 7 mm; limb narrowly cuneate. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes yellowish brown, cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JunAug.
Grassy slopes, steppes; 11003000 m. Xinjiang (Altai) [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].
帕米尔橐吾 pa mi er tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, 22140 cm tall, 310 mm in diam. at base, glabrous, except inflorescence shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purplish red, 2.525 cm, glabrous, base sheathed, upper narrowly winged; leaf blade oblong or broadly elliptic, 4.520 Χ 2.310.5 cm, pinnately veined, abaxially with prominent veins, glabrous, base cuneate, narrowed into a petiole, margin irregularly dentate, apex rounded or acute. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but sessile, to 12 Χ 7 cm, smaller distally, base semi-amplexicaul. Inflorescence racemose, rarely paniculate, 46(45) cm, distal ones clustered, proximal ones branched, lax; branches 1.512 cm, each with 223 capitula; foliose and supplementary bracts linear-subulate, 57 mm; peduncles 24 mm. Capitula numerous. Involucre campanulate or subcupular, 67 Χ 56 mm, outside densely shortly yellow pilose; involucral bracts 68, in 2 rows, oblong or ovate, 35 mm wide, apex acute or obtuse, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules obovate or oblong, 710 Χ 34 mm, apex obtuse; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 67 mm; tube 22.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Jul, fr.??. 2n = 58.
Stream banks, grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 19004500 m. Xinjiang (Pa mi er, Tianshan) [Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan].
长叶橐吾 chang ye tuo wu
Stem erect, 83200 cm tall, ca. 1 cm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 57 cm, glabrous, base sheathed, upper winged; leaf blade lanceolate, 1437 Χ 6.59 cm, pinnately veined, thick, glabrous, base rounded or subtruncate, margin irregularly dentate, apex obtuse. Stem leaves fewer, sessile; leaf blade oblong or lanceolate, to 7(10) cm, smaller distally, semi-amplexicaul or sheath amplexicaul. Inflorescence racemose, 519 cm, distally or wholly (initially) densely clustered, proximally lax; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate, to 2.5 cm; supplementary bracts linear; peduncles 520 mm. Capitula numerous. Involucre broadly turbinate, 912 mm Χ to 1.5 cm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 1315, in 2 rows, reddish brown or brown, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 6 or 7, yellow; ligules oblong, 11.5 cm Χ 35 mm, apex rounded; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 67 mm; tube ca. 2.5 mm. Pappus rufous, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Sep, fr.??.
* Swamp grasslands; 19003100 m. SW Sichuan, S to W Yunnan.
灰苞橐吾 hui bao tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, 3545 cm tall, 24 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 411 cm, winged; wings to 6 mm wide, margin entire, shortly ciliate; leaf blade ovate or ovate-oblong, rarely spatulate, 721.5 Χ 38 cm, pinnately veined, thin, abaxially white pubescent on veins, adaxially glabrous, base abruptly narrowed into a petiole, margin sparsely denticulate or dentate, apex obtuse or rounded. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile; leaf blade oblong, 813 Χ to 5 cm, tubular-amplexicaul, margin denticulate, apex obtuse or acuminate. Distalmost stem leaves bracteal, ovate-lanceolate, 45 cm, apex acuminate. Inflorescence racemose, to 13 cm; foliose bracts linear, to 1.5 cm; peduncles 24 mm. Capitula 617. Involucre turbinate, 79 mm, mouth to 9 mm wide, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, blackish gray, oblong or lanceolate, submembranous, apex obtuse or acuminate. Florets numerous, all tubular, blackish gray, 4.55 mm; tube ca. 1.5 mm. Pappus upper white, lower yellowish brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Alpine meadows; ca. 4700 m. SW Sichuan.
侧茎橐吾 ce jing tuo wu
* Slopes, stream banks, scrub, alpine meadows; 30004700 m. NW to SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
唐古特橐吾 tang gu te tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, 40100 cm tall, 29 mm in diam. at base, glabrous or distalmost shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 315 cm, proximally purplish red, distally broadly winged; leaf blade broadly ovate or elliptic, 621 Χ 313 cm, pinnately veined, abaxially with strong midvein, glabrous, base subtruncate or broadly cuneate, abruptly narrowed into a broadly winged petiole or only distally winged, margin denticulate or coarsely undulate-dentate, apex acute. Middle to distal stem leaves erect, elliptic or oblong, 48 Χ to 4.5 cm, base amplexicaul. Inflorescence racemose, to 15 cm, lax. Foliose and supplementary bracts linear-lanceolate. Capitula numerous. Involucre turbinate, 68 mm Χ to 1 cm, outside glabrescent; involucral bracts 810, in 2 rows, oblong or narrowly lanceolate, apex obtuse to acute. Ligulate florets 610, yellow; ligules oblong, ca. 1 cm. Tubular florets numerous, 67 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Shaded slopes, scrub, forest understories; 27004000 m. Gansu, Qinghai.
黄帚橐吾 huang zhou tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, 1580 cm tall, 29 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 21.5 cm, winged, or only upper winged; wings entire or dentate, broad or narrow, glabrous; sheath often purplish red; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, 315 Χ 1.311 cm, pinnately or sometimes subparallel veined, glabrous, base cuneate, gradually attenuate, margin entire, sometimes revolute, apex obtuse or acute. Stem leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate to linear, smaller, sessile, longer than internodes, rarely distally shorter, often tubular-amplexicaul, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence paniculately racemose, 4.522 cm, clustered or distally clustered, proximally lax; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate to linear, to 6 cm, smaller distally; peduncles 310(20) mm, white arachnoid-puberulous. Capitula numerous, sometimes solitary or few; supplementary bracts filiform. Involucre turbinate or cupular, 710 Χ 69 mm, rarely wider, in solitary capitulum, outside glabrous or densely pilose; involucral bracts 1014, in 2 rows, oblong or narrowly lanceolate, 1.55 mm wide, attenuate to caudate, margin broadly or narrowly membranous, apex obtuse to acuminate. Ligulate florets 514, yellow; ligules linear, 822 Χ 1.52.5 mm, apex acute; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 78 mm; tube ca. 3 mm; limb cuneate. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
Shaded slopes, stream banks, scrub, swamp meadows, alpine meadows; 24004700 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, NE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Nepal to Bhutan - please list individual countries!!].
1a. Capitula solitary or few, in lax raceme ....................................................... 69c. var. oligocephala
1b. Capitula numerous, in dense raceme.
2a. Involucre glabrous ................................................................................... 69a. var. virgaurea
2b. Involucre outside densely shortly yellow pilose ............................................... 69b. var. pilosa
黄帚橐吾 huang zhou tuo wu (原变种 yuan bian zhong)
Senecio virgaureus Maximowicz, Mιlanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pιtersbourg 11: 241. 1881; Cremanthodium plantaginifolium (Franchet) R. D. Good; C. virgaurea (Maximowicz) Handel-Mazzetti; Ligularia plantaginifolia (Franchet) Mattfeld ex Rehder & Kobuski; L. potaninii Pojarkova (1950), not (C. Winkler) Ling (1937); Senecillis virgaurea (Maximowicz) Kitamura; Senecio lagotis W. W. Smith; S. plantaginifolius Franchet.
Involucre outside glabrous.
Shaded slopes, stream banks, scrub, swamp meadows, alpine meadows; 24004700 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, NE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Nepal to Bhutan - please list individual countries!!].
毛黄帚橐吾 mao huang zhou tuo wu
Involucre outside densely shortly yellow pilose.
* Grassy slopes; 38004500 m. Sichuan (Garzκ (Ganzi)), E Xizang.
疏序黄帚橐吾 shu xu huang zhou tuo wu
Cremanthodium plantaginifolium subsp. oligocephalum R. D. Good, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 48: 292. 1929.
Plants dwarf. Capitula usually solitary or few in lax raceme.
* Grassy slopes; 32004500 m. SW Gansu, Qinghai.
缘毛橐吾 yuan mao tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, 58 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 5 cm, glabrous, entirely winged, base sheathed; leaf blade oblong or ovate-lanceolate, rarely elliptic, 822 Χ 4.58 cm, pinnately veined, abaxially with prominent reticulate veins, glabrous, or initially white pubescent along veins, or puberulous and sometimes shortly yellowish brown pilose, base cuneate, narrowed into a winged petiole, margin dentate, apex obtuse or acute. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate to linear, smaller distally, base semi-amplexicaul, margin entire or denticulate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence racemose, to 40 cm, clustered; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate to linear, proximally to 4.5 cm, smaller distally; peduncles 37 mm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts subulate. Involucre turbinate, 710 Χ ca. 5 mm, outside white pubescent or glabrescent, or puberulous and sometimes shortly yellowish brown pilose; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, ca. 3 mm wide, margin membranous and densely white ciliate, apex acuminate. Ligulate florets 5 or 6, yellow; ligules linear, 68 Χ 11.5 mm, apex obtuse; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 7 mm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 45 mm, with prominent ribs. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Stream banks, swamps, scrub meadows, alpine meadows; 29004500 m. SW Qinghai, N, NW to SW Sichuan, NE Xizang.
1a. Leaves and involucre initially white pubescent .................................................. 70a. var. liatroides
1b. Leaves and involucre white pubescent and shortly yellowish brown pilose ... 70b. var. shifangensis
缘毛橐吾 yuan mao tuo wu (原变种 yuan bian zhong)
Senecio liatroides C. Winkler, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 8. 1893; Senecillis liatroides (C. Winkler) Kitamura.
Leaves and involucre white pubescent.
* Stream banks, swamps, scrub meadows, alpine meadows; 29004500 m. SW Qinghai, N, NW to SW Sichuan, NE Xizang.
什邡缘毛橐吾 shi fang yuan mao tuo wu
Ligularia shifangensis G. H. Chen & W. J. Zhang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35: 181. 1997.
Leaves and involucre white pubescent and shortly yellowish brown pilose.
* habitat??; 32003700 m. Sichuan (Pengzhou, Shifang).
毛茎橐吾 mao jing tuo wu
Plants grayish green. Stem erect, 3055 cm tall, 46 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrescent, distally and inflorescence densely white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 216 cm, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid-puberulous, base sheathed, entirely winged at middle to distally; leaf blade ovate-oblong or oblanceolate, 828 Χ 36 cm, pinnately parallel veined, sparsely white puberulous and shortly yellowish brown pilose on both surfaces or adaxially denser, base cuneate, margin denticulate, apex acute. Stem leaves 13, sessile, tubular, 2.57 cm, margin entire or irregularly denticulate. Inflorescence racemose, 515 cm, lax; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate to linear, proximal ones to 3.5 cm, densely arachnoid puberulous, smaller distally. Capitula 210; supplementary bracts linear to subulate, shorter than involucre, arachnoid-puberulous. Involucre broadly campanulate, 813 mm, mouth 716 mm wide, outside white puberulous or shortly yellowish brown pilose; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.54 mm wide, margin membranous and sparsely white ciliate, apex acuminate, acute, or rounded. Ligulate florets 10 or 11, yellow; ligules oblong, 913 Χ 23.5 mm, apex acute or rounded; tube 1.52.5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 45 mm; tube 11.5 Χ ca. 3 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblanceolate (immature). Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Stream banks, forest understories, alpine meadows; 35004000 m. Gansu (Diebu), Qinghai (Yushu), Sichuan (Muli), Yunnan (Zhongdian).
黑穗橐吾 hei sui tuo wu
Stem scape-like, erect, 55120 cm tall, white lanate, to 1 cm in diam. at base, with a circle of dense longer white lanate hairs. Leaves all basal, petiolate; petiole 1523 cm, base white lanate sheathed, distally narrowly winged; leaf blade ovate-oblong, 1923 Χ 1218 cm, pinnately veined, glabrescent, base cordate or rarely subtruncate, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, margin undulately dentate, apex obtuse, mucronate. Scape with a linear bracteal leaf. Inflorescence paniculately racemose, to 50 cm, densely white lanate; foliose and supplementary bracts longer, to 3.5 cm, narrower, white lanate; peduncles slender, proximal ones with 7 capitula. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 68 Χ ca. 5 mm, outside white puberulous; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, oblong, 1.53 mm wide, apex triangular, obtuse, inner ones brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, to 8 Χ 23 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 78 mm; tube ca. 1/4 as long as limb. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
* Moist scrub; 32004300 m. SW Sichuan.
棉毛橐吾 mian mao tuo wu
Stem scape-like, erect, 1563 cm tall, sparsely white puberulous, 45 mm in diam. at base, with a circle of dense longer white lanate hairs. Leaves all basal, petiolate; petiole to 23 cm, base white lanate sheathed, distally narrowly entirely winged; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, or suborbicular, 2.515 Χ 3.512 cm, pinnately veined, lateral veins 12 pairs, abaxially white lanate, adaxially glabrous, base shallowly cordate, truncate, or cuneate, margin regularly denticulate, apex acute. Scape without bracteal leaf. Inflorescence racemose, 4.515 cm, clustered or lax, white lanate; foliose and supplementary bracts to 3 cm; peduncles to 1 cm. Capitula numerous. Involucre campanulate, 11.2 cm Χ 810 mm, outside sparsely white puberulous; involucral bracts 10, in 2 rows, lanceolate or rarely ovate, apex acute, mucronate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 57, yellow; ligules oblong, 11.8 cm Χ ca. 3 mm, apex acute; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 78 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus pale yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes narrowly oblanceolate, 56.5 mm. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
* Stream banks, forest understories, grassy slopes; 21004600 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
长白山橐吾 chang bai shan tuo wu
Stem erect, 3060 cm tall, 45 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 29 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade triangular-hastate, 3.59 cm, palmately pinnately veined, base 710 cm wide, abaxially glabrous, adaxially shortly yellow pilose, margin sharply dentate, apex acute or acuminate; sinus ca. 1/2 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes lanceolate, to 6 cm, segments to 2.5 cm, divergent, margin entire or 2- or 3-divided. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, to 4 cm, amplexicaul; leaf blade ovate-sagittate, smaller. Distal stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, bracteal, numerous, to 3 cm, margin subentire. Capitulum solitary, 57 cm in diam.; supplementary bracts linear-lanceolate. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1517 Χ to 1.5 cm, outside white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts ca. 13, in 2 rows, lanceolate, ca. 3 mm wide, margin brown membranous, apex acuminate. Ligulate florets 1316, yellow; ligules linear-lanceolate, to 4 cm Χ 34 mm, apex acuminate, 2- or 3-lobed; tube 56 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 11.1 cm; tube ca. 5 mm. Pappus pale yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 7 mm. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
Forest understories, scrub, alpine meadows; 3002500 m. Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Korea].
植扶橐吾 zhi fu tuo wu
Stem erect, often purplish red, to 150 cm tall, to 1.5 cm in diam. at base, hollow, proximally glabrous, distally shortly brown pilose and white arachnoid-puberulous. Rosette of leaves not seen. Proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 24 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous; leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong, 3540 Χ 2530 cm, pinnately veined, lateral veins more than 27 pairs, prominent on both surfaces, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base subtruncate, margin regularly dentate, apex rounded. Middle to distal stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 10 cm, without sheath; leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong, smaller. Inflorescence racemose, to 80 cm, distally clustered, proximally lax; foliose bracts linear, white arachnoid-puberulous, proximal ones to 5.5 cm Χ ca. 1 mm, smaller distally; peduncles unequal, proximally to 5 cm, with 5 capitula, distal ones with 1 capitulum. Capitula numerous, nodding; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre campanulate or turbinate, 810 Χ 57 mm, outside blackish gray, white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones white membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 35, yellow; ligules oblanceolate, 59 Χ ca. 2 mm; tube ca. 6 mm. Tubular florets numerous, higher than involucre, 67 mm; tube ca. as long as limb. Pappus pale yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Grassy slopes; to 3600 m. S to SW Sichuan.
复序橐吾 fu xu tuo wu
Stem erect, to 150 cm tall, ca. 1 cm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly brown pilose and white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 40 cm, shortly pilose, narrowly, entirely winged, base sheathed; leaf blade triangular or ovate-triangular, 820 Χ 722 cm, pinnately veined, midvein robust, lateral and reticulate veins abaxially prominent, abaxially shortly pilose only on veins, adaxially glabrous, base cordate or subtruncate, margin shallowly triangular-dentate and ciliate, apex acute. Middle to distal stem leaves smaller, shortly petiolate; petiole winged, base sheathed; leaf blade triangular or oblong. Inflorescence paniculately racemose or racemose, to 50 cm, branched, lower branches to 22 cm; foliose bracts linear, ca. 5 mm; peduncles 11.5 cm, shortly pilose. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts subulate or absent. Involucre campanulate or cupular, 11.1 cm Χ 815 mm, outside blackish green, glabrous; involucral bracts 812, in 2 rows, oblong, 34 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 57, yellow; ligules elliptic, 1.31.8 cm Χ to 6.5 mm, apex acute; tube ca.5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 89 mm; tube 22.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JulSep.
Meadows, forest margins; 4001000 m. Jilin (Changbai Shan) [Korea, Russia (Far East)].
蔟梗橐吾 cu geng tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, 610 mm in diam. at base, shortly brown pilose and white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 45 cm, white puberulous, base sheathed; leaf blade cordate or broadly ovate-cordate, 9.516 Χ 1422 cm, thin, pinnately veined, abaxially sparsely shortly pilose or pubescent only on veins, adaxially glabrous, base cordate, margin regularly dentate and ciliate, apex rounded or rarely mucronate; sinus ca. 1/4 as long as leaf blade. Middle stem leaves smaller, shortly petiolate; petiole winged; sheath slightly enlarged, semi-amplexicaul. Distal stem leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, to 7 cm. Inflorescence racemose, to 59 cm; foliose bracts narrowly lanceolate to linear, 1.54 mm, margin dentate, apex acuminate; peduncles often 24, crowded or solitary, proximal ones to 9.5 cm, with 24 capitula. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear to linear-lanceolate. Involucre turbinate, 511 Χ 57 mm, outside shortly pilose; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 4 or 5, yellow; ligules linear, 915 Χ 11.5 mm, apex acute; tube 46 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 810 mm; tube 45 mm. Pappus dirty brown, slightly longer than tube of tubular corolla. Fl. JulSep.
* Stream banks, moist slopes, grassy slopes; 22003200 m. Guizhou??, W Hubei, Shaanxi??, Sichuan.
裸柱橐吾 luo zhu tuo wu
Stem erect, ca. 30 cm tall, robust, hollow, sparsely arachnoid-pubescent. Petiole ca. as long as leaf blade, unwinged, base sheathed; leaf blade dark green, ovate-cordate, ca. 16 Χ 12 cm, pinnately veined, abaxially with tenuous prominent reticulate veins, abaxially shortly brown pilose, adaxially sparsely pubescent, margin dentate, apex acute, or orbicular in narrowly basal leaves. Distal stem leaves transversely elliptic, smaller, margin dentate, apex entirely long caudate-mucronate. Inflorescence initially racemose clustered, ca. 8 cm, pubescent; foliose bracts linear; peduncles ca. 2 mm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts filiform. Involucre campanulate, ca. 8 mm, outside and margin shortly pilose; involucral bracts 5, in 2 rows, oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Outer florets female, 1 or 2, corolla absent; style naked. Tubular florets 5. Pappus white, shorter than tubular corolla. Fl.??, fr.??
* Scrub; ca. 3600 m. Xizang (Langxian).
洱源橐吾 er yuan tuo wu
Stem erect, ca. 50 cm tall, ca. 6 mm in diam. at base, densely white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 23 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous, base sheathed; leaf blade triangular or ovate, 19.524 Χ ca. 16 cm, pinnately veined, abaxially grayish white arachnoid-puberulous, adaxially glabrous, base subtruncate, margin regularly denticulate, apex obtuse. Proximal stem leaves scaly, ovate, ca. 3 cm, middle to distally grayish white puberulous. Middle stem leaves sessile, similar, but smaller. Distalmost stem leaves sagittate or ovate-lanceolate, including petiole to 8 cm, base cuneate, narrowed into a broadly winged petiole, margin minutely denticulate, apex caudate-acuminate. Inflorescence racemose, 925 cm, clustered or lax, proximal capitula often undeveloped; foliose and supplementary bracts linear; peduncles ca. 1 cm, white puberulous. Capitula numerous. Involucre broadly and shallowly campanulate, 712 mm, mouth to 1.2 cm, outside grayish white puberulous; involucral bracts 8 or 9, in 2 rows, linear-oblong, ca. 2 mm wide. Ligulate florets 7, yellow; ligules oblong, 11.3 cm Χ 35 mm, apex obtuse; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 7 mm; tube ca. 2 mm; limb narrow, base cuneate. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 8 mm. Fl. and fr. AprSep.
* Slopes, scrub, forest understories; 21003800 m. SW Sichuan, NE to NW Yunnan.
林芝橐吾 lin zhi tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, ca. 1 cm in diam. at base, white pubescent. Rosette of leaves not seen. Proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole 5.510 cm, narrowly winged, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 1316.5 Χ 1113 cm, pinnately veined, abaxially grayish white pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base cordate, margin regularly obtusely crenate, apex rounded. Distal stem leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, ovate to narrowly ovate, to 7 Χ 4 cm, apex caudate-acuminate. Inflorescence racemose, to 24 cm; foliose and supplementary bracts linear, to 2 cm; peduncles 58 mm, shortly white pilose. Capitula numerous. Involucre shallowly campanulate, 56 Χ 68 mm, outside white pubescent; involucral bracts ca. 8, in 2 rows, black, oblong or lanceolate, 23 mm wide, apex acute or acuminate. Outer florets female, 13(or 4), narrowly cylindric, shorter than central florets, 45 mm, corolla deeply 2-divided, labiate, among them 1 lobe sometimes shorter or 2-divided. Florets all tubular, numerous, yellow, higher than involucre, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus pale yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
* Alpine meadows; ca. 4400 m. Xizang (Nyingchi (Linzhi)).
宽翅橐吾 kuan chi tuo wu
Stem erect, ca. 62 cm tall, ca. 6 mm in diam. at base, shortly pale yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2226 cm, distalmost winged; wings 4.55 cm wide, base enlarged sheathed, margin regularly triangularly dentate; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 1315 Χ 1416 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base cordate, margin densely dentate, apex acute. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller. Inflorescence racemose, ca. 13 cm; foliose bracts lanceolate, 22.5 cm Χ 23.2 mm; peduncles ca. 1 cm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts short. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 1 cm, outside shortly pilose; involucral bracts ca. 8, in 2 rows, apex acute, outer ones linear, 22.5 mm wide, inner ones 34 mm wide, margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets ca. 8, yellow; ligules ca. 28 Χ 5 mm, apex obtuse; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 10.5 mm; tube ca. 4.5 mm; limb campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm wide. Pappus reddish brown, ca. 4 mm, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, ca. 4.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep.
* Margins of scrub; ca. 4000 m. Xizang (Chayu).
阔柄橐吾 kuo bing tuo wu
Stem erect, to 70 cm tall, 58 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence purplish red, shortly blackish purple pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 48 cm, winged; wings to 2 cm wide, margin entire or dentate; base enlarged sheathed; sheath to 11 Χ 4 cm, glabrous, margin entire or dentate; leaf blade cordate or ovate-cordate, 3.515 Χ 5.511 cm, pinnately veined, base cordate, margin sinuate-dentate, apex rounded; basal lobes orbicular. Middle stem leaves smaller, shortly petiolate, enlarged sheathed; leaf blade ovate. Inflorescence paniculate-racemose, to 10 cm, lax, proximal branches with 3 or 4 capitula; foliose bracts linear, shorter; peduncles to 1.5 cm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts subulate, shorter than involucre. Involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, 68 Χ 45 mm, outside purplish red, glabrous; involucral bracts 58, in 2 rows, oblong, white ciliate, margin membranous and pale colored, apex obtuse, triangular. Ligulate florets ?yellow, not seen. Tubular florets 1015, 89 mm, tube slightly longer than broadly campanulate limb. Pappus rufous, 67 mm, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes dark brown, narrowly oblanceolate, 56 mm, attenuate at apex. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
* Grassy slopes; ca. 2600 m. N Sichuan.
翅柄橐吾 chi bing tuo wu
Stem erect, to 150 cm tall, 11.5 cm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 32.5 cm, winged, wings to 5 mm wide, base sheathed, margin entire; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 740 cm, proximally 1017 cm wide, pinnately veined, glabrous or abaxially pubescent on veins, base cordate, margin regularly denticulate, ciliate, apex obtuse; sinus broad and shallow, ca. 1/10 as long as leaf blade, basal lobes orbicular. Middle stem leaves similar, but shortly petiolate; petiole winged; wings denticulate; sheath to 10 cm, on upper margin dentate. Distalmost stem leaves bracteal, with enlarged sheathed petiole; leaf blade ovate or reniform, to 6 Χ 7 cm, margin dentate, pinnately or palmately pinnately veined. Inflorescence racemose, to 35 cm; foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate, proximal ones to 7.5 Χ 2.5 cm, smaller distally, dentate or reniform with sheathed petiole; peduncles slender, proximally to 11 cm, smaller distally, white arachnoid-puberulous. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate, 11.5 cm, longer than involucre, entire or dentate. Involucre broadly campanulate, 811 Χ ca. 10 mm, outside glabrous or white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts 10 or 11, in 2 rows, oblong, 45 mm wide, margin broadly brown membranous, apex broadly triangular. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear, 34 cm Χ 23 mm, apex acute; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 8 mm; tube ca. 4 mm; limb broadly campanulate. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug.
* Grassy slopes; 27003600 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
总状橐吾 zong zhuang tuo wu
Stem erect, 5070 cm tall, 34 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 25 cm, base sheathed, proximally glabrous, distally narrowly winged, white arachnoid-puberulous; leaf blade ovate-cordate, triangular-cordate, or suborbicular, 2.512 Χ 415 cm, thin, glabrous, pinnately veined, base shallowly cordate or cordate, margin regularly denticulate, apex rounded or acute; basal lobes triangular. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate, base enlarged sheathed; leaf blade cordate or ovate-cordate, 27 Χ 47 cm. Distalmost stem leaves sessile, lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, 1226 cm, lax; foliose bracts ovate, to 25 Χ ca. 8 mm, smaller distally, membranous, with prominent reticulate veins on both surfaces, margin denticulate, apex acuminate; peduncles 58 mm, slender, white arachnoid-puberulous. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts narrowly ovate or lanceolate, ca. as long as involucre, membranous, margin denticulate or entire. Involucre campanulate, 68 Χ 56 mm, outside white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts 79, in 2 rows, oblong, 23 mm wide, brown ciliate, apex triangular, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 5 or 6, yellow; ligules oblong, 23 Χ ca.1 mm; tube ca. 4 mm, slender. Tubular florets numerous, 78 mm; tube 23 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JulSep.
Grassy slopes, forest understories; 31004000 m. SW Gansu, Shaanxi??, N to NW Sichuan [Nepal].
箭叶橐吾 jian ye tuo wu
Stem erect, 2570 cm tall, to 1 cm in diam. at base, glabrous or distally and inflorescence initially white arachnoid-puberulous, glabrate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 48 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous, narrowly winged, wing margin entire or denticulate, base sheathed; leaf blade sagittate, hastate, or ovate-oblong to oblong-sagittate, 220 cm, 1.520 cm wide at base, pinnately veined, abaxially white arachnoid-puberulous or glabrate, adaxially glabrous, margin dentate, apex obtuse or acute; sinus 1/41/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes divergent or not, outer margin coarsely dentate. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate, sheath amplexicaul; leaf blade sagittate or ovate, smaller. Distalmost stem leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, bracteal. Inflorescence racemose, 6.540 cm, lax; foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate to linear, 615 Χ ca. 7 mm or rarely longer and wider, to 6.5 cm, herbaceous, apex acuminate; peduncles 570 mm, slender. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre campanulate or narrowly campanulate, 710 Χ 48 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 710, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 59, yellow; ligules oblong, 512 Χ ca. 3 mm, apex obtuse; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 78 mm; limb extending from involucre; tube 34 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, 2.55 mm. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Stream banks, grassy slopes, forest margins, forest understories, scrub; 13004000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan??, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang [E Himalaya - please list countries!!].
宽舌橐吾 kuan she tuo wu
Stem erect, 30100 cm tall, 58 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1030 cm, narrowly, entirely winged, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate or ovate-cordate, 1140 Χ 620 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base shallowly cordate, truncate, or broadly cuneate, margin undulate-dentate, apex obtuse. Stem leaves sessile, without sheath; leaf blade erect, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 216 cm, smaller distally, margin dentate, apex acute. Inflorescence racemose, 1550 cm, proximally sometimes shortly branched; foliose bracts narrowly lanceolate or linear to filiform, to 5.5 cm; peduncles 430 mm, shortly pilose. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre broadly turbinate, 710 mm, mouth to 1.5 cm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 811, in 2 rows, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1.54(5) mm, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 12 cm Χ 24.5 mm, apex acute; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 68 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus reddish brown or yellowish white initially, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes brown, fusiform, 56 mm. Fl. and fr. JulNov.
* Stream banks, grassy slopes, forest understories; 12003800 m. NE and NW Yunnan.
干崖子橐吾 gan ya zi tuo wu
Stem erect, 30160 cm tall, 415 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 930 cm, glabrous, narrowly winged, gradually enlarged toward base into a sheath; sheath 711 cm, to 2 cm wide, oppositely amplexicaul, mouth of sheath spreading toward outside, forming an oblique petiole; leaf blade ovate-oblong or ovate-triangular, 425 Χ 320 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base shallowly cordate or truncate, margin regularly dentate, apex acute. Stem leaves sessile, erect, adnate; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, to 9 cm, smaller distally, tubular-amplexicaul. Inflorescence racemose, 1540 cm; foliose bracts narrowly lanceolate or rhombic, 23.3 cm Χ 34 mm, subentire or dentate, narrowed at base; peduncles 520 mm, smaller distally. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear-lanceolate, 812 mm. Involucre campanulate, 810 Χ 58 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 8, in 2 rows, oblong, 23 mm wide, apex acute or obtuse, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 57, yellow; ligules oblong or obovate-oblong, 1.41.8 cm Χ 34.5 mm, apex obtuse; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 78 mm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Grassy slopes, swamps, scrub; 24004300 m. N Sichuan, W Yunnan.
1a. Foliose bract narrowly lanceolate, sessile, margin entire .............................. 87a. var. kanaitzensis
1b. Foliose bract rhombic, shortly petiolate, margin dentate ............................ 87b. var. subnudicaulis
干崖子橐吾 gan ya zi tuo wu (原变种 yuan bian zhong)
Senecio kanaitzensis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39: 298. 1892; Ligularia mosoyinensis (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; Senecillis kanaitzensis (Franchet) Kitamura; S. mosoyinensis (Franchet) Kitamura; Senecio jeffreyanus Diels; S. mosoynensis Franchet.
Foliose bracts narrowly lanceolate, sessile, margin entire.
* Grassy slopes, swamps, scrub; 24004300 m. N Sichuan (Muli Zangzu Zizhixian), W Yunnan.
菱苞橐吾 ling bao tuo wu
Ligularia subnudicaulis Handel-Mazzetti, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 69: 73. 1938.
Foliose bracts purplish red when dry, rhombic, shortly petiolate, margin dentate.
* Grasslands in valleys, scrub; 24003700 m. NW Yunnan.
丽江橐吾 li jiang tuo wu
Stem erect, 3645 cm tall, 510 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 18 cm, glabrous; wings 24 mm wide; sheath ca. 5.5 cm; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 1315 Χ 1011 cm, pinnately veined, lateral veins 810 pairs, glabrous, base shallowly cordate or rarely subtruncate, margin regularly denticulate, apex acute or obtuse. Proximal stem leaves 2 or 3, similar, but small; petiole winged; sheath ovate, subopposite, 48 Χ to 2 cm, mouth of sheath spreading toward outside, forming an oblique petiole. Middle to distal stem leaves erect, ovate-lanceolate, to 7 Χ 1 cm, smaller distally, base semi-amplexicaul or not, margin denticulate, apex acute. Inflorescence racemose, 1012 cm, clustered initially; foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, to 3 cm Χ 36 mm, denticulate, narrowed at base into a short petiole; peduncles ca. 5 mm, slender. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear-lanceolate, 810 mm. Involucre cupular, 58 mm, mouth ca. 1 cm wide, outside glabrous; involucral bracts in 2 rows, broadly obovate or elliptic, 34 mm wide, apex brown, broadly triangular, acute and recurvedly mucronate, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 510, yellow; ligules oblong, 1.31.5 cm Χ 24.5 mm, apex obtuse; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 67 mm; tube ca. 4 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
* Stream banks, grassy slopes; 26003300 m. NW Yunnan.
粗茎橐吾 cu jing tuo wu
Stem erect, 15120 cm tall, base to 2.8 cm in diam., hollow, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 420 Χ 13 cm, base semi-amplexicaul; leaf blade ovate-oblong or broadly ovate, 820 Χ 420 cm, pinnately veined, with robust midvein to 2 cm wide, with prominent reticulate veins, both surfaces initially white arachnoid-puberulous, base truncate or oblique, margin irregularly dentate, apex rounded. Middle stem leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, base semi- or auricular-amplexicaul; leaf blade ovate or oblong, to 15 Χ 12 cm. Distalmost stem leaves smaller, sessile, ovate-lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, clustered initially, elongating in fruit, to 40 cm; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm, apex acuminate; peduncles unequal, smaller distally, proximal ones to 8 cm, distal ones curved. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical, 1.52 Χ to 2.5 cm, outside glabrous or sparsely white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts 813, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, 38 mm wide, apex acute. Ligulate florets 68, yellow; ligules ovate-oblong or elliptic, to 16 Χ ca. 6.5 mm; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 1 cm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, 57 mm. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
* Lake shores, gravel zones on high mountains; 47005000 m. C and S Xizang.
苍山橐吾 cang shan tuo wu
Stem erect, 15120 cm tall, 38 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1020 cm, base sheathed; wing margin entire or denticulate; leaf blade ovate-oblong or ovate, rarely orbicular, 3.518 Χ 314 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base truncate or broadly cuneate, margin dentate, apex acute, mucronate. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile, oblong, 720 Χ 39 cm, base semi-amplexicaul. Distalmost stem leaves lanceolate, smaller. Inflorescence racemose, 725 cm, proximally sometimes branched; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate to linear, to 3 cm; peduncles 11.5 cm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre campanulate, 79 Χ 47 mm, outside green, glabrous; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, apex dark brown, triangular or acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 812 Χ 23 mm; tube 34 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 67 mm; tube ca. 2.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes white, oblong, 56 mm. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
* Grassy slopes, forest understories, scrub, alpine meadows; 28004100 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
木里橐吾 mu li tuo wu
Stem erect, 2832 cm tall, 46 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence shortly yellowish brown pilose. Rosette of leaves not seen. Stem leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 715 Χ 4.56 cm, smaller distally, pinnately veined, glabrous or abaxially shortly pilose along veins, base cuneate or rounded, margin denticulate, apex rounded; proximal stem leaves shortly petiolate, sheath amplexicaul; distal stem leaves sessile, base semi-amplexicaul. Inflorescence racemose, 79 cm; foliose bracts linear (except lower one ovate); peduncles 35 mm[??]. Capitula 413; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre green or blackish purple, campanulate, 810 Χ 67 mm, outside shortly pilose; involucral bracts 812, in 2 rows, lanceolate, apex acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 810, yellow; ligules linear-oblong, ca. 10 Χ 2 mm, apex obtuse. Tubular florets numerous, 6.57 mm; tube 2.53 mm. Pappus white, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Grassy slopes, forest understories, scrub; 38004200 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
橐吾 tuo wu
Stem erect, 52110 cm tall, 2.511 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1439 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-cordate, triangular-cordate, reniform-cordate, or broadly cordate, 3.520 Χ 4.529 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, base cordate, margin regularly dentate, apex rounded or obtuse; sinus 1/41/3 as long as leaf blade, basal lobes oblong or suborbicular. Middle stem leaves similar, but shortly petiolate; petiole 314 cm; sheath enlarged, 36 cm. Distalmost stem leaves with only dentate sheaths. Inflorescence racemose, 4.542 cm, often clustered; foliose bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, proximally to 3 Χ 0.82 cm, smaller distally, margin entire or denticulate, herbaceous; peduncles 412 mm, rarely proximally to 8 cm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate, glabrous, margin entire, submembranous. Involucre sometimes purplish red, broadly campanulate, campanulate, or campanulate-turbinate, 714 Χ 611 mm, outside glabrous or arachnoid-puberulous and shortly pilose, base rounded; involucral bracts 710, in 2 rows, lanceolate or oblong, 23.5 mm, margin membranous, apex acute, obtuse-triangular, or acuminate. Ligulate florets 610, yellow; ligules oblanceolate or oblong, 12.2 cm Χ 35 mm, apex obtuse; tube 510 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 813 mm; tube 47 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, to 1 cm. Fl. and fr. JulOct. 2n = 60.
Swamps, moist grasslands, stream banks, grassy slopes, forest margins; 4002200 m. Anhui, W Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan??, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Russia; Europe].
Convert this to a comment?? Notes: Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan (according to notes); Anhui, Guizhou, Hunan (Plants robust, to 110 cm tall, base 611 mm in diam., leaves 9.520 Χ 15.529 cm, involucre broadly campanulate 914 Χ 812 mm); Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi (Plants smaller, slender, leaves 3.37.5 Χ 4.57.5 cm, involucre campanulate or turbinate-campanulate).
1a. Involucre outside glabrous ................................................................................. 92a. var. sibirica
1b. Involucre outside densely white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow brown pilose .... 92b. var. araneosa
橐吾 tuo wu (原变种 yuan bian zhong)
Othonna sibirica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 924. 1753; Cineraria sibirica Linnaeus; Senecillis sibirica (Linnaeus) Simonk; Senecio cacaliifolius Schultz-Bip.
Involucre outside glabrous.
Swamps, moist grasslands, stream banks, slopes, forest margins; 4002200 m. Anhui, W Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, N Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Russia; Europe].
毛苞橐吾 mao bao tuo wu
Senecio ligularia var. araneosa (De Candolle) H. Lιveillι.
.Involucre outside densely white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellowish brown pilose.
* Stream banks, slopes; 13002200 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hunan.
浅苞橐吾 qian bao tuo wu
Stem erect, 5790 cm tall, 3.56 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally sparsely white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2049 cm, abaxially with prominent palmate veins, shortly yellowish brown pilose, base narrowly long sheathed; leaf blade broadly ovate or reniform, 8.513 Χ 10.522 cm, abaxially shortly pilose, adaxially glabrous, margin coarsely dentate, apex rounded, mucronate; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes oblong, 68 Χ 6.59 cm. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, densely shortly pilose; leaf blade reniform-cordate, to 8 Χ 14 cm. Inflorescence racemose, 1040 cm, lax, spreading; foliose bracts purplish red, yellowish red when dry, ovate-lanceolate, to 3 Χ ca. 1 cm, smaller distally, membranous, apex caudate-acuminate; peduncles unequal, proximal ones to 5 cm, smaller distally, shortly yellow pilose. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. as long as involucre, submembranous. Involucre shallowly cupular, 78 Χ 810 mm, base truncate, outside sparsely shortly pilose; involucral bracts 913, in 2 rows, broadly oblong, to 4 mm, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 810 Χ 23.5 mm; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 6.58 mm; tube 23 mm; limb cuneate. Pappus pale reddish brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug, fr.??.
* Stream banks, valleys, grassy slopes; 30004000 m. NW Yunnan.
贵州橐吾 gui zhou tuo wu
Stem erect, ca. 60 cm tall, ca. 4 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence shortly brown pilose. Rosette of leaves not seen. Proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 20 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform or cordate, 33.5 Χ 55.5 cm, subleathery, glabrous, palmately veined, margin triangular-dentate, apex rounded or acute; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad, basal lobes orbicular. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, ca. 3 cm; leaf blade reniform or cordate, smaller. Distal stem leaves smaller, sessile, shortly sheathed. Inflorescence paniculate-racemose, ca. 10 cm, proximally branched; foliose and supplementary bracts linear, 46 mm, glabrous; peduncles 37 mm. Capitula numerous. Involucre broadly campanulate or cupular, 79 mm, mouth to 1 cm wide, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 8, in 2 rows, oblong or ovate-oblong, 34 mm, nitid, apex obtuse or acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Tubular florets 67 mm; tube ca. 2 mm; limb campanulate. Pappus brown, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Grasslands; 20002200 m. C Guizhou.
南川橐吾 nan chuan tuo wu
Stem erect, to 120 cm tall, ca. 6 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally often purplish red, densely shortly yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 3040 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; sheath to 5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate-cordate or ovate-reniform, 49 Χ 511 cm, palmately veined, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely shortly yellow pilose, margin undulate-dentate, apex rounded or acute, mucronate; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, narrow, basal lobes suborbicular, 46 cm, margin coarsely dentate. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but shortly petiolate or sessile; sheath enlarged. Inflorescence paniculate-racemose, to 53 cm, proximally branched; branches ascending, shortly yellow pilose, basal ones to 18 cm, with small capitula; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm, smaller distally; peduncles 39 mm, shortly yellow pilose. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 811 Χ 45 mm, outside densely shortly yellow pilose; involucral bracts 8, in 2 rows, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 1.53 mm wide, margin narrowly membranous, apex acute or acuminate. Tubular florets 78 mm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus yellow, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Grasslands; 13002000 m. Chongqing (Nanchuan).
细茎橐吾 xi jing tuo wu
Stem erect, 1740 cm tall, slender, 1.52 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 510 cm, slender, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade cordate-sagittate or reniform, 724 Χ 1555 mm, palmately veined, abaxially with conspicuous reticulate veins, glabrous, margin triangularly or coarsely dentate, between teeth shortly pilose, apex rounded; sinus 1/31/2 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes oblong, divergent or not. Middle stem leaf solitary, shortly petiolate; sheath slightly enlarged, 1.52.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade reniform, ca. as large as basal leaves. Distalmost stem leaf solitary, bracteal, cymbiform, to 2.5 cm, margin dentate. Capitula solitary or 27(16), in raceme; foliose bracts narrowly lanceolate; peduncles to 3.5 cm, slender, arachnoid-puberulous and shortly pilose; supplementary bracts filiform. Involucre campanulate or broadly campanulate, 811 Χ 68(10) mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 810, in 2 rows, oblong, to 3 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear, 11.5 cm Χ 1.52 mm, apex acute; tube 35 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 78 mm; tube 3.54 mm. Pappus brown or pale brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes brown, narrowly cylindric, 55.5 mm. Fl. and fr. MaySep.
Grassy slopes, scrub, forest understories, stream banks, alpine meadows; 30004500 m. Shaanxi (Taibaishan), Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal].
小叶橐吾 xiao ye tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, 24 mm in diam. at base, slender, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 25 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade hastate or triangular, 1.73.5 Χ 25.5 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, base truncate or rarely shallowly cordate, margin revolute, obtusely denticulate, apex obtuse or rounded, mucronate. Middle to distal stem leaves 24, shortly petiolate or sessile; sheath enlarged amplexicaul; leaf blade triangular to lanceolate, smaller. Inflorescence racemose, 815 cm; foliose and supplementary bracts narrowly linear, 520 mm; peduncles 555 mm, slender, smaller distally. Capitula 36. Involucre campanulate, 11.3 Χ to 1 cm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 710, in 2 rows, oblong, 23 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 58, yellow; ligules oblong, 1.22 Χ to 5 mm, apex obtuse; tube to 1 cm. Tubular florets numerous, 811 mm; tube 47 mm, slender; limb ca. 2 mm wide. Pappus rufous, 68 mm, shorter than tubular corolla. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
* Stream banks, swamps; 19002300 m. Yunnan (Kunming Shi).
沼生橐吾 zhao sheng tuo wu
Stem erect, 3752 cm tall, slender, 24 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 8.529 cm, slender, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade triangular-sagittate or ovate-cordate, 39 Χ 2.212.5 cm, glabrous, palmately veined, margin dentate and ciliate, apex acute; sinus 1/41/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes triangular, apex obtuse or acute. Middle to distal stem leaves shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, amplexicaul; leaf blade cordate or ovate-cordate, smaller. Inflorescence racemose, 1016 cm, clustered, spicate or lax; foliose bracts linear, to 1.7 cm; peduncles 34(8) mm, slender, shortly brown pilose. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts subulate. Involucre campanulate-turbinate, 69 Χ 35 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 68, in 2 rows, oblong, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 58, yellow, ligules oblong, 710 mm, ca. 1.5 mm wide, apex obtuse; tube 34 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 57 mm; tube 23 mm; limb broadly campanulate, ca. 2 mm wide. Pappus yellowish, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug, fr.??.
Swamps, moist grasslands, scrub, forest understories; 33005300 m. SW Gansu, W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [NE Myanmar].
穗序橐吾 sui xu tuo wu
Stem erect, 50100 cm tall, slender, 34 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence white puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 530 cm, slender, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-cordate, hastate, or sagittate, 3.210.5 Χ 415 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, palmately veined, margin triangular- or sharply dentate and ciliate, apex obtuse or rounded, mucronate; sinus 1/41/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes oblong, margin coarsely dentate, sometimes divergent. Middle stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate; sheath narrow, usually not amplexicaul. Distal stem leaves sessile, smaller. Inflorescence racemose, to 30 cm, proximally branched; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate, 635 mm, margin entire; peduncles 28 mm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre campanulate, 410 mm, mouth 48 mm wide, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 6 or 7, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, 23 mm wide, apex triangular or acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Florets all tubular, numerous, yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. as long as limb. Pappus white, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Fl. JulSep, fr.??.
* Stream banks, forest margins, forest understories, alpine scrub; 28005300 m. NW to SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
川鄂橐吾 chuan e tuo wu
Stem erect, robust, 60120 cm tall, to 1 cm in diam. at base, shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1951 cm, robust, shortly pilose, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 6.513 Χ 1124 cm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely shortly pilose, palmately veined, abaxially with prominent reticulate veins, base cordate, margin densely sharply dentate, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad. Middle stem leaves similar, but smaller. Distal stem leaves reduced. Inflorescence racemose, 1534 cm; foliose bracts filiform; peduncles 11.5 cm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts subulate. Involucre campanulate to broadly turbinate, 78 Χ 67 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, 24 mm wide, apex acute or triangular, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 5 or 6, yellow; ligules oblong, 79 Χ 34 mm, apex rounded. Tubular florets numerous, 67 mm; tube 2.53 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JulSep, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes, forest understories; 16002100 m. W Hubei, E Sichuan.
亚东橐吾 ya dong tuo wu
Stem erect, 6083 cm tall, 59 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence shortly brown pilose and white puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 3845 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade pale green abaxially, dark green adaxially, reniform or cordate-ovate, 711 Χ 816 cm; palmately veined, abaxially shortly pilose on veins, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cordate or sagittate, margin irregularly triangularly dentate and ciliate, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller, petiolate; petiole to 12 cm; sheath ca. 7 Χ 1 cm. Inflorescence racemose, 930 cm; foliose bracts linear, shorter than peduncle or proximal ones linear-lanceolate, longer; peduncles 511 mm, equal or proximal ones longer. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts ca. as long as involucre, linear. Involucre campanulate, 711 Χ ca. 5(7) mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 8 or 9, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, 1.52.5 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules narrowly oblong, 810 Χ ca. 2 mm, apex rounded or subtruncate. Tubular florets 1013, 67 mm; tube 23 mm; limb to 2 mm wide. Pappus white, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Fl. JunJul, fr.??.
Stream banks, forest understories; 30003500 m. S Xizang [India (Sikkim), Nepal].
毛叶橐吾 mao ye tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, 56 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2029 cm, slender, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 4.55.5 Χ 610 cm, palmately veined, abaxially densely shortly white pilose, adaxially glabrous, margin triangular-dentate, apex obtuse or rounded; sinus ca. 3/5 as long as leaf blade, broad. Stem leaves 2 or 3, petiolate and sheathed; sheath enlarged, 48 Χ 2.54 cm, conspicuously parallel veined and shortly white pilose, margin entire; petiole 19 cm, slender; leaf blade reniform, smaller than basal leaves, abaxially shortly white pilose, adaxially glabrous, apex acute. Inflorescence racemose, 3035 cm, with 1 or 2 branches at base; basal foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate, 2.54 Χ 11.3 cm, denticulate, smaller distally, linear; peduncles 335 mm, shortly pilose. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre campanulate, 69 Χ 58 mm, outside shortly pilose, base subtruncate; involucral bracts 12 or 13, in 2 rows, oblong, 1.52.5 mm wide, margin brown membranous, apex acute or acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-oblong, 89 Χ ca. 1 mm; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 78 mm; limb campanulate, ca. as long as tube. Pappus pale yellowish brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Alpine scrub; ca. 3600 m. Xizang (Bomi).
叶状鞘橐吾 ye zhuang qiao tuo wu
Stem erect, 100120 cm tall, 11.2 cm in diam. at base, densely shortly brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 63 cm, slender, glabrous, middle to distal half entirely winged, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 1840 Χ 1630 cm, palmately veined, glabrous or abaxially sparsely arachnoid-puberulous, base cordate, margin densely sharply dentate, apex acute or obtuse. Middle stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate and winged; wing margin entire, undulate; sheath much enlarged, to 6 Χ ca. 3 cm, margin laciniate-dentate or sometimes entire. Distalmost stem leaves sessile; sheath enlarged, suborbicular, margin laciniate-dentate; leaf blade ovate, ca. 3 cm, margin laciniate-dentate. Inflorescence racemose, to 65 cm; foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, proximal ones to 6.5 cm, smaller distally, margin laciniate-dentate or entire, apex acuminate; peduncles 315 mm, slender, densely shortly yellowish brown pilose. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear-lanceolate. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 11.4 cm Χ ca. 5 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 68, in 2 rows, oblong, 23 mm wide, apex acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 46, yellow; ligules linear-oblong, 11.8 cm Χ 23 mm, apex obtuse; tube 79 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 1.11.3 cm, extending from involucre; tube 68 mm, slender. Pappus yellow, ca. 4 mm, ca. 1/2 as long as tube of tubular corolla. Fl. AugSep, fr.??.
Stream banks, forests; 21003400 m. W Yunnan [E Myanmar].
长毛橐吾 chang mao tuo wu
Stem erect, 74125 cm tall, 48 mm in diam. at base, densely reddish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2230 cm, densely reddish brown pilose, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade hastate or triangular-hastate, 618 Χ 1018 cm, palmately veined, abaxially densely brown pilose, adaxially deciduously shortly scabrous-pilose, margin irregularly dentate, apex acute or subrounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes suborbicular, slightly divergent. Middle stem leaves numerous, dense, shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged, densely reddish brown pilose; leaf blade triangular-cordate, 5.511 Χ 7.512 cm, margin denticulate, apex acuminate; sinus broad, basal lobes divergent. Distal stem leaves sessile, ovate, abaxially brown pilose, adaxially scabrous, base semi-amplexicaul. Inflorescence racemose, 2245 cm, reddish brown pilose; foliose bracts ovate to lanceolate, 830 mm, proximal ones larger, sessile, smaller distally, shortly petiolate; peduncles to 1 cm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear-lanceolate. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 712 Χ 35 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 68, in 2 rows, oblong or narrowly oblong, 1.52.5 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 2 or 3, yellow; ligules oblanceolate, 11.2 cm Χ 34 mm, apex obtuse; tube 56 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 11.1 cm; tube 56 mm. Pappus yellow, ca. as long as or slightly shorter than tube of tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug, fr.??.
* Alpine meadows; 29003100 m. W Yunnan.
宽戟橐吾 kuan ji tuo wu
Stem erect, 3560 cm tall, 3.55 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence white puberulous and shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1535 cm, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed, distally narrowly winged; leaf blade broadly hastate or triangular-hastate, 411 Χ 915 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, margin regularly dentate, apex rounded or triangular-acute; sinus broad; basal lobes divergent, 2.55 cm, outer margin coarsely dentate. Middle stem leaves petiolate or sessile; sheath enlarged, to 7 cm, margin dentate or rarely entire; leaf blade triangular- or cordate-hastate, smaller. Distal stem leaves sheathlike, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, margin dentate. Inflorescence racemose, 1030 cm, clustered or lax; foliose bracts ovate to lanceolate, proximal ones to 5 cm, smaller upward, margin dentate, apex acute; peduncles to 1.3 cm. Capitula 724; supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate, margin dentate. Involucre broadly campanulate, 911 Χ 812 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 810, in 2 rows, oblong, 35 mm wide, apex acute, triangular, mucronate, inner ones broadly brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate to linear, 2.54 cm Χ 25 mm, apex acute or acuminate; tube ca. 7 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 11.2 cm, extending from involucre; tube 67 mm. Pappus pale brown or reddish brown in fruit, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Stream banks, swamp grasslands, forest understories, grasslands; 24004000 m. NW Yunnan.
黄亮橐吾 huang liang tuo wu
Stem erect, 40115 cm tall, 46 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence shortly yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 45 cm, glabrous, base sheathed, distally narrowly winged; leaf blade triangular- or ovate-cordate, (4.5)614 Χ (3.5)818 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, base cordate, margin regularly dentate, apex obtuse or acute; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade; basal lobes slightly divergent, oblong, outer margin coarsely dentate. Middle stem leaves petiolate or sessile, small; petiole winged; sheath enlarged, tubular or leaf blade-like??, suborbicular, base sometimes auricular, margin dentate; leaf blade ovate-triangular or triangular, to 9 Χ 11 cm. Distal stem leaves sessile, ovate or orbicular. Inflorescence racemose, 930 cm, lax; foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate, proximal ones to 4 Χ 3 cm, smaller distally, margin dentate, apex acuminate; peduncles erect, 510 mm, slender, sometimes proximal ones to 8 cm. Capitula 1025; supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate, margin dentate. Involucre broadly campanulate, 911 Χ 59 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 810, in 2 rows, oblong, 24 mm wide, apex triangular, acute, inner ones broadly brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblanceolate, 1.22 cm Χ 36 mm, apex obtuse; tube 56 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 11.1 cm; tube ca. 5 mm. Pappus pale yellow, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Fl. JulOct, fr.??.
* Stream banks, grassy slopes, alpine grasslands at montane summits; 16004000 m. S Sichuan, NE to NW Yunnan.
马蹄叶橐吾 ma ti ye tuo wu
Plants long yellowish red pilose. Stem erect, to 60 cm tall, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 716 cm, slender, long yellowish red pilose, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade horseshoe-shaped, 320 Χ 49 cm, palmately veined, abaxially densely hairy, adaxially glabrous or sparsely hairy, base deeply cordate, margin regularly dentate and ciliate, apex rounded, triangular-mucronate; sinus ca. 1/2 as long as leaf blade, narrow; basal lobes not divergent, margin laciniate-dentate. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile; sheath enlarged, cymbiform or suborbicular, amplexicaul, margin dentate; leaf blade triangular-reniform, 34 cm, to 6 cm wide, apex acute. Inflorescence racemose, short, clustered; foliose bracts ovate, 1.51.8 Χ ca. 1 cm, margin laciniate-dentate and ciliate; peduncles 312 mm. Capitula 510; supplementary bracts narrowly ovate, longer than involucre, shortly petiolate, margin laciniate-dentate and ciliate. Involucre narrowly campanulate, ca. 10 Χ 5 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, narrowly oblong, 23 mm wide, apex triangular, acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 5, yellow; ligules linear-oblong, 1.32 cm Χ ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse; tube ca. 6 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 1111.5 mm; tube 56 mm. Pappus reddish yellow, ca. 5 mm, shorter than tube of tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug.
* Forest margins, grassy slopes; 25002800 m. S Sichuan.
蹄叶橐吾 ti ye tuo wu
Stem erect, 80200 cm tall, 510 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1859 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, reniform, 830 Χ 1340 cm, palmately veined, with 57 prominent principal veins, glabrous, margin regularly dentate, apex rounded, sometimes mucronate; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes suborbicular, not divergent. Middle to distal stem leaves shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged; leaf blade reniform, 4.55.5 Χ 56 cm. Inflorescence racemose, 2775 cm; foliose bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, proximal ones to 6 Χ 2 cm, smaller distally, herbaceous, margin dentate, apex mucronate; peduncles: proximal ones to 9 cm, smaller distally, slender. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate to linear. Involucre campanulate, 720 Χ 514 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 810, in 2 rows, oblong, 35 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 5 or 6, yellow; ligules oblong, 1.52.5 cm Χ to 8 mm wide, apex obtuse; tube 511 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 817 mm; tube 59 mm. Pappus reddish brown, shorter than tube of tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 611 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct, fr.??. 2n = 60.
Stream banks, swamp meadows, grassy slopes, scrub, forest margins, forest understories; 1003300 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Japan, Kashmir??, Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar??, Nepal, Russia (Far East, E Siberia)].
Convert to comments?? 1. Southern population: Plants to 200 cm tall; foliose bracts broadly ovate; involucre broadly campanulate, 1.22 Χ 11.4 cm; ligules 22.5 cm Χ to 8 mm; tubular florets to 1.7 cm. Anhui, Zhejiang [Japan].
2. Northern population: Plants 60100 cm tall; foliose bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate; involucre campanulate, 710 Χ 58 mm; ligules 1520 Χ ca. 5 mm; tubular florets 11.1 cm. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan [Japan, Korea, Mongol, Russia].
3. Xizang population: Plants and involucre similar to Northern population in size, but foliose bracts narrowly lanceolate to linear. SE Xizang [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal]. This population is equal to Ligularia sibirica var. longibracteata Kitamura, L. sibirica var. racemosa (DC.) Kitamura and Senecio ligularia J. D. Hooker.
浙江橐吾 zhe jiang tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, distally shortly pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 21 cm, shortly pilose, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, cordate, ca. 8.5 Χ 13 cm, abaxially shortly pilose on veins, margin mucronate-dentate. Proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 21 cm; leaf blade cordate, to 18 cm, base cordate-sagittate. Middle to distal stem leaves small, shortly petiolate; leaf blade reniform-cordate. Distalmost stem leaves bracteal, lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, narrow; foliose bracts lanceolate; peduncles shorter. Capitula numerous. Involucre tubular, ca. 1.6 Χ 1.21.4 cm; involucral bracts 8, in 2 rows, lanceolate, apex densely ciliate. Florets 27 or 28, all tubular, 1.41.7 cm; tube 6.59 mm. Pappus dirty brown, to 9 mm, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Fl.??, fr.??.
* Forest understories, grassy slopes; ca. 1100 m. Anhui??, Zhejiang (W Tianmushan).
白序橐吾 bai xu tuo wu
Stem erect, to 90 cm tall, to 1.2 cm in diam. at base, proximally glabrescent, distally and inflorescence densely white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 36 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous, base narrowly sheathed, not winged or distally narrowly winged; wing margin dentate; leaf blade reniform, 1314 Χ 17.520 cm, palmately veined, with 9 principal veins, abaxially conspicuously prominent, abaxially sparsely arachnoid-puberulous on veins, adaxially glabrous, margin minutely sharply dentate, apex rounded or obtuse; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes suborbicular, outer margin coarsely dentate. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly winged petiolate; wing margin dentate; sheath enlarged, 35 cm, margin entire or dentate. Inflorescence racemose, 1520 cm, distally clustered, proximally lax; foliose bracts spatulate, proximial ones to 6 cm, smaller distally, submembranous, margin dentate, apex acuminate, shortly petiolate; peduncles: proximal ones to 6 cm, smaller distally, slender. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate, ca. as long as or slightly longer than involucre. Involucre broadly campanulate, 11.5 Χ 1.52 cm, outside shortly pilose; involucral bracts 1014, in 2 rows, oblong, 34 mm wide, apex broadly triangular, inner ones broadly brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 5 or 6, yellow; ligules linear, 1.52 cm Χ ca. 2 mm, apex obtuse; tube 67 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 11.2 cm, extending from involucre; tube 67 mm. Pappus yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes; 34003500 m. NW Yunnan.
黑龙江橐吾 hei long jiang tuo wu
Ligularia speciosa var. araneosa Komarov.[?not in ipni or tropicos]
Stem erect, 60150 cm tall, 47 mm in diam. at base, distally and inflorescence densely shortly yellowish brown pilose, sometimes intermixed white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 953 cm, shortly yellowish brown pilose, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform or reniform-cordate, 311 Χ 514 cm, palmately veined, abaxially densely shortly yellowish brown pilose or hairy only on veins, adaxially glabrous, margin regularly dentate, apex rounded or acute; sinus 1/51/4 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes oblong or suborbicular, divergent, outer margin coarsely dentate. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate to sessile; sheath enlarged, shortly yellowish brown pilose, margin entire. Inflorescence racemose, 823 cm; foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 925 Χ to 10 mm, herbaceous, margin dentate and ciliate, apex acuminate; peduncles to 7 cm, smaller distally. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate. Involucre campanulate, 11.1 cm Χ 57 mm, outside shortly yellowish brown pilose; involucral bracts 57, in 2 rows, oblong, 23 mm wide, apex triangular, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 57, yellow; ligules oblong, 1.21.8 cm Χ 24 mm, apex rounded or acute. Tubular florets numerous, 11.1 cm; tube 56 mm. Pappus yellowish brown, ca. as long as or slightly longer than tube of tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug.
Grassy slopes, meadows, swamp meadows; 200900 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol?? [Russia].
离舌橐吾 li she tuo wu
Stem erect, 60200 cm tall, 49 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellowish brown pilose, later white arachnoid-hairs deciduous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 15104 cm, solid, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade triangular- or ovate-cordate, sometimes subreniform, 724 Χ 1235 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, or abaxially shortly white pilose on veins, base subhastate, margin regularly sharply dentate, apex rounded or obtuse; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes oblong or suborbicular, divergent. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate to sessile; sheath enlarged, margin entire. Inflorescence racemose, 1340 cm; foliose bracts at middle of peduncle, surrounding involucre, pale reddish brown when dry, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 830 Χ to 20 mm, smaller distally, submembranous, glabrous, margin entire or middle to distal half dentate, apex long acuminate; peduncles 535 mm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate to linear. Involucre campanulate or tubular-campanulate, 810(15) Χ 58 mm, outside shortly pilose; involucral bracts 79, in 2 rows, oblong, 23 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 610, yellow; ligules narrowly oblanceolate, 1.32.5 cm Χ ca. 2 mm, apex rounded; tube 511 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 915 mm; tube 58 mm. Pappus yellowish white, sometimes dirty white, ca. 1/2 as long as or equal to tube of tubular corolla. Fl. JulSep, fr.??.
* Stream banks, grassy slopes, forest understories; 11003300 m. SW Gansu, Guizhou, Henan??, W Hubei, S. Shaanxi, Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
岷县橐吾 min xian tuo wu
Stem erect, to 45 cm tall, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purplish red, ca. 13 cm Χ 1.5 mm, shortly pilose, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade orbicular-cordate or subreniform, 88.5 Χ 78.5 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, margin coarsely dentate, apex rounded or truncate; sinus 1/31/2 as long as leaf blade, broad. Stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate. Distalmost stem leaves ovate, margin entire. Inflorescence racemose, ca. 6 cm, proximally breched??; foliose bracts lanceolate, shortly pilose; peduncles to 2.5 cm, shortly purplish red pilose. Capitula fewer; supplementary bracts narrowly lanceolate to linear, ca. 5 mm. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm, outside shortly pilose; involucral bracts 69, in 2 rows, 1.52.5 mm wide, apex triangular, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Florets 8, all tubular, 67 mm, higher than involucre; tube ca. as long as limb. Pappus yellowish brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) cylindric. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes; ca. 2400 m. Gansu (Minxian).
狭苞橐吾 xia bao tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, to 1 cm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1643 cm, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade cordate or reniform, 816 Χ 1223.5 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, margin regularly sharply triangular-dentate, apex obtuse or mucronate; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate or sessile; sheath slightly enlarged. Distalmost stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, bracteal. Inflorescence racemose, 2225 cm; foliose bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, proximal ones to 3 cm, smaller distally; peduncles 310 mm, glabrescent. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre campanulate, 811 Χ 45 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 68, in 2 rows, oblong, ca. 3 mm wide, margin membranous, apex triangular, acute. Ligulate florets 46; yellow, ligules oblong, 1.72 cm Χ ca.3 mm, apex obtuse; tube ca. 7 mm. Tubular florets 712, extending from involucre, 11.1 cm; tube ca. 6 mm, base slightly thick. Pappus purplish brown, sometimes white, shorter than tube of tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
Stream banks, grassy slopes, forest understories, alpine meadows; 1003400 m. Anhui??, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, NE and NW Yunnan [Japan, Korea].
河北橐吾 he bei tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, ca. 1 cm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly yellowish brown pilose. Rosette of leaves early deciduous. Stem leaves 3, proximal ones petiolate; petiole to 80 cm, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, ca. 30 Χ 50 cm, palmately veined, margin dentate. Middle stem leaves with petiole to 37 cm; leaf blade reniform, ca. 7 Χ 15.5 cm, abaxially shortly pilose, adaxially glabrous, margin dentate. Distalmost stem leaves smaller; leaf blade ca. 3.7 Χ 6 cm. Inflorescence racemose, to 18 cm; foliose bracts linear; peduncles 510 mm, shortly pilose Capitula numerous. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.3 cm, outside shortly pilose; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, 1.52 mm wide, apex acute. Florets all tubular 8 or 9; tube 45 mm. Pappus early deciduous. Achenes ca. 5 mm. Fl.??, fr.??
* habitat??; elevation?? Hebei (Xiaowutaishan).
缅甸橐吾 mian dian tuo wu
Stem erect, 2570 cm tall, 35 mm in diam. at base, glabrescent. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 25.5 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade cordate-hastate or ovate-sagittate, rarely reniform, 4.211 Χ 810 cm, palmately veined, abaxially shortly pilose, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cordate, margin regularly coarsely dentate, apex acute or subrounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes orbicular or oblong. Middle stem leaves cordate, 47 Χ 59 cm, apex acute, sessile; sheath enlarged, 23 cm. Distalmost stem leaves only with enlarged sheaths. Inflorescence racemose, to 10 cm; foliose bracts smaller distally, proximal ones lanceolate, to 4 cm, middle to distal ones linear; peduncles to 3 cm, shortly yellowish brown pilose. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear, 610 mm. Involucre campanulate, 810 Χ 57mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 710, in 2 rows, oblong, 24 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 810 Χ 26 mm, apex rounded, denticulate; tube 3.55 mm. Tubular florets 710 mm; tube 3.55 mm. Pappus pale yellowish brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 56 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.
Grassy slopes; ca. 3600 m. Xizang??, W Yunnan [NE Myanmar].
长戟橐吾 chang ji tuo wu
Stem erect, to 56 cm tall, ca. 4 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 30 cm, glabrous, base sheathed, distalmost narrowly winged; leaf blade narrowly triangular-hastate or ovate-cordate, 48.5 Χ 59 cm, palmately veined, abaxially shortly yellowish brown pilose only on veins, adaxially shortly yellowish brown pilose, margin denticulate, rarely crenate, apex acuminate or acute, rarely retuse; sinus 1/41/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes divergent. Middle stem leaves cordate-reniform, smaller, shortly petiolate; sheath slightly enlarged, to 6 cm. Distalmost stem leaves sessile, broadly triangular; sheath enlarged. Inflorescence racemose, to 7 cm; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate; peduncles 715 mm, shortly yellowish brown pilose. Capitula numerous. Involucre campanulate, 11.2 cm Χ 79 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 8 or 9, in 2 rows, lanceolate, 24 mm wide, margin membranous, apex acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear, 1.52(3) cm Χ 1.52 mm, apex 3-lobed; tube ca. 5mm. Tubular florets ca. 9 mm; tube ca.4 mm; limb ca. 2 mm wide. Pappus pale yellow, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug.
* Grassy slopes; 34003800 m. NW Yunnan.
节毛橐吾 jie mao tuo wu
Stem erect, 3550(75) cm tall, 34 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 815 cm, base sheathed, abaxially glabrous, adaxially shortly pilose; leaf blade triangular-sagittate or cordate, 310.5 Χ 4.59 cm, palmately veined, both surfaces shortly white pilose, later adaxial hairs deciduous, glabrescent, margin regularly denticulate, apex acute; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes short, slightly divergent, outer margin coarsely dentate. Middle stem leaf solitary, subsessile; sheath enlarged, 35 cm, margin entire; leaf blade ovate or ovate-cordate, 34 Χ 3.55 cm. Distalmost stem leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, bracteal. Inflorescence racemose, 713 cm; foliose bracts linear, 11.5 cm, submembranous, shortly pilose, margin entire; peduncles 1.52.5 cm, shortly pilose. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre campanulate, 911 Χ 79 mm, outside shortly white pilose; involucral bracts 7 or 8, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, 23 mm wide, apex obtuse or acuminate, inner ones brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 5 or 6, yellow; ligules linear, to 20 Χ 1.5 mm; tube 56 mm. Tubular florets 89 mm; tube ca. as long as limb. Pappus yellowish brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Fl. JulSep, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes; 35004200 m. NW and W Yunnan.
掌叶橐吾 zhang ye tuo wu
Stem erect, 30130 cm tall, slender, 34 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 50 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate, 4.510 Χ 818 cm, palmately veined, glabrous or rarely shortly pilose on both surfaces, 47-palmatisect; lobes 37-divided, middle lobes duplicately 3-divided; segments marginally laciniate-dentate. Middle to distal stem leaves fewer, small, palmately divided, often with enlarged sheaths. Inflorescence racemose, to 48 cm; foliose bracts linear-subulate; peduncles 34 mm, slender, glabrous. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts often absent. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 711 Χ 23 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts (3 or)46(or 7), in 2 rows, linear-oblong, ca. 2 mm wide, margin narrowly membranous, apex rounded, brown ciliate. Ligulate florets 2 or 3, yellow; ligules linear-oblong, to 17 Χ 23 mm, transparent, apex obtuse; tube 67 mm. Tubular florets usually 3, extending from involucre, 11.2 cm; tube ca. as long as limb. Pappus purplish brown, ca. 4 mm, shorter than tube of tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, ca. 5 mm, attenuate at apex. Fl. and fr. JunOct.
* Stream banks, grassy slopes, forest margins, forest understories, scrub; 11003700 m. Gansu, Henan??, Hubei, Jiangsu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.
密花橐吾 mi hua tuo wu
Stem erect, 60100 cm tall, 510 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1550 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-cordate or reniform-cordate, 9.519 Χ 922 cm, palmately veined, both surfaces shortly pilose or abaxially hairy only on veins, margin irregularly dentate, apex triangular, obtuse; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, narrow; basal lobes 56 mm, coarsely dentate on outer margin, lowermost with larger teeth. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate; sheath narrower, margin entire. Inflorescence racemose, lax, 1535 cm; foliose bracts narrowly lanceolate, margin entire or denticulate; peduncles to 5 mm, shortly yellowish brown pilose. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear-lanceolate. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 1 cm Χ to 4 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 5 or 6, in 2 rows, oblong, 23 mm wide, apex acute. Florets 514, all tubular, extending from involucre, 11.2 cm; tube 5.57 mm. Pappus pale yellow, 45 mm, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Fl. AugOct, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes, forest understories; 32003300 m. NW Yunnan.
窄头橐吾 zhai tou tuo wu
Stem erect, 40170 cm tall, 36 mm in diam. at base, rarely to 2 cm in diam., glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2375 cm, slender, glabrous or apically arachnoid-puberulous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade cordate-hastate or reniform-hastate, rarely sagittate, 2.516.5 Χ 632 cm, palmately veined, glabrous or shortly pilose on both surfaces, abaxially sometimes hairy only on veins, base broadly cordate, margin regularly sharply dentate, apex triangular, acute or shortly mucronate; sinus 1/51/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes sharply triangular, divergent, margin sharply dentate and 1- or 2 strong??-dentate on each outer margin. Middle to distal stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiolate or sessile; sheath enlarged. Inflorescence racemose, to 90 cm, glabrescent; foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate to linear, proximal ones to 5 cm, distal ones linear, shorter; peduncles 17 mm, rarely proximal ones to 3 cm. Capitula numerous; supplementary bracts linear. Involucre narrowly or broadly cylindric, 812 Χ 24 mm, rarely to 1718 Χ 8 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 5(7), in 2 rows, oblong, 1.53(6) mm wide, apex triangular, acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 14(or 5), yellow; ligules linear-oblong or oblanceolate, 11.7 cm Χ 24 mm, apex obtuse; tube 513 mm. Tubular florets 510, 11.9 cm; tube 613 mm. Pappus white, yellowish white, or sometimes brown, 58 mm, shorter than tube of tubular corolla. Achenes oblanceolate, 510 mm. Fl. and fr. JulDec. 2n = 58.
Stream banks, grassy slopes, forest understories, below rocks; 9003300 m. Anhui, Fujian??, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, NW Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
Convert to comments?? 1. Population of narrow involucre: Plants large, leaves to 28.5 cm wide; involucre narrowly cylindric, 812 Χ 23 mm, bracts 5. Anhui, Jiangsu, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
2. Population of broad involucre: Plants robust, taller; leaves to 32 cm wide; raceme to 90 cm; involucre broadly tubular, 1718 Χ 58 mm, bracts 5(7) Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
3. Population of middle involucre: between population 1 and 2 in size. C, N, SW China. Plants of Xizang and Yunnan are the smallest.
1a. Leaves glabrous ..................................................................................... 121a. var. stenocephala
1b. Leaves shortly pilose on both surfaces, tip of petiole arachnoid-puberulous ..... 121b. var. scabrida
窄头橐吾 zhai tou tuo wu (原变种 yuan bian zhong)
Senecio stenocephalus Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Saint-Pιtersbourg, sιr. 3, 16: 218. 1871; Ligularia oligantha (Miquel) Handel-Mazzetti; L. sibirica (Linnaeus) Cassini var. oligantha Miquel; L. stenocephala var. sinica Nakai??[not in ipni or tropicos]; L. taiheizanensis Bartlett ex Yamamoto??, nom. nud, not in tropicos?; Senecillis stenocephala (Maximowicz) Kitamura; Senecio cacaliifolius Schultz-Bip. var. stenocephalus (Maximowicz) Franchet.
Leaves glabrous on both surfaces.
Stream banks, grassy slopes, forest understories, below rocks; 9003300 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, NW Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
糙叶窄头橐吾 cao ye zai tou tuo wu
Leaves shortly pilose on both surfaces, tip of petiole arachnoid-puberulous.
Grassy slopes, forest understories, on trees; 20003300 m. Guangxi, SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan [Japan].
太白山橐吾 tai bai shan tuo wu
Stem erect, 2080 cm tall, 23 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 15 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade cordate-hastate, 311 Χ 714 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, abaxially sometimes hairy only on veins, margin irregularly dentate, apex rounded, mucronate; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, broad; basal lobes divergent, with a coarse triangular tooth on each outer margin. Middle stem leaves reniform, 46 Χ 5.511.5 cm, shortly petiolate; sheath enlarged. Distalmost stem leaves smaller, sessile. Inflorescence racemose, to 15 cm; foliose and supplement bracts subulate, 23 mm; peduncles 1.52 mm, shortly pilose or glabrous. Capitula numerous. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 67 Χ ca. 2 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 4 or 5, in 2 rows, narrowly oblong, ca. 1.5 mm wide, apex obtuse, purplish brown, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 2 or 3, yellow; ligules oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, to 1 cm Χ 23 mm, apex rounded; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets 2 or 3, 912 mm; tube 34 mm. Pappus brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes narrowly cylindric, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. JunAug.
* Stream banks, grassy slopes, forest understories, below rocks; 20003300 m. Henan??, Shaanxi (Qinling Mts.).
台湾橐吾 tai wan tuo wu
Stem erect, ca. 30 cm tall, slender, ca. 2.5 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distalmost and inflorescence sparsely white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 10 cm, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 2.33 Χ ca. 3.5 cm, glabrous, abaxially pale green, margin regularly denticulate, apex rounded; sinus broad or narrow. Middle stem leaves 1 or 2, reniform; petiolar base enlarged, sheath amplexicaul. Inflorescence racemose; foliose bracts lanceolate, 812 mm; peduncles to 9 mm. Capitula ca. 11. Involucre cylindric, ca. 10 Χ 4 mm; involucral bracts 5, in 2 rows, linear, apex pubescent. Ligulate florets 2 or 3, yellow; ligules ca. 13 Χ 1.5 mm, apex 3-divided; tube ca. 7 mm. Tubular florets ca. 6, ca. 1.2 cm. Pappus ca. 4 mm. Achenes (immature) truncate at apex, narrowed at base. Fl.??, fr.??
* Alpine areas; elevation?? Taiwan (Xinzhu).
矢叶橐吾 shi ye tuo wu
Stem erect, 2470 cm tall, slender, 1.53 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 30 cm, slender, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate- or cordate-hastate, 3.58 Χ 56 cm, glabrous, margin denticulate, apex rounded, mucronate; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade, narrow; basal lobes divergent, coarsely 2- or 3-dentate on each outer margin. Middle stem leaves similar, but smaller, shortly petiole, sheath amplexicaul. Inflorescence racemose, 4.59 cm; foliose and supplementary bracts linear; peduncles less than 3 mm, shortly pilose. Capitula ca. 11. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 610 Χ 23 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 4 or 5, in 2 rows, oblong, apex triangular. Ligulate florets 2, yellow; ligules linear, ca. 15 Χ 1 mm, apex rounded; tube ca. 7 mm. Tubular florets ca. 3, 910 mm; tube ca. 4 mm. Pappus white, rarely blackish gray, ca. 3 mm, shorter than tube of tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
* Forest understories, grassy slopes, below rocks; 14002700 m. W Hubei, S Shaanxi, E Sichuan.
垂头菊属 chui tou ju shu
Liu Shangwu; Irina Illarionova
Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes shorter, with rosulate leaves, very rarely without rosulate leaves. Roots fleshy, numerous. Stem arising from outer axil of rosulate leaves, solitary, or 2- or 3-crowded, usually scape-like. Leaves all or many crowded basal, petiolate; petiolar base broadly sheathed; leaf blade palmately, pinnately, or parallel veined. Stem leaves alternate, bracteal, with or without sheath. Capitula solitary or many, in raceme, nodding; foliose bracts linear, rarely broadly ovate or elliptical. Involucre hemispherical, rarely broadly campanulate, base rounded; involucral bracts in 2 rows, imbricate, outer ones narrow, inner ones broad, often margin membranous or 1 row, equal in size, base united; all involucral bracts outside glabrous or hairy, apex ciliate. Receptacle flat, without scales. Outer florets female, ligulate or rarely narrowly tubular; ligules well developed, diverse, usually several times as long as involucre, rarely absent. Central florets tubular, hermaphroditic; limb 5-lobed. Anthers basally obtuse. Style branches compressed, apex obtuse or triangular, papillose-hairy. Pappus of denticulate hairs ca. as long as or shorter than tubular corolla, rarely absent. Achenes glabrous, ribbed.
About 68 species: China, Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan; all 68 occur in China; 46 endemic.
Liu Shangwu. 1989. Cremanthodium In: Ling Yong & Liu Shangwu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 77(2): 115171.
What about Cremanthodium calotum Diels = Doronicum altaicum Pallas??;
1a. Leaves reniform or orbicular-reniform, palmately veined.
2a. Capitula without ligulate florets; involucral bracts apically rounded or obtuse.
3a. Involucral bracts petaloid, membranous, purplish red or rarely yellowish white, broadly elliptic or obovate-oblong, outside purplish red pilose, rarely white pilose, apex rounded.
4a. Leaf margin regularly crenate or lobed ............................................ 1. C. campanulatum
4b. Leaves palmatisect .......................................................................... 2. C. pinnatisectum
3b. Involucral bracts foliose, herbaceous, dark brown, oblong or oblanceolate, outside glabrous or pilose, apex obtuse.
5a. Involucral bracts oblong, outside glabrous, margin broadly brown membranous, apex entire; pappus pale brown, shorter than tubular corolla; leaves glabrous, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green ................................................................................................................ 3. C. calcicola
5b. Involucral bracts usually oblanceolate, margin not membranous, apex denticulate or erose; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla; leaves concolorous on both surfaces.
6a. Sheaths of stem leaves tubular, outside glabrous; involucral bracts black, outside shortly pilose; pappus white ................................................................................ 4. C. atrocapitatum
6b. Sheaths of stem leaves cucullate, outside white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts outside glabrous; pappus yellowish brown ...................................................... 5. C. cucullatum
2b. Capitula with ligulate florets; involucral bracts apically acute or acuminate.
7a. Ligules yellow, oblong to lanceolate, apex acuminate, rarely obtuse.
8a. Ligules oblong, apex acute or obtuse.
9a. Leaves without reticulate veins, abaxially brown pilose; involucre outside brown pilose; ligules apex acute .................................................................................................... 8. C. decaisnei
9b. Leaves glabrous, both surfaces or at least abaxially with conspicuous reticulate veins; involucre outside glabrous; ligules apically obtuse.
10a. Capitulum solitary; leaves with white reticulate veins on both surfaces 6. C. smithianum
10b. Capitula 47, in raceme; leaves abaxially with reticulate veins ... 7. C. heterocephalum
8b. Ligules ovate- or linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate or caudate.
10a. Ligules linear-lanceolate, membranous, transparent; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla; leaves angular-dentate .............................................................................. 9. C. stenoglossum
10b. Ligules ovate-lanceolate, not transparent; pappus shorter to ca. as long as tubular corolla; leaves??.
11a. Pappus brown, shorter than tubular corolla; leaves green on both surfaces, margin crenate 10. C. citriflorum
11b. Pappus yellowish brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla; leaves abaxially pale green, adaxially green, margin coarsely dentate .................................................................... 11. C. pulchrum
7b. Ligules purplish red or yellow, broadly oblanceolate or cuneate, apex truncate or rounded, 3-lobed, rarely 3-denticulate.
12a. Ligules purple; pappus white.
13a. Leaves palmatipartite; tubular florets purplish red ................................ 12. C. palmatum
13b. Leaves margin regularly crenate; tubular florets yellow or purplish red.
14a. Leaves abaxially densely white arachnoid-pilose; tubular florets yellow; styles proximally yellowish white, distally blackish gray, ca. as long as tubular corolla ...................... 13. C. farreri
14b. Leaves abaxially sparsely pilose; tubular florets purplish red, styles purplish red, 22.5 cm, longer than tubular corolla ................................................................. 14. C. rhodocephalum
12b. Ligules yellow; pappus white or brown.
15a. Plant soft; leaves thin, margin angular-dentate; ligules apically rounded, denticulate; pappus white 15. C. reniforme
15b. Plant robust; leaves thick, margin regularly dentate; ligules apically truncate, 3- or 4-lobed.
16a. Stem leaves with bulbil inside sheaths; pappus white .................... 16. C. bulbilliferum
16b. Stem leaves without bulbil inside sheaths; pappus brown.
17a. Basal leaves glabrous; petiole distally brown pilose; petiole of stem leaves enlarged into leaf blade, margin sharply dentate; pappus shorter than tubular corolla ....... 17. C. phyllodineum
17b. Basal leaves abaxially shortly black pilose; petiole glabrous; petiole of stem leaves sheathlike, margin entire; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla ......................... 18. C. thomsonii
1b. Leaves variable in shape, pinnately or parallel veined.
18a. Leaves bluish green or grayish green, linear to broadly elliptic, parallel or straight veined.
19a. Involucre outside densely brown or purplish brown pilose; leaves lanceolate to elliptical.
20a. Capitulum solitary, without ligulate florets; ligules?? ......................... 19. C. angustifolium
20b. Capitula 113, in raceme or solitary, with ligulate florets; ligules membranous, transparent, linear-lanceolate, 2570 Χ 1.55 mm, apex acuminate.
21a. Foliose bracts linear to lanceolate, herbaceous, green ................ 20. C. brunneopilosum
21b. Foliose bracts ovate, membranous, yellowish white ........................ 21. C. stenactinium
19b. Involucre outside glabrous; leaves linear to oblanceolate.
22a. Ligules linear-lanceolate, to 4 cm, apex acuminate or absent; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, usually 25 mm wide, rarely to 30 mm wide ......................................................... 22. C. lineare
22b. Ligules oblong, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 1216 Χ 36 mm, apex obtuse or truncate; leaves oblong or oblanceolate to linear, 211 mm wide..
23a. Leaves linear, 23.5 mm wide, margin revolute, entire, apex rounded 23. C. bhutanicum
23b. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 611 mm wide, margin remotely denticulate, apex acute 24. C. conaense
18b. Leaves green or differently colored on both surfaces, lanceolate to oblong, pinnately veined.
24a. Ligules broadly oblanceolate or cuneate, apex truncate, lobed.
25a. Leaves pinnatipartite to pinnatisect.
26a. Leaves ovate, lobes narrowly lanceolate, 1030 Χ 14 mm; involucre glabrous 25. C. dissectum
26b. Leaves oblong, lobes oblong, 48 Χ ca. 1 mm; involucre blackish pilose 26. C. pinnatifidum
25b. Leaf margin entire or dentate, rarely lobed.
27a. Leaves spatulate, base truncate, margin triangularly dentate or denticulate; pappus white; stem densely white pilose ................................................................ 27. C. sino-oblongatum
27b. Leaves hastate or ovate-cordate, margin entire to lobed or crenate, base cordate; pappus pale brown; stem glabrous.
28a. Leaves hastate, greenish gray, margin entire to lobed, palmately pinnately veined 28. C. forrestii
28b. Leaves ovate-cordate, abaxially green or purplish red, margin crenate, pinnately veined 29. C. trilobum
24b. Ligules elliptic or lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate.
29a. Plants greenish gray or bluish green, glabrous, usually mealy; stem leaves numerous, erect, adnate, tubular-amplexicaul or only base amplexicaul.
30a. Foliose bracts as leaf blade, usually surrounding involucre; ligules narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate.
31a. Leaves ovate-elliptic to broadly elliptic, base cuneate ....................... 30. C. helianthus
31b. Leaves narrowly elliptic or spatulate, base gradually narrowed ................ 31. C. suave
30b. Foliose bracts linear, not surrounding involucre.
32a. Capitula 510, in raceme; ligules 57 mm, slightly longer than involucre; pappus pale yellow, 23 mm, ca. 1/2 as long as tubular corolla.
33a. Basal leaves broadly elliptic, base gradually narrowed into a narrowly winged petiole; stem leaves apically obtuse [acute??] ..................................................... 32. C. botryocephalum
33b. Basal leaves broadly spatulate-oblong, base gradually narrowed into a broadly winged petiole; stem leaves apically acuminate ................................................ 33. C. spathulifolium
32b. Capitulum solitary; ligules longer than involucre; pappus white or pale yellow.
34a. Leaves petiolate; petiole 311 cm, slender; leaf blade oblong or elliptic, base rounded.
35a. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla; ligules apically acuminate 34. C. glaucum
35b. Pappus much shorter than tubular corolla or absent; ligules apically obtuse, acute, or acuminate.
36a. Pappus absent; ligules apically acuminate ........................... 35. C. bupleurifolium
36b. Pappus pale yellow, 12 mm, 1/51/2 as long as tubular corolla; ligules apically acute or obtuse ............................................................................. 36. C. brachychaetum
34b. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade ovate or lingulate-spatulate; ligules apically acuminate; pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla.
37a. Leaves ligulate-spatulate, base gradually narrowed into a broad petiole 37. C. lingulatum
37b. Leaves ovate or cordate, base cordate, narrowly petiolate.
38a. Leaves ovate; petiole glabrous ............................................... 38. C. yadongense
38b. Leaves cordate; petiole brown pilose ........................................ 39. C. cordatum
29b. Plants green, hairy, at least stem distally and involucre at base, rarely glabrous.
39a. Involucral bracts in 1 row, equal in size, base united, cupular.
40a. Leaves 1215 Χ 69 cm; petiole 1530 cm; capitula 3, in corymb-raceme, long pedunculate; involucre outside black pilose; ligules linear-lanceolate ..................... 40. C. petiolatum
40b. Leaves 0.76 Χ 14 cm, shortly petiolate; capitulum solitary; involucre outside black or white pilose; ligules oblong.
41a. Ligules ca. as long as involucre or tubular florets; involucral bracts apically rounded; leaves abaxially white pilose.
42a. Outer florets ligulate; ligules yellow, ca. as long as involucre .............. 41. C. nanum
42b. Outer florets ligulate or narrowly tubular, ca. as long as tubular florets in center; ligules white, smaller or absent; slender tubular florets with short corolla ..... 42. C. microglossum
41b. Ligules longer than involucre; involucral bracts apically acute or acuminate; leaves glabrous or abaxially pilose.
43a. Plant with rosulate leaves; underground stems absent; leaves glabrous, margin revolute 43. C. microphyllum
43b. Plant without rosulate leaves; leaves all stem, abaxially densely white pilose, adaxially glabrous; underground stem rhizome-like, with scale leaves.
44a. Leaf margin entire to shallowly dentate ........................................... 44. C. humile
44b. Leaf margin pinnately laciniate; segments linear oblong .............. 45. C. laciniatum
39b. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, separate, outer narrow, inner broad, outside glabrous or hairy.
45a. Ligulate florets absent; involucre outside densely dark brown pilose; leaves abaxially greenish white, adaxially dark green, margin entire ................................................. 46. C. discoideum
45b. Ligulate florets persistent; if ligulate florets absent or with short ligules, then involucre outside blackish gray pilose; leaf margin coarsely dentate.
46a. Capitula large; ligules well developed, tape-like, narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, usually 24 Χ as long as involucre, apex acuminate.
47a. Leaves densely hairy, oblong, obovate to orbicular; involucre outside white and black pilose.
48a. Leaves densely white pilose, base narrowed into a broadly winged petiole; capitula 14, solitary or in corymb-raceme .................................................... 47. C. obovatum
48b. Leaves densely shortly white pilose, base rounded, narrowly petiolate; capitulum solitary 48. C. puberulum
47b. Leaves glabrous, variable in shape; involucre outside blackish purple-brown or white pilose, rarely glabrous.
49a. Leaf base cordate or truncate.
50a. Leaves ovate, base cordate, margin entire; ligules linear-lanceolate, 25 mm wide; pappus?? 49. C. prattii
50b. Leaves triangular or sagittate, margin dentate; ligules broadly lanceolate, 69 mm wide; pappus pale brown.
51a. Leaves concolorous on both surfaces, triangular, 613 cm, base truncate 50. C. delavayi
51b. Leaves abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, sagittate, 1.53 cm, base cordate 51. C. sagittifolium
49b. Leaf base cuneate.
52a. Involucre outside purplish red or white pilose; stem glabrous; leaves abaxially pale green, adaxially green, broadly lanceolate, margin coarsely dentate 52. C. daochengense
52b. Involucre outside brown or dark brown pilose; stem shortly black pilose; leaves glabrous or yellow pilose, obovate or broadly elliptic, margin subentire or denticulate.
53a. Leaves glabrous, margin subentire .............................................. 53. C. nobile
53b. Leaves yellow pilose, margin denticulate or subentire ............... 54. C. pilosum
46b. Capitula small; ligules undeveloped, oblong, elliptic to linear, often 12 Χ as long as involucre.
54a. Capitula 213, in raceme; stem leaves normal; plant robust, tall.
55a. Involucre outside black pilose; ligules broadly elliptic; stem leaves ovate, base rounded 55. C. arnicoides
55b. Involucre outside white pilose; ligules oblong; stem leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, base??.
56a. Leaves herbaceous, white arachnoid-puberulous, scarcely veined; stem leaves sheath amplexicaul; peduncles equal, to 1 cm; raceme not spreading 56. C. chungtienense
56b. Leaves leathery, glabrous, prominently veined; stem leaves not amplexicaul; peduncles unequal, 26 cm; raceme spreading ....................................... 57. C. coriaceum
54b. Capitulum solitary; stem leaves bracteal, ovate-oblong to linear; plant dwarf.
57a. Pappus brown; involucre outside brown or pale brown pilose; leaf base cordate.
58a. Basal leaves ovate-cordate or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate; involucre broadly campanulate; ligules linear ............................................................................. 58. C. potaninii
58b. Basal leaves ovate-cordate to orbicular-cordate or square-like; involucre hemispherical; ligules oblong.
59a. Leaves small, leathery, nitid, conspicuously reticulately veined 58. C. cyclaminanthum
59b. Leaves large, herbaceous, scarcely reticulately veined, abaxially usually brown pilose 60. C. principis
57b. Pappus white; involucre with other colored hairs; leaf base usually cuneate, truncate, or rounded; if base cordate, then involucre outside shortly black pilose.
60a. Involucre outside shortly black pilose; leaf base cordate or rounded; ligules slightly longer than involucre.
61a. Leaves thin, often purplish red, scarcely reticulately veined 61. C. purpureifolium
61b. Leaves thick, green, conspicuously prominently reticulate veined.
62a. Basal leaves reticulate veined on both surfaces; capitula sometimes 3; ligules broadly elliptic, apex subrounded ................................................... 62. C. nervosum
62b. Basal leaves abaxially reticulately veined; capitulum solitary; ligules oblong, apex obtuse [acute??] ........................................................................... 63. C. nepalense
60b. Involucre outside white or blackish gray pilose, rarely glabrous; leaf base usually cuneate, rarely truncate.
63a. Basal leaves narrowly petiolate; petiole densely pilose, not winged; stem leaves numerous, linear, erect, margin entire; involucre outside glabrous; ligules slightly longer than involucre, apex truncate ..................................................................... 64. C. variifolium
63b. Basal leaves broadly petiolate; petiole winged, glabrous or hairy, sometimes enlarged into a leaf[??-like] blade; stem leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, margin dentate; ligules 23 Χ as long as involucre, apex acute.
64a. Involucre outside glabrous, bracts narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate 65. C. pseudo-oblongatum
64b. Involucre outside densely hairy, bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, apex acute or obtuse.
65a. Involucre outside white arachnoid-puberulous .............. 66. C. oblongatum
65b. Involucre outside blackish gray pilose.
66a. Leaves and petiole glabrous .................................................. 67. C. ellisii
66b. Leaves and petiole densely glandular pilose .......... 68. C. glandulipilosum
钟花垂头菊 zhong hua chui tou ju
Stem solitary, rarely 2, erect, purplish red, 1030 cm, tall, 23 cm in diam., proximally glabrous, distally purple pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 612 cm, purple pilose, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 0.72.5 Χ 15 cm, glabrous, sometimes abaxially purple, pilose, margin purple pilose, shallowly crenate or lobed, lobes 712; with white prominent palmate veins on both surfaces. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, smaller. Distal stem leaves ovate or lanceolate, margin sharply dentate, without sheaths. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre campanulate, 1.52.8 Χ 1.54.5 cm, outside blackish purple pilose or glabrous, but base hairy; involucral bracts 1014, in 2 rows, purplish red to purplish red, rarely yellowish white, petaloid, obovate-oblong or broadly elliptic, 0.72 cm, thin, submembranous, conspicuously veined, margin subentire, ciliate, outside sometimes pilose, apex rounded or rarely narrowly lanceolate, and acute. Florets numerous, all tubular, purplish red, 68 mm; tube ca. 2 mm; styles extending from corolla, slender; branches of style blackish purple papillate. Pappus white or brown, ca. as long as or shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes obovoid, 24 mm, slightly compressed, apex truncate, with denticulate corona. Fl. and fr. MaySep.
Forest understories, forest margins, grassy slopes, scrub, alpine meadows, gravel zones on high mountains; 32004800 m. SW to W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [NE Myanmar].
1a. Involucral bracts yellowish white, outside long white pilose ............................ 1c. var. albo-luteum
1b. Involucral bracts purplish red.
2a. Leaves abaxially shortly pilose; involucral bracts outside shortly black pilose; pappus brown, much shorter than tubular corolla ................................................................... 1b. var. brachytricum
2b. Leaves glabrous; involucre outside blackish purple pilose or glabrous; pappus white, ca. as long as corolla .............................................................................................. 1a. var. campanulatum
钟花垂头菊(原变种) zhong hua chuio tou ju (yuan bian zhong)
Senecio campanulatus Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39: 284. 1892, not Schultz-Bip. ex Klatt 1888; Cremanthodium larium Handel-Mazzetti; C. wardii W. W. Smith.
Leaves glabrous. Involucral bracts purplish red, outside glabrous. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla.
Forest understories, forest margins, grassy slopes, scrub, alpine meadows, gravel zones on high mountains; 32004800 m. SW to W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [NE Myanmar].
短毛钟花垂头菊 duan mao zhong hua chui tou ju
Leaves abaxially shortly pilose. Involucral bracts purplish red, outside black shortly pilose. Pappus brown, much shorter than tubular corolla.
* Gravel zones on high mountains; ca. 4300 m. W Yunnan.
黄苞钟花垂头菊 huang bao chui tou ju
Leaves glabrous. Involucre bracts yellowish white, outside white long pilose. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla.
* Gravel zones on high mountains; 38004500 m. Sichuan (Muli).
裂叶垂头菊 lie ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 613 cm tall, yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 25 cm, glabrous; leaf blade subreniform, 1.54 Χ 24.5 cm, glabrous, 2-ternate-palmatisect or sometimes pinnatisect; lobes lanceolate, 46 mm, apex acute, mucronate. Middle stem leaves smaller, pinnatisect. Distal stem leaves linear, margin entire or dentate. Distalmost stem leaves linear, bracteal, margin entire. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre campanulate, 1.21.7 Χ 1.53.5 cm, outside purple pilose; involucral bracts 812, in 2 rows, blackish purple, petaloid, oblong or suborbicular, 515 mm, submembranous, apex rounded or obtuse. Florets numerous, all tubular, purple, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 1.5 mm; limb narrowly cylindric. Pappus pale brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug, fr.??.
Grassy slopes; ca. 4200 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [NE Myanmar].
长鞘垂头菊 chang qiao chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 2050 cm tall, base to 7 mm in diam., proximally glabrous, distalmost shortly yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 513 cm, to 5 mm wide, base sheathed; sheath 69 cm, submembranous, not split and fibriform when dry; leaf blade abaxially green, adaxially dark green, orbicular-reniform or reniform, 68 cm in diam., palmately veined, abaxially with prominent veins, glabrous, margin regularly crenate, apex of teeth mucronate; sinus narrow. Stem leaves 1 or 2, middle ones reniform, petiolate, base sheathed, distal ones ovate-oblong, bracteal, sessile, without sheath. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 1.11.3 Χ 2.53 cm, outside blackish purple, glabrous; involucral bracts 20, in 2 rows, oblong, 25 mm wide, margin entire, apex obtuse or acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Florets numerous, all tubular, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 2 mm; limb cylindric. Pappus pale brown, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, to 6 mm. Fl. and fr. JunJul.
* Grassy slopes, stream banks, calcitic cliffs; 34003500 m. NW Yunnan.
黑垂头菊 hei chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1535 cm tall, proximally glabrous, distally black pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1013 cm, glabrous, sheath amplexicaul; leaf blade reniform, 35 Χ 3.59 cm, glabrous, abaxially with conspicuous palmate veins, margin regularly triangular-dentate; sinus slightly broad. Stem leaf solitary, bracteal, ovate, ca. 1.5 cm, base enlarged sheathed; sheath to 6 Χ 12 cm, amplexicaul. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, dark purple or black, ca. 1 Χ to 2 cm, outside shortly black pilose; involucral bracts in 2 rows, often oblanceolate, apex obtuse, sparsely denticulate or erose, inner ones 34 mm wide. Florets numerous, all tubular, deeply yellowish brown, 67 mm; tube 22.5 mm; limb ca. 2 mm wide. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. JulAug, fr.??.
Grassy slopes; ca. 4000 m. Yunnan (Zhongdian) [NE Myanmar].
兜鞘垂头菊 dou qiao chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 2025 cm tall, 1.52 mm in diam. at base, white arachnoid-pilose, distally intermixed yellowish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 8 cm, hairy, sheath amplexicaul; leaf blade reniform, 11.5 Χ 1.52.7 cm, both surfaces white arachnoid-pilose or adaxially glabrescent, palmately veined, margin regularly denticulate, apex rounded. Stem leaves 2 or 3, smaller distally. Middle stem leaves reniform; petiole enlarged into a cucullate sheath, white arachnoid-puberulous, amplexicaul. Distal stem leaves lanceolate to linear, bracteal. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 0.91 Χ ca. 2 cm, outside dark brown, glabrous, base hairy; involucral bracts 1224, in 2 rows, oblanceolate, 24 mm wide, apex erose. Florets numerous, all tubular, yellow, 56 mm; tube 1.52 mm; limb campanulate. Pappus yellowish brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes obovoid, 34 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.
* Grassy slopes; ca. 3500 m. W Yunnan.
紫茎垂头菊 zi jing chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1025 cm tall, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly white and brown pilose. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole purplish red, 215 cm, base sheathed, distally shortly purplish red pilose or glabrous; leaf blade purplish red, reniform, 0.55 Χ 1.27 cm, glabrous, abaxially rarely initially shortly pilose, palmately veined, with white prominent reticulate veins on both surfaces, margin regularly denticulate, apex rounded or retuse. Middle to distal stem leaves 1 or 2, smaller, shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade reniform to linear-lanceolate. Capitulum solitary, nodding or suberect. Involucre hemispherical, 0.81.6 Χ 1.52.5 cm, outside initially shortly pilose, glabrate; involucral bracts 1214, in 2 rows, outer ones lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, to 5 mm wide, margin broadly membranous, apex acute or obtuse. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 12 cm Χ 35 mm, apex obtuse, entire or lobed; tube ca. 1mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 69 mm; tube ca. 2 mm; limb cylindric. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Grassy slopes, stream banks, gravel zones on high mountains, alpine meadows; 30005200 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Myanmar].
异首垂头菊 yi shou nchui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, ca. 30 cm tall, base ca. 6 mm in diam., lower part sparsely purple-brown pilose, upper part densely so. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole base semi-amplexicaul; leaf blade purple-red, reniform-flabellate, 46 Χ 58 cm, glabrous, palmately veined, abaxially with prominent reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin triangular-denticulate, apex rounded or retuse. Middle to upper stem leaves smaller, shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade reniform-flabellate to linear-lanceolate, 25 Χ 23(5) cm, margin entire or 2- or 3-denticulate. Capitula 47, nodding, in raceme; terminal one large, involucre semispherical, 33.5 cm in diam.; axillary ones smaller, involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam., all involucres outside brown pilose; bracts 815, in 2 rows, oblong or elliptic-oblong, 915 Χ 37 mm, margin brown membranous, apex obtuse. Ligulate florets 915, yellow; ligules oblong, 1228 Χ 46 mm, apex 3-denticulate. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 710 mm; tube 34 mm. Pappus pale brown, 48 mm. Achenes cylindric, 56 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.
* Alpine meadows; 39004100 m. Yunnan (Zhongdian).
喜马拉雅垂头菊 xi ma la ya chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 625 cm tall, 1.53 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally densely brown pilose. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole 314 cm, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade reniform or orbicular-reniform, 0.54.5 Χ 0.95 cm, palmately veined, abaxially densely brown pilose, rarely glabrescent, adaxially glabrous, margin irregularly shallowly crenate, rarely lobed, apex rounded. Middle to distal stem leaves 1 or 2, petiolate or sessile, smaller, with leaf blade or not. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical or rarely campanulate, 0.71.5 Χ 12 cm, outside densely brown pilose or sometimes glabrate; involucral bracts 812, in 2 rows, apex acuminate, mucronate, outer ones narrowly lanceolate, inner ones oblong-lanceolate, margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules narrowly elliptic or oblong, 12 cm Χ 36 mm, apex acute, rarely acuminate, 3-denticulate. Tubular florets numerous, dark yellow, 57 mm; tube 12 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, 35 mm. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Grassy slopes, gravel zones on high mountains, alpine meadows; 35005400 m. SW Gansu, SW Qinghai, SW Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan??, Kashmir??].
狭舌垂头菊 xia she chui tou ju
Stem solitary, scape-like, erect, 1032 cm tall, 1.53 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white floccose and shortly brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole glabrous, 2.611.5 cm, base enlarged sheathed; leaf blade orbicular-reniform or reniform, 0.72 Χ 1.54 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, margin angular-dentate, white pilose; sinus narrow, basal lobes convergent, subsucculent. Proximal stem leaf solitary, broadly reniform, smaller, shortly petiolate or sessile, base sheathed, margin coarsely angular-dentate. Middle to distal stem leaves absent or only oblong, bracteal. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 1.31.6 Χ to 2 cm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 914, in 2 rows, purple, outer ones narrowly lanceolate, 1.52 mm wide, inner ones oblong, 35 mm wide, margin brown ciliate, apex acuminate or acute, mucronate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-lanceolate, 2.53.5 cm, ca. 5 mm wide at base, membranous, transparent, with 6 or 7 brown veins, apex long acuminate, 3-lobed. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 79 mm; tube ca. 3 mm; limb 22.5 mm wide. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 7 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Swamps, stream banks, scrub, alpine meadows, alpine crevices, gravel zones on high mountains; 37005000 m. W Qinghai, NW Sichuan.
柠檬色垂头菊 ning meng se chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 2542 cm tall, ca. 4 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 11.5 cm, glabrous, base enlarged-sheathed; sheath to 6 cm; leaf blade green on both surfaces, reniform, ca. 5 Χ to 6 cm, palmately veined, glabrous, margin minutely crenate and ciliate, apex rounded; sinus broad. Middle to distal stem leaves only enlarged-sheathed; sheath 47 Χ to 4 cm, glabrous, margin obtusely dentate. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre black when dry, hemispherical, ca. 2 Χ to 2.5 cm, outside glabrous, base pilose; involucral bracts 12, in 2 rows, purple, apex obtuse or acute, outer ones lanceolate or oblong, 46 mm wide, inner ones broadly elliptic, 710 mm, margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets yellow or lemon colored; ligules ovate-lanceolate, 45 cm, base to 1 cm wide, with brown veins, apex caudate-acuminate, 3-lobed; tube 45 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellowish brown, 810 mm; tube ca. 2 mm; limb campanulate-tubular, ca. 3 mm wide. Pappus brown, shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes fusiform, 67 mm, narrowed at both ends, ribbed. Fl. and fr. Aug.
Alpine meadows; 36004000 m. NW Yunnan [Myanmar].
美丽垂头菊 mei li chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1540 cm tall, slender, ca. 2 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white and brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 812 cm, slender, glabrous, base enlarged sheathed; leaf blade reniform or ovate-cordate, 1.22 Χ 2.73 cm, palmately veined, with conspicuous reticulate veins, glabrous, abaxially pale green, adaxially green, margin coarsely triangular- or orbicular-dentate, apex rounded or subrounded. Middle to distal stem leaf solitary, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm, bracteal. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 1 Χ to 1.5 cm, outside initially white and brown pilose, glabrate; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, blackish purple, oblong or elliptic, 35 mm wide, apex obtuse or acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules ovate-lanceolate, to 2.5 cm, ca. 7 mm wide at base, apex acuminate, 3-lobed. Tubular florets numerous, 45 mm; tube ca. 1 mm; limb infundibular, ca. 2.5 mm wide. Pappus initially white, later yellowish brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) obovoid, ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
Grassy slopes, stream banks; ca. 4000 m. NW Yunnan [Myanmar].
掌叶垂头菊 zhang ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, to 25 cm tall, proximally glabrous, distally purplish brown pilose. Basal leaves long petiolate; leaf blade reniform, 1.32.5 cm in diam., palmately veined, palmatipartite; lobes 612, oblong, glabrous or abaxially sparsely purplish red pilose, very rarely purplish brown pilose on both surfaces, apex mucronate. Middle to distal stem leaves petiolate or sessile; leaf blade reniform to linear. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 3.86.3 cm in diam., outside glabrous, base blackish purple pilose; involucral bracts in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm, margin membranous, apex obtuse. Ligulate florets purplish red; ligules broadly oblanceolate, apex subtruncate, 24-lobed; tube shorter. Tubular florets numerous, purplish red. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes short. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
Alpine meadows, gravel zones on high mountains; 30004000 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, India (Sikkim)].
红花垂头菊 hong hua chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 3047 cm tall, 34 mm in diam. at base, densely initially white arachnoid-puberulous, proximally glabrate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 21 cm, slender, white arachnoid-puberulous, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 1.53.5 Χ 2.56 cm, abaxially white arachnoid-pilose, adaxially glabrous, palmately veined, abaxially with prominent veins, margin regularly shallowly crenate, tips of teeth mucronate, apex rounded. Middle stem leaves reniform, smaller; petiole enlarged into a leaf blade, abaxially white arachnoid-puberulous, base cordate, semi-amplexicaul, margin denticulate. Distal stem leaves broadly ovate, sessile, base semi-amplexicaul, margin dentate. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 1.52 Χ 34 cm, outside blackish purple, glabrous; involucral bracts 1214, in 2 rows, 34 mm wide, apex acute, mucronate and white ciliate, outer ones lanceolate, inner ones ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets purplish red; ligules oblanceolate, 2.53 Χ ca. 1 cm, apex obtuse, denticulate; tube ca. 1.5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 8 mm; tube ca. 1 mm; limb campanulate-cylindric; styles slightly extending from corolla, proximally yellowish white, distally blackish gray. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes obovate, 34 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
Alpine meadows, gravelly slopes; 40004600 m. W Yunnan [Myanmar].
长柱垂头菊 chang zhu chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 833 cm tall, densely purplish red pilose. Stem leaves crowded in middle to proximal part of stem, petiolate; petiole 212 cm, pilose, semi-amplexicaul; leaf blade abaxially purplish red, adaxially green, reniform, 0.74 Χ 16 cm, abaxially sparsely white pilose, adaxially glabrous, palmately veined, with prominent veins on both surfaces, margin regularly crenate, tips of teeth mucronate. Middle to distal stem leaves shortly petiolate, without sheath; leaf blade orbicular-reniform to linear, margin dentate or entire. Capitula solitary or few, on apex of stem or branches, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.5 Χ 1.53 cm, outside long purplish red pilose; involucral bracts 1016, in 2 rows, oblong-lanceolate, 35 mm wide, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones broadly white membranous at margin. Ligulate florets purplish red; ligules oblanceolate, 1.52 cm Χ 58 mm, apex rounded or truncate, 2- or 3-lobed; tube ca.5 mm; styles purplish red, to 3 cm. Tubular florets numerous, purplish red, 11.2 cm; tube ca. 1.5 mm; limb cylindric; styles purplish red, 22.5 cm. Pappus white, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
* Alpine meadows, grassy slopes, forest margins, gravel zones on high mountains; 30005000 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
肾叶垂头菊 shen ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 3040 cm tall, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally purplish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 617 cm, slender, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, orbicular-reniform, or cordate-reniform, 23.5 Χ 2.57 cm, thin, soft, glabrous, palmate veins prominent abaxially, margin angular-dentate and ciliate, apex rounded. Stem leaves 1 or 2, smaller, proximal ones shortly petiolate, base enlarged-sheathed; leaf blade reniform, distal ones with only sheath. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.5 Χ 22. 5 cm, outside black pilose; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, 46 mm wide, apex acute, outer ones lanceolate, inner ones oblong, margin membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblanceolate, 1.52 cm Χ 48 mm, apex rounded, denticulate; tube ca. 1 mm. Tubular florets numerous, deep yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. 1 mm; limb campanulate. Pappus white, slightly shorter corolla. Achenes obovoid, 24 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.
Alpine meadows, forest margins; 33004500 m. S Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal].
珠芽垂头菊 zhu ya chui tou ju
Stems 1 or 2, erect, 825 cm tall, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, often purplish red, distally shortly black pilose. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole 410 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade abaxially purple, reniform or broadly reniform, 12.5 Χ 1.25 cm, glabrous, palmate veins prominent abaxially, margin shallowly crenate, apex rounded or retuse. Stem leaves 3 or 4, reniform, smaller distally, distalmost stem leaves with only sheath; sheath cucullate, inside with bulbil, black, ovate, ca. 4 mm. Capitulum solitary, nodding or semi-erect. Involucre hemispherical, 11.2 Χ 1.52 cm, outside dark brown pilose; involucral bracts in 2 rows, oblong or linear-oblong, apex acute, inner ones broader, 35 mm wide, margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblanceolate, 1.21.8 cm Χ 35 mm, apex truncate, 3- or 4-lobed; tube ca. 4 mm Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 8 mm; tube ca. 2 mm; limb cylindric. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. AugOct.
* Grassy slopes, rocky slopes; 30004000 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
叶状柄垂头菊 ye zhuang bing chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 3560 cm tall, 24 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally dark brown pilose. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole 1024 cm, base sheathed, distally brown pilose; leaf blade reniform or triangular-reniform, 3.57 Χ 48.5 cm, glabrous, palmate veins prominent abaxially, margin regularly crenate or coarsely dentate, apex rounded. Stem leaves 13, middle to proximal ones petiolate, proximal part of petiole enlarged into leaf blade, leaf blade dumbbell-shaped, larger than "real leaf blade"?? of stem leaves, margin irregularly sharply dentate. Distal stem leaves ovate, lobed. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.5 Χ 2.53 cm, outside black pilose; involucral bracts 12, in 2 rows, 37 mm wide, apex acute, ciliate, outer ones lanceolate, inner ones ovate, margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules broadly oblanceolate, 22.5 cm Χ 810 mm, apex truncate, 3- or 4-lobed; tube ca. 1 mm Tubular florets numerous, 78 mm, apex brown; tube ca. 1.5 mm; limb narrowly cylindric. Pappus pale brown, shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) 23 mm. Fl. JulAug.
* Alpine meadows, moist grassy slopes; 37004200 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
叉舌垂头菊 cha she chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 2550 cm tall, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally dark brown pilose. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole 1015 cm, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade reniform or orbicular-reniform, 24 Χ 35.5 cm, abaxially sparsely shortly black pilose, adaxially glabrous, palmate veins prominent abaxially, margin shallowly crenate or coarsely dentate. Middle stem leaf solitary, petiolate; petiolar base with entire sheath; leaf blade reniform, smaller. Distal stem leaves 1 or 2, sessile, linear-lanceolate, margin entire. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.5 Χ 1.52.5 cm, outside brown pilose or glabrous; involucral bracts 1014, in 2 rows, 37 mm wide, apex acute, outer ones narrower, lanceolate, 34 mm wide; inner ones broader, oblong, 46 mm wide, margin brown membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules broadly oblanceolate or cuneate, 1.62.3 cm Χ 69 mm, apex truncate, 3-lobed; lobes 24 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 710 mm; tube 1.52 mm; limb cylindric. Pappus brown, proximal part dark brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. JunAug.
Alpine meadows, grassy slopes, forest understories, gravel zones on high mountains; 35004800 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan??, India (Sikkim), Nepal].
狭叶垂头菊 xia ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, purplish red, 2050 cm tall, 35 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally purplish brown pilose. Basal leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 723 cm Χ 345 mm, parallel veined, glabrous, base narrowed into a winged petiole, margin entire, apex acute or acuminate. Middle to distal stem leaves 4 or 5, smaller distally, narrowly lanceolate to linear, base semi-amplexicaul. Capitula solitary or rarely 2, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 0.71.5 Χ 1.33.2 cm, outside densely purplish brown pilose; involucral bracts 1624, in 2 rows, lanceolate, 24 mm wide, apex acuminate, inner ones narrowly membranous at margin. Florets numerous, yellow, all tubular, 78 mm; tube 23 mm; limb cylindric. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 56 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Alpine swamps, stream banks, scrub; 32004800 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
褐毛垂头菊 he mao chui tou ju
Plants grayish green or bluish green. Stem solitary, erect, to 100 cm tall, to 1.5 cm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white and brown pilose. Basal leaves numerous, broadly petiolate; petiole 615 Χ 1.52.5 cm, pinnate-parallel or parallel veined, glabrous, base broadly sheathed; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 640 Χ 28 cm, abaxially shortly pilose on veins, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, narrowed into a petiole, margin entire or minutely denticulate, apex acute. Middle to distal stem leaves 4 or 5, smaller distally, elliptic, base sheathed. Distalmost stem leaves bracteal, lanceolate, apex acuminate. Capitula 113, in raceme, rarely solitary, nodding; peduncles 19 cm, brown pilose. Involucre hemispherical, 1.21.6 Χ 1.52.5 cm, outside densely brown pilose; foliose bracts green, lanceolate to linear, herbaceous; involucral bracts 1016, in 2 rows, lanceolate or oblong, 35 mm wide, apex long acuminate, inner ones brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-lanceolate, 2560 Χ 25 mm, membranous, transparent [translucent??], apex long acuminate or caudate; tube 57 mm. Tubular florets numerous, brownish yellow, 810 mm; tube ca. 2 mm; limb narrowly cylindric. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
* Alpine swamp meadows, stream banks and associated meadows; 30004300 m. SW Gansu, W Qinghai, NW Sichuan, NE Xizang.
膜苞垂头菊 mo bao chui tou ju
Plants grayish green or bluish green. Stem solitary, erect, 4050 cm tall, ca. 1.1 cm in diam. at base, middle to proximally glabrous, distalmost brown pilose. Basal leaves broadly petiolate; petiole 48 cm, to 2.5 cm wide, glabrous, base broadly sheathed; leaf blade oblong or elliptic, 615 Χ 26 cm, pinnate-parallel or parallel veined, glabrous, base narrowed into a petiole, margin entire, apex acute or obtuse. Stem leaves 5 or 6, erect, middle to proximally oblong, 48 cm, tubular-amplexicaul, apex obtuse, mucronate; distalmost stem leaves membranous, bracteal, apex obtuse. Capitula 113, in raceme, rarely solitary, nodding; peduncles 0.58 cm, brown pilose; foliose bracts yellowish white, ovate, membranous. Involucre hemispherical, 1.31.5 Χ 1.53 cm, outside brown pilose or glabrescent; involucral bracts 1216, in 2 rows, elliptic or oblong, 68 mm wide, apex acute or acuminate, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets pale yellow; ligules linear-lanceolate, 37 cm Χ 1.52.5 mm, apex long acuminate; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 1 cm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) ca. 4 mm. Fl. JulSep.
* Grasslands, stream banks; ca. 3600 m. NW Sichuan, NE Xizang.
条叶垂头菊 tiao ye chui tou ju
Plants bluish green. Stems 1(4), erect, to 45 cm tall, 13 mm in diam. at base, glabrous or distalmost sparsely white pilose. Basal leaves broadly shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade linear or linear-lanceolate, to 23 cm Χ 2.55(30) mm, parallel veined, glabrous, base narrowed, margin entire, apex acute. Stem leaves numerous, lanceolate to linear, bracteal. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.2 Χ 12.5 cm, outside blackish gray, glabrous or base sparsely pilose; involucral bracts 1214, in 2 rows, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 24 mm wide, margin narrowly membranous, apex acute, white ciliate. Ligulate florets sometimes absent, pale yellow; ligules yellow or purplish red, linear-lanceolate, to 4 cm Χ 23 mm, apex long acuminate; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 57 mm; tube 1.52 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, 23 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Alpine meadows, stream banks, swamp meadows, scrub; 24004800 m. SW Gansu, Qinghai, NW Sichuan, E Xizang.
1a. Capitulum without ligulate florets ................................................................... 22c. var. eligulatum
1b. Capitulum with ligulate florets.
2a. Ligules yellow .............................................................................................. 22a. var. lineare
2b. Ligules purplish red ..................................................................................... 22b. var. roseum
条叶垂头菊(原变种) tiao ye chui tou ju (yuan bian zhong)
Senecio armerifolius Franchet (1892), not Philippi (1891).
Ligules yellow.
* Alpine meadows, stream banks, swamp meadows, scrub; 24004800 m. SW Gansu, Qinghai, NW Sichuan, E Xizang.
红花条叶垂头菊 hong hua tiao ye chui tou ju
Ligules purplish red.
* Alpine meadows, scrub; 39004300 m. NW Sichuan.
无舌条叶垂头菊 wu she tiao ye chui tou ju
Capitulum without ligulate florets.
* Alpine meadows, stream banks; 40004600 m. NW Sichuan.
不丹垂头菊 bu dan chui tou ju
Plants bluish green. Stem solitary, erect, 1025 cm tall, 12 mm in diam. at base, glabrous or distalmost sparsely white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 12 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially green, linear, linear-lanceolate, or linear-oblong, 1.58 cm Χ 23.5 mm, glabrous, parallel veined, base narrowed into a petiole, margin entire, revolute, apex rounded. Middle to distal stem leaves linear, 1.52.5 cm, apex obtuse. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 1 Χ 1.5 cm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 12, in 2 rows, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 23 mm wide, margin narrowly membranous, apex acute, white ciliate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules elliptic, 1.21.4 cm Χ 46 mm, with brown veins, apex obtuse. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 56 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature), ca. 2 mm. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
Alpine meadows; ca. 4300 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, NE India].
错那垂头菊 cuo na chui tou ju
Plants bluish grayish green. Stem solitary, erect, 1015 cm tall, 11.5 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distalmost white and blackish gray pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 13 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially green, oblong or oblanceolate, 1.55 Χ 0.61.1 cm, glabrous, pinnate-parallel veined, margin revolute, denticulate, apex acute. Middle to distal stem leaves 3 or 4, oblong to linear, to 2.5 cm, base semi-amplexicaul. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre purplish red, hemispherical, 811 mm Χ to 2.5 cm, outside glabrous, base black and white pilose; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, lanceolate or oblong, 2.53.5 mm wide, white ciliate, apex acute, inner ones brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong or oblanceolate, 1.21.6 cm Χ 34 mm, with 6 or 7 brown veins, apex subtruncate, 3-dentate; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) 23 mm. Fl. JulAug.
* Alpine meadows, mountain summits; 43004600 m. SE Xizang.
细裂垂头菊 xi lie chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 2540 cm tall, slender, 1.52 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally brown pilose. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole 3.513 cm, slender, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate, 1.54 Χ 26 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, subpinnatisect; lobes narrowly lanceolate, 13 cm Χ 14 mm, apex acuminate, mucronate. Middle stem leaves fewer, pinnatisect or linear. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 1.21.4 Χ 1.52 cm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, oblong-lanceolate, 35 mm wide, margin brown membranous, apex acuminate, white ciliate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblanceolate, 1.51.7 cm Χ 69 mm, apex truncate, 3-lobed. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 79 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus brown, 67 mm, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) ca. 3 mm. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes; ca. 3000 m. NW Yunnan.
羽裂垂头菊 yu lie chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 815 cm tall, proximally glabrous, distally black pilose. Basal leaves shortly petiolate; petiole to 4 cm, base enlarged-sheathed; leaf blade oblong, 1.85 cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, irregularly pinnatipartite; lobes 512 pairs, oblong, 48 Χ ca. 1 mm, margin 1- or 2-dentate. Middle to distal stem leaf absent or solitary, bracteal, base sheathed, distally lobed. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 8 Χ 12 mm, outside densely black pilose; involucral bracts in 2 rows, oblong, lanceolate, or ovate, ca. 1 cm Χ to 6 mm, apex acute or obtuse, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, to 1 cm Χ 47 mm, apex truncate, deeply dentate. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
Alpine rocky places; 43004600 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal].
铲叶垂头菊 chan ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, often purplish red, 1525 cm tall, 1.52.5 mm in diam. at base, distally branched or unbranched, densely white arachnoid-pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 24 cm, white pilose, base sheathed; leaf blade spatulate, 25 Χ 1.54 cm, abaxially sparsely white pilose, adaxially glabrous, pinnate veins prominent abaxially, base truncate or shallow-cordate, margin triangular-dentate or denticulate, apex rounded. Stem leaves numerous, spatulate to linear, smaller distally, sessile or shortly petiolate, not amplexicaul. Capitulum usually solitary, very rarely solitary at apex of branch, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 1.51.7 Χ 2.53.5 cm, outside white pilose; involucral bracts 1418, in 2 rows, lanceolate, apex acute. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblanceolate, 1.31.6 cm, apex truncate, lobed; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 34 mm, white ribbed, red between ribs. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
* Grassy slopes, scrub; 39005000 m. NW Yunnan.
矢叶垂头菊 shi ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1030 cm tall, slender, 12 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 217 cm, slender, glabrous, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade greenish gray, hastate, 0.85 Χ 1.57.5 cm, glabrous, or abaxially sparsely white pilose, veins ternate, palmate-pinnate, prominent abaxially, margin entire or sparsely irregularly dentate, rarely lobed, apex acute or acuminate; lobes oblong or suborbicular; basal lobes divergent, sharply triangular. Stem leaves 1 or 2, proximal one hastate, smaller, middle to distal one sessile, linear-oblong, 11.5 cm Χ ca. 2 mm. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.5 Χ 1.52 cm, base yellowish brown pilose, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 810, in 2 rows, outer ones lanceolate, 23 mm wide, apex acuminate, sometimes caudate, inner ones ovate-lanceolate, 56 mm wide, margin brown membranous, apex acute. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblanceolate, 1.42.2 cm Χ 67 mm, with brown veins, apex truncate, 3-lobed; tube ca. 1.5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, to 6 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 35004000 m. Xizang??, NW Yunnan.
裂舌垂头菊 lie she chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1215 cm tall, slender, 1.52 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2.59 cm, slender, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade abaxially pale green or purplish red when dry, adaxially dark green, ovate or ovate-cordate, 1.55.5 Χ 14.5 cm, thick, nitid, glabrous, white pinnate veins prominent abaxially, base shallowly cordate or subtruncate, margin crenate-dentate, apex rounded. Stem leaves smaller distally, proximal ones shortly petiolate, sheath amplexicaul; leaf blade ovate, distal stem leaves sessile, linear, bracteal. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 1.21.4 Χ to 2 cm, outside glabrous, base brown pilose; involucral bracts 1214, in 2 rows, lanceolate, 24 mm, white ciliate, apex acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules broadly oblanceolate, 23 cm Χ 79 mm, apex truncate, 3-lobed; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 810 mm; tube ca. 1.5 mm. Pappus pale brown, slightly shorter than tubular corolla. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Rocky slopes; 37004300 m. SE Xizang.
向日垂头菊 xiang ri chui tou ju
Plants grayish green, mealy. Stem solitary, erect, 756 cm tall, 24 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 112 cm, slender, glabrous, base long sheathed; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to broadly elliptic, 315 Χ 129 cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse. Stem leaves 68, sessile, erect, adnate, tubular-amplexicaul. Capitulum solitary, nodding; foliose bracts several, grayish green, ovate-lanceolate or broadly elliptic, 1.52.5 Χ to 1.5 cm, glabrous, margin entire, usually surrounding capitulum. Involucre hemispherical, 11.5 Χ 22.5 cm, outside glabrous, grayish green or blackish gray when dry; involucral bracts 1220, in 2 rows, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 37 mm wide, apex acute or acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules narrowly lanceolate, to 3.5 cm Χ 34 mm, apex acuminate or caudate, 3-lobed; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. 1 mm; limb cylindric. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, 35 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. JulNov.
* Forest understories, scrub, grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 28004500 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
木里垂头菊 mu li chui tou ju
Plants grayish green, mealy. Stem solitary, erect, 2040 cm tall, 24 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 6 cm, glabrous, with narrow wings, base sheathed; leaf blade narrowly elliptic or narrowly spatulate, 1018 Χ to 2.5 cm, thick, succulent, glabrous, pinnately veined, base gradually narrowed into petiole, margin entire, apex acute or obtuse. Stem leaves 46, sessile, lanceolate, 29 cm, smaller distally, bracteal. Capitulum solitary, nodding; foliose bracts 5 or 6, grayish green, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, to 1.5 Χ 1.2 cm, apex acute, glabrous. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 1 Χ to 2.5 cm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts in 2 rows, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 35 mm wide, apex acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-lanceolate, to 3 cm, apex acuminate. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 8 mm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm, shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) oblong, 35 mm. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
* Forest understories, grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 30004300 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
总状垂头菊 zong zhuang chui tou ju
Plants grayish green, mealy. Stem solitary, erect, 5055 cm tall, 45 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white puberulous and brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 56 cm, slender, glabrous, winged; leaf blade broadly elliptic or oblong, 1011 Χ 47 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base narrowed into a petiole, margin entire, apex obtuse. Stem leaves 79, smaller distally, middle ones sessile, broadly elliptic or oblong, to 8 Χ 5 cm, base rounded, semi-amplexicaul, margin entire, apex acute [obtuse??]. Distal stem leaves lanceolate to linear, erect, adnate, base semi-amplexicaul. Capitula 5 or 6, in lax raceme, nodding; peduncles 12 cm, white puberulous and brown pilose. Involucre nearly hemispherical, 68 Χ ca. 10 mm, outside glabrous, base hairy; involucral bracts 810, in 2 rows, oblong, 34 mm wide, ciliate, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules elliptic, 56 Χ ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse, 2- or 3-dentate; tube ca. 1 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 5 mm, apex dark brown; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus pale yellow, 23 mm, shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) oblong, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes; ca. 3100 m. S Xizang.
匙叶垂头菊 chi ye chui tou ju
Plants grayish green, mealy. Stem solitary, erect, to 100 cm tall, 45 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally shortly white pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 512 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade oblong-spatulate, 1015 Χ 47.5 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base gradually narrowed into a winged petiole, margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse. Middle to distal stem leaves 6 or 7, erect, adnate, sessile, smaller distally; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, base semi-amplexicaul, apex acuminate. Capitula ca. 10, in raceme, nodding; peduncles to 3 cm, shortly white pilose. Involucre hemispherical, 67 Χ ca. 10 mm, outside glabrous; involucral bracts 13, in 2 rows, 1.53 mm wide, apex acuminate, ciliate, outer ones lanceolate, inner ones oblong, margin white membranous. Ligulate florets yellow, ligules oblong, ca. 7 Χ 2 mm, apex acute; tube ca. 1 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 5 mm; tube ca. 1.5 mm. Pappus pale yellow, 23 mm, shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes obovoid, ca. 5 mm, white, ribbed. Fl. and fr. Sep.
* Scrub; ca. 2900 m. S Xizang.
灰绿垂头菊 hui lu chui tou ju
Plants grayish green, mealy. Stem solitary, erect, 1240 cm tall, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 37 cm, slender, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade oblong or elliptic, 2.514 Χ 1.47.3 cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, abaxially prominent, base cuneate or subtruncate, margin entire, apex rounded or acute. Stem leaves 46, sessile, oblong to lanceolate, base amplexicaul, margin entire, apex acute or acuminate. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.2 Χ 1.52 cm, outside glabrous, grayish green; involucral bracts 1214, in 2 rows, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 35 mm wide, white ciliate, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules lanceolate, 1.52 cm Χ 34 mm, apex acuminate; tube ca. 1 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes black, oblong, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 34004000 m. NW Yunnan.
柴胡叶垂头菊 chai hu ye chui tou ju
Plants grayish green, mealy. Stem solitary, erect, 2040 cm tall, 23 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally black pilose. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole 511 cm, glabrous; leaf blade grayish green, elliptic to oblong, 3.511 Χ 1.54.5 cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, base cuneate or subtruncate, margin entire, apex rounded or acute. Stem leaves 24, sessile, obovate-oblong to oblanceolate, erect, adnate, base amplexicaul. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, black, 710 Χ ca. 15 mm, outside glabrous, base black pilose; involucral bracts in 2 rows, 37 mm wide, apex acute, outer ones linear to lanceolate, inner ones oblong or oblanceolate, margin membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules lanceolate, 715 Χ ca. 4 mm, apex acuminate; tube 1.52 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus absent. Achenes (immature) 25 mm. Fl. JunAug.
* Grassy slopes, gravelly places; 35004100 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
短缨垂头菊 duan ying chui tou ju
Plants grayish green, mealy. Stem solitary, erect, 2535 cm tall, proximally glabrous, distally black pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 511 cm, slender, glabrous; leaf blade oblong or elliptic, 25 Χ 13 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base cuneate or truncate, margin sparsely dentate, apex obtuse. Stem leaves 3, sessile, oblong, 2.54 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, erect, adnate, base semi-amplexicaul. Capitulum 1(or 2), nodding; peduncles 49 cm, black pilose. Involucre hemispherical, 810 Χ ca. 15 mm, outside black, glabrous; involucral bracts in 2 rows, oblong, 24 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 1.11.3 cm Χ to 6 mm, apex obtuse or acute, 2- or 3-dentate; tube ca.1 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellowish brown, ca. 5 mm; tube ca. 1 mm; limb ca. 2 mm wide. Pappus yellowish white, 12 mm, shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes oblanceolate, ca. 5 mm. Fl. JulAug.
* Grassy slopes; ca. 3500 m. NW Yunnan.
舌叶垂头菊 she ye chui tou ju
Plants grayish green, mealy. Stem solitary, erect, 2556 cm tall, 23 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 25 cm, narrowly winged, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade oblong or ligulate-spatulate, 2.510 Χ 1.53 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base cuneate, gradually narrowed into petiole, margin entire or denticulate, apex rounded. Stem leaves 35, erect, adnate, tubular-amplexicaul; leaf blade obovate-oblong or oblong, 2.55.5 cm, apex rounded. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 1.5 Χ to 2 cm, outside glabrous, blackish gray when dry; involucral bracts 1014, in 2 rows, outer ones lanceolate, 23 mm wide, apex acuminate; inner ones oblong, 47 mm wide, apex acute or obtuse. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-lanceolate, 2.53 cm Χ 22.5 mm, apex acuminate; tube 45 mm. Tubular florets numerous, blackish gray when dry, 56 mm; tube to 1.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. JulAug.
* Scrub, alpine meadows; 28005000 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
亚东垂头菊ya dong chui tou ju
Plants gray-green, mealy. Stem solitary, erect, 2556 cm tall, base 23 mm in diam., lower part glabrous, upper part brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 13 cm, glabrous and mealy, base narrowly sheathing; leaf blade ovate, 36 Χ 2.54.5 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, base cordate, cuneate, margin entire or denticulate, apex obtuse. Stem leaves 13, erect, adnate, tubular-amplexicaul. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre semispherical, 11.3 mm, to 2.5 cm wide, outside glabrous, base brown pilose, black-gray when dry; bracts 1420, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, 35 mm wide, apex acuminate, inner ones with brown margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules lanceolate, 1520 Χ 36 mm, apex acuminate; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow-brown, ca. 7 mm; tube to 1 mm; limb tubular, ca. 2 mm wide. Pappus white, ca. as long as corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Jul, fr.??
* Grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 40004800 m. Xizang (Yadong).
心叶垂头菊 xin ye chui tou ju
Plants grayish green. Stem solitary, erect, 1525 cm tall, shortly white and black pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 12.5 cm, brown pilose; leaf blade cordate or ovate-cordate, rarely oblong-cordate, 28.5 Χ 1.67 cm, abaxially viscid-pilosulose, adaxially glabrous, pinnately veined, base cordate, margin entire or crenate and pilose, apex rounded. Stem leaves 3 or 4, bracteal, linear. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre black when dry, hemispherical, 11.2 Χ 1.52 cm, outside glabrous, base black pilose; involucral bracts in 2 rows, linear-oblong, apex acute. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 11.2 cm Χ ca. 2 mm, apex 2- or 3-lobed; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, dark yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Grasslands in valleys; ca. 4200 m. S Xizang.
长柄垂头菊 chang bing chui tou ju
* Stream banks of high mountains; ca. 4500 m. SW Xizang.
小垂头菊 xiao chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 510 cm tall, proximally glabrous, purplish red, distally densely white puberulous; underground stem white, with scale leaf. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 24 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate, obovate, or orbicular, 13.9 Χ 0.52.7 cm, densely white puberulous or abaxially glabrate, adaxially glabrous, pinnately or subparallel veined to petiole, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded or acute. Stem leaves crowded distally, 24, sessile; leaf blade ovate to oblong, both surfaces white puberulous or adaxially glabrate, base semi-amplexicaul. Capitulum solitary. Involucre hemispherical, 11.5 Χ 1.53 cm, outside densely black and white pilose; involucral bracts 1014, in 1 row, base united and cupular, separate part oblong, 23 mm wide, spreading at anthesis, apex obtuse or rounded. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules elliptic, 68 Χ 34 mm, shorter than involucral bracts, apex obtuse, dentate; tube 35 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 58 mm; corolla narrowly infundibular. Pappus white, numerous, in many rows, outer ones 512 mm, longer than tubular corolla, thick. Achenes linear-cylindric, 36 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
Gravel zones on high mountains; 40005400 m. SW Sichuan, S Xinjiang, Xizang, NW Yunnan [W Himalaya - list countries!!, India (Sikkim), Kashmir, Nepal].
小舌垂头菊 xiao she chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, dark purple, 415 cm tall, proximally glabrous, distally white and black puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purplish brown, 414 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate or broadly ovate, 13 Χ 0.72.4 cm, with 35 pinnate veins, both surfaces white and black puberulous, base rounded or truncate, margin entire, apex rounded. Stem leaves 3, petiolate or sessile; leaf blade ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.54 Χ 12 cm, both surfaces white puberulous or only abaxially, base semi-amplexicaul, apex obtuse. Capitulum solitary, erect. Involucre hemispherical, 1.52 Χ 2.53 cm, outside densely white and black puberulous; involucral bracts 912, in 1 row, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, 37 mm wide, rectangular-spreading from middle, apex obtuse to acute. Outer florets white; corolla narrowly tubular, 36 mm, slender; limb apically truncate or with poorly?? linear ligules; style 6.511 mm, with 2 or 3 branches. Central florets numerous, orange, tubular; limb 5-lobed. Pappus white, 11.2 cm, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 45 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
* Grassy slopes in gravel zones on high mountains, alpine meadows, swamp meadows; 40005400 m. SW Gansu, Qinghai, SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
小叶垂头菊 xiao ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, ca. 7 cm tall, ca. 1 mm in diam. at base, with rosulate leaves, proximally glabrous, distally white and black pilose. Basal leaves 2, petiolate; petiole purplish brown, to 6 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate, 1.51.7 Χ ca. 1 cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, base cuneate, margin entire, slightly revolute, apex rounded. Stem leaves 3, proximal one a scale; middle one petiolate, petiole purplish red, glabrous, ca. 1 cm, base enlarged, sheath amplexicaul, leaf blade ovate smaller; distal one linear, white puberulous. Capitulum solitary. Involucre hemispherical, 89 Χ ca. 15 mm, outside densely white and black pilose; involucral bracts 1012, in 1 row, base united and cupular, separate part narrowly lanceolate, 1.52.5 mm wide, apex acute. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules narrowly oblong, ca. 15 Χ 35 mm, extending from involucre. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. 1.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) 23 mm. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
* Gravel zones on high mountains; 48005000 m. SE Xizang.
矮垂头菊 ai chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 520 cm tall, 23 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally long white and black pilose; underground stem stocklike, horizontal or ascending, with scale leaf and roots on nodes. Rosette of leaves absent. Stem leaves numerous. Proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole 214 cm, glabrous, base ± sheathed; leaf blade ovate or ovate-oblong, sometimes orbicular, 0.76 Χ 14 cm, abaxially densely white puberulous, adaxially glabrous, pinnately veined, base cuneate or rounded, margin entire or shallowly dentate, apex obtuse or rounded. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade ovate to linear, smaller distally, abaxially densely white puberulous, margin entire or dentate. Capitulum solitary. Involucre hemispherical, 813 Χ 1030 mm, outside densely white and black pilose; involucral bracts 812, in 1 row, base united and cupular, separate part linear-lanceolate, 23 mm wide, apex acute or acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules extending from involucre, elliptic, 12 cm Χ 34 mm, apex acute; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 79 mm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, 34 mm. Fl. and fr. JulNov. 2n = 58*, 116*.
Gravel zones on high mountains; 35005300 m. Gansu, Qinghai, NW to SW Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan.
条裂垂头菊 tiao lie chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1221 cm tall, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally long white and black pilose; underground stem stocklike, horizontal or ascending, with scale leaf and roots on nodes. Rosette of leaves absent. Proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 4 cm, abaxially white puberulous, base ± sheathed; leaf blade adaxially green, oblong, 1.56 Χ to 2 cm, abaxially densely white puberulous, adaxially glabrous, pinnately veined, margin laciniate; lobes oblong or linear-oblong, to 6 mm, apex acute. Middle to distal stem leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade oblong to linear, smaller distally, margin entire or denticulate, apex acute. Capitulum solitary. Involucre hemispherical, 1.21.7 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, outside densely long white and black pilose; involucral bracts 812, in 1 row, base united and cupular, separate part linear-lanceolate, 1.52 mm wide, apex acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules extending from involucre, oblong, to 1.7 cm, apex acute; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 7 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) cylindric, 23 mm, apex truncate, ribbed. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Gravel zones on high mountains; ca. 4100 m. E Xizang.
盘花垂头菊 pan hua chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1530 cm tall, proximally glabrous, distally long white and purplish brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 16 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially green or greenish white, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 1.54 Χ 0.71.5 cm, glabrous, with obscure pinnate veins, base rounded, margin entire or rarely denticulate, apex obtuse. Stem leaves few, proximal ones sessile, lanceolate, base semi-amplexicaul; distal ones linear. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 810 Χ 1525 mm, outside densely long dark brown pilose; involucral bracts 810, in 2 rows, linear-lanceolate, 13 mm wide, apex acuminate or acute. Florets numerous, blackish purple, all tubular, 78 mm; tube 23 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 24 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Aug.
Grassy slopes, canopy gaps in forests, gravel zones on high mountains, swamp meadows; 30005000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang [India (Sikkim), Nepal].
硕首垂头菊 shuo shou chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 2030 cm tall, ca. 4 mm in diam. at base, distally branched in inflorescence, densely white puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purplish red, 3.58.5 cm, to 1.6 cm wide, broadly winged, base sheathed; leaf blade obovate, oblong, or elliptic, 69 Χ 35 cm, both surfaces white pilose or adaxially glabrate, pinnately veined, base broadly cuneate, attenuate into a winged petiole, margin entire or remotely denticulate, apex rounded or obtuse. Middle to distal stem leaves lanceolate to linear, smaller, apex acuminate. Capitula 14, in corymbose raceme or solitary, nodding; peduncles 917 cm. Involucre hemispherical, 1.52 Χ 34 cm, outside densely white puberulous and black pilose; involucral bracts 1424, in 2 rows, 35 mm wide, apex acuminate, ciliate; outer ones narrowly lanceolate; inner ones lanceolate, margin brown membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules narrowly lanceolate, 24 cm Χ 48 mm, apex acute, 3-dentate; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, dark yellow, 68 mm; tube ca. 2 mm; limb cylindric. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 6 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Gravel zones on high mountains; 48005000 m. SE Xizang.
毛叶垂头菊 mao ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 2035 cm tall, 36 mm in diam. at base, shortly white pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 36 cm, shortly white pilose, base sheathed; leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong, rarely suborbicular, 3.59 Χ 26 cm, both surfaces densely shortly white pilose, pinnately veined, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin shallowly dentate, apex rounded or obtuse. Stem leaves 35, bracteal, sessile, oblong to linear, 35 cm, base semi-amplexicaul. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre black, hemispherical, 911 Χ 2025 mm, outside densely white puberulous and dark brown pilose; involucral bracts 1216, in 2 rows, lanceolate, 35 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-oblong, (2)34 cm Χ 25 mm, apex acute, dentate; tube ca. 7 mm. Tubular florets numerous, dark yellow, 811 mm; tube 35 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
* Grassy slopes, alpine meadows, gravel zones on high mountains; 48005000 m. SW Qinghai, NE Xizang.
长舌垂头菊 chang she chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 2540 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 412 cm, glabrous, base ± sheathed; leaf blade abaxially greenish white, adaxially dark green, ovate or ovate-oblong, 27.5 Χ 1.54 cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, base cordate, margin entire or rarely denticulate, apex rounded. Stem leaves 1 or 2, sessile, oblong, base semi-amplexicaul, margin entire, apex obtuse. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.5 Χ 23 cm, outside densely long brown and white pilose; involucral bracts 1216, in 2 rows, lanceolate, 1.54 mm wide, apex caudate-acuminate. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-lanceolate, 46 cm Χ 25 mm, apex long acuminate, entire or lobed. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 67 mm; tube 1.52 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, 56 mm, tuberculate. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
* Moist grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 32004400 m. NW Sichuan.
大理垂头菊 da li chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 2050 cm tall, 36 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 20 cm Χ to 5 mm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade broadly triangular or ovate-triangular, 613 Χ 710 cm, glabrous or abaxially initially white puberulous, glabrate, pinnate veins prominent abaxially, base truncate, margin sharply or undulate-dentate, apex acute. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-triangular, small, ca. 6 Χ to 7 cm. Distal stem leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, base semi-amplexicaul. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.2 Χ 22.5 cm, outside glabrous, rarely puberulous at base; involucral bracts 1014, in 2 rows, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 68 mm wide, apex acute. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-lanceolate, 2.54.5 cm, to 9 mm wide at base, apex caudate-acuminate, 3-lobed; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. 1 mm; limb campanulate, 33.5 mm. Pappus brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Grassy slopes, wastelands; 36004200 m. NW to W Yunnan [Myanmar].
箭叶垂头菊 jian ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, purplish red, 1020 cm tall, 1.52 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally brown and white pilose. Leaves light green, leathery, nitid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purplish red, 25 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, sagittate, 1.53 Χ 1.22 cm, pinnate veins prominent abaxially, base deeply cordate, margin sparsely denticulate or entire, apex acute; basal lobes slightly divergent. Stem leaves 1 or 2. Middle stem leaves sagittate, smaller, petiolate, petiole purplish red, base enlarged into a sheath. Distal stem leaves linear, bracteal. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 1.11.3 Χ 1.82.5 cm, outside glabrous, base brown pilose; involucral bracts 1214, in 2 rows, oblong or broadly elliptic, 38 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones pale brown membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules lanceolate, 1.52.5 cm Χ 68 mm, apex acuminate, 2- or 3-lobed; tube 1.52 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 67 mm; tube 1.52 mm; limb narrowly tubular, anthers blackish purple. Pappus pale brown, 45 mm, shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes narrowly oblanceolate, ca. 5 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Alpine meadows; 34004400 m. NE Yunnan.
稻城垂头菊 dao cheng chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, purplish red, to 50 cm tall, 34 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally long white and purplish red pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 79 cm, slender, base sheathed, distally slightly broadened; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, broadly lanceolate, 2.510 cm, midlow?? to 2 cm wide, glabrous, conspicuously pinnately veined, base broadly cuneate to cuneate, margin undulately coarsely triangular-dentate, apex obtuse or acute. Stem leaves 3 or 4. Proximal stem leaves petiolate; petiole short, enlarged into a sheath; leaf blade lanceolate or reduced. Distal stem leaves subulate, ca. 5 mm. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 0.91.5 Χ 22.5 cm, outside densely long purplish red and white pilose; involucral bracts 1416, in 2 rows, linear, 12 mm wide, apex acuminate, inner ones narrowly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-lanceolate, 3.53.7 cm Χ 34 mm, with 57 brown veins, apex long acuminate, laciniate-dentate. Tubular florets numerous, purple, 57 mm; tube 12 mm; limb narrowly tubular; anthers purple. Pappus white, 79 mm, slightly longer than tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) ca. 4 mm. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Stream banks, alpine swamp meadows, alpine meadows; 47005400 m. SW Sichuan.
壮观垂头菊 zhuang guan chui tou ju
Stems 14, erect, 1540 cm tall, 24 mm in diam. at base, shortly black pilose, proximally glabrate. Basal leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; petiole to 3 cm, broadly or narrowly winged; leaf blade obovate, broadly elliptic, or suborbicular, 1.210 Χ 15.5 cm, glabrous, pinnate veins prominent abaxially, base cuneate, narrowed into petiole, margin entire, apex obtuse or rounded. Stem leaves few, sessile, narrowly oblong to linear, base not amplexicaul. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 1.21.7 Χ 23 cm, outside shortly brown or dark brown pilose; involucral bracts 1014, in 2 rows, outer ones lanceolate, 45 mm wide, apex acuminate; inner ones broadly ovate, to 8 mm wide, margin shortly pilose and broadly membranous, apex acute. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules narrowly lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 2.53.5 Χ 0.41 cm, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate; tube ca. 3 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 56 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes obovoid, 24 mm, conspicuously ribbed, apex narrowed into a short rostrum, between ribs purplish red. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
* Scrub, alpine meadows; 34005000 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
黄毛垂头菊 huang mao chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 3035 cm tall, 22.5 mm in diam. at base, shortly black pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 23.5 cm, densely shortly black pilose, base sheathed; leaf blade oblong, broadly elliptic, or obovate, 2.56 Χ 24 cm, both surfaces densely yellow pilose, pinnately veined, base cuneate, margin denticulate or subentire, apex obtuse-rounded. Stem leaves sessile, narrowly oblong to linear, 1.53 Χ 0.41.2 cm, densely yellow pilose. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 1 Χ 1.52 cm, outside brown pilose; involucral bracts ca. 12, in 2 rows, oblong, ca. 2 mm wide, apex rounded. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules lanceolate, 1.52.5 cm Χ 47 mm, with 57 brown veins, apex acuminate; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 67 mm; tube 11.5 mm. Pappus white, shorter than tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric. Fl. and fr. Aug.
* Grasslands, forest understories; 35004000 m. SW Sichuan.
宽舌垂头菊 kuan she chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1015(45) cm tall, 36 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white and black pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 5 cm, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate or ovate-oblong, 38 Χ 2.56 cm, thin, herbaceous, glabrous or abaxially hairy on veins, pinnate veins prominent abaxially, base cuneate or subrounded, margin coarsely dentate, apex acute. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate, base sheathed, amplexicaul; leaf blade ovate, 37 Χ 26 cm, glabrous, base rounded, margin coarsely dentate, apex obtuse. Distal stem leaves sessile, ovate, base cordate, amplexicaul. Distalmost stem leaves bracteal, lanceolate to oblong, both surfaces hairy. Capitula 14, in lax raceme, nodding; peduncles 23.5 cm, white pilose. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate, 920 Χ 2040 mm, outside black pilose; involucral bracts ca. 14, in 2 rows, 310 mm wide, apex acute, white ciliate, outer ones lanceolate, inner ones broadly ovate, margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules broadly elliptic, 1.52.7 cm Χ 69 mm, apex obtuse, 3-dentate. Tubular florets numerous, 69 mm; tube 13 mm; limb narrowly campanulate. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) cylindric, 35 mm, ribbed. Fl. Aug.
Gravel zones on high mountains; 36004600 m. S and SW Xizang [Kashmir??, Nepal??, Pakistan??].
中甸垂头菊 zhong dian chui tou ju
Plants white arachnoid-puberulous. Stem solitary, erect, 3276 cm tall, 810 mm in diam. at base. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 15 cm, winged; wings entire, wider distally; leaf blade ovate or ovate-oblong, 1423 Χ 714 cm, herbaceous, both surfaces initially white arachnoid-puberulous, glabrate in fruit, pinnately veined, with 813 pairs of lateral veins, base broadly cuneate, narrowed into a winged-petiole, margin entire or denticulate, apex obtuse. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade oblong or elliptic, smaller; sheath enlarged, cymbuliform, to 10 Χ 1.5 cm, amplexicaul. Distal stem leaves oblong, 48.5 Χ 26 cm, apex obtuse, mucronate, parallel-veined, sheath amplexicaul. Capitula 513, in lax raceme, to 26 cm, nodding; peduncles equal, to 10 cm. Involucre hemispherical, 811 Χ 2025 mm, outside white puberulous; involucral bracts 1416, in 2 rows, outer ones lanceolate, 23 mm wide, apex acute or acuminate; inner ones oblong, 45 mm wide, margin membranous, apex triangular or obtuse. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong or elliptical, 11.3 cm Χ 47 mm, apex rounded, 2- or 3-denticulate, tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 56 mm; tube 11.5 mm; limb broadly campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm wide. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) oblanceolate, apex slightly narrowed. Fl. JulAug.
* Grassy slopes, stream banks; 36004100 m. NW Yunnan.
革叶垂头菊 ge ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 3555 cm tall, 34 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 712 cm, subglabrous; leaf blade ovate or broadly ovate, (2.5)610 Χ (2)45 cm, leathery, nitid, glabrous, both surfaces with prominent pinnate-reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin denticulate, apex obtuse. Middle to distal stem leaves bracteal, smaller, sessile; leaf blade ovate-oblong, base semi-amplexicaul, apex acute or acuminate. Capitula 25, in raceme, or rarely solitary, nodding; peduncles 26 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous. Involucre hemispherical, 811 Χ 2030 mm, outside white arachnoid-puberulous or glabrous; involucral bracts 1014, in 2 rows, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 35 mm wide, white ciliate, apex acute, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 11.5 cm Χ to 5 mm, apex 2- or 3-denticulate; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) ca. 4 mm. Fl. JulAug.
* Grassy slopes, rocky slopes, grasslands, alpine meadows; 30004000 m. NW and W Yunnan.
戟叶垂头菊 ji ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 530 cm tall, 12 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white arachnoid-puberulous, glabrate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 17 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-cordate, triangular-cordate, or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.52.5 Χ 0.53 cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, base cordate, truncate, or cuneate, margin entire, regularly triangular-dentate, or distal margin entire, proximal margin dentate, apex acute. Middle to distal stem leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, sessile, margin entire. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre broadly campanulate, 814 Χ 1015 mm, outside pale brown puberulous or glabrous; involucral bracts 1214, in 2 rows, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 23 mm wide, apex acuminate, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear, 1.52(3.5) cm Χ 23 mm, apex acuminate, entire or denticulate; tube ca. 5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 68 mm; tube 1.52 mm. Pappus brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
* Moist grass slopes, alpine scrub, alpine meadows; 36004500 m. SW Gansu, Shaanxi??, NW Sichuan.
香客来垂头菊 xiang ke lai chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1533 cm tall, slender, proximally glabrous, distally brown pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 38 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate-cordate or orbicular-cordate, 1.52.5 Χ 1.52 cm, subleathery, nitid, glabrous, pinnately veined, with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cordate, margin entire, or shallowly crenate, apex rounded or obtuse. Stem leaves few, linear, bracteal. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 1 Χ 12 cm, outside brown pilose or glabrate, glabrescent; involucral bracts 10 or 11, in 2 rows, lanceolate, 24 mm wide, apex acute. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 1.11.3 cm Χ to 5 mm, apex obtuse; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 1.5 mm; limb campanulate. Pappus pale brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes stramineous, ca. 4 mm, with 5 thick ribs, apex truncate. Fl. and fr. Aug.
* Alpine meadows; 29004400 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
方叶垂头菊 fang ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1030 cm tall, 1.53 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally brown puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 26 cm, brown puberulous, base sheathed; leaf blade oblong, square, or suborbicular, 1.85 Χ 25 cm, herbaceous, glabrous or abaxially brown pilose, pinnately veined, abaxially with conspicuous veins, base cordate, margin denticulate, apex rounded, truncate, or retuse. Middle to distal stem leaves few, smaller distally, bracteal, sessile, square to linear. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 813 Χ 1020 mm, outside brown puberulous or glabrate, glabrescent; involucral bracts ca. 12, in 2 rows, 35 mm wide, apex acute, outer ones lanceolate, inner ones oblong, margin brown membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 1.62.5 cm Χ to 8 mm, dentate or lobed, apex acute or truncate; tube 45 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 8 mm; tube ca. 3 mm. Pappus brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) cylindric, 34 mm. Fl. and fr. JunJul.
* Alpine scrub, alpine meadows, rocky places; 36004600 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
紫叶垂头菊 zi ye chui tou ju
Stems 1 or 2, erect, 715 cm tall, 1.52 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally purplish red, white arachnoid-puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purple, 26.5 cm, glabrous or sparsely white arachnoid-puberulous; leaf blade abaxially purple, oblong, broadly oblong, or ovate-oblong, 3.77.5 Χ 1.55.5 cm, abaxially shortly pilose, adaxially glabrous, pinnate veins conspicuous abaxially, base broadly cuneate or rarely truncate, margin denticulate, apex rounded. Stem leaves bracteal, ovate or oblong to linear, 13 cm, base sheathed. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.4 Χ 1.52 cm, outside black pilose; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, 24 mm wide, apex acuminate, white ciliate, outer ones lanceolate, inner ones oblong, margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 1.52 cm Χ 35 mm, apex obtuse, denticulate. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, ca. 6 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
Gravel zones on high mountains; 36004900 m. S Xizang [Nepal].
显脉垂头菊 xian mai chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 2040 cm tall, slender, 23.5 mm in diam. at base, black pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purple, 45 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate or oblong-ovate, 4.59 Χ 2.56.5 cm, pinnately veined, glabrous, both surfaces with prominent reticulate veins, base cordate to subtruncate, margin regularly denticulate, apex rounded. Stem leaves smaller distally, proximal ones petiolate, base sheathed, distal ones linear-lanceolate. Capitula solitary or 3 in raceme, nodding; peduncles 1.53.5 cm, black pilose. Involucre hemispherical, 812 Χ 1220 mm, outside black pilose; involucral bracts 1016, in 2 rows, lanceolate, 34 mm wide, apex acuminate, white ciliate, inner ones broader, margin membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules broadly elliptic, 11.5 cm Χ 46 mm, apex rounded, 3-denticulate; tube ca. 2 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) ca. 3 mm. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
* Grassy slopes; 35004800 m. S Xizang.
尼泊尔垂头菊 ni bo er chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 1430 cm tall, slender, 12 mm in diam. at base, shortly black pilose and sparsely long white puberulous, or sometimes proximally glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1.58 cm, initially black pilose, glabrate, glabrous; leaf blade ovate to suborbicular, 2.54.5(8.5) Χ 1.52.5(7) cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, abaxially with prominent reticulate veins, base truncate, rounded or shallowly cordate, margin dentate, apex obtuse or rounded. Stem leaves 24; proximal ones petiolate, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate, to 10 Χ 7 mm; middle and distal ones linear-lanceolate to linear, margin entire or dentate. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.2 Χ 1.52 cm, outside black when dry, shortly black pilose; involucral bracts 1014, in 2 rows, 23.5 mm wide, apex acute or acuminate, outer ones lanceolate, inner ones oblong. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 815 Χ 23 mm, apex acute [obtuse??]; tube 11.5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, yellow, blackish gray when dry, 45 mm; tube ca. 1 mm; limb tubular. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes white, oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
Grassy slopes, stream banks, rocky places; 43004800 m. S Xizang [Nepal].
变叶垂头菊 bian ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 825 cm tall, 1.52.5 mm in diam. at base, densely white or proximally brown and distally white pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 25 cm, slender, densely pilose, base sheathed; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or obovate, 14.5 Χ 0.63.5 cm, glabrous, pinnately veined, base cuneate or subrounded, margin entire and pilose, apex obtuse or rounded. Stem leaves numerous, dense, longer than internodes, linear-oblong, sessile, smaller, margin entire. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 810 Χ ca. 15 mm, outside glabrous, base pilose; involucral bracts 1214, in 2 rows, oblong or lanceolate, 35 mm wide, apex acute, inner ones broader, margin membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, 11.5 cm Χ 24 mm, with brown veins, apex obtuse or truncate, 3-dentate. Tubular florets numerous, deep yellow, 67 mm; tube ca. 1 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes white or purplish red, or between ribs purplish red, obovoid, 23 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Grasslands beneath bamboo forests, margins of bamboo forests, grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 32004500 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
无毛垂头菊 wu mao chui tou ju
Stems 1 or 2, erect, purplish red, 812 cm tall, 12 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purplish red, 1.54 cm, winged, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate or oblong, 25 Χ 1.53.5 cm, thick, glabrous, pinnately veined, base truncate, margin entire and sparsely coarsely dentate, apex acute or subrounded. Middle to distal stem leaves bracteal, sessile, ovate or elliptic to linear, base semi-amplexicaul, margin dentate, apex acuminate. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 11.5 Χ 12 cm, outside glabrous; foliose bracts 37, linear; involucral bracts 1214, in 2 rows, 24 mm, apex long acuminate, white ciliate, outer ones narrowly lanceolate, inner ones lanceolate, margin membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules linear-lanceolate, 1.52.5 cm Χ 35 mm, apex long acuminate, 3-dentate; tube ca. 4 mm. Tubular florets numerous, dark yellow, 78 mm; tube 23 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jul, fr.??.
Gravel zones on high mountains; 51005300 m. S Xizang [W Himalaya - list countries!!, India (Sikkim)].
矩叶垂头菊 ju ye chui tou ju
Stems 1 or 2, erect, often purplish red, 820 cm tall, 23 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally white puberulous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purplish red, winged, 1.55 cm, glabrous; leaf blade oblong, orbicular, or elliptic, 28 Χ 1.55 cm, thick, glabrous, pinnately veined, base subrounded to cuneate, margin entire and coarsely dentate, apex obtuse or rounded. Stem leaves 3 or 4, sessile, oblong to lanceolate, 14.5 Χ to 1.5 cm, base semi-amplexicaul, margin remotely dentate, apex obtuse or acute. Capitulum solitary, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 912 Χ to 25 mm, outside black when dry, white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts 1014, in 2 rows, 23 mm wide, outer ones lanceolate, apex acuminate, inner ones ovate-lanceolate, 58 mm wide, margin yellowish brown membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 12.5 cm Χ 25 mm, apex acuminate or acute; tube to 5 mm. Tubular florets numerous, dark yellow, 78 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes (immature) ca. 5 mm. Fl. Aug, fr.??.
Gravel zones on high mountains, alpine meadows; 45005300 m. S Xizang [India (Sikkim), Nepal].
车前叶垂头菊 che qian ye chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 660 cm tall, 23 mm in diam. at base, branched only in inflorescence, proximally glabrous, distally densely blackish gray pilose, purplish red. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole often purplish red, winged, 113 Χ to 1.5 cm, tubular-sheathed; leaf blade ovate or broadly elliptic to oblong, sometimes suborbicular, 1.519 Χ 18 cm, subsucculent, pinnately veined, glabrous or initially sparsely white puberulous, base cuneate to rounded, usually narrowed into a petiole, margin entire or minutely to coarsely dentate, rarely lobed, apex acute to rounded. Stem leaves ovate or ovate-oblong to linear, sessile, margin entire or denticulate, base with or without sheaths. Capitula 15, usually solitary or in corymb-raceme, nodding; peduncles 210 cm, blackish gray pilose. Involucre hemispherical, 817 Χ 1025 mm, outside densely blackish gray pilose; involucral bracts 814, in 2 rows, 29 mm, apex acute and white ciliate, outer ones lanceolate, inner ones ovate-lanceolate. Ligulate florets sometimes absent, yellow or purplish red; ligules oblong, 1017 Χ 27 mm, apex obtuse or acute; tube 35 mm. Tubular florets numerous, dark yellow, 67 mm; tube 23 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes oblong, 45 mm. Fl. and fr. JulOct. 2n = 58@.
Gravel zones on high mountains, swamp meadows, river banks; 34005600 m. SW to W Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [W Himalaya - list countries!!, Nepal].
1a. Capitulum without ligulate florets ..................................................................... 67c. var. ramosum
1b. Capitulum with ligulate florets.
2a. Ligules yellow ................................................................................................. 67a. var. ellisii
2b. Ligules purplish red ..................................................................................... 67b. var. roseum
车前叶垂头菊 (原变种) che qian ye chui tou ju (yuan bian zhong)
Werneria ellisii J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 357. 1881; Cremanthodium fletcheri (Hemsley) Hemsley; C. goringense (Hemsley) Hemsley; C. oblongatum C. B. Clarke var. villosior C. B. Clarke; C. plantagineum Maximowicz; C. plantagineum var. maximowiczii (Franchet) B. S. Aswal; Senecio arnicoides (de Candolle) Wallich ex C. B. Clarke var. frigida J. D. Hooker; S. fletcheri Hemsley; S. goringensis Hemsley; S. maximowiczii Franchet; S. paberensis Franchet.
Capitulum with ligulate florets. Ligules yellow.
Gravel zones on high mountains, swamp meadows, river banks; 34005600 m. SW to W Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [W Himalaya - list countries!!, Nepal].
红舌垂头菊 hong she chui tou ju
Cremanthodium plantagineum Maximowicz f. roseum Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 307. 1938.
Capitulum with ligulate floret. Ligules purplish red.
* Alpine scrub, grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 40004300 m. NW Sichuan.
祁连垂头菊 qi lian chui tou ju
Cremanthodium discoideum subsp. ramosum Ling, Contr. Inst.Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 5: 12. 1937; C. plantagineum Maximowicz var. ramosum (Ling) Ling & S. W. Liu.
Capitulum without ligulate florets.
* Gravel zones on high mountains; 30004600 m. Qinghai, N Xizang.
腺毛垂头菊 xian mao chui tou ju
Stem solitary, erect, 820 cm tall, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally densely blackish gray pilose and white puberulous, purplish red. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole purple, 0.54 cm, glandular-pilose or glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, 3.57 Χ 1.53.5 cm, both surfaces densely glandular-pilose or intermixed sparsely initially white puberulous, glabrate, pinnately veined, base broadly cuneate to truncate, margin entire and triangular-dentate, apex acute to acuminate. Stem leaves 24, sessile, lanceolate to linear, base semi-amplexicaul. Capitula 13, nodding. Involucre hemispherical, 812 Χ to 15 mm, outside densely blackish gray pilose and white puberulous; involucral bracts 1216, in 2 rows, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 24 mm, apex acuminate, inner ones membranous at margin. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 1.52 cm Χ 36 mm, apex obtuse; tube 45 mm. Tubular florets numerous, dark yellow, 68 mm; tube ca. 2 mm. Pappus white, or base sometimes reddish brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Jul, fr??.
* Moist grasslands in valley, rocky slopes; 52005300 m. C Xizang.
[1] Herbarium (HNWP), Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 78 Xiguan Street, Xining, Qinghai, 810001. P. R. China.