大吴风草属 da wu feng cao shu
Liu Shangwu[1]; Irina Illarionova
Herbs perennial, deciduous or sometimes evergreen, with long rhizomes. Stem scapelike, leafless or with few bracteal leaves, base densely long lanate. Leaves all basal in rosette, each leaf involuted and appearing fistlike; petiole broadly sheathed at base; leaf blade reniform or orbicular-reniform, palmately veined, abaxially densely hairy. Capitula many in corymb, base with fewer supplementary bracts (calyculus). Involucre campanulate; involucral bracts in 2 rows, outer ones narrow, inner ones broad, margin membranous. Receptacle flat, without scales, alveolate, with shallow pits, margin of pit denticulate. Outer florets ligulate, female, in 1 row. Central florets tubular, hermaphroditic; limb 5-lobed. Anthers caudate at base, apex appendage oblong, obtuse; filaments glabrous. Branches of style shortly hairy, obtuse at apex. Achenes cylindric, hairy between ribs. Pappus of denticulate hairs, white.
Two species in China and Japan; one species in China.
Liu Shangwu. 1989. Farfugium In: Ling Yong & Liu Shangwu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 77(2): 14.
大吴风草 da wu feng cao
Rhizomes stout, 12 cm in diam. Scape to 70 cm tall, 56 mm in diam. at base, initially densely shortly pale yellow pilose, glabrate. Leaves with petiole 1525 cm, initially densely shortly pale yellow pilose, +/- glabrate, amplexicaul, sheath densely villous inside; leaf blade reniform, 913 Χ 1122 cm, subleathery, initially gray puberulous, glabrate, abaxially pale green, adaxially green, base cordate, margin entire or dentate to palmatilobed, apex rounded; sinus ca. 1/3 as long as leaf blade. Stem leaves bracteal, oblong or linear-lanceolate, 12 cm. Capitula 27 in corymb; peduncles 213 cm, puberulous. Involucre campanulate or broadly turbinate, 1.21.5 cm, mouth to 1.5 cm wide, outside puberulous; involucral bracts 1214, oblong, apex acuminate, inner ones broadly membranous at margin. Ligulate florets 812, yellow; ligules oblong or spatulate-oblong, 1.52.2 cm Χ 34 mm, apex rounded or acute. Tubular florets numerous, 11.2 cm; tube ca. 6 mm. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes ca. 7 mm, ribbed, hairy. Fl. and fr. Aug to following March. 2n = 60@.
Lower elevation forests, grassy slopes, valleys, sometimes cultivated in gardens; elevation??. Anhui??, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu??, Taiwan, Zhejiang?? [Japan].
橐吾属 tuo wu shu
Liu Shangwu; Irina Illarionova
Herbs perennial. Rhizome short, with non-flowering rosulate leaves. Roots stout or slender, glabrous or hairy. Stem arising from outer axil of rosulate leaves, erect, usually solitary, base surrounded with remains of old petiole. Basal leaves (rosulate and lower stem leaves) well developed, palmately or pinnately veined; petioles longer, base broadly sheathed. Stem leaves alternate, fewer, similar to basal leaves, but smaller, gradually decreasing in size upward; petiole short, base with or without broad sheath. Capitula numerous in corymb, compound corymbs, racemes, paniculate racemes, or solitary, base with few or numerous supplementary bracts; peduncle with a foliose [leaflike??] bract. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, turbinate, or hemispherical; involucral bracts in 2 rows, separate, outer ones narrow, inner ones broad, margin membranous or in 1 row, united, apex 25-dentate. Receptacle flat, without scales. Outer florets female, ligulate or rarely slenderly tubular, or sometimes ligulate floret absent. Central florets tubular, hermaphroditic; limb 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base, apex triangular or ovate, acute; filaments glabrous, apex inflated. Branches of style slender, apex obtuse or rounded. Pappus with 2 or 3 rows of denticulate hairs or hairs sometimes absent. Achenes ribbed, glabrous.
About 140 species distributed in Asia and Europe; 124 (00 endemic) species in China, .
Liu Shangwu. 1989. Ligularia In: Ling Yong & Liu Shangwu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 77(2): 4115.
1a. Capitula in corymb or compound corymbs, very rarely solitary.
2a. Leaves palmately veined, with 39 main veins; foliose [leaflike??] bract ovate to linear; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla or tube of corolla.
3a. Capitula including ligules 312 cm in diam.; involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate, (7)1030 mm wide; ligulate florets numerous, ligules long and wide.
4a. Basal leaves ovate, base cordate or rounded, margin regularly sharply dentate; capitula 35; involucre broadly campanulate; supplementary bracts many; pappus yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla; ligules lanceolate, apex acuminate ........................................................................ 1. L. pyrifolia
4b. Basal leaves reniform or ovate-reniform, base??, margin dentate or palmatisect; capitula??; involucre??; supplementary bracts 24 or absent; pappus??; ligules??.
5a. Involucral bracts closely imbricate, not spreading, inner ones convex, 2-carinate on outside, margin membranous; pappus reddish brown.
6a. Involucre hemispherical, broader than long, 1525 Χ 1830 mm; ligules 46.5 cm.
7a. Leaf margin dentate; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla .................... 2. L. dentata
7b. Leaves palmatisect; pappus ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla ........ 3. L. japonica
6b. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1014 Χ 718 mm; ligules 1.53 cm.
8a. Capitula 1 to many; involucre longer than broad; involucral bracts outside glabrous or white pilose, apex broadly triangular, obtuse; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla 4.L. hodgsonii
8b. Capitula 24; involucre ca. as long as broad or broader than long; involucral bracts outside shortly brown pilose, apex acute; pappus slightly longer than tube of tubular corolla 5. L. calthifolia
5b. Involucral bracts laxly imbricate, spreading, inner ones not convex, not carinate on outside, margin narrowly membranous; pappus yellowish white or purplish brown.
9a. Pappus purplish brown, ca. as long as or shorter than tube of tubular corolla; upper stem shortly purplish brown pilose ................................................................ 6. L. phoenicochaeta
9b. Pappus yellowish white, ca. as long as tubular corolla; upper stem??.
10a. Involucre 1012 mm wide, outside glabrous; stem distally white pilose 7. L. kangtingensis
10b. Involucre 1020 mm wide, outside hairy; stem??.
11a. Stem distally and involucre outside black pilose .................................. 10. L. retusa
11b. Stem distally shortly yellow pilose; involucre outside white pilose or glabrous.
12a. Ligules oblong, 1015 Χ 24 mm ................................... 8. L. cremanthodioides
12b. Ligules cuneate or obovate, 78 Χ 36 mm .................................... 9. L. cuneata
3b. Capitula small, including ligules less than 2 cm in diam.; involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, 27 mm wide; if involucre broader, then capitula without ligulate florets; ligules??.
13a. Capitula with few ligulate florets; ligules slightly extending from involucre, rarely longer and split.
14a. Ligules 1015 mm, 25-parted to -divided, rarely entire.
15a. Capitula with 1015 florets; involucre 46 mm wide, bracts 710; ligulate florets 35; ligules 35-divided .......................................................................................... 11. L. stenoglossa
15b. Capitula with 57 florets; involucre 23 mm wide, bracts 5; ligulate florets 1 or 2; ligules 2- or 3-parted or entire ............................................................................... 12. L. oligonema
14b. Ligules 47 mm, entire, apex 23-denticulate or ligulate floret similar to tubular floret.
16a. Capitula with 25 florets; involucre 23 mm wide, outside glabrous; ligulate floret usually 1 or absent, similar to tubular floret, but split only on one side and ca. as long as tubular floret 13. L. franchetiana
16b. Capitula with 510 florets; involucre 47 mm wide, outside glabrous or pilose; ligulate florets 16.
17a. Involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate, curved; ligulate floret 1, ca. as long as tubular florets, ligules small and narrow; limbs of tubular florets wholly extending from involucre; pappus brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla .............................. 14. L. curvisquama
17b. Involucral bracts all or only inner ones oblong, apex obtuse or acute, erect; ligulate florets??, ligules??; tubular florets slightly longer than involucre; pappus brown or white, ca. as long as or longer than tube of tubular corolla.
18a. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 34 mm wide, outside shortly pilose; ligulate floret 1, ligule obovate-oblong or oblong, ca. 3 mm wide ..................................... 15. L. rockiana
18b. Involucre narrowly campanulate, ca. 6 mm wide, outside glabrous; ligulate florets 36, ligules narrowly oblong, 1.52 mm wide ......................................... 16. L. transversifolia
13b. Capitula without ligulate floret.
19a. Involucre narrowly or broadly campanulate, or turbinate, 520 mm wide.
20a. Leaves palmatisect, lobes narrow; involucre 712 mm wide; pappus brown, shorter than tubular corolla ............................................................................................. 17. L. paradoxa
20b. Leaves undivided, margin dentate; involucre??; pappus??.
21a. Capitula numerous in compound corymbs; involucre turbinate, outside yellowish brown shortly pilose, inner bracts marginally broadly brown membranous; pappus brown or white, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla; stem robust, taller, 12 cm in diam. at base ... 18. L. purdomii
21b. Capitula fewer, in corymb; involucre outside glabrous, inner bracts marginally narrowly membranous; pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla; stem slender, dwarf, ca. 7 mm in diam. at base.
22a. Capitula less than 14; involucre 510 mm wide, bracts 510; leaves??.
23a. Leaves glabrous, abaxially pale green, adaxially green, margin coarsely sharply dentate; involucre narrowly campanulate, bracts 58; florets 620 ....... 19. L. yunnanensis
23b. Leaves often purplish red, abaxially with short hairs on white reticulate veins, margin undulately dentate; involucre turbinate, bracts 910; florets 2030 ............... 20. L. potaninii
22b. Capitula 16; involucre broadly campanulate, 1520 mm wide, bracts 1315; leaves abaxially shortly pilose only on veins.
24a. Leaves thick, margin undulate-dentate; involucral bracts purplish red, petaloid, apex acute 21. L. cymosa
24b. Leaves thin, margin regularly sharply dentate; involucral bracts dark brown, apex obtuse, mucronate or acute ............................................................. 22. L. microcephala
19b. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 1.57 mm wide.
25a. Peduncles shortly purplish brown pilose; involucral bracts oblong, apex obtuse; pappus brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla.
26a. Florets 5 or 6(8), yellow; involucral bracts 5; leaves ovate-cordate or subreniform, 56(11) cm wide ............................................................................................ 24. L. tenuicaulis
26b. Florets 3 or 5, purple or ?; involucral bracts 35; leaves reniform, 617 cm wide.
27a. Florets 5 or 4, purple; involucral bracts 4 or 5, outside purple shortly pilose 24. L. dux
27b. Florets 3, color??; involucral bracts 3, glabrous ....................... 25. L. tonkyukensis
25b. Peduncles shortly yellow pilose or glabrous; involucral bracts??; pappus white.
28a. Involucral bracts 510, narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate; florets??.
29a. Leaf margin regularly triangular-denticulate; involucre outside shortly yellow pilose; florets more than 20; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla .......................... 26. L. xanthotricha
29b. Leaf margin irregularly coarsely dentate, teeth to 2 cm wide; involucre??; florets 616.
30a. Involucral bracts outside densely shortly yellow pilose; pappus ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla ................................................................................. 27. L. achyrotricha
30b. Involucral bracts outside glabrous, purple ciliate; pappus slightly shorter than tubular corolla .............................................................................................. 28. L. macrodonta
28b. Involucral bracts 57, oblong, apex acute or obtuse; florets 39 (12).
31a. Involucre outside densely yellow shortly pilose ................... 31. L. kongkalingensis
31b. Involucre outside glabrous.
32a. Limb of tubular corolla extending from involucre; pappus ca. as long as or shorter than tube of tubular corolla .......................................................................... 29. L. duciformis
32b. Limb of tubular corolla slightly extending from involucre; pappus longer?? than tube of tubular corolla .................................................................................. 30. L. nelumbifolia
2b. Leaves pinnately veined; foliose bracts linear; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla.
33a. Stem base with a circle of densely, brown or reddish brown, floccose-lanate; stem leaves without broad sheaths.
34a. Capitula small, in paniculate compound corymbs; involucre narrowly campanulate, cylindric, or turbinate, 511 Χ 310 mm.
35a. Leaves ovate-oblong, base subrounded, with prominent reticulate veins on both surfaces; involucre turbinate, mouth to 10 mm wide, bracts margin brown membranous; ligulate florets 37 32. L. rumicifolia
35b. Leaves sagittate or triangular-cordate, base deeply cordate; without prominent reticulate veins on both surfaces; involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, longer than wide, bracts margin white membranous; ligulate florets 14.
36a. Involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate, 47 mm wide, longer than wide; ligulate florets 14.
37a. Leaves sagittate; involucral bracts apex obtuse; ligulate florets 3 or 4 33. L. songarica
37b. Leaves triangular-cordate; involucral bracts apex acute; ligulate florets 1 or 2 34. L. thomsonii
36b. Involucre semispherical or cupular, 820 mm wide, wider than long; ligulate florets 512.
38a. Capitula 28, in corymb; involucre semispherical or cupular, 1120 mm wide, bracts 1013; leaves abaxially white floccose-lanate ............................................ 35. L. narynensis
38b Capitula numerous, in paniculately compound corymbs; involucre cupular 6 9 mm wide, bracts 68 ............................................................................................... 36. L. thyrsoides
34b. Capitula solitary or in raceme to paniculate raceme.
39a. Plant without hairs; capitula 35, in raceme.
40a. Achenes glabrous ....................................................................... 37. L. xinjiangensis
40b. Achenes sparsely hairy .................................................................. 38. L. tianshanica
39b. Plant often hairy.
41a. Capitula in paniculate raceme.
42a. Involucre narrowly campanulate; leaves basally cordate ............. 42. L. knorringiana
42b. Involucre cupular; leaves basally cuneate, strongly oblique ....... 43. L. kunlunshanica
41b. Capitula solitary, rarely in raceme.
43a. Involucre broadly campanulate, to 40 mm wide; stem densely hairy 39. L. schischkinii
43b. Involucre semispherical, to 26 mm; stem glabrous.
44a. Throat of ligulate floret outside with 6 flat hairs; stem leaves like a dumbell 40. L. hamiica
44b. Throat of ligulate floret outside without hairs; stem leaves ovate ... 41. L. tulupanica
33b. Stem base not densely hairy; stem leaves obviously broadly sheathed; involucre turbinate or campanulate.
45a. Ligulate florets absent; involucre turbinate; pappus yellowish.
46a. Capitula numerous, in compound corymbs; involucre ca. 5 mm wide, bracts 5; florets 5, wholly extending from involucre; stem robust, base 11.5 cm in diam. .... 44. L. myriocephala
46b. Capitula 210, in corymb; involucre 1015 mm wide, bracts 1013; florets numerous, not extending from involucre; stem slender, base 35 mm in diam.
47a. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, base cuneate, margin coarsely irregularly dentate; involucre outside glabrous, bracts apically acuminate; outer florets slenderly tubular, female 45. L. discoidea
47b. Leaves ovate-cordate, margin denticulate; involucre outside hairy; outer florets tubular, hermaphrodite.
48a. Plant densely black-purple pilose; involucral bracts lanceolate, margin narrowly brown membranous, apex acute ......................................................... 46. L. atroviolacea
48b. Plant densely yellow pilose; involucral bracts oblong, margin broadly brown membranous, apex obtuse ..................................................................................... 47. L. microcardia
45b. Ligulate florets persistent; involucre campanulate; pappus white or red-brown.
49a. Leaves white arachinoid-puberulous on both surfaces; stem robust, base 12.5 cm in diam.
50a. Capitula less than 50; involucre semispherical or broadly campanulate, to 20 mm wide; pappus red-brown; leaves base truncate or somewhat cuneate ................. 48. L. lapathifolia
50b. Capitula more than 50; involucre campanulate or turbinate, 610 mm wide; pappus white.
51a. Ligules apically entire, longer than tubular florets; leaves basally shallowly cordate 49. L. cymbilifera
51b. Ligules apically 2- or 3-parted, ca. as long as tubular florets; leaves basally cuneate 50. L. zhouquensis
49b. Leaves glabrous or hairy on both surfaces; stem slender, base 47 mm in diam.
52a. Leaves narrowly elliptic, glabrous, base cuneate; capitula 5 or 6 ................ 51. L. yuii
52b. Leaves pilose on both surfaces or at least abaxially, base cordate or hastate, rarely subtruncate; capitula more than 10.
53a. Leaves cordate-lanceolate, margin coarsely dentate, apex acuminate; pappus rufous 52. L. euryphylla
53b. Leaves ovate-cordate or ovate-oblong, margin denticulate, apex obtuse; pappus brown 53. L. tongolensis
1b. Capitula in panicle-racemes, racemes, or solitary; if in corymb, then plant blue-gray; pappus absent.
54a. Basal leaves erect, blue-green or grayish green, often glabrous, usually mealy; stem leaves sessile and without sheath, erect or ascending; pinnately veined.
55a. Involucral bracts united, apex 25-dentate; pappus ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla or absent.
56a. Capitula numerous in raceme; pappus reddish brown, as long as tube of tubular corolla 54. L. schmidtii
56b. Capitula 19, solitary or in corymb; pappus absent ...................................... 55. L. biceps
55b. Involucral bracts 515, separate; pappus??.
57a. Pappus reddish brown, ca. as long as or shorter than tube of tubular corolla; involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, bracts 5 or 6, oblong, apex obtuse or acute ... 56. L. mongolica
57b. Pappus white, rarely rufous, ca. as long as tubular corolla; involucre??, bracts??.
58a. Racemes paniculate, with dense and numerous branches in lower part of inflorescence, the branches longer, each bearing a raceme.
59a. Capitula small; involucre narrowly cylindric or turbinate, 3.55 Χ 23 mm, bracts 4 or 5, oblong, apex rounded or obtuse; ligulate florets 13; tubular florets 27 .... 57. L. macrophylla
59b. Capitula large; involucre cupular or campanulate, 68 Χ 58 mm, bracts 68(10), lanceolate or oblong, apex acute or acuminate; ligulate florets 47; tubular florets 1014 58. L. heterophylla
58b. Raceme with fewer capitula, rarely branched.
60a. Leaves with conspicuous, white reticulate veins when dry; stem leaves broadly ovate to oblong, ca. 2 Χ as long as internodes, ascending, base broadened, auricular or semi-amplexicaul.
61a. Capitula without ligulate florets; foliose bracts ovate-oblong to lanceolate, membranous, reddish yellow when dry, with conspicuous reticulate veins; involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 10 mm wide; leaves base cuneate ................................................................. 59. L. lingiana
61b. Capitula with ligulate florets; foliose bracts linear; involucre campanulate or turbinate, 46 mm wide; leaves??.
62a. Leaves herbaceous; petiole of basal leaves broadly winged; involucral bracts blackish gray, apex acute or acuminate .............................................................. 60. L. melanocephala
62b. Leaves leathery; petiole of basal leaves without wings; involucral bracts dark green, apex triangular.
63a. Stem solid; leaf base cordate; involucral bracts outside and margin glabrous or brown ciliate .............................................................................................. 61. L. dictyoneura
63b. Stem hollow; leaf base cuneate; involucral bracts outside shortly pilose, margin densely white ciliate ...................................................................................... 62. L. brassioides
60b. Leaves with obscurely reticulate veins; stem leaves oblong to lanceolate, shorter than internodes, erect, base narrowed, semi-amplexicaul or not.
64a. Leaves oblong or elliptic, apex rounded or obtuse; involucre campanulate, bracts apically acute or obtuse.
65a. Leaves margin entire; involucral bracts outside glabrous ..................... 63. L. altaica
65b. Leaves margin dentate; involucral bracts outside yellow shortly pilose 64. L. alpigena
64b. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, apex acute; involucre turbinate, bracts apically acute or acuminate.
66a. Pappus rufous; involucral bracts brown; leaves long-lanceolate ...... 65. L. longifolia
66b. Pappus white; involucral bracts blackish gray; leaves??.
67a. Capitula without ligulate florets; leaves ovate, base abruptly narrowed, petiole slender and long ................................................................................................... 66. L. chalybea
67b. Capitula with ligulate florets; leaves??, petiole??.
68a. Leaves usually linear-oblong or elliptic; capitula inclined to one side of racemose rachis; involucre turbinate; ligules broadly elliptic, 36 mm wide; limb of tubular corolla ca. 6 Χ as long as tube ........................................................................ 67. L. pleurocaulis
68b. Leaves not linear-oblong nor elliptic; capitula equally distributed in racemose rachis; involucre campanulate or turbinate; ligules linear, 12.5 mm wide; limb of tubular corolla ca. as long as tube.
69a. Leaves broadly ovate or ovate [to elliptic??], base subtruncate or broadly cuneate, margin coarsely dentate; stem glabrous ......................................... 68. L. tangutorum
69b. Leaves elliptic, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, base attenuate, margin entire or dentate; stem hairy or glabrous.
70a. Stem glabrous; leaf base gradually attenuate, subsessile, margin entire 69. L. virgaurea
70b. Stem hairy; leaves with winged petiole, margin dentate.
71a. Involucral bracts outside white puberulous or glabrous, margin densely white ciliate 70. L. liatroides
71b. Involucral bracts outside glabrous, margin glabrous or sparsely white ciliate 71. L. eriocaulis
54b. Basal leaves spreading or ascending, hairy or at least ciliate on margins, abaxially pale green, adaxially green; stem leaves??.
72a. Stem scapelike, leafless, base with a circle of densely long white lanate; leaves pinnately veined; foliose bracts linear; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla.
73a. Scape stout, base ca. 1 cm in diam.; involucre narrowly campanulate, 68 Χ ca. 5 mm, outside white puberulous; ligules ca. 8 mm ............................................................ 72. L. melanothyrsa
73b. Scape slender, 45 mm in diam.; involucre campanulate, 1012 Χ 810 mm, outside sparsely puberulous; ligules 1018 mm .................................................................. 73. L. vellerea
72b. Stem with normal leaves, base without densely lanate; leaves??; bracts??; pappus??.
74a. Leaves pinnately veined; stem leaves without broad sheaths; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla, rarely shorter than tubular corolla.
75a. Capitulum solitary; involucre broadly campanulate; ligules to 4 cm; leaves hastate, adaxially densely shortly yellowish brown pilose ................................................................. 74. L. jamesii
75b. Capitula numerous in paniculate-racemes or raceme; involucre??; ligules??; leaves??.
76a. Inflorescence paniculate; foliose bracts linear or subulate; leaves abaxially shortly pilose.
77a. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, base truncate; inflorescence to 80 cm; ligules 59 Χ to 2 mm; limb ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla ......................................... 75. L. fangiana
77b. Leaves triangular or ovate-triangular, base subtruncate or cordate; inflorescence to 50 cm; ligules 1318 Χ ca. 6.5 mm; limb 34 Χ as long as tube of tubular corolla ... 76. L. jaluensis
76b. Inflorescence racemose, lower sometimes branched; foliose bracts linear to rhomboid; leaves??.
78a. Leaves broadly ovate-cordate, abaxially shortly pilose; peduncles usually 24, crowded; involucre outside shortly pilose; ligules linear 915 Χ 11.5 mm ....................... 77. L. tenuipes
78b. Leaves??; peduncle solitary; involucre??; ligules usually wider; if ligules linear, then more than 3 cm.
79a. Stem and abaxial surface of leaves densely puberulous; stem leaves numerous, apex caudate-acuminate.
80a. Leaves ovate-cordate, abaxially shortly brown pilose; involucre campanulate, bracts 5, outside shortly pilose; outer florets female 12, without corolla; tubular florets 5; pappus shorter than tubular corolla ............................................................................ 78. L. petiolaris
80b. Leaves ovate or triangular, abaxially gray-white puberulous; involucre shallowly campanulate, bracts 8 or 9, outside grayish white puberulous; tubular florets numerous; pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla.
81a. Capitula with ligulate florets; ligules yellow, to 13 mm .......... 79. L. lankongensis
81b. Capitula without ligulate florets; outer florets 13(or 4), slenderly tubular, labiate, not colored, shorter than tubular florets ................................................. 80. L. nyingchiensis
79b. Stem and leaves without dense hairs; stem leaves apex obtuse or acute.
82a. Basal leaves sagittate or ovate-cordate; stem leaves all or at least the lower with long winged petiole.
83a. Pappus rufous, ca. as long as or slightly longer than tube of tubular corolla; petiole broadly winged.
84a. Plant usually shortly yellowish pilose; wings of petiole dentate; involucre broadly campanulate, bracts 8, outside shortly pilose; pappus ca. 4 mm 81. L. pterodonta
84b. Plant glabrous; wings of petiole entire or dentate; involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, bracts 58, outside glabrous or white ciliate; pappus 67 mm 82. L. latipes
83b. Pappus white, ca. as long as tubular corolla; petiole narrowly winged.
85a. Leaves ovate-cordate; foliose bracts ovate-lanceolate; involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 10 mm wide; ligules linear, to 3 cm ........................................... 83. L. alatipes
85b. Leaves sagittate or ovate-cordate; bracts??; involucre campanulate, 48 mm wide; ligules oblong, 212 mm.
86a. Foliose bracts ovate, membranous; ligules 23 mm ............. 84. L. botryodes
86b. Foliose bracts narrowly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate to linear, herbaceous; ligules 512 mm ......................................................................................... 85. L. sagitta
82b. Basal leaves ovate, base shallowly cordate, truncate, or cuneate; stem leaves sessile, erect or ascending.
87a. Basal leaves broadly sheathed; mouth of sheath recurved; stem leaves numerous and narrow, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, erect, adnate, base narrowed, not amplexicaul.
88a. Leaves ovate-cordate; involucre broadly turbinate, to 15 mm wide; pappus reddish brown or initially yellowish white; foliose bracts linear or filiform ..... 86. L. platyglossa
88b. Leaves ovate-oblong, triangular or cordate; involucre 510 mm wide; pappus yellowish; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate to rhomboid.
89a. Involucre campanulate, longer than wide, bracts oblong, apex acute or obtuse, erect 87. L. kanaitzensis
89b. Involucre cupular, broader than long, bracts broadly obovate or elliptic, apex broadly triangular and recurvedly mucronate ............................... 88. L. lidjiangensis
87b. Basal leaves narrowly sheathed; stem leaves fewer and wider, oblong or ovate, base rounded or subtruncate, semi-amplexicaul.
90a. Plant taller, more robust; stem to 2.8 cm in diam. at base; leaves ovate-oblong or broadly ovate, with stout midvein; capitula larger; involucre hemispherical or campanulate, to 2.5 cm wide ................................................................................. 89. L. ghatsukupa
90b. Plant middle; stem 38 mm in diam. at base; capitula smaller; involucre campanulate, 47 mm wide.
91a. Raceme longer; capitula numerous; involucral bracts green, outside glabrous, apex dark brown ....................................................................... 90. L. tsangchanensis
91b. Raceme shorter; capitula 413; involucre blackish purple or green, outside shortly pilose 91. L. muliensis
74b. Leaves palmately veined, with 39 principal veins; stem leaves broadly sheathing; pappus as long as or shorter than tubular corolla.
92a. Pappus ca. as long as tubular corolla.
93a. Foliose bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, margin denticulate.
94a. Foliose bracts herbaceous, green; raceme not spreading; peduncles short; involucre campanulate, base rounded; leaves glabrous ............................................................ 92. L. sibirica
94b. Foliose bracts membranous, purplish red; raceme spreading; peduncles long; involucre cupular, base truncate; leaves abaxially shortly pilose .................................. 93. L. cyathiceps
93b. Foliose bracts linear, margin entire.
95a. Capitula in paniculate racemes, without ligulate florets; limb ca. 2 Χ as long as tube of tubular corolla.
96a. Leaves small, ca. 5 cm wide, glabrous; involucre campanulate or cupular, outside glabrous, nitid; pappus brown ................................................................................. 94. L. leveillei
96b. Leaves large, more than 5 to 11 cm wide, adaxially densely shortly yellow pilose; involucre narrowly campanulate, outside densely shortly yellow pilose; pappus yellow .. 95. L. nanchuanica
95b. Capitula in raceme or solitary, with or without ligulate florets; limb ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla.
97a. Involucre campanulate to broadly campanulate; pappus reddish brown; stem slender, 1.54 mm in diam. at base; leaves small, ca. 5 cm wide.
98a. Leaves reniform or cordate, base??, margin coarsely triangular-dentate; ligules linear, 1.52 mm wide ...................................................................................... 96. L. hookeri
98b. Leaves triangular, base truncate, margin denticulate; ligules oblong, to 5 mm wide 97. L. parvifolia
97b. Involucre campanulate or turbinate; pappus white or pale yellow; stem??; leaves??.
99a. Stem slender, 24 mm in diam. at base; leaves triangular-sagittate or ovate-cordate, 2.215 cm wide.
100a.
Capitula with ligulate florets; involucre campanulate-turbinate ................ 98. L. lamarum
100b.
Capitula without ligulate florets; involucre campanulate ....................... 99. L. subspicata
99b. Stem robust, 610 mm in diam. at base; leaves reniform or cordate, to 24 cm wide.
101a. Leaves abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely shortly pilose; involucre campanulate to broadly turbinate; ligules short and wide, 34 mm wide, apex rounded 100. L. wilsoniana
101b. Leaves abaxially??, adaxially glabrous; involucre campanulate; ligules longer and narrower, 12 mm wide, apex??.
102a. Leaves abaxially pale green, shortly pilose only on veins, adaxially dark green; pappus white ........................................................................................... 101. L. atkinsonii
102b. Leaves abaxially densely shortly white pilose; pappus yellowish brown 102. L. pubifolia
92b. Pappus ca. as long as or shorter than tube of tubular corolla.
103a. Foliose bracts broadly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or spatulate, margin usually denticulate; if bracts linear-lanceolate, then involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 10 mm wide; pappus brown.
104a. Leaves variable, base sagittate or hastate; basal lobes divergent; sheaths of stem leaves marginally denticulate or laciniate.
105a. Stem robust, 412 mm in diam.; stem leaves dense and numerous, gradually smaller upward; raceme 2265 cm; capitula numerous; involucre narrowly campanulate.
106a. Leaves ovate-cordate, glabrous; ligulate florets 46 ............... 103. L. phyllocolea
106b. Leaves triangular-hastate or hastate, brown pilose on both surfaces; ligulate florets 2 or 3 104. L. villosa
105b. Stem slender, 3.56 mm in diam. at base; stem leaves few, 2 or 3, remote; raceme to 30 cm; capitula 525.
107a. Involucre broadly campanulate, 812 mm wide; leaves broadly hastate, twice to three times wider than long, apex rounded; ligules linear or linear-lanceolate, to 4 cm, width?? 105. L. latihastata
107b. Involucre campanulate or narrowly campanulate, 57 mm wide; leaves??; ligules shape??, to 2 cm, usually broader.
108a. Stem and leaves glabrous; leaves triangular- to ovate-cordate; ligules oblanceolate 106. L. caloxantha
108b. Stem and leaves yellowish red pilose; leaves horseshoe-shaped; ligules linear-oblong 107. L. odontomanes
104b. Leaves reniform or triangular-reniform, base cordate; basal lobes suborbicular, undivergent; sheaths of stem leaves marginally entire.
109a. Leaves and involucre glabrous; pappus reddish brown or brown.
110a. Capitula with ligulate florets ........................................................... 108. L. fisheri
110b. Capitula without ligulate florets .......................................... 109. L. chekiangensis
109b. Involucre shortly pilose; pappus??.
111a. Inflorescence racemose, white arachnoid-hairy; foliose bracts spatulate, with short petiole; ligules linear, ca. 2 mm wide ..................................................... 110. L. anoleuca
111b. Inflorescence racemose, shortly yellow or purplish red pilose; foliose bracts ovate; ligules oblong, 24 mm wide or absent.
112a. Leaves abaxially densely shortly yellow pilose; foliose bracts herbaceous; pappus brown or yellowish brown .............................................................. 111. L. sachalinensis
112b. Leaves glabrous; foliose bracts submembranous; pappus??.
113a. Ligulate florets persistent; sheath and foliose bracts glabrous 112. L. veitchiana
113b. Ligulate florets absent; sheath and foliose bracts shortly pilose 113. L. ianthochaeta
103b. Foliose bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, margin entire.
114a. Involucre campanulate or broadly campanulate, 812 Χ 49 mm, bracts 610; florets numerous.
115a. Leaves reniform, glabrous, basal lobes undivergent; pappus purplish brown.
116a. Ligulate florets persistent; involucre glabrous .......................... 114. L. intermedia
116b. Ligulate florets absent; involucre shortly pilose ......................... 115. L. hopeiensis
115b. Leaves hastate, shortly pilose, basal lobes divergent; pappus pale yellow or yellowish brown.
117a. Leaves abaxially and sheath shortly pilose; ligules oblong, to 6 mm wide 116. L. chimiliensis
117b. Leaves shortly pilose on both surfaces; ligules linear, 1.52 mm wide.
118a. Involucre outside glabrous; pappus pale yellow ................. 117. L. longihastata
118b. Involucre outside white shortly pilose; pappus yellowish brown 118. L. ruficoma
114b. Involucre cylindric, 612 Χ 24 mm, bracts 46; florets 515; if bracts to 8, then involucre broader, 1719 mm.
119a. Leaves palmatisect; capitula with 56 florets ............................ 119. L. przewalskii
119b. Leaves undivided, margin dentate only; capitula??.
120a.
Ligulate florets absent; leaves shortly pilose on both surfaces ........... 120. L. confertiflora
120b.
Ligulate florets persistent; leaves glabrous or abaxially sometimes only short hairy on veins.
121a. Leaves cordate-hastate, 12 coarsely dentate on each outer margin of basal lobes; ligules linear-oblong or oblanceolate, 24 mm wide.
122a. Stem 36 mm in diam. at base; capitula with 615 florets; involucre 2.54 mm wide, rarely broader ........................................................................ 121. L. stenocephala
122b. Stem slender, 23 mm in diam. at base; capitula with 46 florets; involucre to 2 mm wide ..................................................................................... 122. L. dolichobotrys
121b. Leaves reniform or ovate- or cordate-hastate, margin denticulate; ligules linear, 11.5 mm wide.
123a. Leaves reniform, to 3.5 cm wide, basal lobes undivergent; capitula with 8 or 9 florets 123. L. kojimae
123b. Leaves ovate- or cordate-hastate, to 6 cm wide, basal lobes divergent; capitula with 5 florets ..................................................................................... 124. L. fargesi
梨叶橐吾 li ye tuo wu
Stems 1 or 2, erect, 2025 cm tall, 2.53 in diam. at base, glabrous except on inflorescence. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 16 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate or cordate-ovate, 57.5 Χ 46.3 cm, glabrous, both surfaces with prominent palmate veins, base rounded or shallowly cordate, margin regularly dentate, apex caudate-acuminate. Stem leaves 1 or 2, similar, but smaller, petiolate, with enlarged sheath. Capitula 35, in lax corymb; peduncles 1.314 mm, distally shortly brown pilose; foliose bracts linear-lanceolate, 11.5 cm, margin entire; supplementary bracts to 15, linear-lanceolate, 1014 Χ ca. 1.5 mm wide, glabrous, margin entire. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.62 Χ ca. 1.5 cm; involucral bracts 1012, in 2 rows, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 24 mm wide, margin dark brown, apex acute. Ligulate florets 610, yellow; ligules lanceolate, 2025 Χ ca. 6 mm, with 6 or 7 brown veins, apex acuminate. Tubular florets numerous, 1011 mm; tube ca. 4 mm. Pappus brownish or yellow, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Fl. Aug-Oct.
* Mixed forests, in between moist rocks; 16002500 m. Yunnan (Jingdong Xian).
齿叶橐吾 chi ye tuo wu
Stem erect, 30120 cm tall, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and branches of inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 2260 cm, stout, palmately veined with 57 principal veins, white puberulous, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, 730 Χ 1238 cm, abaxially grayish white, white puberulous, adaxially green, glabrous, margin regularly dentate, ciliate between teeth, apex rounded. Stem leaves similar, but smaller; distal stem leaves sessile, broadly sheathed. Inflorescence corymbose or compound-corymbose, spreading; peduncles to 9 cm, white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow pilose; foliose bracts ovate to linear-lanceolate, margin denticulate; supplementary bracts absent. Capitula numerous. Involucre hemispherical, broader than long, 1.52.5 Χ 1.83 cm, outside densely white arachnoid-puberulous; involucral bracts 814, closely imbricate, oblong, to 1 cm wide, inner ones 2-carinate on convex outside and margin brown membranous . Ligulate florets yellow; ligules narrowly oblong, to 5 cm Χ 47 mm, apex acute; tube 712 mm. Tubular florets numerous, 11.8 cm. Pappus reddish brown, ca. as long as tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 710 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct.
Grassy slopes, riversides, forest margins, forest understories, sometimes cultivated in gardens; 7003200 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, ?Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, ?Zhejiang [Japan; cultivated in Europe]
大头橐吾 da tou tuo wu
Stem erect, 50100 cm tall, to 1 cm in diam. at base, distally and branches of inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous or glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 20100 cm, stout, grayish green, with purple spots, unwinged, base sheathed; leaf blade reniform, ca. 40 cm in diam., veins palmate, abaxially pale green, initially white puberulous, glabrate, adaxially green and glabrous or shortly pilose, palmatisect; lobes 35, palmatilobed; segments pinnate, margin dentate, or rarely entire. Middle and distal stem leaves smaller, shortly petiolate, sheath amplexicaul. Distalmost stem leaves without sheaths, palmatipartite. Capitula 28, in corymb; supplementary and foliose bracts usually absent; peduncles to 20 cm, white floccose-puberulous. Involucre hemispherical, broader than long, 12.5 Χ 1.52.4 cm, outside white puberulous; involucral bracts 912, closely imbricate, broadly oblong, to 8 mm wide, apex triangular, mucronate, inner ones 2-carinate on convex outside and margin broadly membranous. Ligulate florets yellow; ligules oblong, 46.5 Χ ca. 1 cm; tube 712 mm. Tubular florets numerous, ca. 2 cm; tube ca. 1 cm. Pappus reddish brown, ca. as long as tube of tubular corolla. Achenes cylindric, 710 mm, ribbed. Fl. and fr. Apr-Sep. 2n = 60@.
Stream banks, grassland slopes, forest understories; 6002300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, ?Guizhou, ?Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, India; North America (cultivated)].
1a. Leaves adaxially glabrous .................................................................................. 3a. var. japonica
1b. Leaves adaxially shortly pilose ....................................................................... 3b. var. scaberrima
大头橐吾（原变种） da tou tuo wu (yuan bian zhong)
Arnica japonica Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 319. 1784; Erythrochaeta palmatifida Siebold & Zuccarini; Ligularia macrantha (C. B. Clarke) H. Koyama; Senecillis japonica (Thunberg) Kitamura; Senecio japonicus (Thunberg) Schultz-Bip.; S. macranthus C. B. Clarke; S. palmatifidus (Siebold & Zuccarini) Wittrock & Juel.
Leaves adaxially glabrous.
Streambanks, grassland slopes, forest understories; 9002300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, ?Guizhou, ?Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea; North America (cultivated)].
糙叶大头橐吾（变种） cao ye da tou tuo wu
Senecio japonicus var. scaberrimus Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6(suppl.): 40. 1916, nom. nud.
Leaves adaxially shortly pilose.
Grassland slopes, stream banks; 600700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
鹿蹄橐吾 lu ti tuo wu
Stem erect, to 100 cm tall, 35 mm in diam. at base, proximally glabrous, distally and inflorescence white arachnoid-puberulous and shortly yellow pilose. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1030 cm, slender, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade reniform or cordate-reniform, (2)58 Χ 4.513 cm, thick, glabrous, with palmate veins and conspicuous reticulate veins, base cordate, margin triangular-dentate or crenate and ciliate bet