泽兰族 ze lan zu
Chen Yiling[1]; Takayuki Kawahara[2], Nicholas Hind[3]
Eupatoriaceae Link.
Herbs or shrubs, erect or scandent. Leaves generally opposite, more rarely upper leaves alternate, entire or serrate, sometimes pinnatifid-lobed, usually petiolate or more rarely sessile, frequently 3-veined, sometimes palmately or pinnately veined. Capitula discoid, homogamous, many- or few flowered. Involucral bracts mostly unequal and subimbricate to imbricate in several rows, sometimes subequal in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle mostly epaleate and glabrous, sometimes few paleate. Florets perfect, hermaphroditic; corolla tubular, white, pink, or purple, never yellow, 4- or 5-lobed. Anthers ecalcarate, obtuse, rounded, or truncate at base; anther appendage ovate-lanceolate to oblong. Style arms very long filiform-linear to oblanceolate-clavate or flat and obtuse, glabrous or papillose-pilose. Achenes 3–5-angled or subcylindrical. Pappus usually of many scabrid-barbellate bristles, or few bristles or scales.
Mainly in American temperate and tropical regions; four genera separately belong to Subtribe Piquerineae O. Hoffman and Subtribe Ageratinae O. Hoffman.
Chu, Shih. 1985. Trib. Eupatorieae in Ling Yong & Chen Yiling (eds.). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 74: 47–70.
1a. Anthers apically truncate, without appendage; achenes 5-angled (Subtrib. Piquerineae); involucral bracts numerous, 1- or 2-seriate; pappus 3–5, clavate knobs covered with viscid glands, basally connate into a ring 6. Adenostemma
1b. Anthers apically acute, with appendage; achenes 5-angled; involucral bracts basally not connate (Subtrib. Ageratinae).
2a. Pappus of 5 or 6 free scales or awns; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, rather unequal . 7. Ageratum
2b. Pappus capilliform, numerous, free.
3a. Phyllaries numerous, imbricate, or 2- or 3-seriate, slightly unequal; capitula 5- to many flowered; erect herb ..................................................................................................... 8. Eupatorium
3b. Phyllaries 4, rather unequal; capitula 4-flowered; scandent herb .................... 9. Mikania
下田菊属 xia tian ju shu
Lavenia Swartz.
Herbs annual or perennial, glandular pubescent or glabrous. Leaves opposite, 3-veined, serrate. Capitula large or small, many or few in terminal, corymb or corymb-panicle, homogamous. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical; phyllaries many, sub[??] 2-seriate, herbaceous, subequal, free or basally connate. Receptacle flat, naked. Florets hermaphroditic, fertile; corolla tubular, white, radially symmetrical, with short tube and campanulate limb, 5-toothed. Anthers truncate with a glandular tip, base obtuse, subtruncate. Style arms elongate, dilated, obtuse. Achenes obtuse, inconspicuously 5-ribbed, glandular or papillose. Pappus capilliform, rigid, of 3–5 clavate knobs covered with viscid glands, inserted in a short ring.
Twenty four species: Africa, America, Asia, and Pacific islands; one species in China.
??Adenostemma lavenia var. elatum (de Candolle) Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1086. 1936.
下田菊 xia tian ju
Herbs annual, 30–100 cm tall. Stems erect, solitary, rigid, usually divaricately branched from upper part, white puberulent, glabrous in lower part. Leaves remote; basal leaves persistent or withered by anthesis; median leaves large; petiole narrowly winged, 0.5–4 cm; blade elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic or rhombic-elliptic, or broadly ovate to cordate, 4–12 × 2–5 cm, both surfaces sparsely puberulent or glabrescent, usually rather densely hairy on veins, base broadly or narrowly cuneate, margin crenate or incised, serrate, or double-serrate, apex acute or obtuse; upper and lower leaves smaller, shortly petiolate. Capitula few, rarely many, small, in lax or dense corymb or panicle; peduncle 0.8–3 cm, gray-white or ferruginous puberulent. Involucre hemispherical, 4–5 × 6–8 mm, to 10 mm wide at fruiting. Phyllaries 2-seriate, green, subequal, narrowly elliptic, thin, submembranous, apex obtuse; outer ones mostly connate, sparsely white villous. Corolla ca. 2.5 cm, viscid-glandular, pubescent, 5-toothed. Achenes black-brown when mature, oblanceolate, ca. 4 × 1 mm, glandular, sometimes densely tuberculate, contracted at base, apex obtuse. Pappus hairs clavate, ca. 4.1 mm, basally connate into a ring, fulvous viscid-glandular. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
By water sides, roadsides, forests and thickets on slopes, forest margins; 400–2300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, ??Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, ??Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, ??Myanmar, ??Nepal, Philippines; Australia, South China Sea islands].
1a.. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, margin incised, serrate, or double-serrate; achenes densely tuberculate .................................................................................................................... 1b. var. latifolium
1b.. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic or rhombic-elliptic, margin crenate.
2a.. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, margin crenate; achenes glandular ....................... 1a. var. lavenia
2b.. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, rhombic-elliptic, or elliptic, thick; achenes densely tuberculate 1c. var. parvifolium
下田菊 （原变种） xia tian ju (yuan bian zhong)
Verbesina lavenia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 902. 1753; Adenostemma tinctorium (Loureiro) Cassini; A. viscosum J. R. & G. Forster; Anisopappus candelabrum H. Léveillé; Myriactis candelabrum H. Léveillé, as ‘caudelabrum’; Spilanthes tinctoria Loureiro.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, margin crenate. Achenes glandular.
By water sides, roadsides, forests and thickets on slopes; 400–2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, ??Nepal, Philippines; Australia, South China Sea islands].
This is a pantropical weed.
宽叶变种 kuan ye bian zhong
Adenostemma latifolium D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 181. 1825.
Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, margin incised, serrate, or double-serrate. Achenes densely tuberculate.
Forest margins, shaded moist places by rivers, along coast, thickets; 500–2300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, ??Guizhou, ??Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, ??Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea; South China Sea islands].
This is used medicinally for skin diseases of the foot.
小花变种 xiao hua bian zhong
Lavenia parviflora Blume, Bijdr. 905. 1825; Adenostemma parviflorum (Blume) de Candolle; A. viscosum var. parviflorum (Blume) J. D. Hooker.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, rhombic-elliptic, or elliptic, thick. Capitula small. Involucre 5–7 mm wide. Achenes small, densely tuberculate.
* Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, ??Taiwan.
藿香蓟属 huo xiang ji shu
Herbs annual or perennial, or subshrubs. Leaves opposite, sometimes alternate in upper part, entire or dentate. Capitula small, homogamous, many flowered, densely cymose-corymbose, rarely laxly paniculate. Involucre campanulate; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, linear, herbaceous, hardened. Receptacle conical, naked or paleate. Florets white, blue, or purplish, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed; lobes papillose and abaxially sometimes hispidulous. Anther appendages large, obtuse at base. Style arms elongate, appendages papillose. Achenes 4- or 5-ribbed, glabrous or shortly setose on ribs. Pappus coroniform, of 5 or 6 free scales, or awns, or 10–20 scales, unequal.
About 40 species: Central and South America; some species (e.g., Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus and A. houstonianum Miller) also widely cultivated and introduced; two pantropical weed species in China.
1a. Leaves basally cordate or truncate; phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, apex long acuminate, margin entire, stipitate glandular, with long hairs ........................................................................ 1. A. houstonianum
1b. Leaves basally obtusely or broadly cuneate; phyllaries broad, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute, glabrous or with long, non-viscid hairs, not glandular ....................................................... 2. A. conyzoides
熊耳草 xiong er cao
Ageratum mexicanum Sims.
Herbs annual, 30–70 cm, or sometimes to 1 m tall. Stems erect, simple or branched from middle or lower part; stems and branches purple-red, green, or stramineous, white tomentose or thinly lanate. Leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate; petiole 0.7–3 cm; median cauline leaves 2–6 × 1.5–3.5 cm, or length equal to width; upper and axillary leaves smaller; basally 3-veined or inconspicuously 5-veined, both surfaces sparsely or densely white pubescent, base cordate or truncate, margin crenate-serrate, apex rounded or acute; petioles of upper leaves and axillary branches usually spreading white long tomentose. Capitula 5–15 or more, in corymb or compound corymb 2–4 cm in diam.; peduncle densely pubescent or pulveraceous-pubescent. Involucre campanulate, 6–7 mm in diam.; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, narrowly lanceolate, 4–5 mm, abaxially glandular pubescent, margin entire, apex long acuminate. Corolla tubular, 2.5–3.5 mm; limb purplish, 5-lobed; lobes pubescent. Achenes black, 5-angled, 1.5–1.7 mm. Pappus of 5 short free scales; scales oblong-lanceolate, 2–3 mm, apex aristate-acuminate, sometimes truncate, 0.1–1.5 mm. Fl. and fr. all year. 2n = 20, 40.
Grasslands, roadsides, on slopes in valleys; 100–1500 m. Cultivated and naturalized in ??Anhui, ??Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, ??Hebei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan, ??Taiwan, Yunnan, ??Zhejiang [India, ??Myanmar, ??Nepal; Africa; South China Sea islands; native to tropical America].
This plant is used medicinally to “clear away” heat and toxic materials. People in Central America (Ecuador) use the plant as an antiphlogistic, to relieve swelling and pain in the throat.
藿香蓟 huo xiang ji
Herbs annual, 50–100 cm tall, sometimes less than 10 cm, with inconspicuous main root. Stems robust, ca. 4 cm in diam. at base, simple or branched from middle. Stems and branches reddish, or green above, white powdery puberulent or densely spreading long tomentose. Leaves often with axillary abortive buds; petiole 1–3 cm, densely white spreading villous; median leaves ovate, elliptic, or oblong, 3–8 × 2–5 cm; upper leaves gradually smaller, oblong, sometimes all leaves small, ca. 1 × 0.6 cm, both surfaces sparsely white puberulent and yellow punctate, basally 3-veined or obscurely 5-veined, base obtuse or broadly cuneate, margin crenate-serrate, apex acute. Capitula small, 4–14, in dense terminal corymbs; peduncle 0.5–1.5 cm, powdery puberulent. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, ca. 5 mm in diam.; phyllaries 2-seriate, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, 3–4 mm, glabrous, margin lacerate. Corolla 1.5–2.5 mm, glabrous or apically powdery puberulous; limb 5-lobed, purplish. Achenes black, 5-angled, 1.2–l.7 mm, sparsely white puberulous. Pappus scales 5 or awned, 1.5–3 mm. Fl. and fr. all year. 2n = 20, 40.
Valleys, forests, forest margins on slopes, river sides, grasslands, field margins. Cultivated and naturalized in ??Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, ??Henan, ??Jiangsu, Jiangxi, ??Shaanxi, Sichuan, ??Taiwan, Yunnan; but only cultivated in Hebei and Zhejiang [native to tropical America; widespread weed throughout Africa, India, ??Myanmar, ??Nepal, and the South China Sea islands].
This plant is often used by Chinese people for treating the common cold and headaches, boils, eczema, bleeding wounds, and burns, etc.
泽兰属 ze lan shu
Herbs perennial, subshrubs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or verticillate, entire, serrate, or 3-lobed. Capitula small or large, in terminal compound corymbs or solitary on peduncles, homogamous; florets hermaphroditic, fertile, many, rarely 1–4. Involucre cylindrical, ovate, campanulate, or hemispherical; phyllaries many or 1- or 2-seriate, imbricate, subequal or outer ones shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or conical, naked. Florets purple, red, or white, funnel-shaped or differentiated into tube and limb, glandular, 5-lobed or 5-dentate. Anthers obtuse at base, with appendage. Style arms elongate, linear-semicylindrical, obtuse or rather obtuse. Achenes 5-angled, truncate, glandular. Pappus of many scabrid bristles, 1-seriate.
Forty eight species: Central and South America; a few species in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe; 14 species in China (three introduced and naturalized; five endemic).
??Eupatorium chinense var. oppositifolium (Koidz.) Murata & H. Koyama
??Eupatorium chinense var. tozanense (Hayata) Kitamura [Fl. Taiwan]; E. japonicum var. tozanense (Hayata) Kitamura, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Univ., Ser. B, 13: 286. 1937.
??Eupatorium clematideum (Wall. ex DC.) Sch.-Bip., Pollichia 22-24: 258. 1866. [Fl. Taiwan]
??Eupatorium clematideum var. gracillimum (Hayata) C. I. Peng & S. W. Chung, Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 4: 956. 1998.
??Eupatorium coelestinum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 838. 1753. [FRPS & Fl. Guizhou] = Conoclinum coelestinum (Linnaeus) de Candolle: forgotten or omitted??, even if omitted, we need a comment about the name
??Eupatorium hualienense C. H. Ou, S. W. Chung & C. I. Peng, Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 4: 956. 1998.
??Eupatorium lindleyanum var. tripartitum [Fl. Jiangsu]
??Eupatorium lindleyanum var. trisectifolium Makino [Fl. Liaoning]
??Eupatorium rebaudianum Bertoni, Revn. Agron., Asuncion 2: 35. 1899. [Fl. Liaoning]
??Eupatorium tashiroi Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 18, no. 8, 9. 1904. [FRPS, forgotten or omitted??; even if omitted, we need a comment about the name]; ??E. tashiroi f. gracillimum Sasaki, List Pl. Formos. 410. 1928.
1a. Capitula cylindrical; achenes sparsely white, adpressed puberulent; evergreen subshrub; plant robust; branches horizontal, strict ............................................................................................. 2. E. odoratum
1b. Capitula campanulate or narrowly campanulate; achenes glabrous or scattered puberulent in upper part; plant branches ascending.
2a. Receptacle convex, conical; capitula 40–50-flowered; phyllaries 1- or nearly 2-seriate, linear-lanceolate; achenes glabrous, eglandular .............................................................. 1. E. adenophorum
2b. Receptacle flat; capitula few (usually 5)-flowered; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, imbricate; achenes hairy and glandular, or not.
3a. Leaves glabrous and eglandular on both surfaces, or abaxially sparsely puberulent; phyllaries obtuse or rather obtuse; achenes without hairs, glandular.
4a. Leaves undivided, ovate, triangular-ovate, or oblong-ovate, basally 3-veined; shrub 12. E. tashiroi [missing??]
4b. Leaves usually 3-lobed; lobes narrowly elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, pinnately veined; perennial herb; few branched; plant and florets fragrant when crushed ................ 3. E. fortunei
3b. Leaves sparsely or densely puberulent or villous, or tomentose on both surfaces, glandular on both surfaces or at least abaxially so; achenes pubescent-puberulous or glabrous but glandular.
5a. Phyllaries acute at apex.
6a. Leaves basally 3-veined .......................................................... 5. E. cannabinum
6b. Leaves pinnately veined .......................................................... 4. E. lindleyanum
5b. Phyllaries obtuse or rounded at apex.
7a. Achenes sparsely white long or shortly pubescent or puberulous, without glands; leaves basally 3-veined or obscurely 5-veined.
8a. Achenes sparsely white puberulous above or at apex only; leaves usually tripartite, terminal lobe large, pinnatifid, pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite, irregularly opposite 10. E. nanchuanense
8b. Achenes sparsely villous; leaves undivided, ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded or truncate, regularly opposite.
9a. Capitula 9–15-flowered; shrub ............................................. 11. E. amabile
9b. Capitula 5-flowered; herb.
10a. Leaves sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, apex acute ...... 13. E. shimadai
10b. Leaves shortly petiolate, 1–2 cm, ovate-oblong, apex long acuminate 14. E. luchuense
7b. Achenes without hairs and glands or only sparsely glandular; leaves pinnately veined.
11a. Achenes without hairs and glands.
12a. Median leaves 3-partite or 3-lobed, thick, margin serrate . 12. E. formosanum
12b. All cauline leaves simple, margin entire or slightly repand-dentate, thin and lucid 9. E. omeiense
11b. Achenes with glands.
13a. Leaves simple, ovate, broadly ovate, or narrowly ovate, base rounded, sessile or very shortly petiolate .............................................................................. 7. E. chinense
13b. Leaves divided; lobes narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, or leaves simple, base truncate, petiolate, petiole 1–2 cm.
14a. Leaves white tomentellate on both surfaces, abaxially and on veins densely tomentose, margin serrate-incised ............................................ 8. E. heterophyllum
14b. Leaves scabrid, sparsely puberulent, margin finely serrate 6. E. japonicum
破坏草 po huai cao
Eupatorium glandulosum Kunth (1820), not Michaux (1803).
Herbs perennial, 30–90 cm tall. Stems erect; branches opposite, obliquely ascending, white or ferruginous puberulent, upper part and peduncles more densely so, glabrescent or glabrous in lower part by anthesis. Leaves opposite, long petiolate; blade abaxially pale, adaxially green, ovate, triangular-ovate, or rhombic-ovate, 3.5–7.5 × 1.5–3 cm, thin, both surfaces sparsely puberulent, abaxially and on veins more densely so, basally 3-veined, base truncate or slightly cordate, margin coarsely crenate, apex acute. Capitula numerous, in apical corymb or compound corymb, 2–4 cm, to 12 cm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 3 × 4 mm, 40–50-flowered; phyllaries [1-seriate??](or 2-seriate), linear or linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, apex acuminate. Receptacle convex, conical. Florets purplish; corolla tubular, ca. 3.5 mm. Achenes black-brown, narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.5 mm, 5-angled, without hairs and glands. Pappus white, fine, equal to corolla. Fl. and fr. Apr–Oct.
Moist places or roadsides on slopes, sometimes nearby trees; 900–2200 m. A native of Mexico, introduced and naturalized in Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Indonesia, Philippines; America, Australia, Pacific islands, South China Sea islands].
This species was introduced and naturalized in China since the middle of the Nineteenth Century. It is a poisonous plant. Oxen and horses have become ill and sometimes have even died from consuming it.
This species can be transferred to Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) R. M. King & H. Kobinnii.
飞机草 fei ji cao
Herbs perennial. Rhizomes robust, procumbent. Stems erect, 1–3 m tall, striate; branches robust, often opposite, horizontal, forming a rectangle[??] with stem, rarely alternate forming an acute angle with stem; stems and branches densely fulvous tomentose or shortly pubescent. Leaves opposite; petiole 1–2 cm; blade abaxially pale, adaxially green, ovate, triangular, or ovate-triangular, 4–10 × 1.5–5 cm, rather thick, both surfaces scabrid, villous with red-brown glands, abaxially and on veins more densely so, basally 3-veined, lateral veins fine, abaxially slightly raised, base truncate or shallowly cordate, margin sparsely coarsely and irregularly crenate or entire, or serrate on one side, or with one coarse tooth or 3-fid on each side, apex acute; leaves below inflorescence small, often entire. Capitula numerous or few apically, corymbose or compound corymbose; peduncle thick, densely shortly pubescent. Involucre cylindrical, ca. 10 × 4–5 mm, ca. 20-flowered; phyllaries 3- or 4-seriate, imbricate; outer ones ovate, ca. 2 mm, puberulent, apex obtuse; median and inner ones stramineous, oblong, 7–8 mm, broadly 3-veined, without glands, apex acuminate. Florets white or pink; corolla ca. 5 mm. Achenes black-brown, ca. 4 mm, 5-angled, without glands, sparsely white adpressed puberulent along angles. Fl. and fr. Apr–Dec. 2n = 58, 60.
Introduced into Hainan during World War II; naturalized in ??Fujian, Hainan, Yunnan [??Nepal; native of Mexico, widely naturalized in tropical Asia].
It is a destructive weed in the field because of very strong propagation.
佩兰 pei lan
Eupatorium caespitosum Migo; E. chinense Linnaeus var. tripartitum Miquel; ??E. formosanum Hayata var. quasitripartitum (Hayata) Kitamura; ??E. fortunei var. angustilobum Y. Ling; ??E. quasitripartitum Hayata; E. stoechadosmum Hance.
Herbs perennial, 40–100 cm tall. Rhizomes procumbent, reddish brown. Stems erect, green or reddish purple, few branched or apically inflorescence branched, sparsely puberulent on more dense inflorescences and peduncles. Median cauline leaves large, 3-sect or 3-partite; petiole 0.7–1 cm; terminal lobe large, narrowly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 5–10 × 1.5–2.5 cm, apex acuminate; lateral lobes identical to terminal lobe but smaller, pinnately veined; margin coarsely toothed or irregularly finely toothed; lower cauline leaves gradually smaller; radical leaves withered by anthesis. Capitula numerous in apical compound corymbs; inflorescence 3–6(–10) cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 6–7 cm; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, imbricate, outer ones short, ovate-lanceolate; median and inner ones gradually longer, ca. 7 mm, narrowly elliptic; all phyllaries purple-red, without hairs and glands, apex obtuse. Florets white or reddish; corolla ca. 5 mm, without glands. Achenes black-brown, elliptic, 3–4 mm, 5-angled, without hairs and glands. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov.
Rare in wild, but commonly cultivated; usually in thickets by roadsides and furrows by roadsides; ca. 2000 m. ??Anhui, ??Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, ??Hainan, ??Hebei, ??Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
The plant and flowers are fragrant like Lavandula angustifolia Mill. when crushed.
The plant is used medicinally for “clearing away” heat and toxic materials, and to eliminate “wetness.” The fragrant stems and leaves are used for making fragrant oils.
林泽兰花 lin ze lan
Herbs perennial, 30–150 cm tall. Rhizome short, with numerous fibrous roots. Stems erect, red or purplish red in lower and median part, often branched from base or simple, or with corymbose inflorescence branches, only densely white villous or shortly pubescent. Lower cauline leaves shed by anthesis; median cauline leaves elliptic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3–12 × 0.5–3 cm, simple or 3-sect, thick, both surfaces scabrid, with white long or shortly scabrous hairs and yellow glands, densely so adaxially and on veins, adaxially[abaxially??] with yellow glands, basally 3-veined, base cuneate, apex acute; upward median leaves gradually smaller, homomorphic with median cauline leaves; all cauline leaves basally 3-veined, margin deeply or shallowly dentate, sessile or subsessile. Capitula numerous in apical dense corymb; inflorescence 2.5–6 cm in diam., or large compound corymbs ca. 20 cm in diam.; inflorescence and peduncles purple-red or green, densely white shortly pubescent. Involucre campanulate, 5-flowered; phyllaries 3-seriate, imbricate; outer ones short, 1–2 mm, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate; median and inner ones longer, 5–6 mm, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate; all phyllaries green or purple-reddish, acute. Florets white, pink, or purplish red; corolla ca. 4.5 mm, with sparse yellow glands. Achenes black-brown, elliptic, ca. 3 mm. 5-angled. Pappus white, equal or rather longer with corolla Fl. and fr. May–Dec. 2n = 20, 30.
Shaded moist places in valleys, moist places in forests or grasslands; 200–2600 m. Throughout China except Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, ??Myanmar, Russia (Siberia)].
1a.. Leaves adaxially[??] with yellow glands .................................................... 4a. var. lindleyanum
1b.. Leaves abaxially without glands ............................................................. 4b. var. eglandulosum
林泽兰 （原变种） lin ze lan (yuan bian zhong)
Eupatorium kirilowi Turczaninow; E. lindleyanum de Candolle var. trifoliolatum Makino; E. lindleyanum f. aureo-reticulatum Makino; E. subtebragonum Miquel.
Leaves with yellow glands adaxially[??].
Shaded moist places in valleys, moist places in forests or grasslands; 200–2600 m. Throughout China except Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, Russia (Siberia)].
The stems and leaves are used medicinally to expel “wind-evil” and remove “wetness-evil.”
无腺变种 wi xian bian zhong
Eupatorium lindleyanum f. eglandulosum (Kitamura) Murata & H. Koyama.
Leaves without glands abaxially.
* ??Jiangsu, Zhejiang.
大麻叶泽兰 da ma ye ze lan
Eupatorium nodiflorum Wallich, nom. nud.
Herbs perennial, 50–150 cm tall. Rhizomes robust, with many fibrous roots. Stems erect, purplish red, simple or only apically corymbose branched, puberulent; inflorescence branches and peduncles more dense, glabrescent in median lower part by anthesis. Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate; petiole ca. 5 mm; median and lower leaves 3-sect; central lobe elliptic or narrowly lanceolate, large, 6–11 × 2–3 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate or long acuminate; lateral lobes same shape as central lobe, smaller; upper cauline leaves gradually smaller, 3-sect or simple; lower stem leaves shed by anthesis; all cauline leaves scabrid, rather thick, sparsely puberulent and glandular, more densely hairy abaxially and on veins, pinnately veined, lateral veins 5- or 6-paired, margin serrate. Capitula numerous in apical densely compound corymbs. Involucre campanulate, ca. 6 mm, 3–7-flowered; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, imbricate; outer ones short, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, puberulent; median and inner ones gradually longer, with membranous margins and purplish tip. Florets purple-red, pink, or whitish; corolla ca. 5 mm, outside sparsely yellow glandular. Achenes black-brown, cylindrical, ca. 3 mm, 5-angled, with yellow glands. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm. 2n = 20.
At summits of small hills, grasslands, among bamboos. Jiangsu, ??Taiwan, Zhejiang, may be introduced and naturalized [widely distributed: ??Myanmar, ??Nepal, Russia; N Africa, Europe].
白头婆 bai tou po
Herbs perennial, 50–200 cm tall. Rhizomes short, with numerous fibrous roots. Stems erect, purplish red, usually simple or corymbose inflorescence branched in upper part, white crisped-puberulent, more dense on inflorescence branches, glabrescent or sparsely hairy in lower part. Leaves opposite; petiole 1–2 cm, rather thick; median stem leaves elliptic, narrowly elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or lanceolate, 6–20 × 2–6.5 cm, pinnately veined, lateral veins 7-paired, abaxially prominent, base broad or narrow, margin sometimes 3-partite, apex acuminate; basal stem leaves withered by anthesis; upper leaves smaller, homomorphic with median leaves; both surfaces scabrid, crisped-villous or puberulent and yellow glandular, more densely hairy abaxially on veins and on petiole; margin coarsely or double-serrate. Capitula apically densely corymbose, inflorescence usually 3–6 cm in diam., rarely forming a large compound corymbose inflorescence to 20 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 5–6 mm, 5-flowered; phyllaries imbricate, 3-seriate; outer ones very short, 1–2 mm, lanceolate; median and inner ones gradually longer, 5–6 mm, lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, green or purple-tinged, apex obtuse or rounded. Florets white, red-purple, or pink; corolla ca. 5 mm, with dense yellow glands. Achenes black-brown, elliptic, ca. 3.5 mm, 5-angled, with many yellow glands, glabrous. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Nov.
Grasslands on slopes, lax forests, thickets, moist and humid places, river banks; 100–3000 m. Anhui, ??Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, ??Hainan, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
1a.. Leaves not 3-partite ................................................................................... 6a. var. japonicum
1b.. Leaves 3-partite, central lobe large, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate ..................... 6b. var. tripartitum
白头婆 （原变种） bai tou po (yuan bian zhong)
Eupatorium chinense Linnaeus var. simplicifolium (Makino) Kitamura; E. fortunei Turczaninow var. simplicifolium (Makino) Nakai; E. fortunei var. simplicifolium f. aureo-reticulatum (Makino) Nakai; E. japonicum var. simplicifolium f. aureo-reticulatum Makino; E. japonicum var. simplicifolium Makino; E. japonicum var. wallichii (de Candolle) Yamamoto; E. wallichii de Candolle.
Leaves not 3-partite.
Grasslands on slopes, lax forests, thickets, moist and humid places, river banks; 100–3000 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
This plant is used medicinally as an antiphlogistic.
白头婆三裂变种 bai tou po san lie bian zhong
Eupatorium fortunei var. tripartitum (Makino) Nakai.
Leaves 3-partite; central lobe large, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate.
* Anhui, ??Fujian, ??Henan, ??Jiangsu, Sichuan, ??Zhejiang.
多须公 duo xu gong
??Eupatorium chinense var. reevesii Miquel; E. crenatifolium Handel-Mazzetti; ??E. melanadenium Hance; E. reevesii Wallich ex de Candolle.
Herbs perennial, 70–100 cm tall, or small shrub or subshrub-like, 2–2.5 m tall. Lower part woody, many branched; branches ascending, upper branches and corymb sordid-white puberulent, inflorescence branches and peduncles more densely hairy, glabrescent in lower part by anthesis. Leaves opposite, sessile or subsessile; median stem leaves ovate or broadly ovate, 4.5–10 × 3–5 cm, both surfaces scabrid, white puberulent and glandular, more densely so abaxially and on veins, pinnately veined, veins 3–7-paired, base rounded, apex acuminate or obtuse; upper stem leaves homomorphic with median leaves, but smaller; radical leaves withered by anthesis, margin irregularly crenate. Capitula numerous in terminal large laxly compound corymb, inflorescence to 30 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, ca. 5 mm, 5-flowered; phyllaries 3-seriate, imbricate; outer ones short, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, outside puberulent and sparsely glandular, 1–2 mm; median and inner ones longer, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 5–6 mm, apically and marginally white, membranous, glabrous, but with yellow glands. Florets white, pink, or red; corolla ca. 5 mm, sparsely yellow glandular. Achenes pale black-brown, elliptic, ca. 3 mm, 5-angled, yellow glandular. Fl. and fr. Jun–Nov. 2n = 20.
Forest margins on slopes, forests, thickets or grasslands on slopes; 200–1900 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, ??Hainan, ??Henan, Hubei, Hunan, ??Jiangsu, ??Shaanxi, Sichuan, ??Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [??India, ??Japan, ??Nepal].
This plant is poisonous, especially the leaves, but it is used medicially to treat large carbuncles, scabies, poisonous snake bites, and to alleviate pain.
异叶泽兰 yi ye ze lan
Eupatorium cannabinum Linnaeus subsp. asiaticum Kitamura var. heterophyllum (de Candolle) Kitamura; E. mairei H. Léveillé; E. wallichii de Candolle var. heterophyllum (de Candolle) Diels.
Herbs perennial, 1–2 m tall, or subshrub-like, woody in median-lower part. Stems erect, brownish or purple-red, 1–2 cm in diam. at base, branched, and with corymbose inflorescence branches, white or sordid-white puberulent, more densely hairy on inflorescence branches and peduncles, glabrescent or sparsely hairy in middle-lower part by anthesis. Leaves opposite; median stem leaves large, 3-sect, -partite, or -lobate; petiole 0.5–1 cm; central lobe large, elliptic or lanceolate, 7–10 × 2–3.5 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate; lateral lobes homomorphic with central lobe, smaller, or all stem leaves simple, oblong, elliptic-lanceolate, or ovate, abaxially densely gray-white tomentose, adaxially scabrid, white puberulent, both surfaces with dense yellow glands, pinnately veined, lateral veins 3–7-paired, abaxially prominent, margin deeply incised-crenate; basal leaves withered by anthesis. Capitula numerous in terminal compound corymb; inflorescence to 25 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 7–9 cm; phyllaries 3-seriate, imbricate; outer ones short, ca. 2 mm, ovate or broadly ovate, outside sparsely white puberulent; median and inner ones 8–9 mm, elliptic; all phyllaries purple-red or purplish rose, apex obtuse. Florets white or reddish tinged; corolla ca. 5 mm, with sparse yellow glands. Achenes black-brown, elliptic, ca. 3.5 mm, 5-angled, with yellow glands, glabrous. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr–Oct.
Forests, forest margins, grasslands on slopes and in valleys; 1700–3000 m. Guizhou, ??Shaanxi, Sichuan, ??Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Nepal].
The stems or whole plant are used medicinally for treating injuries and trauma.
峨眉泽兰 e mei ze lan
Herbs perennial. Rhizomes robust, with numerous adventive roots. Stems erect, 1–2 m tall, multi-branched; branches slender, ascending; inflorescence branched, corymbose in upper part. Stems and branches pulverous sordid-white puberulent; inflorescence branches and peduncles rather densely hairy, sparsely hairy, or glabrous in lower part by anthesis. Leaves opposite, thickly papery; median stem leaves abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, elliptic or ovate-oblong, 6–9 × 2–3.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely white puberulent and with yellow glands, pinnately veined, lateral veins 4- or 5-paired, base cuneate, margin subentire or repand-crenate, apex acuminate; upper leaves homomorphic with middle leaves, but smaller; basal leaves withered by anthesis. Capitula numerous in terminal compound corymbs. Involucre campanulate, ca. 4 mm, 5-flowered; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, imbricate; outer ones short, elliptic, ca. 1 mm; median and inner ones gradually longer, elliptic, ca. 4 mm, puberulous, without glands, apex rounded. Florets white; corolla ca. 4 mm, sparsely yellow glandular. Achenes blackish brown, subelliptic, 5-angled, without hairs and glands. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep.–Nov.
* Roadsides on slopes of hills; 700–900 m. Sichuan (Emei, Tianchuan).
南川泽兰 nan chuan ze lan
Herbs perennial, 30–120 cm tall. Rhizomes procumbent; stems erect, brownish, purple-red, or dark purple-red; branches ascending; upper inflorescence branches corymbose; stems and branches white crisped-puberulent, more densely hairy on peduncles, sparsely hairy, or glabrescent in middle-lower part. Leaves irregularly opposite, often with axillary leaf buds, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green; median stem leaves 3-sect; petiole ca. 1 cm; central lobe large, elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, 6–8 cm, base cuneate, pinnately lobed, partite, apex caudate-acuminate; basal segment large; lateral lobes smaller, 3–5 mm, elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, pinnately lobate, semi-lobed, incised-dentate; upper leaves 3-sect or irregularly 3-partite; lateral lobes unequal in size; central lobe sparsely incised-serrate or sometimes undivided, often lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; basal leaves withered by anthesis; all leaves with both surfaces sparsely white adpressed-puberulent and yellow glandular. Capitula numerous in terminal compound corymbs; inflorescence 8–12 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 3-seriate, imbricate; outer ones short, elliptic, ca. 2.5 mm; median and inner ones elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 5 mm; all phyllaries purple-tinged, apically rounded. Florets white or reddish; corolla ca. 5 mm, with sparse yellow glands. Achenes black-brown, elliptic, ca. 3 mm, 6-angled, sparsely white puberulous in uppermost part. Fl. and fr. Jun–Jul.
* On slopes of hills; 1200–1700 m. Chongqing (Nanchuan), Yunnan (Da Guan).
多花泽兰 duo hua ze lan
Shrubs. Stems ca. 1 m tall, not scandent; branches slender, divaricate, striate, densely glandular-villous in upper part. Leaves abaxially pale green, adaxially green, ovate or ovate-oblong, 9–12 × 4–3.5 cm, abaxially sparsely villous and glandular, adaxially subglabrous, basally 3-veined, sparsely villous on veins, base rounded, margin mucronate-serrate, apex long acuminate. Capitula in divaricate terminal corymbs, 9–15-flowered. Involucre campanulate, ca. 5 mm; phyllaries 12–15, unequal, linear, apically much obtuse, 2- or 3-seriate, outer ones very short, sparsely glandular villous. Florets tubular, ca. 4.5 mm, glandular. Pappus sordid-white, 4.5–5 mm, scabrous. Achenes black, striate, ca. 2.5 mm, sparsely villous. Fl. and fr.??
* Grasslands, slopes, rock sides. ??Provinces ??Taiwan
台湾泽兰 tai wan ze lan
Herbs perennial, ca. 2 m tall. Stems erect, fascicled; branches oblique-ascending, divaricate inflorescence branches corymbose, slender; stems and branches green initially, densely ferruginous puberulent, later glabrescent, gray-brown. Leaves opposite; median stem leaves 3-partite; central lobe lanceolate, large, 10–15 × 2.5–3 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate; lateral lobes lanceolate, small; upper leaves gradually smaller; lower leaves simple, ovate or broadly ovate; upper leaves abaxially pale green, adaxially green, narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abaxially with many yellow glands and densely adpressed-puberulent, adaxially sparsely scabrid-hairy, pinnately veined, lateral veins 5–7-paired, adaxially slightly prominent. Capitula numerous in terminal lax corymb; inflorescence 8–11 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, ca. 5 mm, 5-flowered; phyllaries 3-seriate, imbricate; outer ones elliptic, 1–1.5 mm; median and inner ones longer, narrowly elliptic, ca. 5 mm; all phyllaries obtuse, without hairs and glands. Florets white; corolla ca. 3.5 mm. Achenes black-brown, ca. 2.5 mm, angled, without hairs and glands. Pappus sordid-white, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr.?? 2n = 20*.
* Forests. Taiwan.
毛果泽兰 mao guo ze lan
Herbs perennial, 40–80 cm tall. Rhizomes short, procumbent. Stems erect, fulvous or purple-tinged, ca. 4 mm in diam. at base, usually simple, or with terminal corymbose inflorescence branches, rarely few branched, white puberulent in upper part, densely hairy on inflorescences and peduncles, glabrescent in lower part. Leaves opposite, thick, simple, abaxially pale green, adaxially green, sessile or nearly so; median leaves large, ovate-lanceolate, ovate-oblong, or ovate, 8–10 × 5–7 cm, base rounded or truncate, apex caudate-acuminate; from middle part upward or downward gradually smaller, but homomorphic with median stem leaves; all leaves abaxially with yellow glands, both surfaces white puberulent, densely hairy on veins, basally 3-veined, margin coarsely or shallowly serrate. Capitula numerous in terminal compound corymb; inflorescences 8–18 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, ca. 6 mm, 5-flowered; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, imbricate; outer ones short, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, 2–2.5 mm; median and inner ones oblong, ca. 6 mm; all phyllaries sparsely shortly pubescent, without glands, apex obtuse or rounded. Florets white or purplish; corolla ca. 4 mm, with few yellow glands. Achenes black-brown, elliptic, 3–3.5 mm, 5-angled, sparely villous, without glands. Pappus sordid-white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. May–Jun.
* Grasslands on slopes and on rocky places. Fujian, Taiwan.
基隆泽兰 ji long ze lan
Eupatorium kiirunense (Kitamura) C. H. Ou & S. W. Chung; E. luchuense var. kiirunense Kitamura.
Herbs perennial. Stems 50–120 cm tall, glabrescent. Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate; petiole 3–8 cm; blade adaxially shiny, obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 8–10 × 5–7 cm, nearly glabrous, abaxially glandular, 3-veined, base truncate or cordate, margin simple, serrate with obtuse teeth, apex long acuminate. Capitula numerous in terminal corymbs; phyllaries 4–5 mm. Florets white; corolla 3–4 mm. Achenes 2.5–3 mm. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jan–Aug. [??additional data to make parallel with other descriptions??]
Open places, often on rock walls. Taiwan [Japan (Ryukus)].
假泽兰属 jia ze lan shu
Vine or shrubs, sometimes perennial herbs, often epiphytic, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite, usually petiolate. Capitula small, in spicate-racemose corymbs or panicles. Involucre elliptic or narrowly cylindrical; phyllaries 1-seriate, 4, slightly unequal, connate at base, persistent. Receptacle flat, naked. Florets 4, fertile, hermaphroditic; corolla white or sometimes pink, funnel-shaped, with slender tube and campanulate limb, apically 5-denticulate. Anthers obtuse at base, with appendage at apex. Style arm appendages linear, papillose. Achenes 4- or 5-angled, sometimes glandular or setose. Pappus with many scabrid bristles, usually connate in a ring at base.
About 430 species: pantropical, mainly in Central America; one species in China.
??Mikania micrantha Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 134. [naturalized in ??China, Himalayas (Nepal), Malaysia, Malesia]
假泽兰 jia ze lan
Eupatorium cordatum N. L. Burman, Fl. Ind. 176. 1768; Mikania volubilis Willdenow.
Climbing herbs. Stems slender, many branched, sparsely shortly pubescent or nearly glabrous. Median leaves: petiole 2.5–6 cm; blade triangular-ovate, 4–10 × 2–7 cm, both surfaces sparsely shortly pubescent, glabrescent or glabrous by anthesis, base cordate, margin entire or repand-crenate; upper leaves gradually smaller, shortly petiolate, triangular or lanceolate, base truncate or cuneate. Capitula numerous in terminal corymb or compound corymb; peduncle slender, pubescent or glabrous, with linear-lanceolate bracteole-leaves. Phyllaries 4, narrowly elliptic, 5–7 mm, sparsely pubescent and glandular, distinctly 3-veined, apex obtuse or slightly acute. Florets white; corolla 3.5–5 mm, with slender tube and campanulate limb, sparsely puberulous, 5-denticulate. Achenes narrowly elliptic, ca. 3.5 mm, 4-angled, glandular. Pappus sordid-white or rather reddish, 3.5–4 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov. 2n = 36, 38.
Thickets, forests; 100–1700 m. Hainan, Taiwan, SE Yunnan [Cambodia, Indonesia (Java), Laos, Vietnam].
[1] Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, People’s Republic of China.
[2] Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 7 Hitsuji-ga-oka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-8516, Japan.
[3] Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, England, United Kingdom.