Ling Yuou-ruen[1]; C. J. Humphries[2]
春黄菊族 chun huang ju zu
Shrubs, subshrubs, or annual or perennial herbs, aromatic. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, fasciculate or in rosettes, pinnatisect, pinnatifid, lobed, serrulate, serrate, or dentate, rarely entire. Capitula heterogamous, with both marginal radiate female ligulate and central hermaphroditic tubular florets, or homogamous with only hermaphroditic tubular florets. Phyllaries in 3 or more rows, overlapping, usually with scarious margins and apices. Receptacle paleate or epaleate, rarely pilose or hirsute. Ray florets ligulate, female, fertile, sterile or neuter; limbs yellow or white, rarely blue-violet, pink, or reddish. Disk florets yellow, rarely whitish or red, usually 4- or 5-lobed. Pappus generally of rather few scarious scales, a corona, or an auricle. Pollen surface with or without spines.
Worldwide 110 genera, mainly concentrated in C Asia, the Mediterranean, and S Africa; 26 genera in China.
Genera distributed in China are divided into two groups: 1) group with spines on surface of pollen (e.g., Achillea, Argyranthemum; Chrysanthemum, Leucanthemella, Leucanthemum, Brachanthemum, Matricaria, Dendranthema, Tripleurospermum, Pyrethrum, Allardia, Hippolytia, Cancrinia, Ajania, Filifolium, Cotula); 2) group without spines on surface of pollen (e.g., Ajaniopsis, Kaschgarica, Artemisia, and Neopallasia).
This tribe includes well known vegetables (e.g., Chrysanthemum carinatum and C. segetum) and famous ornamental plants (e.g., Dendranthema morifolium). Insecticides are extracted from some species (e.g., Pyrethrum cinerarifolium). Some species are used medicinally (e.g., Artemisia capillaris).
Ed. note - please note Project Guidelines - exotic garden plants are not to be included but economically important cultivated plants are treated.
1a. Receptacle scales present.
2a. Capitula large, solitary at apices of leafing branches, but plant with many capitula; involucres 7--15 mm in diam. ................................................................................................................ 1. Anthemis
2b. Capitula relatively small, densely or laxly corymbose, at apices of stem and branches; involucres 2--7(--9) mm in diam.
3a. Capitula heterogamous, ray florets female, ligulate, disk florets hermaphroditic, tubuliform 2. Achillea
3b. Capitula homogenous, florets all hermaphroditic, tubuliform .............................. 3. Handelia
1b. Receptacle scales absent, but receptacle hairs present.
4a. Capitula large; marginal florets female, ligulate or inconspicuously ligulate.
5a. Achenes winged; marginal achenes 2- or 3-winged, disk achenes 1- or 2-winged.
6a. Subshrub; achenes often apically coroniform; ray florets white ........... 4. Argyranthemum
6b. Herb; achenes not apically coroniform; ray florets yellow ................... 5. Chrysanthemum
5b. Achenes without wings.
7a. Pappus absent, but achenes sometimes with an obtuse rim or with ribs apically projected at achene.
8a. Achenes with ribs apically projected at achene.
9a. Marsh plant; ray florets sterile ....................................................... 6. Leucanthemella
9b. Grassland plant; ray florets fertile ................................................... 7. Leucanthemum
8b. Achenes with ribs not apically projected at achene.
10a. Dwarf subshrub; involucres campanulate, hemispherical or obconical; marginal ligulate florets yellow, ray short ...................................................................................... 8. Brachanthemum
10b. Herb annual or perennial; involucres shallowly coryliform marginal florets white, red, violet, rarely yellow, rays long.
11a. Herb annual; achenes dorsiventrally compressed, with 3--5 mainly adaxially thin ribs 10. Matricaria
11b. Herb perennial or subshrub; achenes terete, faintly 3--5-ribbed ..... 9. Dendranthema
7b. Pappus present.
12a. Pappus of separate abaxial subulate scales ...................................... 13. Opisthopappus
12b. Pappus coroniform or of many bristle-like scales.
13a. Pappus bristle-like, with flat and palmate base ......................................... 15. Allardia
13b. Pappus coroniform; corona shallowly, deeply divided or divided to base.
14a. Achenes with thick or thin ribs, abaxially and apically with distinct resin sacs ......... 11. Tripleurospermum
14b. Achenes 5--10-ribbed, adaxially and apically without resin sacs.
15a. Involucres campanulate; phyllaries rigidly herbaceous; ray florets yellow 14. Tanacetum
15b. Involucres shallowly coryliform; phyllaries herbaceous; ray florets white or red, very rarely yellow or orange-yellow, if rays yellow or orange-yellow, then capitulum solitary at apex of stem 12. Pyrethrum
4b. Capitula small; marginal florets female or neutral without stamen and pistil, corolla tubular, tender-tubular or absent; disk florets hermaphroditic, tubular or florets all hermaphroditic, tubular.
16a. Florets all hermaphroditic, tubular.
17a. Pappus absent.
18a. Capitula many or few, in corymbs, fascicled corymbs, or glomerules.
19a. Herb perennial or subshrub; corolla not crateriform .............................. 16. Hippolytia
19b. Herb annual; corolla crateriform ......................................................... 17. Stilpnolepis
18b. Capitula numerous, in spikes, racemes, or panicles ..................................... Seriphidium
17b. Pappus present, coroniform or scale-like.
20a. Achenes with distinct resin sacs ................................................. 11. Tripleurospermum
20b. Achenes without resin sacs.
21a. Capitula usually solitary at apex of stem ............................................... 12. Pyrethrum
21b. Capitula many or several, in lax corymb or solitary at apices of branches.
22a. Herb annual; achenes dorsiventrally compressed, with 3--5 adaxially thin ribs, without ribs abaxially ......................................................................................................... 10. Matricaria
22b. Herb biennial, perennial, or dwarf subshrub; achenes trigonously terete, with 5 or 6 equally arranged ribs .................................................................................................... 18. Cancrinia
16b. Marginal florets female or neutral; corolla tubular or narrowly tubular or absent.
23a. Marginal female florets in many rows.
24a. Capitula pedunculate; achenes without persistent style .................................. 25. Cotula
24b. Capitula sessile at leaf axils; achenes with persistent style ............................... 26. Soliva
23b. Marginal female florets in 1 row.
25b. Capitula spikes, panicles, or racemes.
26a. Pappus present, coroniform; subshrubs ....................................... 24. Crossostephium
26b. Pappus absent.
27a. Marginal florets female, disk florets hermaphroditic; achenes dense on receptacle Artemisia
27b. Marginal florets partly female, disk florets hermaphroditic, fertile; disk florets hermaphroditic, sterile; achenes in a row around base of receptacle ..................................... 23. Neopallasia
25a. Capitula corymbose or fascicular-corymbose.
28a. Florets-corolla with stellate hairs outside or apically densely pilose with erect straight hairs.
29a. Florets-corolla apically densely pilose with erect straight hairs; herbs annual 20. Ajaniopsis
29b. Florets-corolla with stellate hairs outside; subshrubs ....................... 22. Kaschgarica
28b. Florets-corolla glabrous outside.
30a. Achenes ellipsoid-elevated 5--10-ribbed, with apical
corona 0.1--0.4 mm
........................................................................................................ 14.
Tanacetum
30b. Achenes 2--6-striate, without apical corona.
31a. Florets all fertile; achenes 4- or 5-striate [??] ......................................... 19. Ajania
31b. Central hermaphroditic florets sterile; achenes 2-striate ..................... 21. Filifolium
春黄菊属 chun huang ju shu
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Herbs annual or perennial, or subshrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnatisect to variously lobed, occasionally entire. Capitulum solitary or laxly corymbose, pedunculate, heterogamous, radiate, rarely homogenous, discoid. Ray florets in 1 row, female, fertile; limb white, rarely yellow or reddish. Disk florets numerous, hermaphroditic, tubular; corolla 5-lobed, yellow, rarely reddish. Involucre usually +/- hemispheric to ovoid; phyllaries in 3 rows, margin scarious. Receptacle convex to narrowly conical, paleate, rarely basally or completely epaleate; palea oblong or subulate, scarious, apex truncate or acute to acuminate. Style arms truncate. Anther bases obtuse. Achenes oblong or obconic, smooth to prismatic to 4--5(or 8)-ribbed, sometimes dorsiventrally compressed. Pappus absent or represented by a shallow, often adaxially more developed corona or an adaxial auricle.
Twenty species, mainly in S Europe and SE Asia. Three species cultivated in China. [see guidelines regarding inclusion of cultivated species in the Flora??]
1a. Ray florets yellow; capitula 3--4 cm in diam.; rachis dentate .............................. 1. A. tinctoria
1b. Ray florets white; capitula 1--2 cm in diam.; rachis not dentate.
2a. Phyllaries with margin broadly scarious; achenes smooth; plants not fetid ......... 2. A. arvensis
2b. Phyllaries with margin narrowly scarious; achenes tuberculate; plants fetid ........... 3. A. cotula
春黄菊 chun huang ju
Herbs perennial, 30--60 cm tall. Stems erect, striate, reddish, spreading corymbose-branched in upper part, sparsely white lanate. Leaves sessile; leaf blade oblong, pinnatipartite; lobes oblong, abaxially white villous; rachis dentate. Capitula few, solitary at apices of branches, large, 3--4 cm in diam., long pedunculate. Involucres hemispheric; phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially pubescent at first, glabrescent, margin scarious, outer lanceolate, apex acute, inner oblong-linear, apex obtuse. Ray florets yellow. Disk florets yellow, tubuliform, 5-lobed. Achenes tetragonal, grooved, slightly dorsiventrally compressed. Pappus represented by a very short corona. Fl., fr. Jul--Oct. 2n = 18.
Cultivated in China - provinces??, ??Anhui, ??Fujian, ??Hebei, ??Jiangsu, ??Shaanxi, ??Zhejiang [Native to Europe].
田春黄菊 tian chun huang ju
Herbs annual, 20--30(--40) cm tall. Stems many, erect, branched in upper part, sparsely pubescent. Leaves sessile; leaf blade oblong, bipinnatisect; ultimate segments linear or lanceolate, abaxially sparsely pubescent, apex acute. Capitulum solitary at apices of branches, 1--2 cm in diam., long pedunculate. Involucres hemispheric; phyllaries in 3 rows, ovate-oblong, abaxially slightly pubescent, margin and apex broadly scarious, outer apex acute, inner apex obtuse. Ray florets white, rays elliptic, tubes winged. Disk florets yellow, tubuliform, 5-lobed. Achenes turbinate-tetragonal, smooth. Pappus represented by a very short corona. Fl., fr. Jun--Jul. 2n = 18.
Cultivated in China - Liaoning??, Shandong?? [Native of Europe].
臭春黄菊 chou chun huang ju
Anthemis foetida Lamarck; Maruta cotula (Linnaeus) de Candolle; M. foetida (Lamarck) Cassini.
Herbs annual, fetid, 30--50 cm tall. Stems erect, sparsely pubescent or subglabrescent, corymbose-branched. Leaves sessile; leaf blade ovate-oblong, bipinnatisect; ultimate segments narrowly linear. Capitula solitary at apices of branches, 1--2 cm in diam., long pedunculate. Involucres hemispheric; phyllaries in 3 rows, oblong, margin narrowly scarious, apex obtuse. Ray florets white, elliptic. Disk florets yellow, tubuliform, 5-lobed. Achenes oblong-turbinate, tuberculate, 8-ribbed. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jun--Jul. 2n = 18.
Cultivated in NE China - provinces??, ??Nei Mongol [Native to Europe].
蓍属 shi shu
Synonyms??
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Herbs perennial, usually rhizomatous. Leaves alternate, pinnatilobed to pinnatisect, rarely entire. Capitula relatively small, usually corymbose, rarely few together or solitary, heterogamous, radiate or rarely discoid. Involucres oblong, ovoid, or hemispheric; phyllaries in 2 or 3 rows, overlapping, margin brown- or yellowish white scarious. Receptacle flat to convex, conical or rarely much elongated, paleate. Ray florets female, ligulate, fertile, in 1 row; rays white, pink, red, or yellow, rather short and wide, occasionally absent. Disk florets yellow or pink, hermaphroditic, tubuliform, 5-lobed, +/- winged, flattened, basally slightly saccate around achene especially adaxially. Anthers obtuse at base, with apical lanceolate appendage. Achenes dorsiventrally flattened with 2 lateral ribs. Pappus absent.
About 200 species; mostly in Europe and temperate Asia; 10 species in China.
What about Achillea cartilaginea Ledebour??=A. sibirica subsp. subcartilaginea Heimerl??=A. subcartilaginea Heimerl ex Handel-Mazzetti?? [Shensi: Giraldi 2943, Limpricht 2803]; A. magna Linnaeus?? [Sinkiang: between Ustkamenogorsk & Buchtarminsk, Karelin & Kirilow]; A. nobilis Linnaeus?? [Sinkiang: between Usunbulak & Arkat, Karelin & Kirilow]; A. sinensis Heimerl?? [Hopei: H. Smith 90-type]
1a. Leaves entire, margin serrulate.
2a. Leaves glabrous; rays ca. 7 X 5 mm; paleae yellow villous at apex .............. 4. A. acuminata
2b. Leaves densely pubescent, depressed glandular punctate; rays 3.2--3.5 mm; paleae white villous at apex .................................................................................................................... 5. A. salicifolia
1b. Leaves pinnatilobed to pinnatisect.
3a. Leaves mostly tripinnatisect.
4a. Rachis 1.5--2 mm wide; ultimate segments of leaves relatively broad, lanceolate, rarely linear, 0.3--0.5 mm wide; rays white or pink to violet-red ................................................ 1. A. millefolium
4b. Rachis 0.5--1 mm wide; ultimate segments of leaves relatively narrow, 0.1--0.5 mm wide, filiform-linear or linear to lanceolate.
5a. Rays yellowish white, relatively small; involucres narrowly oblong, 4--4.5 X 2--2.5 mm; phyllaries sometimes with brownish narrow margin ..................................................... 2. A. setacea
5b. Rays pink, rarely turning white, relatively large; involucres oblong, 4--5 X 2.5--3 mm, with conspicuous brown or brownish margin ......................................................................... 3. A. asiatica
3b. Leaves pinnate-to bipinnate-divided.
6a. Leaves bipinnatisect, primary segments elliptic-lanceolate, 5--10 X 2--4 mm, ultimate segments few, lanceolate .............................................................................................. 10. A. wilsoniana
6b. Leaves pinnatilobed, pinnatipartite or pinnatisect.
7a. Rays 4--7 X 4--6 mm; segments or pinnae of leaves minutely spiniform-serrulate or 1- or 2-dentate or lobed.
8a. Leaves pinnatisect; capitula 5--8 or more .............................................. 6. A. impatiens
8b. Leaves pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; capitula 3--5 ........... 7 . A. ledebouri
7b. Rays 0.8--2.5 X 1--3 mm; pinnae of leaves with unequal teeth.
9a. Involucres subglobose or broadly oblong, (4--)5--7 mm in diam.; phyllaries with broad brown margin; leaves sparsely glandular punctate or not glandular punctate ........................ 8. A. alpina
9b. Involucres oblong [??], 3.5--4 mm in diam.; phyllaries with narrow yellow or brown margin; leaves densely glandular punctate ............................................................... 9. A. ptarmicoides
蓍 shi
Herbs perennial, with long rhizomes. Stems erect, 40--100 cm tall, striate, usually white villous, unbranched or branched in upper part, often with short sterile branches at leaf axils above middle. Leaves sessile; leaf blade lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or sublinear, 5--20 X 1--2.5 cm, (bi-)tripinnatisect; rachis 1.5--2 mm wide; ultimate segments lanceolate to linear, 0.5--1.5 X 0.3--0.5 mm, abaxially densely villous, adaxially densely depressed glandular punctate, apex cartilaginous-mucronulate. Capitula numerous, in an apical corymb 2--6 cm in diam. Involucres oblong or subovoid, ca. 4 X 3 mm; phyllaries in 3 rows, overlapping, elliptic or oblong, 1.5--3 X 1--1.3 mm, midvein convex, margin pale yellow or brown scarious; paleae oblong-elliptic, scarious, abaxially yellow glandular punctate. Ray florets 5; rays white, pink or violet-red, suborbicular, 1.5--3 X 2--1.5 mm, apex 2- or 3-denticulate. Disk florets yellow, tubuliform, 2.2--3 mm, abaxially glandular punctate, 5-lobed. Achenes greenish, oblong, ca. 2 mm, with white lateral ribs. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jul--Sep. 2n = 18, 27, 36 + 0-2B, 45, 54 + 0-3B, 72.
Widely cultivated in China (??Anhui, ??Fujian, ??Hebei, ??Jiangsu, ??Liaoning, ??Shaanxi, ??Shandong, ??Sichuan, ??Xinjiang, ??Zhejiang), also naturalized in Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Mongolia??; Native to Europe, North America?? - temperate and alpine regions of N hemisphere??].
Whole plant used as medicine for inducing sweat and dispelling diseases.
丝叶蓍 si ye shi
Herbs perennial, with procumbent slender rhizomes. Stems erect, 30--70 cm tall, white villous, especially in lower part, unbranched or few branched in upper part, usually with short sterile branches at leaf axils above middle. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, rarely linear-oblong, 8--20 X 1--2 cm, both surfaces villous, (bi-) or tripinnatisect; primary segments numerous, 1--1.5 mm apart; ultimate segments filiform-linear or linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 0.5--1.5 X 0.1--0.2 mm, apex cartilaginous-mucronulate; middle and distal stem leaves similar, sessile, gradually smaller. Capitula numerous, in an apical dense corymb 2.5--7 cm in diam. Involucres yellowish green, narrowly oblong or ovoid-oblong, 4--4.5 X 2--2.5 mm; phyllaries in 3 rows, overlapping, oblong-ovate to oblong, 2--4 X 0.8--1.2 mm, abaxially brownish pilose, margin scarious, sometimes with narrow brownish margin, apex somewhat acute or obtuse; midvein greenish, convex. Paleae oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, glabrous or appressed-pilose on upper part. Ray florets 5; rays yellowish white, semiorbicular or suborbicular, 1.2--1.3 X 1.3--1.8 mm, apex subtruncate or 3-dentate. Disk florets yellow, tubuliform, 5-lobed. Achenes oblong-cuneate, 1.8--2 X ca. 0.8 mm, with narrow lateral ribs. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jul--Aug. 2n = 18, 36.
Wastelands, forest margins, grasslands on mountain slopes, meadows, river valleys; 500--2400 m. Heilongjiang??, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia??, Russia; N Africa, W Asia, Europe].
亚洲蓍 ya zhou shi
Achillea millefolium Linnaeus var. mandshuricum Kitamura; A. setacea Waldstein-Wartemberg & Kitaibel subsp. asiatica (Sergiev) V. N. Voroschilov.
Herbs perennial, with procumbent slender rhizomes. Stems erect, (4--)18--60 cm tall, striate, conspicuously lanate-villous, unbranched or few branched in upper part, usually with sterile branches at leaf axils. Proximal stem leaves petiolate or subsessile; leaf blade linear-oblong, linear-lanceolate, or linear-oblanceolate, abaxially densely villous, adaxially sparsely villous, (bi-) or tripinnatisect; primary segments numerous, 1--1.5 mm apart; ultimate segments linear to lanceolate, 0.5--2 mm, apex cartilaginous-mucronulate; middle and distal stem leaves similar, sessile, progressively smaller. Capitula numerous, densely corymbose, rarely laxly corymbose. Involucres oblong, 4--5 X 2.5--3 mm; phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, overlapping, ovate or oblong to lanceolate, 1.5--4 X 0.8--1.5 mm; midvein yellow-green, convex, margin brown or brownish, scarious. Paleae oblong-lanceolate, scarious, margin hyaline, sparsely pilose in upper part. Ray florets 5; rays pink or violet-red, rarely turning white, suborbicular, 2--2.5 X 2--2.2 mm. Disk florets tubuliform, 5-lobed. Achenes oblong-cuneate, 2--2.2 mm, with lateral ribs. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jul--Sep. 2n = 18, 36.
Grasslands on mountain slopes, moist forest margins, by rivers; 600--2600 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
齿叶蓍 chi ye shi
Ptarmica acuminata Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 2: 529. 1845; Achillea ptarmica Linnaeus subsp. euptarmica Heimerl var. acuminata (Ledebour) Heimerl; A. ptarmica Linnaeus subsp. macrocephala Heimerl var. angustifolia Heimerl.
Herbs perennial. Stems erect, 30--100 cm tall, solitary, corymbose-branched, glabrous in lower part, densely pubescent in upper part. Basal and proximal stem leaves withered by anthesis. Middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3--8 X 0.4--0.8 cm, both surfaces pubescent at first, glabrescent or pubescent along veins abaxially, base slightly attenuate, margin duplicato-serrulate, apex acuminate. Capitula rather numerous, in an apical lax corymb. Involucres hemispheric, ca. 5 X 9 mm; phyllaries in 3 rows, overlapping, margin yellowish or brownish broad scarious, outer short, ovate-oblong, apex acute, inner oblong, apex rounded. Paleae similar to phyllaries, yellow villous at upper part and at apex. Ray florets 14; rays white, ca. 7 X 5 mm, apex 3-crenate, Disk florets white, tubuliform. Achenes oblanceolate, 2.5--3 X ca. 1.5 mm, with white lateral ribs. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jul--Aug.
Moist places on mountain slopes, meadows, forest margins; 500--2900 m. Gansu, Heilongjiang??, Jilin??, Liaoning??, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, ??Shaanxi, N China - provinces??, Qinghai [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
柳叶蓍 liu ye shi
Herbs perennial, with short rhizomes. Stems erect, 36--90 cm tall, striate, densely pubescent with curved hairs, or glabrescent in lower part, corymbose-branched in upper part. Proximal stem leaves withered by anthesis. Middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 1.5--6 X 0.3--0.6 cm, both surfaces densely pubescent, [depressed glandular punctate??], base attenuate, margin duplicato-serrulate, apex acuminate. Distal stem leaves gradually smaller. Capitula numerous, corymbose. Involucres hemispheric, 3--4 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 rows, overlapping, broadly lanceolate, 1.2--1.5 mm, abaxially densely pubescent, margin yellowish or brown scarious; midvein convex. Paleae similar to phyllaries. Ray florets 8; rays broadly elliptical, 3.2--3.5 X 3--3.8 mm, apex 2-crenate. Disk florets white, ca. 2.5 mm, 5-lobed. Achenes oblanceolate, ca. 1.8 X 1 mm, with white lateral ribs, sometimes 1-ribbed abaxially. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Aug--Sep. 2n = 18, 36.
Forest understories of floodlands, moist grasslands; 500--1200 m. ??Shaanxi, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia; Europe].
褐苞蓍 he bao shi
Achillea impatiens Linnaeus subsp. euimpatiens Heimerl; Ptarmica impatiens (Linnaeus) de Candolle.
Herbs perennial, with short rhizomes. Stem erect, 40--60 cm tall, pubescent above middle, few branched in upper part. Middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade lanceolate, 1.5--4.5 X 0.3--0.9 mm, pinnatisect; segments linear-lanceolate, both surfaces sparsely pilose, margin entire, minutely serrulate or with 1 or 2 teeth on one side, apex acute; rachis 1--2 mm wide. Distal stem leaves similar, gradually smaller. Capitula 5--8 or more, in an apical corymb. Involucres hemispheric, 5--7 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 rows, overlapping, broadly lanceolate, 3.5--4.5 X ca. 1.8 mm; midvein convex, abaxially sparsely villous, margin scarious, red-brown or deep brown. Pappus lanceolate, apex sparsely villous. Ray florets 8; rays white, broadly elliptic, apex 3-crenate. Disk florets white, tubuliform. Achenes oblanceolate, 2.5--1.3 mm, with winged lateral ribs. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jul--Aug. 2n = 18.
Forest margins, river banks; 1500--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
阿尔泰蓍a er tai shi
Achillea impatiens Linnaeus subsp. Ledebour (Heimerl) Heimerl.
Herbs perennial, with long slender rhizomes. Stems erect, ca. 40 cm tall, pilose above middle, corymbose-branched in upper part. Middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade lanceolate, 1.5--4 X 0.5--0.9 cm, pinnatilobed to pinnatisect or pinnatipartite; lobes or segments linear-lanceolate, both surfaces sparsely villous, basal ones large, margin minutely serrulate, sometimes 1-dentate on one side, apex acuminate or acute; rachis 1.5--3 mm wide. Capitula 3--5, in apical corymb. Involucres hemispheric, 5--6 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 rows, overlapping, ovate or broadly elliptic, 3--5.2 X 2--3 mm; midvein convex, deep brown, margin broadly scarious. Paleae brown, lanceolate-elliptic, 4--5 X ca. 1.5 mm, scarious, apex sparsely white-villous. Ray florets 8; rays white, broadly elliptic, apex 3-crenate. Disk florets white, tubuliform. Achenes broadly lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, with white lateral ribs. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jul--Sep.
Forest understories; 2200--2500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].
高山蓍 gao shan shi
Achillea mongolica Fischer ex Sprengel; A. sibirica Ledebour; A. sibirica Ledebour subsp. mongolica (Fischer ex Sprengel) Heimerl; Ptarmica mongolica (Fischer ex Sprengel) de Candolle; P. sibirica (Ledebour) Ledebour.
Herbs perennial, with short rhizomes. Stems erect, 30--80 cm tall, sparsely or densely pilose, branched in upper part, usually with sterile branches at leaf axils above middle. Proximal stem leaves withered by anthesis; middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 6--10 X 0.7--1.7 cm, abaxially densely villous, adaxially sparsely villous, pectinate-pinnatilobed or -pinnatipartite; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, basally amplexicaul, margin unequally serrulate, apex acute; distal stem leaves similar to middle stem leaves, progressively smaller. Capitula numerous, in a dense apical corymb. Involucres broadly oblong or subglobose, (4--)5--7 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 rows, overlapping, broadly lanceolate to elliptic, 2--4 X 1.2--2 mm, abaxially sparsely villous, margin scarious, brown; midvein convex. Paleae similar to inner phyllaries. Ray florets 6--8; rays white, broadly elliptic, apex 3-denticulate. Disk florets white, 5-lobed. Achenes broadly oblanceolate, 2--1.1 mm, with white lateral ribs, sometimes 1- or 2-ribbed abaxially. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jul--Sep. 2n = 36.
Grasslands on mountain slopes, forest margins, under thickets, meadows??, river valleys??; 800--2400 m. ??Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang??, Hubei, ??Jiangsu, Jilin??, ??Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi??, Shanxi, Sichuan??, ??Yunnan, ??Zhejiang, NE China - provinces?? [Japan, Korea, ??Mongolia, Russia].
短瓣蓍 duan ban shi
Achillea sibirica Ledebour var. discoidea Regel; A. sibirica Ledebour subsp. ptarmicoides (Maximowicz) Heimerl; A. sibirica Ledebour var. ptarmicoides (Maximowicz) Makino; Ptarmica ptarmicoides (Maximowicz) Woroschilov.
Herbs perennial, with short rhizomes. Stems erect, 70--100 cm tall, sparsely white pilose, usually unbranched, sterile-branched at middle leaf axils. Proximal stem leaves withered by anthesis. Middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade linear or linear-lanceolate, 6--8 X 0.5--0.7 cm, [densely glandular punctate??], abaxially sparsely pilose, adaxially densely pilose, pectinate-pinnatipartite or -subpinnatisect, pinnae linear, margin irregularly serrulate, apex acute. Distal stem leaves similar, gradually smaller. Capitula numerous, densely corymbose. Involucres campanulate [??], 5--6 X 3.5--4 mm; phyllaries in 3 rows, overlapping, margin scarious, yellowish or brownish, outer ones ovate, 1.5--2 X 1.2--1.5 mm, apex somewhat acute, middle ones elliptic, ca. 2.8 X 1.5 mm, apex obtuse, inner ones oblong, ca. 3.2 X 2 mm. Paleae similar to inner phyllaries. Ray florets 6--8; rays yellowish white, broadly elliptic, very small, 0.8--1.5 X ca. 1.1 mm, apex 3-crenate. Disk florets white, tubuliform, 5-lobed. Achenes oblong or broadly oblanceolate, ca. 2.2 X 1.2 mm, with white lateral ribs. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jul--Sep.
River valleys, meadows, mountain slopes, under thickets; 200--400 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang??, ??Liaoning, ??Nei Mongol, NE China - provinces?? [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
云南蓍 yun nan shi
Achillea sibirica Ledebour subsp. wilsoniana Heimerl ex Handel-Mazzetti, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math-Naturwiss., Cl., Abt. 1, 61: 22. 1924; A. wilsoniana Heimerl ex Handel-Mazzetti f. obconica Heimerl.
Herbs perennial, with short rhizomes. Stems erect, 35--100 cm tall, densely villous above middle, glabrescent in lower part, usually corymbose-branched, with sterile branches at leaf axils in upper part. Proximal stem leaves withered by anthesis. Middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade oblong, 4--6.5 X 1--2 cm, abaxially sparsely pilose, adaxially densely pilose, bipinnatisect; primary segments numerous, close together, elliptic-lanceolate, 5--10 X 2--4 mm; secondary segments few, lanceolate, proximal ones large, distal ones small; rachis ca. 1.5 mm wide, margin entire or dentate. Capitula numerous, in an apical compound corymb. Involucres broadly campanulate or hemispheric, 4--6 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 rows, overlapping, outer ovate-lanceolate, short, ca. 2.3 X 1.2 mm, apex slightly acute, middle ones ovate-elliptic, ca. 2.5 X 1.8 mm, inner ones long elliptic, ca. 4 X 1.8 mm, apex obtuse or rounded; midvein convex. Paleae lanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm, sparsely villous in upper part. Ray florets 6--8(--16); rays white, occasionally with pinkish margin, ca. 2.2 X 2.2 mm, apex deeply or shallowly 3-denticulate. Disk florets yellowish or white, tubuliform. Achenes oblong-cuneate, ca. 2.5 X 1.1 mm, with winged lateral ribs. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jul--Sep.
* Grasslands on mountain slopes, under thickets; 400--3700 m. Gansu, Guizhou??, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Entire plant used medicinally to stop bleeding and to alleviate pain, also for strengthening the stomach.
天山蓍属 tian shan shi shu
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Herbs perennial. Leaves oblong, tripinnatisect, basal leaves large, petiolate; stem leaves small, sessile. Capitula homogenous, discoid, densely or laxly corymbose. Involucres hemispheric; phyllaries in 3 rows, oblong, margin broadly scarious. Receptacle conical, paleate; palea narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, scarious. Florets tubuliform, hermaphroditic, yellow, 5-lobed, glandular punctate. Anthers obtuse at base, with apical acute appendage; style-arms claviform-oblong. Achenes small, cuneate, inconspicuously 5-ribbed adaxially, with abaxial rim. Pappus absent.
Monotypic. Distributed in Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and China.
天山蓍 tian shan shi
Achillea trichophylla Schrenk ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 48. 1841.
Herbs perennial, with robust axial root. Stem usually solitary, 30--100 cm tall, robust, striate, densely and thickly dirty trite??-lanate in lower part, glabrescent in upper part. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade oblong, 5--30 X 2--12 cm, tripinnatisect; ultimate segments subfiliform, densely pilose. Stem leaves similar, sessile, smaller. Capitula densely or laxly corymbose. Involucres hemispheric, ca. 5 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 rows, oblong, margin broadly scarious, adaxially sparsely villous. Florets numerous, yellow, tubuliform, 5-lobed, abaxially glandular punctate. Achenes yellow-brown, cuneate, 1--1.5 X 0.3--0.5 mm, with abaxial rim. Pappus absent. Fl.??, fr.?? 2n = 18.
Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].
No material from China was seen. The description is based on specimens from Kazakstan and Uzbekistan, and on the account in the Flora URSS (26: 125. 1961).
木茼蒿属 mu tong hao shu
Chrysanthemum Linnaeus sect. Argyranthemum (Webb ex Schultz-Bipontinus) Bentham & J. D. Hooker; C. Linnaeus sect. Magarsa de Candolle.
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Subshrubs. Leaves alternate. Capitulum solitary or laxly corymbose, heterogamous, radiate. Involucres coryliform; phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, rigidly herbaceous, margin scarious. Receptacle convex to conical, epaleate. Ray florets in 1 row, female, fertile ligulate; rays white, rarely yellow or pink. Disk florets hermaphroditic, fertile, numerous, tubuliform, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base, with apical ovate-lanceolate appendage. Ray achenes triquetrous, usually strongly winged laterally and adaxially; wings sometimes reduced, often apically projected to a pappus-like corona; true pappus based [absent??]. Disk achenes generally laterally flattened, winged abaxially and adaxially, sometimes prismatic to terete and wingless, often apically coroniform, true pappus absent.
Twenty-four species; mostly in the Canary Islands; one species cultivated in China. [if it is only cultivated then delete?? - see guidelines]
木茼蒿 mu tong hao
Chrysanthemum frutescens Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 887. 1753; Pyrethrum frutescens (Linnaeus) Willdenow.
Plants to 1 m tall. Petiole 1.5--4 cm, narrowly palate [??]; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, or long-elliptic, 3--6 X 2--4 cm, both surfaces glabrous, bipinnatisect; primary lateral segments 2--5-paired; ultimate lateral segments linear or lanceolate. Capitula numerous, long pedunculate, irregularly corymbose. Involucres coryliform, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 rows, margin broadly white scarious, inner apically scariously ampliate [spelling??]. Ray florets white; rays 0.8--1.5 cm. Disk florets yellow, numerous. Ray achene striquetrous, laterally and abaxially strongly winged, often apically projected to a pappus-like corona; true pappus absent. Disk achenes generally laterally flattened, and abaxially and adaxially winged; true pappus absent. Fl., fr. Feb--Oct. 2n = 27.
??Fujian, ??Hebei, ??Guizhou, ??Jiangsu, ??Shaanxi [native to Africa (Canary Islands)].
Cultivated as potted plant for landscaping.
茼蒿属 tong hao shu
Chrysanthemum Linnaeus sect. Pinardia (Cassini) Boissier; Glebionis Cassini; Ismelia Cassini.
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Herbs annual. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided or margin dentate. Capitulum solitary or laxly corymbose, pedunculate, heterogamous, radiate. Involucres cupular; phyllaries in 4 rows, rigidly herbaceous. Receptacle convex, epaleate. Ray florets yellow, female, liguliform, fertile, in 1 row. Disk florets yellow, tubuliform, hermaphroditic, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base, with apical ovate-elliptic appendage. Style-arms linear, apex truncate. Ray achenes triquetrous, laterally winged, adaxially narrow or ribbed; pappus absent. Disk achenes prismatic with a narrow adaxial wing or terete; pappus absent.
Three species; Asia, Europe, and N Africa. All cultivated ornamentally and for vegetables in China. [see guidelines re. cultivated species??]
1a. Ray achenes narrowly
2-winged; leaves irregularly dentate or rarely pinnatilobed
3.
C. segetum
1b. Ray achenes widely 3-winged; leaves bipinnately divided.
2a. Adaxial wings of ray achenes projected into an apical rostrum ..................... 1. C. carinatum
2b. Wings of ray achenes not projected into rostrum ....................................... 2. C. coronarium
蒿子杆 hao zi gan
Herbs annual, glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, 20--70 cm tall, usually branched above middle. Basal leaves withered by anthesis; proximal and middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade obovate or long-elliptic, 8--10 X 3--4 cm, bipinnatipartite; primary lateral lobes 3--8-paired; ultimate lobes lanceolate, obliquely triangular or linear. Capitula long pedicellate, 2--8 or rarely solitary, at apices of branches, not forming conspicuous corymb. Involucres cupular, 1.5--2.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 rows, inner ones ca. 1 cm. Ray achenes broadly 3-winged, wings adaxially projected to an apical rostrum. Disk achenes with elevated 2 ribs. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Aug. 2n = 18.
Cultivated as a vegetable in China, ??Anhui, ??Guizhou, ??Hebei, ??Liaoning, ??Nei Mongol [Native to N Africa].
茼蒿 tong hao
Matricaria coronaria (Linnaeus) Desrousseaux.
Herbs annual, glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, ca. 70 cm tall, unbranched or few branched above middle. Basal leaves withered by anthesis. Proximal and middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade long-elliptic or long-elliptic-obovate, 8--10 X 3--4 cm, bipinnatisect; primary segments 2--4-paired; ultimate lobes ovate or linear. Distal stem leaves gradually smaller. Capitulum solitary apically or few solitary at apices of branches, not forming conspicuous corymb. Pedicel 15--20 cm. Involucres cupular, 1.5--3 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 rows, inner ones ca. 1 cm, apex dilated scarious. Ray achenes narrowly 3-winged. Disk achenes 1- or 2-ribbed. Fl., fr. Sep. 2n = 18@.
??Anhui, ??Fujian, Hainan??, ??Hebei, Jilin??, Shandong??, Zhejiang?? [Native to Europe (Mediterranean)].
Cultivated ornamentally and for its edible young shoots.
南茼蒿 na tong hao
Chrysanthemum coronarium Linnaeus var. spatiosum Bailey; Matricaria segetum (Linnaeus) Schrenk; Pyrethrum segetum (Linnaeus) Moench; [what about C. spatiosum Bailey in Fl. Jiangsu??; C. coronarium f. spatiosum (Bailey) Kitamura, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 59: 40. 1946??].
Herbs annual, glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, 20--60 cm tall, fleshy. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile; leaf blade elliptic, obovate-lanceolate, or ovate-elliptic, base cuneate, margin irregularly largely dentate, rarely pinnatilobed. Distal stem leaves gradually smaller. Capitulum solitary apically or few at apices of branches, not forming conspicuous corymb. Pedicel ca. 5 cm. Involucres cupular, 1--2 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 rows, inner ones scarious, apex ampliate??. Ray achenes narrowly 2-winged. Disk achenes with 10 ribs. Fl., fr. Aug--Sep. 2n = 18@, 36.
??Anhui, ??Fujian, ??Guizhou, Hubei, ??Jiangsu, ??Yunnan, ??Zhejiang [Native to Europe (Mediterranean)].
Cultivated as a vegetable.
小滨菊属 xiao bin ju shu
Decaneurum Schultz-Bipontinus, non de Candolle 1833.
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Herbs perennial, with procumbent rhizomes. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatipartite. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, solitary or laxly corymbose. Involucres coryliform; phyllaries in 2 or 3 rows, margin scarious. Receptacle convex, epaleate. Ray florets in 1 row, liguliform, female, usually sterile; rays white or reddish. Disk florets numerous, yellow, tubuliform, hermaphroditic, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base, apically ovate or elliptic-ovate with appendage. Style-arms linear, apex truncate. Achenes distinctly 8--12-ribbed, with apical rim. Pappus absent.
Two species: Europe, Japan, Korea, Russia; one species in China.
小滨菊 xiao bin ju
Chrysanthemum lineare Matsumura, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 13: 83. 1899; C. lineare Matsumura var. manshuricum Komarov; Tanacetum lineare Kitamura.
Halophytes perennial, with long procumbent rhizomes. Stems erect, 25--90 cm tall, usually fasciculate, unbranched or inflorescence-branched above middle, pubescent or glabrous. Basal and proximal stem leaves withered by anthesis. Middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade elliptic or lanceolate, 5--8 X 2--4 cm, pinnatipartite below middle; terminal and laterally lobes linear or narrowly linear, abaxially glandular punctate, adaxially aculeiform[??]-papillose, margin entire, asperous[??], lateral lobes 1--3-paired. Capitula apically solitary or 2--8 in an apical corymb, long pedicellate. Involucres coryliform, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 2 or 3 rows, abaxially glabrous or nearly so, margin brown- or deep brown scarious, outer one linear-lanceolate, inner one long-elliptic. Ray florets white; rays 1--2 cm, apex 2- or 3-denticulate. Disk florets yellow, 5-lobed. Achenes ca. 3 mm, with apical rim. Fl., fr. Aug--Sep. 2n = 18.
Marshlands; elevation?? NE China - provinces??, Liaoning??, ??Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Russia].
滨菊属 bing ju shu
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Herbs perennial. Leaves alternate, margin entire, serrate, or pinnatifid. Capitulum solitary or laxly corymbose, pedunculate, heterogamous, radiate. Involucres coryliform; phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, margin scarious. Receptacle convex, sometimes conical, epaleate. Ray florets liguliform, female, fertile, in 1 row, white, pink or rarely yellow. Disk florets numerous, hermaphroditic, yellow, tubuliform, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base, with apical ovate-lanceolate appendage. Style-arms linear, apex truncate. Achenes 10-ribbed, ribs projected or not to apicalyrim[??]. Pappus absent or represented by a corona or adaxial auricle.
Thirty-three species throughout Europe, but mainly in Central and Southern parts; one species in China.
滨菊 bing ju
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Linnaeus; Leucanthemum ircutianum (Turczaninow) de Candolle; L. leucanthemum (Linnaeus) Rydberg, nom. illegit., tautonym - delete??; Matricaria leucanthemum (Linnaeus) Desrousseaux; Pyrethrum leucanthemum (Linnaeus) Schultz-Bipontinus [or Franchet?? as in FRPS]; Tanacetum leucanthemum (Linnaeus) Schultz-Bipontinus.
Herbs perennial. Stems erect, 15--80 cm tall, usually unbranched, tomentose, floccose, or glabrous. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole longer than lamina; leaf blade long-elliptic, oblanceolate, obovate, or ovate, 3--8 X 1.5--2.5 cm, margin crenate or obtusely dentate, base cuneate-attenuate. Middle and proximal stem leaves sessile; leaf blade long elliptic or linear-elliptic, both surfaces glabrous, sometimes pinnatilobed below middle or near base, attenuate towards base, base auriculate- or subauriculate-semiamplexicaul. Distal stem leaves gradually smaller, sometimes pinnatisect. Capitula apically solitary or 2--5, in an apical lax corymb. Involucres coryliform, 1--2 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, margin white- or brown scarious. Ray florets white; rays 1--2.5 cm. Achenes 2--3 mm, 10-ribbed, ribs projected into an apical rim. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. May--Oct. 2n = 18, 36, 36+1B, 54, 72.
Grasslands; elevation?? Naturalized in Gansu, Henan, Jiangxi, ??Fujian, ??Hebei, ??Jiangsu [Native to Europe, naturalized in other regions].
Cultivated ornamentally.
短舌菊属 duan she ju shu
Chrysanthemum Linnaeus sect. Argyranthemum (Webb ex Schulz-Bipontinus) Bentham & J. D. Hooker[, p.p.??]
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Subshrubs small, +/- procumbent, woody at base, pubescent with simple, bifurcate, or stellate hairs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, few lobed. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, or rarely discoid, solitary or corymbose. Involucres campanulate, hemispheric or obconical; phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, rigidly herbaceous, margin white- or brown scarious. Receptacle flat or convex to conical, epaleate. Ray florets female, liguliform, fertile or absent; rays yellow, rarely white. Disk florets yellow, tubuliform, hermaphroditic, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base, with apical lanceolate appendage. Style-arms linear, apex truncate. Achenes terete, 5-striate. Pappus absent.
Ten species in Central Asia and Mongolia; two species in China.
1a. Plant pubescent with simple or bifurcate hairs; segments of leaves linear-subulate 1. B. mongolicum
1b. Plant appressed pubescent
with stellate hairs; segments of leaves linear
2.
B. pulvinatum
蒙古短舌菊 meng gu duan she ju
Subshrubs 5--20 cm tall. Old branches gray, twisted; young branches appressed pubescent with simple or bifurcate hairs. Leaves sessile or subsessile, grayish green or green; leaf blade obliquely elliptic or suborbicular, ca. 0.6 X 0.5 cm, appressed pubescent with simple or bifurcate hairs, glabrescent, palmate-pinnate, 3--5-divided; segments linear-subulate. Distalmost stem leaf entire. Capitula 3 or 4, irregularly corymbose. Involucres obconical or campanulate, 4--6 mm in diam., margin brownish scarious, phyllaries in 4 rows, outer ones ovate, ca. 2.5 mm, middle one elliptic, ca. 6 mm, inner one oblanceolate, ca. 5 mm. Ray florets 8; rays yellow, apex minutely 2-denticulate. Achenes ca. 2.8 mm. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Aug.
Gobi Desert; elevation?? Xinjiang [Mongolia]
星毛短舌菊 xing mao duan she ju
Chrysanthemum pulvinatum Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 263. 1938; Brachanthemum nanschanicum Krascheninnikov.
Subshrubs 15--45 cm tall. Old branches gray, twisted; young ones brownish, densely and appressed powdery-puberulous with white stellate hairs. Petiole to 8 mm; leaf blade cuneate, elliptic, or suborbicular, 0.5--1 X 0.4--0.6 cm, gray-green, appressed powdery-puberulous with stellate hairs at first, glabrescent, palmate-pinnately or pinnately 4- or 5-divided; segments linear; leaves below inflorescence 3-divided. Capitula apically solitary or 3--8, irregularly laxly corymbose, pedunculate. Pedicel 2.5--7 cm. Involucres hemispheric or obconical, 6--8 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 rows, margin brown scarious, outer ones ovate or broadly ovate, ca. 2.5 mm, abaxially densely appressed powdery-puberulous, middle one elliptic, 4--4.5 m, abaxially densely and appressed powdery-puberulous, inner one linear-oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm, abaxially glabrescent. Ray florets 5--15; rays yellow, elliptic, apex minutely 2-denticulate. Achenes ca. 2 mm. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. Jul--Sep.
* Mountain slopes, Gobi Desert; 1200--3200 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang.
菊属 ju shu
Pyrethrum Zinn sect. Dendranthema de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 62. 1938.
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Subshrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnately or palmately divided, serrate, or rarely entire. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, laxly corymbose or solitary. Involucres coryliform, rarely campanulate; phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, white, brown, or dark brown scarious-margined or outer and middle ones herbaceous and pinnatilobed- or pinnatifid-margined. Receptacle convex to conical, epaleate. Ray florets female, fertile, liguliform, in 1 or numerous rows (in cultivated species); rays yellow, white, or red. Disk florets hermaphroditic, fertile, tubuliform, numerous, yellow, 5-lobed. Anther obtuse at base, with apical lanceolate-ovate or long-elliptic appendage. Achenes subterete or obovoid, faintly 5--8-ribbed; pappus absent.
Thirty-seven species; mostly in temperate Asia; 17 species in China.
1a. Outer or middle and outer phyllaries herbaceous, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid.
2a. Leaves undivided or lyrate-pinnatisect, not concolorous on both surfaces, green, glabrous or glabrescent adaxially, grayish white, appressed and thickly villous abaxially ........... 16. D. argyrophyllum
2b. Middle and proximal stem leaves bipinnate- or bipalmate-pinnately divided, concolorous on both surfaces, glabrous or nearly so ............................................................................. 17. D. mongolicum
1b. Phyllaries white-, brown-, or dark scarious-margined.
3a. Capitula 0.5--1 cm in diam.; rays 1--3 mm.
4a. Leaves pinnatisect; capitula 1--3 ................................................................ 15. D. dichrum
4b. Leaves bipinnatisect; capitula numerous,
compound-corymbose
14.
D. glabriusculum
3b. Capitula 1.5--5 cm in diam., rarely smaller; rays longer than 5 mm, rarely 1 mm.
5a. Leaves repand-remote dentate, 1-dentate on each side or entire, palmate or pinnately 3--7-divided or palmate-pinnately 3--7-divided.
6a. Leaves repand-remote-dentate, 1-dentate on each side or entire, densely and thickly pubescent abaxially.
7a. Leaves ovate, suborbicular, or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5--7 X 2--4 cm, margin repand-dentate 1. D. vestitum
7b. Leaves shape??, 1--1.4 X 0.7--1.5 cm, 1-dentate on each side or entire and elliptic 2. D. rhombifolium
6b. Leaves palmate- or pinnately 3--7-divided or palmate-pinnately 3--7-divided.
8a. Mainly an ornamental plant ............................................................. 6. D. grandiflorum
8b. Wild species.
9a. Ray florets yellow ................................................................................. 3. D. indicum
9b. Ray florets white, pink, or rarely purple.
10a. Leaves reniform, suborbicular, or broadly ovate, somewhat cordate or truncate at base 4. D. chanetii
10b. Leaves elliptic, long-elliptic or ovate, cuneate or broadly cuneate at base 5. D. naktongense
5b. Leaves bipalmate-, bipalmate-pinnate-divided, bipinnate-divided, or biternate-pinnatisect.
11a. Leaves bipalmate-, bipalmate-pinnate-divided, or biternate-pinnatisect; capitula solitary, rarely 2--5.
12a. Ray florets yellow ........................................................................... 7. D. hypargyreum
12b. Ray florets white or pink ...................................................................... 8. D. oreastrum
11b. Leaves bipinnate-divided; capitula numerous, laxly corymbose, rarely solitary.
13a. Ray florets white, pink, or purple-red; capitula few, 2--5, irregularly corymbose.
14a. Primary lobes pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; ultimate lobes triangular or obliquely triangular, ca. 3 mm wide ................................................................................................ 12. D. zawadskii
14b. Primary lobes pinnatisect or subpinnatisect; ultimate lobes linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1--2 mm wide ................................................................................... 13. D. maximowiczii
13b. Ray florets yellow; capitula numerous, laxly corymbose or compound-corymbose.
15a. Leaves concolorous on both surfaces, densely or sparsely
pubescent
................................................................................................ 9.
D. lavandulifolium
15b. Leaves conspicuously not concolorous on both surfaces, green, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent adaxially, gray-white densely and thickly pubescent abaxially.
16a. All phyllaries densely pubescent abaxially, outer ones linear or linear-oblanceolate, apex rounded scarious-ampliate [??] .............................................................. 10. D. potentilloides
16b. Outer phyllaries ovate or long-ovate, apex not rounded scarious-ampliate, sparsely only at base or adaxially ...................................................................................... 11. D. arisanense
毛华菊 mao hua ju
Chrysanthemum sinense Sabine var. vestitum Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23: 439. 1888; Chrysanthemum vestitum (Hemsley) Stapf.
Herbs perennial, with procumbent rhizomes. Stems erect, ca. 60 cm tall, long robust-branched in upper part or shortly corymbose-branched at apex, densely and thickly pubescent or becoming sparsely pubescent. Proximal stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves with petiole 0.5--1 cm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, suborbicular, or spatulate, 3.5--7 X 2--4 cm, grayish green, abaxially densely and thickly appressed-pubescent, adaxially sparsely pubescent, grayish white, margin above middle obtusely repand-dentate, rarely obtusely 2- or 3-lobed, cuneate towards base. Distal stem leaves sessile or subsessile, similar, simple. Capitula 2--3 cm in diam.; 3--13, laxly and apically corymbose. Involucres coryliform, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially densely pubescent, margin brown scarious, outer ones triangular or triangular-ovate, 3.5--4.5 mm, middle ones lanceolate-ovate, ca. 6.5 mm, inner ones obovate or oblanceolate-elliptic, 6--7 mm. Ray florets white; rays ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes ca. 1.5 mm. Fl., fr. Aug. 2n = 54@.
* Low mountain slopes, hills; 300--1500 m. Anhui, Henan, Hubei, ??Shaanxi.
菱叶菊 ling ye ju
Subshrubs ca. 1.5 m tall. Stems and branches densely white pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade rhomboid, 1--1.4 X 0.7--1.5 cm, base cuneate, obtusely 1-triangular-dentate or obtusely shallow-lobed on each side. Leaves near inflorescence elliptic, ovate, or broadly linear, ca. 1 X 0.5--0.6 cm, abaxially white or grayish white, densely and thickly appressed-pubescent, adaxially pale green or grayish green, sparsely pubescent. Capitula few, laxly apically corymbose. Involucres coryliform, ca. 1 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 rows, margin white or brown, outer ones linear or linear-lanceolate, 3--4 mm, adaxially densely pubescent, middle and inner ones elliptic, 4--5 mm, middle ones densely pubescent abaxially, inner ones glabrescent abaxially. Ray florets white, rays ca. 8 mm, apex 3-denticulate. Achene ca. 1 mm. Fl., fr. Oct.
* Mountain slopes; elevation?? Sichuan (Wushan Xian).
野菊 ye ju
Chrysanthemum indicum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 889. 1753; C. indicum Linnaeus var. coreanum H. Léveillé; C. indicum Linnaeus var. litorale Y. Ling; C. indicum Linnaeus var. lushanense (Kitamura) Handel-Mazzetti; C. lushanense Kitamura; C. nankingense Handel-Mazzetti; C. procumbens Loureiro; C. sabinii Lindley; Matricaria indica (Linnaeus) Desrousseaux; Pyrethrum indicum (Linnaeus) Cassini; Tanacetum indicum (Linnaeus) Schultz-Bipontinus [Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum Q. H. Liu & S. F. Zhang??; Dendranthema lavandulifolium var. aromaticum (Q.H.Liu & S.F.Zhang) S.J.Zhou & D.K.Zang; D. nankingense (Handel-Mazzetti) X. D. Cui - Fl. Tsinling.??].
Herbs perennial, with long or short procumbent rhizomes. Stems erect or diffuse, 0.25--1 m tall, branched, sparsely pilose. Basal and proximal stem leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves with petiole 1--2 cm; leaf blade ovate, long-ovate, or elliptic-ovate, 3--7(--10) X 2--4(--7) cm, pinnatifid, pinnatilobed, or inconspicuously divided, base truncate, somewhat cordate or broadly cuneate, both surfaces pale green or olive, sparsely pubescent or less densely so abaxially. Capitula numerous or few, apically laxly corymbose. Involucres in 5 rows, margin broadly white- or brown scarious, apex obtuse or rounded, outer ones ovate or ovate-triangular, 2.5--3 mm, middle ones ovate, 6--8 mm, inner ones long-elliptic, ca. 1.1 cm. Ray florets yellow; rays 1--1.3 cm, apex entire or 3-denticulate. Achenes 1.5--1.8 mm. Fl., fr. Jun--Nov. 2n = 18, 35-38, 36@, 40, 54.
Grasslands on mountain slopes, thickets, wet places by rivers, fields, roadsides, saline places by seashores, under shrubs; 100--2900 m. Nearly throughout China - provinces?? ??Anhui, ??Fujian, Guangdong??, ??Guizhou, ??Hebei, Henan??, Hubei, Hunan??, ??Jiangsu, Jiangxi??, ??Liaoning, ??Shaanxi, Shandong??, Shanxi??, Sichuan??, ??Taiwan, ??Yunnan, ??Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, Russia, Uzbekistan].
Whole plant used medicinally for dissipating heat, detoxifying, and dissipating blood stasis.
小红菊 xiao hong ju
Chrysanthemum chanetii H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 450. 1911; C. erubescens Stapf; C. maximowiczianum Y. Ling; C. maximowiczianum Y. Ling var. aristato-mucronatum Y. Ling; [Dendranthema erubescens (Stapf) Tzvelev- in FRPS??].
Herbs perennial, with procumbent rhizomes. Stems 15--60 cm tall, erect, branched from base or middle, but usually apically corymbose-branched, sparsely pubescent especially below capitula, rarely glabrous. Proximal and middle stem leaves with petiole 3--5 cm; leaf blade reniform, suborbicular, or broadly ovate, 2--5 cm, width subequaling length [measurements??], both surfaces green, sparsely pilose or glabrous, base slightly cordate or truncate, palmate-or palmate-pinnate, 3--5-lobed, rarely -parted; lobes obtusely dentate at margin, lateral lobes small, terminal ones large. Distal stem leaves elliptic or long elliptic, near inflorescence long elliptic or broadly linear. Capitula few (3) or [3--12??] numerous (12), apically corymbose. Involucres coryliform, 5--15 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, outer broadly linear, 5--9 mm, abaxially sparsely villous, margin lacerate, apex rounded scarious-ampliate; middle and inner ones 6--10 mm, oblanceolate or triangular-ovate to long linear-elliptic, 6--10 mm, margin white- or brown scarious. Ray florets white, pink, or purple; rays 1.2--2.2 cm, apex 2- or 3-denticulate. Achenes ca. 2 mm. Fl., fr. Jul--Oct. 2n = 36@.
Grasslands, forest edges on mountain slopes, floodlands, by ditches; 300--2700 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Taiwan?? [Korea, Mongolia??, Russia].
楔叶菊 xie ye ju
Chrysanthemum naktongense Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23: 186. 1909; C. sibiricum (de Candolle) Fischer & Turczaninow var. latilobum (Maximowicz) Komarov; C. zawadskii Herbert subsp. latilobum (Maximowicz) Kitagawa; C. zawadskii Herbert var. latilobum (Maximowicz) Kitamura; Leucanthemum sibiricum de Candolle var. latilobum (Maximowicz) Maximowicz.
Herbs perennial, with procumbent rhizomes. Stems erect, 10--50 cm tall, branched above middle or apically shortly branched, rarely unbranched, sparsely pubescent, especially in upper part and near inflorescence or glabrescent to glabrous. Middle stem leaves long petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to long-elliptic or ovate, 1--3 X 1--2 cm, both surfaces glabrous or soon glabrescent, pinnate-palmate-pinnate 3--7-lobed or -parted, base cuneate or broadly cuneate. Distal stem leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or long-oblanceolate, 3--5-divided or entire. Capitula 3.5--5 cm in diam.; 2--9, apically laxly corymbose. Involucres coryliform, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially sparsely villous or glabrescent, outer ones linear or linear-lanceolate, 4--6 mm, apex rounded scarious-ampliate; middle and inner ones elliptic or long-elliptic, 4.5--6 mm, margin and apex white or brown scarious. Ray florets white, pink, or pale purple; rays 1--1.5 cm, apex entire or 2-denticulate. Achenes ca. 2 mm. Fl., fr. Jul--Aug. 2n = 36.
Grasslands; 1400--1700 m. Gansu??, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong??, Shanxi?? [Korea, Mongolia??, Russia].
菊花 ju hua
Anthemis grandiflora Ramatuelle, J. Hist. Nat. 2: 233. 1792; Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramatuelle; Dendranthema morifolium (Ramatuelle) Tzvelev; [Tanacetum morifolium (Ramatuelle) Kitamura - in FRPS??; C. morifolium var. gracile Hemsley??].
Herbs perennial, with root buds. Stems solitary or fascicled, 60--120 cm tall, grayish pilose, base often ligniferous, much branched in upper part. Proximal and middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade ovate, lanceolate, or long-elliptic, 5--6 X 3--5 cm, abaxially pilose, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin dentate, apex acuminate. Distal stem leaves rhomboid or obovate. Capitula apical, solitary, few, or several and corymbose, 2.5--25 cm in diam. Involucres coryliform, 2--5 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 5 rows, outer ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, middle and inner ones obovate, ca. 6 mm. Rays-florets yellow, white, pink, or purple-red. Achenes ca. 2 mm. Fl., fr. year-round. 2n = 36, 45, 52-71@, 56 + 0-1B, 72.
Ornamental plant of hybrid origin, native to China - where??, ??Anhui, ??Fujian, ??Guizhou, ??Hebei, Hubei, ??Jiangsu, ??Liaoning, ??Nei Mongol, ??Shaanxi, Shandong??, Shanxi??, ??Yunnan, ??Zhejiang; cultivated throughout China, and in other regions of the world - where??.
Capitula are used medicinally for improving eyesight and the liver, also for expelling cold and dissipating heat.
黄花小山菊 huang hua xiao shan ju
Chrysanthemum hypargyreum Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(3): 104. 1905; C. licentianum W. C. Wu; C. neo-oreastrum C. C. Chang.
Herbs perennial, with procumbent rhizomes. Stems erect, 5--25 cm tall, sparsely pubescent or villous, unbranched. Basal leaves with petiole to 2 cm; leaf blade flabelliform or broadly ovate, 0.4--1.6 X 0.8--1.6 cm, bipinnatisect or bipalmate-pinnatisect; ultimate segments linear or broadly linear. Proximal and middle stem leaves similar to basal leaves, small, all abaxially sparsely or densely pubescent, adaxially glabrescent to glabrous. Distal stem leaves usually pinnatisect, distalmost leaves 3-parted. Capitulum solitary at apex, 2--3.5 cm in diam. Involucres coryliform, 1--2 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous or sparsely villous, margin brown, outer ones linear or linear-lanceolate, 5--6 mm, middle and inner ones lanceolate or elliptic, 7--9 mm. Ray florets yellow; rays 6--12 cm. Fl. Sep, fr.??
* Meadows on mountain slopes; 1400--3900 m. Shaanxi, Sichuan.
小山菊 xiao shan ju
Chrysanthemum oreastrum Hance, J. Bot. 1: 108. 1878; C. sibiricum (de Candolle) Fischer & Turczinow var. alpinum Nakai; C. zawadskii Herbert var. alpinum (Nakai) Kitamura.
Herbs perennial, with procumbent rhizomes. Stems 3--45 cm tall, erect, solitary, unbranched or rarely shortly 1- or 2-branched, densely villous or pubescent, becoming glabrescent to glabrous in lower part. Basal and proximal stem leaves with petiole 1--5 cm; leaf blade rhomboid, flabelliform, ovate, or broadly ovate, 0.5--2.5 X 0.5--3 cm, biternate-pinnatisect; ultimate segments linear or broadly linear, abaxially densely villous. Distal stem leaves similar to basal and proximal leaves, but smaller; distalmost linear, entire. Capitula apically solitary, rarely 2 or 3, 2--4 cm in diam. Involucres coryliform; phyllaries in 4 rows, margin deep or dark brown, scarious, outer ones linear, long-elliptic, or ovate, 5--9 mm, abaxially sparsely villous, middle and inner ones long-ovate or oblanceolate, 6--8 mm, middle ones sparsely villous abaxially, inner ones glabrous abaxially. Ray florets white or pink; rays 3-denticulate at apex. Achenes ca. 2 mm. Fl., fr. Jun--Aug. 2n = 54@.
* Meadows; 1800--3000 m. Hebei, Jilin, Yunnan??.
甘菊 gan ju
Herbs perennial. Stems 30--150 cm, erect, corymbose-branched above middle or only in upper part, pilose, especially in upper part and on inflorescence-branches. Basal and proximal stem leaves withered by anthesis; middle stem leaves with petiole 0.5--1 cm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, elliptic-ovate, long-elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 2--7 X 1.5--4.5 cm, both surfaces concolorous [color??] or nearly so, bipinnatisect, bipinnatiparted, or inconspicuously bipinnatipartite; primary lateral segments 2 or 3(or 4) pairs; ultimate lobes elliptic. Distal stem leaves and leaves below inflorescence small, tripartite or entire. Capitula 1--1.5 cm in diam.; laxly or densely corymbose. Involucres coryliform, 5--7 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 5 rows, margin white or pale brown scarious, outer ones linear or linear-oblong, ca. 2.5 mm, abaxially sparsely pilose, middle and inner ones ovate, long-elliptic, or oblanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm. Ray florets yellow; rays 5--7.5 mm. Achenes 1.2--1.5 mm. Fl., fr. May--Nov. 2n = 18@, 36@.
Mountain slopes, rocks, river valleys, river banks, wastelands, hilly lands; 600--2800 m. ??Anhui, Gansu, ??Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, ??Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan??, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia??].
1a. Ray florets ca. 1 mm ..................................................................................... 9c. var. discoideum
1b. Ray florets 5--7.5 mm.
2a. Leaves densely villous or pubescent abaxially ......................................... 9a. var. tomentellum
2b. Leaves sparsely pubescent on both surfaces ..................................... 9a. var. lavandulifolium
甘菊 gan ju
Pyrethrum lavandulifolium Fischer ex Trautvetter, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 1: 181. 1871; C. bellum Grüning; C. bellum var. glabriusculum Y. Ling; C. bellum Grüning var. jucundum (Nakai & Kitagawa) Kitamura; C. boreale (Makino) Makino; C. jucundum Nakai & Kitagawa; C. lavandulifolium (Fischer ex Trautvetter) Makino; Dendranthema lavandulifolium var. glabriusculum (Y. Ling) Kitamura; C. lavandulifolium (Fischer ex Trautvetter) Makino var. jucundum (Nakai & Kitagawa) Kitamura; C. lavandulifolium (Fischer ex Trautvetter) Makino var. sianense Kitamura; C. namikawanum Kitamura; C. seticuspe (Maximowicz) Handel-Mazzetti; C. wilsonianum Handel-Mazzetti; D. lavandulifolium (Fischer & Trautvetter) Y. Ling & C. Shih var. seticuspe (Maximowicz) C. Shih; Pyrethrum seticuspe Maximowicz [add FRPS synonyms: Chrysanthemum seticuspe var. boreale (Makino) Handel-Mazzetti??; Dendranthema boreale (Makino) Y. Ling??].
Leaves sparsely pubescent on both surfaces or glabrous adaxially. Capitula large, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Ray florets large, rays 5--7.5 mm. 2n = 18@.
Mountain slopes, rocks, river valleys, river banks, wastelands, hilly lands; 600--2800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia??].
毛叶甘菊 mao ye gan ju
Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium (Fischer ex Trautvetter) Makino var. tomentellum Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 260. 1938 [what about C. boreale var. tomentellum (Handel-Mazzetti) Kitamura?? in Fl. Taiwan].
Leaves densely villous abaxially. Capitula large, 1--1.5 cm in diam., florets large; rays 5--7.5 mm.
* Mountain slopes; 2000--2500 m. Jiangsu??, ??Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang??.
隐舌甘菊 yin she gan ju
Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium (Fischer ex Trautvetter) Makino var. discoideum Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 259. 1938.
Leaves sparsely pilose on both surfaces or adaxially glabrous. Capitula small?? Ray florets small, rays ca. 1 mm.
* Mountain slopes; ca. 2700 m. Sichuan (Kangding Xian).
委陵菊 wei ling ju
Chrysanthemum potentilloides Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 261. 1938.
Herbs perennial, 30--70 cm tall. Stems erect or bent at base, robust, corymbose-branched in upper part, grayish white, densely and thickly appressed pubescent. Basal and proximal stem leaves shed at anthesis. Middle stem leaves shortly petiolate, with divided-auricle at base of petiole; leaf blade broadly ovate, ovate, or broadly triangular-ovate, 1.5--3 X 2--3.5 cm, abaxially grayish white, densely pubescent, adaxially green or pale green, sparsely pubescent, bipinnatisect; primary lateral segments 2-paired; ultimate segments elliptic, margin with few teeth or 1 tooth on one side. Distal leaves gradually smaller, similar to middle stem leaves. Capitula apically corymbose, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Involucres coryliform; phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially densely pubescent, margin white or brown scarious, outer ones linear or linear-oblanceolate, 3--4 mm, middle ones elliptic, 6--7 mm, inner ones shorter, ca. 5 mm. Ray florets yellow; rays 8--10 mm, apex minutely 2- or 3-denticulate. Fl. summer, fr.??.
* Foothills of low mountains; 1000--1500 m. Shanxi, Shaanxi.
阿里山菊 a li shan ju
Chrysanthemum arisanense Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 26. 1916.
Herbs perennial. Stems erect, ca. 40 cm tall, shortly corymbose-branched from middle, densely pubescent. Proximal stem leaves shed at anthesis. Middle stem leaves with petiole 1--2 cm; leaf blade ovate, 3--5 X 2--3 cm, bipinnatisect; primary segments 1- or 2-paired; ultimate segments obliquely triangular, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly pubescent, adaxially green, sparsely pubescent. Distal stem leaves gradually smaller, similar to middle stem leaves. Capitula ca. 1.2 cm in diam., numerous in an apical compound corymb. Involucres coryliform, ca. 7 mm in diam., phyllaries in 4 rows, margin broad, white or brown scarious, outer ones ovate or long-ovate, 3--4 mm, middle ones elliptic or long-elliptic, 4--4.5 mm, inner ones, long-elliptic or broadly linear, short, ca. 3 mm. Ray florets yellow; rays ca. 5 mm. Fl. summer, fr.??. 2n = 18@.
* Habitat??; elevation?? Jiangsu??, Taiwan.
紫花野菊 zi hua ye ju
Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbert, Addit. Fl. Galic. 44. 1831; C. hwangshanense Y. Ling; C. maximowiczianum Y. Ling var. dissectum Y. Ling; C. naktongense Nakai var. dissectum (Y. Ling) Handel-Mazzetti; C. sibiricum Turczaninow ex de Candolle; Pyrethrum zawadskii (Herbert) Nyman.
Herbs perennial. Stems 15--60 cm tall, erect, few corymbose-branched in upper part, rarely unbranched, sparsely pubescent, rather densely so in upper part and below inflorescence, purple-red at lower and middle parts. Proximal and middle stem leaves with petiole 1--4 mm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, broadly ovate, broadly triangular, or subrhomboid, 1.4--4 X 1--3.5 cm, both surfaces concolorous [color??], sparsely pubescent or glabrous, bipinnatisect; primary lateral segments 2 or 3 pairs; ultimate segments triangular or obliquely triangular, apex acute. Distal stem leaves elliptic or broadly linear, gradually smaller, pinnatipartite or entire. Capitula 1.5--4.5 cm in diam., 2--5 in apical lax corymbs, rarely apically solitary. Involucres coryliform; phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent only in outer ones, margin white or brown scarious, outer ones linear or linear-lanceolate, 3.5--8 mm, middle and inner ones elliptic or long-elliptic, 3--7 mm. Ray florets white or purple-red; rays 1--2 cm, apex entire or minutely emarginate. Achenes ca. 1.8 mm. Fl., fr. Jul--Sep. 2n = 54@, 72.
Mountain slopes, streamsides, forest understories, grasslands, open places in forests; 800--1800 m. Anhui, Gansu, ??Hebei, Hubei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia??, Shaanxi, Shandong??, Shanxi, Sichuan??, ??Zhejiang [Mongolia, Russia].
细叶菊 xi ye ju
Chrysanthemum maximowiczii Komarov, Izv. Imp. Bot. Sada Petra Velikago 16: 179. 1916.
Herbs biennial. Stems 8--3 [??] cm tall, erect, solitary branched above middle, sparsely pilose in lower part. Proximal and middle stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade ovate or broadly ovate, 2--2.5 X 2.5--3 cm, bipinnatisect; primary lateral segments 2-paired; ultimate segments linear or narrowly linear, apex long acuminate. Distal stem leaves and leaves below inflorescence pinnatisect. Capitula 2--4, apically laxly corymbose. Involucres shallowly coryliform, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 rows, margin white or brown scarious, outer ones linear, 5--6 mm, abaxially sparsely pubescent, middle and inner ones elliptic to oblanceolate, 7--8 mm, middle ones sparsely pubescent or glabrous abaxially, inner ones glabrous abaxially. Ray florets white or pink; rays 1--1.5 cm, apex minutely 3-denticulate. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr.??.
Mountain slopes, nearby lakes, sand dunes; 1200--1300 m. Nei Mongol, NE China - provinces?? [Korea, Russia].
拟亚菊 ni ya ju
Tanacetum glabriusculum W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 202. 1918; Chrysanthemum brachyglossum Y. Ling; C. glabriusculum (W. W. Smith) Handel-Mazzetti [what about Ajania glabriuscula (W. W. Smith) Y. Ling??, see Index Fl. Yunnan].
Herbs perennial. Stems 60--80 cm tall, erect, branched above middle, pubescent especially in middle and upper parts. Middle stem leaves ovate, obovate, or elliptic, 2.5--6 X 1.5--3 cm, bipinnatisect; primary lateral segments 2-paired; ultimate segments lanceolate or obliquely triangular, abaxially gray-white, densely and thickly appressed-pubescent, adaxially green or pale green, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Capitula numerous, apically compound-corymbose. Involucres campanulate, 5--10 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially sparsely pubescent along midvein, margin brown or white scarious, outer ones lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 2--3 mm, middle and inner ones long-elliptic, 4--5.5 mm. Ray florets yellow; ray 1--2.5 mm, apex 2- or 3-denticulate or entire. Fl. Sep--Oct, fr.?? 2n = 18@.
* Mountain slopes; 900--2600 m. Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
异色菊 yi se ju
Herbs perennial, with robust rhizomes. Primary stems inconspicuous, much branched from base, ca. 30 cm tall, densely pubescent, leafy. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade obliquely elliptic or obliquely long-elliptic, 1--1.5 X 0.5--1 cm, pinnatisect, abaxially white or gray-white, densely appressed pubescent, adaxially green, glabrous or nearly so, apex cuneate-attenuate; lateral segments 1-paired, long-elliptic or lanceolate, entire or 1-dentate on one side; terminal segments similar to lateral ones, 2-dentate on one side, 1-dentate on other; leaves below capitula linear, entire. Capitula small, solitary [1--3??] at apices of branches, pedunculate. Pedicel densely appressed pubescent. Involucres coryliform, ca. 5 mm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 rows, margin broadly scarious, outer ones lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, abaxially densely pubescent, apex brown orbicular scarious-dilated, middle and inner ones elliptic, ca. 2.5 mm, middle ones densely pubescent abaxially, inner ones glabrous abaxially. Ray florets yellow, rays ca. 3 mm. Achenes ca. 1 mm. Fl., fr. Aug.
* Mountain slopes; elevation?? Hebei (Neiqiu Xian).
银背菊 ying bei ju
Chrysanthemum argyrophyllum Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 3: 465. 1935.
Herbs perennial. Stems 10--35 cm tall, erect or curved from base, robust-branched, rarely unbranched, gray-white, densely and thickly villous. Basal leaves small; leaf blade orbicular or suborbicular; proximal and middle stem leaves with petiole 2--3.5 cm; leaf blade orbicular, suborbicular, broadly elliptic, broadly ovate, or oblanceolate, 2--3 X 2.5--3.5 cm, abaxially silvery, densely and thickly appressed-villous, adaxially green, glabrous or glabrescent, base cordate or truncate, margin dentate or duplicato-dentate [undivided or lyrate-pinnatiparted??]. Distal stem leaves oblanceolate or long-obovate, small, largely dentate or lyrate-pinnatipartite. Capitula 3--4 cm in diam., 3 or 4 in an apical corymb, rarely apically solitary. Involucres coryliform, 2--3 cm in diam., phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially densely appressed pubescent, margin brown or white scarious, outer ones large, becoming bracteole leaflike, herbaceous, elliptic or oblanceolate, 1--1.5 cm, pinnatifid, middle and inner ones broadly linear, linear-lanceolate or elliptic, 8--9 mm. Ray florets white; rays ca. 1 cm. Achenes ca. 2.2 mm. Fl., fr. Aug--Sep.
* On rocks of mountain slopes; 1400--2100 m. Henan, Shaanxi.
蒙菊 meng ju
Chrysanthemum mongolicum Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 3: 463. 1935.
Herbs perennial. Stems 20--30 cm tall, fascicled, branched from middle or base, purple-red in lower part, sparsely pilose. Proximal and middle stem leaves with petiole 1.5--2 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate, subrhomboid, or elliptic, 1--2 X 1.5--1.8 cm, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent, bipinnatisect or inconspicuously bipalmate-pinnatisect; primary lateral segments 1- or 2-paired; ultimate segments triangular, apex aristate-acute. Distal stem leaves long-elliptic, pinnatifid; lateral lobes 2--4(--8)-paired. Capitula 3--4.5 cm in diam., 2--7 in an apical corymb, rarely solitary apically. Involucres coryliform, 1--2 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, margin white scarious, outer ones large, becoming bracteole leaflike, long-elliptic, 1--1.3 cm, herbaceous, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid, middle and inner ones long-elliptic, ca. 8 mm. Ray florets pink or white; rays 1.5--2 cm. Achenes ca. 2 mm. Fl., fr. Aug--Sep. 2n = 36, 54, 72.
Rocky mountain slopes; 1500--2500 m. Nei Mongol [Mongolia, Russia].
母菊属 mu ju shu
Lepidotheca Nuttall
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Herbs annual, usually fragrant. Leaves pinnatisect or bipinnatisect. Capitula heterogamous, radiate or homogenous, discoid, solitary or corymbose. Involucres coryliform; phyllaries in 2 or 3 rows. Receptacle conical to subulate, epaleate. Ray florets in 1 row, female, fertile, white, ligulate, disk florets hermaphroditic, fertile, yellow or pale green, tubuliform. Anthers obtuse at base, with apical triangular appendage; style-arms linear, apex truncate. Achenes terete, slightly dorsiventrally compressed, small, adaxially with 3--5 thin ribs. Pappus absent or represented by a small corona or sometimes an adaxial auricle particularly in ray achenes.
About 7 species: Europe, Middle East, temperate Asia, N Africa, and N America; two species in China.
1a. Capitula heterogamous, with both marginal ray florets and central disk florets; ray florets white, disk florets yellow; achenes with 5 thin ribs adaxially; pappus absent ................................... 1. M. recutita
1b. Capitula homogenous, all
florets hermaphroditic, tubuliform, pale yellow-green; achenes with 2 or 3 thin
ribs adaxially; pappus represented by a corona
2.
M. matricarioides
母菊 mu ju
Matricaria chamomilla Linnaeus.
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems 30--40 cm tall, erect, striate, much branched in upper part. Proximal stem leaves sessile; leaf blade oblong or oblanceolate, 3--4 X 1.5--2 cm, bipinnatisect; ultimate segments linear, apex mucronulate. Distal stem leaves similar to proximal leaves, ovate or long-ovate. Capitula heterogamous, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; apically corymbose, pedunculate. Pedicel 3--6 cm. Involucres coryliform; phyllaries in 2 rows, margin broadly white scarious, apex obtuse. Ray florets white; rays ca. 6 mm. Disk florets numerous, yellow, tubuliform. Achenes 0.8--1 mm, with 5 mainly adaxial thin ribs. Pappus absent. Fl., fr. May--Jul. 2n = 18.
Near fields, forests, above valleys; elevation??. ??Anhui, ??Hebei, ??Jiangsu, Liaoning??, ??Shaanxi, Shandong??, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, ??Mongolia, Uzbekistan; Europe].
Cultivated ornamentally in Beijing and Shanghai. Capitula of this species are used medicinally for inducing sweat and relieving muscular spasms. The entire plant contains large amounts of Vitamins A and C.
同花母菊 tong hua mu ju
Artemisia matricarioides Lessing, Linnaea 6: 210. 1831; Matricaria discoidea de Candolle.
Herbs annual. Stems 5--30 cm tall, erect or ascending, branched in upper part or from base, glabrous or sparsely pubescent below capitula. Stem leaves sessile; leaf blade oblong or oblanceolate, 2--3 X 0.8--1 cm, bipinnatisect; ultimate segments short-linear, both surfaces glabrous. Capitula homogenous, irregularly corymbose or solitary at apices of branches, pedunculate. Pedicel 0.5--1 cm. Involucres coryliform; phyllaries in 3 rows, equal, oblong, abaxially glabrous, margin hyaline-scarious, apex obtuse; all florets hermaphroditic, pale yellow-green, tubuliform, 5-lobed. Achenes oblong, somewhat curved, ca. 1.5 mm, apex obliquely truncate, with 2 or 3 adaxial thin white ribs and 1 red thin stripe on each side. Pappus represented by a white corona. Fl., fr. Jul. 2n = 18.
Forests, roadsides, near houses; elevation??. Jilin (Beijing Xian, Huichun Xian), ??Liaoning, ??Nei Mongol [Japan, Kazakstan, Korea, Russia; N Asia, Europe, North America].
三肋果属 san lei guo shu
Ling Yuou-ruen; C. J. Humphries
Herbs annual or perennial. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnatisect. Capitulum solitary or corymbose, pedunculate, heterogamous, radiate or homogenous, discoid. Receptacle convex to conical, epaleate. Ray florets in 1 row, liguliform, female; rays white or rarely pale pink; disk florets hermaphroditic, tubuliform, 5-lobed; lobes each usually with resin sac. Anthers obtuse at base, with apical ovate-triangular or obolobe [oblong??] appendage; style-arms truncate at apex. Achenes triquetrous, often wrinkled or tuberculate, with 1 adaxial and 2 lateral whitish, and sometimes 1 or 2 abaxial white ribs, abaxially and apically with (1 or)2(3--5) distinct resin sacs. Pappus represented by a corona, auricle, or few scales, sometimes absent.
Thirty-eight species: Europe and temperate Asia, a few species also in North America and N Africa; five species in China.
1a. Herb perennial, with rhizome; phyllaries with dark brown scarious margin; corona short, apex 3-lobed or obtusely 3-dentate.
2a. Capitula heterogamous, radiate ................................................................... 1. T. ambiguum
2b. Capitula homogenous, discoid ................................................................ 2. T. homogamum
1b. Herb annual or biennial, without rhizome.
3a. Phyllaries with narrow brownish scarious margin; corona
subentire
..................................................................................................... 3.
T. tetragonospermum
3b. Phyllaries with white or somewhat brownish scarious margin.
4a. Rays ca. 10 X 3.5 mm; corona shorter, subentire ....................................... 4. T. inodorum
4b. Rays ca. 4 X 1.5 mm; corona longer, ca. 0.5 m, 3-dentate ........................... 5. T. limosum
褐苞三肋果 he bao san lei guo
Pyrethrum ambiguum Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 4: 118. 1833; Chamaemelum ambiguum (Ledebour) Boissier; Matricaria ambigua (Ledebour) Krylov.
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Stems 15--50 cm tall, erect, striate, unbranched, scattered pilose below capitula. Basal leaves with petiole dilated basally; leaf blade lanceolate-oblong or oblong, 3--7(--10) X 1--2 cm, both surfaces glabrous, bipinnatisect; primary lateral segments many paired; ultimate segments narrowly linear. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves, small, sessile. Capitulum solitary at apex, 3--4 cm in diam. Involucres hemispheric, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially glabrous, margin narrowly dark brown scarious, outer ones lanceolate, 6--6.5 mm, middle ones oblong, inner ones oblanceolate. Ray florets white; rays ca. 2 X 4.5 mm. Disk florets yellow, 5-lobed; lobes each with apical red resin sac. Achenes deep brown, ca. 2 mm, tuberculate, with 1 adaxial and 2 lateral thick whitish ribs, sometimes 1 or 2 abaxial thin ribs, abaxially and apically with 2 distinct resin sacs. Corona with broad obtuse teeth. Fl., fr. Jun--Aug.
Sunny mountain slopes, grasslands of river valleys; 700--2600 m. Heilongjiang??, Xinjiang (Tianshan and Altai Mts.) [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia].
无舌三肋果 wu