川续断科 chuan xu duan ke
Hong Deyuan (洪德元), Ma Liming (马黎明); Fred Barrie
Herbs, mostly perennial, less frequently annual or biannual, very rarely subshrubs. Leaves opposite, or sometimes verticillate, simple, entire or toothed, pinnatifid to pinnatisect. Flowers bisexual, epigynous, in cymes forming a terminal, involucral head, or a panicle (Triplostegia) nearly always subtended by a cupular, apically toothed or subentire involucel (epicalyx); receptacle hairy or naked. Calyx mostly small, cupular, or 4- or 5-segmented, or with up to 10 teeth or setae. Corolla sympetalous, 5(or 4)-lobed, ± irregular. Stamens 4, rarely 2 or 3, inserted at summit of corolla tube; anthers 4-sporangiate, opening by longitudinal slits. Gynoecium of 2 carpels, but one carpel obsolete; ovary 1-loculed; ovule solitary, apical, pendulous; style slender; stigma entire or 2-fid. Fruit an achene, enclosed by involucel and crowned by persistent calyx. Seeds with a large, straight embryo and scanty endosperm.
Ten genera with about 250 species: Eurasia and Africa; four genera and about 17 species in China.
1a. Flowers in a panicle ....................................................................................... 1. Triplostegia
1b. Flowers in a compact head.
2a. Plants spiny; flowers uniform; involucels usually without an evident crown ........ 4. Dipsacus
2b. Plants without spines; corolla of marginal flowers larger and 2-lipped; involucels usually with a crown.
3a. Leaves usually all basal; calyx segments 8 or more, plumose or setose, shedding 2. Pterocephalus
3b. Leaves mostly cauline; calyx segments 5, setose, persistent ......................... 3. Scabiosa
双参属 shuang shen shu
Herbs, perennial, erect. Tap root fusiform. Rhizomes horizontal. Basal leaves dense, rosulate; leaf blade serrate or pinnatifid; cauline leaves decussate, similar to basal ones. Flowers in dichasia, forming a large, terminal and lax panicle; all parts of inflorescence densely white villous and glandular hairy; bracts linear; involucels in two layers, 4-lobed. Flowers small, epygynous, bisexual, 5-merous, nearly actinomorphic. Calyx small, urceolate, 8-ribbed; limb extremely short, disclike, 4- or 5-dentate. Corolla tubular-infundibular, 4- or 5-lobed; lobes nearly equal in size, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, equal in length, alternate with corolla lobes; filaments inserted at upper part of corolla; anthers introrse, versatile, 4-sporangiate, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior; style solitary; stigma capitate. Achenes enveloped in urceolate involucels. Seeds nearly globose, smooth, with 2 obscure angles, acute at both ends; endosperm copious; embryo small.
Two species: from India and Nepal northward to Gansu, China, southward to Malaysia, and eastward to Taiwan, China; both in China.
Triplostegia pinifolia H. Lιveillι and T. mairei H. Lιveillι have been identified respectively as Sedum fastigiatum J. D. Hooker & Thomson and Chrysosplenium macrophyllum Oliver by L. A. Lauener (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh, 30: 284. 290. 1970).
1a. Corolla 35 mm; involucels hooked at apex; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, petiolate 1. T. glandulifera
1b. Corolla 712 mm; involucels not hooked at apex; leaf blade obovate to obovate-lanceolate, sessile 2. T. grandiflora
双参 shuang shen
Hoeckia aschersoniana Engler & Graebner; Triplostegia repens Hemsley.
Herbs, perennial, erect, 1540 cm tall. Tap root 2-forked, brown, nearly fusiform, 3050 Χ 23 mm, slightly fleshy. Rhizomes elongate, 4-angular, with 46 nodes, internodes 0.52 cm, nodes rooted. Stems angular, glabrous or sparsely puberulous, above glandular hairy. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 13 cm; leaf blade obovate-lanceolate, 26 Χ 1.54 cm, abaxially puberulous on veins, adaxially sparsely puberulous, late glabrescent, pinnatifid, more deeply so at base, margin irregularly lobed or serrate; upper leaves smaller, lobed, sessile. Inflorescence a large, lax and terminal panicle of dichasia; bracts 24 mm, with midrib, margin sparsely ciliate; pedicels ca. 1 mm at fruiting; involucels 4-lobed; lobes lanceolate, 1.52 mm, abaxially densely covered with purple glandular hairs. Calyx tube urceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, 8-ribbed, apex constricted into limb; limb 8-toothed or 8-dentate. Corolla white or rose, funnel-shaped, 35 mm, 5-lobed; lobes nearly actinomorphic, obtuse at apex. Stamens 4, slightly exserted; filaments inserted at near throat, ca. 5 mm; anthers white. Style slightly longer than stamens; ovary enveloped by saclike, narrowly oblong involucel. Achenes enveloped by involucels; involucels 34 mm in fruit, glandular hairy, 4-lobed; lobes long acuminate, hooked. Fl. and fr. JulOct. 2n=18.
Forests, grassy slopes, meadows, by streams; 15004000 m. Chongqing, SE Gansu (Xigu), Hubei (Enshi, Jianshi), Shaanxi (Yangxian), W Sichuan, Taiwan (Yushan), SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal].
大花双参 da hua shuang shen
Triplostegia delavayi Franchet ex Diels.
Herbs perennial, erect, 2045 cm tall. Tap root often dichotomous, nearly fusiform, 3040 Χ ca. 5 mm, slightly fleshy. Rhizomes 24-noded, internodes ca. 1 cm. Stems solitary, simple, slightly 4-angular, white villous, sometimes glandular hairy above. Leaves opposite, sessile, slightly amplexicaul, obovate to obovate-lanceolate, 38 cm, both surfaces villous, base cuneate, apex rounded, pinnatifid or pinnatilobate, terminal lobe largest, all lobes serrate; upper leaves gradually smaller and becoming bract-like upward on stems. Inflorescences a large, lax, terminal panicle of dichasia, inflorescence branches elongate, densely white villous and glandular hairy; bracts leafy to linear, 520 mm, 1-veined, white villous and glandular hairy, margin shallowly serrate or entire, apex obtuse; pedicels 23 mm; involucels calyxlike, 4-lobed; lobes lanceolate, 23 mm, densely covered with black glandular hairs, apex acute. Calyx tube ovoid, 8-ribbed; limb 5-dentate, teeth acute at base, hirsute. Corolla whitish rose, funnel-shaped, nearly actinomorphic, 11.2 cm, outside sparsely puberulous, 5-lobed; lobes ca. 1/3 as long as total length of corolla, apex obtuse. Stamens 4, inserted at upper part of corolla tube, slightly exserted; anthers yellow, introrse. Ovary enveloped by urceolate involucel; style shorter than stamens; stigma capitate. Achenes enveloped in involucels. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
● Forests, forest margins, grassy slopes; 20003000 m. SW Sichuan, N Yunnan.
翼首花属 yi shou hua shu
Scabiosa sect. Pterocephalus (Vaillant ex Adanson) Bentham & J. D. Hooker.
Herbs, perennial or annual, or sometimes subshrubs. Leaves basal, rosulate, entire, pinnatifid to pinnatisect. Capitula solitary, terminal; involucre of two, rarely three whorls of 46 involucral bracts; receptacles covered with hirsute hairs or bracts; involucels 48-ribbed, apex obscurely dentate, or corona-like, or membranous and dentate. Calyx segmented and 824-setose or pinnate. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed, that of marginal flowers nearly 2-lipped, upper lip with one lobe, entire or 2-lobed; lower lip usually 3-lobed. Stamens 4, rarely 2 or 3, usually inserted at upper part of corolla. Ovary inferior, enveloped in involucels. Achenes smooth or ribbed.
About 25 species: from the Mediterranean to Central Asia and tropical Africa; two species in southwest China.
1a. Leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate, entire or narrowly segmented; inflorescences globose in fruit; involucral bracts of outer layer narrowly ovate; persistent calyx segmented into 20 pinnate hairs; corolla 5-lobed, obovoid, ca. 45 mm .......................................................................................................... 1. P. hookeri
1b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, pinnatifid to bipinnatisect; inflorescences compressed-globose in fruit; involucral bracts of outer layer lanceolate; persistent calyx segmented into 8 brown setae; corolla 4-lobed 2. P. bretschneideri
匙叶翼首花 chi ye yi shou hua
Scabiosa hookeri C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 218. 1881; Pterocephalus batangensis Pax ex K. Hoffmann.
Herbs, perennial, 1050 cm tall, white villous throughout. Tap root robust, columnar, 815 Χ 1.53.5 cm, lignified. Leaves all basal, rosulate, oblanceolate, 518 Χ 12.5 cm, apex obtuse or acute, base attenuate into winged petiole, entire, sparsely large serrate, or pinnatifid, with 35 pairs of segments, segments obliquely ovate or lanceolate, 12 cm, terminal one larger, lanceolate, abaxially white, midvein conspicuous, adaxially green, white puberulous. Scapes 1040 cm, 24 mm in diam., white villous, more densely so near inflorescences. Capitula solitary, terminal, erect or slightly pendulous, globose, 34 cm in diam.; involucral bracts 2- or 3-layered, narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1218 Χ 57 mm, hairy, margin villous, apex acute; bracts linear-oblanceolate, 11.2 cm, densely white villous, midvein conspicuous, base becoming a slender claw; involucels tubular, 45 Χ ca. 1.5 mm, outside white hirsute, attenuate toward base, sinuate-dentate, apex slightly spreading. Calyx segmented to base into 20 soft pinnate hairs. Corolla yellowish white or pale purple, tubular-infundibular, 11.2 cm, outside rather densely villous, shallowly 5-lobed; lobes obtuse, ca. 3.5 mm. Stamens 4, exserted; anthers dark purple, ca. 3 mm. Ovary enveloped in involucel; style ca. 1.5 cm, obviously exserted; stigma pale brown, compressed-globose. Achenes pale brown, obovoid, 35 mm, longitudinally 8-ribbed, sparsely adpressed-hairy; pinnate hairs of persistent calyx ca. 1 cm, white. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
Grassy slopes, meadows, by fields; 18004800 m. S Qinghai, W Sichuan (W of Heishui and Kangding), Xizang (west to Burang and north to Riwoqκ), N Yunnan [India, Nepal].
裂叶翼首花 lie ye yi shou hua
Scabiosa bretschneideri Batalin, Acta Hort. Petrop. 14: 184. 1895.
Herbs, perennial, 840 cm tall. Tap root columnar, 320 mm in diam. Leaves basal, rosulate; petiole 310 cm; leaf blade oblong to oblanceolate, 520 cm, both surfaces glabrous or puberulous, pinnatifid to bipinnatisect, segments linear. Scapes white puberulous, more densely so near inflorescence. Capitula terminal, solitary, oblate, 2.53 cm in diam.; involucral bracts 2-layered, 1014, broadly linear, outside white puberulous; receptacles disclike, densely white hairy; bracts brown, linear-lanceolate, small, 46 mm, pubescent, apex acuminate; involucels ellipsoid-obovoid, 45 mm, 8-ribbed, densely white hirsute, apex membranous, dentate. Calyx segmented into 8 brown setae, setae 11.2 cm, hispidulous above. Corolla pale rose to purple-red, tubular, 1215 mm; tube 710 mm, densely white villous; limb with 4 obtuse lobes, slightly 2-lipped; upper lip slightly larger, ca. 2.5 mm; 3 lobes of lower lip ca. 2 mm, with several brown veins. Stamens 4, inserted at upper part of corolla; filaments ca. 5 mm, obviously exserted. Stigma capitate. Achenes ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm, apex tapering into a rostrum, 8-veined, sparsely villous; persistent calyx 8-setose. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct.
* Mountainous rocky crevices, grassy slopes in forests; 16003400 m. W Sichuan, SE Xizang (Nangxian), N Yunnan.
蓝盆花属 lan pen hua shu
Herbs, perennial, sometimes semishrubs due to lignification at base, or biannual, rarely annual. Leaves opposite, cauline leaves amplexicaul; leaf blade pinnatipartite or pinnatisect, rarely entire. Capitula terminal, oblate-globose, ovoid, or ovoid-conical, long pedunculate; involucral bracts herbaceous, in 1 or 2 series; receptacles arched to semi-globose, sometimes columnar, with bracts; bracts linear-lanceolate, 1-veined, back often carinate; involucels (epicalyx) broadly infundibular or angular-columnar, 8-ribbed in fruit, furrowed in entire length, or furrowed only above and rounded at base, above often fissured into 28 pits, top becoming a membranous crown, crown campanulate or rotate, 1630-veined, margin dentate. Calyx stalked, disc-like, 5-segmented into radial setae. Corolla tubular, blue, purple, purple-red, yellow, or white, 4- or 5-lobed, that of marginal ray flowers usually larger, 2-lipped; upper lip usually 2-lobed, shorter; lower lip 3-lobed; that of central flowers usually tubular, lobes nearly equal in length. Stamens 4. Ovary inferior, enveloped in involucels; style slender; stigma peltate or capitate. Achenes enveloped in involucels, crowned with persistent setose calyx.
About 100 species: Europe, Asia, S and W Africa, mainly in the Mediterranean; six species in China.
1a. Annuals; capitula ca. 5 mm broad at anthesis; calyx setae to 1 cm ........................ 3. S. olivieri
1b. Perennials; capitula over 30 mm broad at anthesis; calyx setae shorter.
2a. Involucels nearly cylindrical, not angular below, furrowed, or pitted above.
3a. Leaf blades of basal leaves lanceolate or elliptic, entire ............................. 1. S. alpestris
3b. Leaf blades of basal leaves pinnatifid; leaf segments 1.53 mm wide 2. S. austro-altaica
2b. Involucels 8-ribbed, or with 4 obvious and 4 obscure ribs.
4a. Corolla yellow; involucels obviously 8-ribbed ....................................... 4. S. ochroleuca
4b. Corolla blue or purple; involucels 8-ribbed, but only 4 ribs marked, while others obscure.
5a. Leaves pinnatifid to pinnatisect; segments linear or lanceolate ................ 5. S. comosa
5b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, margins serrate or lacerate ........................ 6. S. lacerifolia
高山蓝盆花 gao shan lan pen hua
Herbs, perennial. Caudex lignified, 25-branched, outside brown-black. Stems 2050 cm tall, with 24 nodes, usually pubescent, or glabrous. Basal leaves and first pair of lower cauline leaves petiolate; petiole 57 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 58 Χ 0.51.1 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulous, base attenuate into petiole, margin usually entire, margin with white verrucose hairs, apex acuminate. Cauline leaves 13-paired, second and third pairs of leaves pinnatisect; lateral segments linear-lanceolate; terminal one larger, lanceolate, 47 Χ 0.60.8 cm; all segments glabrous, but with white verrucose hairs on margins and beneath. Peduncles ca. 10 cm; capitula terminal, 34 cm broad at anthesis, to 56 cm including edges of flowers, globose and 3 cm broad in fruit; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, 1.21.5 cm, densely white hirsute; involucels 810 mm, rounded and sparsely white-pilose below, with 8 pits above, membranous crown 56 mm, 1618-veined, edges sinuous-dentate. Calyx 5-setose, setae brown, radial, 13 mm, longer than crown. Corolla pale purple or purple-red, outside lanate; limb ± lipped, 5-lobed; lobes unequal in size. Stamens 4; anthers yellow. Style purple-red; stigma capitate, exserted. Fl. MayAug, fr. AugSep.
Alpine meadows; 30003200 m. Xinjiang (Huocheng, Wuqia, Zhaosu) [Kazakhstan, Kirghizia].
阿尔泰蓝盆花 a er tai lan pen hua
Scabiosa xinjiangensis Y. K. Yang, G. J. Liu & J. K. Wu.
Subshrubs, 2060 cm tall. Caudex robust, lignified, several branched. Stem erect, with 14 nodes, densely puberulous. Leaves mostly basal; basal leaves petiolate; petiole 12.5 cm; leaf blade oblong, 310 Χ 0.73 cm, pinnatifid, segments linear-lanceolate, incised. Cauline leaves smaller, 2- or 3-paired, sessile, sparsely puberulous, ± setose at axils of veins, pinnatisect; segments lanceolate, 520 Χ 1.53 mm. Capitula 23 cm broad at anthesis, globose and 1.52 cm broad in fruit; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, apex acuminate, 1/31/2 as long as marginal ray flowers, sparsely puberulous; bracts linear-lanceolate, upper 1/3 carinate, lower part linear, sparsely villous; involucels 34 mm, above with 8 pits, base densely white hirsute, crown 23 mm broad. Calyx 5-setose. Corolla blue-purple, outside adpressed-puberulous. Fl. JunJul, fr. Aug.
Grassy slopes; ca. 1200 m. Xinjiang (Altai, Burgin, Habahe) [E Kazakhstan].
小花蓝盆花 xiao hua lan pen hua
Lomelosia olivieri (T. Coulter) Greuter & Burdet; Scabiosa olivieri var. longinvolucra Y. K. Yang, N. R. Cui & Y. Hazit.
Herbs, annual, 1038 cm tall. Tap root solitary, 4050 Χ 34 mm. Stems terete, slender, branched from base and dichotomous from lower middle part, white puberulous. Leaves opposite, sessile; leaf blade oblong or linear-lanceolate, 2050 Χ 310 mm, both surfaces densely villous, margin often entire, not segmented, or with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets, sometimes pinnatifid. Peduncles 310 cm, slender, sparsely villous; capitula globose, 35 mm broad at anthesis, 515-flowered, marginal ray flowers larger than central ones; involucral bracts 35, oblong-ovate or ovate-orbicular, 23 Χ 1.52 mm, shorter than flowers, rather densely villous, apex acuminate; involucels broadly infundibular, ca. 2 mm, base white hispidulous, above half with 8 deep pits; crown spreading, 36 mm broad, membranous, with 2024 ribs, sparsely villous along ribs outside. Calyx radially 5-setose, shortly stalked, brown, setae sometimes to 1 cm, 45 Χ longer than involucel crown. Corolla pale purple or white, outside puberulous. Achenes white hairy. Fl. MayJun, fr. JunJul. 2n=18
Sandy places, deserts of plains. N Xinjiang (Manas River basin, άrόmqi) [from E Mediterranean to C Asia and India].
黄盆花 huang pen hua
Herbs, perennial. Caudex columnar, outside brown, often multibranched. Stems caespitose or solitary, erect, 2580 cm tall, shallowly furrowed, white villous at upper part. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 15 cm; leaf blade pinnatifid with 24 pairs of segments, or undivided, 510 cm. Cauline leaves 25-paired, almost sessile or lower ones shortly petiolate; leaf blade 410 cm, abaxially densely pubescent, adaxially white villous, pinnatifid to pinnatisect or bipinnatisect, segments unequal in length, ultimate segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1.52 mm broad, 1-veined, apex acuminate. Peduncle 1830 cm, white villous; capitulum solitary, terminal, oblate-spheroidal, 22.5 cm broad at anthesis, but becoming oblong and ca. 1.5 cm long in fruit; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, both surfaces sparsely pubescent, apex acuminate; bracts oblanceolate, sparsely puberulous, apex acute; involucels infundibular, 34 mm, 8-ribbed and 8-furrowed, sparsely white villous on ribs and sparsely puberulous in furrows, crown 1.52 mm broad, sparsely puberulous outside, dentate on edges. Calyx lobes 5, brown-yellow, ca. 4 mm, setose. Corolla yellow or white, 710 mm, marginal ray flowers nearly equal to central ones in size. Corolla tube 67 mm, outside densely white villous; lobes 5, unequal in size, middle one of lower lip to 3 mm, others 1.52 Χ ca. 1.5 mm. Stamens 4, inserted at middle part of corolla tube, exserted. Achenes yellowish, ellipsoid, ca. 2.5 mm, setae to 7 mm; receptacles visible after achenes shed, fusiform, 1015 Χ ca. 4 mm, densely puberulous. Fl. JulAug, fr. AugSep. 2n=16
Meadows, grasslands, grassy slopes: 13002200 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia); C Europe].
蓝盆花 lan pen hua
Scabiosa austro-mongolica Hurusawa; S. comosa var. lachnophylla (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; S. fischeri de Candolle; S. fischeri f. breviseta Handel-Mazzetti; S. hairalensis Nakai; S. henanensis Y. K. Yang & J. K. Wu; S. hopeiensis Nakai; S. japonica Miquel var. acutiloba Hara; S. japonica subsp. tschiliensis Hurusawa; S. lachnophylla Kitagawa; S. liaoningensis Y. K. Yang & J. K. Wu; S. mansenensis Nakai; S. superba Grόning; S. superba f. elatior Grόning; S. superba f. nana Grόning; S. togashiana Hurusawa; S. tschiliensis Grόning; S. tschiliensis var. brevisecta Hurusawa; S. tschiliensis var. longiseta Hurusawa; S. tschiliensis var. superba (Grόning) S. Y. He.
Herbs, perennial, 3080 cm tall. Roots 2- or 3-branched or simple, 1225 Χ 0.30.5 cm. Stems erect, angular, internodes 612 cm, with adpressed white puberulous hairs more dense at base and below inflorescences. Basal leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole 310 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to oblong, 610 Χ 12 cm, both surfaces sparsely white pubescent, pinnatisect, rarely dentate-lobed; segments linear, 11.5 mm broad, often wilted at anthesis. Cauline leaves opposite, amplexicaul, forming a short sheath, sessile or with petiole 11.2 cm; leaf blade oblong, 815 Χ 45 cm, pinnatisect or bipinnatisect; segments linear, 14 mm wide, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely white puberulous, apex acuminate. Peduncles 1025 cm, with dense, curved, white puberulous hairs; capitula 1 or 3, oblate-globose, 2.54(7) cm in diam. at anthesis, globose and 11.5 cm in diam. in fruit; involucral bracts 614, lanceolate, 1012(28) Χ 13 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; involucels yellowish, obconical, 2.55 mm (excluding crown), ca. 1.7 mm broad, 8-ribbed, but only 4 marked, ribs densely white hirsute, with 8 pits at apex, crown ca. 1.2 mm, 1820-veined, densely white villous on veins, edge dentate. Calyx 5-divided; segments needle-like, 2.53 mm, sparsely hispidulous. Corolla pale blue or light purple, outside densely puberulous, those of central flowers tubular, 410 mm; limb 5-lobed, lobes equal in length; those of marginal ray flowers 2-lipped, to 2 cm, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, longer, middle lobe to 1 cm. Stamens 4, exserted. Style ca. 1 cm, exserted; stigma capitate. Achenes oblong, with 5 brown veins and persistent calyx setae. Fl. JulAug, fr. Sep. 2n=16, 18.
Sandy dunes, dry mountain slopes, steppes; 3001600(3000) m. E Gansu, Hebei, W Henan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, S Ningxia (Guyuan), N Shaanxi, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, Siberia)].
台湾蓝盆花 tai wan lan pen hua
Herbs, perennial, glabrous or puberulous. Stems erect, 1020 cm tall, sparsely branched. Leaves sessile, semi-amplexicaul; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, pinnatisect or lacerate, segments irregularly dentate; basal leaves 512 Χ 56 cm. Cauline leaves opposite, smaller, 45 cm, apex acute. Peduncles 56 cm or even longer; capitula terminal, oblate-globose, 3.54 cm broad; involucral bracts 3-whorled, lanceolate, outermost ones ca. 1.5 cm, inner ones shorter; bracts spatulate, ca. 5 mm; involucels 4-ribbed, with 8 pits at apex, crown membranous, 4-lobed, lobes obtuse. Calyx 5-setose, radial. Corolla blue-purple; marginal ray flowers usually larger, corolla ca. 1.8 cm, 5-lobed, 2-lipped. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style filiform. Achenes surrounded by involucels, and crowned with persistent involucels and calyx setae, obovoid, 33.5 mm; setae ca. 1 mm.
* Grassy slopes, rocky ridges; 20003600 m. Taiwan (Zhongyang Shan).
川续断属 chuan xu duan shu
Herbs, biannual or perennial. Stems erect, angulate and sulcate, usually echinulate or hispid along ridges. Basal leaves long petiolate, entire, 3-cleft or pinnatipartite, usually dentate or lobed. Cauline leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate, usually 35-lobed, sometimes pinnatipartite or entire, both surfaces usually hispid, but glabrous or papillate-echinulate in some species. Capitula terminal, oblong, globose, or ovoid-globose; involucral bracts erect or spreading, leafy, 1- or 2-layered; bracts rostrate; involucels 48-ribbed totally adnate to ovary; flowers bisexual. Calyx actinomorphic, shallowly disciform, 4-lobed, white pubescent. Corolla tubular, 4-lobed; lobes unequal in size. Stamens 4, inserted at corolla tube, alternate with corolla lobes. Gynoecium of 2 carpels; ovary inferior, enveloped by involucel; ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous; style filiform; stigma oblique or lateral. Achenes surmounted with persistent calyx, enveloped by leathery involucel. Seed coat membranous; embryo imbedded in endosperm.
About 20 species: Eurasia and northern Africa; seven species in China, mainly in southwest provinces.
1a. Stems glabrous; bract rostra 1.53 mm ............................................................. 1. D. azureus
1b. Stems ± spiny; bract rostra 311 mm.
2a. Heads oblong-spherical, 2.57 Χ 24.9 cm; bract rostra 511 mm; lower thinly tubular part of corolla 3.55 mm.
3a. Corolla black-purple; corolla thin-tube ca. 3.5 mm; bract rostra ca. 5 mm .... 4. D. atratus
3b. Corolla white, or yellowish; corolla thin-tube 3.55 mm; bract rostra 511 mm.
4a. Segments of cauline leaves 13-paired; heads 23.5 cm broad; leaves glabrous abaxially 2. D. inermis
4b. Segments of cauline leaves more than 3-paired, heads usually 3.54.9 cm broad; leaves spiny abaxially ....................................................................................................... 3. D. chinensis
2b. Heads spherical, 1.53 Χ 1.53.2 cm; bract rostra 35 mm; lower thinly tubular part of corolla 22.5 mm.
5a. Corolla black-purple ..................................................................... 7. D. atropurpureus
5b. Corolla white, yellow, or pink.
6a. Corolla white or yellow; plants perennial, roots fleshy and fusiform ........... 5. D. asper
6b. Corolla pink; plants biannual, roots ± lignified, not fleshy .................... 6. D. japonicus
天蓝续断 tian lan xu duan
Cephalaria beijiangensis Y. K. Yang, J. K. Wu & A. Sayit; C. dipsacoides Karelin & Kirilow; Dipsacus dipsacoides (Karelin & Kirilow) V. I. Bochantsev; D. xinjiangensis Y. K. Yang, J. K. Wu & T. Abdulla.
Herbs, perennial, 0.61.5 m tall. Stems glabrous, nearly spineless. Basal leaves long petiolate, undivided; cauline leaves opposite, ca. 6-paired, glabrous, from long petiolate with petiole to 10 cm to sessile; leaf blade 626 Χ 310 cm, pinnatifid to pinnatisect; terminal segment lanceolate, margin large serrate, lateral segments 47-paired, lanceolate to elliptic, 1.27 Χ 13 mm. Heads 3 or 4, subspherical, terminal one 22.5 Χ 34.5 cm; peduncles 3060 cm, glabrous or pubescent above; involucral bracts 2-layered, 5 or 6 in outer layer, ovate, 79 in inner layer, elliptic or lanceolate; bracts obovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 514 Χ 45 mm, rostra 1.53 mm; involucels 4-ribbed, 34 mm. Calyx disciform, 0.51 mm, irregularly lobed. Corolla purple-blue, infundibular, 815 mm, outside villous, 4-lobed; lobes elliptic or oblong, 34 Χ 1.52.5 mm. Stamens 4, inserted at upper part of corolla tube; filaments 45 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. Ovary included in involucel; style longer than stamens; stigma clavate. Achenes 4-angular, ca. 3.5 mm, totally enveloped in involucel. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
19002000 m. Xinjiang (Huocheng, Tekes) [Kazakhstan, Kirghizia].
藏续断 zang xu duan
Cephalaria cachemiria Decaisne; Dipsacus inermis var. mitis (D. Don) Y. Nasir; D. mitis D. Don; D. strictus D. Don.
Herbs, perennial, 0.52 m tall. Tap root carrot-shaped, to 3.5 cm in diam. Stems branched, usually 6-ridged, ridges with sparse spines. Basal leaves rosulate, long petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, 513 Χ 3.5 cm, 3- or 5-segmented, or undivided but margin serrate, often wilted at anthesis, terminal segment much larger than lateral ones; cauline leaves petiolate to nearly sessile; petiole to 7 cm; leaf blade broadly lanceolate, 1022 Χ 3.57 cm, 3-segmented to pinnatifid, segments 2-, rarely 3-paired, terminal segment largest, ovate, all segments yellowish hirsute on both surfaces, serrate on margins. Heads globose or oblong, solitary or 3 in number, 23.5 cm broad at anthesis and in fruit; peduncles to 40 cm; involucrate bracts linear, white hirsute; bracts lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 1420 mm at anthesis, rostrum 59 mm, setose and hirsute on two lateral sides; involucels ovoid-columnar, 58 mm. Corolla white or yellowish, infundibular, 1115 mm, lower thinly tubular part, 3.54 mm; limb 4-lobed, lobes unequal in size. Stamens 4, inserted at corolla tube, exserted. Style strongly exserted. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, 4-angular, glabrous, ca. 4.5 Χ 1.5 mm. Fl. JulAug, fr. AugOct.
Forests, grassy slopes, by streams; 21003900 m. Xizang (Nyalam) [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan].
3. Dipsacus chinensis Batalin, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 375. 1894.
大头续断 da tou xu duan
Dipsacus lijiangensis T. M. Ai & H. B. Chen.
Herbs, perennial, to 2 m tall. Tap root robust, to 2 cm in diam. Stems branched, 8-ridged, ridges sparsely spiny. Cauline leaves opposite, from long petiolate with petiole ca. 5 cm, to nearly sessile upward on stems; leaf blade broadly lanceolate, to 25 Χ 7 cm, lyrate, terminal segment much larger than lateral ones; lateral segments 38-paired, both adaxially and abaxially setose. Heads solitary or 3, globose or oblong, 3.54.9 cm broad; peduncles to 25 cm; involucrate bracts linear, setose; bracts lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate 1415 mm, rostrum 511 mm, both spiny and pilose on two lateral sides; involucels ovoid-columnar, 58 mm. Corolla 914 mm, lower thinly tubular part 3.55 mm, 4-lobed, lobes unequal in size. Stamens 4, inserted at corolla tube, exserted. Style exserted. Achenes cuneate, 4-angular, densely pubescent, ca. 6 Χ 1.5 mm, apex exposed. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct.
* Forests, grassy slopes, by streams; 21003900 m. W Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan (Dκqκn, Lijiang, Xianggelila).
紫花续断 zi hua xu duan
Virga atrata (J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke) Holub.
Herbs, perennial ca. 1 m tall. Stems branched, ridged, retrorse-spiny, to 1 cm in diam. Basal leaves and lower cauline leaves wilted at anthesis; upper cauline leaves sessile, 1015 Χ 45 cm, both surfaces hispid, pinnatisect; terminal segment much larger than lateral ones, elliptic, apex acuminate, lateral segments 24-paired, all segments large serrate on margins. Heads globose, 33.5 cm at anthesis; peduncles to 40 cm; involucral bracts 5 or 6, ovate-elliptic, undivided, abaxially hirsute; bracts obovate, 911 mm, rostrum triangular, ca. 5 mm, base ca. 2 mm broad, spiny-hirsute on two lateral sides; involucels ca. 3 mm, glabrous, 4-ribbed and 4-dentate, with 4 minute teeth and 4 obscure ribs between large teeth and ribs. Calyx shallowly cup-shaped, 4-lobed, ca. 1 mm, edge spiny-hirsute. Corolla black-purple, infundibular, ca. 1.1 cm, base narrowly tubular, ca. 3.5 mm. Stamens exserted. Fl. Sep.
Forests on southern slopes; ca. 3600 m. S Xizang (Cona) [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
川续断 chuan xu duan
Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng & T. M. Ai; D. asperoides var. emeiensis Z. T. Yin; D. cyanocapitatus C. Y. Cheng & T. M. Ai; D. daliensis T. M. Ai; D. daliensis var. multifidus H. B. Chen; D. enshiensis C. Y. Cheng & T. M. Ai; D. kangdingensis T. M. Ai & F. X. Feng; D. simaoensis Y. Y. Qian; D. yulongensis T. M. Ai & L. J. Yang.
Herbs, perennial, to 2 m tall. Tap root simple or branched, fusiform, fleshy, to 1.2 cm in diam. Stems erect, branched, 48-ridged, ridges sparsely covered with retrorse spines. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole to 25 cm; leaf blade pinnatisect, rarely entire, 1525 Χ 520 cm, adaxially white setose, or papillate-setose, abaxially densely setose on veins, segments 59 in number, terminal one largest, to 15 Χ 9 cm, lateral ones usually obovate or spatulate; lower cauline leaves similarly long petiolate, leaf blade entire, but mostly pinnatifid, with 59 segments, terminal one lanceolate, to 11 Χ 5 cm, margin sparsely large serrate, apex acuminate; upper cauline leaves with shorter petioles, lanceolate, undivided or 3-segmented. Heads globose, 1.53.2 cm broad; peduncles to 50 cm; involucrate bracts 57, leafy, lanceolate or linear, hispid; bracts obovate, 711 mm, hispidulous, rostrate, rostrum 35 mm, setose on two lateral sides; involucels 4-ribbed, obovoid-columnar, 58 mm, white puberulous, apex 8-dentate. Calyx 4-ribbed, disc-shaped, ca. 1 mm, undivided or 4-lobed, hispidulous outside. Corolla yellowish or white, infundibular, 911 mm, base thinly tubular, ca. 2.5 mm; limb 4-lobed; lobes unequal, puberulous outside. Stamens 4, inserted at corolla tube, exserted; anthers purple. Achenes obovoid-columnar, ca. 4 mm. Fl. JulSep, fr. SepNov. 2n=18
Forest margins, thickets, among herbs, by streams or roadsides; 15003400 m. Chongqing, N Guangdong (Lianxian), N and W Guangxi (Longshen, Napo, Xingan), Guizhou, W Hubei (Xingshan), Sichuan, S Xizang (Cona, Nyalam), Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal].
深紫续断 shen zi xu duan
Dipsacus fulingensis C. Y. Cheng & T. M. Ai.
Herbs, perennial, 11.8 m tall. Tap root columnar, slightly fleshy. Stems erect, 68-ridged, ridges sparsely covered with retrorse spines. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole to 30 cm; leaf blade broadly lanceolate, 1018 Χ 612 cm, pinnatifid or pinnatisect; segments 57; terminal one larger, oblong or broadly ovate, 612 Χ 48 cm; lateral ones smaller downward, lanceolate to ovate, all segments abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous or glabrous. Lower and middle cauline leaves with shorter petioles; leaf blade pinnatisect, terminal segment larger, lateral segments 2- or 3-paired, ovate to lanceolate; upper cauline leaves undivided or 3-segmented, segments lanceolate, both surfaces glabrous, sometimes adaxially sparsely white puberulous, margin entire. Heads globose, 22.5 cm broad; peduncles to 30 cm; involucral bracts 7 or 8, leafy, lanceolate, white puberulous; bracts oblong-obovate, 68 mm, rostrum 13 mm, both lateral sides glabrous or sparsely setose, only base white villous when glabrous; involucels obovoid-columnar; limb 4-lobed; lobes acute at apex. Calyx disc-shaped, 4-angular, outside glabrous, inside and apex villous. Corolla black-purple; tube 67 mm, base narrowly tubular, 11.5 mm; limb 4-lobed, one of lobes larger. Stamens inserted at corolla tube, obviously exserted. Achenes pale brown, 2.54 mm, 4-angular, cuneate. Fl. JulSep, fr. SepNov.
* Among herbs by streams, grassy slopes by fields. Chongqing (Fuling, Nanchuan, Qianjiang).
Dipsacus atropurpureus appears to differ from D. asper only in having a black-purple corolla (vs. yellowish or white) and a shorter rostrum (12 vs. 35 mm). We question whether they are two different species or conspecific. Thus, D. atropurpureus is now considered as a doubtful species. Field observations and population sampling are needed to clarify this issue.
日本续断 ri ben xu duan
Dipascus lushanensis C. Y. Cheng & T. M. Ai; D. tianmuensis C. Y. Cheng & Z. T. Yin.
Herbs, biannual or (?)perennial, to 1.5 m tall. Roots not fleshy. Stems often branched, 46-ridged, with retrorse spines on ridges. Basal leaves rosulate, long petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, pinnatisect or undivided. Cauline leaves opposite, from long petiolate to nearly sessile; leaf blade elliptic-ovate to elliptic, 825 Χ 310 cm, abaxially spiny-hispid, adaxially hispidulous, pinnatisect or pinnatifid, rarely undivided, segments 2- or 3-paired, terminal one much larger than lateral ones. Capitula terminal, globose, 1.53.2 cm at anthesis and in fruit; involucral bracts linear, spiny-hispid; bracts obovate, 911 Χ 45 mm, hispidulous, rostrum 35 mm, lateral sides spiny-hispid; involucels 4-ribbed, 56 mm, white villous, 8-dentate at apex. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1 mm, 4-lobed, white villous. Corolla pink, purple-red, or purplish, 58 mm, outside villous. Stamens slightly exserted. Achenes oblong-cuneate, 4-angular, ca. 6 mm, glabrous. Fl. AugSep, fr. SepNov.
Grassy slopes, roadsides; below 2600 m. Anhui (Qingyang, Shucheng), Chongqing (Chengkou, Wushan, Wuxi), E Gansu (Pingliang, Yuzhong), Hebei, Henan, Hubei (Xianfeng), Hunan (Cili), Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, N Sichuan (Barkam, Songpan), W Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].