桔梗科 jie geng ke
Hong Deyuan (洪德元)[1], Ge Song (葛颂)[2]; Thomas G. Lammers[3]
Herbs perennial with rhizomes or caudexes (caulorhiza), or annual, erect, climbing or twining, rarely (absent in China) shrubs or small trees, lactiferous. Leaves simple, alternate, less frequently opposite, rarely whorled. Inflorescences of diverse racemes or cymes, paniculate, capitate or pseudo-racemose, or sometimes flowers solitary. Flowers perfect, or rarely unisexual, mostly (3–)5(or 6 or 10)-merous, epigynous, semiepigynous, or rarely (Cyananthus) hypogynous. Calyx tube (hypanthium) adnate to whole ovary or up to different parts of ovary (Codonopsis), or free from ovary (Cyananthus), or sometimes calyx totally free and thus without calyx tube; calyx lobes valvate or imbricate. Corolla sympetalous but in some groups (e.g. Codonopsis, Wahlenbergia) corolla cleft nearly to base and rotate; lobes valvate, rarely imbricate, actinomorphic (Campanuloideae), or zygomorphic due to division to nearly base at posterior side (Lobelioideae). Stamens free from each other, or connivent into a tube via villous hairs on filaments (Lobelioideae) or totally connate (Lobelioideae); filaments usually dilated into lamellar at base, glabrous or densely villous on margins; anthers introrse, rarely lateral, tetrasporangiate and dithecal, often unequal in size in Lobelioideae, usually 2 or more with setose hairs at top. Disk absent, or present, discrete or annular, epigynous. Ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior for calyx but inferior or semi-inferior for corolla (Codonopsis), or rarely entirely superior (Cyananthus), 2–5(or 6 or 10)-locular; style single, often with collecting hairs at top; stigma 2–5(or 6 or 10)-fid; ovules numerous, on axile (rarely parietal) placentas, anatropous. Fruit commonly a capsule, loculicidal at superior part or poricidal at inferior part, rarely a berry, or a dry fruit. Seeds numerous, with endosperm; embryo straight.
About 70 genera and ca. 2000 species: cosmopolitan; 15 genera (two endemic) and 161 species (82 endemic) in China, mainly in the southwest.
Pentaphragma Wallich ex G. Don and Sphenoclea Gaertner were included in the Campanulaceae in FRPS but are treated in this volume as Pentaphragmataceae (p. xxx) and Sphenocleaceae (p. xxx), respectively. See the notes under those two families.
[Note: “Papua New Guinea” has been used throughout this manuscript. Actually, in some or most cases “New Guinea” is meant. The whole island is New Guinea; the E half of the island is Papua New Guinea; the W half of the island is Irian Jaya, which is part of Indonesia. Therefore it is wrong to treat “Papua New Guinea” and “New Guinea” as if they are the same.]
Hong De-yuan, Lian Yong-shan & Shen Lian-dai. 1983. Campanulaceae (Campanuloideae and Lobelioideae). In: Hong De-yuan, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 73(2): 1–173.
1a. Corolla zygomorphic; stamens entirely connate; ovary 2-locular; inflorescence of raceme (Lobelioideae) 15. Lobelia
1b. Corolla actinomorphic; stamens free, rarely connivent via villous hairs on filaments; ovary 3–5(–6)-locular; inflorescences of diverse cymes, paniculate, pseudo-racemose (Campanuloideae).
2a. Ovary superior for both calyx and corolla; flowers usually solitary and terminal; calyx often brown- or black hirsute or setose ........................................................................................... 1. Cyananthus
2b. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior for both calyx and corolla, or at least for corolla; flowers in inflorescences, rarely solitary; calyx glabrous or with other types of hairs.
3a. Fruit a capsule poricidal at inferior part, or a dry fruit, irregularly lacerate at inferior part.
4a. Fruit a dry fruit, pericarp thin, membranous, irregularly lacerate; plants annual or perennial, roots thin, not carrot-shaped.
5a. Flowers solitary and axillary, long pedicellate; plants perennial, with rhizomes often (?) tuberous at ends; seed-coat smooth .................................................................................. 12. Peracarpa
5b. Flowers 1–3, fascicled on very short branches, sessile; plants annual, prostrate; seed-coat reticulate 13. Homocodon
4b. Fruit a capsule, poricidal; plants mostly perennial and roots carrot-shaped, rarely annual.
6a. Corolla lobed, campanulate.
7a. Disk absent; capsule poricidal at base, middle or upper part ................. 9. Campanula
7b. Disk present, annular or tubular; capsule poricidal at base ................. 10. Adenophora
6b. Corolla divided nearly to base, corolla lobes petaloid.
8a. Perennials with carrot-shaped roots; corolla lobes linear ....................... 11. Asyneuma
8b. Annuals with fibrous roots; corolla lobes lanceolate ................................ 14. Triodanis
3b. Fruit a capsule loculicidal at superior part, or a berry; ovary inferior, or inferior or semi-inferior only for corolla; stigma segments short, not circinate.
9a. Fruit a berry; ovary and fruit apically flat.
10a. Herbaceous vines; calyx lobes ovate-deltoid or
ovate-lanceolate, entire
7.
Campanumoea
10b. Erect herbs; calyx lobes linear or linear-lanceolate,
dentate, rarely entire
8.
Cyclocodon
9b. Fruit a capsule; ovary and fruit apically conical.
11a. Glands 5, orbicular and compressed, alternate with stamens; herbaceous twiners 2. Leptocodon
11b. Glands absent; erect herbs, rarely climbers or twiners.
12a. Stigma segments ovate or oblong; calyx lobes and corolla lobes sometimes inserted at different positions; flowers often solitary; stems erect, diffuse, climbing or twining 3. Codonopsis
12b. Stigma segments linear; calyx lobes and corolla inserted at same position; flowers in cymes or lax panicles; stems erect or ascending.
13a. Leaves whorled or opposite, rarely alternate; ovary and capsule 5-locular; capsule valves opposite to persistent calyx lobes ..................................................................... 5. Platycodon
13b. Leaves alternate; ovary and capsule 2–5-locular; capsule valves alternate with persistent calyx lobes.
14a. Calyx lobes echinate; leaves pinnatifid ........................................... 4. Echinocodon
14b. Calyx lobes not echinate; leaves entire or serrate .......................... 6. Wahlenbergia
蓝钟花属 lan zhong hua shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Herbs perennial or annual; perennials with caudexes; caudexes thick, lignified, covered with numerous scales, usually multibranched and thus stems caespitose. Leaves alternate, but sometimes 4 or 5 leaves below pedicels aggregated, whorl-like. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches, rarely in a dichasium and dichasia aggregated on top of stems and branches, pedicellate. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-, rarely 4-lobed. Corolla tubular-campanulate, (3–)5-lobed. Stamens 5, often aggregated and surrounding ovary at upper part. Ovary superior, conical, mostly 5-locular, less frequently 4- or 3-locular. Fruits a capsule, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, brown-red or brown-black.
About 22 species: Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains; 19 species (ten endemic) in China.
1a. Annuals.
2a. Plants dwarf, less than 20 cm tall; flowers almost sessile, (3 or)4(or 5)-merous; corolla usually less than 10 mm, rarely up to 15 mm ................................................................................ 19. C. hookeri
2b. Plants taller; flowers pedicellate, usually 5-merous; corolla usually more than 15 mm.
3a. Calyx covered with red-brown setae, base of setae swollen, black-verrucose; calyx lobes obovate-oblong, broadest at middle or above middle; corolla pale yellow or white 16. C. lichiangensis
3b. Calyx villous; calyx lobes nearly linear or triangular, broadest below middle; corolla blue or blue-purple.
4a. Leaves glabrous or sparsely puberulent; flowers in dichasia, fascicled at top of stems; calyx lobes linear ......................................................................................................... 17. C. fasciculatus
4b. Leaves hairy; flowers solitary, terminal on top of stems and branches, rarely 3–5-fascicled; calyx lobes triangular .................................................................................................. 18. C. inflatus
1b. Perennials; caudexes robust, densely clothed with persistent and straw-colored scales.
5a. Calyx densely covered only with brown-black setae, or mixed with such hairs; corolla lobes nearly orbicular, broadly ovate or oblong, as long as or slightly longer than broad.
6a. Calyx covered with brown-black and white setae; stems sparsely arachnoid.
7a. Leaf blades cordate to triangular-ovate, base cordate or rounded, margin obviously crenulate 14. C. cordifolius
7b. Leaf blades linear-elliptic, base cuneate, margin entire or sinuous ............. 15. C. sherriffii
6b. Calyx covered with only brown-black setae; stems villous, scaberulose or sericeous.
8a. Leaves less than 10 mm ................................................................... 13. C. microphyllus
8b. Leaves more than 10 mm.
9a. Leaf blades usually oblanceolate, obovate-lanceolate or obovate, margin with 3–9 gross and obtuse teeth above middle ................................................................................. 10. C. lobatus
9b. Leaf blades elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, margin entire or sinuous-crenulate above middle.
10a. Leaves hispidulous on both surfaces; pedicels 12–32 mm; no several leaves aggregated below pedicels ..................................................................................... 11. C. pedunculatus
10b. Leaves adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely sericeous; pedicels 5–12 mm; several leaves aggregated below pedicels, whorl-like .................................................................. 12. C. sericeus
5b. Calyx glabrous or covered with hairs other than brown-black setae, often ± swollen into saclike after anthesis; corolla lobes usually oblong, longer than broad.
11a. Flowers several on a stem in racemelike; leaves ovate-lanceolate, abaxially densely sericeous; margin strongly recurved ..................................................................................... 9. C. longiflorus
11b. Flowers solitary and terminal on a stem; leaves rhomboid, flabellate, spatulate, or ovate, rarely lanceolate, rarely sericeous, margin spread or slightly recurved.
12a. Leaves usually rhomboid, flabellate or spatulate, (2–)2.5–4.8(–5.5) mm, base usually truncate or broad-cuneate, obviously petiolate.
13a. Flowers 1.6–2.4 cm; leaves rhomboid, base broad-cuneate .................... 1. C. delavayi
13b. Flowers 2.5–4 cm.
14a. Middle cauline leaves flabellate, with length/width ratio 0.6–1, base truncate, margin obviously serrate ........................................................................................................... 2. C. formosus
14b. Middle cauline leaves spatulate or rhomboid, with length/width ratio more than 1.25, base truncate, margin entire or sinuous-crenulate .............................................. 3. C. chungdianensis
12b. Leaves usually spatulate, elliptic, ovate or obovate-lanceolate, (3–)4.5–16 mm, base cuneate or rounded, attenuated into shortly petiolate, or leaves sessile.
15a. Plants densely covered with yellow-brown arachnoid hairs except corolla; scales on caudexes 10–15 × ca. 3 mm; corolla 3–4 mm, lobed to 1/3 ..................................................... 5. C. wardii
15b. Plants glabrous or covered with other types of hairs, leaves adaxially white hirsute or white hispidulous; scales on caudexes much smaller; corolla 2–2.5(–3.8) cm, lobed to middle.
16a. Leaves spatulate, with decurrent short petioles (0.5–)1.3–5
mm
....................................................................................................... 4.
C. macrocalyx
16b. Leaves elliptic, ovate, long ovate or obovate-lanceolate, sessile or with extremely short petioles less than 1(–1.7) mm.
17a. Leaves sessile, broad-ovate or obovate-lanceolate, base rounded; flowers yellow or white 8. C. flavus
17b. Leaves shortly petiolate or sessile, elliptic, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, base cuneate; flowers blue or blue-purple.
18a. Pedicels (6–)10–32 mm; calyx tube mostly glabrous, rarely sparsely hairy outside 7. C. dolichosceles
18b. Pedicels 2–10 mm; calyx tube densely hairy, rarely glabrous .............. 6. C. incanus
细叶蓝钟花 xi ye lan zhong hua
Cyananthus barbatus Franchet (1885), not Edgeworth (1846); C. microrhombeus C. Y. Wu; C. microrhombeus var. leiocalyx C. Y. Wu.
Herbs perennial. Caudexes numerously branched, scales deltoid-lanceolate, ca. 2 × 1 mm. Stems caespitose, slender, 10–20 cm, multibranched, prostrate or ascending, white villous. Leaves alternate, 3–5 leaves below flowers aggregated and whorl-like; petioles ca. 25 mm, white-villous; leaf blades nearly orbicular or ovate-deltoid, 3–5 × 2–4 mm, adaxially hispidulous, abaxially silver-sericeous, base nearly rounded or truncate, apex rounded or obtuse, margin slightly recurved, entire or sinuous. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and some branches; pedicels 3–7 mm. Calyx tubular, 8–10 × 3–5 mm, base rounded, below enlarged in fruit, brown hirsute or glabrescent; lobes narrowly triangular, 2–4 × 1.5–2.5 mm, hirsute both outside and inside. Corolla blue, tubular-campanulate 1.8–3 cm, glabrous outside, densely villous at throat inside; lobes linear-oblong, 6–10 mm. Ovary 5-locular, nearly equal to calyx in length at anthesis; style extended to corolla throat; stigma 5-fid. Capsules conical, longer than calyx. Seeds oblong, ends pointed, ca. 1.8 × 0.3 mm, brown. Fl. Aug–Sep.
* Calcareous grassy slopes, forests, forest margins; 1900–4000 m. SW Sichuan, C and NW Yunnan.
美丽蓝钟花 mei li lan zhong hua
Herbs perennial. Roots carrot-shaped, up to 10 mm wide. Caudexes robust, often numerously branched; scales persistent, linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm. Stems slender, caespitose, 10–25 cm, pale purple, prostrate to ascending, simple or with short branches. Leaves alternate, 4 or 5 below flowers aggregated and whorl-like; lower leaves scalelike; middle and upper ones larger; petioles 3–7 mm; leaf blades rhomboid-flabellate, 4–9 × 2–6 mm, adaxially sparsely white hirsute or glabrous, abaxially densely white hirsute, base broad-cuneate or nearly truncate, apex truncate, margin recurved, with 3–5 obtuse teeth. Flowers large, solitary and terminal on main stems and branches; pedicels ca. 3 mm. Calyx tubular-campanulate; tube 8–12 mm, densely covered with pale-brown hirsute hairs; lobes narrowly triangular, 4–6 × 2–3 mm, hirsute both inside and outside. Corolla dark blue or purple-blue, 2.5–3.5 cm, glabrous outside, densely villous at throat inside; lobes obovate-oblong, 1/2–1/3 as long as tube, apex with a tuft of hairs outside. Ovary 5-locular, nearly as long as calyx tube; style extended up to corolla throat; stigma 5-fid. Fl. Aug–Sep.
* Grassy slopes, forest glades, forest margins; 2800–4300 m. SW Sichuan (Muli), NW Yunnan (Heqing, Lijiang).
中甸蓝钟花 zhong dian lan zhong hua
Perennial herbs Caudexes robust, multibranched, densely covered with scales; scales ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, scarious. Stems caespitose, with slender branches above, prostrate or ascending, 5–10 cm, below glabrous, with subulate, scalelike leaves, above densely white-villous, with ordinary leaves. Leaves small, rhomboid, oblanceolate or obovate, 3–11 × 1–5 mm including cuneate petioles, adaxially sparsely villous, abaxially densely white-villous, apex acute, margin recurved, entire or serrate above middle. Flowers solitary and terminal; pedicels ca. 4 mm. Calyx tubular, densely brown-yellow or white hispidulous outside; tube 8–10 × 6–7 mm; lobes narrowly triangular, ca. 5 mm. Corolla purple-blue, 2.3–3.2 cm, lobed to 1/3; lobes obovate-oblong, densely yellow-villous near base inside. Fl. Aug–Sep.
* Alpine meadows with shrubs, grassy places at forest margins; 3500–4300 m. NW Yunnan (Xianggelila).
大萼蓝钟花 da e lan zhong hua
Herbs perennial. Caudexes robust, lignified, multibranched, above with persistent ovate-lanceolate scales; scales 3–4 mm. Stems caespitose, ascending, simple, 5–20 cm, base often sparsely white-villous, above sparsely white-villous or glabrous. Leaves alternate, gradually becoming larger up stems, 4 or 5 below flowers aggregated and whorl-like; petioles 2–4 mm; leaf blades rhomboid, nearly orbicular or spatulate, 5–8 × 3–6 mm, adaxially sparsely hispidulous, abaxially densely white hirsute, base suddenly attenuated into petioles, apex obtuse or acute, margin recurved, entire or sinuous-serrate. Flowers solitary, terminal; pedicels 4–10 mm. Calyx tubular at anthesis, 7–13 mm, yellow-green or purplish, enlarged in fruit, below globose, obviously veined, glabrous, brown hirsute or glabrescent; lobes narrowly triangular, glabrous or brown hirsute outside, brown hirsute inside. Corolla yellow, sometimes purplish or red-veined, or less frequently purple below but yellow at exserted part, tubular-campanulate, 2–3 cm, glabrous outside, densely villous at throat inside; lobes linear-obovate, 2/5 as long as total length of corolla. Ovary extended up to throat. Capsules exserted above calyx. Seeds oblong, ca. 1.3 mm, smooth. Fl. Jul–Aug.
Alpine meadows, grassy slopes; 2500–5300 m. SE Gansu, S Qinghai, W Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India (Assam, Sikkim), Myanmar, E Nepal].
1a. Leaf blade ovate to suborbicular, margin entire; pedicel less than 5 mm; calyx more than 11 mm 4a. subsp. macrocalyx
1b. Leaf blade obovate-spatulate, crenulate; pedicel ca. 10 mm; calyx less than 11 mm ....... 4b. subsp. spathulifolius
大萼蓝钟花(原亚种) da e lan zhong hua (yuan ya zhong)
Cyananthus incanus J. D. Hooker & Thomson var. leiocalyx Franchet; C. leiocalyx (Franchet) Cowan; C. leiocalyx subsp. lucidus K. Shrestha; C. macrocalyx var. flavopurpureus C. Marquand; C. macrocalyx var. pilosus C. Marquand; C. neurocalyx C. Y. Wu.
Leaf blade ovate to suborbicular, margin entire. Pedicel less than 5 mm. Calyx more than 11 mm.
* Alpine meadows, grassy slopes; 2500–5000 m. SE Gansu (Zhugqu), S Qinghai (Nangqên), W Sichuan (Barkam, Daocheng, Hongyuan, Jinchuan, Kangding, Lixian, Muli, Qianning, Sêrtar, Xiangcheng), Yunnan (Dali, Dêqên, Dongchuan, Eryuan, Gongshan, Heqing, Huize, Lijiang, Qiaojia, Weixi, Xianggelila).
匙叶蓝钟花 ci ye lan zhong hua
Cyananthus spathulifolius Nannfeldt, Acta Horti Gothob. 5: 30. 1929.
Leaf blade obovate-spatulate, margin crenulate. Pedicel ca. 10 mm. Calyx less than 11 mm.
Alpine meadows; 3000–5300 m. SE Xizang (Cona, Mainling, Nyingchi, Yadong, Zayü) [Bhutan, NE India (Assam, Sikkim), Myanmar, E Nepal].
棕毛蓝钟花 zhong mao lan zhong hua
Herbs perennial. Roots ca. 5 mm in diam. Caudexes with 2 or 3 grades of branches, densely covered with persistent and straw-colored scales; scales large, elliptic, 10–15 × 3–4 mm. Stems several from each branch of caudex, caespitose, 10–18 cm, lower half with small, straw-colored and elliptic scales, sparsely yellow-arachnoid. Leaves at upper half of stems, larger up stems, alternate but 4 or 5 below flowers aggregated and whorl-like, sessile or nearly sessile, oblanceolate or elliptic, 5–11 × 3–5 mm, densely covered with brown-yellow arachnoid hairs on both surfaces, base broad-cuneate, apex rounded or obtuse, margin entire. Flowers solitary and terminal; pedicels 2–4 mm, covered with brown-yellow arachnoid hairs. Calyx short-tubular, 10–12 × 6–8 mm, densely covered with brown-yellow arachnoid hairs; lobes as long as tube, ovate-lanceolate, apex obtuse. Corolla tubular, 3–4 cm, glabrous outside but densely villous inside, lobed to 1/3; lobes long obovate, with a tuft of yellow villous hairs at top outside. Stamens 1/2 as long as corolla tube. Style glabrous, slightly exceeding corolla tube.
* 3400–5000 m. SE Xizang.
灰毛蓝钟花 hui mao lan zhong hua
Herbs perennial. Caudexes robust, numerously branched, top with persistent ovate-lanceolate scales; scales ca. 4 mm. Stems caespitose, simple or below branched, white-villous. Leaves alternate, but 4 or 5 below flowers aggregated and whorl-like, gradually larger upward stems, shortly petiolate; leaf blades ovate-elliptic to linear-elliptic, 4–12 × 1.5–4 mm, white hirsute on both surfaces, base cuneate, apex obtuse, margin recurved, nearly entire or sinuous-serrate. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches; pedicels 4–13 mm, hirsute. Calyx short-tubular, narrower below than above at anthesis, but broader than above in fruit, densely with yellow-brown hirsute hairs to glabrous; tube 5–8 mm; lobes triangular, 2–3 mm, slightly longer than broad, densely white hirsute inside. Corolla blue purple or dark blue, 2.5–3 times longer than calyx, glabrous outside, densely villous at throat inside; lobes obovate-oblong, ca. 2/5 as long as total length of corolla. Ovary nearly equal to calyx tube in length at anthesis; style extended up to corolla throat. Capsule exserted above calyx, 5-loculicidal, 10–13 mm. Seeds oblong, pale brown. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
Grassy slopes, forest glades, grassy places at forest and thicket margins, alpine meadows; 2700–5300 m. S Qinghai, W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N India (Sikkim), Nepal].
1a. Calyx tubes glabrous or densely white hirsute outside;
leaves usually white hirsute and glaucous; cauline leaves elliptic, with
length/width ratio 1.5–2.5
....................................................................................................................... 6a.
subsp. incanus
1b. Calyx tubes usually densely yellow-brown hirsute outside, occasionally glabrous; leaves yellow hirsute; cauline leaves linear-elliptic, with length/width ratio 2.5–6.5 .......................... 6b. subsp. petiolatus
灰毛蓝钟花(原亚种) hui mao lan zhong hua (yuan ya zhong)
Cyananthus incanus var. decumbens Y. S. Lian; C. incanus subsp. orientalis K. Shrestha; C. incanus var. parvus C. Marquand; C. incanus var. trichocalyx Franchet.
Cauline leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic, 4–8 × 1.5–4 mm, usually white hirsute and glaucous. Calyx tubes glabrous or densely white hirsute outside.
Grassy slopes, forest glades, alpine meadows; 3100–5300 m. S Qinghai (Nangqên), W Sichuan (Daocheng, Derong, Sêrtar, Xiangcheng), E Xizang (W to Namling and Nyalam) [Bhutan, N India (Sikkim), Nepal].
毛叶蓝钟花 mao ye lan zhong hua
Cyananthus petiolatus Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 8, 3: 147. 1891; C. neglectus C. Marquand; C. petiolatus var. pilifolius (C. Y. Wu) Y. S. Lian; C. pilifolius C. Y. Wu; C. pilifolius var. minor C. Y. Wu; C. pilifolius var. pallidocoeruleus C. Y. Wu.
Cauline leaves elliptic to linear-elliptic, 5–12 × 2–3 mm, yellow hirsute; calyx tubes usually densely yellow-brown hirsute, occasionally glabrous outside.
* Alpine meadows, grassy slopes, grassy places at forest and thicket margins; 2700–5000 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan (Dêqên, Xianggelila).
川西蓝钟花 chuan xi lan zhong hua
Herbs perennials. Caudexes robust, multibranched, top covered with persistent scales; scales ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 2–3 mm. Stems caespitose, prostrate or ascending, simple, 5–15 cm, base covered with brown-yellow or white villous hairs, above sparsely white-villous. Leaves alternate, only 4 or 5 below flowers aggregated and whorl-like, becoming gradually larger up stems, sessile or almost sessile, obovate-lanceolate or long oblong, 5–13 × 3–5 mm, with length/width ratio 2–3, sparsely covered with appressed white hirsute hairs, base long cuneate, apex acute, margin recurved, entire or sinuous-crenulate. Flowers solitary and terminal; pedicels (6–)10–32 mm, sparsely brown-yellow villous or glabrescent. Calyx tubular, base rounded, below swollen and nearly globose in fruit, glabrous or sparsely brownish hirsute, 10–15 mm; lobes triangular, brown-yellow hirsute inside, 1/4–1/3 as long as tube. Corolla purple-blue, 2.5–3 times as long as calyx, outside glabrous, inside densely villous at throat; lobes obovate-oblong, 2/5 as long as total length of corolla. Ovary about equal to calyx in length at anthesis; style extended up to throat. Capsules much longer than calyx at maturity, 5-loculicidal. Seeds oblong, obtuse at two ends, 1.5–1.7 × ca. 0.8 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
* Grassy slopes, alpine meadows, alpine meadows with scrub; 2800–4800 m. W Sichuan (Daocheng, Dawu, Garzê, Jinchuan, Kangding, Qianning, Muli, Xiangcheng, Xiaojin).
黄钟花 huang zhong hua
Herbs perennial. Roots carrot-shaped, up to 5 mm in diam. Caudexes robust, multibranched, top covered with persistent scales; scales long ovate, ca. 3 × 1 mm. Stems caespitose, ascending, 7–16 cm, simple or with short branches, densely white-villous to nearly glabrous. Leaves alternate, only 4 or 5 below flowers aggregated and whorl-like, becoming gradually larger up stems, sessile or nearly sessile, elliptic or ovate-orbicular, 5–16 × 3–8 mm, gray-white hirsute or glabrous on both surfaces, both base and apex acute, margin entire, recurved. Flowers solitary and terminal; pedicels 1–2 cm, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely hirsute. Calyx short-tubular, base rounded, 8–12 mm, glabrous, enlarged in fruit; lobes triangular, 3–4 × ca. 3 mm, inside yellow hirsute. Corolla yellow or white, 2.5–3 cm, outside glabrous, inside densely white-villous at throat; lobes obovate-oblong or obovate-elliptic, 14–16 × 5–7 mm, apex often very sparsely brown-villous. Ovary nearly equal to calyx in length; style exceeding corolla tube. Fl. Jul–Aug.
* Grassy slopes; 2700–3600 m. SW Sichuan, NE and NW Yunnan.
1a. Flowers yellow; leaves broad-ovate, apex often rounded .................................... 8a. subsp. flavus
1b. Flowers white; leaves obovate-lanceolate, apex often acute .......................... 8b. subsp. montanus
黄钟花(原亚种) huang zhong hua (yuan ya zhong)
Flowers yellow, pale yellow or yellowish green. Cauline leaves usually ovate or broad-ovate, apex obtuse.
* Grassy slopes; 3100–3600 m. NW Yunnan (Lijiang, Xianggelila).
白钟花 bai zhong hua
Cyananthus montanus C. Y. Wu in Wu & Li, Rep. Pl. Trop. Subtrop. Reg. China 1: 89. 1965; Atropanthe mairei (H. Léveillé) H. Léveillé; C. albiflorus D. F. Chamberlain; C. mairei (H. Léveillé) Cowan; Wahlenbergia mairei H. Léveillé.
Flowers often white. Cauline leaves obovate-lanceolate, apex acute.
* Grassy slopes; 2700–3400 m. SW Sichuan (Xichang, Zhaojue), NE Yunnan (Huize).
长花蓝钟花 chang hua lan zhong hua
Cyananthus argenteus C. Marquand; C. obtusilobus C. Marquand.
Perennial herbs. Caudexes robust, ± lignified, multibranched, top with some ovate scales; scales ca. 2 mm. Stems erect, 4–22 cm tall, caespitose, below lignified, multibranched, densely covered with gray-white lanate hairs; branches very short. Leaves alternate but those below flowers aggregated; petioles 2–4 mm; leaf blades elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 5–10 × 2–3 mm, adaxially sparsely puberulent or glabrescent, abaxially densely silvery-sericeous, base cuneate, apex acute, margin recurved, entire. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches, nearly sessile. Calyx tubular, ca. 10 × 6–8 mm at anthesis, outside densely brown-yellow villous; lobes lanceolate, 5–7 × ca. 3 mm, two surfaces both hairy. Corolla tubular-campanulate, purple-blue or blue-purple, 3.5–5 cm outside glabrous, inside densely villous at throat; lobes obovate-oblong, 1/3–1/2 as long as total length of corolla, apex with a tuft of setose hairs. Style almost extending up to corolla throat. Capsules slightly longer than calyx at maturity. Seeds oblong, ca. 1.3 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep.
* Pinus forests, dry slopes, sandy dunes; 2800–4300 m. W Yunnan.
裂叶蓝钟花 lie ye lan zhong hua
Cyananthus insignis R. E. Grahame [Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 107: 10. 1940, w/o Latin descr.??]; C. lobatus var. farreri C. Marquand.
Herbs perennial. Roots carrot-shaped, up to 1.3 cm in diam. Caudexes robust, multibranched, top with persistent scales; scales ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 × 2.5 mm. Stems caespitose, prostrate or ascending, 20–50 cm, simple or branched, above sparsely villous. Leaves alternate, sessile or with petioles less than 5 mm; leaf blades nearly leathery, various in shape, size and degree of division, usually oblanceolate, obovate-lanceolate, obovate or rhomboid, 7–30 × 5–16 mm, adaxially sparsely hispidulous, glabrescent, abaxially villous, base cuneate, margin slightly recurved, with 3–9 gross teeth at upper part. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches; pedicels 1–3 cm, brown hirsute. Calyx tubular-campanulate; tube 1.2–1.5 cm, densely covered with brown-red to brown-black hispid hairs; lobes triangular to lanceolate-triangular, 1/4–1/2 as long as tube, brown-hispid both inside and outside. Corolla tubular-campanulate, purple-blue to pale blue, 3–4 cm, outside glabrous, inside densely villous at throat; lobes nearly orbicular, slightly more than 1/3 of total length of corolla, apex with a tuft of short brown hairs in center. Ovary conical, nearly equal to calyx tube in length; style extending up to middle part of corolla; stigma large, capitate, 5-fid. Fl. Aug–Sep.
Grassy slopes, forests; 2800–4500 m. SE Xizang (Nyingchi, Yadong, Zayü), NW Yunnan (Bijiang, Gongshan, Weixi) [Bhutan, India, NE Myanmar, Nepal].
有梗蓝钟花 you geng lan zhong hua
Cyananthus linifolius Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson, p.p.
Herbs perennial. Roots carrot-shaped, up to 1.2 cm in diam. Caudexes robust, multibranched, top covered with persistent scales; scales elliptic-lanceolate, straw-colored. Stems caespitose, ascending or diffuse, 10–20 cm, usually simple, hispidulous. Leaves alternate, becoming gradually larger up stems, almost sessile; leaf blades ovate-elliptic, ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 8–16 × 2–6 mm, hispidulous on both surfaces, base rounded, margin entire or sinuous above middle. Flowers solitary, terminal; pedicels 1.2–4 cm, covered with brown-black villous hairs. Calyx tubular, 10–15 × 7–10 mm, densely covered with brown-black hirsute hairs, lobes lanceolate-triangular, 1/2–2/5 as long as tube. Corolla purple-blue, funnelform-campanulate, 2.5–4.5 cm, throat glabrous or sparsely villous; lobes nearly orbicular, 1/3 as long as total length of corolla, apex with a tuft of brown hirsute hairs. Ovary nearly equal to calyx in length; style extending up to corolla throat; stigma 5-fid. Fl. Aug–Sep.
Alpine scrub; 3600–4900 m. S Xizang (Yadong) [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
绢毛蓝钟花 juan mao lan zhong hua
Herbs perennial, 20–30 cm tall. Caudexes robust, multibranched, top densely covered with long ovate or ovate-oblong persistent scales; scales 3–5 mm. Stems slender, densely sericeous when young, glabrescent. Leaves alternate, only 3 or 4 below flowers aggregated and whorl-like; lower leaves scalelike, ca. 2 × 1 mm, sparsely villous; middle and upper ones long elliptic, 8–12 × 2–4 mm, adaxially glabrous or sparsely hairy, abaxially densely covered with retrorse and appressed sericeous hairs. Flowers solitary and terminal; pedicels 5–12 mm, with brown-black villous hairs. Calyx tubular-campanulate, broader above than below, 15–20 × ca. 10 mm, densely covered with brown-black hirsute hairs; lobes lanceolate-triangular, ca. 1/2 as long as tube, margin white-villous. Corolla blue, with dark blue veins, 3.5–4 cm, throat glabrous; lobes broad-obovate, about 1/3 as long as total length of corolla. Ovary conical, slightly shorter than calyx. Style almost extending up to corolla throat; stigma capitate. Fl. Sep.
* Rocky crevices; 3500–3600 m. S Xizang (Cona).
小叶蓝钟花 xiao ye lan zhong hua
Cyananthus linifolius Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson, p.p.; C. nepalensis Kitamura.
Herbs perennial. Caudexes robust, multibranched, top densely covered with scales; scales elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 5 × 2 mm. Stems slender, 5–25 cm, below branched, brown-red, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Leaves alternate, almost sessile, ovate, ovate-lanceolate to linear-elliptic, 5–13 × 1.5–5 mm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sericeous, base rounded to shallowly cordate, apex obtuse or acute, margin recurved, entire or sinuous. Flowers solitary and terminal; pedicels 3–10 mm, covered with brown-black setae. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 7–10 mm, with brown-black setae, base truncate; lobes triangular, 1/3–2/5 as long as whole calyx, hairy on both sides. Corolla tubular-campanulate, blue-purple or blue, 1.8–2.8 cm, outside glabrous, inside densely covered with fimbriate white-villous hairs; lobes obovate-oblong, nearly equal to tube in length. Ovary conical, nearly as long as calyx; style extending up to corolla throat. Seeds bright-brown, oblong, ca. 2 × 0.5–0.7 mm. Fl. Sep.
Mountain slopes; 3300–4300 m. S Xizang (Nyalam) [India, Nepal].
心叶蓝钟花 xin ye lan zhong hua
Herbs perennial. Caudexes robust, multibranched. Stems slender, 14–27 cm, base prostrate, sparsely arachnoid-villous, middle with slender and sterile branches. Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, cordate to triangular-ovate, 10–15 × 5–9 mm, adaxially glabrous or sparsely puberulent, abaxially sparsely villous, base cordate or nearly rounded, apex obtuse or acute, margin serrate; leaves on sterile branches much smaller, elliptic-ovate, almost entire, base rounded, rarely cordate. Flowers solitary and terminal; pedicels 5–18 mm, with brown-black setae. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 11–16 × ca. 8 mm, base truncate, densely covered with brown-black setae; lobes lanceolate-triangular, slightly shorter than tube, inside both black- and white-villous. Corolla blue or pale blue, tubular-campanulate, 2.5–3.5 cm, densely villous at throat; lobes oblong, 12–15 × 5–6 mm. Ovary conical-ovoid, slightly shorter than calyx; style extending up to corolla throat. Fl. Aug.
Mountain thickets; 3000–4000 m. S Xizang (Gyirong) [NW India, Nepal].
杂毛蓝钟花 za mao lan zhong hua
Herbs perennial. Caudexes robust, nearly lignified, multibranched, top densely covered with persistent oblong-lanceolate scales; scales up to 10 × 2.5 mm. Stems caespitose, slender, terete, dark brown, 5–15 cm, sparsely arachnoid. Leaves alternate, but several below flowers aggregated and whorl-like, gradually larger up stems, sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blades linear-elliptic, 4–7 × 2–3 mm, but those below flowers larger, 9–12 × 3–3.5 mm, adaxially sparsely arachnoid-villous along middle vein, abaxially silvery-sericeous. Flowers solitary, terminal on longer stems; pedicels 5–8 mm. Calyx tubular, 10–15 × ca. 7 mm, densely covered with glaucous and brown-black setae, base truncate; lobes triangular-lanceolate, slightly shorter than tube, hairy on both sides. Corolla blue or gray-blue, tubular-campanulate, ca. 2.5 cm, outside glabrous, inside villous at throat; lobes oblong, apex with a tuft of brown villous hairs. Ovary conical, nearly as long as calyx; style extending up to corolla throat; stigma 5-fid. Fl. Jul–Aug.
Alpine meadows or thickets; 3200–5000 m. S Xizang (Lhünzê, Nangxian) [Bhutan, India, Nepal].
丽江蓝钟花 li jiang lan zhong hua
Herbs annual. Stems caespitose, 10–30 cm tall, glabrous, simple or with slender branches. Leaves sparse, alternate but 4 or 5 below flowers aggregated and whorl-like; petioles 2–5 mm, villous; leaf blades ovate-triangular or rhomboid, 5–13 × 5–11 mm, both surfaces hispidulous, base long cuneate, apex obtuse, margin recurved, entire or sinuous-crenulate. Flowers solitary, terminal on both main stems and branches; pedicels 2–5 mm, glabrous. Calyx tubular, tube 8–10 × 6–8 mm, outside covered with red-brown setae, base of setae swollen, often black-verrucose; lobes obovate-oblong, ca. 1/3 as long as tube, broadest part at middle or above middle, outside sparsely covered with red-brown setae, inside with appressed red-brown villous hairs. Corolla pale yellow or green-yellow, sometimes blue- or purple-striate, tubular-campanulate, 2 times as long as calyx tube, outside glabrous, inside densely villous at throat; lobes oblong, 1/3–1/4 as long as whole corolla, apex acute. Ovary nearly as long as calyx tube; style extending up to corolla throat. Capsules exserted above calyx at maturity. Seeds oblong, obtuse at both ends, ca. 1 × 0.5 mm. Fl. Aug.
* Grassy slopes, grassy places at forest margins; 3000–4000 m. SW Sichuan, N Yunnan (Dêqên, Lijiang, Zhenxiong).
束花蓝钟花 shu hua lan zhong hua
Herbs annuals, 30–100 cm tall. Stems multibranched, glabrous or sparsely villous, branches long and patent. Leaves alternate, scattered, but several below flowers aggregated and whorl-like; petioles slender, 5–10 mm, glabrous or sparsely villous; leaf blades cordate or triangular-ovate, 4–16 × 4–15 mm, adaxially sparsely hispidulous, abaxially usually glabrous, base shallowly cordate to cuneate, apex rounded. Flowers in dichasia and aggregated at top of main stems and branches; pedicels 2–4 mm, slender, glabrous. Calyx tubular, broader below than above, 5–7 × 3–5 mm, rather densely brown-setose, bottom rounded; lobes usually 5, but some flowers on lower branches with 4 lobes, linear-triangular, ciliate. Corolla pale blue, tubular-campanulate, 14–17 mm, outside glabrous, inside villous near throat; lobes usually 5, but rarely 4, obovate-oblong, ca. 5 × 2–3 mm. Ovary nearly equal to calyx tube in length; style exserted above corolla tube. Capsules exceeding calyx in height at maturity. Seeds ellipsoid, two ends pointed, ca. 0.5 × 0.2 mm. Fl. Sep–Oct.
* Forests, thickets, grassy slopes; 2400–3500 m. W Sichuan (Lixian, Muli, Yanbian, Yanyuan), N Yunnan (Kunming, Lijiang, Luquan, Xianggelila).
胀萼蓝钟花 zhangn e lan zhong hua
Cyananthus forrestii Diels; C. pseudoinflatus P. C. Tsoong.
Herbs annual, up to 80 cm tall. Stems erect or ascending, branched, sparsely villous. Leaves alternate, sparse, but 3 or 4 below flowers aggregated and whorl-like; petioles slender, 2–7 mm, villous; leaf blades rhomboid, orbicular-rhomboid, or fan-shaped, 5–15 × 3–10 mm, adaxially hispidulous, abaxially hirsute, base rounded or cuneate, apex obtuse, margin entire or obscurely crenulate. Flowers usually solitary, terminal on main stems and branches; pedicels 2–5 mm, slender, brown hirsute. Calyx urceolate at anthesis, 8–12 mm, obviously inflated after flowering, outside densely brown hirsute; lobes 5, lanceolate-triangular, 1/4–2/5 as long as calyx tube, both sides brown hirsute. Corolla pale blue, tubular-campanulate, nearly 2 times as long as calyx, outside glabrous, inside densely villous at throat; lobes 5, obovate-oblong, nearly 1/3 as long as total length of corolla. Ovary slightly shorter than calyx; style extending up to corolla throat. Capsules ovoid, exceeding calyx in height at maturity, 5-loculicidal. Seeds brown-red, ellipsoid, obtuse at two ends, ca. 0.5 × 0.2 mm. Fl. Aug–Sep. 2n = 14.
Alpine meadows, grassy and shrubby slopes; 1900–4900 m. W Guizhou (Weining), W Sichuan, SE Xizang (Cona, Mainling, Yadong), N Yunnan [Bhutan, India, N Myanmar, Nepal].
蓝钟花 lan zhong hua
Cyananthus cronquistii Shrestha; C. hookeri var. densus C. Marquand; C. hookeri var. grandiflorus C. Marquand; C. hookeri var. hispidus Franchet; C. hookeri var. levicalyx Y. S. Lian; C. hookeri var. levicaulis Franchet.
Herbs annual. Stems usually caespitose, nearly erect or ascending, glabrous to rather densely villous, 4–20 cm, short-branched, branches 1.5–10 cm. Leaves alternate but several below aggregated and whorl-like; petioles 1–3 mm; leaf blades rhomboid, rhomboid-triangular or ovate, 3–7 × 2–6 mm, adaxially sparsely to rather densely hispidulous, abaxially sparsely to rather densely hirsute, base cuneate, suddenly attenuated into petioles, apex obtuse, margin sparsely crenulate, sometimes entire. Flowers small, solitary, terminal on main stems and branches, almost sessile. Calyx ovoid, 3–7 mm, outside densely clothed with yellow-brown hirsute hairs, to nearly glabrous; lobes usually 4, less frequently 3 or 5, triangular, 1/2–1/3 as long as tube, both sides hirsute. Corolla purple-blue, tubular, 7–15 mm, outside glabrous, inside densely villous at throat; lobes usually 4, sometimes 3 or 5, obovate-oblong, apex with 3 or 4 brown-yellow villous hairs. Stamens 4. Style extending above corolla throat; stigma 4-fid. Capsules ovoid, exserted above calyx at maturity. Seeds long ovoid, ca. 1.2 × 0.4 mm. Fl. Aug–Sep.
Thickets, grasslands; 2700–4500 m. SE Gansu (Tao He basin), S Qinghai (Tongren, Yushu), W Sichuan (W of Kangding and Lixian), E Xizang (E of Namling), N Yunnan (Dali, Dêqên, Gongshan, Heqing, Huize, Kunming, Qiaojia, Weixi, Xianggelila) [Bhutan, N India (Sikkim), Nepal].
细钟花属 xi zhong hua shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Codonopsis sect. Leptocodon J. D. Hooker, Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 16, f. a. 1855.
Perennial vines. Stems slender. Leaves alternate, leaves on branches often opposite or nearly opposite. Flowers solitary, outside axils, less frequently in axils, or opposite leaves. Calyx 5-lobed, tube short-obconical. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5; filaments long, base slightly dilated, alternate with 5 free, lamellar glands. Ovary semi-inferior, with superior part long conical, 3-locular; style long; stigma 3-fid. Capsule 3-loculicidal at superior part. Seeds numerous.
Two species: E Himalayas to SW China; both species in China.
1a. Plants glabrous throughout except young leaves sparsely
villous; calyx lobes linear-oblong, often reflexed, distant from each other,
glabrous, base clawlike
1. L. gracilis
1b. Plants ± hairy, rarely sparsely villous only on leaf margin; calyx lobes ovate to long ovate, not reflexed, overlapping each other, at least villous on margin, base obtuse, truncate or cordate, but not clawlike 2. L. hirsutus
细钟花 xi zhong hua
Codonopsis gracilis J. D. Hooker, Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 16, f. a. 1855.
Plants glabrous throughout except sparsely villous young leaves, awfully odorous. Roots unknown. Stems long, slender, branched. Leaves alternate, rarely those on branchlets opposite, long petiolate; leaf blades membranous, ovate-orbicular, 1–2.5 × 1–2.5 cm, adaxially green, abaxially gray, base and apex both obtuse, margin sinuate-crenate. Pedicels slender, 1–5 cm, upright or curved. Calyx glabrous, tube ca. 2 mm; lobes linear-oblong, 6–8 × 1.5–2 mm, pendulous from anthesis, claw 1–2 mm, margin with 1 or 2 pairs of serratures, serratures pointed upwards, callose. Corolla blue or purple, 3–3.5 cm; tube ca. 4 mm in diam., limb ca. 1 cm in diam., lobes triangular, 4–5 mm. Filaments ca. 2 cm. Style ca. 2 cm. Inferior part of capsule semiglobose, ca. 5 mm, superior part ca. 1 cm, conical. Seeds unknown. Fl. Aug–Oct.
Forests, thickets; 2000–2500 m. SW Sichuan (Huili, Muli, Yanbian), NW Yunnan (Binchuan, Dali, Heqing, Lijiang) [N India (Sikkim), E Nepal].
毛细钟花 mao xi zhong hua
Codonopsis hirsuta (D.Y. Hong) K. E. Morris & Lammers (1999), not (Handel-Mazzetti) D. Y. Hong & L. M. Ma (1992); C. hongii Lammers.
Perennials awfully odorous. Roots slender, not thickened. Stems hirsute on young parts. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branchlets almost opposite, all leaves long petiolate; leaf blades abaxially villous, rarely extremely sparsely. Flowers solitary, nearly opposite to leaves. Calyx lobes hirsute on abaxial side and margin, ovate, overlapping each other at anthesis, separated at fruiting, upright, ca. 5 × 3–4 mm, base cordate or nearly truncate, not clawlike, margin sinuate-crenate. Inferior part of capsule semiglobose, 8–10 mm in diam., superior part conical, ca. 10 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Oct–Nov.
Mixed forests, thickets, grasslands; 2000–2700 m. SE Xizang (Cona, Bomi, Zayü), NW Yunnan (Gongshan, Weixi) [Bhutan, N Myanmar].
党参属 dang shen shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Perennial herbs. Caudexes often short. Roots usually thickened, various in shape, mostly fleshy, rarely lignified, carrot-shaped, fusiform or tuberous. Stems erect, ascending, climbing, or twining. Leaves alternate, opposite, fascicled or pseudo-verticillate. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches, sometimes opposite to leaves, rarely axillary. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to different parts of ovary, often 10-ribbed; calyx lobes 5. Corolla epigynous, broad-campanulate, campanulate, funnel-shaped, tubular-campanulate, or tubular, shallowly 5-lobed or 5-fid nearly to base, and thus rotate, red-purple, blue-purple, blue-white, yellow-green or green. Stamens 5; filaments often dilated at base, glabrous or hairy; anthers basifixed, connective glabrous or setose. Ovary inferior or at least inferior for corolla, 3-locular; ovules numerous; style glabrous or hairy; stigma usually 3-fid, lobes broad. Capsule with persistent calyx, half-globose or obconical in lower part, rostrate in upper part, 3-loculicidal in superior part. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, oblong or ovoid, winged or wingless, smooth or reticulate; embryo straight, embedded in copious endosperm.
About 45 species: C and E Asia; 41 species (28 endemic) in China.
Where belongs Codonopsis limprichtii Lingelsheim & Borza, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 391. 1914, described from Yunnan?
1a. Corolla divided mostly to near base, rotate, rarely deep lobed and campanulate; inferior part of capsule obconical, superior part short and obtuse; roots often tuberous, ovoid, or globose.
2a. Stems robust, base up to 1 cm in diam.; calyx lobes linear; corolla campanulate, divided to 1/3 36. C. dicentrifolia
2b. Stems slender, base less than 5 mm in diam.; calyx lobes not linear; corolla divided to near base, rotate.
3a. Stems erect or ± prostrate, scapiform; leaves rosulate ................................ 37. C. rosulata
3b. Stems twining or nearly erect; leaves opposite or alternate, not rosulate.
4a. Leaves usually aggregated at one part of stems, mostly at lower part; stems usually less than 1 m, erect or twining only at apex.
5a. Stems and adaxial side of leaves hirsute; leaves ovate, serrate .................. 39. C. hirsuta
5b. Stems and leaves glabrous; leaves linear or pinoid,
rarely lanceolate or ovate
40.
C. graminifolia
4b. Leaves generally evenly distributed on stems; stems much longer, twining.
6a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, slightly cordate, truncate to cuneate at base, nearly sessile to shortly petiolate, with petioles less than 1.2 cm ........................ 38. C. convolvulacea
6b. Leaves cordate-ovate or cordate-lanceolate, cordate at base, with petioles 1.5–3 cm 41. C. efilamentosa
1b. Corolla shallowly 5-lobed, campanulate, tubular-campanulate or tubular; capsule nearly semiglobose at lower inferior half, conical at superior part; roots carrot-shaped or fusiform (tuberous only in C. ussuriensis).
7a. Stems twining.
8a. Leaves fascicled of 3–4 at top of lateral branches, pseudo-verticillate.
9a. Roots usually fusiform; seeds winged ..................................................... 1. C. lanceolata
9b. Roots tuberous; seeds not winged ......................................................... 2. C. ussuriensis
8b. Leaves alternate or opposite, not pseudo-verticillate.
10a. Corolla tubular; calyx lobes toothed or crenulate on margins.
11a. Leaves deeply incised, gross-serrate, base cordate to
broad-cuneate
11.
C. deltoidea
11b. Leaves shallowly incised, serrate or nearly entire, base
cuneate to rounded
13.
C. tubulosa
10b. Corolla campanulate or tubular-campanulate; calyx lobes entire; leaves entire or shallowly incised.
12a. Lower cauline leaves cordate, vary rarely truncate or rounded at base.
13a. Stems almost simple; leaves nearly entire or slightly sinuous on margins, acute at apex 3. C. cordifolioidea
13b. Stems branched; leaves serrate on margins, obtuse at apex.
14a. Calyx adnate to ovary up to middle, sinus between calyx lobes narrow and acute.
15a. Corolla large, more than 1.5 × 1.7 cm, usually longer
than calyx lobes
4.
C. pilosula
15b. Corolla small, less than 1 × 1.5 cm, shorter than or nearly equal to calyx lobes 5. C. micrantha
14b. Calyx adnate to ovary up to top, sinus between calyx lobes broad and obtuse.
16a. Leaves less than 3 × 3 cm; calyx hirsute; calyx lobes
ovate-orbicular or rhomboid-ovate, dentate and hirsute; corolla
globose-campanulate
6.
C. subglobosa
16b. Leaves much more than 3 × 3 cm; calyx tube sparsely hairy, calyx lobes narrow-oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, densely puberulent; corolla broad-campanulate 7. C. affinis
12b. Lower cauline leaves cuneate or rounded, occasionally cordate at base.
17a. Calyx adnate to ovary only up to lowest part, and thus ovary almost superior for calyx 8. C. tangshen
17b. Calyx adnate to ovary up to middle, and thus ovary semi-inferior for calyx.
18a. Stems and leaves glabrous; leaves entire.
19a. Leaves 0.5–2 × 0.5–1.5 cm, apex acute or obtuse .............................. 9. C. farreri
19b. Leaves 6–7 × 2–2.5 cm, apex short-acuminate ............................ 10. C. longifolia
18b. Stems and leaves ± hairy; leaves crenulate or serrate on margins.
20a. Lateral branches 5–15 cm; leaves crenulate or entire; calyx lobes broad, with sinus between them narrow and acute, not reflexed .................................................. 14. C. kawakamii
20b. Lateral branches no more than 3 cm; leaves serrate; calyx
lobes narrower, with sinus between them broad and obtuse, often reflexed
12.
C. henryi
7b. Stems usually erect, scapiform, sometimes climbing or procumbent, but not twining.
21a. Stems without branches like pinnate leaves and usually sterile.
22a. Corolla tubular or tubular-campanulate; filaments villous; stems mostly procumbent or climbing.
23a. Corolla 2–4 cm, yellow-green, base with brown-red shade,
glabrous
15.
C. benthamii
23b. Corolla only ca. 1.7 cm, yellowish, with purple-blue spots, densely puberulent outside 16. C. pianmaensis
22b. Corolla campanulate; filaments without villous hairs; stems mostly erect or scapiform.
24a. Leaves located at lower part of stems, main stems scapiform.
25a. Petioles 2–7 cm, leaf blades 2–13 × 1.5–5 cm; main stems with 1–4 flowers; calyx lobes 5–7 × ca. 3 mm, with sinus between them broad and obtuse; corolla less than 1.5 cm wide 18. C. subscaposa
25b. Petioles less than 1 cm, leaf blades 5–8 × 1.5–3 cm; main stems with 1–2 flowers; calyx lobes 8–12 × 4–6 mm, with sinus between them narrow; corolla up to 3 cm wide 19. C. meleagris
24b. Leaves evenly arranged on main stems, not scapiform.
26a. Leaves opposite; plants glabrous throughout ...................................... 20. C. purpurea
26b. Leaves alternate.
27a. Plants ± hairy; corolla less than 2 cm ............................................ 17. C. subsimplex
27b. Plants glabrous; corolla more than 3.5 cm.
28a. Leaves lanceolate, 1.5–6.5 cm, entire; calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, 18–20 × 2–3 mm . 22. C. gombalana
28b. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 5–14 × 3–7 cm, serrate; calyx lobes 20–30 × 6–10 mm 23. C. chimiliensis
21b. Stems with branches like pinnate leaves and usually sterile.
29a. Veins on leaves conspicuous; leaf margins recurved forming thick periphery.
30a. Corolla short-tubular, ca. 1.2 cm; lower slender
branches sometimes fertile
35.
C. xizangensis
30b. Corolla campanulate, more than 1.5 cm; lower slender branches sterile.
31a. Leaves nearly entire; flowers entirely glabrous.
32a. Leaves not more than 1.8 × 1.5 cm, sparsely puberulent beneath; corolla purple-green, with purple veins ................................................................................................... 30. C. alpina
32b. Leaves up to 3.2 × 2.6 cm, glabrous on both surfaces; corolla pale blue, with red-brown spots inside ................................................................................................. 31. C. cardiophylla
31b. Leaves crenulate; flowers ± hairy on some parts.
33a. Calyx-lobes 5–7 × 2–3 mm, with sinus between them broad
and obtuse
................................................................................................. 34.
C. chlorocodon
33b. Calyx lobes more than 10 mm, with sinus between them narrow and acute.
34a. Corolla villous inside; calyx tube mostly hairy; calyx lobes narrowly triangular, broadest at base, mostly entirely hispidulous ........................................................ 33. C. tsinlingensis
34b. Corolla totally glabrous; calyx tube mostly glabrous; calyx
lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, broadest at middle, hispidulous only at apex
outside
32.
C. viridiflora
29b. Veins on leaves inconspicuous; leaf margins not recurved.
35a. Corolla tubular or tubular-campanulate, at least lower part tubular.
36a. Corolla tubular; connective setose ................................................ 24. C. thalictrifolia
36b. Corolla tubular-campanulate, lower half tubular but suddenly expanded at middle; connective glabrous .......................................................................................... 25. C. bulleyana
35b. Corolla broad-campanulate.
37a. Plants densely with white hairs and plants white; leaf blades less than 1.5 × 1 cm 28. C. canescens
37b. Plants sparsely hairy and plants green; leaf blades usually larger.
38a. Calyx lobes 15–20 × 6–8 mm, hairy only at apex; leaf blades 1–5 × 0.8–3.2 cm 21. C. clematidea
38b. Calyx lobes much smaller, entirely hairy; leaf blades mostly smaller.
39a. Corolla villous both inside and outside ........................................... 29. C. argentea
39b. Corolla glabrous or hairy only above outside.
40a. Leaves 5–8 mm; calyx lobes ca. 8 mm, two lateral sides
recurved
..................................................................................................... 26.
C. foetens
40b. Leaves more than 10 mm; calyx
lobes generally larger, recurved or not
.................................................................................................... 27.
C. nervosa
羊乳 yang ru
Campanumoea lanceolata Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. 1: 174. 1835; C. japonica Siebold & &/ex “Morr.” [see Belgique Hort. 337] (1863), not Maximowicz (1868); Codonopsis bodinieri H. Léveillé.
Plants glabrous throughout or occasionally sparsely villous on stems and leaves. Caudexes nearly cylindrical. Roots usually fusiform-thickened, 10–20 × 1–6 cm. Stems twining, more than 100 cm, yellow-green but with purplish shade, often branched. Leaves on main stems alternate, lanceolate or narrowly rhomboid-ovate, 8–14 × 3–7 mm; usually leaves 2–4 fascicled on top of branchlets, nearly opposite or verticillate, petioles 1–5 mm; leaf blades rhomboid-ovate, narrowly ovate or elliptic, 3–10 × 1.3–4.5 cm, base attenuate, apex acute or obtuse, margin usually entire or sparsely waved-dentate, adaxially green, abaxially gray-green, veins obvious. Flowers solitary or twin on top of branchlets; pedicels 1–9 cm. Calyx adnate to ovary by half; calyx tube semiglobose; calyx lobes ovate-deltoid, 1.3–3 × 0.5–1 cm, acute, entire; sinus between calyx lobes acute or gradually becoming broader after anthesis. Corolla broad-campanulate, 2–4 × 2–3.5 cm, shallowly lobed; lobes deltoid, recurved, 0.5–1 cm, yellow-green or milk-white, with purple spots. Disk fleshy, dark green. Filaments subulate, slightly dilated at base, 4–6 mm; anthers 3–5 mm; ovary inferior. Capsule semiglobose below, rostate at top, 2–2.5 cm in diam. Seeds numerous, ovoid, winged, brown. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 16.
Shrublands in ravines, broad-leaved forests. N, E, and SC China [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
雀斑党参 qio ban dang shen
Glossocomia ussuriensis Ruprecht & Maximowicz, Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 209. 1857.
Plants glabrous throughout, or stems and leaves sparsely villous. Roots tuberous or oblong, 1–3 cm in diam., gray-yellow. Stems twining, slender, green, white or dark-purple, glabrous or internodes sparsely villous. Leaves on main stems alternate, lanceolate or rhomboid-ovate, smaller, those on top of branches usually 3–5-fascicled, pseudo-verticillate, petioles short; leaf blades lanceolate or oblong, 3–5 × 1.5–2.5 cm, base attenuate, apex acute or obtuse, margin entire, adaxially green, glabrous, abaxially gray-green, glabrous or sparsely villous. Flowers solitary, terminal on slender branches; pedicels 2–5 cm, bracts single, small, lanceolate or narrowly rhomboid-ovate. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle of ovary, half-globose; calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate or ovate-deltoid, 10–20 × 6–8 mm, apex acute, margin entire. Corolla campanulate, 2–3 × 1.5–2.5 cm, shallowly 5-lobed; lobes deltoid, dark purple, insides with remarkable black-purple stripes or black spots. Filaments 3–5 mm, slightly dilated at base, anthers 2–4 mm. Capsules half-globose in inferior part, rostrate in superior part. Seeds numerous, ovoid, wingless, dark brown, lucid. Fl. Jul–Aug. 2n = 16.
Ravines, moist meadows, mostly in sandy soil; ca. 800 m. E Heilongjiang, E Jilin [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
心叶党参 xin ye dang shen
Plants glabrous or nearly glabrous or only leaves sparsely short-setose. Stems twining, more than 1 m, with a few very short branches. Leaves on main stems lax, alternate, ca. 10 cm distant between two leaves; petioles filiform, 5–9 cm; leaf blades broad-ovate, nearly entire, up to 10 × 7 cm, base nearly cordate, with a square sinus, apex short-acuminate or acute, veins conspicuous, lateral veins from base, adaxially green, abaxially gray-green; leaves on branches usually only 2 and opposite, petioles less than 1 cm, similar to those on main stems in shape, but sinus not square. Flowers solitary, opposite leaves, pedicels 3–6 cm. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose; calyx lobes deltoid-lanceolate, ca. 10 × 5–6 mm, entire, apex acuminate, sinus between calyx lobes narrow. Corolla campanulate, 1.7–1.8 × 1–1.2 cm, 5-lobed to middle, lobes lanceolate-deltoid, dark-blue. Filaments dilated at base, ca. 5 mm, anthers ca. 5 mm. Capsule semiglobose in lower half, rostrate above, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, brown, obscurely reticulate. Fl. and fr. Sep–Oct.
* Forests; 1700–2200 m. NW Yunnan (Fugong, Gongshan).
党参 dang shen
Roots carrot-shaped or fusiform-cylindrical, often branched, 15–30 × 1–3 cm. Stems twining, glabrous, 1–2 m, branched, lateral branches 15–30 cm, branchlets 1–5 cm, sterile or fertile. Leaves on main stems and branches alternate, those on branchlets opposite; petioles 0.5–2.5 cm, sparsely short-setose; leaf blades ovate or narrowly ovate, 1–6.5 × 0.8–5 cm, base nearly cordate, apex obtuse or acute, margin crenate, adaxially green, abaxially gray-green, sparsely or densely appressed hirsute or villous, rarely glabrous. Flowers solitary and terminal on branches, pedicellate. Calyx adnate to ovary up to middle; calyx lobes broad-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 10–20 × 6–8 mm, apex obtuse or acute, margin nearly entire or slightly waved, sinus between calyx lobes narrow and pointed. Corolla broad-campanulate, 1.8–2.3 × 1.8–2.5 cm, yellow-green, with purple spots inside, shallowly lobed; lobes deltoid, apex acute. Filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 5 mm; anthers elongate, 5–6 mm. Stigma white-setose. Capsule semiglobose in inferior part, conical at superior part. Seeds numerous, ovoid, wingless, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 16.
Forests, thickets, meadows at forest margins; 900–3900 m. E Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, E Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, N and W Sichuan, NW Yunnan [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East)].
1a. Leaves glabrous or often hispidulous ............................................................... 4a. subsp. pilosula
1b. Leaves usually hirsute ................................................................................ 4b. subsp. handeliana
党参(原亚种) dang shen (yuan ya zhong)
Campanumoea pilosula Franchet, Pl. David. 1: 192. 1884; Codonopsis glaberrima Nannfeldt; C. microtubulosa Z. T. Wang & G. J. Xu; C. modesta Nannfeldt; C. pilosula var. glaberrima (Nannfeldt) P. C. Tsoong; C. pilosula var. modesta (Nannfeldt) L. T. Shen; C. pilosula var. volubilis (Nannfeldt) L. T. Shen; C. silvestris Komarov; C. volubilis Nannfeldt.
Leaves glabrous 1–6.5 × 0.8–5 cm, or often hispidulous. Calyx lobes 1.4–1.8 cm. Corolla 2–2.3 cm.
Forests, thickets; 900–2900 m. E Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, E Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, N Sichuan (Heishui, Pingwu, Songpan) [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East)].
闪毛党参 shan mao dang shen
Codonopsis handeliana Nannfeldt in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1078. 1936; C. pilosula var. handeliana (Nannfeldt) L. T. Shen.
Leaves 1–3 × 0.8–2.5 cm, usually hirsute on both surfaces. Calyx lobes 1.5–2 cm. Corolla [text missing].
* Forests, thickets, meadows at forest margins; 2300–3900 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
小花党参 xiao hua dang shen
Campanumoea violifolia H. Léveillé; Melothria violifolia H. Léveillé.
Roots long cylindrical, 20–30 × 0.5–1 cm. Stems twining, more than 1 m, branched, yellow-green or green, sparsely villous or nearly glabrous. Leaves alternate, or opposite on branches, long petiolate; petioles 2–5 cm; leaf blades ovate, to broadly ovate, 2–5.5 × 2.4–4 cm, base cordate, leaf ears slightly curved toward inside, sinus broad and obtuse, or nearly square, apex obtuse or acute, margin crenate or serrate, green above, gray-green, sparsely villous or nearly glabrous beneath. Flowers axillary or opposite to leaves; pedicels 1–2.5 cm, glabrous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary to up to middle, semiglobose; calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate, 10–14 × 4–5 cm, apex acute, glabrous or sparsely ciliate, sinus narrow and pointed. Corolla campanulate, ca. 8 mm, 7–9 mm in diam., white, glabrous or ciliate, 5-divided to middle, lobes triangular. Filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 3 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. Ovary almost entirely inferior for corolla. Capsule semiglobose below, conical and rostrate above, 8–10 mm in diam., superior part very short, 2.5–3.5 mm. Seeds numerous, ovoid, slightly compressed, shortly tailed, ca. 1 × 0.5 mm, smooth, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Mountain scrub, sunny forests; 1900–2600 m. SW Sichuan, N Yunnan.
球花党参 qiu hua dang shen
Roots fusiform, carrot-shaped or cylindrical, 30–50 × 1.5–8 cm. Stems twining, more than 2 m, branched, yellow-green or green, sparsely white hirsute. Leaves on mains and branches alternate, those on branchlets nearly opposite; petioles 0.5–2 cm, sparsely white hirsute; leaf blades broadly ovate, ovate to narrowly ovate, 0.5–3 × 0.5–2.5 cm, base shallowly cordate to rounded, apex obtuse or acute, margin slightly waved or shallowly crenate, adaxially green, hispidulous, abaxially gray-green, hirsute. Flowers solitary, terminal on branchlets, or opposite to leaves; pedicels hirsute. Calyx tube adnate to whole ovary, semiglobose, with 10 conspicuous radiate ribs, ribs sparsely white hirsute; calyx lobes distant to each other, nearly orbicular or rhomboid-ovate, 9–13 × 6–8 mm, veins conspicuous, margins serrate, often recurved, abaxially white hirsute. Corolla globose-campanulate, ca. 2 × 2.5 cm, pale yellow-green, apex dark red-purple; lobes broadly triangular. Filaments slightly dilated; anthers ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm. Capsule semiglobose below, conical or rostrate above. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid or ovoid, wingless, smooth, yellow-brown. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Stony mountain meadows, scrub by streams; 2500–3500 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan (Dêqên, Lijiang).
大叶党参 da ye dang shen
Roots much thickened, fusiform, branched. Stems twining, more than 2 m, branched, yellow green or green, nearly glabrous or sparsely white hirsute. Leaves on main stems and major branches alternate, those on branchlets nearly opposite; petioles 1–6 cm, shortly white hirsute; leaf blades ovate or ovate-oblong, 2.5–15 × 1–9 cm, base deeply cordate to rounded, apex short-acuminate, margin entire to shallowly crenate, adaxially green, sparsely white hirsute, abaxially gray-green, densely white hirsute. Flowers solitary, terminal, or opposite leaves; pedicels 1–4 cm, hispidulous. Calyx tube adnate to whole ovary, semiglobose, obscurely 10-ribbed, hispidulous; calyx lobes distant from each other, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 8–17 × 2–3 mm, white-lanate on both surfaces, apex acute, or ± obtuse, margin waved, veins obscure. Corolla broadly campanulate, ca. 2 × 2 cm, yellow-green at lower and middle parts, purple-red at upper part, apically hirsute outside, shallowly 5-lobed; lobes triangular. Filaments slightly dilated at base; anthers ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Capsule semiglobose or nearly globose below, conical and rostrate, above, 1.5–5 cm in diam., rostrum ca. 4 mm. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid or ovoid, wingless, yellow-brown, smooth. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
Forests; 2300–3200 m. S Xizang (Nyalam) [N India (Sikkim), Myanmar, Nepal].
川党参 chuan dang shen
Plants glabrous throughout except leaves. Roots fusiform or fusiform-cylindrical, branched, 15–30 × 1–1.5 cm. Stems twining, up to 3 m, major branches 15–50 cm, branchlets 1–5 cm, leafy, sterile or fertile with a terminal flower. Leaves on main stems and major branches alternate, those on branchlets nearly opposite; petioles 0.7–2.4 cm; leaf blades ovate, shallowly ovate or lanceolate, 2–8 × 0.2–3.5 cm, base cuneate or slightly rounded, rarely cordate, apex obtuse or acute, margin crenate, adaxially green, densely puberulent, abaxially gray-green, densely puberulent. Flowers solitary, terminal on branches and branchlets, pedicellate. Calyx nearly entirely free from ovary, 5-segmented; calyx lobes oblong-lanceolate, 14–17 × 5–7 mm, entire or slightly waved, apex acute. Corolla distant from insertion of calyx lobes by ca. 3 mm, campanulate, 1.5–2 × 2.5–3 cm, pale yellow-green, with purple spots inside, shallowly lobed; lobes nearly deltoid. Filaments slightly dilated at base, 7–8 mm; anthers 4–5 mm. Ovary inferior for corolla, 0.5–1.4 cm in diam. Capsule nearly globose below, conical above, 2–2.5 cm in diam. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, wingless, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Scrub at forest margins; 900–2300 m. Chongqing, N Guizhou, W Hubei, NW Hunan, S Shaanxi, NE Sichuan; also cultivated on a large scale.
秃叶党参 tu ye dang shen
Codonopsis farreri var. grandiflora S. H. Huang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 6: 394. 1984.
Stems twining, 60–120 cm, branched. Leaves on main stems and major branches alternate or nearly opposite, those on branchlets opposite or pseudo-verticillate; petioles 1–1.5 cm; leaf blades ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, 0.5–2 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, apex acute or slightly obtuse, margin entire, glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers solitary, terminal; pedicels ca. 5 cm. Calyx tube adnate to ovary only up to middle; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, ca. 2 × 0.5 cm, apex acute or slightly obtuse. Corolla campanulate, 3.3–5.5 × ca. 3 cm, pale green or greenish yellow, with brown-red or purple reticulate veins; tube 2–3.5 cm; lobes broad-triangular, obtuse, 1.2–1.6 × 1.2–2 cm. Filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 6 mm; anthers elongate, 5–7 mm.
Alpine forests; 3600–4000 m. NW Yunnan (Bijiang) [N Myanmar].
长叶党参 chang ye dang shen
Twining perennials, glabrous throughout. Roots carrot-shaped, not branched, ca. 18 × 1 cm. Stems purple, branched. Leaves on main stems and major branches alternate, larger; petioles 1–2 cm; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate, thin, entire, 6–7 × 2–2.5 cm, base rounded to cuneate, apex short-acuminate; those on branchlets similar but much smaller. Flowers solitary, terminal; pedicels up to 13 cm. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose; calyx lobes broad-linear, ca. 22 × 8 mm, entire, apex obtuse. Corolla yellow-green. Fl. and fr. Aug–Sep.
* Mountain slopes; 3600–3700 m. S Xizang (Nyalam).
Similar to Codonopsis rotundifolia Bentham in Kashmir, but this species is entirely glabrous, with leaves entire and thin, base rounded to cuneate, not cordate, apex short-acuminate, veins not concave, and calyx lobes entire, and thus distinct from C. rotundifolia.
三角叶党参 san jiao ye dang shen
Roots conical or cylindrical, ± branched, 15–30 ×1–1.4 cm. Stems twining, more than 1 m, branches and branchlets both short, no more than 5 cm, leafy, sterile or with terminal flowers, sparsely villous or gradually glabrescent. Leaves alternate or opposite; petioles 0.2–8 cm, villous or hirsute; leaf blades deltoid-ovate or broadly ovate, but those on branchlets ovate to narrowly ovate, 3–9.5 × 4–10 cm, base shallowly cordate, truncate, rounded or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, margin dentate, adaxially green, sparsely puberulent or hirsute, abaxially gray-green, sparsely puberulent or hirsute. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems, major branches and branchlets, sometimes in cymes; pedicels less than 2 cm, villous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, glabrous; calyx lobes ovate, 11–13 × 5–7 mm, apex acute, margin dentate, often white-ciliate. Corolla campanulate, ca. 2.5 × 1–1.5 cm, pale yellow-green, with purple veins, shallowly lobed; lobes deltoid. Filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 6 mm, glabrous; anthers ca. 3 mm. Capsules semiglobose below, short-conical above. Seeds numerous, void, wingless, smooth, yellow-white. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Margins of mountain forests, scrub; 1800–2800 m. W Sichuan (Emei Shan).
川鄂党参 chuan e dang shen
Codonopsis levicalyx L. T. Shen; C. levicalyx var. hirsuticalyx L. T. Shen.
Stems twining, more than 1 m, branches short, less than 3 cm, with 2–4 leaves, sterile or with terminal flowers, sparsely puberulent or glabrescent at internodes. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches nearly opposite; petioles 0.2–2 cm, puberulent; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3–15 × 1–7 cm, base decurrent or cuneate, apex acuminate, margin conspicuously dentate, adaxially green, puberulent, abaxially gray-green, appressed-puberulent. Flowers solitary, terminal on branches; pedicels ca. 1 cm, puberulent. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, puberulent or gradually glabrescent, calyx lobes distant from each other, triangular, 6–10 × 3–7 mm, apex acute, puberulent and ciliate, sinus between calyx lobes broad and obtuse. Corolla campanulate, or ± tubular-campanulate, 1.5–3 cm, corolla lobes triangular, glabrous. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 7 mm; anthers ca. 5 mm. Capsule ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
* Margins of forests, scrub. W Hubei, N and W Sichuan, SE Xizang (Bomi, Mainling, Nyingchi).
管花党参 guan hua dang shen
Codonopsis accrescenticalyx H. Léveillé; C. macrocalyx Diels var. coerulescens Handel-Mazzetti; C. pilosa Chipp.
Roots carrot-shaped, simple or branched below middle, 10–20 × 0.5–2 cm. Stems usually 1–3 m, twining, rarely ascending, 50–75 cm, branched; branches and branchlets both leafy, sterile or with a terminal flower, nearly glabrous or sparsely villous. Leaves opposite or tending to alternate at top of stems and branches; petioles short, 1–7 mm, puberulent; leaf blades ovate to lanceolate, 3–8 × 1–4 cm, base cuneate or obtuse, apex acute or obtuse, margins crenate or nearly entire, adaxially green, hispidulous, abaxially gray-green, sparsely or densely puberulent. Flowers terminal; pedicels 1–6 cm, villous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, nearly glabrous to densely villous; calyx lobes broadly ovate, ciliate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely villous, 10–18 × 5.5–12 mm, apex obtuse, margins crenate or verrucose-toothed. Corolla tubular, 2–3.7 × 0.5–1.6 cm, yellow-green, glabrous, shallowly lobed, corolla lobes deltoid, acute at apex. Filaments dilated at base, ciliate, ca. 10 mm; anthers 3–5 mm. Capsule globose below, conical above. Seeds ovoid, wingless, smooth, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
Mountain scrub, grasslands; 1900–3000 m. W Guizhou (Nayong, Panxian), S Sichuan, Yunnan (Dali, Lanping, Mengzi) [N Myanmar].
台湾党参 tai wan dang shen
Roots carrot-shaped. Main stems scrambling or twining, fertile, sparsely villous; branches sterile or fertile, with nearly opposite leaves. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches nearly opposite; petioles 5–12 mm, hirsute; leaf blades ovate or deltoid-ovate, 7–23 × 5–17 mm, base usually rounded, rarely shallowly slightly cordate, apex acute or obtuse, margins mostly entire or sinuous, or very obscurely crenate, adaxially hispidulous, abaxially hispid. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and some branches, slightly pendent; pedicels 1–2.5 cm, sparsely hispid. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, glabrous or rarely sparsely hairy; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, 5–9 × 3–5 mm, nearly entire, sparsely hispid, apex acute; sinus between calyx lobes narrow and acute at anthesis. Corolla broadly campanulate, 1.5–2 cm, greenish yellow or pale blue, nearly glabrous, shallowly lobed. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 3 mm; anthers ca. 3 mm. Capsule ca 10–15 × 6–12 mm. Seeds ellipsoid wingless, brown, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Oct.
* Grassy slopes; 2500–3100 m. Taiwan (Nantou).
大萼党参 da e dang shen
Codonopsis macrocalyx Diels; C. macrocalyx var. parviloba J. Anthony.
Roots carrot-shaped or cylindrical, 20–30 × 1.5–2.5 cm. Stems erect, climbing or ascending, up to 2 m, branched, branches and branchlets leafy, sterile or with a terminal flower, sparsely puberulent. Leaves alternate or those on branches nearly opposite; petioles 1–6 cm, sparsely villous; leaf blades broadly ovate, triangular-ovate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3–9 × 1.5–7 cm, base cuneate or rounded, apex acute or obtuse, margin irregularly pinnatifid to shallowly lobed, or dentate, crenate, or rarely nearly entire, adaxially green, sparsely puberulent, abaxially gray-white, sparsely or densely puberulent. Flowers terminal, long pedicellate; pedicels villous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle; 10-ribbed, glabrous or sparsely villous; calyx lobes ovate, 13–25 × 5–15 mm, glabrous on both surfaces, apex acute or obtuse, margin crenate, ciliate, sinus between calyx lobes narrow and pointed. Corolla tubular, 2–4 × 1.5–2 cm, yellow-green, pale brown-red at base, glabrous, shallowly lobed; lobes triangular, apex acute. Stamens villous; filaments slightly dilated at base, 6–10 mm; anthers 5–6 mm. Capsule 1.2–1.6 cm in diam. Seeds ovoid, wingless, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
Grassy slopes, forest margins, scrub, by streams; 2800–3700 m. W Sichuan (Baoxing, Muli), SE Xizang (Markam, Yadong, Zayü), NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N India (Sikkim), N Myanmar].
片马党参 pian ma dang shen
Herbs perennial. Stems decumbent or climbing, 80–120 cm, branched, nearly glabrous. Leaves alternate; petioles 0.8–3.5 cm; leaf blades ovate-deltoid, 2–5.5 × 1.5–4 cm, adaxially sparsely puberulent, abaxially sparsely or densely puberulent, base cuneate or obtuse, apex acuminate, margin irregularly serrate; leaves on branches smaller. Flowers solitary and terminal; pedicels 1–6.5 cm. Calyx adnate to ovary up to middle, puberulent, semiglobose; calyx lobes ovate-deltoid, ca. 12 × 8 mm, apex acute, margin repand, sinus between calyx lobes acute. Corolla tubular-campanulate, ca. 17 × 10 mm, yellow, with purple-blue spots inside, densely puberulent outside; corolla lobes triangular. Filaments dilated at base, densely villous, ca. 7 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 4.5 mm, abaxially densely puberulent. Ovary semi-inferior. Fl. Jul.
* Grassy slopes with shrubs; ca. 3500 m. W Yunnan (Lushui).
藏南党参 zang nan dang shen
Roots carrot-shaped, 15–20 × 0.5–1.2 cm. Stems erect or ascending, few-branched, 35–70 cm, nearly glabrous or sparsely white-villous. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches nearly opposite; petioles 0.5–1.5 cm, sparsely white-villous; leaf blades broadly ovate, ovate or nearly elliptic, 3–7 × 2–4.5 cm, adaxially hispidulous, abaxially hispidulous but hirsute along veins, base cuneate or rounded, apex acute or slightly obtuse, margin crenate. Calyx tube adnate to whole ovary; calyx lobes triangular-ovate or ovate, 13–16 × 6–8.5 mm, apex acute or obtuse, margin dentate, sparsely ciliate, sinus between calyx lobes narrow and pointed. Corolla broadly campanulate, 1.5–2 × 1.5–2 cm, pale yellow-green or pale blue, glabrous, shallowly lobed; lobes ovate-deltoid. Filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 2–3 mm; anthers ca. 5 mm. Capsules semiglobose below, short-conical above, ca. 8 mm in diam., rostrum 4–6 mm. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, wingless, ca. 1.5 mm, yellow. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
Mountain forests or scrub; ca. 3100 m. S Xizang (Mainling, Yadong) [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
Chinese Pinyin
Roots carrot-shaped, 15–20 × 0.5–1 cm. Stems erect, 40–100 cm, simple or branched below, sparsely pubescent, late glabrescent. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches opposite; petioles 2–10 cm, sparsely villous; leaf blades ovate, linear-elliptic or lanceolate, 2–13 × 1.5–5 cm, base cuneate, apex acute or obtuse, margin sparsely dentate or crenate, or nearly entire, adaxially green, sparsely puberulent, abaxially gray-green, glabrous or sparsely villous along veins. Flowers terminal or axillary, often 1–4 on tops of stems and branches, long pedicellate. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 10-ribbed, sparsely villous; calyx lobes deltoid, 5–7 × ca. 3 mm, glabrous, apex acute, margin entire or crenulate. Corolla broadly campanulate, 1.5–3 × 2–4 cm, yellow but with red-purple veins or red-purple with yellow spots, 5-fid to near middle, glabrous on both sides or sparsely villous at apex of lobes. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 7 mm; anthers ca. 5 mm. Capsule semiglobose below, conical above. Seeds ovoid, wingless, brown-yellow, smooth. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, open woods; 2500–4200 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan (Xianggelila).
珠鸡斑党参 zhu ji ban dang shen
Roots carrot-shaped, 15–20 × 0.5–1 cm. Stems erect, simple or with elongate branches in lower part, 40–90 cm, sparsely hairy, late glabrescent. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches opposite, sessile or with short petioles less than 1 cm; leaf blades ovate, long elliptic or lanceolate, 5–8 × 1.5–3 cm, base cuneate, apex acute or obtuse, margin crenate or nearly entire, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely hispidulous, abaxially gray-green, densely hirsute. Flowers terminal or axillary, long pedicellate. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle; semiglobose, 10-ribbed, glabrous or sparsely scaberulose; calyx lobes ovate or ovate-triangular, 8–12 × 4–6 mm, glabrous, apex acute, margins nearly entire or serrate. Corolla broadly campanulate, yellow with red-purple veins, or red-purple with yellow spots, 3–4 × 3–4 cm, glabrous on both side, 5-fid to middle; lobes often sparsely villous at apex. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 7 mm; anthers ca. 5 mm. Capsules semiglobose below, conical above, ca. 10 ×8 mm. Seeds numerous, ovoid, wingless, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, open forests; 3000–4000 m. NW Yunnan (Lijiang).
紫花党参 zi hua dang shen
Campanula purpurea (Wallich) Sprengel; Wahlenbergia purpurea (Wallich) A. Candolle.
Plants glabrous throughout. Roots fusiform or carrot-shaped. Stems or nearly climbing, few-branched, 30–50 cm. Leaves opposite or those at top sometimes alternate; petioles 1–7 mm; leaf blades long elliptic, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4–9 × 2–3.5 cm, base rounded or cuneate, apex acute or obtuse, margin nearly entire or sinuous. Flowers terminal or opposite leaves at top. Calyx tube adnate to whole ovary, semiglobose; calyx lobes triangular-ovate, 10–20 × 6–9 mm, entire, apex acute. Corolla broadly campanulate or funnelform-campanulate, 2–3 × 3–4 cm, dark red-purple, 5-fid to middle; lobes triangular. Filaments slightly dilated, ca. 6 mm; anthers ca. 5 mm. Capsules semiglobose below, conical above, 1.5–2 cm in diam.; valves 5–8 mm. Seeds numerous, oblong, narrow-winged, ca. 2 × 1 mm, yellow. Fl. and fr. Sep–Oct.
Grassy slopes, scrub, epiphytic on trunks in forests; 2000–3300 m. S Xizang (Nyalam), W Yunnan (Jingdong) [N India, Nepal].
新疆党参 xinjiang dang shen
Wahlenbergia clematidea Schrenk, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 38. 1841; Codonopsis ovata Bentham var. cuspidata Chipp; C. ovata var. obtusa Chipp.
Roots carrot-shaped, 25–45 × 1–3 cm. Stems single or caespitose, erect or ascending, or slightly procumbent, 50–100 cm tall, branches slender, erect or slightly spreading, mostly at lower part but those at upper part usually fertile, hispidulous when young. Leaves on main stems smaller and alternate, those on branches opposite; petioles up to 2.5 cm, sparsely hispidulous; leaf blades ovate, ovate-oblong, broadly lanceolate or lanceolate, 1–2.8(–5.2) × 0.8–1.5(–3.2) cm, adaxially sparsely or densely hispidulous, abaxially densely hispidulous, base slightly cordate or rounded, apex acute, margin entire. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches, long pedicellate; pedicels sparsely white hispidulous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 10-ribbed, glabrous or rarely sparsely white-scaberulose; calyx lobes ovate, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, apex acute, 15–20 × 6–8 mm, entire, glabrous or apex sparsely puberulent; sinus between calyx lobes narrow and pointed. Corolla broadly campanulate, 2.8–2.6 cm, pale blue with dark blue veins and purple spots inside, glabrous. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, 5–6 mm; anthers oblong, 5–6 mm. Capsule semiglobose below, conical above, rostrum acute, 15–20 × 12–15 mm in total; persistent calyx lobes much enlarged, recurved. Seeds numerous, narrow-ellipsoid, wingless, slightly compressed, pale brown-yellow, smooth. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 16.
Mountain forests, ravines, by streams; 1700–2500 m. Xinjiang, W Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, C Asia–need to list which countries].
贡山党参 gong shan dang shen
Roots carrot-shaped. Stems erect or ascending, 50–160 cm tall, branched at all parts, leafy, lower branches sterile, upper ones fertile. Leaves alternate; petioles slender, 4–17 mm; leaf blades elliptic to long lanceolate, 15–65 × 3–18 mm, glabrous on both surfaces, entire, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex acute or obtuse. Flowers solitary and terminal; pedicels 1–3 cm. Calyx tube almost entirely free from ovary or adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 10-ribbed; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 18–20 × 2.5–3 mm, entire and slightly recurved, 3-nerved, apex acuminate; sinus between calyx lobes broad. Corolla tubular-campanulate, ca. 4.5 × 4 cm, yellow-green with purple veins, 5-lobed; lobes deltoid, ca. 1.6 × 1.6 cm, apex acute. Filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 1.3 cm; anthers ca. 6 mm. Capsule semiglobose below, conical above; persistent calyx lobes very much enlarged, twice as large as at anthesis. Seeds numerous, nearly ellipsoid, wingless, brown-yellow, smooth. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Mountain scrub, bamboo thickets; ca. 3600 m. NW Yunnan (Gongshan).
滇缅党参 dian mian dang shen
Plants glabrous throughout. Stems erect, multi-branched, 60–90 cm. Leaves alternate; petioles 0.5–2 cm; leaf blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5–14 × 3–7 cm, base rounded, decurrent, apex acute to short-acuminate, margins crenate. Flowers solitary, terminal; pedicels 3–10 cm. Calyx entirely free from ovary; calyx lobes oblong-lanceolate, entire, 20–30 × 6–10 cm, apex acute. Corolla campanulate, pale creamy-yellow, with pale purple veins; corolla tube ca. 2 × 3 cm; corolla lobes triangular, 1.2–1.5 × ca. 1.2 cm, apex acute. Filaments filiform, ca. 8 mm.
* Grassy slopes; 3600–4300 m. W Yunnan (Bijiang).
The type speciemen of this species was collected from the border between China and Myanmar.
唐松草党参 tang song cao dang shen
Codonopsis mollis Chipp; C. thalictrifolia var. mollis (Chipp) L. T. Shen.
Roots carrot-shaped, 15–20 × 0.5–1 cm. Stems erect or ascending, main stems robust, fertile, 15–30 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely villous; branches sterile, slender, leafy, aggregated at base of main stems, 4–6 cm, villous. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches nearly opposite; petioles ca. 2 mm, white hirsute; leaf blades nearly orbicular, 3–16 × 3–6 mm, hirsute on both surfaces, base cordate or truncate, apex obtuse or acute, margin nearly entire or crenate. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems, slightly pendent. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 3–4 × 6–10 mm, glabrous or scabrid; calyx lobes oblong, entire, 6–7 × 2–3 mm, hairy outside, apex obtuse; sinus between calyx lobes broad and obtuse. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 2–4.8 × 1.5–4.3 cm, shallowly lobed; lobes triangular, 3–4 × 7–9 mm, apex obtuse; corolla tube 18–23 × 6–9 mm, pale blue, totally glabrous. Filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 1 cm; anthers ca. 3 mm, villous at connective. Capsule semiglobose below, conical above, rostrate. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, wingless, brown-yellow, smooth. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
Grassy slopes, scrub; 3600–5300 m. C and S Xizang [N India (Sikkim), Nepal].
Cyananthus mairei H. Léveillé.
Chinese Pinyin
Roots carrot-shaped, 15–0.5 cm. Main stems erect or ascending, 25–55 cm tall, sparsely white hirsute; branches aggregated at lower part, leafy, sterile, 1–10 cm, densely villous. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches nearly opposite; petioles ca. 2.5 mm, densely villous; leaf blades cordate, broadly ovate or ovate, 10–18 × 8–14 mm, white-villous, base cordate or rounded, apex acute or obtuse, margin sinuous or obscurely crenate, or nearly entire. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems, slightly pendent; pedicels 4–8 cm, glabrous or sparsely villous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, nearly glabrous; calyx lobes ovate, 8–10 × ca. 5 mm, apex acute, sparsely hispidulous on both sides, margin sinuous, recurved; sinus between calyx lobes narrow and pointed, or broad and obtuse due to being recurved. Corolla tubular-campanulate 2.2–2.8 cm, pale blue but tube purplish, shallowly lobed; lobes broad, margin and apex incurved, tube 1–1.2 cm in diam.; limb 2–2.8 cm in diam. Stamens glabrous; filaments ca. 6 mm; anthers ca. 5 mm. Capsule semiglobose below, conical above, rostrate, 2–2.4 × 1–1.5 cm; persistent calyx lobes recurved. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, wingless, ca. 1.5 mm, brown-yellow. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, scrub; 3300–4200 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, N Yunnan.
Chinese Pinyin
Roots slender, 10–15 × ca. 1 cm. Caudexes abundantly branched, and thus stems several to many from one caudex, caespitose, ascending, 20–40 cm tall, very sparsely villous; branches numerous, aggregated in lower part, slender, sterile. Leaves on main stems alternate, mostly yellow-scaly, only several upper ones green and ordinary, those on branches opposite or nearly opposite, all ordinary leaves with petioles ca. 2 mm; leaf blades cordate or cordate-ovate, entire, 5–8 × ca. 5 mm, rather densely white hispidulous on both surfaces, apex obtuse. Flowers solitary, terminal, ± pendent. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, glabrous or very sparsely white hispidulous; calyx lobes ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, ca. 8 × 4–5.5 mm, entire, rather densely hispidulous, margins recurved. Corolla campanulate or broadly campanulate, pale blue, pale purple, with dark purple veins, 2–3 cm, corolla lobes suborbicular, 8–12 mm, apex obtuse or acute. Filaments glabrous. Capsule obconical at inferior part, conical at superior part, ca. 2 × 1.5 cm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
Alpine scrub, crevices; 3900–4600 m. S Xizang (Bomi, Cona, Nyingchi, Yadong) [Bhutan, N India (Sikkim)].
脉花党参 mai hua dang shen
Roots carrot-shaped, 15–25 × 1–2 cm. Main stems erect or ascending, 20–30 cm tall, fertile, sparsely white-villous; branches aggregated at lower part, leafy, 1–10 cm, usually sterile, densely white-villous. Leaves on main stems alternate; those on branches nearly opposite; petioles 2–3 mm, white-villous; leaf blades broadly cordate, cordate or ovate, 1–1.5 × 1–1.5 cm, nearly entire, apex acute or obtuse, adaxially rather densely white hirsute, abaxially sparsely white hirsute. Flowers solitary, very occasionally several terminal on main stems and branches, slightly pendent; pedicels 1–8 cm. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 10-ribbed, glabrous or very sparsely white hispidulous; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, 7–20 × 2–7 mm, entire, densely white hispidulous but usually more sparsely or even becoming glabrous toward base, apex acute or obtuse. Corolla globose-campanulate, pale blue, often with red-purple spots at base inside, 2–4.5 × 2.5–3 cm, shallowly lobed; lobes triangular-orbicular, villous at apex and along veins on abaxial side. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 5 mm; anthers 4–5 mm. Capsules semiglobose below, conical above. Seeds ellipsoid, wingless, brown-yellow. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, scrub, forests, meadows at margins of forests on N slopes; 3300–4500 m. SE Gansu, S Qinghai, NW and SW Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan.
Calyx lobes and corollas are larger in the south of the distribution range than in the north. Two subspecies are here recognized instead of two species or two varieties.
1a. Calyx lobes 7–12 × 2–4 mm, spreading, hairy only above;
corolla 2–2.5 cm
..................................................................................................................... 27a.
subsp. nervosa
1b. Calyx lobes 12–20 × 5–7 mm,
recurved, totally hairy; corolla 2.5–4.5 cm
................................................................................................................ 27b.
subsp. macrantha
脉花党参(原亚种) mai hua dang shen (yuan ya zhong)
Codonopsis ovata Bentham var. nervosa Chipp, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 385. 1908.
Calyx lobes small, 7–12 × 2–4 mm, margins not recurved, hairy only in upper part. Corolla small, 2–2.5 cm.
* Meadows at margins of forests on N slopes; 3300–4500 m. SE Gansu (Xiahe), S Qinghai, NW Sichuan, E Xizang (Jomda, Qamdo, Riwoqê, Sogxian).
大花党参 da hua dang shen
Codonopsis macrantha Nannfeldt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 16: 157. 1931; C. nervosa var. macrantha (Nannfeldt) L. T. Shen.
Calyx lobes much larger, 12–20 × 5–7 mm, two lateral sides recurved, totally hairy. Corolla also much larger, 2.5–4.5 cm.
* Grassy slopes, scrub, forests; 3600–4300 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang (Markam, Zayü), NW Yunnan.
灰毛党参 hui mao dang shen
Roots carrot-shaped, 20–30 × 1–2.5 cm. Main stems single or several from one root, erect or ascending, 25–85 cm tall, leafy in middle part; branches mostly aggregated in middle part, leafy, usually sterile, densely white-villous. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches nearly opposite; petioles less than 2 mm; leaf blades ovate, broadly ovate or nearly cordate, 1–1.5 × 0.5–1 cm, entire, densely white hispidulous on both surfaces, apex acute or obtuse. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and upper branches; pedicels 2–15 cm. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 10-ribbed, densely white hispidulous; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, entire, densely white-puberulent; sinus between calyx lobes broad and obtuse. Corolla broadly campanulate, 1.5–1.8 × 2–2.5 cm, pale blue or blue-white, with blue veins at base inside, shallowly lobed; lobes deltoid, villous at apex and on abaxial side. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, 2–2.5 mm; anthers ca. 3 mm. Capsule semiglobose below, conical above, 1–1.5 × ca. 1 cm. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, wingless, brown-yellow. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, sunny or stony river terraces; 3000–4200 m. S Qinghai (Nangqên, Yushu), NW Sichuan, E Xizang (Gonjo, Jomda, Markam).
银背叶党参 yin bei ye dang shen
Roots not seen. Stems erect or ascending, ca. 30 cm tall; branches fertile, densely leafy, pale brown or yellow, lanate. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches nearly opposite; petioles absent or less than 3 mm; leaf blades ovate, or oblong-ovate, 7–20 × 2–12 mm, base cordate, apex obtuse, margin sinuous or nearly entire, slightly recurved, adaxially appressed tomentose, abaxially white tomentose. Flowers terminal on main stems and branches, slightly pendent; pedicels brownish yellow, tomentose. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 10-ribbed; calyx lobes triangular-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire, recurved, ca. 8 × 4 mm, brownish yellow tomentose, apex acute or obtuse; sinus between calyx lobes broad and obtuse. Corolla campanulate, ca. 2.2 × 2–2.5 cm, pale blue, shallowly lobed; lobes rounded, setose on both sides, apex acute. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 6 mm; anthers 4–5 mm. Fruit unknown.
* Guizhou (Fanjing Shan).
No specimens have been seen except the type.
高山党参 gao shan dang shen
Codonopsis foetens J. D. Hooker & Thomson var. major Handel-Mazzetti.
Roots carrot-shaped, ca. 15 × 1 cm. Main stems erect or ascending, 15–25 cm, or even longer, glabrous or sparsely white hirsute; branches aggregated at lower part, leafy, sterile, sparsely white hirsute. Leaves on main stems sparse and alternate, those on branches nearly opposite, rarely alternate; petioles 4–6 mm, glabrous or sparsely hirsute; leaf blades ovate-cordate, ca. 1.8 × 1.5 cm, base cordate or rounded, apex obtuse, margin sinuous-crenate, recurved, adaxially glabrous or nearly glabrous, abaxially sparsely white hispidulous. Flower solitary, terminal on main stems; pedicels sparsely hirsute. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, obconical or semiglobose, 10-ribbed; calyx lobes triangular-oblong, 8–10 × 5–6 mm, 3-nerved, glabrous on both sides, apex acute or obtuse margins entire or sparsely crenate, recurved; sinus between calyx lobes broad and obtuse. Corolla broadly campanulate, 2.5–3 × ca. 2.5 cm, purple-green with purple veins, glabrous, shallowly lobed; lobes deltoid-orbicular. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, 7–8 mm; anthers ca. 4 mm. Fl. Aug.
* Alpine open stony grassy slopes. SE Xizang (Markam, Zayü), NW Yunnan (Dêqên, Gongshan).
光叶党参 guang ye dang shen
Roots carrot-shaped, 10–15 × 1–1.5 cm. Stems several from one caudex, ascending or nearly erect, 20–60 cm tall; branches 10–17 cm, very sparsely white hispidulous, glabrescent, those at lower part slender, sterile, those at upper part fertile. Lower and middle leaves nearly opposite but upper ones alternate; petioles absent or extremely short, less than 3 mm, glabrous or hirsute; leaf blades ovate or lanceolate, 1–3 × 0.5–2.5 cm, adaxially nearly glabrous, abaxially sparsely hispidulous, base shallowly cordate or rounded, apex obtuse, margin entire, recurved. Flowers terminal on main stems and upper branches; pedicels sparsely hirsute, gradually glabrescent. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 10-ribbed, glabrous; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate or nearly deltoid, 9–12 × 4–5 mm, entire, glabrous or hispidulous, apex obtuse; sinus between calyx lobes narrow and pointed. Corolla broadly campanulate, 2–3.2 × 2.5–3 cm, pale blue, with red-purple or brown-red spots, shallowly lobed; lobes ovate, ca. 1 × 1 cm, villous inside, apex acute. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, 6–7 mm; anthers ca. 5 mm. Capsules semiglobose below, conical above, 8–10 mm in diam.; valves 5–7 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, wingless, 1–1.5 × ca. 0.5 mm, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Grassy slopes or cliffs; 2000–2900 m. W Hubei, S Shaanxi (Foping, Huaxian, Weinan), S Shanxi (Yuanqu).
绿花党参 lu hua dang shen
Codonopsis bicolor Nannfeldt.
Roots carrot-shaped, 10–15 × 1–1.5 cm. Stems 1–3 from one caudex, nearly erect, 30–70 cm tall; branches at lower part, sparsely hirsute or nearly glabrous. Leaves on main stems alternate, tending smaller and bractlike, those on branches opposite or nearly opposite and thus branches like pinnate leaves; leaf blades broadly ovate, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, 1.5–3.5(–5) × 1.3–3 cm, base slightly cordate or rounded apex obtuse, margins crenate, hispidulous on both surfaces. Flowers 1–3, terminal on main stems and branches; pedicels 6–15 cm, nearly glabrous or lower part sparsely hispidulous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 10-ribbed, glabrous, ca. 3 × 13 mm; calyx lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate 10–15 × 6–8 mm, apex obtuse, sparsely hispidulous at apex outside and ciliate, margin sparsely crenate. Corolla campanulate, 1.7–2.5 × 2–3 cm, yellow-green, purplish only at base, totally glabrous, lobed to half; corolla lobes triangular, 8–10× 9–11 mm. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 5 mm; anthers ca. 5 mm. Capsule ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, wingless, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Alpine meadows or forest margins; 3000–4000 m. SE Gansu, S Ningxia (Jinyuan), E Qinghai (Huangyuan), Shaanxi (Taibai Shan), W Sichuan, E Xizang (Jomda), NW Yunnan (Dêqên).
秦岭党参 qin ling dang shen
Roots carrot-shaped, 10–20 × 0.6–3.5 cm. Stems several from one caudex, erect or ascending, 30–35 cm tall; branches slender, with leaves aggregated at top, white hirsute. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches nearly opposite; petioles less than 1 cm, white hirsute; leaf blades ovate or broadly ovate, up to 2.6 × 1.8 cm, base rounded or slightly cordate, apex acute or obtuse, margins crenate, slightly recurved, hispidulous. Flowers solitary, terminal; pedicels 3–15 cm, densely hispid. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 10-ribbed, hispid entirely or along ribs, rarely glabrous; calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 8–10 × 4–6 mm, entire, apex acute, hispidulous abaxially, recurved toward middle rib. Corolla campanulate, 20–30 × 20–30 mm, 5-fid almost to middle, pale purple, villous and with purple spots inside. Stamens glabrous; filaments slightly dilated at base, ca. 5 mm; anthers ca. 4 mm. Capsule semiglobose below, conical above. Seeds ellipsoid, wingless, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Alpine scrub, grassy slopes; 2700–3600 m. Shaanxi (Taibai Shan).
绿钟党参 lü zhong dang shen
Roots carrot-shaped, up to 20 cm or longer. Stems erect, 60–100 cm tall, lower branches leafy, sterile, middle ones often absent, upper ones, if present, fertile but leafless. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches opposite, sessile or with petioles up to 1 cm; leaf blades triangular-ovate to lanceolate, 10–25 × 5–20 mm, base shallowly cordate to rounded, apex acute, margin entire or crenate, recurved. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems, but upper branches often with 1 or 2 flowers. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, semiglobose, 10-ribbed; calyx lobes distant from each other, narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 4–6 × 2–3 mm, margins entire or with denticles above, glabrous or very sparsely hispidulous at upper part. Corolla tubular-campanulate, pale yellow-green, 1.5–1.8 cm. Capsule ca. 1 cm in diam., obtuse or slightly acute below. Seeds ellipsoid, wingless, brown-yellow, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Sep.
* Sunny grassy slopes, open thickets; 2700–3700 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan (Dêqên).
西藏党参 xi zang dang shen
Roots unknown. Stems erect or procumbent, 20–40 cm, branches several to many at lower and middle part, slender. Leaves on main stems alternate, those on branches opposite; all leaves cordate, 1–2 × 0.8–1.5 cm, glabrous or sparsely hispidulous, margin recurved. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and sometimes on upper branches, and rarely also on some slender branches. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to middle, glabrous; calyx lobes long ovate, 8–10 × 4–5 mm, glabrous or sparsely hispidulous at upper part; sinus between calyx lobes narrow and pointed. Corolla tubular, pale blue but dark blue at base, ca. 1.2 cm. Filaments glabrous. Capsule globose in inferior part, conical in superior part, ca. 1.5 × 1cm. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Meadows, thickets; 3700–4000 m. S Xizang (Cona).
珠峰党参 zhu fong dang shen
Wahlenbergia dicentrifolia C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 430. 1881.
Plants totally glabrous. Roots tuberous, nearly ovoid or ellipsoid, ca. 6 × 3 cm. Stems erect, 40–50 cm tall; branched at upper part. Leaves mostly alternate, those on branches nearly opposite; petioles 2–5 mm; leaf blades ovate or ovate-oblong, up to 3 × 1.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, apex acute or obtuse, margin entire or sinuous, sometimes slightly recurved. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches; pedicels 0.5–3 cm. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to top, obconical, 5–7 × 7–10 mm; calyx lobes nearly linear, 7–10 × ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire; sinus between calyx lobes broad and obtuse. Corolla campanulate, pale blue, 2.5–3.5 × 2.5–3.5 cm, 5-fid to 1/3; lobes ovate, apex acute. Filaments slightly dilated, slender above, 3–4 mm; anthers ca. 7–8 mm. Capsule short-conical above, obconical or obdeltoid-conical below, obscurely 10-ribbed. Seeds ellipsoid, strongly compressed. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
Broad-leaved forests on rocks; 2700–3300 m. S Xizang (N slopes of Qomolangma) [N India, Nepal].
莲座状党参 lian zuo zhuan dang shen
Plants glabrous throughout. Roots globose or ovoid, 0.5–1.5 × 0.5–1 cm. Caudexes 2–4 cm, less than 1 mm in diam., with 2–4 alternate and very small scales. Stems erect or ± decumbent, 10–15 cm tall, simple or with 2–3 branches. Basal leaves rosulate; petioles 1–30 mm; leaf blades broadly ovate, ovate or elliptic, 0.5–7 × 0.4–5 cm, base slightly cordate or rounded, apex obtuse, margin crenate; cauline leaves scalelike, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1–5 × 0.5–2 mm, base rounded or cuneate, apex acute, margin sinuous-crenate, or nearly entire. Flowers 1–3, terminal on main stems and branches; pedicels 4–15 cm. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to top, obconical, 2–5 × 2–5 mm, 10-ribbed; calyx lobes ovate-triangular, 3–6 × 1.5–3 mm, apex acute, margin entire, 1 nerve visible; sinus between calyx lobes narrow and pointed. Corolla rotate, 5-fid to near base; corolla lobes ovate or broadly ovate, blue-purple, 7–14 × 5–7 mm, apex acute or obtuse. Filaments slightly dilated at base; anthers oblong, ca. 2.5 mm. Capsule ca. 12 × 6 mm, obconical below, slightly truncate-obtuse above, persistent style acute at base. Seeds numerous, compressed, ellipsoid, wingless, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Sep–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, margins of Pinus forests; 2600–3000 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
The species from 38 to 41 form a natural species complex, an extremely variable group, distributed in SW China. A number of species have been described from this group. Its taxonomy has been controversial, from one species to six species. We here adopt Hong and Ma’s (1992 & 1994) treatment.
鸡蛋参 ji dan shen
Roots tuberous, ovoid-globose or ovoid, 2.5–5 × 1–1.5 cm. Stems twining or nearly erect, usually with a few branches, up to more than 1 m, glabrous. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, evenly distributed along stems; petioles absent to 1.2 cm; leaf blades linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2–10 × 0.2–10 cm, base cuneate, rounded or slightly cordate, apex obtuse, acute or acuminate, margin entire or serrate. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches; pedicels 2–12 cm, glabrous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to top, obconical, 3–7 × 4–10 mm, glabrous. 10-ribbed; calyx lobes narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 4–11 × 1–5 mm, glabrous, apex acuminate or acute, margin entire; sinus between calyx lobes narrow, pointed or slightly obtuse. Corolla rotate, 5-fid to near base, pale blue or blue-purple; corolla lobes elliptic, 1–3.5 × 0.6–1.2 cm, apex acute. Filaments slightly dilated and ciliate at base, 1–3 mm; anthers 4–5 mm. Superior part of capsule short-conical, valves ca. 4 mm; inferior part obconical, 10–16 × ca. 8 mm. Seeds numerous, oblong, wingless, ca. 1.5 mm, brown-yellow. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Forests, open woods, grassy slopes, thickets; 1000–4600 m. W Guizhou, SW Sichuan, C and SE Xizang, Yunnan.
1a. Leaves thin, membranous, usually serrate ................................................... 38c. subsp. vinciflora
1b. Leaves thick, papery, mostly entire, less often serrate.
2a. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, entire, base rounded to cuneate; petioles no more than 3 mm .................................................................................................... 38a. subsp. convolvulacea
2b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, entire or serrate, base slightly cordate to cuneate; petioles up to 12 mm .............................................................................. 38b. subsp. forrestii
鸡蛋参(原亚种) ji dan shen (yuan ya zhong)
Leaves nearly sessile or with petioles no more than 3 mm; leaf blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2–7 × 0.5–1.5 cm, papery, entire, base rounded to cuneate.
* Grassy slopes, thickets; 1000–1800 m. S Yunnan.
珠子参 zhu zi shen
Codonopsis forrestii Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 171. 1912; C. forrestii var. hirsuta P. C. Tsoong & L. T. Shen; C. mairei H. Léveillé; C. retroserrata Z. T. Wang & G. J. Xu.
Leaves all shortly petiolate with petioles 3–12 mm; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, up to 9.5 × 3.5 cm, papery, entire or serrate, base slightly cordate, truncate to cuneate.
* Open woods, thickets; 1800–3000 m. W Guizhou (Anshun), SW Sichuan, C and N Yunnan.
薄叶鸡蛋参 bo yi ji dan shen
Codonopsis vinciflora Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 29: 103. 1908; C. convolvulacea var. heterophylla C. Y. Wu; C. convolvulacea var. vinciflora (Komarov) L. T. Shen.
Leaves shortly petiolate; petioles 3–12 mm; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2–10 × 0.4–3 cm, thin, membranous, mostly serrate, rarely entire, base truncate to cuneate.
* Thickets, forests; 2600–4600 m. SW Sichuan, C and SE Xizang, NW Yunnan (Dêqên).
毛叶鸡蛋参 mao ye ji dan shen
Codonopsis limprichtii Lingelsheim & Borza var. hirsuta Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien., Math.-Nat. 61: 169. 1925; C. convolvulacea Kurz var. hirsuta (Handel-Mazzetti) Nannfeldt.
Roots ovoid-globose, 1–2 cm in diam. Stems up to 1 m, decumbent below, twining only at upper part, hirsute at leafing section. Cauline leaves alternate, aggregated at lower part, sessile or with extremely short petioles ca. 2 mm; leaf blades ovate or narrowly oblong, 1.5–5 × 0.3–1.6 cm, adaxially glabrous, rarely sparsely hirsute, abaxially densely hirsute, base cuneate or rounded, apex acute or obtuse, margin entire or sinuous-crenulate, often recurved toward lateral sides. Flowers solitary, terminal. Calyx glabrous; calyx tube adnate to ovary up to top of ovary, obconical, 4–7 mm in diam.; calyx lobes narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 6–18 × 2–6 mm, apex acuminate or acute, entire. Corolla 5-divided to near base, pale blue or blue-purple; corolla lobes elliptic, 1–3.5 × 0.5–1.6 cm. Filaments dilated at base, villous at sides. Capsule short-conical at superior part, obconical at inferior part. Seeds numerous, brown-yellow, smooth. Fl. Sep.
* Open thickets, sunny grassy slopes; 2400–3100 m. SW Sichuan (Huili, Muli, Yanyuan), NW Yunnan (Lijiang).
松叶鸡蛋参 song ye ji dan shen
Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz var. pinifolia (Handel-Mazzetti) Nannfeldt; C. limprichtii Lingelsheim & Borza var. pinifolia Handel-Mazzetti.
Plants glabrous throughout. Roots ovoid or oblong, 0.8–1.5 cm in diam. Stems up to 1 m, decumbent below, twining only at upper part, sometimes nearly erect, simple or branched. Cauline leaves alternate, usually aggregated at lower part, sessile, pinoid, linear to linear-lanceolate, 2–10.5 × 0.1–1 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin entire, often recurved toward lateral sides. Flowers solitary, terminal. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to top of ovary, obconical; calyx lobes long triangular, 4–10 × 2–3 mm, entire. Corolla blue or purple, divided to near base; corolla lobes elliptic, 8–26 × 4–12 mm. Filaments dilated at base, densely white-villous on sides; anthers ca. 3 mm. Capsule obconical and ca. 6 mm in diam. at inferior part, short-conical at superior part. Seeds numerous, brown-yellow. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Open grassy slopes, thickets, Pinus forests; 1500–3300 m. Guizhou (Weining), SW Sichuan, N Yunnan.
心叶珠子参 xin ye zhu zi shen
Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz var. efilamentosa (W. W. Smith) L. T. Shen.
Perennial herbs, glabrous throughout. Roots globose, or ovoid, ca. 2.5 × 2–2.5 cm. Stems more than 1 m, twining, branched. Leaves cauline, alternate, long petiolate; petioles 1.2–5 cm; leaf blades cordate-ovate to cordate-deltoid, those on main stems 3–6 × 2–4.5 cm, those on branches smaller, base cordate, apex acute, margin sinuous-crenulate. Flowers solitary and terminal on main stems and branches, without involucrate bracts, nor bracts. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to near top of ovary, obovoid-conical; calyx lobes lanceolate, 6–10 × 2.5–4 mm. Corolla purple or blue, 5-divided to near base; lobes oblong, 2–3 × 1–2.5 cm, rounded at apex. Filaments ca. 2–3 mm, dilated at base, ciliate. Style ca. 5 mm. Capsule obovoid-globose, ca. 12 × 8 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Open thickets, forest margins; ca. 2800 m. NW Yunnan (Heqing, Lanping, Lijiang).
刺萼参属 ci e shen shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Perennial herbs. Roots slightly thickened, carrot-shaped. Leaves alternate, pinnatipartite. Flowers solitary, terminal, or 2–3 in a cymes. Calyx 2–5 (often 4)-lobed; lobes with 2–4 spinose lobules. Corolla tubular, (4 or)3–5-cleft to middle. Stamens 3–5, mostly 4, free but connivent; filaments dilated at base, dilated part ciliate. Ovary almost entirely inferior, 3–5-locular; stigma lobes equal to ovary locules in number, linear, recurved; ovules numerous. Capsule globose, superior part conical, loculicidal, valves alternate with calyx lobes. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, 3-ribbed, ribs obtuse.
* One species.
刺萼参 ci e shen
Herbs diffuse, entirely glabrous. Roots up to 5 mm in diam. Stems up to 40 cm, multi-branched. Leaves petiolate; petioles 5–10 mm; leaf blades elliptic, 5–20 × 3–15 mm, adaxially green, abaxially green-gray, base narrowly cuneate, apex obtuse, margin pinnatipartite nearly to middle vein or to middle. Pedicels 1–5 cm. Calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, 2–6 × 1–3 mm (lobules excluded). Corolla purple-blue, tubular, 3–4.5 mm. Stamens connivent at beginning, but free from each other later, ca. 1.5 mm; anthers long oblong, ca. 1 mm. Style ca. 1 mm; stigma-segments linear, recurved. Capsule globose, 3–5 mm in diam., superior part conical, up to 2 mm. Seeds minute, ca. 0.3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Jul. 2n = 16*.
* Herb communities in stony places; ca. 300 m. Hubei (Yunxi).
桔梗属 jie geng shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Perennial herbs. Roots thickened, carrot-shaped. Stems erect. Leaves verticillate, opposite or alternate. Flowers solitary, terminal, or in cymes (appearing racemes, pseudo-racemes), or cymes in panicles. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla broadly funnelform-campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, free; filaments dilated into lamellar at base, dilated part ciliate. Disk absent. Ovary semi-inferior, 5-locular; stigma 5-fid. Capsule 5-loculicidal at superior part, valves with septa, opposite to calyx lobes. Seeds numerous, black, one end acute and other oblique, with a rib at lateral side.
One species: E Asia.
桔梗 jie geng
Campanula grandiflora Jacquin, Hort. Bot. Vindob. 3: 4. 1776.
Stems 20–120 cm tall, usually glabrous, rarely densely puberulent, simple, rarely branched above. Leaves sessile or with very short petioles; leaf blades ovate, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 2–7 × 0.5–3.5 cm, base broad-cuneate to rounded, apex acute, adaxially glabrous, green, abaxially usually glabrous, glaucous, sometimes puberulent or verrucose-puberulent along veins, margin serrate. Calyx semiglobose or globose-obconical, glaucous; lobes triangular or narrow-triangular, sometimes toothlike. Corolla 1.5–4 cm, blue or purple. Capsule globose or globose-obconical or obovoid, 1–2.5 × ca. 1 cm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 18.
Sunny herb communities, thickets, rarely in forests; below 2000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, N Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, E Sichuan (E of Pingwu, Liangshan–if taxon is in Liangshan (not E of it), please put names in alphabetical order and revise “E Sichuan” (Liangshan is in SW Sichuan), SE Yunnan (Mengzi, Wenshan, Yanshan), Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East, SE Siberia)].
蓝花参属 lan hua shen shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Cephalostigma A. Candolle; Cervicina Delile.
Herbs perennial or annual, or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite. Flowers in cymes, cymes glomerate in lax panicles. Calyx epigynous, 3–5-lobed (Chinese species: 5-lobed). Corolla campanulate, shallowly 3–5-lobed, or 5-cleft to near base. Stamens 5, free from corolla; filaments often dilated at base, dilated part ciliate; anthers long ellipsoid. Ovary nearly entirely inferior, 2–5-locular; stigma 2–5-fid, segments linear. Capsule 2–5-locular, 2–5-loculicidal at superior part (2- or 3-loculicidal for Chinese species). Seeds numerous.
About 200 species: mainly in S Hemisphere, particularly S Africa, several species in SE Asia, isn’t it elsewhere?; two species in China.
1a. Perennials; corolla 5-cleft to 2/3; capsule 3-loculicidal ................................... 1. W. marginata
1b. Annuals; corolla 5-divided to near base; capsule 2-loculicidal ............................ 2. W. hookeri
蓝花参 lan hua shen
Campanula marginata Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 211. 1784; Wahlenbergia gracilis (G. Forster) Schrader var. misera Hemsley.
Perennial herbs. Roots elongate, carrot-shaped, ca. 10 cm, up to 4 mm in diam. Stems erect or ascending, branched from base, 10–40 cm, glabrous or sparsely hirsute below. Leaves alternate, often mostly at lower part of stems, sessile or with petioles up to 7 mm; leaf blades of lower leaves spatulate, oblanceolate or elliptic, 10–30 × 2–8 mm, glabrous or sparsely hirsute, margin sinuate or sparsely serrate, or entire. Pedicels slender but straight, up to 15 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid-conical; lobes triangular-subulate. Corolla campanulate, blue, 5–8 mm, cleft to 2/3, lobes obovate-oblong. Capsule obconical or obovoid-conical, obscurely 10-ribbed, 5–7 × ca. 3 mm, 3-loculicidal. Seeds oblong, smooth, yellow-brown, 0.3–0.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Feb–May. 2n = 36, 72.
Waste fields, by fields, sometimes on slopes or by streams; lower elevations (up to 2800 m in Yunnan). Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [tropical and subtropical Asia].
星花草 xin hua cao
Cephalostigma hookeri C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 429. 1881.
Annual herbs. Stems erect, 8–20 cm tall, sparsely villous, dichotomous-branched. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blades ovate or ovate-elliptic, ca. 2.5 × 1.2 cm, base and apex obtuse, margin denticulate. Cymes in large and lax panicles; bracts small; pedicels slender, up to 2 cm. Calyx ca. 1.5 mm, tube obconical; lobes triangular, ca. 0.5 mm. Corolla blue, 5-divided to near base; lobes spreading, starlike, linear-elliptic, 2–3 mm. Stamens ca. 1.5 mm. Style almost equal to corolla in length. Capsule nearly globose, ca. 3 mm in diam. Seeds small, broadly ellipsoid, 3-ribbed. Fl. Nov.
Sunny slopes in moist ravines; 1300–1400 m. S Yunnan (Menghai) [E India, Indonesia (Java), N Thailand].
金钱豹属 jin qian bao shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Perennial herbs. Roots thickened, carrot-shaped. Stems voluble. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary or almost opposite to leaves, or in cymes of 3, pedicellate, 4–7-merous. Calyx tube (hypanthium) adnate to ovary in different extents, or free from ovary. Corolla epigynous; tube obvious, limb 5(or 6)-lobed. Stamens 5; filaments glabrous or hairy. Ovary totally inferior, or inferior only to corolla but inferior, semi-inferior or superior to calyx, 3–6-locular; style glabrous or hairy; stigma 3–6-fid. Berry globose, apically flat. Seeds numerous.
Two species: tropical and subtropical Asia, from Bhutan and E India to Japan and Papua New Guinea; both species in China.
1a. Leaves opposite; calyx nearly totally hypogynous but corolla epigynous ............ 1. C. javanica
1b. Leaves alternate; both calyx and corolla epigynous .............................................. 2. C. inflata
金钱豹 jin qian bao
Perennials voluble. Roots thickened, carrot-shaped. Stems glabrous, multi-branched. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, long petiolate; leaf blades cordate or cordate-ovate, 3–11 × 2–9 cm, glabrous or abaxially sometimes sparsely villous, margin entire or serrate. Flowers solitary, axillary, totally glabrous. Calyx free from ovary, cleft nearly to base; lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1–1.8 cm. Corolla epigynous, white or yellow-green, purple inside, campanulate, cleft to middle. Stamens 5. Stigma 4–5-fid; ovary and berry 5-locular. Berry black-purple or purple-red, globose. Seeds irregular in shape, often short-columnar, surface reticulate. Fl. and fr. May–Nov.
S Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, N and SW Guizhou, Hainan, W Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Japan, E India to Indonesia–need to list which countries].
1a. Corolla 1.8–3 cm; berry 1.2–2 cm in diam. .................................................... 1a. subsp. javanica
1b. Corolla 1–1.3 cm; berry 1–1.5 cm in diam. ................................................... 1b. subsp. japonica
大花金钱豹(原亚种) da hua jin qian bao (yuan ya zhong)
Campanumoea cordata Maximowicz; C. labordei H. Léveillé; Codonopsis cordata Hasskarl; C. cordifolia Komarov; C. javanica (Blume) J. D. Hooker.
Corolla 1.8–3 cm. Berry 1.2–2 cm in diam.
Guangdong, Guangxi, SW Guizhou (Ceheng, Changshun, Xinyi, Xingren), Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, E India to Indonesia–need to list which countries].
金钱豹 jin qian bao
Campanumoea javanica var. japonica Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 155. 1905; C. japonica Maximowicz (1868), not Siebold &/ex “Morren” [see Belgique Hort. 337] (1863); C. maximowiczii Honda; Codonopsis javanica subsp. japonica (Makino) Lammers.
Corolla 1–1.3 cm. Berry 1–1.5 cm in diam.
S Anhui, Fujian, N Guangdong (Huaiji, Lianxian), Guangxi (Jiuwanda Shan), N Guizhou, W Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan (E of Erlang Shan), Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
藏南金钱豹 zang nan jin qian bao
Codonopsis inflata J. D. Hooker, Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 16, f. c. 1855.
Perennials voluble. Roots slightly thickened, branched. Stems almost glabrous. Leaves alternate, petioles 3–6 cm, leaf blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4–10 × 2–5 cm, base deeply cordate, apex acuminate, margin entire or sinuate, adaxially glabrous or sparsely puberulent, abaxially glaucous, puberulent. Flowers solitary, almost opposite to leaves, or in terminal and few-flowered cymes; pedicels 2–3 cm; calyx adnate up to top of ovary, tube obdeltoid-conical, puberulent, lobes and corolla inserted at same position, ovate-triangular, ca. 1 cm, margin often recurved; corolla campanulate, pale yellow or pale green, but often purple at margin and veins, 2.5–3 cm, cleft to 1/3; stamens 5, filaments glabrous; style glabrous; stigma 3-lobed; ovary 3-locular. Barry globose, 12–15 mm in diam., yellow-green (?). Seeds ovoid-globose, surface reticulate. Fl. and fr. Aug–Sep.
Broad-leaved forests, herb communities at forest margins; below 2500 m. S Xizang (Mêdog) [Bhutan, NE India].
轮钟花属 lun zhong hua shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Herbs (perennial or annual), erect. Stems mostly branched. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary, terminal or axillary, or in dichasium, perfect; bracteoles present, filiform or leaflike, or absent. Calyx partly adnate to or totally free from ovary, and thus epigynous or hypogynous for ovary; calyx lobes 4–6 in number, from nearly entire to ramiform. Corolla epigynous, tubular, 4–6-merous. Stamens 4–6 in number; filaments dilated below, glabrous or ciliate at dilated part. Ovary inferior for corolla but from semi-inferior to superior for calyx, 3–6-locular; stigma 3–6-fid; ovules extremely numerous. Fruit a berry. Seeds extremely numerous, nearly globose.
Three species: from India to Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Philippines, and Papua New Guinea; three species China.
1a. Flowers often 4-merous; calyx inserted on pedicels, distant from other floral parts by 1–4 mm, like involucrate bracts .......................................................................................................... 3. C. parviflorus
1b. Flowers usually 5–6-merous; calyx at least partly adnate to ovary.
2a. Flowers all terminal; bracteoles often absent, rarely present, stalked and ± leaflike if present; calyx lobes denticulate to nearly entire; filaments glabrous; berry often white, less often yellow or pale red 2. C. celebicus
2b. Flowers terminal and axillary; bracteoles present and filiform; calyx lobes ramiform; filaments hairy below; berry purple-black ..................................................................................... 1. C. lancifolius
轮钟花 lun zhong hua
Campanula lancifolia Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 505. 1820; Campanumoea axillaris Oliver; C. lancifolia (Roxburgh) Merrill; C. truncata (Wallich ex A. Candolle) Diels; Codonopsis lancifolia (Roxburgh) Moeliono; C. truncata Wallich ex A. Candolle; Cyclocodon truncatus (Wallich ex A. Candolle) J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
Herbs (perennial or annual), erect or ascending, sometimes lignified at base, usually glabrous throughout. Stems up to 3 m tall, hollow, branches multiple, horizontal or pendulous. Leaves opposite, rarely verticillate of 3, shortly petiolate; leaf blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6–15 × 1–5 cm, apex acuminate, margin serrate, dentate or crenate. Flowers usually solitary, terminal, or both terminal and axillary, sometimes in a cyme of 3; pedicels or peduncles 1–10 cm, with a pair of filiform bracteoles at middle to top. Calyx adnate to ovary up to lower part of ovary; lobes (4 or)5(–7), filiform or linear, margin with ramiform teeth. Corolla white or pale red, tubular-campanulate, ca. 1 cm, 5- or 6-cleft to middle; lobes ovate to ovate-triangular. Stamens 5–6; filaments equal to anthers in length, base dilated into lamellar, margin villous-ciliate. Style glabrous or hairy; stigma (4 or)5- or 6-fid; ovary (4 or)5- or 6-locular. Berry globose, (4 or)5- or 6-locular, purple-black when mature, 5–10 mm in diam. Seeds extremely numerous, nearly glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov.
Forests, thickets, grasslands; below 1500 m. Chongqing, S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, SW Hubei, S and W Hunan, S Jiangxi (Quannan), Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Yunnan [Cambodia, N India (Sikkim), Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
小叶轮钟草 xiao ye lun zhong cao
Campanumoea celebica Blume, Bijdr. 727. 1826; Codonopsis lancifolia (Roxburgh) Moeliono subsp. celebica (Blume) Moeliono.
Herbs (perennial or annual?), without caudexes, nor rhizomes, erect, 1–2 m tall, sometimes lignified at base. Stems terete, branched, sparsely hispidulous or nearly glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate; petioles up to 5 mm; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5–10 × 2–4 cm, those on branches smaller, glabrous or sparsely puberulent along veins on both surfaces, base usually rounded, apex acuminate, margin serrate, teeth with pointed apex. Flowers terminal, usually in a dichasium of 3; pedicels 8–20 mm, hispidulous, usually without bracteoles, rarely with stalked and ± leaflike bracteoles. Calyx adnate to ovary up to ca. 1/3 of ovary; calyx tube glabrous; calyx lobes mostly 5 or 6, linear to linear-elliptic, 3–10 × 1–3 mm, entire to with 2–4 pairs of serrate teeth. Corolla pale blue, campanulate, 7–10 mm, 5- or 6-lobed to middle. Stamens 5 or 6, glabrous; filaments slightly dilated below. Ovary globose; stigma 5–6-fid. Berry white, oblate, 5- or 6-locular, up to 8 × 12 mm. Seeds extremely numerous. Fl. and fr. Jul–Jan.
Grassy slopes, thickets, woodlands; 800–2600 m. SE Xizang (Bomi, Mêdog, Zayü), S and W Yunnan [Bangladesh, N India (Sikkim), Myanmar, Thailand to Papua New Guinea–need to list which countries].
小花轮钟草 xiao hua lun zhong cao
Codonopsis parviflora Wallich ex A. Candolle, Monogr. Camp. 123. 1830; Campanumoea parviflora (Wallich ex A. Candolle) Bentham.
Herbs (perennial or annual?), erect, 1–2 m tall, without caudexes, nor rhizomes. Stems terete, branched, glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate; petioles up to 5 mm; leaf blades lanceolate, 6–9 × 2–3 cm, those on branches smaller, glabrous on both surfaces, base rounded, apex acuminate, margin serrate, teeth with pointed apex. Flowers terminal, often in a dichasium of 3; pedicels 2–4 cm, glabrous, with or without a pair of leaflike or linear bracteoles. Calyx entirely free from ovary, and thus hypogynous, just below ovary or 1–4 mm distant from ovary, forming an anthophore; calyx lobes usually 4, free from each other, linear, 4–8 mm, with 1–4 pairs of teeth. Corolla epigynous, 5–8 mm, 4-lobed to ca. 1/2. Stamens 4, glabrous; filaments subulate. Ovary globose, glabrous, 4-locular; stigma 4-fid. Berry globose, ca. 6 × 6 mm. Seed extremely numerous. Fl. and fr. Sep–Jan.
Thickets, herb communities; below 1500 m. S and SW Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India (Assam, Sikkim), Laos, Myanmar].
风铃草属 feng ling cao shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Herbs perennial, with long and horizontal rhizomes, or with short caudexes, and roots thickened, ± fleshy, less frequently annual. Basal leaves sometimes rosulate; cauline leaves all alternate. Flowers solitary and terminal, or in a cyme; cymes sometimes in a panicle, or both peduncles and pedicels reduced and several flowers in a head capitula. Calyx adnate to ovary, lobes 5, sometimes with an appendix between lobes. Corolla campanulate, tubular-campanulate or funnelform, sometimes nearly rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens free, rarely anthers connivent to different degrees; filaments dilated into lamellate at base; anthers clavate. Disk absent. Ovary inferior, 3–5-locular. Capsules 3–5-locular, with persistent calyx lobes, dehiscent by lateral, upper or lower, pores. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, smooth.
More than 200 species: nearly all in N temperate regions, mostly in N Eurasia, fewer species in North America; 20 species (nine endemic) in China.
1a. Capsule poricidal at middle or top; flowers solitary, terminal, or several terminal on main stems and branches; cauline leaves mostly near base, upper cauline leaves linear if present; basal leaves persistent at anthesis; calyx and corolla glabrous outside.
2a. Calyx lobes almost filiform; capsules poricidal at top; stems always simple.
3a. Ovary (calyx tube) and capsule almost cylindrical; ovary 5–15 mm; capsule 2–4 cm; stems 10–50 cm tall; middle cauline leaves 1.5–7 cm .................................................................. 19. C. aristata
3b. Ovary and capsule obovoid-conical; capsule 0.7–2 cm; stems 7–20 cm tall; middle cauline leaves less than 2 cm ......................................................................................................... 20. C. modesta
2b. Calyx lobes subulate, subulate-triangular or broad-linear, much shorter than corolla; capsule poricidal just above middle; stems branched or simple.
4a. Basal leaves spatulate or elliptic; cauline leaves several, linear, longer than 2 cm; capsule ellipsoid, 1.2–1.6 cm; rhizomes elongate and horizontal ........................................................... 14. C. albertii
4b. Basal and lower cauline leaves ovate, cordate or reniform; cauline leaves not linear, if so, shorter; horizontal rhizomes absent.
5a. Plants 20–50 cm tall; lower cauline leaves 1–3 cm, cordate or cordate-orbicular, thick-papery; upper leafy part of stems densely hairy; flowers pendulous ................................. 15. C. delavayi
5b. Plants much shorter; lower cauline leaves smaller, linear to elliptic, rarely cordate, membranous or thin-papery; flowers upright or pendulous.
6a. Flowers pendulous or horizontal; calyx tube obconical ......................... 16. C. crenulata
6b. Flowers upright; calyx tube usually obovoid or obovoid-conical.
7a. Basal leaves cordate-reniform; stems slender but not filiform, hairy, lower half with cordate to ovate-lanceolate leaves ..................................................................... 17. C. calcicola
7b. Basal leaves cordate; stems filiform, glabrous or nearly glabrous, with mostly linear leaves 18. C. chrysospleniifolia
1b. Capsule poricidal at base; stems with numerous flowers, solitary or in various types of inflorescences; leaves many and evenly distributed on stems; basal leaves usually wilted at anthesis; calyx and corolla hairy outside, rarely glabrous.
8a. Appendices present between calyx lobes, reflexed, setose on margins.
9a. Corolla large, 3–6.5 cm, punctate ............................................................... 1. C. punctata
9b. Corolla smaller, narrow-campanulate, less than 1.5 cm, not punctate .............. 2. C. sibirica
8b. Appendices between calyx lobes absent.
10a. Flowers in a head of 2 to several in axils of involucrate bracts, several heads aggregated into a large compound head; leaf blades more than 4 cm, often up to 17 cm.
11a. Lower cauline leaves long petiolate; calyx lobes subulate ........................ 3. C. glomerata
11b. Lower cauline leaves shortly winged-petiolate; calyx lobes ligulate, rounded at apex . 4. C. glomeratoides
10b. Flowers solitary or in a lax inflorescence; leaves usually much smaller, up to 6 cm.
12a. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces or hairy only on margins; corolla glabrous outside; calyx lobes linear or subulate, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely ciliate.
13a. Leaves and calyx lobes hispidulous on margins; leaf blades of cauline leaves obovate-elliptic or elliptic 5. C. nakaoi
13b. Leaves and calyx lobes entirely glabrous; leaf blades of
cauline leaves linear
6.
C. langsdorffiana
12b. Leaves hairy on both surfaces; corolla ± hairy outside; calyx lobes hairy, narrowly triangular to nearly triangular, rarely subulate-triangular (subulate only in C. mekongensis).
14a. Annual herbs; rosulate basal leaves often present at anthesis; each branch with compound cymes 12. C. dimorphantha
14b. Perennial herbs; basal leaves often absent at anthesis; branches with a single cyme or solitary flower.
15a. Cauline leaves, at least lower ones, long petiolate;
petioles 5–12 cm
.......................................................................................................... 7.
C. omeiensis
15b. Cauline leaves sessile or shortly winged-petiolate.
16a. Calyx tube hairy only along nerves; lateral branches
with several flowers; calyx lobes subulate, sinus between lobes truncate-obtuse
................................................................................................. 13.
C. mekongensis
16b. Calyx tube densely hairy; lateral branches with a solitary flower or single simple inflorescence; calyx lobes subulate-triangular to deltoid, overlapping, or sinus acute.
17a. Calyx lobes deltoid, with a pair of gross teeth; stems long and prostrate; cauline leaves of lower half of stem wilted at anthesis, rest leaves pannose beneath, sessile, nearly orbicular 11. C. yunnanensis
17b. Calyx lobes subulate-triangular, rarely nearly deltoid, with or without teeth; stems erect or diffuse, lower cauline leaves often present at anthesis; leaves sparsely hispid or densely pannose beneath, elliptic, rhomboid or linear-elliptic.
18a. Style strongly exserted; anthers totally or partially connivent; corolla cleft to over middle 10. C. chinensis
18b. Style included; anthers completely free; corolla cleft up to middle.
19a. Calyx lobes subulate-triangular to narrowly triangular, rarely toothed; leaves densely pannose beneath; stems usually numerous from one caudex, often diffuse, less ascending 9. C. cana
19b. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular to nearly deltoid, toothed or not; leaves often hispid, less frequently pannose beneath; stems single or several from one caudex, erect or ascending 8. C. colorata
紫斑风铃草 zi ban feng ling cao
Herbs perennial, setose throughout. Rhizomes long, horizontal. Stems erect, robust, 20–100 cm tall, usually branched above. Basal leaves long petiolate, leaf blades cordate-ovate; lower cauline leaves winged-petiolate, upper ones sessile, deltoid-ovate to lanceolate, irregularly obtuse-dentate. Flowers terminal on top of main stems and branches, pendulous. Calyx lobes long triangular, appendices between lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, reflexed, setose on margins. Corolla white, yellow or pink, purple-punctate, tubular-campanulate, 3–6.5 cm, lobes ciliate. Capsule semiglobose-obconical, nerves obvious. Seeds gray-brown, oblong, slightly compressed, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 34.
Forests, thickets, meadows; below 2300 m. E Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, W Henan, W Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, NE Sichuan [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
Chinese Pinyin
Herbs perennial. Roots thickened, carrot-shaped, sometimes lignified. Stems and leaves white hirsute. Stems erect, multi-branched, ca. 35 cm tall, cylindrical, purplish, branches slender, upright. Basal and lower cauline leaves 5–8 × ca. 1 cm, with long and winged petioles; leaf blades oblong elliptic, sparsely crenate; upper cauline leaves sessile, ± amplexicaul, linear-lanceolate, entire. Panicles terminal on top of main stems and branches, narrow; flowers pendulous; pedicels ca. 5 mm, longer than linear bracts. Calyx tube glabrous, obconical; lobes linear-subulate, 3–4 mm, base nearly 1 mm wide, margin awned-setose, appendices between calyx lobes ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, reflexed, slightly shorter than tube, margin awned-setose. Corolla narrowly campanulate, pale blue-purple, sometimes nearly white, 9–12 mm, sparsely barbate inside; lobes ovate-deltoid, ca. 1/4–1/3 as long as whole corolla. Style equal to or slightly shorter than corolla; stigma 3-fid. Capsule obconical, ca. 4 × 3 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm. Fl. May–Jul. 2n = 34.
Dry forests or meadows. Xinjiang (Altay Shan, Tian Shan) [Europe to C Asia and Russia (Siberia)–need to list which countries].
聚花风铃草 ju hua feng ling cao
Herbs perennial. Stems erect, up to 1.3 m tall. Basal leaves long petiolate; leaf blades long ovate to cordate-ovate; lower cauline leaves long petiolate, upper ones sessile; leaf blades elliptic, long ovate to ovate-lanceolate, all leaves serrate, 4–15 × 1–7 cm. Flowers several in a capitula in axils of middle and upper leaves; peduncles absent; flowers sessile; at top of stems several heads aggregated into a compound head; involucrate bracts ovate-deltoid; flowers always subtended by a bract, central one blooming first, its bract smallest. Calyx glabrous or puberulent; lobes subulate, 7–12 × 2–3 mm. Corolla purple, blue-purple or blue, tubular-campanulate, 1.5–2.5 cm, cleft to middle. Capsule nearly globose or obovoid-conical, ca. 4.5 mm. Seeds long oblong, compressed, 1–1.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 30, 34, 90.
Meadows, subalpine meadows or thickets; below 2600 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Europe to Japan, Korea, and Far East of Russia–need to list which countries].
1a. Capitula numerous, several single capitula present besides terminal compound capitula; leaves 7–15 × 1.7–7 cm ................................................................................................... 3b. subsp. cephalotes
1b. Capitula not numerous, single capitula rarely present except compound capitula; leaves 5–15 × 1–3.5 cm.
2a. Plants 20–85 cm tall; leaves 4–13 cm; stems and leaves nearly glabrous to sparsely white hirsute 3a. subsp. glomerata
2b. Plants 14–50 cm; leaves 5–8(–11) cm; stems and leaves glabrous or hirsute along ribs or main veins ...................................................................................................... 3c. subsp. daqingshanica
北疆风铃草(原亚种) bei jiang feng ling cao (yuan ya zhong)
Plants 20–85 cm tall. Leaves 4–13 × 1.5–3.5 cm. Stems simple, stems and leaves nearly glabrous to sparsely white hirsute.
Meadows, subalpine meadows; 1300–2600 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan and northward) [Europe to C Asia and Russia (Siberia)–need to list which countries].
聚花风铃草 ju hua feng ling cao
Campanula cephalotes Nakai, Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 31: 111. 1952; C. glomerata var. salviifolia Komarov.
Plants 40–130 cm tall. Stems sometimes branched above; stems and leaves nearly glabrous or sparsely white hirsute, or densely white-villous. Capitula numerous, many single capitula present besides terminal compound capitula.
Meadows, thickets. Heilongjiang, Jilin, E Liaoning, NE Nei Mongol (Dong Ujimqin) [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, SE Siberia)].
大青山风铃草 da qing shan feng ling cao
Plants 14–50 cm tall. Stems nearly glabrous or sparsely hirsute only along ribs, rarely entirely sparsely hirsute. Leaves 5–8(–11) × 1–2.8 cm, hirsute only along main veins. Capitula several, often aggregated into terminal compound capitula, single capitula rarely present.
* Grassy slopes; 1400–2000 m. SE Nei Mongol (Daqing Shan, Manhan Shan).
头花风铃草 tou hua feng ling cao
Herbs annual (?), white-hispid throughout. Rhizomes unknown. Stems robust, erect, ca. 60 cm tall. Basal leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blades lanceolate, caducous; lower cauline leaves winged-petiolate, leaf blades oblanceolate or linear-oblong, middle and upper cauline leaves sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, up to 9 × 1 cm, dentate. Flowers 2- to several fascicled in capitula, neither pedunculate nor pedicellate, capitula aggregated in a compound capitula; involucrate bracts ovate-lanceolate to orbicular, forming a series continuous from upper cauline leaves; in compound capitula involucrate bracts 1–2 in number in capitula with several flowers, but absent in capitula with only 2 flowers. Calyx tube obovoid-conical; lobes ligulate, ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse. Corolla blue, tubular-campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm, 5-lobed. Filaments ca. 3 mm, anthers ca. 4 mm. Style slightly longer than corolla. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jul.
* Meadows; ca. 2700 m. Xizang (Bomi).
藏南铃草 zang nan feng ling cao
Herbs perennial. Rhizome slender and long. Stems ascending or erect, up to 35 cm, angular when dry, usually dark-purple, less frequently straw-colored, nearly glabrous or sparsely retrorse-hispid, sometimes branched. Middle cauline leaves largest, obovate-elliptic or elliptic, 12–35 × 4–12 mm, apex obtuse; lower cauline leaves gradually attenuated into short petioles; upper cauline leaves sessile; all leaves sparsely serrate, hispidulous only near margins above, sparsely hispidulous along veins, veins concave above. Flowers solitary, terminal, pendulous. Calyx tube obconical, densely hirsute or granulate-glandular; lobes subulate, 5–7 × ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous on both sides, serrate and hispidulous-ciliate. Corolla blue or blue-purple, broad-campanulate, 14–20 mm, cleft by over half, glabrous. Style ca. 1 cm; stigma 3-lobed. Fl. Jul.
Forests, margins of Pinus griffithii forests; 2800–3400 m. Xizang (Gyirong) [Nepal].
石生风铃草 shi sheng feng ling cao
Campanula chinganensis Baranov.
Herbs perennial, with several stems from one caudex. Roots carrot-shaped or cylindrical, up to 2 cm in diam. Stems glabrous, slender, branched or not, 15–40 cm tall. Basal leaves cordate and petiolate if present; cauline leaves linear, ca. 70 × 2–3 mm. Flowers solitary or several, ± pendulous. Calyx glabrous; tube obconical, ribbed; lobes linear or linear-subulate, 5–10 mm, sometimes almost equal to corolla in length, reflexed after anthesis. Corolla pale blue, campanulate, glabrous, 10–17 mm; lobes ovate-deltoid, ca. 1/2 as long as tube. Style included. Fl. Jun–Aug. 2n = 34.
Usually on rocks in forests, also at alpine belts. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Russia (Far East)].
This species is vicarious with Campanula rotundifolia L., from which it differs only in having less flowers, and calyx lobes longer and reflexed.
峨眉风铃草 e mei feng ling cao
Adenophora omeiensis Z. Y. Zhu, Bull. Sichuan School Medic. Mater. 22(2): 29. 1990.
Herbs perennial, 50–65 cm tall. Roots carrot-shaped, 5–15 mm in diam. Stems simple, sparsely hirsute. Basal and cauline leaves long petiolate; petioles 5–12 cm, upper leaves shortly petiolate to sessile; leaf blades ovate-triangular or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 × 1.2–1.8 cm, base nearly truncate or attenuate, apex acuminate or acute, adaxially green, abaxially sparsely strigose or hispidulous, margin irregularly gross-serrate. Panicles terminal, narrow, inflorescence branches reduced and sometimes with solitary flowers; bracts linear, strigose; pedicels slender, 5–15 mm, sparsely strigose. Calyx tube obovoid-conical, outside sparsely strigose; calyx lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5–8 × 1–1.8 mm, apex acuminate or acute, outside strigose. Corolla campanulate, blue-purple or pale blue, 1.5–2.3 cm, outside glabrous, inside white-villous; lobes ovate-triangular, 6–8 mm, ca. 5 mm wide. Filaments white, base dilated; anthers linear. Style included; stigma 2–3-fid. Capsule nearly globose, 3–5 mm. Seeds slightly compressed, oblong or ovoid-oblong, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Sep.
* About 600 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).
西南风铃草 xi nan feng ling cao
Campanula microcarpa C. Y. Wu; C. colorata var. thibetica J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
Herbs perennial. Roots carrot-shaped, sometimes slightly thicker than stems. Stems single, less frequently 2, rarely several from a single caudex, ascending or erect, up to 60 cm tall, hirsute. Lower leaves winged-petiolate, upper leaves sessile; leaf blades elliptic, rhomboid-elliptic or oblong, 1–4 × 0.5–1.5 cm, apex acute or obtuse, margin sparsely dentate or almost entire, adaxially appressed-hispid, abaxially densely hirsute or hispid only along veins. Flowers pendulous, terminal, sometimes in cymes. Calyx tube obconical, hispid; lobes deltoid to deltoid-subulate, 3–7 × 1–5 mm, margin entire or serrate, abaxially hispid totally or only along veins. Corolla purple, blue-purple or blue, tubular-campanulate, 8–15 mm, cleft to 1/3–1/2. Style less than 2/3 as long as corolla, included. Capsule obconical. Seeds oblong, slightly compressed. Fl. May–Sep. 2n = 28.
Grassy slopes, open woods; 1000–1400 m. W Guizhou, W Sichuan, S Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand].
This species is of two types of flowers: chasmogamous and cleistogamous. They are different from each other in morphology. For the latter, corolla stop development at the early stage, and calyx lobes are short-deltoid, much shorter than those in the former. The capsules produced from these two types of flowers are also different. The one from the latter is globose, much smaller than that in the former. The two types of flowers could be found on the same individual, but some individuals have only cleistogamous flowers. Campanula microcarpa C. Y. Wu was described as new based on such specimens.
灰毛风铃草 hui mao feng ling cao
Campanula aprica Nannfeldt; C. pasumensis C. Marquand; C. tortuosa C. Y. Wu.
Herbs perennial, glaucous due to dense white-villous hairs on all parts except corolla. Tap roots thickened, ± carrot-shaped, up to 8 mm in diam. Caudexes branched. Stems caespitose, usually diffuse, 15–30 cm. Leaves alternate, sessile or lower leaves with short petioles up to 5 mm; leaf blades ovate, elliptic, oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 4–25 × 2–10 mm, base cuneate, apex obtuse or acute, margin nearly entire, crenulate, or serrate. Flowers several, in a terminal cyme; pedicels 0.5–3 cm, without bracteoles. Calyx tube obdeltoid-conical, 2–3 × 2–3 mm at anthesis; calyx lobes subulate or triangular, entire, 3–5 × 1–2 mm. Corolla blue, blue-purple, purple-blue or violet, outside villous, tubular-campanulate, 10–15 mm; lobes 1/3 –2/5 as long as whole corolla. Stamens included. Style slightly exserted from corolla; stigma 3-fid. Capsule globose or obovoid-globose, 3–5 × 3–4 mm, 10-ribbed, 3-poricidal at base. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 0.6 mm, brown. Fl. and fr. May–Nov.
Open rocky slopes, grassy slopes, thickets; 1000–3200 m. NW Guizhou (Xifeng), SW Sichuan, S and SE Xizang, N Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
长柱风铃草 chang zhu feng ling cao
Herbs perennial. Roots carrot-shaped. Stems 2 to several, caespitose, ascending, up to 35 cm, branched, hispid. Leaves elliptic, 1–3.5 × 0.4–1.2 cm, base cuneate, decurrent, apex obtuse, margin entire or sparsely dentate, adaxially appressed-hispid, abaxially densely villous. Flowers terminal on main stems and branches, solitary or several in a cyme. Calyx densely villous; tube obconical; lobes narrow-deltoid, margin entire. Corolla campanulate, blue or blue-purple, 8–10 mm, cleft slightly over half; lobes linear-oblong. Stamens exserted; anthers all connivent into a tube, or 2 and 3 respectively connivent into two bodies. Style 13–15 mm, much exserted. Capsule semiglobose or obconical. Seeds brown-yellow, oblong, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Rocks, Pinus forests with dry and poor soil; 2400–3200 m. SE Xizang (Markam), NW Yunnan (Dêqên, Gongshan).
云南风铃草 yun nan feng ling cao
Herbs perennial. Roots ± thickened, carrot-shaped, sometimes branched. Stems several from one caudex, almost entirely prostrate, 30–45 cm. Leaves withered except upper several when blooming; upper leaves, sessile, ovate to ovate-orbicular, 7–11 mm, margin crenate, adaxially densely appressed-hispid, abaxially densely tomentose. Flowers terminal, upright or slightly pendulous. Calyx tube gyroidal, densely hirsute; lobes almost shortly triangular, densely tomentose, margin with a pair of teeth. Corolla purple or blue-purple, tubular-campanulate, ca. 8 mm, cleft to 1/3; style ca. 5 mm. Capsule obovoid-conical, 4–5 × 3–4 mm. Seeds oblong, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. Oct–Dec.
* Rocks; 1900–2200 m. Yunnan (Binchuan, Jingdong, Pingbian, Yangbi).
一年生风铃草 yi nian sheng feng ling cao
Campanula benthamii Wallich ex Kitamura; C. canescens Wallich ex A. Candolle (1830), not (Waldstein & Kitaibel) Roth (1827); C. veronicifolia Hance.
Annuals, entirely hispid. Stems erect, up to 40 cm tall, simple, or branched from base and thus caespitose. Basal leaves rosulate, shortly petiolate; leaf blades spatulate, early withered; cauline leaves winged-petiolate, 2–7 cm in total length; leaf blades spatulate. Cymes multiple, aggregated into a terminal panicle; pedicels unequal in length, upper flowers of cymes with longer pedicels. Calyx tube semiglobose-obconical, base acute, lobes narrow-triangular, 4–5 mm. Corolla purple or blue-purple, campanulate, cleft to 1/3, hispid outside, glabrous inside. Style included. Capsules nearly globose. Seeds oblong, smooth, ca. 0.3 mm. Fl. and fr. Mar–Apr.
Grassy slopes, roadsides; below 2000 m. Chongqing (Wushan), N Guangdong, Guizhou (Luodian), Shaanxi (Mianxian), Sichuan (Chengdu, Dujiangyan, Emei), Taiwan, Yunnan (Weishan) [Afghanistan, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka].
Cleistogamy may be a prevailing reproductive type of this species. Most individuals we examined had only cleistogamous flowers. Cleistogamous capsules were unequal in size; the upper flowers of cymes produced larger capsules than the lower ones.
澜沧风铃草 lan cang feng ling cao
Herbs perennial. Roots thickened, lignified. Stems often (?) several from one caudex, ascending or erect, 20–30 cm tall, white-villous. Leaves sessile, ovate-elliptic to long elliptic, 1–3 × 0.5–1.2 cm, adaxially sparsely hirsute, abaxially hirsute entirely or only along veins, base attenuate, apex obtuse, margin entire, or crenate or serrate. Flowers terminal, solitary or in cymes; pedicels slender. Calyx tube gyroidal, base pointed, setose along nerves; lobes subulate, ca. 4 × less than 1 mm, setose along nerves, margin hirsute, sinus obtuse. Corolla blue or white, campanulate, ca. 8 mm, cleft to over middle, sparsely villous outside. Style slightly shorter than corolla. Capsule obovoid or obovoid-conical, 3–4 mm in diam. Seeds yellow, oblong, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. Jan–Mar.
* Sandy herb communities, thickets by rivers, shaded rocks by streams; lower elevations. Guangxi (Tian’e), Yunnan (Xishuangbanna).
新疆风铃草 xin jiang feng ling cao
Herbs perennial, glabrous throughout. Rhizomes elongated, exposed. Caudexes erect, often enveloped by remains of old leaves. Stems caespitose, erect, 20–50 cm tall. Basal leaves basally attenuated into a long petiole; leaf blades spatulate or elliptic, margin crenate; cauline leaves sessile, broad-linear, more than 2 cm. Flowers terminal, solitary or several. Calyx tube obconical, ca. 4 mm, lobes subulate, ca. 7 mm. Corolla purple, funnel-shaped, cleft to middle, 1.5–2 cm. Capsule ellipsoid, 1.2–1.6 × ca. 5 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, nearly 1 mm, brown-yellow. Fl. Jun–Jul.
Shady slopes, glades, dry grasslands; 1100–2500 m. N Xinjiang (Fuyun, Qinghe, Qitai, Tacheng, Toli, Zhaosu) [Kazakstan].
丽江风铃草 li jiang feng ling cao
Herbs perennial. Roots thickened, carrot-shaped, up to 1.8 cm in diam. Stems ascending, 20–50 cm tall, 2 to several-branched, lower part densely villous. Basal leaves rosulate, long petiolate; leaf blades cordate to cordate-orbicular, 1–3 × 0.6–2.5 cm, adaxially villous, margin crenulate; lower cauline leaves similar to basal ones; middle and upper cauline leaves very small, subulate, often with a branch at axil. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches, or in a cyme of 2–3, pendulous, glabrous. Calyx tube semiellipsoid or ovoid, base obtuse; lobes subulate-triangular, 2.5–4.5 × ca. 1 mm, margin entire. Corolla blue or purple, broad-campanulate, 13–21 mm, cleft to middle. Style included. Capsule long ovoid, ca. 1 cm. Fl. Jul–Sep.
* Rocky slopes, Pinus forests; 3000–4000 m. NW Yunnan (Eryuan, Heqing, Lijiang).
流石风铃草 liu shi feng ling cao
Campanula nephrophylla C. Y. Wu, p.p. maj.
Herbs perennial. Roots thickened, often carrot-shaped, ca. 5 mm in diam. Caudex enveloped by remains of old petioles. Stems 2–5, caespitose, ascending, 10–30 cm tall, simple, less frequently branched, glabrous. Basal leaves several, often rosulate, long petiolate; leaf blades kidney-shaped, cordate to ovate-orbicular, 7–16 × 6–12 mm, usually glabrous, sometimes adaxially sparsely hairy, margin crenate; lower cauline leaves with petioles 1–3 cm, leaf blades spatulate or ovate; upper cauline leaves nearly sessile, broad-linear. Flowers solitary, terminal, pendulous or horizontal, entirely glabrous. Calyx tube obconical, base acute; lobes subulate-triangular, 4–8 × ca. 2 mm, margin with 2–3 pairs of verrucose teeth. Corolla blue, blue-purple or dark purple-red, campanulate, 13–26 mm, cleft to 1/3. Style included. Capsule oblong-obovoid, up to 12 mm, ca. 5 mm in diam. Fl. Jul–Sep.
* Rocks, grassy slopes; 2600–4200 m. SW Sichuan (Muli), NW Yunnan (Heqing, Lijiang, Weixi, Xianggelila, Yongning).
灰岩风铃草 hui yan feng ling cao
Campanula nephrophylla C. Y. Wu, p.p. min.
Herbs perennial. Roots thickened, carrot-shaped. Stems several, caespitose, ascending, villous, usually branched, 6–23 cm tall. Basal leaves long petiolate; leaf blades reniform, 5–15 × 6–18 mm, adaxially villous, margin crenate or obtuse-dentate; lower cauline leaves long petiolate, leaf blades reniform or ovate-orbicular; middle and upper cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, leaf blades lanceolate or broad-linear, margin dentate. Flowers terminal, often upright, entirely glabrous. Calyx tube obovoid, base rounded; lobes broad-linear to subulate-triangular, 3–6 mm, margin with 1–3 pairs of teeth. Corolla purple or blue-purple, broad-campanulate, 9–20 mm, cleft to 1/3. Capsule obovoid-ellipsoid, 6–8 mm. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid, brown-yellow, smooth, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
* Moist rocks; 2300–3900 m. SW Sichuan (Daocheng, Muli, Xiangcheng), NW Yunnan (Dali, Lijiang, Xianggelila, Yongning).
丝茎风铃草 si jing feng ling cao
Campanula leucotricha C. Y. Wu.
Herbs perennial. Roots thickened, carrot-shaped. Stems caespitose, slender but erect, often branched, glabrous, 10–20 cm tall. Basal leaves rosulate, long petiolate, leaf blades reniform, cordate or ovate-orbicular, 6–10 × 5–12 mm, adaxially villous, margin crenulate; cauline leaves ovate to linear, 6–15 × 1–8 mm. Flowers mostly solitary and terminal, or sometimes 2–3, entirely glabrous. Calyx tube obovoid-conical, base acute or obtuse; lobes subulate, 4–8 × 1–1.5 mm, margin with 1–3 pairs of verrucose teeth, or entire. Corolla blue, campanulate, 10–15 mm, lobes ovate-deltoid, ca. 1/2 as long as tube. Style included. Immature fruit obovoid, 4–7 mm. Fl. Sep.
* Rocks; 3000–4000 m. SW Sichuan (Muli, Yanyuan), NW Yunnan (Binchuan, Heqing).
钻裂风铃草 zuan lie feng ling cao
Campanula aristata var. longisepala C. Marquand; C. cylindrica (Pax & Hoffmann) Nannfeldt; Wahlenbergia cylindrica Pax & Hoffmann.
Herbs perennial. Roots thickened, carrot-shaped. Stems usually 2 to several, caespitose, erect, 10–50 cm tall. Basal leaves long petiolate, leaf blades ovate-orbicular to ovate-elliptic; lower and middle cauline leaves long petiolate, leaf blades lanceolate to broad-linear; middle and upper cauline leaves sessile, linear, 1.5–7 cm, margin entire or sparsely dentate, all leaves glabrous. Calyx tube elongated, 0.5–1.5 cm, ca. 1.5 mm in diam.; lobes filiform, (3–)7–18(–25) mm, usually longer, less frequently shorter than corolla. Corolla blue or blue-purple, 7–15 mm. Capsule cylindrical, slightly attenuated downwards, 20–40 × ca. 3 mm. Seeds long ellipsoid, brown-yellow, ca. 0.7 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
Alpine meadows or thickets; 3500–5000 m. S Gansu (Xiahe), E and S Qinghai (Haiyan, Nangqên, Tianjun, Zadoi), Shaanxi (Taibai Shan), NW and W Sichuan, Xizang (except NW), NW Yunnan (Dêqên) [India, Nepal, Pakistan].
藏滇风铃草 zang dian feng ling cao
Herbs perennial, glabrous throughout except filaments and style. Roots thickened, up to 7 mm in diam. Stems single, or 2 to several and caespitose, erect or ascending, 7–20 cm tall. Basal leaves rosulate, long petiolate, petioles 5–25 mm; leaf blades orbicular to ovate-oblong, 5–15 × 4–8 mm; lower cauline leaves long petiolate, linear or lanceolate; middle and upper cauline leaves 1–3, sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, 5–20 mm. Flowers solitary, terminal, ± pendulous. Calyx tube obovoid to obovoid-oblong, 3–6 mm, glabrous; lobes subulate, 3–5(–8) × ca. 1 mm, entire, usually shorter, rarely longer than corolla. Corolla blue or purple-blue, campanulate, 4–8 mm; lobes deltoid, ca. 1/3 as long as whole corolla. Capsule obovoid-conical, 7–20 × 3–6 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
Alpine meadows; 3400–4500 m. SW Sichuan (Muli), SE Xizang (Bomi, Cona, Yadong, Zayü), NW Yunnan (Dêqên, Weixi, Xianggelila) [N India (Sikkim)].
沙参属 sha shen shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元), Ge Song (葛颂); Thomas G. Lammers
Perennial herbs. Roots usually thickened, various in shape, mostly fleshy, carrot-shaped. Caudexes often short, sometimes elongated and branched. Stems erect, less frequently ascending. Basal leaves often rosulate, usually long petiolate, cordate; cauline leaves mostly alternate, rarely opposite or verticillate. Flowers in a cyme; cymes sometimes reduced to a branch with one terminal flower and one to several bracts, sometimes glomerate into a panicle. Calyx epigynous, rarely semiepigynous; calyx tube various in shape; lobes 5, entire or dentate. Corolla always epigynous, campanulate, funnelform or tubular, 5-lobed or 5-fid to middle. Stamens 5; filaments much dilated into a lamella at base; lamellae densely ciliate-villous, valvate, enveloping disk; anthers elongate. Disk usually tubular, rarely annular. Ovary inferior, 3-locular; ovules numerous; style with pollen-receiving hairs; stigma 3-obed, lobes narrow, recurved. Capsule 3-poricidal below persistent calyx lobes. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, 1-angular.
About 45 species: temperate Eurasia, mainly in E Asia; 38 species (22 endemic) in China.
1a. Cauline leaves totally or partially verticillate.
2a. Corolla small, less than 11 mm; calyx lobes filiform ................................... 38. A. tetraphylla
2b. Corolla larger than 13 mm; calyx lobes lanceolate or subulate.
3a. Calyx lobes toothed; corolla tubular-campanulate, 18–25 mm; style slightly shorter than corolla 33. A. wulingshanica
3b. Calyx lobes entire; corolla campanulate, 13–20 mm; style exserted or included.
4a. Cauline leaves totally verticillate; inflorescence branches often verticillate; calyx lobes elliptic-lanceolate, 5–10 mm ............................................................................................. 32. A. divaricata
4b. Cauline leaves partially verticillate; inflorescence branches not verticillate; calyx lobes lanceolate, 3–6 mm ......................................................................................................... 31. A. pereskiifolia
1b. Cauline leaves totally alternate.
5a. Cauline leaves at least lower ones petiolate, very rarely nearly sessile.
6a. Calyx lobes toothed.
7a. Cauline leaves pinnatifid up to over half; capsule columnar, base rounded, only ca. 3 mm wide 34. A. lobophylla
7b. Cauline leaves toothed; capsule ellipsoid, base obtuse, more than 3 mm wide.
8a. Cauline leaves with petioles 2–4 cm, cordate at base; disk ca. 0.7 mm high; style equal to corolla in length .................................................................................................. . 7. A. cordifolia
8b. Cauline leaves with petioles less than 2.5 cm, cuneate or shallow-cordate at base; disk 1.5–2.5 mm; style ± exserted.
9a. Inflorescences a large panicle, with secondary branches; calyx lobes often with 1–4 pairs of long teeth, rarely verrucose teeth; leaves sparsely scaberulose above ......... 20. A. potaninii
9b. Inflorescences a pseudo-raceme or narrow panicle, without secondary branches; calyx lobes with verrucose teeth, or even entire; leaves glabrous above ............................ 8. A. liliifolia
6b. Calyx lobes entire, usually ovate to lanceolate, rarely linear-lanceolate, (1–)1.5–4 mm wide.
10a. Cauline leaves all obviously petiolate, base cordate or rounded, not decurrent or shortly decurrent; calyx lobes obtuse at apex.
11a. Cauline leaves all cordate, papery; calyx tube (hypanthium) obconical at least at anthesis 1. A. trachelioides
11b. Cauline leaves rounded or broadly cuneate, only some lower ones shallowly cordate, membranous; calyx tube obovoid or obovoid-conical ............................................... 2. A. remotiflora
10b. Cauline leaves only lower ones petiolate, upper ones sessile or shortly cuneate-petiolate; calyx lobes acute or acuminate at apex.
12a. Cauline leaves only 2, lower one cordate, upper one much
smaller
5.
A. brevidiscifera
12b. Cauline leaves many, not cordate.
13a. Calyx tube globose; calyx lobes subulate-lanceolate, 8–14 mm; pedicels 1.5–3 cm 6. A. longipedicellata
13b. Calyx tube obovoid or obconical; calyx lobes usually shorter; pedicels shorter.
14a. Corolla 1.5–2.7 cm, corolla lobes 5–11 mm; calyx lobes ovate to linear-lanceolate, 1.5–4 mm wide ......................................................................................................... 3. A. petiolata
14b. Corolla less than 1.8 cm, corolla lobes less than 5 mm; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate or subulate, 1–2 mm wide.
15a. Leaves usually sparsely hispidulous, 7–13 × 1.5–3 cm; calyx mostly hairy, occasionally glabrous, calyx lobes 1–2 mm wide; corolla ca. 17 mm ................................. 4. A. rupincola
15b. Leaves glabrous or hairy along veins, 3–8 cm, calyx glabrous, occasionally scaberulose; corolla 13–15 mm.
16a. Leaves totally glabrous; calyx tube usually globose, rarely obovoid-globose; inflorescences a panicle ......................................................................................... 11. A. sinensis
16b. Leaves often hairy on margins and along veins; calyx tube obovoid or obconical; inflorescences a narrow panicle or pseudo-raceme ................................................... 8. A. liliifolia
5b. Cauline leaves sessile, only some individuals of individual species (e.g. A. stricta) with lower cauline leaves very shortly winged-petiolate.
17a. Corolla small, less than 17 mm, constricted at throat and thus corolla urceolate; style strongly exserted; more than 1.5 × as long as corolla; disk thinly tubular, 2–7 mm, less than 1 mm wide.
18a. Calyx lobes filiform, 3–20 mm, sometimes with 1–2 pairs of verrucose teeth at lower part 37. A. capillaris
18b. Calyx lobes subulate, entire.
19a. Stems and leaves densely scaberulose; corolla 10–17 mm ................ 35. A. stenanthina
19b. Stems and leaves glabrous or villous; corolla 8–12 mm ..................... 36. A. liliifolioides
17b. Corolla usually larger, campanulate; style slightly exserted or included, less than 1.5 × as long as corolla; disk not so much longer than broad.
20a. Calyx lobes entire.
21a. Calyx scaberulose; calyx lobes subulate, broadest at base, 6–8 mm; style nearly as long as corolla 10. A. stricta
21b. Calyx mostly glabrous, if hairy, then corolla ± constricted at throat; calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2–6 mm, if more than 6 mm, then calyx tube never globose and glabrous; style obviously exserted or not.
22a. Calyx lobes very short, shorter than 2.5 mm.
23a. Cauline leaves pinoid, ca. 0.8 mm wide; corolla 18–19 mm ............... 14. A. pinifolia
23b. Cauline leaves elliptic to broad-linear, 3–10 mm wide; corolla 12–14 mm 15. A. micrantha
22b. Calyx lobes longer than 3 mm, broadest at middle.
24a. Calyx variously hairy; corolla shallowly lobed, ± constricted at throat, lobes less than 1/4 as long as total length, often reflexed.
25a. Corolla throat slightly constricted, 9–15 mm wide; corolla lobes 4–6 mm 12. A. polyantha
25b. Corolla throat strongly constricted, 4–7 mm wide; corolla lobes up to 3 mm 13. A. contracta
24b. Calyx glabrous; corolla more deeply lobed, not constricted at throat, lobes more than 1/4 as long as total length.
26a. Calyx lobes elliptic, ca. 2 mm wide, middle part broadest, nearly 2 times as broad as base 16. A. palustris
26b. Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate or subulate, base broadest or middle part broadest but not 2 times as broad as base.
27a. Calyx lobes subulate, base broadest.
28a. Disk thick-tubular, 3–8 mm, up to 3 mm wide; calyx lobes 5–10 mm; inflorescences a pseudo-raceme ................................................................... 17. A. himalayana
28b. Disk less than 1.5 mm; calyx lobes 3–5 mm; inflorescences a panicle, rarely pseudo-raceme.
29a. Cauline leaves mostly linear to linear-elliptic, less than 5 mm wide; corolla 10–13 mm 23. A. stenophylla
29b. Cauline leaves ovate to lanceolate, 5–25 mm wide; corolla 12–21 mm 18. A. amurica
27b. Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, middle part broadest, or at least broadest part not at base.
30a. Corolla 16–28 mm, corolla lobes 6–8 mm; leaves entire or sparsely serrate, 2–13 mm wide; style usually shorter than or nearly as long as corolla ................... 19. A. gmelinii
30b. Corolla 13–22 mm, corolla lobes 4–6 mm; leaves always crenulate, 5–40 mm wide; calyx lobes 3–6 mm; style exserted or not.
31a. Style exserted; leaves 6–13 cm; corolla lobes ca. 4 mm
........................................................................................ 31.
A. pereskiifolia
31b. Style included or as long as corolla; leaves 2.5–7 cm; corolla lobes 4–6 mm 9. A. lamarckii
20b. Calyx lobes toothed.
32a. Calyx lobes ovate-triangular, overlapping at lower part, recurved toward lateral side; capsule subglobose; style included ............................................................... 21. A. tricuspidata
32b. Calyx lobes narrower, never overlapping, not recurved; capsule subglobose or not; style exserted or included.
33a. Cauline leaves aggregated at middle part of stems, glabrous, lanceolate or linear-elliptic 22. A. wilsonii
33b. Cauline leaves evenly distributed or aggregated at lower part, glabrous or hairy.
34a. Cauline leaves linear or linear-elliptic, less than 5 mm wide; calyx lobes subulate, 3–4 mm; corolla 10–13 mm .................................................................................. 23. A. stenophylla
34b. Cauline leaves wider; calyx lobes mostly larger; corolla mostly longer.
35a. Flowers solitary and terminal, or several in a pseudo-raceme, very occasionally in a narrow panicle; corolla 2–3.4 cm, narrow-campanulate ................................... 24. A. elata
35b. Flowers several to numerous, in a pseudo-raceme or panicle; corolla rarely more than 2.4 cm (A. morrisonensis longer), campanulate or broad-campanulate.
36a. Leaves mostly glabrous; stems mostly glabrous, or puberulent.
37a. Calyx lobes narrow-subulate, ca. 0.5 mm wide; style exserted 4–7 mm above corolla 28. A. hubeiensis
37b. Calyx lobes 1–2 mm wide; style included, or slightly exserted, less than 4 mm above corolla.
38a. Corolla 28–35 mm; disk less than 1 mm ......................... 29. A. morrisonensis
38b. Corolla much shorter; disk longer.
39a. Capsule long ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm in diam.; calyx lobes 2–4(–6) mm 30. A. ningxianica
39b. Capsule ellipsoid or oblong, more than 3 mm in diam.; calyx lobes 5–7 mm 8. A. liliifolia
36b. Leaves ± hairy; stems usually hairy.
40a. Leaves mostly aggregated at lower half of stems, upper ones absent or much smaller; calyx lobes 5–20 mm, obviously toothed.
41a. Calyx lobes 5–8(–10) mm, often gray; corolla lobed to middle or near middle; disk 0.5–1 mm .......................................................................................... 26. A. jasionifolia
41b. Calyx lobes 8–20 mm, green; corolla lobed to 1/3; disk
1.2–3.5 mm
............................................................................................... 27.
A. coelestis
40b. Leaves evenly distributed; calyx lobes 3–7 mm.
42a. Cauline leaves with 2 to several gross teeth on each side, puberulent on both surfaces; disk 1.5–3 mm ............................................................................. 20. A. potaninii
42b. Cauline leaves with numerous teeth, adaxially sparsely scaberulose, hispidulous or glabrous, abaxially hirsute or hispidulous; disk less than 1.4 mm.
43a. Cauline leaves ovate, 1.5–6.5 cm; style ± exserted .............. 25. A. khasiana
43b. Cauline leaves narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm; style mostly as long as corolla 18. A. amurica
荠苨 qi ni
Stems single, 40–120 cm tall, up to 1 cm in diam., often ± zigzag-twisty, sometimes branched. Cauline leaves alternate; petioles 2–6 cm; leaf blades cordate or deltoid-ovate, 3–13 × 2–8 cm, base cordate to truncate, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate, margin serrate or double-serrate. Inflorescence branches mostly long and horizontally spread, forming a large panicle, less frequently short, forming a narrow panicle. Calyx tube obconical-deltoid; calyx lobes elliptic or lanceolate 6–13 × 2.5–4 mm, margin entire. Corolla campanulate, blue, blue-purple or white, 2–2.5 cm; corolla lobes broadly deltoid-orbicular, 5–7 mm, apex acute. Disk tubular, 2–3 mm. Style as long as corolla. Capsule ovoid-conical, ca. 7 × 5 mm. Seeds yellow-brown, black at two ends, long oblong, slightly compressed, 0.8–1.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34*, 36*.
* Mountain and hill slopes, grasslands, forest margins; below 2400 m. Anhui, Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Zhejiang.
1a. Stems, leaves, calyx and disk all glabrous ................................................ 1a. subsp. trachelioides
1b. Stems, leaves, calyx and disk nearly always hairy ..................................... 1b. subsp. giangsuensis
荠苨(原亚种) qi ni (yuan ya zhong)
Adenophora isabellae Hemsley.
Stems, calyx, and disk always glabrous; leaves occasionally sparsely hispidulous along veins.
* Mountain slopes, grasslands, forest margins; below 2400 m. Anhui (Huang Shan), Hebei, N Jiangsu, Liaoning, Nei Mongol (Ongniud Qi), Shandong, Zhejiang (Tianmu Shan, Hangzhou).
苏南荠苨 sun an qi ni
Stems and leaves usually densely white hirsute, leaves often abaxially grey-white. Calyx and disk mostly white-hairy, less glabrous. Corolla pale purple.
* Hill slopes; lower elevations. S Jiangsu (Nanjing, Taihu, Zhenjiang).
薄叶荠苨 bo ye qi ni
Campanula remotiflora Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. 4: 180. 1846; Adenophora remotiflora f. longifolia Komarov.
Stems single, 40–100 cm tall, glabrous, usually simple. Cauline leaves long petiolate; petioles of lower leaves up to 3 cm; leaf blades membranous, mostly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rarely ovate-orbicular, 5–13 × 2–7 cm, glabrous, base mostly truncate, rounded to broadly cuneate, rarely cordate, apex usually acuminate. Cymes often single-flowered, less frequently several-flowered, forming a pseudo-raceme or narrow panicle. Calyx glabrous; calyx tube obovoid or obovoid-conical; calyx lobes lanceolate, 7–12 × 1.5–2 mm, margin entire. Corolla campanulate, blue, 2–3.5 cm; corolla lobes 7–12 mm. Disk cylindrical, 2.5–3 mm, ca. 1 mm in diam. Capsule obovoid, 5–8 × 4–7 mm. Seeds long oblong, slightly curved, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34, 36.
Forest margins, forests, meadows; below 1700 m. Heilongjiang (Ning’an, Shangzhi), Jilin (E of Fusong and Jiaohe), SE Liaoning (Benxi, Huanren, Kuandian) [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
秦岭沙参 qin ling sha shen
Stems 60–120 cm tall, simple, glabrous or sparsely white hirsute. Cauline leaves usually long petiolate, only uppermost ones cuneate-petiolate, petioles up to 8 cm, very rarely nearly sessile; leaf blades ovate, lowermost ones sometimes cuneate-ovate, 3–15 × 2–5 cm, adaxially sparsely puberulent, abaxially glabrous or hispidulous along veins, base broadly cuneate or nearly truncate but suddenly attenuated and thus forming a winged petiole, apex acute to acuminate, margin gross-serrate. Inflorescence branches long and horizontally spread, forming a large panicle, or extremely short, with only 2–3 flowers or even single flower, and thus forming an extremely narrow panicle or even a pseudo-raceme; inflorescence raches and all floral parts glabrous, or puberulent. Calyx tube obconical or obovoid-conical at anthesis; calyx lobes ovate, ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 4–9 × 1.5–4 mm, overlapping at base or not. Corolla campanulate, blue, pale blue, purple or white, 1.5–2.7 cm; lobes ovate-deltoid, 5–11 × 7–9 m, longer than broad. Disk shortly tubular, (0.5–)1–2.5 mm, glabrous or hairy at apex. Style nearly as long as corolla. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, 6–8 × 4–6 mm. Seeds 1–1.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 34*, 34+1B*.
* Grassy slopes, mountain slopes, grasslands, forest margins, forests or roadsides on mountains; below 2300 m. S Anhui, Chongqing, W Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, S Hebei, W Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Zhejiang.
1a. Calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1–2(–3) mm
wide, never overlapping; disk glabrous; corolla 2–2.7 cm, corolla lobes
deltoid, 8–11 mm
..................................................................................................................... 3a.
subsp. petiolata
1b. Calyx lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–4 mm wide, broadest at middle-lower part, usually ± overlapping; disk ± hairy, rarely glabrous; corolla 1.5–2 cm, corolla lobes deltoid-ovate, 5–7 mm
2a. Cauline leaves petiolate, at least lower ones obviously petiolate,
petioles up to 2.5 cm; calyx lobes 2–4 mm wide; disk 1.5–2.5 mm, mostly hairy
............................................................................................................ 3b.
subsp. hunanensis
2b. Cauline leaves nearly sessile or only lower ones shortly petiolate, petioles rarely up to 1.5 cm; calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 mm wide; disk (0.5–)1–1.5(–2) mm, mostly glabrous .. 3c.subsp. huadungensis
秦岭沙参(原亚种) qing ling sha shen (yuan ya zhong)
Cauline leaves all long petiolate, only uppermost ones cuneate-petiolate. Inflorescence raches and all floral parts glabrous. Calyx lobes 1.5–2(–3) mm, broad, never overlapping. Corolla 2–2.7 cm; corolla lobes 8–11 mm.
* Forests or roadsides on mountains; (1000–)1700–2300 m. Gansu (Chengxian, Huating, Wenxian), W Henan (Lushi, Songxian), Shaanxi (Qin Ling), Shanxi (Puxian, Qinxian, Richeng).
杏叶沙参 xing ye sha shen
Adenophora hunanensis Nannfeldt in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1070. 1936.
Cauline leaves mostly petiolate, or at least lower ones petiolate, rarely nearly sessile. Inflorescence raches and floral parts often scaberulose. Calyx lobes 1.5–4 mm wide, ± overlapping at base. Corolla 1.5–2 cm; corolla lobes 5–7 mm.
* Mountain slopes, grasslands, forest margins; below 2000 m. Chongqing, Guangdong (Liannan, Renhua, Ruyuan), Guangxi (Lingchuan, Xing’an, Yangshuo), Guizhou (Kaili), S Hebei (Cixian), W Henan, Hubei, Hunan, W Jiangxi, Shaanxi (S of Tongchuan), S Shanxi (Jincheng, Lingchuan, Yangcheng).
华东杏叶沙参 hua dong xing ye sha shen
Adenophora hunanensis Nannfeldt subsp. huadungensis D. Y. Hong, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 73(2): 186. 1983.
Cauline leaves nearly sessile, only lower ones shortly petiolate, petioles rarely up to 1.5 cm. Calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 mm, never overlapping. Disk (0.5–)1–1.5(–2) mm, mostly glabrous.
* Grassy slopes, forests; below 1900 m. S Anhui, W Fujian (Liancheng, Yong’an), Jiangsu (Liyang, Nanjing), E Jiangxi (including Lushan), Zhejiang (Longquan, Tianmu Shan).
多毛沙参 duo mao sha shen
Adenophora pubescens Hemsley.
Stems 70–150 cm tall, simple or with branches slender and upright, usually scaberulose, less often nearly glabrous. Lower cauline leaves petiolate, upper ones sessile; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate, 7–13 × 1.5–3 cm, usually both sides sparsely hispidulous, very rarely nearly glabrous, base attenuated into winged petioles, apex acuminate, margin serrate. Inflorescences with branches forming a panicle; inflorescence raches, pedicels and calyx rather densely puberulent or hispidulous, very occasionally glabrous; pedicels short and stout, ca. 5 mm, rarely elongate. Calyx tube obovoid-conical; lobes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 5–8 × 1–2 mm, very rarely reflexed. Corolla campanulate, blue-purple or purple, ca. 17 mm; lobes deltoid, ca. 5 mm. Disk annular to shortly tubular, 0.5–1.5 mm, glabrous. Style 2–2.2 cm, obviously exserted. Fl. Sep.
* Ravines, grassy slopes; below 1500 m. W Hubei, NW Hunan (Cili).
短花盘沙参 duan hua pan sha shen
Roots unknown. Stems ascending, slender, ca. 35 cm tall, simple, densely hirsute below, glabrous above. Basal leaves long petiolate, petioles ca. 3 cm, hirsute; leaf blades cordate-ovate, with sinus up to 4 cm deep, ca. 3 cm wide, adaxially hirsute, abaxially sparsely hirsute along veins, margins sinuate-crenate or serrate,; cauline leaves only 2–4 in number, lower one at base of stems, conformable with basal leaves, but slightly smaller, with petioles ca. 2 cm; upper one linear, sessile, less than 1 cm. Cymes 2–3, lax, with only terminal flower; bracts filiform, minute; pedicels slender. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid; lobes narrowly subulate, 2–3 × ca. 0.5 mm, margin entire. Corolla narrowly campanulate, ca. 1.8 cm, 5-fid to middle; lobes narrowly ovate-elliptic, ca. 4 mm wide, apex acute. Disk annular, less than 0.5 mm high. Style ca. 12 mm. Capsule oblong or obovoid, 5–7 × 3–4 mm. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep.
* Forests of Pinus yunnanensis; 2700–3000 m. SW Sichuan (Yanyuan).
Adenophora brevidiscifera is relatively similar to A. jasionifolia, from which it differs in having calyx lobes entire, the lower cauline leaves long petiolate and cordate, and disk even shorter.
湖北沙参 hu bei sha shen
Stems 1–3 m tall, simple or branched with slender branches up to 70 cm, glabrous. Basal leaves ovate-cordate; cauline leaves all petiolate or only lower ones petiolate; leaf blades ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, papery, 7–12 × 2–5 cm, glabrous or abaxially sparsely hispid along veins, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, margin serrate. Inflorescences with slender and long inflorescence branches, forming a large lax panicle, glabrous or puberulent; pedicels slender, 1.5–3 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube globose; lobes subulate-lanceolate, 8–14 mm. Corolla campanulate, white, purple or pale blue, 1.9–2.1 cm; lobes deltoid, 5–6 mm. Disk annular, ca. 1 mm or shorter, glabrous. Style ca. 2.1 cm, almost as long as or slightly longer than corolla. Young fruit globose. Fl. Aug–Oct.
* Meadows, scrub, cliffs; below 2400 m. Chongqing (Fengjie, Nanchuan), Guizhou (Xishui), W Hubei (Laifeng), CW Sichuan.
心叶沙参 xin ye sha shen
Caudexes with horizontal branches and alternate membranous scales. Stems single or 2 from one root, erect, simple, glabrous or retrorse hirsute, ca. 50 cm tall. Basal leaves unknown; cauline leaves alternate, petioles 2–4 cm, sometimes upper several shortly petiolate; leaf blades cordate-orbicular, cordate or ovate-cordate, sinus 3–5 mm, not decurrent, sometimes middle and upper ones ± decurrent, 3–7 × 2–6 cm, sparsely hispidulous on both sides or abaxially glabrous. Inflorescences with short branches, forming a narrow panicle; pedicels extremely short, less than 5 mm. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid; lobes linear-lanceolate, 3–7 × 1–1.5 mm, with 2–3 pairs of denticles up to 1 mm. Corolla campanulate, purple, 13–15 mm; lobes ovate-deltoid, 1/3 as long as total length of corolla. Disk annular, 0.5–0.7 mm, glabrous. Style as long as corolla. Young fruit ellipsoid. Fl. Jul–Aug.
* Shady and moist rock crevices; ca. 2100 m. Henan (Songxian, Tongbai, Yichuan).
新疆沙参 xin jiang sha shen
Campanula liliifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 233. 1753; C. alpini Linnaeus.
Roots unknown. Stems simple or branched, 50–150 cm tall, glabrous. Cauline leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; petioles up to 6 mm; leaf blades lanceolate to ovate, 5–13 × 1–5 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, rarely sparsely white hirsute beneath, base of lower leaves usually attenuated into a short petiole, upper ones sessile, apex acute to shortly acuminate, margin gross-serrate. Inflorescences a narrow panicle with inflorescence branches of up to 7 flowers, or rarely only several flowers forming a pseudo-raceme; pedicels slender, up to 2.5 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid or obconical; lobes triangular-subulate, 5–7 × 1–1.5 mm, widest at lower-middle part, mostly reflexed from anthesis, margin usually with a pair of denticles, very occasionally entire. Corolla campanulate, blue or pale blue, 1.2–2.2 cm, lobed to ca. 1/3; lobes ovate, apex acute. Disk shortly tubular, 1.5–2.5 mm, glabrous. Style as long as corolla or slightly exserted. Fl. Jul–Aug. 2n = 34, 102 (?).
Forests, scrub. NW Xinjiang (Burqin, Korgas, Toli) [from C Europe (Germany, N Italy) to Russia (Siberia) and C Asia–need to list which countries].
天山沙参 tian shan sha shen
Roots carrot-shaped, up to 2.5 cm in diam. Stems simple, 30–100 cm tall, glabrous, rarely white-pubescent. Cauline leaves sessile; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–7 × 0.5–3 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, sometimes abaxially hispidulous, sometimes ciliate, base cuneate, apex acute or acuminate, margin gross-serrate, sometimes entire at lower part. Flowers several in a pseudo-raceme, or inflorescences with short inflorescence branches of 2–4 flowers, forming a narrow panicle; pedicels less than 1 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid or obconical; lobes linear-lanceolate or subulate, 3–5 × 1–1.2 mm, widest at base or at lower part, margin usually entire. Corolla funnelform-campanulate, blue, 1.5–2.2 cm, lobed to ca. 1/3; lobes ovate, apex acute. Disk shortly tubular, 1–2.5 mm, glabrous. Style nearly as long as or slightly longer than corolla. Young capsule obovoid, ca. 8 × 5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug. 2n = 34, 102.
Forests, forest margins. N Xinjiang (Fukan, Toli, Wenquan) [Kazakstan, N Mongolia, Russia (S Siberia)].
沙参 sha shen
Stems 40–80 cm tall, simple, often hispidulous or villous, rarely glabrous. Basal leaves cordate; cauline leaves sessile, or lower ones with petioles extremely short and winged; leaf blades elliptic or narrowly ovate, 3–11 × 1.5–5 cm, sparsely hispidulous or hirsute, or nearly glabrous, base cuneate, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Flowers often in a pseudo-raceme, or inflorescences with short branches and thus in an extremely narrow panicle, very occasionally with long branches and thus in a panicle; pedicels very short, less than 5 mm. Calyx often puberulent or verrucose-hairy, less frequently glabrous; tube often obovoid, less frequently obovoid-conical; lobes mostly subulate, less frequently linear-lanceolate, entire, 6–8 × 1–1.5 mm. Corolla broadly campanulate, blue or purple, glabrous, or hirsute at least along veins outside, 1.5–2.5 cm; lobes 1/3 as long as entire corolla, deltoid-ovate. Disk shortly tubular, 1–2.5 mm, glabrous. Style slightly longer, rarely shorter than corolla. Capsule ellipsoid-globose, very rarely ellipsoid, 6–10 mm. Seeds brown-yellow, slightly compressed, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Aug–Oct. 2n = 34.
Meadows, forest margins, scrub, open mountain slopes, meadows, grassy places at forest margins, among grasses, in rock crevices; below 3300 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, SE Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, SE and W Henan, W Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, NW and S Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
The diagnostic characters of the present species are cauline leaves sessile; inflorescences pseudo-racemose or narrowly paniculate; pedicels short; calyx mostly hairy, and calyx lobes subulate and entire.
1a. Leaves glabrous or sparsely villous; stems hispidulous .................................... 10c. subsp. confusa
1b. Leaves hispidulous; stems hispidulous, less frequently hirsute, rarely glabrous.
2a. Corolla 2–2.5 cm; disk 1.8–2.5 mm .......................................................... 10d. subsp. aurita
2b. Corolla 1.5–2.3 cm; disk 1–1.8 mm.
3a. Corolla nearly always hirsute, very rarely nearly glabrous
outside
........................................................................................................... 10a.
subsp. stricta
3b. Corolla glabrous or with a few
of hairs along veins at top outside
..................................................................................................... 10b.
subsp. sessilifolia
沙参(原亚种) sha shen (yuan ya zhong)
Adenophora argyi H. Léveillé; A. axilliflora Borbás; A. rotundifolia H. Léveillé; A. sinensis var. pilosa A. Candolle; A. stricta var. nanjingensis P. F. Tu & G. J. Xu; A. stricta var. qinglongshanica P. F. Tu & G. J. Xu.
Stems and leaves hispidulous. Calyx always and often densely hispidulous. Corolla densely or sparsely hirsute, very rarely glabrous outside.
Among grasses, in rock crevices; lower to middle elevations. Anhui, Fujian (Chong’an), SE Henan (Xinxian), Hunan (Changsha, Yizhang), Jiangsu (Jurong, Nanjing), Jiangxi, Zhejiang (Cixi, Kaihua, Lin’an) [Japan].
无柄沙参 wu bien sha shen
Adenophora stricta subsp. henanica P. F. Tu & G. J. Xu.
Stems and leaves hispidulous. Calyx mostly hispidulous or scaberulose, less frequently glabrous. Corolla usually glabrous or only with a few of hairs along veins outside.
* Meadows or grassy places at forest margins; 600–2000 m. Chongqing, SE Gansu, Guangxi (Longshen), Guizhou, W Henan, W Hubei (Shennongjia, Xingshan), W Hunan, S Shaanxi (S of Qin Ling), S Sichuan, NE Yunnan (Zhenxiong).
昆明沙参 kun ming sha shen
Adenophora confusa Nannfeldt in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1068. 1936.
Stems and leaves glabrous or sparsely hirsute. Calyx usually glabrous.
* Open mountain slopes, forests; 1000–3200 m. Yunnan.
川西沙参 chuan xi sha shen
Adenophora aurita Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 9: 366. 1895.
Calyx lobes 1–1.8 mm wide. Corolla 2–2.5 cm. Disk 1.8–2.5 mm.
* Meadows, forest margins, scrub; 2100–3300 m. NW Sichuan.
中华沙参 zhong hua sha shen
Stems single or several from one root, simple, 20–100 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely scaberulose. Basal leaves ovate-orbicular, base rounded, decurrent; cauline leaves alternate, lower ones petiolate; leaf blades long elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, 3–8 × 0.5–2 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, apex obtuse to acuminate, margin serrate. Inflorescence branches often slender, forming a narrow panicle; pedicels slender, up to 3 cm. Calyx usually glabrous, less often sparsely scaberulose; tube often globose, less often globose-obovoid; lobes linear-lanceolate, 5–7 × ca. 1 mm. Corolla campanulate, purple or purple-blue, 1.3–1.5 cm. Disk shortly cylindrical, 1–1.5 mm. Style 2–4 mm longer than corolla. Capsule ellipsoid-globose or globose, 6–7 × ca. 5 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, brown-yellow, ca. 1.8 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
* Grassy places or scrub by rivers or streams; below 1200 m. S Anhui (Qimen), Fujian (Jianning), N Guangdong (Liannan), Hunan (Xiangyin Shan), Jiangxi.
石沙参 shi sha shen
Stems single or several from one root, often simple, 20–100 cm tall, glabrous or hispidulous. Basal leaves cordate-nephroid, base decurrent, margin irregularly gross-serrate; cauline leaves sessile, ovate to lanceolate, rarely linear-lanceolate, 2–10 × 0.5–2.5 cm, glabrous or hispidulous, margin with teeth distant but pointed, or almost spiny. Cymes with solitary flowers forming a pseudo-raceme, or in a narrow panicle with short inflorescence branches; pedicels usually less than 1 cm. Calyx usually variously hairy; some entirely hairy, while others hairy only on tube, rarely entirely glabrous; some densely hairy, while others sparsely hairy; some hispidulous, while others scaberulose; tube obconical; lobes entire, triangular-lanceolate, 3.5–6 × 1.5–2 mm. Corolla campanulate, purple or dark blue, slightly constricted at throat, 1.4–2.2 cm; lobes short, up to 1/4 as long as whole corolla, often reflexed. Disk tubular, (2–)2.5–4 mm, often sparsely puberulent. Style usually slightly exserted or sometimes as long as corolla. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, 5–12 × 4–7 mm. Seeds yellow-brown, ovoid-ellipsoid, slightly compressed, ca. 1.2 mm. Fl. Aug–Oct.
Sunny grassy places; below 2000 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, W Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, SE Nei Mongol, S Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong [NW Korea].
1a. Calyx lobes glabrous or sparsely hispidulous; capsule 5–7 mm; stems and leaves glabrous or puberulent .................................................................................................................. 12a. subsp. polyantha
1b. Calyx lobes hispidulous, less glabrous; capsule 6–12 mm; stems and leaves ± hispidulous 12b. subsp. scabricalyx
光萼沙参(原亚种) guang e sha shen (yuan ya zhong)
Adenophora polyantha f. densipila Kitagawa; A. polyantha f. eriocaulis Kitagawa; A. polyantha var. glabricalyx Kitagawa; A. polyantha var. media Nakai & Kitagawa, p.p. (??as to specimen from Liaoning).
Stems and leaves glabrous or puberulent. Calyx lobes mostly glabrous or sparsely hispidulous. Capsule 5–7 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 34.
Sunny grassy slopes; below 2000 m. E Liaoning [NW Korea].
石沙参 shi sha shen
Adenophora polyantha var. scabricalyx Kitagawa, Rep. First Sci, Exped. Manch., Sect. 4, 2: 111. 1935; A. polyantha var. media Nakai & Kitagawa, p.p. (excluding specimen from Liaoning); A. scabridula Nannfeldt; A. scabridula var. viscida P. C. Tsoong.
Stems and leaves ± hispidulous. Calyx lobes hispidulous, less glabrous. Capsule 6–12 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 68*.
* Sunny grasslands; below 1500 m. Anhui (Lu’an, Tongcheng), Gansu (Xifeng, Zhengyuan), Hebei, W Henan, Jiangsu (Changzhou, Xuyi), W Liaoning (Lingyuan), SE Nei Mongol, S Ningxia (Guyuan), Shaanxi (Huanglong Shan, Yijuan), Shandong.
缢花沙参 yi hua sha shen
Adenophora polyantha Nakai var. contracta Kitagawa, Rep. First Sci. Exped. Manch., Sect. 4, 2: 112. 1935; A. kulunensis Y. Z. Zhao; A. urceolata Y. Z. Zhao (2002), not A. urceolata C. Y. Wu (1965).
Stems single or 2–3 from one root, 15–100 cm tall, glabrous to densely hispidulous. Basal leaves cordate-nephroid, margin irregularly gross-serrate; cauline leaves sessile, ovate to lanceolate, less often linear-lanceolate, 1.5–8 × 0.5–3 cm, glabrous to sparsely hispidulous, margin with teeth remote, pointed or even spiny. Flowers in a pseudo-raceme or inflorescences with short branches forming a narrow panicle; pedicels usually less than 1 cm. Calyx densely or sparsely hispidulous, or hairy only on calyx tube, sometimes papillose, rarely glabrous; tube obconical; lobes triangular-lanceolate, entire. Corolla campanulate, purple or dark blue, 1.2–2.2 cm, strongly constricted at throat (largest diam./throat diam. = 1.36); lobes short, 1/7 as long as whole corolla, erect first but reflexed late. Disk tubular, 2–4 mm, often puberulent. Style mostly slightly exserted, sometimes nearly equal to, or shorter than, corolla. Capsule obovoid, ca. 7 × 5 mm. Seeds ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 34*, 34+2B*.
* Open grassy slopes. W Liaoning.
松叶沙参 song ye sha shen
[Very short description. Can it be augmented??] Roots columnar. Stems erect. Cauline leaves dense, sessile, slightly fleshy, pinoid, ca. 5 cm, ca. 0.8 mm wide, apex pointed, margin entire. Inflorescences a panicle. Calyx glabrous; calyx tube obconical, ca. 2.5 mm; calyx lobes subulate, 1.5–2 mm, entire. Corolla campanulate, 18–19 mm; corolla lobes 2–4 mm, base 6–7 mm wide. Disk ca. 4.5 mm, glabrous. Style as long as corolla. Capsule obconical. Fl. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34*.
* Open grassy slopes. Liaoning (Dafangshen, Dalian, Heishan).
小花沙参 xiao hua sha shen
Adenophora suolunensis P. F. Tu & X. F. Zhao.
Stems several to several dozens from one caudex, erect, often simple, 30–40 cm tall, densely reversed hispidulous. Cauline leaves alternate, sessile, broad-linear to oblong, 1.5–4 × 0.3–1 cm, sparsely scaberulose or nearly glabrous on both surfaces. Cymes with only terminal flower or with several flowers, forming a narrow panicle; pedicels less than 1 cm. Calyx glabrous; calyx tube small, obconical, 1.5–2 mm; calyx lobes narrowly triangular-subulate, 2–2.5 mm, less than 1 mm wide, entire. Corolla tubular-campanulate, blue, 12–14 mm; corolla lobes ovate-deltoid, 3.5–4 mm. Stamens much shorter than corolla. Disk gross-tubular, 2.5–3 mm, sparsely villous at apex. Style ca. 16 mm, obviously exserted. Capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 4 × 3.5 mm. Immature seeds ca. 1.6 mm, with one winged angle. Fl. Jul–Aug.
* Grassy or stony slopes. E Nei Mongol (Horqin Youyi Qianqi, Horqin Youyi Zhongqi, Jalaid Qi, Jarud Qi).
沼沙参 zhao sha shen
Stems erect, simple, ca. 1m tall, glabrous. Cauline leaves alternate, sessile, oblong or ovate-orbicular, 5–7 × 1.5–3 cm glabrous, papery, lucid, base rounded to broad-cuneate, apex acute or rounded, margin crenate or irregularly serrate. Flowers several in a compact pseudo-raceme. Calyx glabrous; lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca. 5.5 × 2 mm, middle part broadest, nearly 2 times as broad as base, reticulate veins distinct, apex slightly obtuse or acute, margin entire. Corolla broadly campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Disk ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, glabrous. Style slightly longer than corolla. Capsule obovoid, 7–8 × 4–6 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.
E Jilin [N Korea].
We have only seen the type specimen at Kew.
喜马拉雅沙参 xi ma la ya sha shen
Roots often slightly thickened, up to 1 cm in diam. Stems often several from one root, simple, 15–60 cm tall, glabrous, less often retrorse hispidulous, very rarely sparsely retrorse hirsute. Basal leaves cordate or nearly deltoid-ovate; cauline leaves sessile or lower ones shortly petiolate; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic to linear, 3–14 × 0.1–2.5 cm, glabrous, very rarely hairy, margin entire or sparsely serrate. Flowers solitary, or several in a pseudo-raceme, never in a panicle. Calyx glabrous; tube obconical or obovoid-conical; lobes subulate, 5–10 × 1–1.5(–2) mm. Corolla campanulate, blue or blue-purple, 1.7–2.2 cm; lobes ovate-deltoid, 4–7 mm. Disk thick-tubular, 3–8 × 2–3 mm. Style nearly as long as or slightly longer than corolla. Capsule obovoid-oblong, 5–10 × 4–7 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Sep.
Meadows or grassy places at forest margins, alpine meadows or scrub; 2500–4700 m (1200–3000 m in Xinjiang). C and SE Gansu, E and S Qinghai, Shaanxi, NW Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Himalayas, Pamir, Tienshan and Tarbagatai Shan–need to list which countries].
1a. Calyx lobes entire, very occasionally margin with verrucose
denticles; leaves usually broadly linear, less often narrowly elliptic to
ovate-lanceolate
............................................................................................................... 17a.
subsp. himalayana
1b. Calyx lobes rarely entire,
usually margin with verrucose denticles; leaves mostly ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, up to 2.5 cm wide, rarely broadly linear
....................................................................................................................... 17b.
subsp. alpina
喜马拉雅沙参(原亚种) xi ma la ya sha shen (yuan ya zhong)
Adenophora smithii Nannfeldt; A. smithii f. crispa Nannfeldt.
Leaves usually broadly linear, rarely narrowly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate. Calyx lobes entire, very occasionally with verrucose denticles on margins. Disk 2–3 mm in diam. Style usually slightly exserted.
Alpine meadows or scrub; 3000–4700 m (1200–3000 m in Xinjiang). C Gansu, E and S Qinghai, NW Sichuan, Xinjiang (Tian Shan, Wuqia, Yecheng), Xizang [Himalayas, Pamir, Tienshan and Tarbagatai Shan–need to list which countries].
高山沙参 gao shan sha shen
Adenophora alpina Nannfeldt in Acta Horti Gothob. 5: 14. 1929; A. tsinlingensis Pax & K. Hoffmann.
Leaves mostly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, up to 2.5 cm wide, less often broadly linear, abaxially often sparsely hispidulous. Calyx lobes often with verrucose denticles on margins, occasionally entire. Disk 1.5–2.5 mm in diam. Style often included.
* Meadows or grassy places at forest margins; 2500–4200 m. SE Gansu (Lintao: Lianhua Shan), Shaanxi (Qin Ling), NW Sichuan (Pingwu, Shuajingsi, Songpan).
阿穆尔沙参 a mu er sha shen
Stems single or 2–3 from one root, erect, 35–105 cm tall, simple, densely retrorse hirsute. Basal leaves cordate, long petiolate; cauline leaves alternate, sessile, narrowly ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, 4–8 × 0.5–2.5 cm, adaxially glabrous or hispidulous along veins, abaxially densely retrorse hirsute, margin serrate. Cymes with 1–5 flowers, in a narrow panicle, or pseudo-raceme; pedicels short, ca. 3 mm. Calyx glabrous or hispidulous; tube ellipsoid; lobes narrowly lanceolate, 5–6 ×0.7–1.5 mm, margin entire or with 1 or 1 pair of denticles or verrucose denticles. Corolla campanulate, blue or blue-purple, 1.2–2.1 cm; lobes broadly ovate-deltoid. Disk shortly tubular, 0.4–1.4 mm. Style as long as corolla. Capsule ellipsoid, 6–10 × 4–5.5 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, slightly compressed, brown-red, 1.4–1.9 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep. 2n = 68*.
* Stony slopes. Heilongjiang (Da Hinggan Ling: Jingtao).
狭叶沙参 xia ye sha shen
Roots up to 40 cm. Stems single or several from one root, simple, up to 80 cm tall, usually glabrous, sometimes hispidulous. Basal leaves various in shape, shallowly cordate, deltoid or rhomboid-ovate, gross-crenate; cauline leaves sessile, mostly linear, less frequently lanceolate, 4–9 × 0.2–1.3 cm, glabrous, margin entire or serrate. Single-flowered cymes forming a pseudo-raceme, or lower cymes with several flowers forming a very narrow panicle, or rarely solitary flower terminal on top of stem. Calyx totally glabrous, rarely scaberulose; tube obovoid-oblong; lobes linear-lanceolate, 4–10 × 1.5–2 mm. Corolla broadly campanulate, blue or pale purple, 1.6–2.8 cm; lobes ovate-triangular, 6–8 mm, less frequently deltoid, only ca. 4 mm. Disk cylindrical, 1.3–3.5 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Style slightly shorter than, rarely as long as corolla. Capsule ellipsoid, 8–13 × 4–7 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, yellow-brown, ca. 1.8 mm. Fl. Jul–Sept, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 34, 68.
Forests, thickets, communities of tall herbs, meadows, grassy slopes; below 1800 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, W Jilin, Liaoning, E, N, and SE Nei Mongol, C and N Shanxi [E Mongolia, Russia (Far East, SE Siberia)].
1a. Plants (incl. calyx) often hispidulous; leaves broadly
linear to ovate-lanceolate, adaxially scabrous, margin serrate; stems often
single; flowers usually several
................................................................................................................. 19c.
subsp. nystroemii
1b. Plants (incl. calyx) glabrous, sometimes stems hispidulous at base; leaves narrowly linear to narrowly ovate or deltoid-oblanceolate, obovate, adaxially smooth, margin entire or serrate; stems several; flowers more in number.
2a. Plants mostly more than 100 cm tall, puberulent mostly only at lower part of stems and lower leaves; leaves mostly broadly linear to narrowly ovate, serrate; calyx lobes 5–12 × 1.3–3 mm 19b. subsp. hailinensis
2b. Plants mostly less than 100 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely puberulent at base of stems; leaves mostly narrowly linear and entire; calyx lobes 4.5–6 × 1–1.6 mm ....................... 19a. subsp. gmelinii
狭叶沙参(原亚种) xia ye sha shen (yuan ya zhong)
Campanula gmelinii Sprengel, Fl. Hal. Mant. 1: 56. 1807; Adenophora biloba Y. Z. Zhao; A. borealis D. Y. Hong & Y. Z. Zhao; A. borealis var. oreophila Y. Z. Zhao; A. coronopifolia (Fischer ex Roemer & Schultes) Fischer; A. erysimoides (Vest ex Roemer & Schultes) Nakai ex Kitagawa; A. gmelinii var. coronopifolia (Fischer) Y. Z. Zhao; A. gmelinii var. pachyphylla (Kitagawa) Y. Z. Zhao; A. gmelinii var. stylosa A. Candolle; A. pachyphylla Kitagawa; A. polymorpha Ledebour var. coronopifolia Trautvetter ex Herder; C. erysimoides Vest ex Roemer & Schultes.
Plants relatively short, mostly less than 100 cm tall, glabrous, sometime sparsely puberulent only at base of stems. Leaves usually linear and entire, less frequently broader, lanceolate, lanceolate-ovate and serrate. Calyx lobes 4.5–6 × 1–1.6 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 68.
Meadows; below 1800 m. Hebei (Kangbao, Weichang, Zhangbei), Heilongjiang (Anda), W Jilin (W of Fuyu, Qian’an), Liaoning (Zhangwu), E, N, and SE Nei Mongol [E Mongolia, Russia (SE Siberia)].
海林沙参 hai lin sha shen
Plants mostly more than 100 cm tall. Stems sometimes puberulent at base. Leaves often puberulent, mostly broad-linear to narrow-ovate, margin serrate. Calyx lobes 5–12 × 1.3–3 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep. 2n = 68.
Communities of tall herbs, thickets, forests. Heilongjiang (Hailin, Huanan, Jiamusi) [Russia (Far East)].
山西沙参 shan xi sha shen
Plants and calyx often hispidulous. Stems often single. Leaves broad-linear to ovate-lanceolate, adaxially scabrous, margin serrate. Flowers usually several. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34*, 68*.
* Grassy slopes, thickets; below 2600 m. Hebei (Neiqiu), SE Nei Mongol (Zhuozi), C and N Shanxi.
泡沙参 pao sha shen
Stems often single, simple, 30–100 cm tall, usually densely, less often sparsely retrorse hispidulous, very rarely nearly glabrous. Cauline leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blades obovate, ovate-elliptic, oblong, less frequently linear-elliptic, or linear, 2–7 × 0.5–3 cm, hispidulous on both surfaces, base obtuse or cuneate, apex obtuse, acute or shortly acuminate, margin with 2 to several gross teeth. Inflorescences usually with branches at base, forming a panicle, sometimes with only several flowers glomerate into a pseudo-raceme; pedicels less than 1 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid or globose-obovoid, base rounded or ± obtuse; lobes triangular-subulate, 3–7 mm, with 1–2 pairs of long denticles. Corolla campanulate, purple, blue or blue-purple, rarely white, 1.5–2.5 cm; lobes ovate-deltoid, 5–8 mm. Disk tubular, 2–2.6(–3) mm, hairy at least at apex. Style nearly as long as or slightly longer than corolla. Capsule globose-ellipsoid or ellipsoid, 7–11 × 4–6 mm. Seeds brown-yellow, ellipsoid, ca. 1.4 mm. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Oct–Nov. 2n = 34*, 102*.
* Sunny grassy slopes, among grasses on shaded slopes, scrub, sparse woods, stony places or rock crevices, less often forests; below 3100 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, SW Liaoning, SE Nei Mongol, Ningxia, E Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, W Sichuan.
1a. Cauline leaves sessile or rarely lower ones shortly petiolate .......................... 20a. subsp. potaninii
1b. Cauline leaves usually petiolate, sometimes petioles very short ................... 20b. subsp. wawreana
泡沙参(原亚种) pao sha shen (yuan ya zhong)
Adenophora bockiana Diels; A. polydentata P. F. Tu & G. J. Xu; A. potaninii var. bockiana (Diels) S. W. Liu.
Cauline leaves sessile, or rarely lower ones shortly petiolate.
* Sunny grassy slopes, less often scrub or forests; 1000–3100 m. Gansu (E of Yongchang), Ningxia (Guyuan, Jinyuan), E Qinghai (Menyuan, Tongren, Xining), Shaanxi (N Shaanxi, Mianxian, Lüeyang), SW Shanxi (W of Wuzhai, Xiaoyi, Yuncheng), W Sichuan.
多歧沙参 duo qi sha shen
Adenophora wawreana Zahlbruckner, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. 10(Notiz.): 56. 1895; A. biformifolia Y. Z. Zhao; A. wawreana var. lancifolia Y. Z. Zhao; A. wawrenana f. oligotricha Kitagawa; A. wawreana f. polytricha Kitagawa.
Cauline leaves usually petiolate, sometimes petioles very short. Their leaf blades vary greatly in shape, from linear to ovate even on same individual.
* Among grasses on shaded slopes, scrub, sparse woods, mostly in stony places or rock crevices; below 2000 m. Hebei (N up to Weichang), Henan (Songshan), SW Liaoning, SE Nei Mongol (Hohhot, Liangcheng, Zhuozi), Shanxi (E of Jiaocheng, Wuzhai, Yuncheng).
锯齿沙参 ju chi sha shen
Campanula tricuspidata Fischer ex Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 5: 116. 1819; Adenophora denticulata Fischer; C. denticulata (Fischer) Sprengel.
Stems single, less often 2 from one root, simple, 70–100 cm tall, glabrous. Cauline leaves alternate, sessile, glabrous, narrowly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 4–8 × 1–2 cm, base obtuse or cuneate, apex acute, margin serrate, with tooth tip orienting to leaf apex. Inflorescence branches (cymes) extremely short, only 2–3 cm, with 2 to several flowers, several forming a narrow panicle; pedicels very short. Calyx glabrous; tube globose-ovoid or globose-obconical; lobes ovate-deltoid, lower parts broad and overlapping, often recurved toward back, apex acuminate, margin with 2 pairs of long denticles. Corolla broadly campanulate, blue, blue-purple or purple-blue, 1.2–2 cm; lobes broadly ovate-deltoid, 1/3 as long as whole corolla, apex obtuse. Disk short-tubular, 1–2 mm, glabrous. Style shorter than corolla. Capsule nearly globose. Fl. Jul–Sep. 2n = 34.
Wet meadows, forests of Betula, sunny grassy slopes. Heilongjiang (Luobei, Nenjiang, Yichun), N Nei Mongol (Xilin Gol Meng: Xi Ujimqin Qi) [Russia (Far East, E Siberia)].
聚叶沙参 ju ye sha shen
Stems often 2 to several from one root, erect, simple or branched above, 25–80 cm tall, glabrous, lower leaves wilted but many leaves glomerate in middle part at anthesis. Leaves linear-elliptic or lanceolate, 4–10 × 0.5–1.2 cm, thick-papery, glabrous on both surfaces, base long cuneate, decurrent into a short petiole, margin serrate or crenate with tooth tip orienting to leaf apex. Inflorescences a panicle, with long or short inflorescence branches; pedicels short, up to 1 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid or obovoid-conical, less often globose-obovoid; lobes subulate or linear-lanceolate, 5–7 × ca. 1 mm, with 1–2 pairs of verrucose denticles. Corolla funnelform-campanulate, purple or blue-purple, 1.5–2 cm; lobes ovate-deltoid, 1/3 as long as whole corolla. Disk annular or shortly tubular, less than 1.2 mm, glabrous. Style 2–2.5 mm, ca. 5 mm longer than corolla. Capsule globose-ellipsoid, 7–8 × 4–5 mm. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Thickets, rocks by streams; below 1600 m. Chongqing (Chengkou), Gansu (Kangxian, Wenxian), Guizhou (Renhuai), W Hubei (Hefeng, Shennongjia), Shaanxi (Nanzheng), Sichuan (Emei Shan, Jiange, Tianquan).
扫帚沙参 sao zhou sha shen
Adenophora mongolica Baranov; A. stenophylla var. denudata Kitagawa.
Stems numerous from one root, 25–50 cm tall, often with slender branches, densely hispidulous or glabrous. Basal leaves ovate-orbicular, base rounded; cauline leaves sessile, needlelike to linear-oblong, up to 6 × 0.5 cm, glabrous or hispidulous, margin entire or sparsely serrate. Inflorescence branches slender, erect, forming a narrow panicle, rarely only several flowers in a pseudo-raceme; pedicels slender. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid-oblong; lobes subulate, 3–4 mm, margin entire or with 1–2 pairs of verrucose denticles. Corolla campanulate, blue or purple-blue, 8–13 mm; lobes ovate-triangular, 3–3.5 mm. Disk tubular, 1–1.5 mm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Style slightly shorter than corolla. Capsule ellipsoid, 4–8 × 2.3–5 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, brown-yellow, slightly compressed, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep. 2n = 34*.
* Dry grasslands. Heilongjiang (Anda), W Jilin, Nei Mongol (Jarud Qi).
狭长花沙参 xia chang hua sha shen
Adenophora wutaiensis Hurasawa.
Stems single, simple, 20–120 cm tall, glabrous. Cauline leaves alternate, very rarely opposite, sessile, sometimes lower ones with short winged petioles; leaf blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2–8 × 0.5–2.5 cm, glabrous, base rounded or cuneate, apex acute, less often acuminate, margin crenate or serrate. Flowers usually only several in a pseudo-raceme, sometimes solitary and terminal, very rarely in a narrow panicle due to having short inflorescence branches; pedicels usually less than 1 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube narrowly ovoid or obovoid-conical; lobes triangular-subulate to narrowly subulate, 5–10 × ca. 1 mm, margin with 1–2 pairs of denticles, rarely entire. Corolla narrowly campanulate or tubular-campanulate, less often campanulate, purple-blue, 2–3.5 cm; lobes nearly deltoid, 6–10 mm. Disk tubular, 1.6–2.8 mm, glabrous. Style shorter than corolla. Capsule ellipsoid or oblong, 10–14 × 5–7 mm. Seeds yellow-brown, ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep. 2n = 68*.
* Grassy slopes; 1700–3000 m. Beijing (Baihua Shan), W Hebei, SE Nei Mongol (Zhuozi), Shanxi (Wutai Shan).
云南沙参 yun nan sha shen
Campanula khasiana J. D. Hooker & Thomson, J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 2: 25. 1857; Adenophora albescens C. Y. Wu; A. bulleyana Diels; A. chionantha C. Y. Wu; A. dimorphophylla C. Y. Wu, p.p.; A. diplodonta Diels; A. likiangensis C. Y. Wu; A. roseiflora C. Y. Wu.
Stems often single, less frequently 2 from one root, up to 1 m tall, simple, usually white hirsute. Cauline leaves sessile or nearly sessile, or with petioles up to 2 cm; leaf blades ovate-orbicular, ovate, long ovate or obovate, 3–9 × 1.5–6.5 cm, adaxially scaberulose, abaxially rather densely hirsute, or hirsute only along veins, base cuneate, apex usually acute, margin serrate or irregularly biserrate. Inflorescences a narrow panicle with short branches, or a pseudo-raceme with only several flowers; pedicels short. Calyx glabrous or rather densely hispidulous; tube globose-obovoid; lobes subulate, 5–7 × 1–1.5 mm, margin with 1–3 pairs of denticles. Corolla narrowly funnelform-campanulate, blue or pale blue, 1–2.4 cm, lobes ca. 1/3 as long as total length of corolla. Disk shortly tubular, less than 1 mm. Style slightly longer than corolla to obviously exserted. Young capsule globose or obovoid-globose. Fl. Aug–Oct.
Forests, scrub, grassy places; 1000–2800 m. SW Sichuan (Butuo, Muli, Puge), Xizang (Cona), Yunnan [E India, Myanmar].
甘孜沙参 gan zhi sha shen
Adenophora atuntzensis C. Y. Wu; A. forrestii Diels; A. forrestii var. handeliana Nannfeldt; A. microcodon C. Y. Wu; A. pumila P. C. Tsoong.
Caudexes sometimes with horizontal branches. Stems 2 to several, rarely single, sparsely villous. Cauline leaves mostly at lower half of stems, sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blades ovate-orbicular, elliptic, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate 2–8 × 0.2–1.8 cm, usually puberulent or rarely glabrous on both sides, base cuneate, apex acute or acuminate, margin entire or crenate, or serrate. Flowers terminal or often several in a pseudo-raceme, sometimes inflorescences with a solitary-flowered branch; pedicels short. Calyx glabrous or sometimes lobes sparsely ciliate; tube obconical, base acute, less frequently obtuse; lobes narrowly triangular-subulate, often grey, 5–10 × ca. 1.5 mm, margin with several verrucose denticles. Corolla funnel-shaped, blue or purple-blue, 1.5–2.2 cm, 5-fid to 2/5–1/2; lobes deltoid-orbicular. Disk annular, 0.5–1 mm high. Style shorter, less often longer than corolla. Capsule ellipsoid, 8–11 × 5–6 mm. Seeds yellow-brown, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep. 2n = 34*.
* Meadows, grassy places at forest margins; 3000–4700 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang (Gonjo, Jomda), NW Yunnan (Dêqên, Xianggelila).
天蓝沙参tian lan sha shen
Adenophora bulleyana Diels var. alba C. Y. W; A. coelestis var. stenophylla Diels ex C. Y. Wu; A. dimorphophylla C. Y. Wu, p.p.; A. huangiae C. Y. Wu; A. megalantha Diels; A. ornata Diels; A. pachyrhiza Diels; A. raphanorrhiza C. Y. Wuu.
Caudexes sometimes with horizontal branches. Stems single or 2 from one root, simple, usually 50–80 cm tall, glabrous to rather densely hispid. Cauline leaves often glomerate at lower half of stems, all leaves sessile or sometimes lower ones shortly petiolate; leaf blades ovate-rhomboid, obovate, ovate to linear-lanceolate, 2–10 × 0.5–3 cm, adaxially sparsely hispidulous, abaxially often white hispidulous along veins, margin irregularly serrate. Flowers in a pseudo-raceme of several, or sometimes inflorescences with branches of one to several flowers at top; pedicels short. Calyx glabrous; tube globose-obovoid or obovoid-conical; lobes triangular-subulate, 8–20 × 1–1.5(–2) mm, margin with 1 to several pairs of denticles. Corolla campanulate, blue or blue-purple, 1.5–4 cm; lobes ovate-deltoid, 6–11 mm, ca. 1/3 as long as total length of corolla. Disk (1.2–)2–3(–3.5) mm, glabrous or sometimes hairy. Style shorter than corolla. Fl. Aug–Oct.
* Forests, forest margins, glades; 1200–4000 m. SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
鄂西沙参 e xi sha shen
Stems single, 50–120 cm tall, erect, simple, glabrous or puberulent. Cauline leaves alternate, sessile or shortly cuneate-petiolate; leaf blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5–12 × 1.5–3 cm, ± puberulent on both surfaces, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin serrate. Inflorescence branches long, slender, ascending, forming a panicle; pedicels slender, up to 1.5 cm. Calyx glabrous; calyx tube obovoid or obovoid-ellipsoid; calyx lobes subulate, 4–8 × ca. 0.5 mm, margin with 2–3 pairs of denticles. Corolla campanulate, blue-purple or pale blue, 13–18 cm; corolla lobes ovate-deltoid, 4–5 mm. Disk tubular, 1.8–3.2 mm, glabrous. Style 20–22 mm, exserted by 4–7 mm. Young fruit ellipsoid, ca. 8 mm. Fl. Aug–Sep.
* Grassy slopes, scrub, rocks in forests; 1900–2600 m. W Hubei (Shennongjia).
台湾沙参 tai wa sha shen
Caudexes with horizontal branches; branches with alternate membranous scales. Stems single or several from one root, simple, sometimes branched at middle part, 10–30 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely hirsute. Basal leaves ovate-deltoid, base nearly truncate; cauline leaves alternate, sessile, but lower ones with petioles up to 1 cm; leaf blades linear-lanceolate to elliptic, 3–8 × 0.4–2.5 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent on both sides, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin crenate or deltoid-dentate. Flowers solitary, terminal, or in a pseudo-raceme, or several pseudo-racemes in a narrow panicle; pedicels elongate, 1.5–3 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid-conical; lobes subulate, 10–15 × 1–1.5 mm, margin with several pairs of denticles. Corolla campanulate, purple, 2.8–3.5 cm; lobes deltoid, 1/3 as long as total length of corolla. Disk annular, less than 1 mm high. Style shorter than corolla. Capsule globose-ellipsoid, ca. 10 × 6 mm. Seeds yellow-brown, ellipsoid, with a winged angle, ca. 1.3 mm. Fl. Jul–Nov, fr. Oct–Nov. 2n = 34*.
* Forest or thicket margins, shaded screes; above 2300 m. Taiwan.
1a. Plants glabrous or sparsely pubescent; flowers in a
pseudo-raceme
........................................................................................................... 29a.
subsp. morrisonensis
1b. Plants hirsute; flowers only 1 or 2 ................................................................. 29b. subsp. uehatae
台湾沙参(原亚种) tai wan sha shen (yuan ya zhong)
Plants glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Flowers several to many, in a pseudo-raceme.
* Forest or thicket margins; 2300–3000 m. Taiwan.
玉山沙参 yu shan sha shen
Adenophora uehatae Yamamoto, J. Trop. Agric. Formosa 4: 484. 1932; A. coelestis Diels var. uehatae (Yamamoto) Masamune.
Plants hirsute. Flowers only one or two in number.
* Shaded screes; above 3000 m. Taiwan.
宁夏沙参 ning xia sha shen
Stems several from one root, erect, simple, 30–50 cm tall, glabrous or less often scaberulose. Basal leaves cordate or obovate; cauline leaves alternate, sessile or with petioles extremely short and cuneate; leaf blades usually lanceolate, less often ovate-lanceolate or linear, 2–5 × 0.2–1.8 cm, both sides glabrous, margin dentate or irregularly serrate. Flowers several in a pseudo-raceme, or numerous in a large panicle due to having long inflorescence branches; pedicels slender, 0.5–1.5 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid or obovoid-conical; lobes subulate or subulate-lanceolate, 2–6 × ca. 1 mm, margin mostly with 1 pair of verrucose denticles, very rarely entire. Corolla narrowly campanulate, blue or blue-purple, 1.4–1.6 cm; lobes ovate-deltoid, ca. 3.5 mm. Disk tubular, 2–2.5 mm, glabrous. Style 1.6–1.8 cm, slightly longer than corolla. Capsule long ellipsoid, ca. 8 × 3 mm. Seeds yellow, ellipsoid, ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep.
* Shady slopes, scrub in ravines, rock crevices; 1600–2400 m. Nei Mongol (Ih Ju Meng: Qianli Shan), Ningxia (Helan Shan), Gansu (?Lanzhou).
长白沙参 chang bai sha shen
Campanula pereskiifolia Fischer ex Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 5: 116. 1819 [“pereskiaefolia”]; Adenophora pereskiifolia subsp. subalpina Baranov; A. pereskiifolia subsp. subalpina f. linearifolia Baranov; A. pereskiifolia var. alternifolia P. Y. Fu ex Y. Z. Zhao; A. pereskiifolia subsp. alternifolia (P. Y. Fu ex Y. Z. Zhao) C. X. Fu & M. Y. Liu; A. pereskiifolia f. puberula Kitagawa; A. pereskiifolia var. curvidens (Nakai) Kitagawa; A. latifolia Fischer; A. curvidens Nakai.
Stems single, simple, up to 1 m tall, glabrous, less often retrorse hispidulous. Cauline leaves often verticillate of 3–5, but occasionally strictly verticillate from base to top, usually only some leaves verticillate, some nearly verticillate, while others nearly alternate, rarely all leaves alternate or nearly alternate, sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blades mostly elliptic, rarely ovate, very rarely lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 6–16 × 1.5–4 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, margin serrate. Inflorescences pyramidal, with branches (cymes) alternate, short and almost upright, rarely more than 10 cm, sometimes only several flowers in a pseudo-raceme. Calyx glabrous or verrucose; tube obovoid or obovoid-globose; lobes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3–6 × 0.8–1.5 mm. Corolla funnelform-campanulate, blue-purple or blue, 1.3–1.8 cm; lobes deltoid, ca. 4 mm, base ca. 6 mm wide. Disk annular to shortly tubular, 0.5–1.5 mm. Style 1.5–2.2 cm, ± exserted, sometimes strongly exserted. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid or nearly globose, 6–8 × 4–5 mm. Seeds brown, ellipsoid, slightly compressed, ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34, 68, 72 (?).
Meadows, forest margins, grassy places in forests; below 1000 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin (E of Linjiang and Dunhua) [Japan, Korea, E Mongolia, Russia (Far East, SE Siberia)].
展枝沙参 zan zi sha shen
Adenophora divaricata var. manshurica (Nakai) Kitagawa; A. manshurica Nakai.
Roots up to 3.5 cm in diam. Stems single, simple, up to 1 m tall, ± white-villous, rarely glabrous. Cauline leaves whorled of 3–5, sessile, rhomboid-ovate, elliptic, ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–11 × 1.5–6 cm, glabrous or hispidulous along veins on both surfaces, base obtuse or cuneate, apex rounded, acute to short-acuminate, margin gross-serrate. Inflorescence branches (with 1–several cymes) usually whorled, less often partially whorled and partially alternate, rarely all alternate, forming a large panicle; peduncles of inflorescence branches 2–10 cm; pedicels 0.5–1 cm, glabrous. Calyx glabrous; calyx tube obconical or obovoid-conical; calyx lobes lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1.5–2.5 mm, middle part broadest or at least as broad as base, margin entire. Corolla campanulate, blue or light purple, 16–22 mm; lobes ca. 2/5 as long as whole corolla, deltoid-orbicular, glabrous on both surfaces. Disk tubular, 1.8–2.5 mm. Style nearly as long as corolla, or slightly exserted. Capsule obovoid-globose, 5–7 × 4–6 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, brown, 1-angled, ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 34.
Forests, shrublands, grassy slopes; 400–1800 m. Beijing, Hebei (N of Yixian), Heilongjiang (E of Heihe), Jilin (E of Changchun, Jiutai), Liaoning, Shandong (Kunyu Shan), Shanxi (Wutai Shan) [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
雾灵沙参 wu ling sha shen
Adenophora elata Nannfeldt f. verticillata Kitagawa.
Stems single or 2 from one root, simple, 50–120 m tall, glabrous or very sparsely hispidulous. Cauline leaves whorled of 3–4, or sometimes slightly departing from whorled, shortly petiolate; leaf blades ovate, elliptic or elliptic-linear, 5–13 × 0.4–4.5 cm, glabrous or sparsely hispidulous along veins on both surfaces, margin regularly or irregularly dentate or serrate. Inflorescences often with branches forming a panicle, inflorescence branches sometimes nearly verticillate; pedicels short, usually less than 1 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube ellipsoid or obovoid-conical; lobes filiform-subulate, 5–10 × less than 1 mm, margin with 1–2 pairs of denticles. Corolla tubular-campanulate, blue or purple-blue, 1.8–2.5 cm; lobes ovate-deltoid, ca. 6 mm. Disk shortly tubular, 0.8–1.5 mm, glabrous. Style slightly shorter than corolla. Capsule oblong, ca. 10 × 4–5 mm. Seeds orange-yellow, ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 34*, 34+1B*.
* Thickets, grassy slopes, less often roadsides in forests, on limestone; 1200–1700 m. NE Beijing (Miyun).
裂叶沙参 lie ye sha shen
Stems erect, simple, 20–100 cm tall, sparsely retrorse hirsute. Cauline leaves all petiolate or only lower and middle ones petiolate, petioles 0.5–2 cm; leaf blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2–5 × 1–2 cm, pinnatifid, rarely deeply dentate, adaxially sparsely puberulent, abaxially hirsute along veins. Inflorescences with slender and ascending branches, forming a panicle, or several flowers in a pseudo-raceme, rarely flowers solitary and terminal; pedicels slender, 5–20 mm. Calyx usually glabrous, rarely calyx lobes ciliate; tube oblong or obovoid, base obtuse or rounded; lobes subulate, 3–4 × less than 1 mm, margin with 1 or 2 pairs of verrucose denticles. Corolla campanulate blue or purple-blue, 11–17 mm; lobes ovate-deltoid, 4–6 mm. Disk tubular, 2–3 mm, sparsely puberulent above. Style nearly as long as or slightly longer than corolla. Capsule columnar, base rounded, 6–8 × ca. 3 mm. Seeds yellow, ellipsoid, ca. 0.8 mm. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 34*, 34+2B*.
* Thickets, open woods, forest margins; 2000–3400 m. NW Sichuan (Barkam, Danba, Jinchuan).
长柱沙参 chang zhu sha shen
Stems often several caespitose, 40–120 cm tall, sometimes branched above, usually densely scaberulose. Basal leaves cordate, margin deeply and irregularly serrate; cauline leaves sessile, filiform-linear to broadly elliptic or ovate, 2–10 × 0.1–2 cm, scaberulose on both surfaces, margin entire or sparsely spinulose-serrate. Inflorescences a pseudo-raceme with no branches or a panicle with branches. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid or obovoid-oblong; lobes subulate-triangular to subulate, 1.5–5(–7) mm, entire or denticulate. Corolla nearly tubular or tubular-campanulate, 10–17 × 5–8 mm, pale blue, blue, blue-purple or purple, shallowly 5-lobed. Disk narrowly tubular, 4–7 mm, glabrous or villous. Style 2–2.2 cm. Capsule ellipsoid, 7–9 × 3–5 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34.
Conifer forests, scrub, grasslands, grassy slopes, sandy places; below 4000 m. Gansu, Hebei, W Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, NE Qinghai, N Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia, Russia (Far East, S Siberia)].
1a. Calyx lobes 1.5–3 mm; corolla 10–13 mm, nearly tubular, lobes 2–3 mm; style 7–10 mm longer than corolla .................................................................................................... 35a. subsp. stenanthina
1b. Calyx lobes 3–5(–7) mm; corolla 12–17 mm, tubular-campanulate, lobes 3–4.5mm; style 3–7 mm longer than corolla ................................................................................................. 35b. subsp. sylvatica
长柱沙参(原亚种) chang zhu sha shen (yuan ya zhong)
Campanula stenanthina Ledebour, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 5: 525. 1814; Adenophora collina Kitagawa; A. coronata A. Candolle; A. crispata (Korshinsky) Kitagawa; A. marsupiiflora (Sprengel) Fischer; A. marsupiiflora f. crispata Korshinsky; A. marsupiiflora var. crispata (Turczaninow ex Ledebour) Kitagawa; A. stenanthina var. angusti-lanceifolia Y. Z. Zhao; A. stenanthina var. collina (Kitagawa) Y. Z. Zhao; A. stenanthina f. crispata (Korshinsky) Kitagawa; A. stenanthina var. crispata (Korshinsky) Y. Z. Zhao; Floerkea marsupiiflora Sprengel.
Leaves up to 12 mm wide. Calyx lobes 1.5–3 mm. Corolla 10–13 mm, nearly tubular, ± constricted at throat, lobes 2–3 mm. Style 7–10 mm longer than corolla. Disk glabrous or hairy. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid.
Grassy slopes, sandy places; below 1800 m. Gansu (Huining), Hebei (Kangbao, Longkuan, Zhangbei), W Jilin (Zhenlai), Nei Mongol, Ningxia (Guyuan, Yanchi), N Shaanxi, Shanxi (N of Taigu) [Mongolia, Russia (Far East, S Siberia)].
林沙参 lin sha shen
Leaves linear to ovate or oblong, up to 2 cm wide, entire or sparsely spinulose-serrate, or crisped. Calyx lobes 3–5(–7) mm. Corolla 12–17 mm, tubular-campanulate; lobes 3–4.5 mm. Style only 3–7 mm longer than corolla. Disk all hairy. Capsule ellipsoid.
* Conifer forests, scrub, also among grasses; 2500–4000 m. Gansu (Tao He basin, Qilian Shan), NE Qinghai.
川藏沙参 chuan zang sha shen
Adenophora gracilis Nannfeldt.
Stems often single, simple, 30–100 cm tall, usually hirsute, less often glabrous. Basal leaves cordate, long petiolate, margin gross-serrate; cauline leaves sessile, ovate, lanceolate to linear, 2–11 × 0.4–3 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially hispidulous but hirsute along major veins, less often glabrous, margin entire or sparsely serrate. Inflorescences in a narrow panicle with short branches, sometimes only several flowers in a pseudo-raceme. Calyx glabrous; tube globose; lobes subulate, (2–)3–5(–6) mm, ca. 1 mm wide at base, margin entire, very rarely with verrucose denticles. Corolla nearly tubular or tubular-campanulate, blue, purple-blue, pale purple, rarely white, 8–12 mm. Disk narrowly tubular, 3–6.5 mm, usually glabrous. Style 1.5–1.7 cm, remarkably exserted. Capsule ovoid or ellipsoid, 6–9 × 3–4 mm. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Meadows, scrub, among debris; 2400–4600 m. SE Gansu (Lintao, Xiahe), Shaanxi (Qin Ling), NW Sichuan, NE Xizang.
丝裂沙参 si lie sha shen
Stems single, 0.5–1 m tall, glabrous or hirsute. Cauline leaves usually sessile, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, less often linear, 3–19 × 0.5–4.5 cm, glabrous or hirsute, apex acuminate, margin entire or serrate. Inflorescences with long branches, forming a large and lax panicle, less often with short branches, forming a narrow panicle, even less frequently only several flowers in a pseudo-raceme; inflorescence and branch raches slender, filiform. Calyx tube globose, less often ovoid; calyx lobes capillary, (3–)6–14(–20) mm, spreading or reflexed, sometimes with 1 to several verrucose denticles below. Corolla nearly tubular or tubular-campanulate, 11–18 mm, white, pale blue or pale purple; lobes narrowly triangular, 3–4 mm. Disk narrowly tubular, 2–5 mm, often glabrous. Style 20–25 mm, strongly exserted. Capsule mostly globose, very rarely ovoid, 4–9 × 4–5 mm.
Forests, forest margins, grasslands, grassy slopes; 1100–3600 m. Chongqing, Guizhou, Hebei, W Henan, W Hubei, SE Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, W Yunnan [Myanmar].
1a. Calyx lobes (2–)3–5(–7) mm, entire; capsule ovoid to ovoid-oblong ......... 37c. subsp. paniculata
1b. Calyx lobes (3–)6–14(–20) mm, sometimes lower part with 1–2 pairs of verrucose denticles; capsule globose, less often ovoid.
2a. Calyx lobes (3–)6–9 mm, rarely up to 20 mm, mostly entire; corolla 10–14 mm, very rarely up to 17 mm; stems and leaves mostly glabrous ................................................... 37a. subsp. capillaris
2b. Calyx lobes (4–)9–14 mm, mostly with denticles; corolla 13–18 mm; stems and leaves mostly ± hirsute ......................................................................................................... 37b. subsp. leptosepala
丝裂沙参(原亚种) si lie sha shen (yuan ya zhong)
Adenophora leptosepala Diels var. linearifolia C. Y. Wu, p.p.; A. longisepala P. C. Tsoong.
Stems and leaves usually glabrous. Inflorescence branches up to 27 cm. Calyx lobes usually (3–)6–9 mm, rarely over, even up to 20 mm. Corolla 10–14 mm, occasionally up to 17 mm. Capsule mostly globose, rarely ovoid. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Forests, forest margins, grasslands; 1400–2800 m. Chongqing, Guizhou (Bijie, Nayong), W Hubei, Shaanxi (S of Qin Ling), Sichuan (Butuo, E of Kangding, Yuexi).
细萼沙参 xi e sha shen
Adenophora leptosepala Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 174. 1912; A. leptosepala var. linearifolia C. Y. Wu, p.p.; A. urceolata C. Y. Wu.
Stems and leaves usually hirsute. Calyx lobes (4–)9–14 mm, mostly toothed. Corolla 13–18 mm. Capsule globose or ovoid. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Sep–Oct.
Forests, forest margins, grasslands; 2000–3600 m. SW Sichuan (Muli), W Yunnan [Myanmar].
细叶沙参 xi ye sha shen
Adenophora paniculata Nannfeldt, Acta Horti Gothob. 5: 19. 1930; A. paniculata var. dentata Y. Z. Zhao; A. paniculata var. petiolata Y. Z. Zhao; A. paniculata var. pilosa Kitagawa; A. paniculata var. psilosa Kitagawa.
Stems glabrous or hirsute. Leaves from linear to broadly elliptic, 0.2–7.5 cm wide, usually glabrous, sometimes adaxially sparsely hispidulous, abaxially sparsely hirsute. Calyx lobes (2–)3–5(–7) mm, entire. Corolla 10–14 mm. Capsule ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 7–9 × 3–5 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Grassy slopes; 1100–2800 m. Hebei (S of Longguan, Wuling Shan), W Henan, SE Nei Mongol (Daqing Shan, Tumd Qi, Xinghe), Shaanxi (Qin Ling), Shandong (Taishan), Shanxi.
轮叶沙参 len ye sha shen
Campanula tetraphylla Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 211. 1784; Adenophora polymorpha Ledebour var. verticillata Franchet & Savatier; A. radiatifolia Nakai; A. triphylla (Thunberg) A. Candolle; A. verticillata Fischer; C. triphylla Thunberg; C. verticillata Pallas (1773), not Hill (1765).
Stems simple, up to 1.5 m tall, glabrous, less often white hispidulous. Cauline leaves whorled of 3–6, sessile or with obscure petioles; leaf blades ovate-orbicular to linear-lanceolate, 2–14 cm, sparsely puberulent on both surfaces, margin serrate. Inflorescences in a narrow panicle with inflorescence branches (cymes) mostly verticillate, slender or short, with several or single flowers. Calyx glabrous, tube obconical; lobes subulate, 1–2.5(–4) mm, margin entire. Corolla tubular-campanulate, slightly constricted at throat, blue, blue-purple, 7–11 mm; lobes ca. 2 mm, deltoid. Disk thin-tubular, 2–4 mm. Style ca. 20 mm, strongly exserted. Capsule obovoid or globose-conical, 5–7 × 4–5 mm. Seeds yellow-brown, oblong-conical, slightly compressed, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Nov, fr. Sep–Nov (even from March in South China). 2n = 34.
Grassy places, scrub; lower elevations but up to 2000 m in south. Anhui, Fujian, N Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan (Lushi, Xinyang), Hunan (Xinning, Yizhang), Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, E Nei Mongol, Shandong (Muping), Shanxi (Lingkong Shan), Sichuan (Ebian, Emei Shan), Taiwan, Yunnan (Yanshan), Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East, E Siberia), N Vietnam].
牧根草属 mu gen cao shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Phyteuma sect. Podanthum G. Don; Podanthum (G. Don) Boissier; Trachanthelium Schur.
Herbs perennial. Roots carrot-shaped. Leaves alternate. Cymes of several flowers, subtended by an involucrate bract, glomerate into long and interrupted spikes, spikes single or compound; pedicels short, with a pair of linear bracteoles at base. Calyx adnate up to top of ovary, 5-lobed; lobes linear (at least for Chinese species). Corolla 5-divided to base, lobes appearing free, linear. Stamens 5; filaments dilated at base, margin densely ciliate. Ovary inferior, 3-locular; style nearly as long as corolla, hairy above; stigma 3-fid, segments linear, recurved. Capsule 3-poricidal slightly above middle. Seeds ovoid-ellipsoid or ovoid-oblong, angular or not.
About 20 species: temperate Eurasia, mainly in Mediterranean region; three species (one endemic) in China.
Plants of this genus are protandrous.
1a. Stems totally hirsute; leaves white hirsute on both sides; calyx lobes often recurved from anthesis 3. A. chinense
1b. Stems glabrous or sometimes sparsely hirsute only below; leaves glabrous or very rarely abaxially sparsely hirsute along veins; calyx lobes not recurved.
2a. Style longer than corolla; capsule globose ................................................... 1. A. japonicum
2b. Style shorter than corolla;
capsule obovoid-conical, base acute or acuminate
........................................................................................................................ 2.
A. fulgens
牧根草 mu gen cao
Phyteuma japonicum Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 192. 1866.
Roots fleshy, up to 20 cm, up to 1.5 cm in diam., branched or not. Stems single or caespitose, erect, more than 60 cm tall, simple or branched above, glabrous. Lower cauline leaves with petioles up to 3.5 cm; upper cauline leaves almost sessile; leaf blades ovate or ovate-orbicular to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate from below upwards, 3–12 × 2–5.5 cm, adaxially sparsely puberulent, abaxially glabrous, base cuneate or obtuse, apex acute to acuminate, margin serrate. Flowers glabrous except filaments and style. Calyx tube globose; lobes linear, 4–6 mm. Corolla purple-blue or blue-purple; lobes 8–10 mm. Style 9–14 mm. Capsule globose, ca. 5 mm in diam. Seeds ovoid-ellipsoid, brown, nearly 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep. 2n = 28.
Forests, rarely meadows. Heilongjiang (Huachuan), Jilin (E of Jingyu), Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
长果牧根草 chang guo mu gen cao
Campanula fulgens Wallich in Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 99. 1824.
Roots fleshy. Stems often single, less frequently caespitose, usually simple, erect, 30–100 cm tall, usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely hirsute below. Leaves all nearly sessile, or lower leaves with petioles up to 2 cm; leaf blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or elliptic, 5–7 × 1–3 cm, adaxially glabrous or sparsely hispidulous, abaxially usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely hispidulous along veins. Cymes distantly separated from each other, sometimes gaps up to 10 cm. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid-conical, longer than broad; lobes 5–10. Corolla blue or purple; lobes equal to calyx lobes in length or slightly longer. Style much shorter than corolla. Young capsule obovoid-conical, 7–9 × ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jul.
Grassy slopes, forest margins in ravines; 1800–3000 m. S Xizang (Gyirong, Yadong, Zayü) [NE India, Nepal, Sri Lanka].
球果牧根草 qiu guo mu gen cao
Roots fleshy. Stems single, less frequently caespitose, erect, usually simple, 40–100 cm tall, ± hirsute. Leaves all nearly sessile, or lower cauline leaves with petioles up to 3 cm; leaf blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or elliptic, 2.5–8 × 0.7–3.5 cm, ± white hirsute on both sides, margin serrate. Spikes few flowered, sometimes with only several flowers, each involucrate bract subtending 1–4 flowers, involucrate bract sometimes pubescent. Calyx usually glabrous, less frequently hispidulous; tube globose; lobes 7–10 mm, slightly longer than corolla, recurved after anthesis. Corolla purple or blue. Style slightly shorter than corolla. Capsule globose, with 3 longitudinal and wide furrows, ca. 4 × 4 mm, base truncate, even concave, base broadest. Seeds ovoid-oblong, slightly compressed, with one rib, brown-yellow, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep (capsule mature in April in Guangxi).
* Grassy slopes, forest margins, forests; below 3000 m. Guangxi (Yangshuo), Guizhou (Anlong, Guiding, Nayong, Xingyi), W Hubei, SW Sichuan (Daocheng, Leibo, Muli, Shimian), Yunnan.
袋果草属 dai guo cao shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Perennials. Rhizomes elongate, with scales and buds, and tubes at end. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary and axially, long pedicellate; calyx entirely epigynous, 5-lobed; corolla in funnelform-campanulate, 5-cleft to middle or slightly over middle; stamens 5, free from corolla, filaments ciliate, base dilated into narrow-triangular, anthers elongated; ovary inferior, 3-locular, style villous above, stigma 3-lobed, lobes elongated, recurved. Dry fruits, 3-locular or one locule reduced and thus becoming 2-locular, indehiscent, or sometimes irregularly. Seeds several to several dozens, ellipsoid, smooth.
One to three species according to different accounts: Himalayas to Philippines and Russia (Far East); one species in China.
袋果草 dai guo cao
Campanula carnosa Wallich in Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 102. 1824; Campanula circaeoides F. Schmidt ex Miquel; Peracarpa carnosa var. formosana H. Hara; P. circaeoides (F. Schmidt ex Miquel) Feer; P. luzonica Rolfe.
Perennials slender. Stems fleshy, up to 1mm in diam., 5–15 cm, glabrous. Leaves mostly at upper part, petioles 3–15 mm, leaf blades membranous or thin-papery, ovate-orbicular or orbicular, 8–25 × 7–20 mm, glabrous on both sides or adaxially sparsely appressed hispidulous, base truncate or shallowly cordate, apex rounded or acute, margin sinuate, but with spinule at sinus; lower cauline leaves distant and smaller. Pedicels slender but straight, 1–6 cm; calyx glabrous, tube obovoid-conical, lobes triangular to linear-lanceolate; corolla white or blue-purple, lobes linear-elliptic. Fruit ovovoid [=ovoid or obovoid?], 4–5 mm. Seeds brown, ca. 1.7 mm. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Apr–Nov. 2n = 30.
Forests or moist rocks by streams; below 3000 m. Chongqing (Jinfo Shan), Guizhou (Kaili), Hubei (Shennongjia), S Jiangsu, Sichuan (Baoxing, Ebian, Emei), Taiwan (Taiping Shan), S Xizang (Yadong), W Yunnan (Cangyuan, Jingdong, Tengchong, Weixi), Zhejiang (Hangzhou) [Bhutan, E India, Japan, Kashmir, Nepal, Philippines, Russia (Far East), Thailand].
同钟花属 tong zhong hua shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Annuals prostrate. Leaves alternate. Flowers 1 or 2 on extremely short branches, sessile; calyx epigynous, 5-lobed, lobes dentate; corolla epigynous, tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 5, free from corolla and free from each other, filaments slightly dilated and sparsely ciliate at base; ovary inferior, 3-locular, stigma 3-fid, lobes linear, recurved. Fruit dry, irregularly dehiscent or irregularly poricidal in lower part. Seeds ellipsoid, not angular, shallowly reticulate.
* Two species.
This group was treated as congeneric with Heterocodon Nuttall, but its flowers are on short branches, not solitary and opposite to leaves on main stems, and seeds not angular, reticulate, not angular and smooth.
1a. Pedicels absent; corolla smaller, ca. 3.5 mm; style as long as corolla ................. 1. H. brevipes
1b. Pedicels ca. 6 mm; corolla 7–9 mm; style obviously exserted ....................... 2. H. pedicellatus
同钟花 tong zhong hua
Wahlenbergia brevipes Hemsley, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 24: t. 2768. 1903; Heterocodon brevipes (Hemsley) Handel-Mazzetti & Nannfeldt.
Annuals prostate, glabrous throughout. Stems elongate, up to 50 cm, vertically 3-winged, branches extremely short, with several leaves appearing fascicled. Leaves alternate, petioles 2–9 mm, leaf blades deltoid-orbicular or ovate-orbicular, base nearly truncate, apex acute, 7–12 × 7–12 mm, margin serrate. Flowers sessile, ca. 5 mm; hypanthium ovoid, 1–1.5 mm; calyx lobes narrowly triangular, ca. 2 mm, margin with a pair of tooth; corolla white, pale blue or pale purple, tubular-campanulate, ca. 3.5 mm, 5-cleft slightly over half, lobes linear-oblong; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers elongated; style as long as corolla. Fruit ovoid-globose, ca. 2.5 mm, pericarp shin. Seeds several, brown, ca. 0.7 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr–Aug.
* Forests, thickets, among grasses on slopes; 1000–2900 m. SW Guizhou, W Sichuan, Yunnan.
长梗同钟花 cang gen tong zhong hua
Annuals prostrate. Stems slender, glabrous or very sparsely villous, longitudinally 3-winged, almost all axils on main stem with a short branch, branches with several leaves. Leaves alternate, glabrous, petioles 2–4 mm, leaf blades fan-shaped, 4–9 × 3–12 mm, margin dentate, leaves on branches obviously smaller. Flowers solitary in axils of leaves on branches, 1–3 on each branch, entirely glabrous pedicels remarkable, up to 6 mm; calyx epigynous, hypanthium obconical, ca. 1.5 mm, calyx lobes triangular ca. 2 mm, with a pair of teeth. Corolla blue, tubular-campanulate, 7–9 mm, 5-cleft to middle, lobes oblong. Filaments ca. 4.5 mm, anthers terete, ca. 2 mm. Style obviously exserted; stigma 3-fid, lobes linear, recurved at anthesis. Fl. Jul.
* Ravines; 1400–1600 m. Sichuan (Luding: Hailuogou).
异檐花属 yi yan hua shu
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Campylocera Nuttall; Dysmicodon (Endlicher) Nuttall; Specularia [unranked] Dysmicodon Endlicher.
Annual herbs. Roots fibrous. Stems erect or ascending, simple or branched below, ribbed. Leaves alternate, sessile, ovate, elliptic, lanceolate or linear, entire or dentate. Flowers in an axillary cyme of 1–3(–8), sessile or nearly sessile; cleistogamous flowers in axils of lower leaves; normal flowers in axils of middle to upper leaves. Calyx 3- or 4(–6)-lobed, with lobes shorter in cleistogamous flowers, 5(or 6)-lobed in normal flowers. Corolla rotate, 5(or 6)-fid nearly to base; lobes lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, blue-purple or pale purple, rarely white. Stamens 5(or 6), free; filaments dilated at base; anthers elongate, longer than filaments. Ovary inferior, (2 or)3-locular, ovules numerous; style upright, but reduced in cleistogamous flowers; stigma (2 or)3-fid, densely puberulent. Capsule nearly cylindrical or clavate, (2 or)3-poricidal at inferior part. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid-globose, slightly compressed.
Eight species: Americas, one species in Mediterranean region; two species (introduced) in China.
1b. Leaves ovate, ovate-elliptic or obovate-lanceolate, base usually rounded or obtuse-rounded, not amplexicaul, margins nearly entire or shallowly crenate; bracts longer than wide; capsule poricidal above middle 1. T. biflora
异檐花 yi yan hua
Campanula biflora Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Peruv. 2: 55. 1799; Asyneuma anhuiense B. A. Shen; C. montevidensis Sprengel; Dysmicodon californicum Nuttall; D. ovatum Nuttall; Legousia biflora (Ruiz & Pavon) Britton; Lobelia humboldtiana Willdenow ex Schultes; Triodanis perfoliata (Linnaeus) Nieuwland var. biflora (Ruiz & Pavon) T. R. Bradley.
Plants glabrous or nearly so throughout except scabrous angles of stems. Stems simple or branched, slender and often weak, 15–60 cm tall. Leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic or obovate-lanceolate, sessile, 6–20 mm, entire, or inconspicuously crenate-serrate with very short and broad teeth. Earlier flowers with 3–4 ovate to lanceolate calyx lobes; later ones with 4–5 longer, lanceolate-subulate calyx lobes. Capsule 6–10 mm, oblong-cylindric, opening by valves close under calyx lobes. Fl. and fr. Apr–Jul.
Naturalized among grasses and in cracks of cement; 100–600 m. Anhui (Anqing), Fujian (Jiangle), Taiwan (Xinzhu), Zhejiang (Putuo) [native from United States to South America].
穿叶异檐花 chuan ye yi yan hua
Campanula perfoliata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 164. 1753.
Stems simple or branched, 15–60 cm tall, rather stiffly erect, or sometimes especially on angles with spreading, bristlelike hairs of uneven length. Leaves 1–2 cm, broadly ovate to suborbicular, strongly cordate-clasping, sessile, subacute or rounded at apex, margin rather shallowly crenate-dentate or sometimes entire, short-hispid on veins and margins. Flowers 1–3 in axil, sessile. Calyx lobes of upper flowers (later ones) 5, rarely 4, rigid, triangular-lanceolate, acuminate; earlier flowers (lower ones) smaller, with 3–4 shorter calyx lobes. Corolla rotate, blue or white, 8–20 mm wide; that on earlier flowers rudimentary. Capsule oblong to narrowly turbinate, 4–6 mm, tardily opening near middle. Seeds lenticular. Fl. and fr. Apr–Jul.
Naturalized on mountain slopes or by streams; 100–1000 m. Fujian (Chong’an, Jianning) [native to North America and Ecuador].
半边莲属 ban bian lian su
Hong Deyuan (洪德元); Thomas G. Lammers
Cardinalis Fabricius; Dortmanna Hill; Dortmannia Steudel; Laurentia Adanson; Petromarula Nieuwland & Lunell [see Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5: 13. 1917], not Ventenat ex R. Hedwig (1806); Rapuntium Miller.
Herbs, but some species lignified at base, and even some species in Africa and Hawaii Islands woody. Leaves alternate, in two rows or spiral. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in terminal racemes, or in panicles of racemes, bisexual, rarely unisexual (some Australian species dioecious); bracteoles present or absent. Calyx tube ovoid, semiglobose or shallowly campanulate; calyx lobes equal or nearly equal in length, rarely labiate, entire or serrate, persistent. Corolla zygomorphic; posterior side often longitudinally divided to base or nearly so; limb labiate or nearly so, very few species with all corolla lobes spread on a plan at anterior side; upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed; lobes various in shape among species. Stamens connate, stamen-tube enveloping style, exserted from corolla at posterior side; anther tube mostly gray, all anthers or only anterior 2 barbate at top. Ovary inferior, semi-inferior or very rarely superior, 2-locular; stigma 2-fid, villous on receptive surface; ovules numerous. Capsule 2-valved at apex. Seeds numerous, oblong or 3-angled, sometimes winged, smooth or foveolate, striate or verrucose.
More than 350 species: mainly in tropics and subtropics, particularly tropical Africa and America, with a few species extending to temperate regions; 24 species (nine endemic) in China, all S of the Chang Jiang except Lobelia sessilifolia.
Doubtful species: Lobelia cavaleriei H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 455. 1911). Type: Cavalerie 2989 (isotype, E), from Guizhou. See Chamberlain 1977 (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35: 253).
1a. Fruit a berry.
2a. Stems prostrate; leaves ovate or broad-ovate; flowers axillary.
3a. Leaves 8–16 × 6–18 mm, petiolate; calyx lobes 3–4 mm ........................... 19. L. angulata
3b. Leaves ca. 0.5 × 4.5 mm, nearly sessile; calyx lobes 1.2–2.5 mm .......... 20. L. [see below]
2b. Stems erect; leaves elliptic to lanceolate; flowers axillary or in a raceme.
4a. Flowers in a raceme; calyx lobes narrowly triangular, with 2(or 3) pairs of glandular denticles, straight 21. L. fangiana
4b. Flowers axillary; calyx lobes linear, entire, curved or reflexed.
5a. Calyx lobes 7–10 mm; leaf margin sinuate, with long
glandular teeth
............................................................................................................... 22.
L. montana
5b. Calyx lobes 2–6 mm; leaf margin crenate.
6a. Calyx lobes 2–3 mm, recurved at fruiting .......................................... 23. L. brevisepala
6b. Calyx lobes 4–6 mm, reflexed even at anthesis ............................... 24. L. reflexisepala
1b. Fruit a capsule.
7a. Dwarf herbs; stems slender, erect or prostrate; corolla lobes nearly equal in width.
8a. Corolla lobes all in a plan, nearly conformed; stems
prostrate, rooted at nodes
6.
L. chinensis
8b. Corolla 2-lipped; upper 2 lobes obviously smaller; stems erect or prostrate.
9a. Stems prostrate, rooted at nodes; leaves 1–4 × 0.8–3
cm; petioles 3–12 mm
................................................................................................................ 1.
L. zeylanica
9b. Stems erect, not rooted or rooted only at basal nodes; leaves smaller, nearly sessile.
10a. Stems winged; leaves adaxially sparsely puberulent; corolla small, only 3–5 mm 4. L. heyneana
10b. Stems terete or angular, not winged; leaves glabrous or villous; corolla larger or also small.
11a. Stems and leaves villous; bracteoles absent or minute .......................... 3. L. terminalis
11b. Stems and leaves glabrous; bracteoles linear-lanceolate.
12a. Leaves nearly orbicular, length equal to width; pedicels
2–3 cm
........................................................................................................ 2.
L. alsinoides
12b. Leaves spatulate-oblong or elliptic, length much large than width; pedicels ca. 1.2 cm 5. L. hainanensis
7b. Robust herbs or subshrubs; corolla nearly labiate, lobes of upper lip linear, those of lower lip orbicular to ovate-lanceolate.
13a. Leaves sessile, densely arranged at upper part of stems, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3–16 mm wide 7. L. sessilifolia
13b. Leaves petiolate or sessile, evenly arranged at stems.
14a. Annuals; stems simple; flowers in a raceme, oriented toward all directions; calyx lobes filiform, entire, 13–21 mm, less than 1 mm wide ............................................................... 8. L. melliana
14b. Perennials; stems branched or simple; flowers often in a panicle, oriented toward one direction; calyx lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, broader.
15a. Stems, leaves, pedicels and calyx all densely pannose; calyx lobes 11–15 mm, entire 12. L. clavata
15b. Stems, leaves and pedicels glabrous or hispidulous, calyx lobes glabrous, hirsute or scaberulose; calyx lobes entire or denticulate, longer or shorter.
16a. Calyx tube densely hirsute; stems usually simple;
flowers in a raceme
.......................................................................................................... 9.
L. pleotricha
16b. Calyx tube glabrous or scaberulose; stems branched or simple; flowers in a raceme or a panicle.
17a. Calyx lobes shorter than 11 mm, occasionally more than 11 mm, denticulate.
18a. Corolla 12–19 mm; stems, pedicels and calyx glabrous ................... 16. L. colorata
18b. Corolla 21–30 mm, pedicels ± hispidulous; calyx scaberulose.
19a. Leaves more than 8.5 cm; inflorescences compact; stems hispidulous; calyx tube globose, base nearly truncate ............................................................................... 18. L. davidii
19b. Leaves less than 8 cm; flowers less, in a lax raceme; stems glabrous; calyx tube obovoid, base obtuse or acute ............................................................................ 17. L. taliensis
17b. Calyx lobes longer than 11 mm, entire or obscurely denticulate.
20a. Calyx lobes entire; seed-coat foveolate or striate.
21a. Capsule globose; anther tube white hirsute at back;
seed-coat striate
.............................................................................................. 10.
L. pyramidalis
21b. Capsule oblong, longer than broad; anther tube glabrous; seed-coat foveolate 11. L. seguinii
208b. Calyx lobes obscurely denticulate; seed-coat shallowly striate.
22a. Bracteoles leafy, dentate, 6–12 × 1–2 mm, just under calyx
tube
................................................................................................. 15.
L. foliiformis
22b. Bracteoles subulate, 1–2 × ca. 0.2 mm, at middle part of pedicels.
23a. Leaves 8–33 ×1–6 cm, abaxially glabrous or sparsely hispidulous; calyx lobes 11–22 mm, with only 1–2 minute-verrucose teeth on each side ............................. 13. L. doniana
23b. Leaves 6.5–11 × 1.3–1.6 cm, glabrous on both surfaces; calyx lobes 11–15 mm, glandular-denticulate ............................................................... 14. L. iteophylla
卵叶半边莲 luan ye ban bian lian
Lobelia affinis Wallich; L. barbata Warburg; L. lobbiana J. D. Hooker & Thomson; L. reinwardtiana (Presl) A. Candolle; L. subcuneata Miquel; L. succulenta Blume; L. zeylanica var. lobbiana (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Y. S. Lian.
Herbs succulent. Stems prostrate, 4-angular, ca. 60 cm, glabrous or puberulent, laxly branched, lower nodes rooted. Leaves spirally alternate; petioles 3–12 mm, puberulent; leaf blades broadly deltoid-ovate or ovate, 1–5.4 × 0.8–3.2 cm, base truncate, shallowly cordate or broadly cuneate, apex acute or obtuse, adaxially glabrescent, abaxially sparsely scaberulose along veins, margin serrate. Flowers solitary and axillary; pedicels 1–1.5 cm, sparsely puberulent, bracteoles 2 at base, 1–2 mm, sometimes caducous. Calyx campanulate, 2–5 mm, puberulent; lobes linear-lanceolate, 3–7 × ca. 1 mm, ciliate. Corolla purple, pale purple or white, 5–15 mm, 2-lipped, posterior side divided to base, lobes of upper lip obovate-oblong, those of lower lip broadly elliptic, abaxially sparsely villous along middle ribs. Filaments connate into a tube at 2/3; anther tube 1–1.5 mm, abaxially puberulent, anthers all barbate at top. Ovary inferior. Capsule obconical to oblong, 5–7 × 2–4 mm, obviously veined. Seeds 3-angular, red-brown. Fl. and fr. whole year round.
By water and streams in ravines; below 1500(–2000) m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [India to Papua New Guinea–need to list which countries].
短柄半边莲 duan bing ban bian lian
Annuals, 20–30 cm tall. Stems succulent, prostrate to ascending, robust, laxly branched, glabrous, angular. Leaves spirally alternate, sparse; petioles 1–3 mm, glabrous; leaf blades nearly orbicular or broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1–1.8 × 0.8–1.8 cm, scabrous but glabrous on both surfaces, base shallowly cordate, apex rounded or acute, margin crenate. Flowers axillary at leafy bracts forming a lax raceme; pedicels (1.5–)2–2.7 cm, slender, glabrous; base with 2 lanceolate bracteoles ca. 3 mm. Calyx tube funnelform-campanulate, glabrous, 2–3 mm; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, slightly longer than tube at anthesis, but shorter than tube in fruit. Corolla pale blue, 4–5 mm, 2-lipped, upper lobes oblong-oblanceolate, erect, lower lobes oblong elliptic, patent. Stamens connate above middle of filaments; filament-tube glabrous; anther tube ca. 1 mm, back glabrous, anthers all barbate at top. Capsule oblong, ca. 5 × 3–4 mm. Seeds numerous, 3-angular, dark brown. Fl. and fr. Jan–Dec.
Paddy fields, by water or among wet grasses in forests, wet places; below 800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [E India, Sri Lanka eastwards to Philippines–need to list which countries, Indonesia, S Japan, Papua New Guinea].
1a. Leaves nearly orbicular, about as long as broad, margin serrate .................... 2a. subsp. alsinoides
1b. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, longer than broad, margin less prominently toothed 2b. subsp. hancei
短柄半边莲(原亚种) duan bing ban bian lian (yuan ya zhong)
Dortmanna trigona (Roxburgh) Kuntze; Lobelia gratioloides Roxburgh ex Presl; L. stipularis Roth; L. trigona Roxburgh.
Leaves nearly orbicular, about as long as broad, margin serrate.
Wet places; lower elevations. Hainan [E India, Sri Lanka eastwards to Philippines–need to list which countries, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea].
假半边莲 jia ban bian lian
Lobelia hancei H. Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 23. 1941; L. alsinoides var. cantonensis (E. Wimmer ex Danguy) E. Wimmer; L. chinensis Loureiro var. cantonensis E. Wimmer ex Danguy.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, longer than broad, margin less prominently toothed.
Paddy fields, by water or among wet grasses in forests; below 800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [S Japan].
顶花半边莲 ding hua ban bian lian
Dortmannia trigona (Roxburgh) Kuntze var. terminalis (C. B. Clarke) Kuntze; Lobelia thorelii E. Wimmer.
Slender annuals. Stems ascending or erect, 10–20(–40) cm tall, branched, angular but wingless, puberulent. Leaves spirally and laxly arranged; petioles 1–3 mm, hairy; leaf blades nearly orbicular to elliptic, base truncate, subcordate or rounded, apex rounded, 6–10(–15) × 6–10 mm, puberulent on both surfaces, margin nearly entire for lower several, but obviously serrate for rest. Flowers solitary, axillary at upper leafy bracts, forming a lax raceme or corymb; bracts ovate-lanceolate, margin serrate, hairy; pedicels slender, 1.5–4 cm, sparsely puberulent; bracteoles 2, persistent or caducous; calyx tube obovoid or semiglobose, ca. 2 mm, puberulent; calyx lobes linear-subulate, 2–3 × ca. 0.5 mm, entire. Corolla pale purple, 4–5(–8) mm, 2-lipped; corolla tube 2-divided to base at back, glabrous; upper lobes oblong-linear, erect, lower lobes oblong, slightly shorter than upper ones. Stamens connate into a tube above middle of filaments; filament-tube glabrous; anther tube ca. 1 mm, back sparsely villous, apex short-barbate. Capsule obovoid, sparsely puberulent, 4–5 × ca. 3 mm. Seeds numerous, brown-yellow, 3-angular. Fl. Nov.
Wet places in forests; 200–900 m. S Yunnan [India, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].
翅茎半边莲 chi jing ban bian lian
Lobelia trialata Hamilton ex D. Don; L. trialata var. asiatica Chiovenda.
Herbs annual, 10–50(–60) cm tall. Stems erect, 3-angular, winged, glabrous, branched; Leaves alternate; petioles 1–4 mm, winged; leaf blades broadly deltoid-ovate, 0.8–2.5 × 0.4–2.5 cm, upper ones smaller and more narrow, adaxially sparsely puberulent, abaxially glabrous, base truncate or shallowly cordate, often decurrent, apex rounded or acute. Flowers solitary, axillary at leafy bracts, often forming a raceme; bracts narrowly elliptic, shorter than pedicels; pedicels 1–1.5(–2) cm, slender, with 2 bracteoles at base; bracteoles subulate, less than 1 mm, often caduceus. Calyx campanulate, 1–2 mm, glabrous; calyx lobes longer than calyx tube at anthesis, but shorter than tube after anthesis, subulate, 2–3 mm, entire. Corolla pale purple, 3–5 mm, sparsely puberulent inside; limb 2-lipped, upper lobes linear, erect, less than 1 mm; lower lobes elliptic to nearly orbicular, spread, ca. 2 mm. Stamens connate into tube above middle of filaments; anther tube ca. 1 mm, lower two anther barbate at top. Capsule oblong or obovoid-oblong, 4–5 × 2–4 mm. Seeds pale red-brown, slightly compressed, ellipsoid, smooth. Fl. and fr. Jan–Dec.
Moist places; 500–2700 m. Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Nepal, Sri Lanka to SE Asia–need to list which countries, Papua New Guinea; tropical Africa].
海南半边莲 hai nan ban bian lian
Stems 4-angular, ascending or erect, glabrous up to 20 cm tall. Leaves alternate, denser at upper part of stems, nearly sessile; leaf blades oblong or elliptic, ca. 15 × 7 mm, glabrous base cuneate, apex obtuse, margin cartilaginous-crenulate. Flowers solitary, axillary at leaves; pedicels ca. 12 mm, glabrous, about as long as leaves. Calyx tube broadly top-shaped, ca. 2 × 2 mm; calyx lobes nearly linear, ca. 3 mm, glabrous, apex acute, margin entire. Corolla blue, glabrous, ca. 1 cm, 2-lipped; upper lobes spatulate, shorter than lower ones; lower lobes obovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, apex rounded, mucronate, base with a pale black spot. Filament-tube ca. 5 mm, glabrous; anther tube ca. 2 mm, gray-brown an black-striate, back puberulent at apex; lower 2 anthers barbate at top.
* Hainan.
No specimens have been examined by us, but it is a good species according to the protologue.
半边莲 ban bian lian
Lobelia caespitosa Blume; L. campanuloides Thunberg; L. erinus Thunberg (1811), not Linnaeus (1753); L. radicans Thunberg.
Herbs perennial. Stems slender, prostrate, glabrous, 6–15 cm tall, nodes rooted, branches erect. Leaves alternate, sessile or nearly sessile; leaf blades elliptic-lanceolate to linear, 8–25 × 2–6 cm, glabrous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex acute, margin entire or obviously serrate at upper part. Flowers usually solitary, axillary at upper leaves of branches; pedicels slender, 1.2–2.5(–3.5) cm; bracteoles 2 or 1 at base, ca. 1 mm, glabrous, or absent. Calyx tube obconical, base attenuate, not distinctly distinguished from pedicel, 3–5 mm, glabrous; calyx lobes lanceolate, about as long as tube, margin entire or with a pair of denticles. Corolla rose or white, 10–15 mm, divided to base at back, white-villous below throat, corolla lobes all spread into a plane on anterior side; lateral two lobes lanceolate, longer than others, central three elliptic-lanceolate. Stamens ca. 8 mm, connate above middle of filaments; filament-tube glabrous; free filaments villous on margins; anther tube ca. 2 mm, back glabrous or sparsely villous. Capsule obconical, ca. 6 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, slightly compressed. Fl. and fr. May–Oct.
By paddy fields, streams, and among moist grasses. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [SE Asia, E of India–need to list which countries].
山梗菜 shan geng cai
Lobelia camtschatica Pallas ex Roemer & Schultes; L. salicifolia Fischer ex Trautvetter; L. saligna Fischer.
Herbs perennial, 60–120 cm tall. Stems terete, usually simple, glabrous. Leaves alternate, denser at middle part of stems, sessile, thickly papery; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2.5–5.5(–7) × 0.3–1.6 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base nearly rounded to broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, margin serrate. Racemes terminal, 8–35 cm, glabrous; bracts leafy, narrowly lanceolate, shorter than flowers; pedicels 5–12 mm. Calyx tube funnelform-campanulate, ca. 4 mm, glabrous; calyx lobes deltoid-lanceolate, 5–7 × ca. 2 mm, glabrous, margin entire. Corolla blue-purple, 2.5–3(–3.5) cm, nearly 2-lipped, glabrous outside, villous inside; upper 2 lobes spatulate, 15–20 × 3–4 mm, longer than corolla tube, ascending; lower lobes elliptic, ca. 15 × 4–5 mm, nearly as long as corolla tube, densely ciliate. Stamens connate above base; filament-tube glabrous; anther tube 3–4 mm, densely villous along conjunctive suture; lower two anthers barbate at top. Capsule obovoid, 8–10 × 5–7 mm. Seeds semiglobose, one side thick, other thin, brown-red, ca. 1.5 mm, smooth. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
Wet meadows; 900–3000 m. Anhui (Jixi), N Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Hunan (Anjiang), Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, NW Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East, Siberia)].
线萼山梗菜 xian e shan geng cai
Herbs perennial, 80–150 cm tall. Stems glabrous, simple or branched. Leaves alternate, nearly sessile or shortly petiolate, ± falcate-ovate to falcate-lanceolate, thinly papery, 6–15 × 1.5–4 cm, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex caudate-acuminate, margin ciliate-denticulate. Racemes terminal, 15–40 cm, lax, lower bracts conformable with leaves, upper ones narrowed into linear, longer than flowers, margin ciliate-denticulate; pedicels compressed, 3–5 mm, with 2 subulate bracteoles at middle. Calyx tube semiellipsoid, 3–4 mm, glabrous; calyx lobes filiform, 13–21 × less than 1 mm, margin entire, spread at fruiting. Corolla reddish, 12–17 mm; limb 2-lipped; upper lobes linear-lanceolate, ascending, as long as tube, villous inside; lower ones lanceolate-elliptic, 2/3 as long as tube, also densely villous inside, spread. Stamens densely villous at base, connate into tube above base; filament-tube glabrous; anther tube ca. 4 mm, back sparsely villous, only lower anthers barbate at top. Capsule nearly globose, erect, 5–6 mm wide, glabrous. Seeds oblong, slightly compressed, ca. 0.6 mm, foveolate. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
* Ravines, roadsides, by streams or wet places in forests; below 1000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei (Badong, Ziguei), Hunan (Yizhang), Jiangsu (Suzhou), S and W Jiangxi, Zhejiang (Longquan).
毛萼山梗菜 mao e shan geng cai
Lobelia davidii Franchet var. handelii (E. Wimmer) E. Wimmer; L. davidii var. pleotricha (Diels) E. Wimmer; L. handelii E. Wimmer; L. pleotricha var. cacumiflora Y. S. Lian; L. pleotricha var. handelii (E. Wimmer) C. Y. Wu.
Herbs perennials, 60–80 cm tall. Stem dark red, sparsely pubescent. Leaves alternate; lower leaves petiolate, petioles 2–3 cm, narrowly winged; upper leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blades elliptic-lanceolate, 6–12 × 2–3.5 cm, densely white hirsute on both surfaces, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin sinuate or irregularly crenate. Racemes terminal, 10–30 cm; bracts leafy, lower ones much longer, but upper ones sometimes shorter than flowers; pedicels 5–13 mm, densely white hirsute. Calyx tube shortly oblong, 4–6 × 4–6 mm, densely white hirsute; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 6–14 × 1–1.5 mm, reflexed at fruiting, densely white hirsute, margin glandular-denticulate. Corolla purple-red to blue-purple, ca. 2 cm, lobes hairy along midrib and ciliate; upper lobes linear, ascending; lower lobes ovate-lanceolate, spreading. Filament-tube glabrous or sparsely puberulent; anther tube ca. 5 mm, back sparsely pubescent; lower 2 anthers barbate at top. Capsule shortly columnar, 7–8 × 5–6 mm, base truncate, concave. Seeds ellipsoid, slightly compressed. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
Grassy slopes, thickets, margins of bamboo forests; 2000–3600 m. Xizang (Mêdog), W Yunnan [N Myanmar].
塔花山梗菜 ta hua shan geng cai
Lobelia seguinii H. Léveillé & Vaniot var. arakana E. Wimmer; L. wallichiana J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
Herbs shrubby, 1–2.5 m tall. Stems glabrous or setose only on inflorescence raches, numerously branched above. Leaves alternate, nearly leathery, sessile or shortly petiolate; basal leaves spatulate lower ones oblong, up to 25 cm, middle and upper ones narrowly lanceolate, 13–25 × 2.5–4 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, margin densely minute-serrate. Racemes terminal, forming a panicle, inflorescence raches glabrous or minute-setose; flowers dense, oriented towards one side. Pedicels 1–2.4 cm, glabrous or setulose, arched; bracts linear, entire, often shorter than flowers; bracteoles various in number and position, usually absent, but sometimes 1 or 2. Calyx tube shortly oblong, length slightly larger than width, 5–7 × 4–6 mm, glabrous or puberulent; calyx lobes lanceolate-linear, 12–30 × 1–3 mm, margin entire. Corolla white, rose or bluish, 2.5–3 cm, glabrous outside, densely villous inside corolla tube, nearly 2-lipped; lobes of upper lip linear, 2/3 as long as total length of corolla; those of lower lip ovate-lanceolate, 1/3 as long as total length of corolla. Stamens connate into tube above base; filament-tube glabrous; anther tube ca. 5 mm, densely villous along sutures, lower two anthers barbate at top. Capsule nearly globose, 6–8 mm in diam., glabrous, often pendulous. Seeds oblong, obviously compressed, margin pale in color. Fl. Jan–May.
Grassy slopes, scrub, roadsides; below 1900 m. W Guangxi, SW Guizhou, Xizang (?Lhasa), Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
西南山梗菜 xi nan shan geng cai
Lobelia seguinii f. brevisepala E. Wimmer; L. seguinii f. longisepala E. Wimmer.
Herbs semishrubby, 1–2.5(–5) m tall. Stems much branched, glabrous. Leaves alternate, papery, lower leaves long petiolate; leaf blades long oblong, up to 25 cm; middle and upper ones sessile or shortly petiolate, lanceolate, 6–28 × 1.2–5.5 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base attenuate, apex acuminate, margin serrate or double-serrate. Racemes terminal, densely flowered; flowers oriented to one side; lower bracts linear-lanceolate, longer than flowers, margin denticulate; upper ones narrowed into linear, shorter than flowers, entire; pedicels 5–8 mm, slightly compressed, curved backwards, with 2 linear bracteoles near top, ca. 1 mm to calyx tube. Calyx tube obovoid-oblong to obconical, 5–8 mm, glabrous; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, (8–)16–20(–25) × 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, entire. Corolla purple red, purple-blue or pale blue, 2.5–3(–3.5) cm, densely villous below throat inside; upper lobes linear, ca. 1 mm wide, 2/3 as long as total length of corolla, ascending or spread; lower ones lanceolate, 1/2 as long as total length of corolla, spread. Stamens connate into tube; filament-tube nearly as long as corolla tube, glabrous except base; anther tube 5–7 mm, base with several tufts of short hairs, back glabrous, lower 2 anthers barbate at top. Capsule oblong, 10–12 × 5–7 mm, glabrous, pendent. Seeds oblong, foveolate. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
* Grassy slopes, forest margins, roadsides; 500–3000 m. Chongqing (Fengjie, Wushan, Wuxi), W Guangxi, Guizhou (Anlong, Ceheng), Hubei (Badong, Ziguei), SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
密毛山梗菜 mi mao shan geng cai
Herbs semishrubby, 1.5–2 m. Stems terete, multi-branched, tomentose. Cauline leaves alternate, sessile; leaf blades oblong elliptic, 15–28 × 3–8 cm, thick-papery, densely hispidulous on both surfaces, base broadly cuneate to nearly rounded, apex acute, margin densely denticulate, short-ciliate. Racemes glomerate into a panicle; flowers dense, oriented towards one side, erect; involucrate bracts conformable to but smaller than leaves, 5–7 × 2–3 cm, margin double-serrate, ciliate; bracts lanceolate-linear, 10–15 × 1–3 mm, short-pannose; pedicels 5–10 mm, terete, pannose, twisted towards posterior side; bracteoles often absent or 1, minute, near base. Calyx densely pannose; calyx tube semiglobose, ca. 5 × 4 mm, base rounded; calyx lobes lanceolate-linear, 11–15 × 1–1.5 mm, margin entire, sometimes ciliate. Corolla white, 2–3.2 cm, short-pannose outside, villous inside, rarely 2-lipped; upper lobes linear, ca. 2/3 as long as total length of corolla; lower lobes ovate-lanceolate, 1/3 as long as total length of corolla. Stamens connate into tube above base; filament-tube densely puberulent; anther tube 5–6 mm, densely villous along sutures; lower two anthers barbate at top. Capsule nearly globose or shortly oblong, 6–9 × 5–7 mm, densely puberulent, pendulous. Seeds oblong, slightly compressed, smooth, margin pale in color. Fl. and fr. Dec–Apr.
Grassy slopes, forests, roadsides; below 1900 m. SW Guizhou (Anlong), S Yunnan [Myanmar].
微齿山梗菜 wei chi shan geng cai
Lobelia seguinii H. Léveillé & Vaniot var. doniana (Skottsberg) E. Wimmer.
Herbs perennial, up to 1.5 m tall. Stems erect, branched above, mostly glabrous, rarely hispidulous above, up to 1.5 cm in diam. Cauline leaves alternate, at least lower ones petiolate, petioles cuneate-winged, up to 3 cm; leaf blades elliptic to linear-elliptic, 8–33 × 1–6 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially glabrous or sparsely hispidulous, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin minute-serrate. Racemes terminal on main stems and branches, lower bracts leafy, gradually smaller up stems; pedicels 5–15 mm, usually densely hispidulous; bracteoles 2, at middle part of pedicels, filiform, minute. Calyx tube obconical, densely or sparsely scaberulose; calyx lobes subulate, 11–22 mm, with 1–2 minute-verrucose teeth on each side. Corolla 20–25 mm, purple, purple-red or blue-purple, scaberulose below outside, villous inside, 2-lipped; upper 2 lobes filiform-linear, slightly longer than lower 3. Filaments ciliate, connate above base, filament-tube glabrous; anther tube white hirsute only at base; lower two anthers barbate at top. Capsule oblong or obovoid, 8–12 × 5–7 mm. Seeds ovoid, short-striate. Fl. Sep–Oct, fr. Oct–Nov.
Grassy slopes, forest margins, glades; (800–)1400–3200 m. Taiwan, Xizhang (Nyalam), Yunnan [India, Nepal].
柳叶山梗菜 liu ye shan geng cai
Herbs perennial, up to 85 cm tall. Stems erect, terete, simple, often purplish, glabrous, lower part often leafless. Cauline leaves alternate, sessile; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 6.5–11 × 1.3–1.6 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin glandular-serrate. Racemes lax; flowers almost oriented towards one side; bracts conformable to leaves, 2.5–5.5 × 0.5–1 cm, longer than flowers; pedicels 5–10 mm, straight, puberulent; bracteoles 2, subulate. Calyx tube semiglobose, 2.5–4 mm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 11–15 × 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, margin glandular-denticulate. Corolla purple-blue, glabrous, 17–25 mm, nearly 2-lipped; upper 2 lobes ca. 13 mm, ascending; lower lobes long oblong, ca. 8 mm, acute, spread. Stamens connate into tube; filament-tube ca. 12 mm, glabrous; anther tube gray-blue, 5–6 mm, back sparsely setulose; lower two anthers barbate at top. Fl. and fr. Sep–Oct.
* Forests, forest margins and grassy slopes by streams; 800–2500 m. Yunnan.
苞叶山梗菜 bao ye shan geng cai
Semishrubs branched, glabrous, 1–2 m tall. Cauline leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blades oblong to broad-lanceolate, papery, up to 25 × 3.5 cm, adaxially glabrous or sparsely puberulent, abaxially often puberulent, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin glandular-serrate. Racemes terminal, densely flowered, 5–20 cm, often pendulous; bracts linear-lanceolate, usually entire; pedicels ca. 5 mm, with 2 bracteoles at top; bracteoles leafy, 6–12 × ca. 1 mm, margin glandular-denticulate. Calyx tube obconical, ca. 6 × 4 mm, glabrous to puberulent; calyx lobes linear, erect or spreading, 12–16 mm, usually denticulate. Corolla blue-purple or purple-red, puberulent, 20–30 cm; upper two lobes ca. 17 mm; lower three lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca. 8 mm. Filaments 12–15 mm, puberulent below; anther tube gray-blue, ca. 5 mm, back densely setulose; lower two anthers sparsely barbate at top. Capsule oblong, ca. 12 × 8–10 mm. Seeds dark brown, ellipsoid. Fl. and fr. Aug.
* Sunny slopes; 2300–3000 m. Yunnan (Dali).
狭叶山梗菜 xia ye shan geng cai
Lobelia colorata var. baculus E. Wimmer; L. colorata var. dsolinhoensis E. Wimmer; L. palustris Kerr; L. wallichii Steudel.
Herbs perennial, 30–100 cm tall. Stems terete, erect, simple, glabrous or puberulent near axils. Cauline leaves alternate, nearly sessile or winged-petiolate; leaf blades obovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 3.5–11 × 0.5–3 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, apex rounded but mucronate. Racemes terminal, 15–30 cm, lax; flowers oriented towards one side; bracts lanceolate to linear, shorter or longer than flowers; pedicels 4–7 mm, glabrous or sparsely setulose, with 2 bracteoles at or below middle. Calyx tube semiellipsoid, 2–4 mm, glabrous or puberulent; calyx lobes linear, 5–12 × ca. 1 mm, margin with 2–4 pairs of glandular denticles. Corolla purple-blue or blue, rarely white, glabrous, 12–28 mm, nearly 2-lipped; upper two lobes linear, 11–15 mm; lower ones ovate-oblong, 4–8 mm. Filament-tube glabrous, 7–11 mm; anther tube 5–6 mm, glabrous or sparsely villous; lower two anthers barbate at top. Capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 6 × 4–6 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, slightly compressed. Fl. and fr. Sep–Oct.
Thickets in ravines, moist meadows; 1000–3000 m. Yunnan [India, Thailand].
大理山梗菜 da li shan geng cai
Lobelia fossarum E. Wimmer; L. hybrida C. Y. Wu.
Herbs perennial, 50–120 cm tall. Rhizomes short. Stems terete, erect, simple or few-branched, glabrous, often purplish. Basal leaves petiolate; petioles narrow-winged; leaf blades spatulate, up to 8 cm; cauline leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, leaf blades obovate-oblong to obovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 3.5–7 × 1.5–2(–3) cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, apex obtuse or acute, margin with glandular denticles. Racemes terminal, lax, one-side-oriented; bracts similar to leaves, sessile; pedicels compressed, 4–7 mm, puberulent; bracteoles 2 at middle of pedicels. Calyx tube oblong, 3–4 mm, puberulent; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 9–12 × ca. 1 mm, margin glandular-denticulate or also ciliate. Corolla pale blue or rose, 24–30 mm, lobes of upper lip linear, slightly ascending, ca. 15 mm, back sparsely villous along mid-vein; those of lower lip oblong-lanceolate, ca. 8 mm, patent. Filament-tube ca. 11 mm, glabrous; anther tube ca. 6 mm, back sparsely villous at apex, lower two anthers barbate at top. Capsule oblong, ca. 6 × 4 mm. Seeds ellipsoid. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
* Grassy slopes; 1600–2600 m. NW Yunnan (Dali, Heqing, Yangbi).
江南山梗菜 jiang nan shan geng cai
Lobelia davidii var. congenita E. Wimmer; L. davidii var. dolichothyrsa (Diels) E. Wimmer; L. davidii var. glaberrima E. Wimmer; L. davidii var. kwangsiensis (E. Wimmer) Y. S. Lian; L. davidii var. sichuanensis Y. S. Lian; L. dolichothyrsa Diels; L. erecta J. D. Hooker & Thomson (1858), not De Vriese (1845); L. erectiuscula H. Hara; L. kwangsiensis E. Wimmer; L. oligantha C. Y. Wu.
Herbs perennial, up to 180 cm. Stems erect, simple or branched, usually densely hispidulous or scaberulose, rarely glabrous. Leaves alternate, lower leaves usually petiolate; petioles winged, up to 4 cm; leaf blades ovate-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, up to 17 × 7 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially glabrous or hispidulous, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin. Racemes terminal, 20–50 cm, inflorescence raches glabrous to densely hispidulous; bracts ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, longer than flowers; pedicels 3–5 mm, usually hispidulous, with 1 or 2 minute bracteoles near base. Calyx tube obovoid, ca. 4 mm, rounded at base, sparsely to densely scaberulose; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 5–12 ×1–1.5 mm, margin denticulate. Corolla purple-red or red-purple, 1.1–2.8 cm, nearly 2-lipped; upper lobes liner; lower lobes narrowly elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, glabrous or puberulent, villous below throat. Stamens connate above base; filament-tube glabrous or puberulent near anthers; lower two anthers barbate at top. Capsule globose, 6–10 in diam. Seeds yellow-brown, slightly compressed, one side thicker than other. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
Forest margins, by streams; below 4000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang (Cona, Yadong), Yunnan, Zhejiang [N India (Sikkim)].
铜锤玉带草 tong chui yu dai cao
Lobelia begoniifolia Wallich; L. horsfieldiana Miquel; L. javanica Thunberg; L. nummularia Lamarck; L. obliqua Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don; Piddingtonia nummularia A. Candolle; Pratia angulata (G. Forster) J. D. Hooker; P. begoniifolia (Wallich) Lindley; P. nummularia (Lamarck) A. Brown & Ascherson; Rapuntium angulatum (G. Forster) C. Presl; R. nummularium (Lamarck) C. Presl.
Herbs perennial. Stems prostrate, 12–55 cm, villous, simple or branch at base, nodes rooted. Leaves alternate, petiolate; petioles 2–7 cm, puberulent; leaf blades ovate-orbicular, cordate or ovate, 0.8–1.6 × 0.6–1.8 cm, puberulent on both surfaces, base obliquely cordate, apex acute or obtuse, margin serrate. Flowers solitary and axillary; pedicels 0.7–3.5 cm, glabrous. Calyx tube urceolate, 3–4 × 2–3 mm, glabrous; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 3–4 mm, straight, margin with 2–3 pairs of denticles. Corolla purple-red, pale purple, green or yellow-white, 6–10 mm; corolla tube glabrous outsides, villous inside; limb 2-lipped; upper two lobes linear-lanceolate; lower three lobes lanceolate. Stamens connate above middle; filament-tube glabrous; anther tube ca. 1 mm, back villous; lower two anthers barbate at top. Fruit a berry, purple-red, ellipsoid-globose, 1–1.3 cm. Seeds nearly globose, slightly compressed, verruculose. Fl. and fr. all year round.
By fields, roadsides, wet places on hills, grassy slopes or open woods; lower elevations. E, S, and SW China–need to list which provinces, Hubei, Hunan, Taiwan, Xizang [India, Nepal to Papua New Guinea–need to list which countries].
广西铜锤草 guang xi tong chui cao
Pratia wollastonii S. Moore, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9: 89. 1916, not Lobelia wollastonii E. G. Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 265. 1908.
Herbs perennial. Stems prostrate, glabrous, rooted at nodes. Leaves subsessile; leaf blades ovate or broad-ovate, ca. 5.5 × 4.5 mm, membranous, obtuse at two ends, margin crenulated, sparsely ciliate. Flowers solitary and axillary; petioles longer than leaves, 12–15 mm. Calyx tube narrowly obconical, glabrous; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 1.2–2.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin ciliate. Corolla ca. 7.5 mm; upper two lobes spatulate-oblong, apex obtuse; lower three lobes narrowly oblong, ca. 4.5 mm, apex slightly obtuse. Anther tube ca. 1.8 mm, setulose at top. Fl. Jul.
By paddy fields; below 1300 m. N Guangxi [Papua New Guinea].
[Is it know from anywhere other than Papua New Guinea? If not, then it seems strange that a Papua New Guinea endemic should also be in N Guangxi, unless it is introduced there, in which case this should be indicated. Or could it be a misidentification?]
峨嵋紫锤草 e mei zi chui cao
Pratia fangiana E. Wimmer, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38: 3. 1935; Lobelia omeiensis E. Wimmer.
Herbs perennial, up to 1.5 m tall, simple. Stems terete, often purple, young shoots puberulent. Leaves alternate, almost sessile; leaf blades lanceolate or oblanceolate, 10–15 × 2–2.5 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base attenuate, apex acuminate, irregularly double-serrate. Racemes terminal, 8–20 cm; bracts leafy, lower bracts 2–3 times as long as flowers; upper bracts shorter than flowers; pedicels 12–14 mm, up to 26 mm at fruiting, puberulent. Calyx tube campanulate, 3–4 mm, puberulent; calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 4–6 × ca. 1.5 mm, straight, glabrous, with 2–3 glandular denticles on each side. Corolla purple or purple-red, 1.5–1.8 cm, puberulent both outside and inside, 2-lipped; upper lobes lanceolate-linear; lower lobes lanceolate. Stamens connate above base; filament-tube glabrous; anther tube 4–5 mm, back glabrous; lower two anthers barbate at top. Fruit dry, globose, pericarp thin, in dehiscent, 6–8 mm in diam. Seeds ellipsoid-globose, smooth. Fl. Aug.
* Grassy slopes, forests, roadsides; 2300–3000 m. S Sichuan.
山紫锤草 shan zi chui cao
Pratia montana (Reinwardt ex Blume) Hasskarl.
Herbs perennial, up to 1 m tall. Stems terete, simple or branched, upper internodes zigzagged, glabrous. Leaves alternate, petiolate; petioles 0.6–2.5 cm, often narrowly winged, glabrous; leaf blades elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 7–15 × 2.5–4 cm, papery, glabrous on both surfaces, base broad-cuneate to nearly rounded, apex caudate-acuminate, margin crenulate, glandular-denticulate. Flowers solitary and axillary; pedicels slender, 2–4 cm, glabrous. Calyx tube semiglobose, 4–5 × ca. 4 mm, glabrous; calyx lobes linear, ca. 7 mm, up to 10 mm at fruiting, entire, glabrous, recurved but not reflexed. Corolla purple, or purple-striate, 1.3–1.5 cm, glabrous outside, villous inside; upper lobes linear-lanceolate; lower lobes long ovate, apex with rostrum 2–3 mm. Filament-tube villous; anther tube ca. 5 mm, back sparsely villous; lower two anthers barbate at top. Berry globose, purple, 0.7–1 cm in diam., base concave. Seeds ovoid-globose, slightly compressed, verruculose. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
Moist ravines, glades, forest margins; 1300–2600 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Malesia [=Malaysia?], Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
短萼紫锤草 duan e zi chui cao
Pratia brevisepala Y. S. Lian in D. Y. Hong, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 73(2): 189. 1983.
Herbs perennial, 0.5–1.5 m tall. Stems terete, branched; young shoots puberulent. Leaves alternate, petiolate; petioles 0.4–1 cm, puberulent; leaf blades ovate-elliptic, 5–9 × 1.5–3.5cm, thin-papery, sparsely puberulent along middle rib, base nearly rounded or broad-cuneate, apex acuminate, mucronate, margin crenate. Flowers solitary and axillary; pedicels slender, 2–2.5 cm, up to 3.5 cm at fruiting, glabrous, often slightly curved. Calyx tube obovoid, 4–5 × ca. 4 mm, glabrous; calyx lobes linear, 2–3 mm, up to 4–5 mm at fruiting, entire, often reflexed. Corolla purple or dark purple, ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous outside, vidose [=??] inside; upper two lobes linear-lanceolate; lower three lobes lanceolate, apex rostrate-acuminate; rostrum ca. 2 mm. Filament-tube glabrous; anther tube ca. 5 mm, back sparsely villous; lower two anthers barbate at top. Fruit a berry, globose, purple-black, 0.9–1.2 cm in diam. Seeds ovoid-globose, slightly compressed, smooth. Fl. and fr. Nov–Dec.
* Forests; 1000–1600 m. Yunnan (Xichou).
西藏紫锤草 xi zang zi chui cao
Pratia reflexa Y. S. Lian, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(2): 123. 1979, not Lobelia reflexa Stokes (1812).
Herbs perennial and tall. Stems branched; young shoots puberulent, glabrescent. Leaves alternate, petiolate; petioles 0.4–1 cm, often narrowly winged; leaf blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1.5–4.5 cm, papery, puberulent on both surfaces, gradually glabrescent, base broadly cuneate to nearly rounded, apex caudate-acuminate, margin crenate. Flower solitary and axillary; pedicels 2.5–3 cm; bracteoles caduceus or absent, glabrous. Calyx tube semiglobose, ca. 4 mm in diam., glabrous; calyx lobes linear, 4–6 mm, entire, reflexed from anthesis. Corolla purple, 1.5–1.7 cm, glabrous outside, villous inside; upper lobes linear-lanceolate, longer than lower ones; lower lobes long ovate, rostrate. Filament-tube glabrous; anther tube 5–7 mm, back glabrous or extremely sparsely villous; lower two anthers white-barbate at top. Fl. Aug–Sep.