小檗科 xiao bo ke
Ying Junsheng (应俊生 Ying Tsun-shen)[1]; David E. Boufford[2], Anthony R. Brach[3]
Herbs, perennial, or shrubs, rarely small trees, evergreen or deciduous, sometimes rhizomatous or tuberous. Stems with or without spines. Leaves alternate, opposite, or basal, simple, or 1–3 × pinnately or 2–3 × ternately compound; stipules present or absent; venation pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemes, spikes, umbels, cymes, or panicles, or flowers fascicled or solitary. Flowers pedicellate or sessile, bisexual, radially symmetric; bracteoles or bracts present or absent. Perianth usually 2- or 3-merous, rarely absent. Sepals 6–9, often petaloid, distinct, in 2 or 3 whorls. Petals 6, distinct, flat, hooded, pouched, or spurred; nectary present or absent. Stamens 6, opposite petals; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing by valves or longitudinal silts. Ovary superior, apparently 1-carpellate; ovules numerous, rarely solitary; placentation marginal or appearing basal; style present or absent, sometimes persistent in fruit as a beak. Fruit a berry, capsule, follicle, or utricle. Seeds 1 to numerous, sometimes arillate; endosperm abundant.
Seventeen genera and ca. 650 species: mainly in the north temperate zone and on subtropical mountains; 11 genera and 320 species (228 endemic) in China.
The family Berberidaceae presents an interesting, distinctive biogeography. The two species of Achlys Candolle are disjunctly distributed between E Asia and North America, with one in Japan and Korea and one along the west coast of North America. Caulophyllum and Diphylleia each contain three species; the former has one species in E Asia and two in North America, the latter has two in E Asia and one in North America. Sinopodophyllum and Plagiorhegma (if maintained separate from Podophyllum Linnaeus and Jeffersonia Barton, respectively) are endemic to E Asia, but their closest relatives, Podophyllum and Jeffersonia, are widely disjunct in E North America. Epimedium has a wide, fragmented range from Japan westward to Algeria in Eurasia; the nearest relative, Vancouveria C. Morren & Decaisne, is endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America. Dysosma, Nandina, and Ranzania T. Ito are endemic to China or to E Asia.
Podophyllum cavaleriei H. Léveillé (Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 14: 142. 1914) is the replaced synonym of Pilea panzhihuaensis C. J. Chen et al. (Novon 17: 24. 2007) in the Urticaceae.
Ying Tsunshen. 2001. Berberidaceae. In: Ying Tsunshen, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 29: 50–310.
1a. Shrubs.
2a. Leaves 2 or 3 × pinnately compound; margins of leaflets entire; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits; placentation parietal 1. Nandina
2b. Leaves simple or
pinnately compound; margins of leaflets toothed; anthers dehiscing by 2
apically hinged
valves; placentation basal.
3a. Leaves simple; branches spiny ....................................................................................................................... 2. Berberis
3b. Leaves pinnately compound; branches without spines ................................................................................. 3. Mahonia
1b. Perennial herbs.
4a. Leaves simple; petals without nectary.
5a. Flowers solitary.
6a. Rhizomes stout; flowers appearing before leaves; fruit a berry, indehiscent ............................. 4. Sinopodophyllum
6b. Rhizomes slender; flowers appearing with the leaves; fruit a dehiscent capsule ............................ 5. Plagiorhegma
5b. Flowers 2 or more, in fascicles, umbels, or cymes.
7a. Inflorescences fascicles or umbels; leaves 3–9-parted or -lobed; seeds numerous .................................. 6. Dysosma
7b. Inflorescences terminal cymes or umbelliform; leaves 2-parted; seeds 2–4 .......................................... 7. Diphylleia
4b. Leaves compound (except in few species of Epimedium); petals with nectary.
8a. Fruit resembling a berry, actually a naked seed at maturity; inflorescences compound cymes ........... 11. Caulophyllum
8b. Fruit capsules; seeds contained within fruit; inflorescences racemes or panicles.
9a. Plants from rhizomes; margins of leaflets toothed; petals 4, often spurred ........................................ 8. Epimedium
9b. Plants from tubers; margin of leaflets entire; petals 6, nectarylike, spurs absent.
10a. Tubers producing 1 or rarely 2 leaves per year; fruit a dehiscent capsule; seeds with arils 9. Gymnospermium
10b. Tubers producing 2–5 leaves per year; fruit an achene, globose, utricular; seeds without arils .... 10. Leontice
南天竹属 nan tian zhu shu
Ying Junsheng (应俊生 Ying Tsun-shen); David E. Boufford, Anthony R. Brach
Shrubs, evergreen, without rhizomes. Leaves alternate, 2 or 3 × pinnately compound, estipulate; petioles and petiolules swollen at base; leaflets entire, venation pinnate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary panicles of dozens to hundreds of flowers. Flowers bisexual, 3-merous; bracteoles present. Sepals numerous, spirally arranged. Petals 6, larger than sepals, basally without nectaries. Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits; pollen grains prolate, 3-polyporate, exine distinctly reticulate. Ovary ellipsoid; placentation submarginal; style short; stigma entire or crisped. Fruit berries, globose. Seeds 1–3; aril absent. 2n = 20.
One species: E Asia.
Nandina is occasionally treated as a separate family, Nandinaceae (Takhtajan, Divers. Classific. Fl. Pl. 1997), or subfamily, Nandinoideae (Loconte in Kubitzki et al., Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 2: 147–151. 1993).
南天竹 nan tian zhu
Nandina domestica var. linearifolia C. Y. Wu ex S. Y. Bao.
Shrubs, evergreen,
erect, to 3 m tall, glabrous, few
branched. Branchlets reddish when young. Leaves 30–50 cm; leaflets nearly
sessile; blades elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 2–10 × 0.5–2 cm, weakly
leathery, glabrous, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences erect, 20–35
cm. Flowers cream or white. Sepals ovate-triangular or ovate-oblong, 1–4
mm. Petals
oblong, ca. 4.2 × 2.5 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective
prolonged. Ovary locules 1; ovules 1–3. Carpopodium 4–8 mm. Berry red or
purplish, 6–8 mm in diam. Seeds grayish or brownish, oblate-spheroidal. Fl.
Mar–Jun, fr. May–Nov. 2n = 20*.
Streamsides in montane forests, roadsides, thickets; below 1000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, ?Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan; probably not native in SE North America, West Indies, and South America (Peru)].
小檗属 xiao bo shu
Ying Junsheng (应俊生 Ying Tsun-shen)[4]
Shrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Branches glabrous or tomentose, spinose or not; spines simple or usually 3–5-fid. Leaves on short shoots, simple, alternate, usually petiolate. Inflorescences solitary or fascicled flowers, racemes, umbels, or panicles. Flowers 3-merous; bracteoles usually 3, caducous, scale-like. Sepals 6, rarely 3 or 9, yellow. Petals 6, yellow, bases nectariferous. Stamens opposite petals; anthers dehiscing by valves; pollen grains subspheroidal, exine reticulate. Ovary symmetrically club-shaped; ovules 1–12, rarely to 15, subbasal; styles very short. Fruit a berry, usually red, dark red, or black, globose, ellipsoid, oblong, ovoid, or obovoid. Seeds 1–10, tan to red-brown or black; aril absent. 2n = 14.
About 500 species: northern temperate regions, a few in the southern hemisphere; 215 species in China (197 endemic [??add species #208]).
Many species of the genus are grown as ornamental shrubs, and used for medicinal purposes.
[insert comment referring to Julian Harber’s monograph]
1a. Inflorescence an umbel, raceme, or panicle.
2a. Inflorescence an umbel.
3a. Branches densely pubescent .................................................................................................................. 119. B. weiningensis
3b. Branches glabrous.
4a. Inflorescences not pedunculate (flowers fascicled at base of peduncle).
5a. Stems, pedicels, and leaves abaxially pruinose, each leaf margin 2–7-aristate-dentate .................. 124. B. multiserrata
5b. Stems, pedicels, and leaves abaxially not pruinose, each leaf margin 1–4-spinose-serrate or entire.
6a. Shrubs evergreen; spines 3-fid; each leaf margin 1–4-spinose-serrate, rarely entire, veins raised on both surfaces; ovules 4 or 5 125. B. pulangensis
6b. Shrubs deciduous; spines simple; leaves entire, veins inconspicuous; ovules 1 or 2 ....................... 126. B. thunbergii
4b. Inflorescences pedunculate (flowers not fascicled at base of peduncle).
7a. Sepals in 3 whorls; fruit contracted at middle part, apex usually bent ................................................ 120. B. johannis
7b. Sepals in 2 whorls; fruit not bent at apex.
8a. Leaves narrowly elliptic or obovate-elliptic; fruit contracted at lower part, style persistent; ovules 2 121. B. leboensis
8b. Leaves obovate, obovate-lanceolate, or oblong; fruit not contracted, style not persistent; ovules 4 or 5.
9a. Petals emarginate at apex; leaves obovate or obovate-lanceolate ................................................ 122. B. umbratica
9b. Petals entire at apex; leaves oblong or elliptic ........................................................................... 123. B. gilungensis
2b. Inflorescence a raceme or panicle.
10a. Inflorescence a panicle.
11a. Inflorescence a corymbose panicle.
12a. Leaf blade narrowly obovate or obovate-lanceolate, margin entire; sepals in 3 whorls; petals emarginate at apex; ovules 3 or 4 198. “B. jiulongensis”
12b. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, margin 1–4-spinose-serrate on each side; sepals in 2 whorls; petals entire at apex; ovules 1 199. B. contracta
11b. Inflorescence a panicle.
13a. Inflorescence a congested panicle; pedicels 1–2(–3) mm; fruit subglobose ....................................... 200. B. aggregata
13b. Inflorescence a loose panicle; pedicels longer than 2 mm.
14a. Sepals in 3 whorls.
15a. Rachis and peduncle pubescent .................................................................................................. 201. B. luhuoensis
15b. Rachis and peduncle glabrous.
16a. Leaves entire.
17a. Rachis conspicuously flexuose; fruit oblong-ovoid, pruinose, style not persistent ............... 202. B. sherriffii
17b. Rachis not flexuose; fruit ovoid, not pruinose, style persistent ................................................. 203. B. prattii
16b. Leaves spinose-serrate.
18a. Leaves abaxially pruinose; inflorescences 2–4 cm; petals entire or slightly emarginate at apex; style not persistent; ovules 3 or 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 204. B. beaniana
18b. Leaves abaxially not pruinose; inflorescences 5–12 cm; petals incised at apex; style persistent; ovules 2 205. B. francisci-ferdinandi
14b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
19a. Branches and rachises pubescent.
20a. Bracts shorter than pedicels; anther connective apiculate; ovules 2 ........................................... 206. B. trichiata
20b. Bracts longer than pedicels; anther connective truncate; ovules usually 3 or 4 .......................... 207. B. gyalaica
19b. Branches and rachises glabrous.
21a. Shrubs deciduous.
22a. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, thinly papery; petals entire or emarginate at apex ........... 215. B. beijingensis
22b. Leaves obovate, papery; petals emarginate at apex.
23a. Leaves up to 6.5 cm; pedicels 5–12 mm; fruit red, pruinose, style not persistent ........ 213. B. xanthophlaea
23b. Leaves up to 2.7 cm; pedicels 2–3 mm; fruit dark red to purple-red, not pruinose, style persistent 214. B. concolor
21b. Shrubs evergreen or semi-evergreen.
24a. Shrubs evergreen; leaves oblanceolate; fruit black, pruinose .................................................. 208. B. kerriana
24b. Shrubs semi-evergreen; leaves spatulate-cuneate, obovate, or oblong-obovate.
25a. Leaf margin spinose-serrate; style 1–1.5 mm.
26a. Spines usually simple; inflorescences 5–15 cm; petals incised at apex; ovules 2 ............. 209. B. polyantha
26b. Spines 3-fid; inflorescences 3–5 cm; petals entire at apex; ovules 4 .............................. 210. B. sikkimensis
25b. Leaves entire; style 0.5–0.75 mm.
27a. Leaves spatulate-cuneate, apex retuse; bracts shorter than pedicels ........................................ 211. B. coryi
27b. Leaves obovate, apex rounded; bracts subequal to pedicels in length ....................... 212. B. metapolyantha
10b. Inflorescence a raceme.
28a. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme.
29a. Leaves glabrous.
30a. Leaf margin 2–15-spinose-serrate on each side; fruit black ................................................................ 131. B. purdomii
30b. Leaf margin entire; fruit red.
31a. Petals entire at apex .......................................................................................................................... 132. B. vernae
31b. Petals incised at apex ........................................................................................................................ 133. B. poireti
29b. Leaves pubescent.
32a. Sepals in 3 whorls.
33a. Adaxial surface of leaf rugose, both surfaces pubescent .......................................................... 127. B. brachypoda
33b. Adaxial surface of leaf not rugose, only abaxially pubescent ........................................................ 128. B. salicaria
32b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
34a. Leaves entire; petals entire at apex; pedicels glabrous ................................................................... 129. B. gilgiana
34b. Leaf margin aristate-dentate; petals incised at apex; pedicels pubescent ................................ 130. B. stenostachya
28b. Inflorescence a racemose subumbel or raceme.
35a. Inflorescence a racemose subumbel.
36a. Inflorescences not pedunculate.
37a. Sepals in 3 whorls ............................................................................................................................ 134. B. pallens
37b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
38a. Leaf margin closely spinose-serrate; petals slightly emarginate at apex; berry ovoid .............. 135. B. reticulata
38b. Leaves entire or 1–4-spinose-serrate; petals entire or deeply emarginate at apex.
39a. Leaves oblong-obovate; spines simple; ovules solitary .................................................... 136. B. pruinocarpa
39b. Leaves lanceolate or broadly ovate, spines 3-fid; ovules 2–5.
40a. Leaves lanceolate; spines stout, 1–3 cm; petals entire at apex; ovules 2 or 3 ................... 137. B. hemsleyana
40b. Leaves broadly obovate; spines slender, ca. 1 cm; petals emarginate at apex; ovules 3–5 . 138. B. platyphylla
36b. Inflorescences pedunculate.
41a. Sepals in 3 whorls.
42a. Inflorescences with leaflike bracts; fruit globose, style persistent ......................................... 139. B. sichuanica
42b. Inflorescences without leaflike bracts; fruit oblong, style not persistent.
43a. Leaves obovate or broadly obovate; stamens truncate at apex ........................................ 140. B. mekongensis
43b. Leaves oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic; stamens apiculate at apex; fruit contracted below middle 141. “B. pseudoamoena”
41b. Sepals in 1 or 2 whorls.
44a. Sepals in 1 whorl; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, less than 5 mm wide ................................... 142. B. lepidifolia
44b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
45a. Stems, rachises, and pedicels conspicuously pruinose .................................................. 143. B. calcipratorum
45b. Stems, rachises, and pedicels not pruinose.
46a. Leaves leathery.
47a. Leaves abaxially not pruinose; fruit obovoid-oblong ..................................................... 146. B. derongensis
47b. Leaves abaxially pruinose; fruit globose or oblong.
48a. Leaves elliptic or oblong-obovate, reticulate veins conspicuous; fruit subglobose; seeds 3 144. B. weisiensis
48b. Leaves narrowly obovate, reticulate veins inconspicuous; fruit oblong; seeds 1 .............. 145. B. amoena
46b. Leaves papery.
49a. Leaves entire.
50a. Petals incised at apex; stamens truncate at apex ........................................................... 147. B. papillifera
50b. Petals entire at apex; stamens shortly apiculate at apex.
51a. Leaves acute at apex; petals obovate, clawed at base .................................................. 148. B. virescens
51b. Leaves obtuse at apex; petals elliptic, not clawed at base ...................................... 149. B. integripetala
49b. Leaves spinose-serrate or entire and 1–10-spinose-serrate.
52a. Branches and pedicels pubescent ............................................................................... 150. B. tomentulosa
52b. Branches and pedicels glabrous.
53a. Leaves oblanceolate, abaxially brown ........................................................................ 154. B. atroviridis
53b. Leaves abaxially pale green, grayish, or pruinose.
54a. Leaves abaxially pruinose; ovules 3 or 4 .................................................................... 151. B. tischleri
54b. Leaves abaxially not pruinose; ovules 1 or 2.
55a. Petals entire at apex; fruit globose .............................................................. 152. B. silva-taroucana
55b. Petals emarginate at apex; fruit oblong-ellipsoid ............................................. 153. B. tsarongensis
35b. Inflorescence a raceme.
56a. Racemes not pedunculate.
57a. Evergreen or semi-evergreen shrubs.
58a. Semi-evergreen shrubs; leaves entire ........................................................................................... 50. B. wilsoniae
58b. Evergreen shrubs; leaves spinose-serrate or aristate-dentate.
59a. Leaves 1–4-aristate-dentate; stem spines 1.5–6 cm ............................................................... 182. B. potaninii
59b. Leaves 10–25-spinose-serrate on each side; stem spines 0.6–1.5 cm.
60a. Leaves 3–9 × 1–3 cm; fruit oblong-ellipsoid; style persistent, short ................................... 183. B. centiflora
60b. Leaves 0.8–2(–3.5) × 0.5–1.2 cm; fruit subglobose; style not persistent ................... 184. B. tenuipedicellata
57b. Deciduous shrubs.
61a. Sepals in 3 whorls.
62a. Leaves rounded or retuse at apex; reticulate veins distinctly raised; anther connective truncate 196. B. batangensis
62b. Leaves acute or rounded at apex; reticulate veins inconspicuous; anther connective apiculate 197. B. ignorata
61b. Sepals in 1 or 2 whorls.
63a. Sepals in 1 whorl; leaves entire or 1–8-spinose-serrate .................................................... 185. B. mouillacana
63b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
64a. Leaves entire or rarely few spinose-serrate.
65a. Leaves entire.
66a. Fruit usually bent, style persistent; petals acute at apex .......................................... 186. B. franchetiana
66b. Fruit not bent, style not persistent.
67a. Petals incised at apex; leaf margin not revolute, 1.2–3.5 × 0.5–1.4 cm ......................... 187. B. lecomtei
67b. Petals rounded, entire at apex; leaf margin revolute, 1–2 × 0.4–0.8 cm ................... 188. B. microtricha
65b. Leaves entire, occasionally 1–7-spinose-serrate.
68a. Fruit red; style persistent, short ................................................................................... 189. B. dawoensis
68b. Fruit black, style not persistent.
69a. Leaves obovate; petals entire at apex ....................................................................... 190. B. heteropoda
69b. Leaves lanceolate; petals slightly emarginate at apex .............................................. 191. B. kaschgarica
64b. Leaves spinose-serrate.
70a. Petals deeply incised at apex; leaves elliptic, glabrous ....................................................... 192. B. dielsiana
70b. Petals entire at apex.
71a. Ovules 7–11; leaves oblong-orbicular, abaxially grayish white, usually pruinose ........... 42. B. aemulans
71b. Ovules 1 or 2.
72a. Leaf blade elliptic or obovate-elliptic, margin spinose-serrate; bracts ca. 1 mm ...... 193. B. dictyoneura
72b. Leaf blade obovate, margin remotely spinose-serrate; bracts 4–5 mm.
73a. Spines to 2.5 cm; leaves to 5 × 2 cm ................................................................... 194. B. nutanticarpa
73b. Spines to 5 cm; leaves to 4 × 1.7 cm ........................................................................ 195. B. bracteata
56b. Racemes pedunculate.
74a. Leaves entire.
75a. Leaves pubescent.
76a. Rachises, peduncles, and pedicels pubescent ................................................................ 155. B. daochengensis
76b. Rachises, peduncles, and pedicels glabrous .......................................................................... 156. B. pubescens
75b. Leaves glabrous.
77a. Leaves abaxially pruinose.
78a. Leaves oblanceolate; petals slightly emarginate at apex ................................................... 157. B. kongboensis
78b. Leaves obovate; petals entire at apex ..................................................................................... 158. B. agricola
77b. Leaves not pruinose.
79a. Sepals in 3 whorls.
80a. Peduncles 1–4 cm; fruit not pruinose, style not persistent ................................................. 159. B. forrestii
80b. Peduncles 3–7 cm; fruit pruinose, style persistent ........................................................ 160. B. racemulosa
79b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
81a. Leaves cuneate, obcordate, or oblong-rhombic.
82a. Leaves cuneate or obcordate, 0.8–1.4 × 0.6–0.9 cm ............................................................ 161. B. retusa
82b. Leaves oblong-rhombic, 3.5–8 × 1.5–3.5(–7) cm ........................................................ 162. B. virgetorum
81b. Leaves elliptic, oblong, obovate, oblong-obovate, or obovate-lanceolate.
83a. Style persistent.
84a. Leaves oblong-obovate; fruit obovoid, pruinose when mature ....................... 163. B. humido-umbrosa
84b. Leaves narrowly obovate; fruit oblong, not pruinose ................................................ 164. B. sabulicola
83b. Style not persistent.
85a. Fruit oblong or oblong-ellipsoid.
86a. Fruit oblong; inflorescences 5–18 cm; leaves subleathery, obovate or oblong-obovate 165. B. feddeana
86b. Fruit oblong-ellipsoid; inflorescence 2.5–3.5 cm; leaves papery, narrowly obovate-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic 166. B. haoi
85b. Fruit globose or subglobose.
87a. Fruit globose, apex lacunose ................................................................................... 167. B. jamesiana
87b. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid or subglobose, apex flat .............................................................. 168. B. iliensis
74b. Leaves spinose-serrate or sometimes entire.
88a. Leaves spinose-serrate, sometimes entire; petals entire at apex ................................................... 169. B. farreri
88b. Leaves spinose-serrate.
89a. Sepals in 3 or 4 whorls.
90a. Sepals in 3 whorls; leaves thinly papery, abaxially pale green .......................................... 170. B. honanensis
90b. Sepals in 4 whorls; leaves thickly papery, abaxially brown when dry ............................ 171. B. pingwuensis
89b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
91a. Style persistent.
92a. Petals elliptic, apex emarginate; leaves abaxially not pruinose ..................................... 172. B. tianshuiensis
92b. Petals oblong-obovate, apex incised; leaves abaxially pruinose ......................................... 173. B. henryana
91b. Style not persistent.
93a. Leaves suborbicular to broadly elliptic.
94a. Petals emarginate at apex; stem spines simple or 3-fid ................................................ 174. B. kansuensis
94b. Petals entire at apex; stem spines absent or simple.
95a. Leaves abaxially whitish, slightly pruinose ............................................................. 175. B. anhweiensis
95b. Leaves abaxially yellow-green, not pruinose ........................................................... 176. B. dasystachya
93b. Leaves oblong, elliptic, ovate, or obovate.
96a. Leaves obovate.
97a. Leaves narrowly obovate, abaxially whitish; style persistent, short ................... 180. B. pseudotibetica
97b. Leaves oblong-obovate, abaxially pale yellow-green; style not persistent ........................ 181. B. dubia
96b. Leaves oblong or elliptic.
98a. Leaves oblong to ovate, 5–10 × 2.5–5 cm, abaxially pale green; spines 3-fid ............ 177. B. amurensis
98b. Leaves elliptic, 1.5–5 × 0.6–1.8 cm; spines absent, simple or 3-fid.
99a. Petals entire at apex; anther connective slightly prolonged, shortly apiculate; ovules 5 or 6 178. B. shensiana
99b. Petals slightly emarginate at apex; anther connective not prolonged, truncate; ovules 2 179. B. hersii
1b. Flowers solitary or fascicled.
100a. Flowers solitary.
101a. Leaves abaxially pruinose.
102a. Sepals in 3 whorls.
103a. Petals entire at apex; ovules 3 or 4 1. B. candidula
103b. Petals 2-lobate at apex; ovules 6–12.
104a. Petals emarginate at apex; fruit ovoid, black, with strict style ................................................... 2. B. chrysosphaera
104b. Petals incised at apex; fruit oblong-ovoid, red, with bent style at apex .............................................. 3. B. temolaica
102b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
105a. Leaves entire; anther connective shortly apiculate; fruit ovoid; ovules 3 or 4(–6) 4. B. dictyophylla
105b. Leaf margin 1–6-spinose-serrate; anther connective truncate; fruit globose or subglobose; ovules 5–8.
106a. Plants 1–1.5 m tall; leaf margin 1–7-spinose-serrate; pedicels 3–7 mm; fruit pruinose, style persistent 5. B. approximata
106b. Plants 10–20 cm tall; leaf margin 1- or 2-spinose-serrate; fruiting pedicels to 23 mm; fruit not pruinose, style not persistent 6. B. medogensis
101b. Leaves abaxially not or slightly pruinose.
107a. Leaves entire.
108a. Sepals in 3 whorls 7. B. parisepala
108b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
109a. Shoots pubescent; petals entire at apex; ovules 6 ............................................................................... 8. B. angulosa
109b. Shoots glabrous; petals 2-lobate at apex; ovules 3–5.
110a. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong-obovate.
111a. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate; style not persistent 9. B. qiaojiaensis
111b. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-obovate; style persistent 10. B. woomungensis
110b............................................................................................................................ Leaves obovate, oblong, or elliptic.
112a. Leaf blade leathery, margin thickened; anther connective truncate 11. B. crassilimba
112b. Leaf blade herbaceous, margin not thickened; anther connective apiculate.
113a. Fruit obovoid, style persistent; ovules 4 or 5 14. B. tsarica
113b...................................................................................................................... Style not persistent; ovules 3 or 4.
114a. Fruit globose; spines 5-fid, conspicuously longer than leaves; pedicels 3–5 mm ............... 12. B. longispina
114b. Fruit oblong-ovoid or ovoid; spines 3-fid, subequal or shorter than leaves; pedicels 10–30 mm 13. B. muliensis
107b. Leaf margin spinose-serrate or entire and sometimes 1–6-spinose-serrate.
115a. Leaves entire and sometimes 1–6-spinose-serrate.
116a. Pedicels 15–30 mm.
117a. Pedicels stout, tip bent; fruit large (1.3–1.5 × 1.2–1.3 cm); ovules 11 15. B. daiana
117b.................................................................... Pedicels slender, straight; fruit small (ca. 6.5 × 4–5 mm); ovules 4 or 5 16. B. asmyana
116b. Pedicels shorter than 10 mm.
118a. Shoots pubescent.
119a. Plant 20–30 cm tall; fruit elliptic-ovoid, style persistent; ovules 4 17. B. multicaulis
119b. Plants ca. 1 m tall; fruit subglobose, style not persistent; ovules 6 or 7 18. B. kangdingensis
118b. Shoots glabrous.
120a. Fruit oblong, tip bent; leaves elliptic or oblanceolate 19. B. campylotropa
120b. Fruit ovoid, oblong-ovoid, or ovoid-globose, tip not bent; leaves obovate or narrowly oblanceolate.
121a. Petals entire at apex; fruit ovoid; spines 3–5-fid 20. B. everestiana
121b........................................................................................... Petals emarginate or incised at apex; spines 1–3-fid.
122a. Leaves slightly papery, elliptic; ovules solitary ........................................................... 21. B. mianningensis
122b. Leaves subleathery or papery, narrowly obovate or oblanceolate; ovules 2.
123a. Leaf margin applanate; anther connective prolonged; pedicels 5–10 mm; style not persistent 22. B. minutiflora
123b. Leaf margin revolute; anther connective not prolonged; pedicels 1–3 mm; style persistent or not 23. B. graminea
115b. Leaf margin spinose-serrate.
124a. Sepals in 3 whorls.
125a. Pedicels 4–10 mm; stems densely verruculose; leaves abaxially grayish green 24. B. verruculosa
125b................................ Pedicels 15–20 mm; stems sometimes scarcely verruculose; leaves abaxially slightly glaucous 25. B. concinna
124b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
126a. Style persistent.
127a. Leaves elliptic; fruit ellipsoid, black, not pruinose 26. B. alpicola
127b. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit ovoid or oblong-ovoid, red, pruinose 4. B. dictyophylla
126b................................................................................................................................................... Style not persistent.
128a. Spines of stems 3–9-fid.
129a. Spines 3–7-fid; petals obtusely emarginate at apex; leaf margin coarsely aristate-dentate 27. B. sibirica
129b....................................................................... Spines 3–9-fid; petals entire at apex; leaf margin spinose-serrate 28. B. erythroclada
128b. Spines of stems 3-fid.
130a. Leaves oblanceolate, subleathery; fruit black; ovules 1 or 2 30. B. paraspecta
130b.................................................................................................................... Leaves obovate or elliptic; fruit red.
131a. Leaves narrowly obovate; fruit ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 1–1.4 cm; ovules 3 or 4 ................. 13. B. muliensis
131b. Leaves elliptic or obovate; fruit broadly ellipsoid, to 2 cm; ovules 6 or 7 .................................. 29. B. fengii
100b.......................................................................................................................................................................... Flowers fascicled.
132a. Shrubs deciduous.
133a. Leaf margin entire or only 1- or 2-spinose-serrate.
134a. Shoots, pedicels, and leaf margins pubescent 31. B. hobsonii
134b. Shoots, pedicels, and leaf margins glabrous.
135a. Sepals in 3 whorls ....................................................................................................................... 32. B. reticulinervis
135b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
136a. Pedicels 20–40 mm; flowers 2–4-fascicled 33. B. yunnanensis
136b...................................................................................................................................................... Pedicels 2–12 mm.
137a. Pedicels 2–5 mm; fruit black or red 34. B. ulicina
137b. Pedicels 8–12 mm; fruit red.
138a. Leaf blade elliptic or oblanceolate, margin rarely 1- or 2-spinose-serrate; fruit slightly pruinose; ovules 2 35. B. nullinervis
138b.................................................. Leaf blade obovate or suborbicular, margin entire; fruit not pruinose; ovules 3 36. B. hypericifolia
133b. Leaf margin spinose-serrate.
139a. Pedicels 2–4 mm; ovules solitary 37. B. tsienii
139b. Pedicels 12–30 mm; ovules 2–11.
140a. Petals incised or emarginate at apex.
141a. Petals emarginate at apex; veins not conspicuous 38. B. morrisonensis
141b................................................................................................... Petals incised at apex; veins conspicuous or raised.
142a. Leaves oblanceolate; sepals in 3 whorls; ovules 2 39. B. yui
142b. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong; sepals in 2 whorls; ovules 6–10 40. B. diaphana
140b. Petals entire at apex.
143a. Sepals in 3 whorls 41. B. circumserrata
143b..................................................................................................................................................... Sepals in 2 whorls.
144a. Leaf margin 15–40-spinose-serrate; petals obovate; anther connective truncate 41a. B. circumserrata
144b. Leaf margin 5–12-spinose-serrate; petals oblong; anther connective apiculate 42. B. aemulans
132b. Shrubs evergreen.
145a. Leaf margin entire or 1- or 2-spinose-serrate.
146a. Stems without spines or with very weak spines.
147a. Stems without spines; leaves broadly oblong-ovate, abaxially not pruinose, stramineous when dry; branches dark gray 43. B. hypoxantha
147b. Stems without spines or with very weak spines; leaves abaxially pruinose or glaucous.
148a. Leaves leathery, oblong-obovate or oblong-elliptic, apex obtuse, abaxially glaucous; shoots stramineous 44. B. holocraspedon
148b. Leaves thickly leathery, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, apex acuminate, abaxially slightly pruinose; shoots dark purple ............................................................................................................................................ 45. B. ziyunensis
146b. Stems with spines, usually 3-fid.
149a. Ovules 3–5.
150a. Leaves obovate or obovate-spatulate, 0.6–2.5 cm; fruit globose 50. B. wilsoniae
150b...................................................... Leaves elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, to 3–7 cm; fruit ellipsoid or oblong.
151a. Leaf blade elliptic or oblanceolate, to 3 cm, margin conspicuously revolute; style not persistent 51. B. taliensis
151b. Leaf blade lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, to 7 cm, margin not revolute; style persistent, short 52. B. subholophylla
149b. Ovules 1 or 2.
152a. Petals entire at apex; leaves 3.5–7 cm wide 46. B. pinshanensis
152b............................................................................................... Petals emarginate at apex; leaves less than 2 cm wide.
153a. Flowers 2–4-fascicled; leaves obovate 47. B. obovatifolia
153b. Flowers 6–15-fascicled; leaves oblong-elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, or oblanceolate.
154a. Leaves oblanceolate, 8–16 mm wide, abaxially not pruinose 48. B. wuyiensis
154b............................................ Leaves oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 3–5(–8) mm wide, abaxially pruinose 49. B. replicata
145b. Leaf margin spinose-serrate or spinose-dentate, rarely entire.
155a. Leaves elliptic, oblong, ovate, or obovate.
156a. Petals entire at apex.
157a. Sepals in 3 whorls.
158a. Leaf margin 1–3-aristate-dentate on each side; pedicels to 3.5 cm 90. B. dongchuanensis
158b. Leaf margin spinose-serrate; pedicels to 2 cm.
159a. Leaf margin flat, 2–6-spinose-serrate on each side; pedicels 10–20 mm; ovules 3 or 4 91. B. parapruinosa
159b............... Leaf margin slightly revolute, 12–16-spinose-serrate on each side; pedicels 1–4 mm; ovules solitary 92. B. jinshajiangensis
157b..................................................................................................................................................... Sepals in 2 whorls.
160a. Flowers 7–15-fascicled; sepals lanceolate; petals oblong; leaves elliptic, ovate, or obovate 93. B. kawakamii
160b. Flowers 3–8-fascicled; sepals ovate, obovate, or ovate-elliptic; petals obovate.
161a. Leaf margin 10–25-spinose-serrate on each side; berry not pruinose 94. B. bicolor
161b......................................................................... Leaf margin 3–10-spinose-serrate on each side; berry pruinose.
162a. Leaves ovate-elliptic, abaxially not pruinose; outer sepals ovate .................................... 95. B. chunanensis
162b. Leaves elliptic, abaxially pruinose; outer sepals obovate ............................................. 96. B. jinfoshanensis
156b. Petals emarginate or incised at apex.
163a. Petals incised at apex.
164a. Ovules solitary.
165a. Leaf margin flat, 3–7-spinose-serrate; flowers 2–6-fascicled; petals obovate 97. B. hayatana
165b.............................................. Leaf margin revolute, 6–15-spinose-serrate; flowers 5–20-fascicled; petals ovate 98. B. cavaleriei
164b. Ovules 2 or 3.
166a. Leaf blade rhombic-elliptic to lanceolate, margin 20–40-spinulose-serrate on each side; petals obovate-spatulate 99. B. aristato-serrulata
166b... Leaf blade elliptic or elliptic to obovate, margin 1–16-spinose-serrate on each side; petals ovate or obovate.
167a. Leaf blade elliptic, margin 12–16-spinose-serrate on each side, abaxially not pruinose; flowers 2–5-fascicled; style persistent, short ...................................................................................................................... 100. B. silvicola
167b. Leaf blade elliptic to obovate, margin 1–6-aristate-dentate on each side, rarely entire, abaxially pruinose; flowers 8–25-fascicled; style not persistent ................................................................................................ 101. B. pruinosa
163b........................................................................................................................................... Petals emarginate at apex.
168a. Sepals in 3 whorls.
169a. Leaf blade elliptic or narrowly elliptic, margin revolute, abaxially pruinose; ovules 4 102. B. laojunshanensis
169b............................................................ Leaf blade oblong or oblong-elliptic, margin flat, abaxially not pruinose.
170a. Leaf margin 15–25-spinose-serrate on each side; berry not pruinose, style not persistent; ovules 1 or 2 103. B. sargentiana
170b. Leaf margin 5–18-spinose-serrate on each side; berry pruinose, style persistent; ovules 2 or 3.
171a. Flowers 3–7-fascicled; petals cuneate at base; berry dark purple .............................. 104. B. lempergiana
171b. Flowers 7–20-fascicled; petals clawed at base; berry red ............................................... 105. B. soulieana
168b. Sepals in 2 whorls.
172a. Stem spines absent or very weak; leaves oblong or narrowly elliptic 106. B. impedita
172b................................................................................................................................................ Stem spines 3-fid.
173a. Flowers 30–50-fascicled; ovules 5 or 6 .......................................................................... 107. B. hsuyunensis
173b. Flowers less than 25-fascicled; ovules 1–5.
174a. Ovules solitary.
175a. Leaf margin 20–30-spinose-serrate on each side; flowers 6–20-fascicled; style not persistent 108. B. deinacantha
175b. Leaf margin 6–16-spinose-serrate on each side; flowers 3–7-fascicled; style persistent, short.
176a. Leaves abaxially not pruinose; flowers 3–5-fascicled; berry not pruinose .................... 109. B. valida
176b. Leaves abaxially pruinose; flowers 5–7-fascicled; berry pruinose ........................... 110. B. nemorosa
174b. Ovules 2–5.
177a. Style persistent.
178a. Leaf margin 1–6-spinose-serrate on each side.
179a. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic, margin 2–10-spinose-serrate on each side; berry ellipsoid or obovoid, not pruinose 111. B. chingii
179b. Leaf blade elliptic, broadly elliptic, or obovate, margin 1–4-spinose-serrate on each side, rarely entire; berry ovoid, pruinose ...................................................................................................................... 112. B. vinifera
178b. Leaf margin 7–40-spinose-serrate on each side.
180a. Leaf blade elliptic, margin 20–40-spinose-serrate on each side; ovules 1 or 2; berry pruinose 113. B. dumicola
180b. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, margin 7–15-spinose-serrate on each side; ovules 4 or 5; berry not pruinose .......................................................................................................................... 114. B. fallax
177b. Style not persistent.
181a. Flowers 10–17-fascicled; pedicels to 35 mm; ovules 2; leaf margin spinose-serrate 118. B. malipoensis
181b. Flowers 2–6-fascicled; pedicels less than 15 mm; ovules 3–5.
182a. Leaf margin sinuate, conspicuously revolute, abaxially brown, not pruinose . 115. B. guizhouensis
182b. Leaf margin flat, abaxially pruinose or slightly so.
183a. Leaf blade oblong-obovate, margin 3- or 4-spinose-serrate on each side; pedicels 12–15 mm; berry pruinose 116. B. lijiangensis
183b. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate-oblong, margin 12–25-spinose-serrate on each side; pedicels 7–13 mm; berry not pruinose ............................................................................................................ 117. B. xanthoclada
155b. Leaves linear, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblanceolate.
184a. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate.
185a. Leaf blade 4–15 cm × 2–10 mm, margin conspicuously revolute, 3–26-spinulose-serrate on each side; ovules 1 or 2 53. B. insolita
185b................................................................................................ Leaf margin not conspicuously revolute; ovules 2–4.
186a. Leaf blade 1.5–16 cm × 3–6 mm, margin 4–17-spinulose-serrate on each side, adaxially dark green; ovules 2 or 3 54. B. sanguinea
186b. Leaf blade 6–9 cm × 10–15 mm, margin 12–24-spinose-serrate on each side, adaxially shiny; ovules 4 55. B. lubrica
184b. Leaves lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblanceolate.
187a. Sepals in 3 whorls.
188a. Petals entire at apex.
189a. Berry subglobose; ovules 5–7; shoots dark red 56. B. insignis subsp. incrassata
189b................................................................................................. Berry ellipsoid, oblong, or obovoid; ovules 1–5.
190a. Ovules 2–5; style not persistent.
191a. Petals obtusely emarginate at apex, clawed at base; ovules 4 or 5 ...................................... 60. B. delavayi
191b. Petals rounded, entire at apex, not clawed at base; ovules 2 ................................................. 61. B. davidii
190b. Ovules solitary; style persistent, conspicuous.
192a. Pedicels 8–12(–20) mm; petals elliptic; berry red ................................................................. 57. B. wangii
192b. Pedicels 15–22 mm; petals obovate or ovate-elliptic; berry black.
193a. Leaf margin pectinate-spinose-serrate; petals ovate-elliptic; berry not pruinose 58. B. pectinocraspedon
193b. Leaf margin spinose-serrate, petals obovate; berry pruinose .................................. 59. B. kunmingensis
188b. Petals emarginate or incised at apex.
194a. Pedicels 5–15 mm; ovules 4 or 5.
195a. Leaves 1.5–3 × 0.3–0.5 cm; petals elliptic or oblong; style persistent, short .................... 62. B. multiovula
195b. Leaves 5–11 × 1–2 cm; petals obovate; style not persistent ............................................ 63. B. gagnepainii
194b....................................................................................................................... Pedicels 10–35 mm; ovules 2(–4).
196a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, abaxially slightly pruinose; flowers 2–6-fascicled 64. B. triacanthophora
196b. Leaves lanceolate, abaxially not pruinose; flowers 4–16-fascicled.
197a. Leaves 6–15 × 1.3–4 cm; petals emarginate at apex; anther connective truncate; ovules 2 65. B. xingwenensis
197b. Leaves 5–11 × 1–2 cm; petals incised at apex; anther connective rounded; ovules 2–4 ....... 66. B. veitchii
187b..................................................................................................................................................... Sepals in 2 whorls.
198a. Stems without spines.
199a. Leaf margin 15–20-spinose-serrate on each side; berry globose, red, not pruinose, style not persistent 67. B. pingbienensis
199b. Leaf margin 2–4-aristate-dentate on each side; flowers 2–10-fascicled; berry pomiform or ellipsoid, purplish black, pruinose, style persistent ..................................................................................................................... 68. B. griffithiana
198b. Stems with 3-fid spines.
200a. Ovules solitary.
201a. Funicles 3–6 × longer than ovules; berry ovoid, red ............................................................... 69. B. sublevis
201b. Funicles equal to or shorter than ovules; berry ellipsoid, oblong, obovoid, or globose.
202a. Petals entire at apex.
203a. Branches purplish brown; flowers 6–12-fascicled; anther connective truncate; style not persistent 70. B. wuliangshanensis
203b. Branches yellow or yellow-brown; flowers 10–20-fascicled; anther connective rounded; style persistent.
204a. Sepals ovate; petals clawed at base ............................................................................... 71. B. vernalis
204b. Sepals lanceolate; petals cuneate at base ............................................................................ 72. B. levis
202b. Petals emarginate or incised at apex.
205a. Petals incised at apex; berry ovoid-ellipsoid or ovoid-globose ................................ 73. B. bergmanniae
205b. Petals emarginate at apex; berry oblong or ellipsoid.
206a. Leaf margin more than 25-spinose-serrate on each side.
207a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 9–16 cm, margin 25–35-spinose-serrate on each side; berry not pruinose 74. B. iteophylla
207b. Leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, 4–9 cm, margin 35–60-spinose-serrate on each side; berry pruinose or not 75. B. ferdinandi-coburgii
206b. Leaf margin less than 20-spinose-serrate on each side.
208a. Leaf margin conspicuously revolute; pedicels 3–4 cm or 4–12 mm .............. 76. B. grodtmanniana
208b. Leaf margin flat; pedicels 8–20 mm.
209a. Anther connective not prolonged; berry pruinose, style persistent ....................... 77. B. julianae
209b. Anther connective prolonged; berry sometimes pruinose, style not persistent .... 78. B. liophylla
200b.......................................................................................................................................................... Ovules 2–4.
210a. Petals entire.
211a. Leaf blade abaxially pruinose, margin 2–7-aristate-dentate on each side; pedicels 10–25 mm; berry obovoid, style persistent ............................................................................................................................ 79. B. taronensis
211b. Leaf blade abaxially not pruinose, margin 8–14-spinose-serrate on each side; berry ellipsoid, style not persistent.
212a. Shoots purplish red; leaves lanceolate; fruit stalks 10–15 mm; berry slightly pruinose 80. B. photiniifolia
212b. Shoots pale yellow; leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate; fruit stalks 10–15 mm; berry sometimes pruinose 81. B. fujianensis
210a. Petals emarginate or incised.
213a. Petals deeply incised; berry ovoid ................................................................................... 82. B. atrocarpa
213b. Petals emarginate; berry ellipsoid or obovoid.
214a. Berry obovoid.
215a. Leaf blade lanceolate, margin 10–20-spinose-serrate on each side; flowers 5–30-fascicled; style persistent 83. B. zanlanscianensis
215b. Leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, margin 15–30-spinose-serrate on each side; flowers 2–5-fascicled; style not persistent 84. B. fallaciosa
214b. Berry ellipsoid.
216a. Leaf margin conspicuously revolute; flowers 6–25-fascicled ....................................... 85. B. amabilis
216b. Leaf margin flat; flowers 2–8-fascicled.
217a. Leaf margin 30–60-spinose-serrulate on each side; berry not pruinose; pedicels red .. 86. B. arguta
217b. Leaf margin 4–25-spinose-serrate on each side; berry pruinose.
218a. Leaf blade abaxially pruinose, margin 4–7-spinose-serrate on each side; pedicels 6–10 mm; style persistent, short .................................................................................................................... 87. B. jiangxiensis
218b. Leaf blade abaxially not pruinose, margin 8–25-spinose-serrate on each side; pedicels 10–25 mm; style not persistent.
219a. Leaf blade leathery, lanceolate, 10–17 × 2–2.5 cm, margin 10–25-spinose-serrate on each side 88. B. weixinensis
219b. Leaf blade subleathery, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 4–9 × 1.2–2.2 cm, margin 8–15-spinose-serrate on each side ........................................................................................................ 89. B. subacuminata
单花小檗 dan hua xiao bo
Berberis hookeri Lemaire var. candidula C. K. Schneider, Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 303. 1904.
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1 m tall. Stems gray-brown, verruculose; young shoots pale green; spines 3-fid, subterete, 1–1.5 cm. Petiole very short or leaf subsessile; leaf blade adaxially very shiny, deep green, elliptic to ovate, 1–2 × 0.5–1 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially white pruinose, both surfaces inconspicuously reticulate veined, base cuneate, margin conspicuously revolute, 1–4-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 4–10 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals yellowish red, oblong-ovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, apex acute; median sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 7 × 5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 10 × 8 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 8 × 6 mm, base cuneate, glands ovate, apex entire. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 3 or 4. Berry ellipsoid, 8–9 × 4–5 mm, thinly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Sep.
* Montane roadsides, thickets; 1200–3000 m. Hubei, Sichuan.
黄球小檗 huang qiu xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen. Mature stems dark red, sparsely verruculose; internodes 1.5–3 cm; spines 3-fid, 1–2 cm, sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially shiny, dark green, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 1.5–4 cm × 4–10 mm, leathery, abaxially pruinose, not veined, finely papillose, adaxially ± not veined, base attenuate, margin conspicuously revolute, 5–12-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 1.8–2.5 cm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 4 × 3 mm, apex acute; median sepals obovate-elliptic, ca. 7 × 6 mm; inner sepals ca. 10 × 8 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 8 × 6 mm, basal glands oblong, apex slightly emarginate. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate. Ovules 9–12. Berry black, ovoid, ca. 10 × 6 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May, fr. Oct–Nov.
* Granite cliffs in valleys, forest understories; 2700–3000 m. SE Xizang.
林芝小檗 lin zhi xiao bo
Berberis temolaica var. artisepala Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, to 2 m tall. Stems dark purple, terete, glabrous, not verruculose; internodes 1.5–3 cm; spines 3-fid, pale purplish brown, 5–15 mm, slightly sulcate. Petiole 1–4 mm or leaf subsessile; leaf blade adaxially dark blue-green, slightly pruinose, oblong-obovate, 2–4.2 × 0.8–1.5 cm, papery, abaxially white pruinose, adaxially slightly pruinose, abaxially inconspicuously reticulate veined, adaxially with branched veins, base cuneate, margin entire, sometimes 1–5-aristate-dentate on each side, apex rounded. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 8–13 mm, pruinose. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 5 × 3.2 mm, pruinose, apex acute; median sepals obovate, ca. 7 × 5 mm; inner sepals obovate-orbicular, ca. 8 × 7.5 mm. Petals broadly obovate, ca. 7 × 6 mm, base with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate or obtuse; ovules 7–9. Berry red when mature, oblong-ovoid, 11–14 × 6–7 mm, pruinose, apex bent; style persistent, short. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Abies forests; ca. 4000 m. Xizang.
刺红珠 ci hong zhu
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2.5 m tall. Stems blackish gray or yellow-brown; young shoots purplish red, subterete, pruinose or not; spines 3-fid, sometimes simple, pale yellow or grayish, 1–3 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially dark green, narrowly obovate, oblong, or elliptic, 1–2.5 cm × 6–8 mm, thickly papery or subleathery, abaxially white pruinose or not pruinose, both surfaces with raised lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 3–10 mm, sometimes pruinose. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals linear-oblong, ca. 6.5 × 2.5 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, 8–9 × ca. 4 mm. Petals narrowly obovate, ca. 8 × 3–6 mm, base clawed, with widely separated glands, apex entire. Stamens 4.5–5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, shortly apiculate. Ovules 3–6. Berry red, ovoid, ovoid-globose, or oblong-ovoid, 9–14 × 6–8 mm, pruinose; style persistent, sometimes bent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Mountain slopes, thickets, forest understories, river beaches, streamsides, forest margins, roadsides; 2500–4800 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
1a. Branchlets usually pruinose; leaf blade narrowly obovate or oblong, abaxially pruinose, ovules 3 or 4; fruit ovoid or ovoid-globose 4a. var. dictyophylla
1b. Branchlets not pruinose; leaf blade elliptic, abaxially not pruinose; ovules 5 or 6; fruit oblong-ovoid 4b. var. epruinosa
刺红珠(原变种) ci hong zhu (yuan bian zhong)
Branchlets subterete, usually pruinose. Leaf blade narrowly obovate or oblong, abaxially pruinose. Ovules 3 or 4. Fruit ovoid or ovoid-globose.
* Mountain slopes, thickets, forest understories, river beaches, forest margins; 2500–4000 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
无粉刺红珠 wu fen ci hong zhu
Berberis ambrozyana C. K. Schneider.
Branchlets slightly sulcate, not pruinose. Leaf blade elliptic, abaxially not pruinose. Ovules 5 or 6. Fruit oblong-ovoid.
* Mountain thickets, forest margins, forest understories, roadsides, streamsides; 2500–4800 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
近似小檗 jin si xiao bo
Berberis dictyophylla J. D. Hooker var. approximata (Sprague) Rehder[check validly published: Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 1912: 183. 1913]; B. stiebritziana C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–1.5 m tall. Stems dark brown, angulate, glabrous, sparsely verruculose; shoots reddish brown; spines 3-fid, gray or pale yellow, 1–2.1 cm, adaxially subsulcate. Leaf blade adaxially pale green, narrowly obovate, obovate, or narrowly elliptic, 1–2.2 cm × 4–7 mm, papery, abaxially pruinose, conspicuously reticulate veined, base cuneate, margin entire or 1–7-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded or acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 3–7 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm; inner sepals obovate, 6–7 × 3.5–4 mm. Petals obovate or elliptic, ca. 5 × 3.2 mm, base clawed, with closely spaced glands, apex slightly emarginate; lobes acute. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 4–6, shortly funiculate. Berry red, ovoid, 8–10 × 6–7 mm, slightly pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Mountain slopes, thickets, forests, forest margins; 2900–4300 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
This species is a dominant species of thickets in the Xiangcheng region of Sichuan.
矮生小檗 ai sheng xiao bo
Shrubs, low, 10–20 cm tall. Stems pale yellow, shiny, glabrous, sulcate; young branchlets dark purple, conspicuously sulcate; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 3–13 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially dark green, obovate, 7–13 × 3–5 mm, papery, abaxially thickly pruinose, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins inconspicuous, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, base cuneate, margin thickened but not revolute, 1- or 2-spinose-serrate on each side, apex aristate-cuspidate. Flowers unknown. Fruit solitary; fruit stalks dark purple, to 2.3 cm, glabrous; berry red, subglobose, ca. 1.1 × 1 cm, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 6 or 7. Fl. unknown, fr. Nov.
* Alpine thickets; 3300–3400 m. Xizang (Mêdog).
等萼小檗 deng e xiao bo
Berberis everestiana Ahrendt var. nambuensis Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1.5 m tall. Branches dark gray-brown, pubescent, markedly sulcate, not verruculose; shoots brownish; spines weak, 3-fid, rarely simple or 5-fid, 4–16 mm. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade shiny, abaxially pale green, adaxially yellow-green, obovate or narrowly obovate, 1.5–2.8 × 0.6–1.2 cm, papery, abaxially with slightly raised midvein, both surfaces with inconspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire or rarely 1–3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 5–12 mm, pubescent; bracteoles yellow, ovate, ca. 1.3 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 3 whorls, equal in size, 8–9 × 6.5–7.5 mm. Petals ca. 7.5 × 4 mm, basal glands separate, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 4. Berry red, ellipsoid, 10–11 × 7–8 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
Thickets, alpine meadows; 3600–3900 m. Xizang [Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal].
有棱小檗 you leng xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 2 m tall. Branches dark brown, pubescent, sulcate; shoots yellow-brown, puberulous; spines simple or 3(or 5)-fid, 7–12 mm, slender, rarely puberulous. Leaf blade abaxially shiny, pale yellow-green, adaxially shiny, yellow-green, obovate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.7–1.4 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, inconspicuously veined, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels pendulous, 3–5 mm, pubescent; bracteoles ovate, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 5.5 × 3.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 9.2 × 6.1 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 4.8 mm, base clawed, glands separate and oblong, apex entire, rounded. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded. Ovules 6, subsessile. Berry shiny, red, subglobose, 10–12 × 9–12 mm, not pruinose, style persistent or not. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
Sparse forests, thickets, grasslands; 3500–4500 m. Qinghai, Xizang [NE India, Nepal].
巧家小檗 qiao jia xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, small, 30–50 cm tall. Branches dark brown, terete, black verruculose; shoots purplish red, angulate; spines 3-fid, concolorous, slender, adaxially slightly sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially shiny, deep green, oblong-oblanceolate, 1–1.3 cm × 4–5 mm, papery, abaxially with markedly raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins inconspicuous, not pruinose, purplish red, base cuneate, margin thickened, entire, apex rounded. Flowers unknown. Berry solitary, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, 1–1.2 cm × 5–7 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 4. Fl. unknown, fr. Oct.
* Grasslands at mountain summits; ca. 3300 m. Yunnan.
乌蒙小檗 woo mung xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1 m tall. Branches brown, black verruculose; shoots curved, brownish red, sulcate; spines 3-fid, 1–1.7 cm, adaxially slightly sulcate, yellow brown. Leaves sessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, 1–2 cm × 5–7 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein raised, reticulate veins not conspicuous on both surfaces, base attenuate, margin entire, apex rounded or acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 5–10 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong, ca. 7 × 3–4 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 6 × 4 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, base clawed and with approximate oblanceolate glands, apex emarginate with acute lobes. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 3, shortly funiculate. Berry red, oblong, ca. 10 × 5–6 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May, fr. Nov.
* Thickets; 3700–4400 m. Yunnan.
厚檐小檗 hou yan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 1 m tall. Branches gray-brown, terete, not verruculose; shoots purplish red, sulcate; spines 3-fid, dark yellow-brown, ca. 1.5 cm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially green, oblong to obovate, ca. 1.2 × 0.5 cm, leathery, adaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin thickened, entire, apex rounded, mucronate. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 4–8 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 7 × 3.5 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals broadly obovate, ca. 7 × 5 mm, apex rounded. Petals obovate, 5–6 × 2.5–3 mm, base clawed, with separate oblong glands, apex emarginate. Stamens 3–3.5 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 3, funiculate. Berry globose or ellipsoid, 5–7 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Mar–Jun, fr. Oct.
* Open slopes; ca. 3600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
长刺小檗 chang ci xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 70–80 cm tall. Branches purplish red, sulcate, not verruculose; spines 5-fid, pale brown, 1.3–2 cm, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, adaxially dark green, oblong-obovate, 4–9 × 2–3 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, veins inconspicuous, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, margin entire, apex acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 3–5 mm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong, ca. 4 × 2 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 2.2 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3.8 × 1.5 mm, base with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.1 mm; anther connective acute. Ovules 3. Berry red, globose, ca. 7 × 7 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May, fr. Jun–Aug.
* Beside springs on shaded slopes; 4000–4100 m. Xizang.
木里小檗 mu li xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 2 m tall. Branches gray-brown, sulcate, not pruinose; shoots shiny, red; internodes 2–5 cm; spines 3-fid, yellow-brown, 1.5–3 cm, slender, sometimes absent. Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially sometimes grayish green, adaxially dark green, narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, 1.5–3 × 0.3–1.1 cm, papery, abaxially pruinose, midvein raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with conspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin applanate-entire or spinose-serrate, apex rounded or acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 1–3 cm, not pruinose; bractlets yellow, broadly obovate, ca. 2.5 × 2.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, 7–8 × 4–5 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate, 9–10 × 6–7 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6.5 × 5.5 mm, base with narrowly elliptic glands, apex shortly emarginate. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 3 or 4. Berry red, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 10–14 × 6–9 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Thickets, forests, river beaches by forest margins, grassy slopes, rocky slopes; 2800–4300 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
1a. Leaves entire ....................................... 13a. var. muliensis
1b. Leaves spinose-serrate ..................... 13b. var. atuntzeana
木里小檗(原变种) mu li xiao bo (yuan bian zhong)
Berberis capillaris Cox; B. ludlowii Ahrendt; B. ludlowii var. capillaris (Cox) Ahrendt; B. ludlowii var. deleica (Ahrendt) Ahrendt; B. macrosepala var. deleica Ahrendt; B. tianbaoshanensis S. Y. Bao.
Leaf margin entire.
* Thickets, Abies forests, river beaches by forest margins; 2800–4300 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
阿墩小檗 a dun xiao bo
Berberis ludlowii Ahrendt var. saxiclivicola Ahrendt; B. muliensis var. beimanica Ahrendt.
Leaf margin 2–7-spinose-serrate on each side.
* Thickets, grassy slopes, rocky slopes, forests, forest margins; 3100–4200 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
隐脉小檗 yin mai xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, low, less than 1 m tall. Branches dark purplish red or dark black, sometimes pale yellow, sulcate; shoots pubescent; internodes 5–10 mm; spines 3–5-fid, weak, 3–11 mm. Leaves sessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish or grayish white, adaxially dark green, obovate, 5–12 × 2–5 mm, herbaceous, abaxially pruinose, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 4–7 mm, glabrous or sparsely puberulous; bractlets red, ovate, ca. 2.3 × 1 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, 3.5–5 × 2.5–3 mm, apex acute; inner sepals oblong-obovate, 5–6.5 × 3.5–4 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, 3.5–4 × 2–2.3 mm, base cuneate with oblong-elliptic glands, apex emarginate with 2 acute lobes. Stamens 2.5–3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate or rounded. Ovules 3 or 4, shortly funiculate. Berry obovoid, 8–9 × ca. 6 mm; style persistent, short. Fl. Jun, fr. Oct.
* Alpine thickets, thicket-meadows; 3900–4400 m. Xizang.
城口小檗 cheng kou xiao bo
Shrubs, semi-evergreen, 0.5–1 m tall. Branches gray-brown, sulcate, sparsely black verruculose; shoots pale yellow, glabrous; spines 3(or 5)-fid, concolorous, 5–12 mm, slender. Petiole usually red, 2–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, adaxially deep green, elliptic-obovate or obovate, 2–5 × 1.2–2.2 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, adaxially with complanate midvein, both surfaces with markedly raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire or inconspicuously 3–8(–20)-spinose-serrate on each side, sometimes conspicuously 10–20-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm, stout, glabrous, tip bent. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, 7.5–8 × 4.5–5 mm; inner sepals broadly obovate-elliptic, 7–7.2 × ca. 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 4 mm, base clawed and with separate elliptic glands, apex narrowly incised with acute lobes. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, rounded. Ovules 11. Fruit stalk curved at apex, stout, glabrous. Berry red, subglobose, 1.3–1.5 × 1.2–1.3 cm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 6 or 7. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Thickets on mountain slopes, weedy places, rock crevices; 2200–2500 m. Sichuan.
直梗小檗 zhi geng xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 1.5 m tall. Branches brownish gray, sulcate, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, weak, pale yellow, terete, 3–9 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially shiny, deep green, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 1–3 × 0.6–1 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein markedly raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, both surfaces with inconspicuous secondary and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin occasionally entire, otherwise 1–4 spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels straight, 2–4 cm, slender, glabrous; bractlets ovate, ca. 1.8 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm; inner sepals obovate-orbicular, ca. 5 × 4.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3.2 mm, base clawed and with approximate glands, apex slightly emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.2 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 4 or 5, sessile. Berry ellipsoid, (6.5–)7–8 × 4–5 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Mountain thickets, grassy slopes; 3000–3200 m. Sichuan.
多枝小檗 duo zhi xiao bo
Shrubs, small, 20–30 cm tall, much branched. Branches dark gray, sulcate; shoots pale yellow, puberulous, sparsely verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale brown or pale yellow, 5–14 mm, slender, puberulous. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially shiny, pale yellow-green, adaxially green, obovate or elliptic, 7–16 × 4–6 mm, papery, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, lateral veins 2–4 pairs, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, not pruinose, base cuneate, margin slightly thickened, puberulous, becoming glabrous, margin entire or 1–3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse, acute, or mucronate. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 2–3 mm, glabrous; bractlets oblong-lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1.8 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong, ca. 5 × 3 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate-oblong, ca. 8 × 4 mm. Petals elliptic, ca. 6 × 3.2 mm, base clawed and with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective prolonged, shortly apiculate and with one tooth. Ovules 4. Berry red, ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 8 × 4 mm, slightly pruinose, with short style. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug.
* Thickets on sunny slopes, grassy slopes; 3500–4200 m. Xizang.
康定小檗 kang ding xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1 m tall. Stems with closely spaced branches; branches pale yellow-brown, terete or subangular, puberulous, sparsely black verruculose; spines (3 or)5-fid, pale yellow, 5–10 mm, slender. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially green, narrowly elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 7–11 × 2–4 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, adaxially with raised midvein, both surfaces with markedly raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire or occasionally 1- or 2-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 4–5 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 3.5 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong, ca. 5.5 × 4.1 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 3.1 mm, base cuneate and with separate elliptic glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded, obtuse. Ovules 6 or 7. Berry subglobose, ca. 9 × 8 mm, thickly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun, fr. Oct–Nov.
* Rock crevices on mountain slopes; 2600–3400 m. Sichuan.
弯果小檗 wan guo xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1.3 m tall. Branches dark gray or purplish brown, subsulcate, black verruculose; shoots pale red; spines 3-fid or simple, weak, 4–8 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, adaxially dark green, elliptic or oblanceolate, 0.8–2 cm × 3–8 mm, papery, abaxially with markedly raised midvein, adaxially with complanate midvein, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, both surfaces not pruinose, with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire or remotely 1–5-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers solitary, sometimes 2- or 3-fascicled. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry red, oblong, 1–1.2 cm × 4–5 mm, slightly pruinose, with bent style. Fl. unknown, fr. Aug.
* Mountain slopes, roadsides; ca. 3700 m. Xizang.
珠峰小檗 zhu feng xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 20–30 cm tall. Branches purplish black, sulcate, glabrous; shoots pale purplish red; internodes 6–10(–20) mm; spines 3–5-fid, sometimes simple, 8–12 mm. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, adaxially green, obovate, ca. 12 × 4 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, base attenuate, margin entire, apex rounded or acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 5–9 mm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals 6–7 × 4–4.5 mm; inner sepals 7–8 × 5–6 mm. Petals 6–6.5 × 3–3.5 mm, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate. Ovules 3 or 4. Berry ovoid, 7–10 × 4–6 mm, without or with an extremely short style; seeds purple. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug–Sep.
Narrow valley slopes, valley floors, rocky soils, alpine thickets, alpine meadows; 3800–5000 m. Xizang [Nepal].
冕宁小檗 mian ning xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 50 cm tall. Branches dark gray, sulcate, not verruculose; shoots pale yellow, glabrous; spines simple or 3-fid, pale yellow, terete, ca. 1 cm, slender. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, adaxially green, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, occasionally oblanceolate, 1–2 cm × 2–4 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, with conspicuously raised midvein, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral veins, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire or 1–3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or rounded. Flowers solitary. Fruit green (immature), obovoid-ellipsoid, 8–9 × 4–5 mm, not pruinose, style persistent and short; seeds 1. Fl. unknown, fr. Jul–Aug.
* Thickets; 2600–2700 m. Sichuan.
小花小檗 xiao hua xiao bo
Berberis angulosa Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson var. brevipes Franchet; B. brevipes (Franchet) C. K. Schneider (1908), not Greene (1901); B. minutiflora var. glabramea Ahrendt; B. minutiflora var. yulungshanensis S. Y. Bao.
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1.5 m tall. Branches pale yellow, glabrous, sulcate, scarcely black verruculose; shoots dark purple, initially pubescent, becoming glabrous; spines 3-fid, 4–12 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially deep green, narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, 10–20 × 2.5–4 mm, thickly papery or subleathery, abaxially papillate, not pruinose, adaxially glabrous, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire or 1–3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 5–10 mm, slender; bractlets red, ovate, ca. 1.4 cm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-ovate, ca. 4 × 2.2 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 5.5 × 3 mm. Petals ca. 4.5 × 2.5 mm, base not clawed, with separate glands, apex incised with acute lobes. Stamens ca. 2.2 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded. Ovules 2. Berry red, ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, 6–9(–12) × 5–7 mm, sometimes slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Thickets, grassy slopes, rocky slopes, Pinus densata forests; 2500–3800 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
狭叶小檗 xia ye xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, low, ca. 30 cm tall. Branches purplish brown; shoots dark green, sparsely black verruculose, glabrous; spines simple, 3(or 5)-fid, concolorous, 6–12 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially dark green, narrowly obovate, 8–20 × 2–6 mm, papery, abaxially slightly pruinose, scarcely papillose, adaxially with veins branched, scarcely reticulate, base cuneate, margin entire, occasionally 2- or 3-spinose-serrulate on each side, conspicuously revolute, apex acute or near rounded. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 1–3 mm, glabrous; bractlets oblong-elliptic, ca. 2.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-ovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm; inner sepals elliptic-obovate, 6–6.5 × 5–5.3 mm. Petals ca. 5.3 × 4–4.5 mm, base with separate, elliptic glands, apex incised with rounded lobes. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry red, oblong, 6–8 × 4–5 mm, not pruinose; style persistent and short, or not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Grassy mountain slopes, Pinus forests; 3000–3600 m. Sichuan.
疣枝小檗 you zhi xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 1 m tall. Branches brownish yellow, terete, densely verruculose; shoots yellow green, densely pubescent and verruculose; spines pale yellow, 1–2 cm, adaxially subsulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially shiny, dark green, obovate-elliptic or elliptic, 1–2 × 0.6–1.1 cm, leathery, abaxially pruinose, densely papillose, midvein conspicuous raised, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, adaxially with midvein impressed, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, 2–4-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 4–10 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 4 × 3 mm; median sepals ovate, ca. 6 × 5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 10 × 8 mm. Petals elliptic or obovate, 5.5–6 × ca. 3 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex emarginate or retuse with rounded lobes. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded. Ovules 4–6. Berry oblong-ovoid, 10–12 × 6–7 mm, pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, rock crevices, forests; 1900–3200 m. Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan.
雅洁小檗 ya jie xiao bo
Shrubs, semi-evergreen, low. Stems stout, glabrous, very sulcate; branches shiny, dark red, sometimes scarcely verruculose; internodes 1–2 cm; spines 3-fid, orange, 1–1.3 cm, sulcate. Petiole 1–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, adaxially shiny, dark green, oblong-obovate, 1–3 × 0.5–1.4 cm, abaxially papillate, adaxially lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, base cuneate, margin 3–5-spinose-serrate, apex rounded, mucronulate. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 1.5–2 cm; bractlets red, oblong-triangular, 2–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals oblong-ovate, 4–6 × 3–4 mm, apex subacute; median and inner sepals obovate, equal in size, 9–10 × 6–7 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6.5 × 4–5 mm, base with concolorous glands, apex emarginate with rounded lobes. Stamens 4–4.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 6–8. Berry dark red, oblong, 13–16 × 6–8 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Sep–Oct.
Habitat unknown; ca. 3700 m. Xizang [India (Sikkim), Nepal].
高山小檗 gao shan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 1.3 m tall. Branches pale gray, sulcate; spines 3-fid, terete, 1–1.5 cm. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially shiny, pale green, adaxially shiny, green, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 1–2.5 × 0.7–1 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins markedly raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin sometimes revolute, 2–8-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 1.2–1.6 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals smaller than inner sepals. Petals 6, base with separate glands. Stamens 9. Ovules 4, sessile. Berry black, ellipsoid, ca. 8 × 5 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Streamsides in mountain regions; ca. 3600 m. Taiwan.
西伯利亚小檗 xi bo li ya xiao bo
Berberis borealisinensis Nakai.
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1 m tall. Branches dark gray, glabrous; shoots reddish brown, puberulous, sulcate; spines 3–9-fid, 3–11 mm, slender, spreading at base to 2 mm wide, or partly foliaceous. Petiole 3–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, adaxially deep green, obovate, oblanceolate, or obovate-oblong, 1–2.5 cm × 5–8 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, both surfaces with conspicuous raised veins, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, base cuneate, margin sometimes repand, coarsely 4–7-aristate-dentate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse, or aristate. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 7–12 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-ovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 2.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 2.5 mm, base with separate glands, apex shortly emarginate. Stamens 2.5–3 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 5–8. Berry red, obovoid, 7–9 × 6–7 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
Alpine slopes, talus slopes, desert regions, forests; 1400–3000 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Xinjiang, NE China [Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].
红枝小檗 hong zhi xiao bo
Berberis erythroclada var. trulungensis Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1.5 m tall. Branches shiny, dark red, glabrous, sulcate; internodes 8–25 mm; spines (3–)5–7(–9)-fid, orange, 5–10 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially ultimately pale dark green, adaxially dark green, obovate or obovate-elliptic, 1–2.8 cm × 3–15 mm, papery, abaxially initially slightly grayish pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, adaxially veins obviously branched or openly reticulate, base cuneate, margin 1–15-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded or obtuse. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm, very slender. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-elliptic, 5.5–6.5 × 3–3.7 mm; inner sepals obovate, 7–8 × 4–4.5 mm, (sometimes outer and inner sepals equal). Petals obovate, 5–6.5 × 2.5–4.5 mm, base with separate narrowly oblong glands, apex subentire. Stamens 3–4 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, subretuse. Ovules 6–9, often funiculate. Berry unknown. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. unknown.
* Slopes; 4000–4300 m. Xizang.
大果小檗 da guo xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1 m tall. Branches dark brown, sulcate, black verruculose; spines 3-fid, yellow-brown, 1.5–2.5 cm, slender, adaxially slightly sulcate. Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade adaxially olivaceous, elliptic or obovate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, papery, abaxially slightly pruinose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin closely spinulose-subserrulate, apex rounded, mucronate. Flowers unknown. Fruit solitary; stalk ca. 1 cm, stout; berry red, broadly ellipsoid, ca. 2 × 1.2–1.4 cm, blue pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 6 or 7. Fl. unknown, fr. Oct.
* Grassy slopes; 3000–3700 m. Yunnan.
鸡脚连 ji jiao lian
Shrubs, evergreen, to 2 m tall. Branches brown; shoots stramineous, glabrous, sulcate; spines 3-fid, concolorous, to 3 cm, stout. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade lanceolate, 3–6.5 × 0.7–1 cm, subleathery, abaxially with raised midvein, lateral veins inconspicuous, adaxially with complanate or slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin 7–15 spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Flowers solitary. Pedicels 3–4 mm. Berry black, oblong, 9–12 × 6–7 mm, blue pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 1 or 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Nov.
* Forest understories; 2500–2700 m. Yunnan.
毛梗小檗 mao geng xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 2 cm tall. Branches deep gray, sulcate, puberulous; spines simple or 3-fid, weak, 0.6–1.7 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, obovate or oblanceolate, 1.5–3.5 × 0.8–1.5 cm, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins markedly raised, adaxially veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin puberulous, entire, occasionally 1- or 2-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse. Flowers 5–10-fascicled or subfascicled. Pedicels 6–12 mm, densely puberulous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ca. 3.5 × 2 mm; inner sepals ca. 5 × 3 mm. Petals ca. 4.5 × 3 mm, base with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 5 or 6. Berries red, subglobose, 8–9 × 7–8 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Abies forests, Quercus forests, thickets; 3400–4300 m. Xizang.
芒康小檗 mang kang xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches terete, glabrous; shoots pale gray, sulcate; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2.5 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, oblanceolate or elliptic, 0.7–2.1 cm × 3–8 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, adaxially glabrous, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin entire or 1–4-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers 3- or 4-fascicled. Pedicels 1–2 mm or 1–1.5 cm, slender, glabrous. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate-oblong, ca. 3 × 1 mm; median sepals elliptic, ca. 4 × 2 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic or obovate-oblong, 5.5–6 × 2.5–2.7 mm. Petals elliptic, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex acute, incised with acute lobes. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, rounded. Ovules (2 or)3, very shortly funiculate. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Forest margins, sunny slopes; ca. 1600 m or 3400–3900 m. Gansu, Sichuan, Xizang.
1a. Pedicels 10–15 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic 32a. var. reticulinervis
1b. Pedicels 1–2 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong 32b. var. brevipedicellata
芒康小檗(原变种) mang kang xiao bo (yuan bian zhong)
Pedicels 1–1.5 cm, slender, glabrous. Inner sepals oblong-elliptic.
* Forest margins; 3400–3900 m. Sichuan, Xizang.
无梗小檗 wu geng xiao bo
Pedicels very short, 1–2 mm, glabrous. Inner sepals obovate-oblong.
* Sunny slopes; ca. 1600 m. Gansu.
云南小檗 yun nan xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1 m tall. Branches yellow-brown; shoots dark red, sulcate, black verruculose; spines 3-fid, 1–2.5 cm, slender. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, becoming purplish red in autumn, obovate or oblong-obovate, 3–6 × 1–2 cm, papery, abaxially papillose, midvein and lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral veins, base attenuate, cuneate, margin usually entire, occasionally 2- or 3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded or mucronate. Flowers usually 2–4-fascicled, sometimes to 10-flowered. Pedicels 2–4 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 5 × 2.5 mm; inner sepals similar to outer sepals in form, 7–8 × 4–5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm, base with separate glands, apex emarginate, with rounded lobes. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective prolonged, subapiculate. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry purplish red, oblong-ovoid, 10–12 × 5–7 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Understories of Picea forests, margins of Abies forests, thickets, grassy slopes; 3100–4200 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
尤里小檗 you li xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1 m tall. Branches and shoots pale purplish red, sometimes slightly grayish white, terete; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 0.8–2.5 cm, stout, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially gray-green, adaxially dark green, linear-oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 0.8–2.2 cm × 1–4 mm, abaxially not pruinose, midvein slightly raised, lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, adaxially inconspicuously veined, base attenuate, margin 1–3-spinose-serrate on each side, occasionally entire, apex aristate. Flowers 3–5-fascicled, sometimes forming a subracemose inflorescence. Pedicels 2–5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate, 4–4.5 × 0.8–1 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong, 6–6.5 × 3–3.5 mm. Petals oblanceolate, 5–5.1 × 2–2.2 mm, base clawed, with very separate glands, apex incised with acute lobes. Stamens 3–3.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, shortly apiculate. Ovary 3–3.2 mm; ovules 3–5. Berry black or red, globose, 3–3.5 × ca. 3 mm, not pruinose, style ca. 0.8 mm; seeds 5. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 28.
Slopes, flood lands, mixed forests, streamsides; 2500–3700 m. Xinjiang, W Xizang [Kashmir].
无脉小檗 wu mai xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1.5 m tall. Branches dark gray; shoots red, slightly sulcate, glabrous; spines 3-fid, 5–11 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially green, elliptic or oblanceolate, 1.2–2.1 cm × 5–8 mm, papery, abaxially rugose, veins very inconspicuous, adaxially smooth, midvein impressed, base cuneate, margin entire, occasionally 1- or 2-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate or acute. Flowers 3- or 4-fascicled. Ovules 2. Fruit stalk 8–11 mm, glabrous; berry red, ellipsoid, ca. 9 × 5 mm, scarcely pruinose, style not persistent, sometimes apex slightly bent; seeds 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Streamsides in thickets, foot of mountains; 4200–4300 m. Xizang (Namling).
异叶小檗 yi ye xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches shiny, purplish red, not sulcate, sparsely black verruculose; internodes 1.2–3 cm; spines simple, concolorous, 6–10 mm. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, brown when dry, adaxially dark green, obovate, occasionally suborbicular, 0.7–2.5 × 0.4–1.7 cm, papery, abaxially with conspicuous midvein and lateral veins, adaxially inconspicuously veined, base cuneate, margin entire, occasionally 1- or 2-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse or rounded, mucronate. Flowers 3–6-fascicled. Pedicels 8–14 mm. Ovules 3. Berry red, oblong, ca. 10 × 5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 3. Fl. unknown, fr. Aug–Sep.
* In slash; ca. 4300 m. Xizang.
永思小檗 yong si xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1.5 m tall. Branches and shoots dark brown, very conspicuously sulcate, glabrous; spines 3-fid, weak, pale yellow, 2–5 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially shiny, dark green, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, sometimes obovate, 7–15 × 3–6 mm, papery, abaxially median veins slightly raised, lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, not pruinose, adaxially veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin 1–3-spinose-serrulate on each side, apex acute. Flowers unknown. Infructescence with 3–6-fascicled berries; fruit stalk purplish red, 3–4 mm, glabrous; berry ellipsoid, 6–8 × ca. 3 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short; seeds 1. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
* Thickets; ca. 2100 m. Guizhou.
玉山小檗 yu shan xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous. Branches dark red, sparsely verruculose; shoots green; spines 3-fid, 1–1.5 cm. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially pale green, sometimes gray-white, adaxially dark green, obovate or obovate-lanceolate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.5–1 cm, both surfaces with conspicuously raised reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin 4–7-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Flowers 2–5-fascicled, rarely solitary. Pedicels often pendulous, 1.2–2.5 cm, slender. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 4–4.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, apex acuminate; median sepals oblong-elliptic, 5.5–6.5 × 3–3.5 mm; inner sepals narrowly obovate, ca. 7.5 × 4 mm. Petals broadly elliptic, 5–6 × 3.5–4 mm, apex emarginate. Anther connective obtuse or truncate. Ovules 4–7. Berry scarlet, subglobose, 8–9 × 7–8 mm. Fl. and fr. unknown.
* Alpine areas; 3000–4300 m. Taiwan.
德浚小檗 de jun xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1.5 m tall. Branches deep gray, not verruculose; shoots pale gray, sulcate; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 0.5–1.6 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, oblanceolate or obovate-elliptic, 1–2.5 cm × 4–9 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, both surfaces with markedly raised reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin closely 9–16-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse, occasionally acute. Flowers 5–8-fascicled. Pedicels 1.2–1.7 cm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 2.5 × 0.6 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate, ca. 4.2 × 1.5 mm; median sepals elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 2 mm; inner sepals elliptic, ca. 4 × 2 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex incised. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, rounded, obtuse. Ovules 2, funiculate. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jun, fr. unknown.
* Thickets, alpine meadows, grassy slopes; 3600–4200 m. Sichuan.
鲜黄小檗 xian huang xiao bo
Berberis diaphana var. uniflora Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Shoots green; branches gray, sulcate, verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2 cm, stout. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, oblong or obovate-oblong, 1.5–4 × 0.5–1.6 cm, papery, abaxially sometimes slightly pruinose, adaxially with raised lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 2–14-spinose-serrate on each side, occasionally entire, apex slightly obtuse. Flowers 2–5-fascicled, occasionally solitary. Pedicels 1.2–2.2 cm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals subovate, ca. 8 × 5.5 mm; inner sepals elliptic, ca. 9 × 6 mm. Petals ovate-elliptic, 6–7 × 5–5.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex acute, incised. Stamens ca. 4.5 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 6–10. Berry red, ovoid-oblong, 1–1.2 cm × 6–7 mm, occasionally pruinose, style persistent, apex slightly bent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, meadows, forests, forest margins; 1600–3200 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi.
秦岭小檗 qin ling xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1 m tall. Branches yellow or yellowish brown, sulcate, sparsely black verruculose; internodes 1.5–4 cm; spines 3-fid, 1.5–3 cm. Leaves very shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially gray-white, adaxially dark green, obovate-oblong or obovate, occasionally suborbicular, 1.5–3.5 × 0.5–2.5 cm, papery, abaxially pruinose, both surfaces with conspicuously raised reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin closely 15–40-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex rounded. Flowers 2–5-fascicled. Pedicels (0.8–)1.5–3 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 or 3 whorls; outer sepals oblong-elliptic, 7–8 × 4–5 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong, 9–10 × 6–7 mm. Petals obovate, 7–7.5 × 4–4.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire or emarginate. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective rounded or truncate. Ovules (3–)6 or 7(or 8). Berry red, ellipsoid or oblong, (1–)1.3–1.5 cm × 5–6(–7) mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Mountain slopes, ridges, forest margins, thickets, runlet sides; 1400–3500 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi.
1a. Sepals in 2 whorls; petals entire at apex; ovules(3–)6 or 7(or 8) 41a. var. circumserrata
1b. Sepals in 3 whorls; petals emarginate at apex; ovules 3–5 41b. var. occidentalior
秦岭小檗(原变种) qin ling xiao bo (yuan bian zhong )
Berberis diaphana Maximowicz var. circumserrata C. K. Schneider in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 354. 1913; B. circumserrata var. subarmata Ahrendt.
Pedicels 1.5–3 cm. Sepals in 2 whorls. Petals entire at apices. Ovules(3–)6 or 7(or 8). Fruit 1.3–1.5 cm × 5–6 mm.
* Mountain slopes, forest margins, thickets, runlet sides; 1400–3300 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi.
多萼小檗 duo e xiao bo
Pedicels 0.8–1.5 cm. Sepals in 3 whorls. Petals emarginate at apices. Ovules 3–5. Fruit 1–1.2 cm × 6–7 mm.
* Ridges; ca. 3500 m. SW Gansu.
峨眉小檗 e mei xiao bo
Berberis diaphana Maximowicz var. tachiensis Ahrendt, p.p.
Shrubs, deciduous, to 2 m tall. Branches dark purple, black verruculose; shoots green, sulcate; spines 3-fid, orange, 6–10 mm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale gray, adaxially dark green, oblong-obovate or elliptic, 2–4 × 1–2 cm, papery, abaxially pruinose, adaxially with reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 5–12-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Flowers 2–4-fascicled, occasionally solitary or 2 or 3 flowers in simple racemes. Pedicels 2–3 cm. Sepals in 2 whorls, oblong-elliptic; outer sepals 7–7.5 × 4–4.5 mm; inner sepals 7.5–8 × 4.5–5 mm. Petals oblong, ca. 5 × 3.7 mm, base with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 7–11. Berry orange, ovoid, 1.5–1.6 cm × 7–8 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Thickets, roadsides, slopes; 2900–3200 m. Sichuan.
黄背小檗 huang bei xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 2 m tall. Branches black-gray, terete, not spinose. Petiole 4–6 mm; leaf blade abaxially becoming stramineous when dry, adaxially green, oblong or broadly ovate, 3–4 × 2–2.5 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, with inconspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, adaxially with slightly conspicuous lateral veins, base cuneate, apex rounded. Flowers unknown. Fruit stalk 1.8–2 cm, glabrous; berry green (immature), 4–12-fascicled, oblong, pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. unknown, fr. May.
* Forest margins at mountain summits. Yunnan (Sichou).
风庆小檗 feng qing xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Stems terete; branches grayish brown; shoots pale yellow, glabrous, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 7–20 mm. Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially gray, adaxially dark green and shiny, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 4–10 × 1.5–2.5 cm, leathery, abaxially sometimes slightly pruinose, abaxially with raised midvein, lateral veins conspicuous, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral vein slightly conspicuous, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin very slightly revolute, entire or 1- or 2-spinose-subserrulate on each side, apex obtuse, apiculate. Flowers unknown. Infrutescence with 3–12 fascicled berries; fruit stalk reddish, 1–1.5 cm, stout; berry black, ellipsoid, 7–10 × ca. 6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Jun–Nov.
* Dry slopes, thickets, bamboo forests; 1700–3100 m. Yunnan.
紫云小檗 zi yun xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1.5–2.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete, glabrous; shoots purplish black, shiny; spines absent or very weak, 3-fid, pale yellow, 5–6 mm. Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow, adaxially deep green, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, occasionally oblanceolate, 4–11 × 1–3 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially slightly pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, lateral veins inconspicuous, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, entire or inconspicuously 1–3-spinulose-subserrulate on each side, apex acuminate or acute. Flowers 4–10-fascicled, sometimes to 25 flowers. Pedicels purplish brown when dry, 1.5–2 cm, glabrous; bractlets triangular-ovate, ca. 2.2 × 1 mm. Outer sepals oblong, ca. 2.2 × 1.9 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 4 × 2.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3.5 × 3 mm, base not clawed, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 2.3 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 2, shortly funiculate. Berry dark red, ellipsoid; style persistent, short. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Apr–May.
* Thickets; 1000–1300 m. Guizhou.
屏山小檗 ping shan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 2 m tall. Branches gray; shoots purplish brown, sulcate, glabrous; spines 3-fid, concolorous with shoots, ca. 5 mm. Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially brown when dry, adaxially deep green, elliptic, 8–17 × 3.5–7 cm, subleathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuous raised, lateral and reticulate veins slightly raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, base broadly cuneate or subrounded, margin entire, apex acute. Flowers 8–20-fascicled. Pedicels purplish brown, 1.5–3 cm, glabrous; bractlets ovate-triangular, ca. 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals broadly elliptic, ca. 4 × 3 mm; inner sepals suborbicular or reniform-orbicular, ca. 4 × 4–5 mm. Petals suborbicular, base with separate glands, apex entire or obtusely emarginate. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 2, funicles ca. as long as ovules. Berry black, not or slightly pruinose. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Jul.
* Roadsides, sides of rocks; ca. 800 m. Sichuan.
裂瓣小檗 lie ban xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, low, ca. 0.5 m tall. Stems sulcate; branches gray; shoots pale red, glabrous; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 8–20 mm. Leaves sessile; leaf blade abaxially shiny, green, adaxially dark green, obovate, 1–2.3 × 0.5–1.4 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially openly reticulate, not pruinose, adaxially openly veined, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded, mucronate. Flowers 2–4-fascicled. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 3.6 × 1.6–2 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 6.5 × 4 mm. Petals broadly elliptic, ca. 4.7 × 3.1 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 2, shortly funiculate. Immature fruit seen, style not persistent. Fl. May, fr. Jun–Jul.
* Beside ditches in mountains; ca. 3900 m. Xizang.
武夷小檗 wu yi xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–1.5 m tall. Branches gray; shoots pale yellow, sulcate, sparsely verruculose; internodes 3–6 cm; spines 3-fid, pale yellow-brown, subterete, 1–2 cm. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade adaxially dark green, oblanceolate or elliptic-obovate, 3.5–7 × 0.8–1.6 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein markedly raised, lateral veins conspicuous, reticulate veins inconspicuous, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin 2–4(–6)-serrate on each side, occasionally entire, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 6–12-fascicled. Pedicels reddish, 8–10 mm; bractlets lanceolate, 1.8–2.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3–3.5 mm; inner sepals oblong, 3.5–4.5 mm. Petals obovate, 3–4.5 mm, base slightly clawed, with glands, apex emarginate. Stamens 2.5–3.5 mm; anther connective obtuse or mucronate. Ovules (1 or)2. Berry elliptic-oblong, ca. 7.5 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Sparse forests, thickets at mountain summits; 1900–2100 m. Fujian, Jiangxi.
卷叶小檗 juan ye xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 1.5 m tall. Branches weak, terete, obviously verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2 cm, sulcate. Petiole 1–2 mm; leaf blade adaxially shiny, dark green, oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5–3.5(–4.5) cm × 3–5(–8) mm, abaxially pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, both surfaces with inconspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin slightly revolute, entire or 1–3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 3–7-fascicled. Pedicels reddish, 5–13 mm; bractlets ca. 2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals reddish, ovate or suborbicular, 3.5–4 × ca. 3 mm; inner sepals suborbicular, 6–7 × 5–6 mm. Petals obovate, 5–5.2 × 3.5–4 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective truncate or obtuse. Ovules 2, sessile. Berry purplish black, oblong, 6–8 × 3–5 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. and fr. Apr–Jun.
* Thickets, roadsides on mountain slopes; 1800–3000 m. Yunnan.
金花小檗 jin hua xiao bo
Shrubs, semi-evergreen, with arching branches, ca. 1 m tall. Branches brownish gray; shoots dark red, sulcate, scarcely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, sometimes simple or absent, pale yellow or pale purplish red, 1–2 cm, slender. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially gray, adaxially dark gray-green, obovate or obovate-spatulate or oblanceolate, 6–25 × 2–6 mm, leathery, abaxially often slightly pruinose, and with raised reticulate veins, adaxially with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, occasionally 1- or 2-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse or subacute. Inflorescence a fascicle of 4–7 flowers or a 3–7-flowered raceme. Pedicels brownish, 3–7 mm; bractlets ovate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, 3–4 × 2–3 mm; inner sepals obovate-orbicular or obovate, 5–5.5 × 3.5–4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, apex emarginate, with acute lobes. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, obtuse. Ovules 3–5. Berry reddish, subglobose, 6–7 × 4–5 mm, slightly pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Jan–Feb of following year.
* Slopes, thickets, rocky beaches, riverbanks, roadsides, forest margins, streamsides, Pinus forests, rock crevices, dry slopes; 1000–4000 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
1a. Inflorescence a fascicle of flowers ...... 50a. var. wilsoniae
1b. Inflorescence a raceme ..................... 50b. var. guhtzunica
金花小檗(原变种) jin hua xiao bo (yuan bian zhong)
Berberis parvifolia Sprague (1908), not Lindley (1847); B. stapfiana C. K. Schneider; B. subcaulialata C. K. Schneider; B. wilsoniae var. parvifolia Ahrendt; B. wilsoniae var. stapfiana (C. K. Schneider) C. K. Schneider; B. wilsoniae var. subcaulialata (C. K. Schneider) C. K. Schneider.
Inflorescence with 4–7 fascicled flowers.
* Slopes, thickets, rocky beaches, riverbanks, roadsides, forest margins, streamsides; 1000–4000 m. Gansu, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
古宗金花小檗 gu zong jin hua xiao bo
Berberis wilsoniae var. latior Ahrendt.
Inflorescence a raceme, 3–7-flowered, to 1.5 cm.
* Thickets, roadsides, Pinus forests, rock crevices, dry slopes; 1600–3200 m. Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
大理小檗 da li xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 1.2 m tall. Stems terete; branches yellow-brown or gray-brown, sulcate, scarcely verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 8–20 mm, adaxially conspicuously sulcate. Leaves sessile; leaf blade adaxially shiny, dark green, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 1.2–3 cm × 3–5 mm, leathery, abaxially pruinose, midvein raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin conspicuously revolute, entire, apex acuminate, mucronate. Flowers 2–7-fascicled. Pedicels brownish gray, 7–12 mm; bractlets ovate, ca. 3 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm; inner sepals broadly elliptic, ca. 6 × 4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5.5 × 3.5 mm, base cuneate, slightly clawed, with separate glands, apex entire, slightly emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 4, sessile. Berry oblong, 8–12 × ca. 5 mm, white pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jul. fr. May–Jul.
* Pinus forests; 3000–3900 m. Yunnan.
近缘小檗 jin yuan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1.5–2.5 m tall. Branches gray-brown, terete; shoots yellow-brown, glabrous, not verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, ca. 1 cm. Leaves subsesssile; leaf blade adaxially deep green, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, 4–7 × 1–1.7 cm, leathery, abaxially pruinose, midvein raised, lateral veins conspicuous, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins 4–8 pairs, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin flat, entire or 2–4-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex obtuse, apiculate. Flowers unknown. Infructescence with 3–8-fascicled berries; fruit stalk ca. 1.6 cm, glabrous; berry ellipsoid or oblong, 6–8 × 3–5 mm, pruinose, style persistent; seeds 3 or 4. Fl. unknown, fr. Jun.
* Mixed forests; 2800–2900 m. Yunnan.
西昌小檗 xi chang xiao bo
Berberis atrocarpa C. K. Schneider var. suijiangensis S. Y. Bao.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Stems terete; branches gray; shoots pale yellow, angulate, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, ca. 4 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially dark green, linear-oblong or linear, 4–15 cm × 1.5–10 mm, thinly leathery, adaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, lateral veins conspicuous, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base attenuate, margin strongly revolute, 3–26-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers unknown. Infructescence with 3–11-fascicled berries; fruit stalk dark purplish red, 4–20 mm, glabrous; berry red, ellipsoid, ca. 7 × 4 mm, not or slightly white pruinose; style persistent, short; seeds 1 or 2. Fl. unknown, fr. May–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, roadsides; 1000–2500 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.
血红小檗 xie hong xiao bo
Berberis panlanensis Ahrendt.
Shrubs, evergreen, to 3 m tall. Stems very sulcate; branches dark gray; shoots pale yellow, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–3 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially shiny, pale yellow-green, adaxially dark green, linear-lanceolate, 1.5–16 cm × 3–6 mm, slightly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, both surfaces with inconspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 7–14-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex acute or acuminate, aristate. Flowers 2–7-fascicled. Pedicels reddish, 7–20 mm; bractlets red. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals red, ovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm, apex acute; median and inner sepals yellow, elliptic, ca. 5 × 4.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 4 × 3 mm, base with separate lanceolate glands, apex slightly emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, rounded or truncate. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry purplish red, ellipsoid, 7–12 × 4–5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, roadsides, streamsides, sunny slopes, grassy slopes; 1100–2700(–3800) m. Hubei, Sichuan.
亮叶小檗 liang ye xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen to 1 m tall. Stems angulate-sulcate, black verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, flat. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, adaxially green, both surfaces shiny, narrowly lanceolate, 6–9 × 1–1.5 cm, leathery, abaxially lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, not pruinose, margin markedly revolute, 12–24-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers 6–10-fascicled. Pedicels 5–10 mm, glabrous; bractlets ovate, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate, 6–7 × ca. 4.5 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex subentire. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective conspicuously prolonged, truncate. Ovules 4. Fruit unknown. Fl. May–Jun, fr. unknown.
* Habitat unknown; ca. 2800 m. Sichuan.
球果小檗 qiu guo xiao bo
Berberis incrassata Ahrendt, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 105: 371. 1939; B. incrassata var. bucahwangensis Ahrendt; B. incrassata var. fugongensis S. Y. Bao.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish yellow to dark red, terete, glabrous; spines absent. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially shiny, pale yellow-green, adaxially dark grayish green, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5–16 × 2–6 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with raised midvein, adaxially with impressed midvein, both surfaces with visible lateral veins, base cuneate, margin coarsely 12–24-aristate-dentate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers (4–)8–15-fascicled. Pedicels 1–2.4 cm, slender, slightly thickened toward apex, glabrous. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 4 × 3 mm, apex acute; median sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 6 × 5 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals obovate, ca. 7 × 6 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 4 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 5–7. Berry purplish red or black, subglobose, 6–7 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, style persistent and conspicuous. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Thickets, broad-leaved forests, mixed forests, bamboo forests; 1200–2400 m. Xizang, Yunnan.
西山小檗 xi shan xiao bo
Berberis pruinosa Franchet var. viridifolia C. K. Schneider, p.p.; B. schneideriana Ahrendt.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1.5–2 m tall. Stems and branches brownish gray, terete, sulcate; shoots densely black or yellow-brown verruculose; spines 3-fid, terete, 1–3.5 cm. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially shiny, dark green, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 6–10 × 1.2–2 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with conspicuous lateral veins, reticulate veins fine, base cuneate, margin flat, 5–18-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 6–17-fascicled. Pedicels 0.8–2 cm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals triangular, ca. 2.5 mm, apex caudate-acuminate; median sepals oblong, ca. 3 mm, apex acute; inner sepals elliptic, 4–4.5 × 2–2.5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals elliptic, 3–3.5 mm, base not clawed, with ovate glands, apex entire, rounded. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective subtruncate. Ovules solitary, shortly funiculate. Berry red, ellipsoid, 7–8 × ca. 3.5 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Mar, fr. Aug–Nov.
* Thickets, mixed forests, sandy slopes; 1600–2300 m. Yunnan.
疏齿小檗 shu chi xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 2–3 m tall. Branches black gray, terete; shoots brownish gray, scarcely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 7–10 mm, slender. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially pale brown when dry, adaxially slightly shiny, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, 4–12 × 1.5–3 cm, leathery, abaxially with obviously raised veins, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin closely 25–30-spinulose-subserrulate on each side, apex obtuse. Flowers (10–)15–20-fascicled. Pedicels 1.6–2.2 cm, weak, glabrous; bractlets triangular, apex acute. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals triangular-ovate, ca. 3 × 3 mm, apex acute; median sepals oblong-ovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, apex mucronate; inner sepals oblong, ca. 4 × 2 mm, apex mucronate. Petals ovate-elliptic, ca. 4 × 3 mm, base attenuate, with separate glands, apex subrounded, mucronate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules solitary; funicles ca. as long as ovules. Berry oblong, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. and fr. Apr–Aug.
* Thickets; 700–1900 m. Yunnan.
昆明小檗 kun ming xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 2 m tall. Branches yellow brown, terete, sulcate, black verruculose; spines 3-fid, weak, yellow-brown, 1–1.5 cm. Petiole 8–10 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-brown, adaxially dark brown when dry, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 8–14 × 3–5 cm, leathery, abaxially with flat midvein, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuously raised, base cuneate, margin 20–25-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse. Flowers 10–20-fascicled. Pedicels 1.5–1.8 cm, slender. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, apex acute; median sepals lanceolate, ca. 10 × 3 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong, ca. 12 × 4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 10 × 2.5 mm, base cuneate, with oblong glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules solitary, shortly funiculate. Berry oblong, ca. 7 × 3 mm, pruinose, style persistent. Fl. and fr. unknown.
* Thickets, forest margins; elevation unknown. Yunnan.
显脉小檗 xian mai xiao bo
Berberis delavayi var. wachinensis Ahrendt; B. phanera C. K. Schneider; B. subcoriacea Ahrendt.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–3 m tall. Branches brownish gray or brownish yellow, terete, glabrous, black verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–3 cm, adaxially sulcate. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially shiny, both surfaces deep green, oblong-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5–7 × 1.2–1.8 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with raised midvein, adaxially with impressed midvein, both surfaces with conspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin undulate, slightly revolute, 7–12-spinose-serrulate on each side, apex acute. Flowers 2–6-fascicled. Pedicels green in flower, red in fruit, slender. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, apex obtuse; median sepals suborbicular or ovate-orbicular, ca. 5 × 4 mm; inner sepals similar to median sepals in form, ca. 7 × 5.5 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 5.5 × 4.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex subrounded, obtusely emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate. Ovules 3 or 4. Berry ellipsoid, ca. 1.2 × 0.6 cm, thickly blue pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Oct–Dec.
* Abies forests, thickets, streamsides, Pinus forests; 1800–4000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
密叶小檗 mi ye xiao bo
Berberis densa C. K. Schneider, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 46: 254. 1939, not Planchon & Linden (1862); B. wallichiana Candolle f. parvifolia Franchet.
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1 m tall. Branches brownish gray, sulcate, black verruculose; shoots brownish yellow, glabrous; spines 3-fid, concolorous, ca. 2 cm, slender, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dark green, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 2–4.5 × 1–1.5 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins 4–6 pairs, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, apex obtuse, aristate. Flowers 6–8-fascicled. Pedicels weak, to 3 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals suborbicular, ca. 2 × 2 mm; median sepals suborbicular, ca. 4 × 4 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 6 × 3 mm. Petals obovate-elliptic, ca. 5.5 × 3.2 mm, base attenuate, with separate glands, apex rounded, entire. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry ellipsoid, 8–9 × ca. 7 mm, gray pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Grassy slopes, grasslands, riversides; 2000–3500 m. Yunnan.
多珠小檗 duo zhu xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1 m tall. Branches and shoots pale gray, sulcate; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2.3 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, linear-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 1.5–3 cm × 3–5 mm, thinly leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, both surfaces with inconspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, base abruptly narrowed, margin 3–7-spinose-serrate on each side, apex aristate. Flowers 2–4-fascicled. Pedicels 5–11 mm, slender, glabrous. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals triangular-ovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm; median sepals ovate, ca. 4 × 3 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 5.5 × 4 mm. Petals elliptic or oblong, ca. 4.1 × 2.2 mm, base not clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate, lobes rounded. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 5. Berry ellipsoid, 8–10 × 3–5 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May, fr. Jun–Jul.
* Forest margins; 2900–3000 m. Sichuan.
湖北小檗 hu bei xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Stems terete. Branches dark gray; shoots stramineous, sulcate, scarcely verruculose; spines concolorous, 1–4 cm, stout, adaxially flat or sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark green, sometimes grayish green or shiny, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5–14 × 0.4–2.5 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, lateral veins slightly raised, reticulate veins inconspicuous, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin 6–20(–40)-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers 2–8(–15)-fascicled. Pedicels ca. 3 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals oblong-ovate, ca. 4.5 × 4 mm, apex acute; median sepals elliptic to ovate, ca. 6.5 × 5.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 8 × 7 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 7 × 6 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex emarginate or obtusely emarginate with obtuse lobes. Ovules 4 or 5. Berry red, oblong-ovoid, 8–10 × ca. 6 mm, slightly blue pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Oct.
* Montane thickets, forest margins, forest understories, on sides of rocks; 700–2800 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan.
1a. Leaf blade lanceolate, adaxially dark green, margin 6–20-spinose-serrate on each side 63a. var. gagnepainii
1b. Leaf blade ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, adaxially very shiny, margin 20–40-spinose-serrate on each side 63b. var. omeiensis
湖北小檗(原变种) hu bei xiao bo (yuan bian zhong )
Berberis caudatifolia S. Y. Bao; B. gagnepainii var. filipes Ahrendt; B. gagnepainii var. lanceifolia Ahrendt; B. gagnepainii var. lanceifolia f. pluriflora Ahrendt.
Leaf blade adaxially dark green, lanceolate, margin 6–20-spinose-serrate on each side.
* Montane thickets, forests, forest margins, on sides of rocks; 700–2700 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan.
眉山小檗 mei shan xiao bo
Leaf blade adaxially very shiny, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, margin 20–40-spinose-serrate on each side.
* Forest understories, forest margins; 1700–2800 m. Sichuan.
芒齿小檗 mang chi xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Stems terete; branches dark gray or brown; shoots reddish, scarcely verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–2.5 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially gray-green, adaxially deep green, shiny, linear-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 2–6 cm × 2.5–8 mm, leathery, abaxially papillose, sometimes slightly pruinose, midvein raised, both surfaces with inconspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin occasionally entire or 2–8-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate or acute, aristate. Flowers 2–6-fascicled. Pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm, glabrous; bractlets reddish, ovate, ca. 1 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate-orbicular, ca. 2 × 1.8 mm; median sepals ovate, ca. 3.5 × 2.5 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate, ca. 5 × 4 mm, apex obtuse. Petals obovate, ca. 4 × 3 mm, base cuneate, with separate oblong glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry blue-black, ellipsoid, 6–8 × 4–5 mm, slightly pruinose. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Oct.
* Mixed forests; 500–2100 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
兴文小檗 xing wen xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 2.5 m tall. Branches gray-brown, terete, glabrous; spines 3-fid, yellow-brown, ca. 1 cm, slender, adaxially flat. Petiole ca. 5 mm, sometimes leaf subsessile; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark green, shiny, elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, 6–15 × 1.3–4 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, reticulate veins visible, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins slightly raised, base cuneate, margin 10–15-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers 5–16-fascicled, red. Pedicels 2–2.7 cm, slender. Sepals in 3(or 4) whorls; outer sepals ovate, 2.5–2.8 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acute; median sepals broadly elliptic, 4.5–5 × ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals elliptic, 5–5.2(–6) × 3.5–4 mm, rounded. Petals obovate, 4.5–5.1 × 3.2–4 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.8 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry red, pyriform, ca. 6 × 3 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Mixed forests on slopes; ca. 1800 m. Sichuan.
巴东小檗 ba dong xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–1.5 m tall. Stems terete; branches pale grayish yellow, not verruculose; shoots reddish, glabrous; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1.5–3 cm, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow, shiny, adaxially dark green, lanceolate, 5–11 × 1–2 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein raised, lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, base cuneate, margin slightly undulate, slightly revolute, 10–30-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers 2–10-fascicled. Pedicels 1.5–3.5 cm, glabrous; bractlets ovate, ca. 2 × 2 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals reddish brown, oblong-ovate, ca. 3.5 × 3 mm; median sepals obovate, concave, ca. 5 × 4 mm; inner sepals obovate, concave, ca. 7.5 × 5.5 mm. Petals obovate, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex rounded and narrowly incised. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, obtuse. Ovules 2–4. Berry ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 9 × 6 mm, blue pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins, streamsides; 2000–3300 m. N Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan.
屏边小檗 ping bian xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 2 m tall. Branches brownish gray, terete, sulcate, not verruculose; spines absent. Petiole short; leaf blade abaxially brownish yellow, adaxially yellow-green, not shiny, oblanceolate or obovate, 5–11 × 1.5–2.5 cm, leathery, abaxially with raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins not visible, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin 15–20-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers unknown. Fruit 2- or 3-fascicled; fruit stalk 1.5–2 cm; berry red, subglobose, 5–7 × ca. 4 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. unknown, fr. Apr.
* Forest margins on limestone mountains; ca. 1900 m. Yunnan.
错那小檗 cuo na xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 2–3 m tall. Branches pale yellow, terete, sometimes sulcate, glabrous; spines 3-fid, 1.2–2.5 cm. Leaves sessile; leaf blade abaxially shiny, pale green, adaxially dark green or grayish white, elliptic-lanceolate, 1.2–3.2 cm × 4–9 mm, leathery, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein, lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, lateral veins visible, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, slightly undulate, 2–4-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 2–10-fascicled. Pedicels 1.1–2.2 cm; bractlets ovate, ca. 2 × 1 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 5 × 4 mm, apex acute; inner sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 7 × 4.5 mm, rounded, obtuse. Petals obovate, ca. 7 × 4 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 3 or 4. Berry purplish black, pyriform or ellipsoid, 7–9 × 5–6 mm, pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul.
Roadsides, forest margins, thickets, Tsuga forests, Rhododendron forests, bamboo groves, flood lands; 2100–5300 m. Xizang [Bhutan].
1a. Leaf blade green, abaxially not pruinose 68a. var. griffithiana
1b. Leaf blade grayish white, abaxially pruinose 68b. var. pallida
错那小檗(原变种) cuo na xiao bo (yuan bian zhong)
Berberis subpteroclada Ahrendt; B. subpteroclada var. impar Ahrendt.
Leaf blade green, abaxially not pruinose.
Roadsides, forest margins, thickets, Tsuga forests, Rhododendron forests, bamboo groves; 2500–3300 m. Xizang [Bhutan].
灰叶小檗 hui ye xiao bo
Berberis wallichiana Candolle var. pallida J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 226. 1855; B. bhutanensis Ahrendt; B. leptopoda Ahrendt; B. replicata W. W. Smith var. dispar Ahrendt; B. taronensis Ahrendt var. trimensis Ahrendt.
Leaf blade grayish white, abaxially pruinose.
Thickets, flood lands; 2100–5300 m. SE Xizang [E Bhutan].
近光滑小檗 jin guang hua xiao bo
Berberis sublevis var. exquista Ahrendt; B. sublevis var. grandifolia C. K. Schneider; B. sublevis var. macrocarpa (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Ahrendt; B. wallichiana Candolle var. gracilipes Ahrendt; B. wallichiana var. macrocarpa J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–3 m tall. Branches grayish brown, sulcate, scarcely verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–2 cm, slender, adaxially flat. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, linear-lanceolate, 4–12 × 1–1.5 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins visible, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, closely 10–20-spinose-serrate on each side, sometimes entire, apex acuminate. Flowers 5–30-fascicled. Pedicels 7–15 mm, slender. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals reddish, ovate, ca. 2.5 × 2 mm, apex subacute; inner sepals obovate to oblong-elliptic, ca. 5 × 3 mm. Petals obovate, 5–5.5 × ca. 3 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective obtuse. Ovule solitary; funicles 3–6 × longer than ovules. Berry purplish red, ovoid, 6–7 × 3–3.5 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. and fr. May–Nov.
Thickets, forests, streamsides; 1500–2700 m. Sichuan, Yunnan [NE India to Myanmar].
“Berberis prainiana Stapf” belongs here but, as a nomen nudum, was not validly published.
无量山小檗 wu liang shan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 3 m tall. Branches purplish brown, terete, sulcate, glabrous; internodes 5–8 cm; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–3.5 cm, stout, adaxially sulcate, sometimes weak or absent. Petiole 3–5 mm, sometimes leaf subsessile; leaf blade abaxially brownish red, adaxially yellow-green, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or elliptic, 6–13 × 2–3.5 cm, leathery, abaxially with raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins visible, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins visible, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin 15–35-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers 6–12-fascicled. Pedicels 1.5–2 cm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals suborbicular, ca. 4 × 3.5 mm, apex rounded; inner sepals elliptic, ca. 7 × 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 3.5 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex entire, rounded. Stamens ca. 4.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules solitary. Berry black, oblong-ellipsoidal, 7–8 × ca. 3 mm, not or slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Oct–Nov.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests, slopes; 1800–2500 m. Yunnan.
春小檗 chun xiao bo
Berberis ferdinandi-coburgii C. K. Schneider var. vernalis C. K. Schneider, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 46: 249. 1939.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish yellow or stramineous, sulcate, sparsely black verruculose; spines concolorous, terete, 1.5–3.5 cm, stout. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially brownish yellow, adaxially deep green, shiny, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 3–12 × 0.7–3 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with conspicuous lateral veins, reticulate veins slightly visible, base cuneate, margin sometimes slightly revolute, 10–24-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 8–30-fascicled. Pedicels 1–2 cm, slender, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 3 × 1.3 mm, apex acute; inner sepals broadly elliptic, ca. 5 × 3 mm, apex acuminate. Petals obovate, 3.5–4.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire, rounded. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovule solitary, subsessile. Berry black, ellipsoid, 5–7 × ca. 4 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct.
* Thickets, forests; 1300–2600 m. Hunan, Yunnan.
平滑小檗 ping hua xiao bo
Berberis levis var. brachyphylla Ahrendt; B. willeana C. K. Schneider; B. willeana var. serrulata C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, evergreen, 0.5–1.5 m tall. Branches brownish gray, terete; shoots brownish yellow, sulcate, densely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, 1–4 cm, stout, terete or adaxially flat. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially dark yellow-green, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 3–10 × 0.7–1.7 cm, leathery, adaxially not pruinose, midvein raised, both surfaces with lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin 5–15(–20)-spinose-serrate on each side, apex shortly acuminate, aristate. Flowers 7–25-fascicled. Pedicels 1–2 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate or triangular, 3–5 × 1–1.5 mm; inner sepals obovate or lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–2 mm. Petals obovate or broadly obovate, 5–6 × ca. 2.5 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex entire or slightly emarginate, rounded or mucronate. Stamens 3–4 mm; anther connective prolonged, obtuse. Ovules solitary, shortly funiculate. Berry black, ellipsoid, 7–8 × 5–6 mm, not or scarcely pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Nov.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests, Pinus forests, slopes; 2100–2900 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
汉源小檗 han yuan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1-2 m tall. Branches brown or brownish yellow, sulcate, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1.5–2.5 cm, stout. Petiole short, or leaf subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, shiny on both surfaces, oblong-elliptic or elliptic, 3–7 × 1–2 cm, thickly leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with markedly raised midvein, adaxially with conspicuously impressed midvein, both surfaces with slightly raised lateral veins, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin thickened, slightly revolute, not or sometimes undulate, 2–12-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers 5–20-fascicled. Pedicels 7–15 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 5.5 × 3.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 7 × 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex rounded, incised. Stamens ca. 4.5 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 1 or 2. Fruit stalk dark brown, to 2 cm; berry black, ovoid-ellipsoid or ovoid-globose, 8–9 × ca. 6 mm, blue pruinose, style persistent and conspicuous; seeds 1 or 2. Fl. Mar–May, fr. May–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, sunny slopes; 1200–2500 m. Sichuan.
1a. Leaf margin not undulate, 2–12-spinose-serrate on each side 73a. var. bergmanniae
1b. Leaf margin undulate, 2–6-spinose-dentate on each side 73b. var. acanthophylla
汉源小檗(原变种) han yuan xiao bo (yuan bian zhong )
Leaf blade shiny on both surfaces, margin not undulate, 2–12-spinose-serrate on each side.
* Thickets, forests; 1200–2000 m. Sichuan.
汶川小檗 wen chuan xiao bo
Leaf blade dark colored adaxially, margin undulate, 2–6-spinose-dentate on each side.
* Sunny slopes, thickets; 2000–2500 m. Sichuan.
鼠叶小檗 shu ye xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 1.5 m tall. Branches brownish gray, terete, sulcate, sparsely black verruculose; shoots pale yellow; spines 3-fid, 1–1.2 cm, slender. Leaves compactly fascicled; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, linear-lanceolate, 9–16 × 1.4–2.4 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins raised, adaxially with conspicuously impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly visible, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin closely 25–35-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers 12–20-fascicled. Pedicels ca. 1.5 cm, slender, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals triangular-ovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm, apex acute; inner sepals oblong, ca. 4 × 3 mm, apex acuminate. Petals obovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm, base attenuate, clawed, with approximate glands, apex rounded, slightly emarginate. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules solitary, shortly funiculate. Berry (immature) ellipsoid, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. and fr. Apr–Aug.
* Slopes, streamsides, thickets, forests; ca. 2200 m. Yunnan (Shuangbai).
大叶小檗 da ye xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 2 m tall. Branches sulcate, scarcely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, 7–15 mm, slender, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially brownish yellow, adaxially shiny, castaneous, elliptic-oblanceolate, 4–9 × 1.5–2.5 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with impressed midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with visible reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin sometimes slightly revolute, 35–60-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 8–18-fascicled. Pedicels 1–2 cm, slender, glabrous; bractlets reddish, ca. 1.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls, ovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm. Petals narrowly obovate, 3.5–4.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules solitary, subsessile. Berry black, ellipsoid or ovoid, 7–8 × 5–6 mm, not or sometimes slightly pruinose, style persistent. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct.
* Thickets; 100–2700 m. Yunnan.
安宁小檗 an ning xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–1.5 m tall. Branches dark gray or yellow, stout, very sulcate, not verruculose; spines 3-fid, 1–3 cm, stout, adaxially flat. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, lanceolate, 3–6 × 0.4–1.2 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly visible, base cuneate, margin conspicuously revolute or not, 7–12(–15)-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or acuminate, aristate. Flowers 5–10-fascicled. Pedicels (3–)4–12 mm; bractlets ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2 × 1 mm, apex acute; inner sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 5.5 × 3 mm. Petals obovate, 4.5–5 × 2.5–3 mm, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules solitary, sessile. Berry ellipsoid, 8–9 × ca. 4 mm, not or sometimes slightly pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. Apr–May, fr. May–Aug.
* Forests, thickets, roadsides, runlet sides; 1900–3500 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
1a. Branches dark gray; leaf margins revolute; pedicels 4–12 mm 76a. var. grodtmannia
1b. Branches yellow; leaf margins not revolute; pedicels 3–4 mm 76b. var. flavoramea
安宁小檗(原变种) an ning xiao bo (yuan bian zhong)
Branches dark gray. Leaf margin conspicuously revolute. Pedicels 4–12 mm.
* Quercus forests, thickets, roadsides, mixed forests, runlet sides; 1900–3100 m. Sichuan.
黄茎小檗 huang jing xiao bo
Branches yellow. Leaf margin not revolute. Pedicels 3–4 mm.
* Forests; 3300–3500 m. Yunnan.
豪猪刺 hao zhu ci
Berberis julianae var. oblongifolia Ahrendt; B. julianae var. patungensis Ahrendt.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–3 m tall. Branches yellow-brown or gray-brown; shoots pale yellow, sulcate, scarcely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–4 cm, stout, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 1–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 3–10 × 1–3 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with raised midvein, lateral veins slightly raised or not, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly visible, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 10–20-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers 10–25-fascicled. Pedicels 8–15 mm; bractlets ovate, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm, apex acute; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 7 × 4 mm, apex rounded, obtuse. Petals oblong-elliptic, ca. 6 × 3 mm, base clawed, with oblong glands, apex emarginate. Anther connective not prolonged. Ovules solitary. Berry blue-black, oblong, 7–8 × 3.5–4 mm, white pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Mar, fr. May–Nov. 2n = 28+2B*.
* Slopes, forests, thickets, bamboo groves; 1100–2100 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan.
滑叶小檗 hua ye xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray, terete; shoots brownish yellow, sulcate, glabrous; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–2.5 cm, slender, adaxially flat. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially brownish yellow, adaxially dark yellow-green, elliptic to lanceolate, 2.5–6 × 1–1.5 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with raised midvein, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with visible lateral veins, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin sometimes slightly revolute, 5–10-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers 2–10-fascicled. Pedicels 8–15 mm; bractlets ovate, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, obtuse. Ovules solitary, subsessile. Berry ellipsoid, 7–8 × 3–4 mm, sometimes pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jun–Sep.
* Forest margins, thickets; 2100–2800 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
独龙小檗 du long xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches dark gray, subterete, not verruculose; shoots pale yellow, sometimes sulcate; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 5–15 mm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, adaxially shiny, deep green, narrowly oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5–6 × 0.6–1.5 cm, leathery, abaxially slightly pruinose, papillose, midvein conspicuously raised, lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly visible, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin sometimes slightly revolute, 2–7-spinose-serrate on each side or aristate-dentate, apex acute. Flowers 2–12-fascicled. Pedicels dark red, 1–2.5 cm, slender; bractlets red, ovate, ca. 1 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls, obovate; outer sepals ca. 4 × 2.5 mm; inner sepals ca. 6 × 4 mm. Petals ovate, ca. 5.5 × 3 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective distinctly prolonged, obtuse. Ovules 3. Berry yellow-green (immature), becoming red (mature), obovoid, 7–8 × 4–5 mm, blue pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May, fr. Jun–Aug.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins; 2000–2600 m. Xizang, Yunnan.
石楠小檗 shi nan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 2 m tall. Branches dark gray; shoots deep purple, terete, glabrous; internodes 3–6 cm; spines 3-fid, 1–2 cm. Petiole very short; leaf blade adaxially green, shiny, lanceolate, 4–8.5 × 1.5–2.8 cm, leathery, abaxially glaucous, not pruinose, midvein distinctly raised, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin flat, 8–15-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers (2–)4–8-fascicled. Pedicels 1–1.5 cm; bractlets triangular-ovate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate-oblong, 3–3.5 mm; inner sepals obovate or suborbicular, ca. 4 × 3.2 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex subentire. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 3 or 4. Berry ovoid-ellipsoid, 7–8 × 4–5 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. and fr. unknown.
* Mountain summits; ca. 1000 m. Guangdong.
福建小檗 fu jian xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1 m tall. Branches deep gray, sulcate; shoots pale yellow, terete, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, 1–2 cm, adaxially flat or slightly sulcate. Petiole 3–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially shiny, adaxially green, slightly shiny, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 3–5(–7) × 1–2(–2.5) cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially glaucous, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin 8–14-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or subacuminate. Flowers (2–)4–8-fascicled. Pedicels 4–7 mm, slender; bractlets triangular-ovate, ca. 1.5 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals broadly obovate or suborbicular, ca. 3.5 mm, apex rounded. Petals obovate, ca. 3 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex entire, rounded, or slightly emarginate. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective shortly apiculate. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry green (immature), ellipsoid, 6–7 × 3–4 mm, sometimes pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, forest margins, sparse forests; 1400–2100 m. Fujian.
黑果小檗 hei guo xiao bo
Berberis atrocarpa var. subintegra Ahrendt; B. silvicola C. K. Schneider var. angustata Ahrendt.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray or brownish black, angulate to sulcate, finely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–4 cm, adaxially flat. Petiole short; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, shiny, lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 3–7 × 0.7–1.4 cm, thickly leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with obviously raised midvein, adaxially with impressed midvein, both surfaces with indistinct lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin remotely 5–10-spinose-serrate on each side, occasionally subentire, apex acute. Flowers 3–10-fascicled. Pedicels reddish, 5–10 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 7 × 4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 4.5 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex rounded, deeply incised. Stamens ca. 4 mm. Ovules 2, sessile or very shortly funiculate. Berry black, ovoid, ca. 5 × 4 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Apr, fr. May–Aug.
* Thickets, Pinus forests, margins of evergreen broad-leaved forests, on rocks; 600–2800 m. Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
鄂西小檗 e xi xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, angulate, not verruculose; shoots purplish red, glabrous; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–1.5 cm, sometimes absent. Petiole 2–6 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green or reddish brown, adaxially deep green, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate, 3–13 × 1–2.2 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, both surfaces with slightly visible reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin slightly revolute when dry, 10–20-spinose-serrate on each side, apex subacuminate. Flowers 5–30-fascicled. Pedicels purplish red, 1–2.5 cm. Petals longer than outer sepals. Ovules 1–3. Berry black, ovoid, 7–9 × 4–5 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Seeds 1–3. Fl. Mar–May, fr. May–Sep.
* Roadsides, forests, thickets; 1400–1700 m. Hubei, Sichuan.
南川小檗 nan chuan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–3 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete, glabrous; shoots gray, sulcate, scarcely verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–4 cm. Petiole 2–6 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially deep green, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate, 3–13 × 1–2.2 cm, leathery, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly visible, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin often revolute, 15–30-spinose-serrate on each side, apex subacuminate. Flowers 2–5-fascicled. Pedicels reddish, 1–2.5 cm; bractlets broadly ovate, apex obtuse. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate, ca. 3.5 × 3 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 5 × 4 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 4 × 2.3 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 2, sessile. Berry obovoid, 6–9 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, roadsides, streamsides; 1000–2700 m. Hubei, Sichuan.
可爱小檗 ke ai xiao bo
Berberis amabilis var. holophylla C. Y. Wu & S. Y. Bao.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray, terete; shoots pale yellow, angulate, verruculose, glabrous; spines 3-fid, subterete, sometimes adaxially sulcate, 1–3 cm. Petiole 1–2 mm; leaf blade adaxially green, oblong-elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 4–8 × 1–1.5 cm, leathery, abaxially white pruinose, with obviously raised midvein, lateral veins conspicuous, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, lateral veins inconspicuous, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin usually revolute, 3–6-spinose-serrate on each side, sometimes entire, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 6–25-fascicled. Pedicels red, 1–1.8 cm, slender, glabrous; bractlets ovate, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals broadly ovate, ca. 5 × 4 mm; inner sepals elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 6–7 × ca. 4 mm. Petals obovate, 6–7 × ca. 4 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 2, sessile. Berry black, ellipsoid, 6–8 × 3–5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
Thickets, forest margins, shaded places on slopes; 1800–3300 m. Yunnan [N Myanmar].
锐齿小檗 rui chi xiao bo
Berberis wallichiana Candolle f. arguta Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 388. 1886.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–1.5 m tall. Branches stramineous to brownish gray, terete, glabrous; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 2.5–4 cm, stout, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 4.5–14 × 1.5–2.5 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, lateral veins 13–16 pairs, both surfaces with obviously raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 30–60-spinose-serrulate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers 6–8-fascicled. Pedicels red, to 1.5 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals broadly ovate, ca. 3.5 × 3 mm. apex obtuse; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 5 × 3.5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3.5 mm, base clawed, with oblong glands, apex rounded, emarginate. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 2, sessile. Berry black, ellipsoid to globose, 6–8 × 4–5 mm, not pruinose, style persistent and very short; seeds 2. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Margins of valley forests; 1600–1800 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.
江西小檗 jiang xi xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1 m tall. Branches dark brown; shoots pale yellow-green, sulcate, not verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–2.5 cm. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade adaxially shiny, green, elliptic-oblanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or oblong, 1.4–4 × 0.5–1.2 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins conspicuous, reticulate veins inconspicuous, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins 2–4 pairs, obviously raised, base attenuate, margin 4–7-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers (2- or)3- or 4-fascicled. Pedicels 6–10 mm, slender or stout; bractlets ovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate or suborbicular, 4–4.5 × ca. 4 mm; inner sepals broadly elliptic, ca. 7 × 4.5–5 mm. Petals obovate, 4–4.5 × ca. 2.5 mm, base shortly clawed, with approximate glands, apex emarginate, lobes rounded, obtuse. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 2–4. Berry ellipsoid, ca. 9 × 5.5 mm, slightly pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Roadsides, rock crevices, sides of rocks, forests, runlet sides; 1500–1800 m. Jiangxi.
1a. Leaves elliptic-oblanceolate or narrowly lanceolate; flowers 3- or 4-fascicled; pedicels slender 87a. var. jiangxiensis
1b. Leaves oblong; flowers 2- or 3-fascicled; pedicels stout 87b. var. pulchella
江西小檗(原变种) jiang xi xiao bo (yuan bian zhong )
Leaves elliptic-oblanceolate or narrowly lanceolate. Flowers 3- or 4-fascicled. Pedicels slender.
* Roadsides, rock crevices, forests, runlet sides; 1500–1800 m. Jiangxi.
短叶江西小檗 duan ye jiang xi xiao bo
Leaves oblong. Flowers 2- or 3-fascicled. Pedicels stout.
* Sides of rocks; ca. 1600 m. Jiangxi.
威信小檗 wei xin xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches blackish gray, angulate; spines 3-fid, 5–7 mm, slender. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially olivaceous when dry, lanceolate, 10–17 × 2–2.5 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins 14–16 pairs, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin flat, 10–25-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers unknown. Infructescence with 4–8-fascicled berries; fruit stalk 2–2.5 cm glabrous; berry ellipsoid, 5–6 × 4–5 mm, blue pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Jun–Aug.
* Mixed forests; 1400–1500 m. Yunnan.
亚尖小檗 ya jian xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 2.5 m tall. Branches brownish gray or brownish yellow, terete; shoots pale yellow, sulcate, glabrous; spines simple or 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2 cm, slender, sometimes absent. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially green, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 4–9 × 1.2–2.2 cm, subleathery, abaxially with raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with slightly impressed or flat midvein, lateral veins conspicuous, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base broadly cuneate, margin 8–15-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers 2–6-fascicled. Pedicels 1.8–2.2 cm; bractlets ca. 2 × 1.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm; inner sepals broadly obovate, ca. 7 × 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 2.5 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 4.5 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 2 or 3, sessile. Berry subglobose or ellipsoid, 6–7 × ca. 5 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. May–Nov.
* Dry slopes, thickets, mixed forests; 1400–2500 m. Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan.
东川小檗 dong chuan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 0.6–1 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete, not verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, to 1 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially yellow-green, narrowly elliptic, 3.5–8 × 1–2 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially thickly pruinose, midvein raised, lateral and reticulate veins indistinct, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly conspicuous, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, coarsely 1–4-aristate-dentate on each side, apex acute. Flowers 3–5-fascicled. Pedicels to 3.5 cm, slender, glabrous. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals triangular-ovate, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, apex acuminate; median sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 5.1 × 3 mm; inner sepals broadly elliptic, ca. 6 × 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 4 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex rounded, entire. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective rounded, obtuse. Ovules 4, shortly funiculate. Fruit unknown. Fl. Apr–May, fr. unknown.
* Rocky cliffs; ca. 2600 m. Yunnan.
拟粉叶小檗 ni fen ye xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches pale gray; shoots pale yellow, terete; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1.4–2.7 cm, stout. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially shiny, green, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 3–8 × 1–2.5 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins raised, adaxially with conspicuous midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with indistinct reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin sometimes revolute, coarsely 2–6-aristate-dentate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 2–6-fascicled. Pedicels 1–2 cm, glabrous; bractlets triangular-ovate, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals obovate or ovate-elliptic, ca. 5.1 × 3.8 mm; median sepals elliptic, ca. 8 × 5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 7 × 5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals obovate, ca. 5.2 × 4 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 3 or 4, shortly funiculate. Berry green (immature), ellipsoid, 7–9 × ca. 5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Tsuga forests; 2600–2900 m. Xizang.
小瓣小檗 xiao ban xiao bo
Berberis micropetala T. S. Ying, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37: 313. 1999, not C. K. Schneider (1939).
Shrubs, evergreen, to 1 m tall. Shoots gray, sulcate, not verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–1.2 cm, terete. Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially brown, adaxially dark green, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 1.5–4.5 × 0.6–1.2 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially papillose, midvein conspicuously raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, both surfaces with indistinct lateral and reticulate veins, base attenuate, cuneate, margin slightly revolute, 12–16-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or obtuse. Flowers 5-fascicled. Pedicels stout, 1.2–1.4 mm, but one to 3–4 mm; bractlets rose-pink, ovate, apex acuminate. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate, upper part rose-pink, 2.1–3 × 1–1.1 mm; median sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 4.1 × 2 mm, margin membranous, hyaline, apex rose-pink; inner sepals obovate-elliptic, ca. 4.3 × 2 mm. Petals obovate, 2.2–2.5 × 1–1.1 mm, base clawed, with separate oblong glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 1.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules solitary, shortly funiculate. Fruit unknown. Fl. Apr, fr. unknown.
* Sunny slopes, mixed forests; 2800–3200 m. Yunnan.
台湾小檗 tai wan xiao bo
Berberis brevisepala Hayata; B. chingshuiensis Shimizu; B. formosana Ahrendt; B. kawakamii var. formosana (Ahrendt) Ahrendt; B. nantoensis C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete; shoots pale yellow, sulcate, verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1.5–2 cm, not sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, elliptic, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, 2.5–4.5 × 1–1.5 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with obviously raised midvein, lateral veins impressed, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, lateral veins visible, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 3–8-spinose-serrate on each side, sometimes coarsely 1- or 2-aristate-dentate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 7–15-fascicled. Pedicels 7–15 mm; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 2.5 × 1 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate or ovate, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm, apex acuminate; inner sepals lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 8–9 × ca. 3.5 mm, apex acuminate or obtuse. Petals oblong or oblong-obovate, 4–5 × ca. 3.2 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex entire or slightly incised. Anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2 or 3, shortly funiculate. Berry ovoid, ca. 9 × 5 mm, slightly pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Thickets, forests; 2500–3500 m. Taiwan.
二色小檗 er se xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches pale yellow-brown or slightly gray, terete, glabrous; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–1.5 cm. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 6–10 × 1.7–2.2 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, both surfaces with indistinct reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 10–25-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers 3–6-fascicled, reddish yellow. Pedicels 1–1.2 cm, slender; bractlets triangular-ovate, 2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 5 × 3 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate, ca. 6.2 × 4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex emarginate or subentire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry (immature) green, ellipsoid, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Aug.
* Forests, shaded places on slopes; 1400–1500 m. Guizhou.
淳安小檗 chun an xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete; shoots pale yellow; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1.2–17 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow, adaxially dark green, ovate-elliptic, 1.5–3.5 × 0.5–1.3 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with raised midvein, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins conspicuous, reticulate veins indistinct, base broadly cuneate, margin 3–7-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate, aristate. Flowers 4–8-fascicled. Pedicels pale brownish yellow, 1.2–2 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate or ovate-elliptic, 2.1–3.2 × 1.1–2.2 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 6.5–7.2 × 4.2–5 mm. Petals obovate, 6–6.5 × 3–3.5 mm, base broadly cuneate, with separate glands, apex entire, sometimes slightly emarginate. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective prolonged, rounded. Ovules 2 or 3, funiculate. Fruit stalk reddish brown; berry ellipsoid, 8–12 × 5–6 mm, pruinose, style ca. 1 mm. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Forests, rocky crevices; ca. 500 m. Zhejiang (Chuan Xian).
金佛山小檗 jin fo shan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1.5–2 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete, not verruculose; shoots stramineous, glabrous; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–3.5 cm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish white or yellow-green, adaxially dark green, elliptic, 3–7 × 1.3–2.5 cm, leathery, abaxially slightly pruinose, midvein and lateral veins raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins 5–7 pairs, slightly raised, both surfaces with indistinct reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 3–10-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers 5–8-fascicled; bracts ovate-triangular, ca. 2 × 1 mm. Pedicels 1.5–2 cm, glabrous; bractlets ovate, ca. 2 × 2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate, ca. 5 × 3.5 mm; inner sepals oblong, ca. 5.5 × 4 mm. Petals obovate, 5–6 × 4–5.5 mm, base clawed, with approximate ovate glands, apex entire. Stamens 4.2–5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, obtuse. Ovules (2 or)3. Berry (immature) black, ellipsoid, 7–8 × 5–6 mm, densely white pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. May–Aug.
* Mixed forests, weedy slopes; ca. 1600 m. Sichuan.
南湖小檗 nan hu xiao bo
Berberis formosana H. L. Li (1952), not Ahrendt (1941).
Shrubs, evergreen, low. Branches pale gray, slender, sulcate, glabrous; spines 3-fid, weak, 1–1.5 cm, adaxially sulcate. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially shiny, green, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or elliptic, 1.5–3 × 0.6–1.2 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins 5–7 pairs, adaxially glaucous, midvein slightly impressed, base broadly cuneate, margin flat, 3–7-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 2–6-fascicled. Pedicels 8–10 mm, slender, glabrous; bractlets triangular-ovate, ca. 1.5 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals broadly ovate or obovate-elliptic, ca. 5 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate-elliptic or obovate, ca. 5 mm, apex rounded. Petals obovate, ca. 4 mm, base attenuate, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate. Ovules solitary, funiculate. Berry black, ellipsoid or ovoid, 4–6 × ca. 2 mm, pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. and fr. unknown,
* Slopes. Taiwan.
贵州小檗 gui zhou xiao bo
Berberis dolichostemon Ahrendt; B. emilii C. K. Schneider; B. liophylla C. K. Schneider var. conglobata Ahrendt; B. praecipua C. K. Schneider var. major Ahrendt.
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 2 m tall. Branches brownish gray; shoots brownish yellow, very sulcate, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, 1–2.5 cm, adaxially slightly sulcate or flat. Petiole 1–2.5 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark green, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 2.5–6 × 1–1.5 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, both surfaces with slightly prominent lateral veins, reticulate veins indistinct, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, 6–15-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse or subacute. Flowers 5–20-fascicled. Pedicels 8–20 mm, slender; bractlets ovate, ca. 2.5 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate or narrowly ovate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, apex obtuse or acute; inner sepals obovate or narrowly obovate, 2–4.5 × 1–1.5 mm, apex subacute. Petals ovate or obovate, ca. 5.5 × 2.8 mm, base with separate glands, apex incised. Stamens 2.5–4 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules solitary, shortly funiculate. Berry black, oblong, 7–8 × ca. 4 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Thickets, roadsides, forests; 900–1800 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.
密齿小檗 mi chi xiao bo
Berberis mingetsensis Hayata.
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1 m tall. Branches slender, sulcate; spines 3-fid, 2–4 mm, slender. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade adaxially shiny, green, oblong-lanceolate, 5–7 × 1–1.5 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially glaucous, reticulate veins obviously raised, adaxially with indistinct reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, closely 20–40-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex obtuse, aristate. Flowers 10–15-fascicled, green-yellow. Pedicels ca. 1 cm; bractlets oblong-ovate, ca. 2.5 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer and inner sepals obovate, outer sepals ca. 5 × 4 mm, inner sepals to 5.5 mm. Petals obovate-spatulate, 3–5 × 2–2.5 mm, base with separate glands, apex rounded, incised. Ovules 2, funicles ca. as long as or to 2 × as long as ovules. Berry dark blue-black, ovoid, ca. 7 × 4 mm. Fl. and fr. May–Aug.
* Thickets; 2000–3000 m. Taiwan.
兴山小檗 xing shan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–3 m tall. Branches deep gray, angulate, not verruculose; shoots stramineous, glabrous; internodes 3.5–5.5 cm; spines 3-fid, 3–10 mm, slender, sometimes absent. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, shiny, elliptic or oblong, 2–5 × 1–2 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins indistinct, base cuneate or shortly attenuate, margin 12–16-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers 2–5-fascicled. Pedicels 5–12 mm, slender; bractlets ovate, ca. 2.5 × 1 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 4 × 1.8 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals obovate, ca. 6 × 3.5 mm, apex rounded. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex incised. Stamens 5–8 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Fruit stalk to 1.5 cm; berry black, oblong, ca. 8 × 4–5 mm, slightly pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Thickets; 1200–2400 m. Hubei.
粉叶小檗 fen ye xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray or brownish yellow, terete, black verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 2–3.3 cm, stout, adaxially sulcate or flat. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially shiny, yellow-green or grayish green, elliptic to obovate, 2–6 × 1–2.5 cm, rigidly leathery, abaxially pruinose or not, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins indistinct, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, both surfaces with indistinct reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute or flat, usually coarsely 1–6-aristate-dentate on each side, occasionally entire or 3–5-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse or shortly acuminate. Flowers (8–)10–20-fascicled. Pedicels 1–2 cm, slender; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 4 × 2 mm, apex obtuse, rounded; inner sepals obovate, ca. 6.5 × 5 mm, apex rounded. Petals obovate, ca. 7 × 4–5 mm, base clawed, with completely basal glands, apex deeply incised or entire. Stamens ca. 6 mm; anther connective not prolonged, rounded-truncate. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry ellipsoid or subglobose, 6–7 × 4–5 mm, densely white pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 2. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jun–Aug.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins, roadsides; 1800–4000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
1a. Petals deeply incised at apex; leaf margin usually coarsely 1–6-aristate-dentate on each side, occasionally entire 101a. var. pruinosa
1b. Petals entire at apex; leaf margin usually entire, rarely 3–5-spinose-serrate on each side 101b. var. barresiana
粉叶小檗(原变种) fen ye xiao bo (yuan bian zhong )
Berberis hibberdiana Ahrendt; B. pruinosa var. brevipes Ahrendt; B. pruinosa var. punctata Ahrendt; B. pruinosa var. viridifolia C. K. Schneider, p.p.
Leaf margin usually coarsely 1–6-aristate-dentate on each side, occasionally entire. Petals deeply incised at apex.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins, roadsides; 1800–4000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
易门小檗 yi men xiao bo
Berberis pruinosa var. tenuipes Ahrendt.
Leaf margin entire or rarely 3–5-spinose-serrate on each side. Petals entire, rounded at apex.
* Thickets, forests; 1800–2600 m. Yunnan.
老君山小檗 lao jun shan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 0.5–1 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete; shoots pale yellow, not verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, ca. 1 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially dark green, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 1–2.3 cm × 4–7 mm, abaxially pruinose, midvein indistinct, adaxially veins indistinct, base attenuate, margin slightly revolute, 5–7-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate, aristate. Flowers 3- or 4-fascicled. Pedicels 1–1.5 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals triangular-ovate, ca. 2.1 × 1.2 mm; median sepals ovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, apex acuminate; inner sepals oblong, 4.6–5 × 2.8–3.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, base attenuate, with approximate glands, apex slightly retuse. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 4. Fruit unknown. Fl. May–Jun, fr. unknown.
* Thickets on slopes. Hubei.
刺黑珠 ci hei zhu
Berberis recurvata Ahrendt; B. simulans C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–3 m tall. Stems terete; branches grayish brown; shoots reddish, usually not verruculose, rarely scarcely black verruculose; internodes 3–6 cm; spines 3-fid, 1–4 cm, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green or pale green, adaxially shiny, dark green, oblong-elliptic, 4–15 × 1.5–6.5 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein, lateral and reticulate veins prominent, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, reticulate veins indistinct, base cuneate, margin 15–25-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers 4–10-fascicled. Pedicels 1–2 cm; bractlets red, ca. 2 × 2 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals with a red band along middle, ovate, ca. 3.5 × 3 mm, apex subacute; median sepals rhombic-elliptic, ca. 5 × 4.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 6.5 × 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 4.5 mm, base cuneate, with contiguous, orange glands, apex emarginate with rounded lobes. Stamens ca. 4.5 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 1 or 2. Berry black, oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, 6–8 × 4–6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Nov.
* Thickets, roadsides, bamboo forests, streamsides of forest understories; 700–2100 m. Hubei, Sichuan.
天台小檗 tian tai xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches deep gray, sparsely black verruculose; shoots pale grayish yellow; spines 3-fid, subterete, 1–3 cm, stout. Petiole 1–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, brownish yellow when dry, slightly shiny, adaxially shiny, dark green, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, 3.5–8 × 1–2.5 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral and reticulate veins indistinct, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly visible, reticulate veins indistinct, base cuneate, margin 5–12-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate. Flowers 3–7-fascicled. Pedicels reddish, 7–15 mm; bractlets red, ovate, ca. 1.3 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 2.5 × 2 mm; median sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 5.5 × 4 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 7 × 6 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 6 × 4 mm, base cuneate, with contiguous glands, apex emarginate with rounded lobes. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective obviously prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2 or 3, subsessile. Berry deep purple, oblong-ellipsoid or ellipsoid, 7–10 × 5–5.5 mm, pruinose, style persistent; seeds 2 or 3, obovoid-globose or ellipsoid. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Forests, thickets, streamsides; ca. 1200 m. Zhejiang.
假豪猪刺 jia hao zhu ci
Berberis stenophylla Hance (1882), not Lindley (1864); B. soulieana var. paucinervata Ahrendt.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2(–3) m tall. Branches dark gray, terete, sometimes sulcate, scarcely verruculose; shoots grayish yellow, terete; spines 3-fid, adaxially flat, 1–2.5 cm, stout. Petiole 1–2 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark green, oblong, oblong-elliptic, or oblong-obovate, 3.5–10 × 1–2.5 cm, very rigidly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, both surfaces with indistinct lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 5–18-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Flowers 7–20-fascicled. Pedicels 5–11 mm; bractlets 2, reddish, ovate-triangular, ca. 2.2 × 1.5 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 3 × 2.4 mm; median sepals suborbicular, ca. 5 × 4 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong, ca. 7 × 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 3.8–4 mm, base shortly clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry red when mature, obovoid-oblong, 7–8 × ca. 5 mm, pruinose, style persistent; seeds 2 or 3. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jun–Sep.
* Thickets, streamsides, forests, slopes; 600–1800 m. Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
南岭小檗 nan ling xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 0.5–1 m tall. Branches dark gray, angulate, not verruculose; shoots pale yellow; spines absent or very weak, 3-fid, pale yellow, ca. 1 cm. Petiole 5–8 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish green or yellowish green, adaxially dark green, elliptic, oblong, or narrowly elliptic, 4–9 × 1.8–3.5 cm, leathery, abaxially with obviously raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins inconspicuous, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, reticulate veins indistinct, base attenuate, margin 8–12-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers 2–4-fascicled. Pedicels 8–18 mm; bractlets ovate, ca. 2.5 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic-oblong, 3.5–4.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 5–5.5 × 3–3.5 mm, apex rounded. Petals obovate, ca. 4 × 2.5 mm, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly thickened with 2 small teeth. Ovules 4–6. Fruit stalk often reddish. Berry black, oblong, 8–9 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Oct.
* Sunny places on mountain summits, forests, thickets, sparse forests, roadsides; 1400–2800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan.
叙永小檗 xu yong xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches gray; shoots purplish brown, slightly angulate; internodes 5–6 cm; spines 3-fid, to 1 cm, slender. Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially green, oblong-elliptic, elliptic, or broadly elliptic, 6–9 × 3–5 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially pruinose, midvein and lateral veins conspicuously raised, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins visible, base cuneate, margin 5–9-spinose-serrate on each side, or above middle 3–5-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers 30–50-fascicled. Pedicels 1.5–2 cm; bractlets triangular, ca. 1 × 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals triangular-ovate, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm; inner sepals broadly ovate, ca. 4 × 4 mm, apex obtuse. Petals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex slightly emarginate to subrounded. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 5 or 6, shortly funiculate or subsessile. Berry black, subglobose, ca. 7 × 6 mm, pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Forests, streamsides; 1200–1600 m. Sichuan.
壮刺小檗 zhuang ci xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray, angulate, black verruculose, glabrous; shoots brownish yellow; spines 3-fid, 2.5–5 cm, stout, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark castaneous, oblong-elliptic, 3–12 × 1.5–3 cm, leathery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with obviously raised midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, lateral veins 12–15 pairs, both surfaces with prominent reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin sometimes slightly revolute, 20–30-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse, aristate. Flowers 6–15(–20)-fascicled, deep yellow. Pedicels 12–15(–20) mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 4 × 3.5 mm, apex rounded, obtuse; inner sepals obovate or obovate-orbicular, ca. 5.5 × 5 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm, base not clawed, with separate glands, apex slightly emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, slightly retuse. Ovules solitary. Berry purplish black, ellipsoid, 6–7 × ca. 4 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May, fr. Nov.
* Thickets, forests; 1700–3100 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.
宁远小檗 ning yuan xiao bo
Berberis deinacantha C. K. Schneider var. valida C. K. Schneider, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 46: 260. 1939.
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1.5 m tall. Branches brownish gray, angulate, scarcely black verruculose, glabrous; shoots brownish yellow, glabrous; spines brownish yellow, 3-fid, 1–2 cm, stout, adaxially flat. Petiole 2–3 mm or leaf subsessile; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially shiny, deep green, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 4–7 × 1.5–3 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins prominent, base cuneate, margin sometimes slightly revolute, 8–16-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or rounded, obtuse. Flowers 3–5-fascicled. Pedicels 6–10 mm; bractlets ca. 2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 4 × 3.5 mm; inner sepals obovate-orbicular, ca. 5.5 × 5 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 4.5 mm, base attenuate, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Ovules solitary. Berry purplish black, ellipsoid, 8–9 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Nov.
* Thickets; ca. 2000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
林地小檗 lin di xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1.5 m tall. Branches gray; shoots pale yellow-gray, angulate; internodes 2.5–3 cm; spines yellow-brown, terete, 1–2 cm, slender. Petiole 1–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially ultimately slightly brown, adaxially shiny, green, oblong-elliptic, 2–4 × 1–1.5 cm, leathery, abaxially initially glaucous, pruinose, both surfaces with indistinct reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin slightly revolute, 7–16-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse. Flower unknown. Ovules solitary, sessile. Infructescence with 5–7-fascicled berries; fruit stalk reddish, 1.2–1.5 cm; berry ellipsoid, 6–7 mm, white pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. unknown, fr. Jun.
* Thickets; ca. 1400 m. Guangxi.
华东小檗 hua dong xiao bo
Berberis cavaleriei H. Léveillé var. pruinosa Byhouwer; B. chingii subsp. subedentata C. M. Hu; B. chingii subsp. wulingensis C. M. Hu.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches dark gray; shoots pale yellow, terete or slightly angulate, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–2.5 cm, stout. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade adaxially dark green, sometimes shiny, oblong-oblanceolate or narrowly oblong-elliptic, 2–8 × 0.8–2.5 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially pruinose, midvein raised, lateral veins indistinct, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, lateral veins 5–10 pairs, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin above middle 2–10-spinose-serrate on each side, occasionally entire, apex acute. Flowers 4–14-fascicled. Pedicels 7–18 mm; bractlets triangular. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, 5–5.5 mm; apex obtuse; inner sepals obovate-oblong, ca. 6.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5.5 × 3 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 4.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, obtuse. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry ellipsoid or obovoid-ellipsoid, 6–8 × 4–5 mm, pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Sep.
* Mixed forests, thickets, runlet sides, limestone slopes; 200–2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi.
可食小檗 ke shi xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–3 m tall. Branches grayish black, terete; shoots dark gray, angulate, puberulous; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 4–10 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale gray-brown, adaxially dark green, elliptic or broadly elliptic, rarely obovate, 1.5–4.5 × 0.6–1.8 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with conspicuously raised dense reticulate veins, base broadly cuneate, margin 1–4-spinose-serrate on each side, occasionally entire, apex rounded. Flowers unknown. Infructescence with 4–20-fascicled berries; fruit stalk 7–18 mm; berry purplish black, ovoid-globose, 8–10 × 5–7 mm, white pruinose, style 1–2 mm; seeds 4 or 5. Fl. unknown, fr. May–Jul.
* Thickets, mixed forests; 2200–2500 m. Xizang.
丛林小檗 cong lin xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Stems terete; branches pale yellow; shoots reddish, glabrous, brownish black verruculose; spines 3-fid, 1–2 cm, adaxially flat or slightly sulcate. Petiole 4–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially brownish yellow, adaxially dark yellow-castaneous, usually elliptic, 5–9.5 × 1.5–2 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, both surfaces with indistinct lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 20–40-spinose-serrate on each side, apex subacuminate or acute. Flowers 5–20-fascicled. Pedicels reddish, 8–15 mm; bractlets ovate, apex obtuse or subobtuse. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals slightly reddish, oblong-ovate, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 6 × 5 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 6.5 × 5 mm, base clawed, with separate ovate glands, apex rounded, incised to emarginate. Stamens ca. 4.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, shortly apiculate. Ovules 1 or 2; funicles ca. as long as ovules. Berry purplish black, ellipsoid or obovoid-ellipsoid, 8–9 × 4–5 mm, pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Oct.
* Thickets, forest margins, roadsides, sunny slopes; 2000–3000 m. Yunnan.
假小檗 jia xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2.5 m tall. Branches brownish gray; shoots brownish yellow, very sulcate, not verruculose; spines 3-fid, 6–20 mm, slender, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow, adaxially dark green, sometimes shiny, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate or broadly elliptic, 2–6 × 0.8–1.6(–2.2) cm, thinly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with slightly raised lateral veins, reticulate veins slightly conspicuous, base cuneate, margin 7–15-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse, aristate. Flowers 3–7-fascicled. Pedicels 1–2 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm, apex subacute; inner sepals broadly elliptic, ca. 6 × 4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 4 × 2.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex obtusely emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, slightly concave. Ovules 4 or 5, subsessile. Berry ellipsoid or subglobose, ca. 8 × 5 mm, not or slightly white pruinose; style short and persistent, or not persistent. Fl. Feb–Mar, fr. Sep–Nov.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins; 1800–3200 m. Yunnan.
1a. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, 2–6 × 0.8–1.6 cm; berry ellipsoid, not pruinose, style persistent 114a. var. fallax
1b. Leaf blade broadly elliptic, 3–3.5 × 2–2.2 cm, berry subglobose, slightly white pruinose, style not persistent 114b. var. latifolia
假小檗(原变种) jia xiao bo (yuan bian zhong )
Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, 2–6 × 0.8–1.6 cm. Berry ellipsoid, not pruinose; style persistent, short.
* Thickets, forests; 1800–3200 m. Yunnan.
阔叶假小檗 kuo ye jia xiao bo
Leaf blade broadly elliptic, 3–3.5 × 2–2.2 cm. Berry slightly white pruinose, style not persistent.
* Forest margins; ca. 2100 m. Yunnan.
毕节小檗 bi jie xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1.2 m tall. Branches grayish black, terete, not verruculose; shoots pale gray, sulcate, glabrous, usually only shoots with spines; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, ca. 1.2 cm. Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially brown when dry, adaxially dark green, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblong, 2–6.5 × 0.8–1.6 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, reticulate veins slightly prominent, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins slightly conspicuous, base cuneate, margin conspicuously revolute, undulate, 13–20-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or subacuminate. Flower unknown. Infructescence with 3–6-fascicled berries; fruit stalk pale brown, 1–1.5 cm, glabrous; berry ellipsoid, 7–9 × 4–4.5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 3 or 4. Fl. unknown, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Thickets, dry places; 1300–1400 m. Guizhou.
丽江小檗 li jiang xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray, subterete; shoots stramineous, glabrous; spines 3-fid, 1.5–3 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially olivaceous, oblong-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, (1.5–)3–5 × (0.8–)1.4–1.8 cm, leathery, abaxially pruinose, midvein raised, lateral veins 3–6 pairs, slightly visible, reticulate veins indistinct, adaxially with impressed midvein, lateral veins indistinct, base cuneate, margin thickened, sometimes slightly revolute, 3- or 4-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Flowers 3–6-fascicled. Pedicels 1.2–1.5 cm, glabrous; bractlets ovate, ca. 2.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals broadly elliptic, ca. 8 × 7 mm, apex rounded; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 9 × 7 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 6 × 4 mm, base attenuate, not clawed, with separate linear glands, apex rounded, entire or slightly retuse. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 4 or 5, shortly funiculate. Berry black, oblong, ca. 12 × 5–7 mm, pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun, fr. Sep.
* Forests, forest margins, thickets; 2700–3400 m. Yunnan.
梵净小檗 fan jing xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, angulate, not verruculose; shoots brownish yellow, obviously sulcate, glabrous; spines concolorous, terete, 1–3 cm. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially shiny, dark green, elliptic or broadly elliptic, occasionally ovate, 4–8 × 1.5–3 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially pruinose or occasionally slightly so, midvein conspicuously raised, lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially with obviously impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly conspicuous, both surfaces with indistinct reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin 12–25-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute, mucronate. Flowers 2–6-fascicled. Pedicels reddish, 7–13 mm; bractlets lanceolate, 4–5 × 1.5–2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate, 5–9 × 2–3.5 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong, 8–10 × 4–5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 2.2–3 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens 3–4 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 3, shortly funiculate. Berry black, ellipsoid, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, bamboo groves; 1300–2600 m. Guizhou.
麻栗坡小檗 ma li po xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, to 2.5 m tall. Branches stramineous, terete, scarcely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, weak, less than 1 cm. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark green, oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, 5–18 × 2–4.5 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein, lateral, and reticulate veins obviously raised, adaxially with midvein impressed, lateral veins conspicuous, reticulate veins indistinct, base cuneate, margin remotely spinose-serrate, apex acuminate. Flowers unknown. Infructescence with (3–)10–17-fascicled berries; fruit stalk to 3.5 cm; berry black, ellipsoid, 10–11 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Nov–Jan of following year.
* Forests on limestone slopes, roadsides; 1000–1800 m. Yunnan.
威宁小檗 wei ning xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1 m tall. Branches grayish brown; shoots pale yellow, angulate, densely puberulous; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 5–10 mm, slender. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially deep green, narrowly obovate-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or obovate, 0.4–2 cm × 2–5 mm, papery, adaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins raised, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin thickened, slightly revolute, entire or 1–6-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or obtuse, aristate. Inflorescence a subumbel, 4–6-flowered, 2–3 cm including peduncle 1.3–2.3 cm; bracts ovate, apex acuminate. Pedicels 3–4 mm, slender, glabrous; bractlets triangular-ovate, 1–1.7 × 0.8–1.1 mm. Flowers golden-yellow, 4–5 mm in diam. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 3.2 × 2.5 mm; inner sepals broadly obovate, ca. 3.5 × 3.2 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3.1 × 2 mm, base attenuate, not clawed, with separate lanceolate glands, apex incised, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, rounded. Ovules 3, subsessile. Berry red, ovoid-oblong, 7–9 × 4–6 mm, not pruinose, style ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. May, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, weedy places on mountain summits; 2100–2500 m. Guizhou.
腰果小檗 yao guo xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5–2 m tall. Branches gray; shoots pale brown, slightly sulcate, glabrous, scarcely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, 0.5–1.5 cm, slender, flat. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially gray, adaxially dark green, oblanceolate or obovate, 0.8–3 × 0.3–1.2 cm, papery, abaxially slightly pruinose, both surfaces with obviously raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, sometimes 2–5-spinose on each side, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescence an umbel, 3–10-flowered, 2–3 cm including peduncles 3–10 mm, often base with 1 or several fascicled flowers; bracts triangular-ovate, ca. 1 mm. Pedicels 5–12 mm, slender. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals oblong-triangular, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, apex acute; median sepals oblong-ovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, apex subobtuse; inner sepals elliptic, ca. 5 × 2.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm, base clawed, with approximate obovate glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate. Ovules 4, funiculate; funicles ca. as long as ovules. Berry shiny, red, oblong-ellipsoid or oblong-ovoid, 11–13 × 3–4.5 mm, contracted at middle, not pruinose, apex usually bent, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Forests, thickets; 3000–4000 m. Xizang.
雷波小檗 lei bo xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1.3–2 m tall. Branches gray-brown, angulate, not verruculose; shoots dark purplish brown, glabrous; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–1.5 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, adaxially dark green, narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 1–1.8 cm × 3–5 mm, papery, abaxially with obviously raised midvein, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins conspicuous, base attenuate, margin entire or 1–4-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Inflorescence an umbel or subumbel, 3–7-flowered, 4–5 cm including dark brown peduncle 2.5–3.5 cm; bracts leaflike, ca. 7 mm; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 2.8 × 1.5 mm; inner sepals broadly elliptic, 4–4.3 × ca. 3 mm. Petals broadly elliptic, 4–4.5 × ca. 3 mm, base clawed, with separate elliptic glands, apex slightly incised. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, rounded, obtuse. Ovules 2, subsessile. Berry (immature) green, obovoid-oblong, 9–10 × 5–6 mm, contracted at lower part, not pruinose, style persistent; seeds 2. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Slopes, thickets, roadsides, weedy places on mountain summits; 2700–3500 m. Sichuan.
阴生小檗 yin sheng xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1.2 m tall. Branches gray; shoots shiny, reddish brown, subsulcate, scarcely black verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, weak, 6–9 mm. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, obovate or obovate-lanceolate, 1.5–5 × 0.6–2.1 cm, papery, both surfaces indistinctly veined, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded, obtuse, or acute. Inflorescence an umbel, 3–5-flowered, 2–3 cm including glabrous peduncles 6–12 mm. Pedicels 5–11 mm, slender; bractlets ovate, ca. 1.8 × 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 5.5 × 3 mm; inner sepals elliptic, ca. 6.2 × 4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm, base slightly clawed, with separate glands, apex slightly emarginate or entire. Stamens ca. 3.2 mm; anther connective prolonged, rounded. Ovules 4, shortly funiculate. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jun, fr. unknown.
* Abies forests; ca. 3300 m. SE Xizang.
吉隆小檗 ji long xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches pale purplish red, subterete, not verruculose, glabrous; spines simple or 3-fid, 0.2–2 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially dark green, oblong or elliptic, 1.5–5 × 1–2.2 cm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins raised, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins conspicuous, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse. Inflorescence a subumbel, 4- or 5-flowered, 2–3.5 cm (including peduncle). Pedicels 5–9 mm, glabrous; bractlets oblong, ca. 3.2 × 1.2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls, oblong-elliptic; outer sepals ca. 5.5 × 3 mm; inner sepals ca. 8 × 6 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5.2 × 4 mm, base with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged. Ovules 4. Berry red, oblong, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Forests, forest margins; 3200–3400 m. Xizang.
粗齿小檗 chu chi xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches purplish black, subterete, pruinose; spines weak, orange-yellow, flat, 5–7 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, adaxially dark green, broadly obovate, occasionally orbicular, 1.7–5.5 × 1.5–3.5 cm, thickly papery, abaxially pruinose, midvein and lateral veins raised, adaxially with raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins conspicuous or slightly raised, base cuneate, margin coarsely 2–7-aristate-dentate on each side, rarely entire, apex rounded, sometimes emarginate. Inflorescence a subumbel, 4–8-flowered, ca. 2 cm including purplish black peduncles 3–5 mm. Pedicels 1–1.7 cm, stout, slightly pruinose; bractlets ovate, ca. 2 mm, pruinose, obtuse. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 8 × 4 mm; inner sepals broadly obovate, ca. 6 × 4.1 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 3.2 mm, base with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.1 mm; anther connective prolonged, rounded, obtuse. Ovules 4. Berry oblong, ca. 14 × 5 mm, pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Forests; 3100–3900 m. Xizang.
普兰小檗 pu lan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1.2 m tall. Branches pale yellow, terete, glabrous; internodes 5–10 mm; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–1.5 cm. Leaves sessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially dark green, obovate, 1–1.2 cm × 5–10 mm, thinly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, both surfaces with veins obviously raised, base cuneate, margin flat, 1–4-spinose-serrate on each side, occasionally entire, apex mucronate. Inflorescence a subumbel, 2–4-flowered, 1.5–2.5 cm, sometimes with few fascicled flowers at base of peduncle; bracts ovate, apex acuminate. Flowers unknown. Fruit stalk 6–10 mm, glabrous; berry red, oblong-ellipsoid, 8–9 × ca. 4 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Seeds 4 or 5. Fl. unknown, fr. Jul.
* Mountain slopes; ca. 3700 m. Xizang.
日本小檗 ri ben xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, compact, usually ca. 1 m tall. Branches angulate, dark red, not verruculose; shoots reddish green, glabrous; spines simple, occasionally 3-fid, 5–15 mm; internodes 1–1.5 cm. Petiole 2–8 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially green, obovate, spatulate, or rhombic-ovate, 1–2 × 0.5–1.2 cm, thinly papery, abaxially with slightly raised midvein, both surfaces glabrous, with indistinct reticulate veins, base attenuate, cuneate, margin entire, apex mucronate or obtuse. Inflorescence an umbel with subfascicled flowers, (1 or)2–5-flowered, 1–2 cm. Pedicels 5–10 mm, glabrous; bractlets reddish, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals reddish, ovate-elliptic, 4–4.5 × 2.5–3 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals broadly elliptic, 5–5.5 × 3.3–3.5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals oblong-obovate, 5.5–6 × 3–4 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex obtusely emarginate. Stamens 3–3.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 1 or 2, sessile. Berry shiny, red, ellipsoid, ca. 8 × 4 mm, style not persistent; seeds 1 or 2, brown. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.
Commonly cultivated for ornament in China, especially in large cities [native to Japan].
This is one of the most widely cultivated species of Berberis.
短柄小檗 duan bing xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Branches yellowish gray, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; shoots pale brown, angulate, glabrous or pubescent, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, rarely simple, concolorous, 1–3 cm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 3–10 mm, pubescent; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark green, elliptic, obovate, or oblong-elliptic, 3–8(–14) × 1.5–3.5(–5) cm, thickly papery, abaxially densely villous on veins, adaxially rugous, sparsely puberulous, base cuneate, margin flat, 20–40-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme, 20–50-flowered, 5–12 cm including peduncle 1.5–4 cm. Pedicels ca. 2 mm, pubescent; bractlets red, lanceolate; flowers yellow. Sepals in 3 whorls, margin puberulous; outer sepals reddish, ovate, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, apex acute; median sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 3 × 2.5 cm; inner sepals obovate-elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm, apex obtuse. Petals elliptic, ca. 5 × 3 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate or entire, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 1 or 2. Berry shiny, scarlet, oblong, 6–9 × ca. 5 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins, roadsides, wet places; 800–2500 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.
柳叶小檗 liu ye xiao bo
Berberis brachypoda Maximowicz var. salicaria (Fedde) C. K. Schneider; B. giraldii Hesse; B. mitifolia Stapf.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2.5 m tall. Branches yellow-gray, angulate, sparsely pubescent; shoots pale yellow, glabrous, not verruculose; spines 3-fid, rarely simple, concolorous, 1–5 cm. Petiole 1–3 cm; leaf blade abaxially shiny, pale green, adaxially dark green, lanceolate, 6–12 × 1–4 cm, papery, abaxially puberulous, veins raised, adaxially glabrous, midvein flat, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, base attenuate, margin 15–40-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or subacuminate. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme, 25–50-flowered, 7–17 cm; rachises reddish, sometimes pedunculate; bracts lanceolate, 3–4 mm. Pedicels ca. 2 mm, stout, glabrous; bractlets ovate, apex acute. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals oblong-ovate, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm; median sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 3 × 2 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 5 × 4 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, 5–6 × 2.5–3 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens 4–4.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry red, obovoid-ellipsoid, 9–10 × ca. 6 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 1 or 2, brown, oblong, ca. 6 × 2–2.5 mm. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Sparse forests, forest margins; ca. 1200 m. Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi.
涝峪小檗 lao yu xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches gray-brown, terete; shoots purplish red, sometimes slightly pubescent; spines simple or 3-fid, concolorous, 5–15 mm. Petiole 1–2 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, obovate-lanceolate or obovate, 1.5–4 × 0.4–1.5 cm, papery, abaxially densely pubescent, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially sparsely puberulous, midvein slightly impressed, lateral veins conspicuous, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin entire or 2–9-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex acute. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme, 10–25-flowered, 3–6 cm including pubescent peduncle 1–3 cm; bracts lanceolate, 1–2 mm. Pedicels 3–5 mm, slender, glabrous; bractlets ovate, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate-orbicular, 2–2.3 × ca. 1.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 2.5 × 2 mm. Petals elliptic, ca. 3 × 2 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate or entire. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective rounded, obtuse. Ovules 1 or 2. Berry red, oblong, 8–9 × 5–6 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 1 or 2, purplish brown. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Slopes, valleys; 800–2000 m. Hubei, Shaanxi.
短梗小檗 duan geng xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 2 m tall. Branches pale yellow, sulcate, glabrous; young shoots pale red, angulate, puberulous, glabrous when mature; spines 3-fid, 1–3 cm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 4–10 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, obovate or obovate-oblong, 2–8 × 0.8–3.5 cm, papery, abaxially densely puberulous and mixed tomentulose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, adaxially sparsely puberulous, midvein flat, lateral veins slightly raised, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, margin very sinuate, 10–20-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse or acute. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme, nutant, 4–6 cm, 20–35-flowered; rachis puberulous. Pedicels 1–2 cm, puberulous; bracts 2–3 mm, puberulous; bractlets red, ovate, ca. 1 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2 × 1 mm; inner sepals obovate-elliptic, ca. 3.5 × 1.5 mm. Petals elliptic, ca. 3 × 1.3 mm, base cuneate, with separate elliptic glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry red, ellipsoid, ca. 6 × 3.5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds brown. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Thickets; ca. 1500 m. Gansu.
延安小檗 yan an xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1 m tall. Branches dark gray or purplish red, subterete, sometimes sulcate; shoots often purplish brown, glabrous, not verruculose; spines simple, sometimes 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2(–5) cm. Petiole 2–3 mm, or leaf subsessile; leaf blade adaxially green, narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, 1–4 × 0.4–0.8 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, both surfaces with conspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin entire or 2–15-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme, 15–25-flowered, 3–5 cm including peduncle 1–2 cm, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, ca. 2 mm. Pedicels 4–5 mm, glabrous; bractlets reddish, subulate-lanceolate, apex caudate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate-orbicular or ovate-elliptic, ca. 2.2 × 1.5 mm; inner sepals oblong, 3.2–4 × ca. 2.6 mm. Petals obovate-oblong, 3–3.2 × 1.6–2 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.2 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 1 or 2. Berry black, oblong, 5–6 × 3–4 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent; seeds usually 1. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
* Slopes, thickets, hills; 1100–2500 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi.
匙叶小檗 shi ye xiao bo
Berberis caroli C. K. Schneider var. hoanghensis C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, deciduous, 0.5–1.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, slender, angulate, glabrous, black verruculose; shoots reddish purple; spines simple, pale yellow, 1–3 cm, stout. Petiole 2–6 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially shiny, dark green, oblanceolate or spatulate-oblanceolate, 1–5 cm × 3–10 mm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, not pruinose, not papillose, abaxially with slightly raised midvein and reticulate veins, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins slightly conspicuous, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin entire, occasionally 1–3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme, 15–35-flowered, 2–4 cm including peduncle 5–10 mm, glabrous; bracts ca. 1.3 mm. Pedicels 1.5–4 mm, glabrous; bractlets reddish, lanceolate, ca. 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, 1.5–2.1 × ca. 1 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate, 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 mm. Petals obovate-elliptic, 1.8–2 × ca. 1.2 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex subacute, entire. Stamens ca. 1.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 1 or 2, sessile. Berry pale red, oblong, 4–5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Flood lands, thickets on slopes; 2200–3900 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan.
细叶小檗 xi ye xiao bo
Berberis poireti var. bisemilis P. Y. Li.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches grayish yellow; shoots purplish brown, angulate, black verruculose; spines absent or simple, sometimes 3-fid, 4–9 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green or grayish green, adaxially deep green, oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, occasionally lanceolate-spatulate, 1.5–4 cm × 5–10 mm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially with raised midvein, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with impressed midvein, base attenuate, margin entire, occasionally few spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex acuminate or acute, mucronulate. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme, 8–15-flowered, 3–6 cm including peduncle 1–2 cm; bracts linear, 2–3 mm. Pedicels 3–6 mm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, 1.8–2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic or oblong-ovate, ca. 2 × 1.3–1.5 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 3 × 2 mm. Petals obovate or elliptic, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex incised. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 1(or 2). Berry red, oblong, ca. 9 × 4–5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 28.
Thickets, forests, deserts, riverbanks in valleys, talus places; 600–2300 m. Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East)].
淡色小檗 dan se xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–1.2 m tall. Branches dark reddish, angulate, sometimes slightly pruinose; spines 3-fid, weak, concolorous, 1–2 cm, adaxially flat or sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, adaxially green, oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, 1.5–3.5 × 0.7–1 cm, thickly papery, abaxially pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded, obtuse, aristate. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 3–8-flowered, 3–5 cm, not pedunculate. Pedicels 1–1.5 cm, pruinose. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4–4.5 × ca. 1.5 mm; median and inner sepals broadly ovate, both equal in size, 6–6.5 × ca. 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5.5 × 4.5 mm, base attenuate, with separate glands, apex obtusely emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, shortly apiculate. Ovules 1 or 2. Berry red, oblong-ellipsoid, ca. 10 × 4–5 mm, pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. and fr. May–Aug.
* Thickets; 3000–3500 m. Yunnan.
网脉小檗 wang mai xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2.5 m tall. Branches brownish gray or purplish red, terete, angulate, not verruculose; shoots often purplish red, glabrous; spines simple or 3-fid, weak, to 1 cm. Petiole 2–12 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, adaxially dark green, obovate, 2–5 × 1–2.5 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, both surfaces with conspicuously raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin flat, 10–20-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a subumbellate raceme, 5–10-flowered, 1.5–3 cm, not pedunculate; rachis reddish; bracts ca. 1 mm. Pedicels reddish, 4–7 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 6 × 3 mm; inner sepals oblong, 7–7.5 × 4–4.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 3 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex obtusely emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective apiculate. Ovules 5 or 6, sessile. Berry scarlet, ovoid, 7–8 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Thickets, forests, slopes; 1400–3000 m. Shaanxi.
粉果小檗 fen guo xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1 m tall. Branches brownish gray, angulate, black verruculose; spines usually simple, occasionally 3-fid, weak, concolorous, 8–10 mm. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, oblong-obovate, ca. 1.2 × 0.4 cm, thickly papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins conspicuously raised, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, slightly raised, base cuneate, margin slightly thickened, entire, or 1- or 2-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, apiculate. Flowers unknown. Infructescence an umbellate raceme, with 3–5 fruit; fruit stalk 5–6 mm, slender, glabrous; berry oblong, 6–7 × 3–4 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 1. Fl. unknown, fr. Aug.
* Sparse forests; ca. 2700 m. Yunnan.
拉萨小檗 la sa xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 2 m tall. Branches dark gray, angulate, black verruculose; shoots pale red, sometimes puberulous, sulcate; spines 3-fid, usually orange, 1–3 cm, stout, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish or pale green, shiny, adaxially dark green, ultimately both surfaces pale green, oblanceolate, 1–2.5 cm × 5–7 mm, papery, both surfaces initially slightly pruinose, often ultimately not pruinose, abaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins slightly impressed, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, margin entire, sometimes 1–3-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex obtuse or acuminate. Inflorescence a subumbellate raceme, 4–8-flowered, 1–2.5 cm. Pedicels 8–15 mm, stout, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 3.5 × 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 5.1 × 2.8 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 5.5 × 4 mm, apex obtuse. Petals narrowly obovate, ca. 4.8 × 2 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry oblong, ca. 10 × 5 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May. fr. Sep.
* Thickets, grassy slopes in mountains, rock fractures; 3600–4400 m. Xizang.
阔叶小檗 kuo ye xiao bo
Berberis yunnanensis Franchet var. platyphylla Ahrendt, J. Bot. 79(Suppl.): 61. 1941.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–1.5 m tall. Branches brownish gray, angulate, sparsely black verruculose; shoots dark purple, glabrous; spines 3-fid, weak, ca. 1 cm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 2–5 mm, or leaf subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, broadly obovate or elliptic, 2–5 × 1–1.4 cm, papery, abaxially sometimes slightly pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with flat midvein, both surfaces with conspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire or 2–4-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, aristate. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 3–7-flowered, 3–5 cm, including peduncle 2–10 mm, sometimes with few fascicled flowers at base of peduncle. Pedicels 1.2–2 cm, glabrous; bractlets purplish red, lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 6 × 3 mm; inner sepals oblong-obovate, 6–7 × 3.5–4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 3 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective obviously prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 3–5. Berry oblong, ca. 10 × 7 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins; 3100–3500 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
四川小檗 si chuan xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–1.5 m tall. Branches purplish red or gray, angular; shoots pale yellow, glabrous, not verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–1.5 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, adaxially shiny, green, obovate or obovate-elliptic, 0.8–2 × 0.5–1.1 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially with obviously raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, base attenuate, margin entire or 1–5-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 6–15-flowered, 3–4.5 cm including peduncle 4–12 mm, sometimes with few fascicled flowers at base; bracts leaflike, obovate, apex aristate. Pedicels 4–12 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, 1.6–2 × ca. 1 mm; median sepals obovate-elliptic, 2.8–3.1 × 1.5–1.7 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 4–5 × 3–3.2 mm. Petals obovate-elliptic, 4–4.1 × 2.1–2.2 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire, rounded, obtuse. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective rounded, obtuse. Ovules 3 or 4, subsessile. Berry black, subglobose, 8–10 × 6–8 mm, pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Thickets, slopes; 2600–3600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
湄公小檗 mei gong xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray, angulate, sparsely black verruculose; shoots initially puberulous, often ultimately glabrous; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2.5 cm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Petiole 3–10 mm; leaf blade adaxially deep yellow-green, obovate or broadly obovate, 1.5–4.5 × 1–2 cm, papery, abaxially papillose, not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire or 10–15-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 6–12-flowered, 3–7 cm, with few fascicled flowers at base; bracts 1–1.5 mm. Pedicels 4–15 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1.4 mm; median sepals oblong-elliptic, 5–5.5 × 2–3 mm; inner sepals obovate, 6–6.5 × 3.5–4 mm. Petals obovate, 4–5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex acute, incised. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2–4. Berry red, oblong, 8–10 × 4–6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Oct–Nov.
* Alpine thickets, Abies or Picea forests, sunny places; 3000–4000 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
假美丽小檗 jia mei li xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 0.4–2 m tall. Branches dark gray or dark purplish red, sulcate, black verruculose; spines 3-fid, yellow-brown, 5–10 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale gray, adaxially green, oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 1–2 × 0.3–0.4 cm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, lateral veins distinct, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin slightly thickened, entire or 1–5-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or acuminate, occasionally rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 3–6-flowered, 2.5–5 cm including peduncle 1.5–3 cm; bracts leaflike, ca. 1.3 cm. Pedicels 4–8 mm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate, 3–3.1 × 1–1.2 mm; median sepals obovate, 4.5–4.9 × 3.1–3.5 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 5–5.5 × 3.2–4 mm. Petals obovate, 4–4.2 × 3–3.2 mm, base attenuate, not clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate or entire, rounded, obtuse. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective apiculate. Ovules 1–3. Fruit stalk to 1.2 cm; berry oblong, 10–12 × 3–5 mm, contracted below middle, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 2 or 3. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Alpine thickets, roadsides, weedy places on mountain summits; 2900–3500 m. Sichuan.
When T. S. Ying described “Berberis pseudoamoena” (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37: 331–333. 1999), he failed to indicate the type of the name using one of the words “typus,” “holotypus,” its abbreviation, or its equivalent in a modern language (including Chinese: 模式 mo shi), contrary to Art. 37.6 of the Vienna Code. The name was therefore not validly published.
鳞叶小檗 lin ye xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–1.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, slender, angulate, black verruculose; shoots pale purplish brown, sulcate, sparsely black verruculose, sometimes puberulous; spines simple, weak, 3–6(–15) mm, occasionally absent. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially gray-green, adaxially dark green, narrowly oblanceolate, 1.7–4.5 cm × 1.5–5 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins slightly raised, reticulate veins indistinct, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins indistinct, base attenuate, margin slightly revolute, entire, apex obtuse or acute. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 5–8-flowered, 2–4.5 cm including peduncle 1–2 cm; bracts lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm. Pedicels 5–10 mm, slender, glabrous. Flowers ca. 4 mm in diam. Sepals in one whorl of 3, center red with a yellow margin, ovate, 2–2.5 × 1.3–1.5 mm, subacute. Petals oblong-elliptic, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, base cuneate, with separate ovate-elliptic glands, apex emarginate with acute lobes. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 2, shortly funiculate. Berry black, ovoid-oblong, 8–11 × 5–7 mm, slightly blue pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. May, fr. Aug.
* Thickets, Pinus forests; 3000–3700 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
钙原小檗 gai yuan xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Branches dark red, sulcate, white pruinose; spines simple or 3-fid, orange-yellow, shiny, 8–15 mm, stout. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially brown, adaxially dark green, narrowly obovate, 1–2.5 × 0.4–1.1 cm, thinly papery, abaxially white pruinose, occasionally not pruinose, midvein and reticulate veins raised, adaxially sometimes with slightly raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin slightly thickened, entire, apex obtuse, mucronate. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme or subumbel, 2–5-flowered, 2–3 cm, sometimes with few fascicled flowers at base; rachis pruinose; bracts lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, pruinose, apex acuminate. Pedicels 5–10 mm, white pruinose; bractlets ovate, ca. 3 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers orange. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 5.5 × 4 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 7.5 × 4 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 5.5 × 3.5 mm, base clawed, with separate elliptic glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 2–4, shortly funiculate. Berry unknown. Fl. May–Jun, fr. unknown.
* Forests, thickets; 3300–3700 m. Yunnan.
维西小檗 wei xi xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 1 m tall. Branches dark gray, sparsely black verruculose; shoots purplish red, angulate, pruinose; spines 3-fid, weak, concolorous, 1–1.2 cm, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially green, elliptic or oblong-obovate, 1.5–2 cm × 6–7 mm, leathery, base cuneate, abaxially pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially midvein slightly raised, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, margin slightly thickened, entire, apex rounded, mucronate. Flowers unknown. Infructescence an umbellate raceme with 6 or 7 berries, 2.5–3.5 cm, pedunculate; bracts leaflike, ca. 5 mm; fruit stalk purplish red, 5–12 mm, glabrous; berry subglobose, ca. 7 × 5 mm, not pruinose, style persistent; seeds 3. Fl. unknown, fr. Oct.
* Roadsides, riversides; ca. 2000 m. Yunnan.
美丽小檗 mei li xiao bo
Berberis amoena var. umbelliflora Ahrendt; B. elegans (Franchet) C. K. Schneider (1905), not H. Léveillé (1904), nor K. Koch (1869); B. leptoclada Diels; B. schneideri Rehder; B. sinensis Desfontaines var. elegans Franchet.
Shrubs, deciduous, 0.5–1 m tall. Branches grayish black, sparsely black verruculose; shoots dark red, angulate; spines simple or 3-fid, concolorous, 4–12 mm, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade adaxially dark green, narrowly obovate-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 10–16 × 3–4 mm, leathery, abaxially pruinose, midvein obviously raised, papillose, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, adaxially with conspicuous midvein, base cuneate, margin slightly thickened, entire, occasionally 1- or 2-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse, mucronate. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 4–8-flowered, 3–5 cm including peduncle 1–2 cm. Pedicels 4–7 mm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate to oblong-elliptic, 2–2.5 × 1–2 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 4–4.5 × 3–3.5 mm. Petals obovate, 3.5–4 × ca. 2.5 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex emarginate, with two rounded lobes. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 1 or 2. Berry red, oblong, ca. 6 × 3 mm, not pruinose, style persistent; seeds 1. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
* Thickets, forests, weedy places; 1600–3100 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
得荣小檗 de rong xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–1.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, black verruculose, angulate; shoots dark purplish red, angulate, not verruculose; internodes 6–12 mm; spines 3(or 5)-fid, pale yellow, 6–12 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, elliptic or subobovate, 5–15 × 3–5 mm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein conspicuously raised, adaxially with flat midvein, both surfaces with inconspicuous lateral and reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin entire, apex acute or obtuse. Flowers unknown. Infructescence an umbellate raceme with 4–7 berries, 1.5–3 cm including peduncle 0.8–1.5 cm; bracts lanceolate, ca. 3 mm; fruit stalk 2–4 mm, glabrous; berry black, obovoid-oblong, 7–8 × 3–4 mm, slightly pruinose, style 1–2 mm; seeds 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Aug.
* Thickets on slopes; ca. 3200 m. Sichuan.
乳突小檗 ru tu xiao bo
Berberis thunbergii Candolle var. papillifera Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 36. 1889; B. fineti C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray, puberulous, sparsely verruculose; shoots pale yellow, pubescent; spines simple or 3-fid, weak, 5–12 mm, sometimes absent. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, adaxially deep green, narrowly oblong-obovate, 1–3 cm × 3–8 mm, papery, abaxially papillose, not pruinose, midvein slightly raised, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin entire, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 3–9-flowered, 1.5–3 cm including peduncle 4–8 mm. Pedicels 6–12 mm, slender; bractlets yellow, lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate, ca. 6 × 3 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 6 × 4 mm. Petals elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 2.5 mm, apex acute, incised, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 1 or 2, sessile. Berry red, oblong-elliptic, 8–8.5 × 4.5–5.5 mm, slightly pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Oct–Nov.
* Thickets; 2900–3000 m. Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
变绿小檗 bian lu xiao bo
Berberis spraguei Ahrendt var. pedunculata Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–1.5 m tall. Branches dark purplish red or dark gray, terete, scarcely verruculose; shoots pale red, angulate; spines simple or 3-fid, 7–17 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, adaxially dark green, oblong-obovate, 1.5–2.7 cm × 6–10 mm, papery, midvein flat, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, abaxially not pruinose, midvein inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse or mucronate. Inflorescence a subumbel or umbellate raceme, 4–6-flowered, 1.5–2.7 cm including peduncle 6–8 mm, sometimes with 1 or 2 fascicled flowers at base. Pedicels 6–11 mm; bractlets oblong-lanceolate, ca. 4 × 2 mm. Flowers pale yellowish green. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate, ca. 6 × 4 mm; inner sepals broadly obovate, ca. 6 × 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, conical-apiculate. Ovules 4 or 5. Berry red, ovoid, 8–10 × 3.5–4.5 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
Thickets on slopes; 3600–4100 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal].
甘南小檗 gan nan xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1.5 m tall. Branches purplish black, terete, glabrous, scarcely black verruculose; spines simple, concolorous, 1–2 cm, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 8–20 × 4–10 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, reticulate veins slightly conspicuous, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 3–7-flowered, 3–4 cm including peduncle 1–1.6 cm, glabrous. Pedicels ca. 1 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, 3.8–4 × 2–2.1 mm; inner sepals broadly elliptic, 4–4.2 × 3–3.2 mm. Petals elliptic, 5–5.5 × 3–3.4 mm, base cuneate, with separate elliptic glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 3, shortly funiculate. Fruit unknown. Fl. May, fr. unknown.
* Forests; ca. 1800 m. Gansu.
微毛小檗 wei mao xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 0.5–1 m tall. Branches dark gray, obviously angulate, not verruculose, puberulous; shoots pale yellow, sulcate, puberulous; spines 3-fid, but simple on shoots, weak, pale yellow, 3–10 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, adaxially shiny, deep green, obovate, 5–14 × 2–5.5 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, slightly raised, reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with flat or slightly impressed midvein, reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin 5–8-spinose-serrate on each side, but mostly entire on shoots, apex rounded. Inflorescence a subumbellate raceme, 5–10-flowered, 1.5–2 cm including peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts ovate, 1–1.5 mm, apex acuminate. Pedicels 2–4 mm, slightly puberulous, becoming subglabrous; bractlets oblong, ca. 2 × 1 mm. Flowers pale yellow, 5–6 mm in diam. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals broadly oblong, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong, ca. 4 × 2.1 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded, obtuse. Ovules 2. Fruit unknown. Fl. May, fr. unknown.
* Mountain slopes, rocky slopes; ca. 2500 m. Yunnan.
川西小檗 chuan xi xiao bo
Berberis diaphana Maximowicz var. tachiensis Ahrendt, p.p.; B. elliotii Ahrendt; B. tischleri var. abbreviata Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, 2–3 m tall. Branches blackish gray; shoots grayish yellow, sulcate, not verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2.5 cm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially gray-green, adaxially dark green, oblong-obovate or obovate, 1.5–4.5 × 0.8–2.4 cm, thinly papery, abaxially sometimes slightly pruinose, midvein slightly raised, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with flat midvein, sometimes slightly impressed, lateral and reticulate veins slightly conspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire or 2–8-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 4–15-flowered, 4–10 cm including peduncle 1–3cm, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, 2–3 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals narrowly ovate, ca. 5 × 2 mm, apex acute; inner sepals narrowly oblong-obovate, ca. 6.3 × 3.3 mm, apex acute. Petals obovate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 3 or 4. Berry red, ovoid-oblong, 1–1.6 cm × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, apex attenuate, slightly bent; style persistent, short. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, forests; 1500–3800 m. Sichuan, Xizang.
华西小檗 hua xi xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Branches dark gray, angulate, scarcely verruculose; shoots purplish brown or pale yellow, glabrous; spines simple or absent, occasionally 3-fid, 3–7 mm. Petiole 0.5–2.5 cm, sometimes leaf subsessile, glabrous; leaf blade adaxially deep green, obovate, oblong-obovate, or suborbicular, 2–6 × 0.7–3.5 cm, papery, abaxially glaucous, not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins raised, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, adaxially with slightly raised or flat midvein and lateral veins, base narrowly cuneate or abruptly contracted, margin entire or inconspicuously few spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse, mucronate. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, loosely 6–12-flowered, 3–8 cm including peduncle 3–10 mm, glabrous, sometimes with few fascicled flowers at base; pedicels 0.5–2 cm, pedicels of fascicled flowers to 3 cm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate, ca. 4 × 3.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 6 × 4.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3.5 mm, base with separate glands, apex subentire. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective apiculate. Ovules 2, sessile. Berry red, oblong, 9–10 × 4–5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins, riversides, roadsides; 1600–3800 m. Fujian, Gansu, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
察瓦龙小檗 cha wa long xiao bo
Berberis tsarongensis var. megacarpa Ahrendt, p.p.
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1.5 m tall. Branches brownish gray; shoots purplish red, angulate, sparsely black verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, weak, 1–1.7 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially green, obovate or oblong-elliptic, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.2 cm, thinly papery, abaxially papillose, not pruinose, midvein slightly raised, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, conspicuous, adaxially with flat midvein, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, margin entire or 1–4-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 4–6-flowered, 1.5–3.5 cm including peduncle 5–9 mm. Pedicels weak, 8–20 mm, glabrous; bractlets ca. 2 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-elliptic, 3–4 × ca. 2 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 5 × 4 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 5.5 × 3.5 mm, base cuneate with separate ovate glands, apex emarginate, lobes rounded, obtuse. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective rounded, apiculate. Ovules 2. Berry red, oblong-ellipsoid, 8–15 × 4–7 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 2. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Oct.
* Thicket-meadows, slopes, forest margins, mixed forests; 2900–3900 m. Xizang, Yunnan.
那觉小檗 na jue xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1 m tall. Branches purplish red, terete, black verruculose; spines 3-fid, weak, pale brown, 5–10 mm. Petiole 1–2 mm; leaf blade abaxially brown, adaxially deep green, obovate, 1–2.3 × 0.6–1.1 cm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, entire, or 1–5-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence an umbellate raceme, 4–10-flowered, 3–5 cm including peduncle 1.7–3 cm, glabrous; bracts ovate, apex acuminate. Flowers unknown. Fruit stalk 2–3 mm, stout, glabrous; berry oblong-ellipsoid, 7–8 × 3–4 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Sep.
* Quercus forests; ca. 3200 m. SE Xizang.
稻城小檗 dao cheng xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete, angulate, black verruculate; spines absent. Petiole 3–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, obovate or narrowly obovate, 1.5–3 × 0.6–1.2 cm, papery, both surfaces puberulous, abaxially with obviously raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with obviously raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire or occasionally 1- or 2-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex rounded, apiculate. Inflorescence a raceme, 7–12-flowered, 2.5–4.5 cm including peduncle 1–1.5 cm; rachis and peduncle puberulous; bracts purplish red, ovate, 1–1.5 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers unknown. Fruit stalk 4–5 mm, puberulous; berry pale green (immature), oblong, 8–9 × 3–4 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 1. Fl. unknown, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Field margins, streamsides, roadsides; ca. 3400 m. Sichuan.
柔毛小檗 rou mao xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1 m tall. Branches grayish yellow, glabrous; shoots reddish, pubescent; internodes 1–2 cm; spines simple, 1–2.5 cm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 7–10 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, obovate, 2–4 × 0.5–1 cm, papery, both surfaces pubescent, abaxially with raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins prominent, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base attenuate to decurrent petiole, margin revolute, mostly entire, rarely with few spinulose on each side, apex mucronate. Inflorescence a raceme, 2–4 cm including peduncle 1–1.5 cm, glabrous; bracts ca. 1 mm. Pedicels 4–6 mm, glabrous. Flowers unknown. Berry oblong, 4–7 × 3–4 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 1. Fl. unknown, fr. Aug.
* Mountain slopes. Hubei, Shaanxi.
工布小檗 gong bu xiao bo
Berberis amoena Dunn var. moloensis Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 2 m tall. Branches dark purplish red, shiny, not verruculose; shoots shiny, red, glabrous; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2.5 cm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade adaxially deep green, oblanceolate, 1–5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, papery, adaxially with conspicuous midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins conspicuous, base narrowly cuneate, margin entire, apex acute, mucronate. Inflorescence a raceme, loosely 7–25-flowered, 3–8 cm including peduncle 1–2 cm; bracts 3–5 mm, apex acuminate. Pedicels 1–2 cm, slender, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-ovate, ca. 6.5 × 2.5 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 8.5 × 4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm, base cuneate, with separate lanceolate glands, apex retuse with two rounded lobes. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 3, one of these sessile. Berry (?)red, oblong, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May, fr. Jun–Aug.
* Forests; 2700–3200 m. Xizang.
暗红小檗 an hong xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 0.8–2 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete; shoots dark red, sparsely black verruculose, glabrous; internodes 1.5–3 cm; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–1.5 cm, adaxially sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, obovate, 1.2–2.5 × 0.7–1.5 cm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins markedly raised, adaxially with raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire or occasionally 1–3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 15–30-flowered, often verticillate, rarely compound below, 4–7.5 cm, sometimes pendulous; peduncle 1–2 cm, slender, glabrous; bracts ca. 1.5 mm. Pedicels 5–7 mm, weak, glabrous; bractlets ovate, ca. 2.2 × 1.2 mm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, 3–3.2 × 1.5–2 mm; inner sepals elliptic-obovate, ca. 5.5 × 3.2 mm. Petals elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded, obtuse, or truncate. Ovules 2, shortly funiculate. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jun, fr. unknown.
* Thickets on mountain slopes, roadsides; 3200–3600 m. Xizang.
金江小檗 jin jiang xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Shoots shiny, red, often ultimately becoming brownish yellow; branches pale yellow, angulate, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–2 cm. Petiole 3–8 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially dark green, oblong-obovate, 2–6 × 1–1.8 cm, papery, abaxially sometimes slightly pruinose, lateral veins slightly raised, reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with flat or slightly raised midvein, lateral veins 3–5 pairs, base cuneate, margin entire or 3- or 4-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded. Inflorescence a raceme, 10–20-flowered, 6–12 cm including peduncle 1–4 cm; bracts 2–2.5 mm, apex acuminate. Pedicels 7–20 mm, slender; bractlets red, triangular, ca. 3 × 1 mm. Flowers 8–10 mm in diam. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate, 4–4.5 × ca. 1.5 mm; median and inner sepals oblong-obovate, 5–6 × 3–4 mm. Petals obovate-elliptic, 4–5 × 2–3 mm, base cuneate, with approximate but not contiguous glands, apex distinctly emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens 2.5–3 mm; anther connective prolonged, shortly apiculate. Ovules 1 or 2. Berry shiny, red, oblong-ovoid, 9–11 × 7–8 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Roadsides, thickets, Pinus forests; 2700–3600 m. Yunnan.
短序小檗 duan xu xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 0.6–1.5 m tall. Branches gray; shoots pale yellow, sometimes puberulous; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 0.7–2.2 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, obovate or elliptic-obovate, 1–2.8 × 0.5–1.4 cm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins raised, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin thickened, entire, apex acute, aristate. Inflorescence a raceme, 9–15-flowered, 1–2.8 cm, sometimes compound at base; peduncle 3–7 cm, glabrous. Pedicels 3–5 mm, slender. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate, 1.5–2 × 1–1.5 mm; median sepals elliptic-ovate, 3–3.2 × 1.5–2 mm; inner sepals broadly elliptic, 4.2–5 × 3–3.5 mm. Petals elliptic-obovate, 3–3.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm, base cuneate, with separate elliptic glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 2(–5). Berry ellipsoid, 5–7 × 3–4 mm, pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
* Field margins, flood lands, weedy places in valleys, beside houses; 3200–3600 m. Xizang.
心叶小檗 xin ye xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 2–3 m tall. Branches black gray; shoots grayish brown, sparsely verruculose, angulate, glabrous; spines simple or absent, dark gray, ca. 1 cm. Petiole 1–2 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, obcordate or subcuneate, 8–14 × 6–9 mm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially with obviously raised midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, apex slightly retuse or truncate. Inflorescence a raceme, 6–12-flowered, sometimes subverticillate on upper rachis, 1.6–2.2 cm; peduncle 0.5–1 cm, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm. Flowers unknown. Fruit stalk ca. 6 mm, glabrous; berry ellipsoid, 8–9 × 5–6 mm, pruinose, style persistent; seeds 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Aug.
* Sunny dry valleys; ca. 3000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
庐山小檗 lu shan xiao bo
Berberis chekiangensis Ahrendt; B. pingjiangensis Q. L. Chen & B. M. Yang.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5–2 m tall. Shoots purplish brown; branches grayish yellow, angulate, not verruculose; spines simple, occasionally 3-fid, 1–4 cm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, adaxially dark yellow-green, oblong-rhombic, 3.5–8 × 1.5–3.5(–7) cm, thinly papery, abaxially with obviously raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, lateral veins conspicuous, base cuneate, attenuate to petiole, margin completely entire, sometimes slightly undulate, apex acute. Inflorescence a raceme, 3–15-flowered, 2–5 cm including peduncle 1–2 cm; bracts lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm, apex acuminate. Pedicels 4–8 mm, slender, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-ovate, 1.5–2 × 1–1.2 mm; inner sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 4 × 1–1.8 mm, apex obtuse. Petals elliptic-obovate, 3–3.5 × 1–1.8(–2.5) mm, base clawed, with separate oblong glands, apex obtuse, entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, obtuse. Ovules solitary, sessile. Berry red, oblong-ellipsoid, 8–12 × 3–4.5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Oct.
* Montane thickets, forests, riversides, beside houses; 200–1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Zhejiang.
阴湿小檗 yin shi xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5–2.5 m tall. Branches grayish black; shoots purplish red, angulate, sparsely black verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, 1–2 cm. Petiole 1–2 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale gray, adaxially dark green, oblong-obovate, 1–2 cm × 4–6 mm, papery, abaxially sparsely papillose, midvein obviously raised, both surfaces with raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, attenuate to decurrent petiole, margin entire, apex rounded. Inflorescence a raceme, 4–8-flowered, 2–3 cm including peduncle 0.3–1.5 cm, glabrous; bracts 1–1.5 mm. Pedicels 4–9 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2.8 × 1.8 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals obovate, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3.3 × 2.5 mm, base with separate elliptic glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 2.3 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry red, obovoid, 7–8 × 4.5–5 mm, densely blue or violet pruinose, style persistent and conspicuous. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Rainforests, thickets in arid valleys, shaded wet places; 2800–4000 m. Xizang.
砂生小檗 sha sheng xiao bo
Shrubs, semi-evergreen, ca. 1 m tall. Shoots pale yellow; branches gray, slightly sulcate; internodes 0.5–1 cm; spines 3-fid, sometimes simple, pale yellow, 8–14 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially shiny, green, adaxially dark green, obovate, 8–11 × 3–6 mm, papery, abaxially with raised midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded. Inflorescence a raceme, 3–5-flowered, 1.5–2 cm including peduncle 3–7 mm. Pedicels 4–6 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm; inner sepals obovate-suborbicular, ca. 3.5 × 3 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3.2 × 2 mm, base very clawed, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 3. Berry pale yellow (immature), oblong, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May, fr. Jun–Aug.
* Rock fractures, talus deposits; ca. 3800 m. Xizang.
异长穗小檗 yi chang sui xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches pale grayish yellow, terete, not verruculose; shoots reddish, glabrous; spines simple, weak, 2–8 mm, sometimes absent. Petiole 6–15 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, obovate or oblong-obovate, 2–8 × 2.2–5 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially with obviously raised midvein, reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with flat or slightly impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire, or inconspicuously many spinulose-serrulate, apex rounded, obtuse or acute. Inflorescence a raceme, 18–60-flowered, 7–18 cm including peduncle 1–3 cm, glabrous; bracts triangular-lanceolate, 1–2 mm. Pedicels 4–8 mm; bractlets reddish, lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong, 2.5–3 × 1.3–1.5 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong, 4–4.5 × 2–2.5 mm. Petals elliptic, 3–3.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm, base shortly clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Ovules 2. Berry red, oblong, 8–10 × 4–6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Sep.
* Thickets, forest margins, streamsides on mountains; 800–3000 m. Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
洮河小檗 yao he xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1 m tall. Branches purplish brown, angulate, glabrous, sparsely black verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–1.5 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, narrowly obovate-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 1–2.2 cm × 3–6 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, glabrous, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, raised, reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with flat midvein, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin slightly thickened, entire, apex acute, aristate. Inflorescence a raceme, 6–10-flowered, 2.5–3.5 cm including peduncle 7–12 mm, occasionally with 1 or 2 fascicled flowers at base, glabrous. Flowers unknown. Fruit stalk 4–5 mm; bracts ovate, ca. 1 mm, apex acute. Berry oblong-ellipsoid, 5–6 × 2–2.5 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Jun.
* Riverbanks; ca. 1800 m. Gansu.
川滇小檗 chuan dian xiao bo
Berberis integerrima Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 386. 1886, not Bunge (1843), nor K. Koch (1869); B. jamesiana var. leucocarpa (W. W. Smith) Ahrendt; B. jamesiana var. sepium Ahrendt; B. leucocarpa W. W. Smith; B. nummularia Bunge var. sinica C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Branches dark gray or purplish black, terete; shoots purple, not verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, 1.5–3.5 cm, stout, adaxially slightly sulcate. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade adaxially shiny, green, elliptic or oblong-obovate, 2.5–8 × 1–4 cm, subleathery, adaxially with obviously raised midvein, both surfaces not papillose, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire or closely spinulose, apex rounded or retuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 9–20-flowered, sometimes to 40-flowered and compound below, 7–10 cm; peduncles 0.5–3 cm. Pedicels 7–10 mm, slender, glabrous; bractlets ovate, 2–2.5 × ca. 1.5 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm; inner sepals narrowly obovate, ca. 4.5 × 2.5 mm. Petals obovate or narrowly oblong-elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 2 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, slightly apiculate. Ovules 2. Berry initially creamy white, finally light red, subglobose, ca. 10 × 7–8 mm, translucent, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Sep.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins, riversides, mountain slopes; 2100–3600 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
伊犁小檗 yi li xiao bo
Berberis nummularia Bunge var. schrenkiana C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2.5 m tall. Branches dark gray or purplish red, terete; shoots pale purplish red, shiny, not verruculose, glabrous; spines simple or 3-fid, concolorous, 1–3 cm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 3–15 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially green, oblong-elliptic or cuneate, papery, abaxially with obviously raised midvein, adaxially with flat midvein, both surfaces with raised reticulate veins, margin entire. Inflorescence a raceme, 10–25-flowered, 3–5 cm including peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts 1–1.5 mm. Pedicels 5–10 mm, glabrous; bractlets ovate, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 2.8 × 1.8 mm; inner sepals obovate, 3.8–4 × ca. 2.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2, with funicles ca. as long as ovules. Berry shiny, red, ovoid-ellipsoid, 5.5–6 × 3.5–4 mm, not pruinose. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
Dry regions, sandy places on river beaches, grassy slopes, roadsides, field margins; 600–2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan].
陇西小檗 long xi xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Branches dark gray, angulate, not verruculose; shoots pale purplish red, glabrous; internodes 2–3 cm; spines absent, sometimes spines simple or 3-fid, concolorous, 3–25 mm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 3–15 mm; leaf blade abaxially green, adaxially dark green, elliptic-obovate, 1.3–4.5 × 0.3–1.5 cm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, adaxially with slightly impressed or flat midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base abruptly contracted to decurrent petiole, margin 10–20-spinose-serrate on each side, but entire on shoots, apex obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 15–20-flowered, 3–4 cm. Pedicels 5–11 mm, slender, glabrous. Flowers ca. 8 mm in diam. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals broadly obovate, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm, apex rounded; inner sepals narrowly obovate, ca. 5.3 × 2.3 mm, apex rounded. Petals narrowly obovate, ca. 4 × 1.8 mm, base clawed, with separate oblong glands, apex obtuse, subentire. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, obtuse. Ovules 2. Berry red, ellipsoid, ca. 9 × 6 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Mountain slopes, thickets; 1600–3100 m. Gansu.
河南小檗 he nan xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5–3 m tall. Branches gray, terete, sometimes sulcate, glabrous; shoots pale yellow, sometimes pale purplish yellow, sparsely black verruculose; spines absent, occasionally simple, less than 1 cm, slender. Petiole to 1.5 cm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, rarely obovate, 2.5–8 × 0.5–3 cm, thinly papery or papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral and reticulate veins slightly raised, adaxially with flat or slightly impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin 20–40-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 8–14-flowered, 4–6 cm including peduncle 1.5–2.5 cm, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, ca. 2 mm. Pedicels 4–9 mm, slender, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm; median sepals broadly elliptic, ca. 4.2 × 3 mm; inner sepals obovate-elliptic, ca. 5.5 × 3.2 mm. Petals elliptic, ca. 5 × 3 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3.3 mm; anther connective prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 2. Berry red, oblong, 8–11 × 6–8 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, forests, slopes, sides of rocks; 1100–1600 m. Henan.
平武小檗 ping wu xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 2–2.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete, sparsely black verruculose; shoots dark purple; spines absent or 3-fid, 0.6–2 cm. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, becoming brown when dry, shiny, adaxially deep green, broadly elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 4–9 × 1.5–3.5 cm, few leaves 1.5–2 cm × 6–8 mm, thickly papery, abaxially glabrous, not pruinose, lateral and reticulate veins obviously raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin 20–35-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 20–35-flowered, 5–14 cm including peduncle 1–2 cm, glabrous. Pedicels 2–3 mm; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 mm. Sepals in 4 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 1.1 × 0.7 mm, apex acuminate; median outer sepals broadly lanceolate, ca. 2 × 1 mm; median inner sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 3 × 2 mm; innermost sepals elliptic, ca. 5 × 3.2 mm. Petals in 2 whorls, base subclawed, with separate glands; outer petals obovate-oblong, ca. 4 × 2 mm, apex slightly emarginate; inner petals elliptic, ca. 4.2 × 2.2 mm, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2, shortly funiculate. Berry red, ovoid-ellipsoid, 10–12 × 5–7 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Forests, forest margins; ca. 1800 m. Sichuan.
天水小檗 tian shui xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 2 m tall. Branches pale brown or dark gray, angulate, sparsely black verruculate; shoots pale yellowish brown, angulate, not verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, 1–3 cm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole to 1.7 cm, sometimes leaf subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green or gray, adaxially green, elliptic or obovate, occasionally oblong-elliptic, (0.7–)2–6 × (0.4–)1–2.7 cm, thinly papery, abaxially glabrous, not pruinose, veins obviously raised, adaxially with flat or slightly impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, base abruptly contracted to petiole, margin 12–25-spinose-serrate on each side, leaves on shoots usually entire, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 5–8-flowered, 3–4 cm, sometimes compound below; bracts lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm. Pedicels ca. 1 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals suborbicular or ovate-orbicular, ca. 3.5 × 3.1 mm; inner sepals suborbicular, ca. 4.8 × 4.6 mm. Petals elliptic, ca. 5 × 3.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 3, sessile. Berry red, oblong, 10–12 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, style ca. 1 mm. Fl. May, fr. Jun–Sep.
* Forests, streamsides; 1700–2100 m. Gansu.
川鄂小檗 chuan e xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 2–3 m tall. Branches grayish yellow or dark brown; shoots reddish, subterete, inconspicuously angulate; spines simple or 3-fid, concolorous, 1–3 cm, sometimes absent. Petiole 4–15 mm; leaf blade abaxially gray-green, adaxially dark green, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 1.5–3(–6) × 0.8–1.8(–3) cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially often slightly pruinose, midvein raised, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins slightly conspicuous, base cuneate, margin inconspicuously 10–20-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 10–20-flowered, 2–6 cm including peduncle 1–2 cm; bracts 1–1.5 mm. Pedicels 5–10 mm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-obovate, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2 mm; inner sepals obovate, 5–6 × 4–5 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, 5–6 × 4–5 mm, base with separate glands, apex incised. Stamens 3.5–4.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry red, ellipsoid, ca. 9 × 6 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins, weedy places; 1000–2500 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
甘肃小檗 gan su xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 3 m tall. Branches pale brown; shoots reddish, angulate; spines weak, simple or 3-fid, concolorous, 1–2.4 cm, adaxially sulcate. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade abaxially gray, adaxially dark green, suborbicular or broadly elliptic, 2.5–5 × 2–3 cm, papery, abaxially slightly pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with raised lateral and reticulate veins, base attenuate to decurrent petiole, margin 15–30-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded. Inflorescence a raceme, 10–30-flowered, 2.5–7 cm including peduncle 0.5–3 cm; bracts 1–1.5 mm. Pedicels 4–8 mm, often verticillate; bractlets reddish, ca. 1.4 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, apex acute; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 2.5 mm. Petals oblong-elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 2 mm, base shortly clawed, with separate obovate glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded or truncate. Ovules 2, funiculate. Berry red, oblong-obovoid, 7–8 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
* Thickets, mixed forests; 1400–2800 m. Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
安徽小檗 an hui xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches grayish yellow or pale yellow, angulate, sparsely black verruculose; shoots dark purple; internodes 2–4 cm; spines simple or 3-fid, 1–1.5 cm. Petiole 5–15 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, suborbicular or broadly elliptic, 2–6 × 1.5–3 cm, thinly papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially slightly pruinose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, adaxially with raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base contracted to petiole, margin 15–40-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 10–27-flowered, 3–7.5 cm including peduncle 1–1.5 cm, glabrous; bracts ca. 1 mm. Pedicels 4–7 mm, glabrous; bractlets ovate, ca. 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong, 2.5–3 × 1.3–1.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm. Petals elliptic, 4.8–5 × ca. 2.5 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry red, ellipsoid or obovoid, ca. 9 × 6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 28*.
* Thickets, forests, roadsides; 400–1800 m. Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang.
直穗小檗 zhi sui xiao bo
Berberis dolichobotrys Fedde; B. kansuensis C. K. Schneider var. procera Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, 2–3 m tall. Branches yellow-brown, terete, very sparsely verruculose; shoots purplish red; spines simple, 5–15 mm, sometimes absent or occasionally 3-fid, to 4 cm. Petiole 1–4 cm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark yellow-green, oblong-elliptic, broadly elliptic, or suborbicular, 3–6 × 2.5–4 cm, papery, abaxially glabrous, not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, base cuneate, rounded, or cordate, margin 25–50-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, erect, 15–30-flowered, 4–7 cm including peduncle 1–2 cm, glabrous. Pedicels 4–7 mm; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 2 × 0.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm, base slightly clawed. Petals obovate, ca. 4 × 2.5 mm, base clawed, with separate oblong-elliptic glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 1 or 2. Berry red, ellipsoid, 6–7 × 5–5.5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jun–Sep.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins, streamsides, grasslands; 800–3400 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.
黄芦木 huang lu mu
Berberis vulgaris Linnaeus var. amurensis (Ruprecht) Regel.
Shrubs, deciduous, 2–3.5 m tall. Branches pale yellow or gray, slightly sulcate, not verruculose; internodes 2.5–7 cm; spines 3-fid, rarely simple, 1–2 cm. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, obovate-elliptic, elliptic, or ovate, 5–10 × 2.5–5 cm, papery, abaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins slightly conspicuous, adaxially with impressed midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin 40–60-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex acute or rounded. Inflorescence a raceme, 10–25-flowered, 4–10 cm including peduncle 1–3 cm. Pedicels 5–10 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm; inner sepals obovate, 5.5–6 × 3–3.4 mm. Petals elliptic, 4.5–5 × 2.5–3 mm, base slightly clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry red, oblong, ca. 10 × 6 mm, not or slightly blue pruinose at base, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 28, 42.
Thickets, sparse forests, valleys, forest margins, streamsides, sides of rocks; 1100–2900 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong [Japan, Korea, Russia (Siberia)].
陕西小檗 shan xi xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, angulate, glabrous; shoots stramineous or pale purplish red, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid or simple, pale yellow, 1–2 cm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, elliptic or obovate, 1.5–4.5 × 0.5–1.7 cm, papery, abaxially glabrous, not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, sometimes conspicuous, base cuneate, margin 10–20-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex acute or rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 4–8-flowered, 1.5–3.5 cm including peduncle ca. 5 mm, sometimes compound below; bracts ovate, ca. 1.3 mm. Pedicels 5–8 mm, slender, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, 4.5–5 × 2.5–3 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 6 × 4 mm. Petals obovate-elliptic, 5–5.5 × 3–3.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 5 or 6. Berry red, oblong, 7–8 × 4–5 mm, not pruinose; style persistent and very short, or not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, slopes, woodlands, roadsides; 1200–3000 m. Shaanxi.
南阳小檗 nan yang xiao bo
Berberis amurensis Ruprecht var. licentii Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Branches grayish black, terete; shoots grayish yellow, angulate, sparsely black verruculose; spines absent or simple, occasionally 3-fid, weak, concolorous, 3–6 mm. Petiole 6–15 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish brown, adaxially green, obovate, obovate-elliptic, or elliptic, 2.5–5 × 1–1.8 cm, thinly papery, abaxially with obviously raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with conspicuously raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 15–30-spinulose-subserrulate on each side, apex acute. Inflorescence a raceme, 15–30-flowered, 3–5 cm, sometimes compound below; peduncles 5–15 mm; bracts 1–1.5 mm. Pedicels dark red, 2–8 mm, slender; bractlets red, ca. 2 × 1 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, 3–3.5 × 2–2.5 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals obovate, 4.5–5 × 3–3.5 mm. Petals elliptic, 4–4.5 × 2.5–3 mm, base slightly clawed, with separate oblong glands, apex slightly emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate, or retuse. Ovules 2. Berry red, ellipsoid, ca. 9 × 5.5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins, roadsides; 700–2100 m. Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi.
假藏小檗 jia zang xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1 m tall. Branches grayish black, sparsely black verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, concolorous, 5–25 mm. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially pallid, adaxially deep green, narrowly oblong-obovate, 2.5–3 cm × 6–10 mm, thinly leathery, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins prominent, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin flat, 2–5-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse, aristate. Flowers unknown. Infructescence with 3–10 berries, 3–4 cm; berry deep red, oblong-ellipsoid, 7–10 × 4–5 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short; seeds 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Jul.
* Streamsides in thickets, Pinus forests; 800–3200 m. Yunnan.
置疑小檗 zhi yi xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Branches grayish black, slightly sulcate, sparsely black verruculose; shoots purplish red, shiny, conspicuously sulcate; spines simple or 3-fid, concolorous, 0.7–2 cm. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow, adaxially deep green, narrowly obovate, 1.5–3 × 0.5–1.8 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, not pruinose, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with obviously raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with markedly raised reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin 6–14-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex subacuminate. Inflorescence a raceme, 5–10-flowered, 1–3 cm; peduncle 5–10 mm. Pedicels weak, 3–6 mm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, 1.5–1 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm; inner sepals broadly obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3.5 mm. Petals elliptic, ca. 3.5 × 2.5 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex shortly emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, shortly apiculate. Ovules 2. Berry red, obovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 8 × 4 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, Aug–Sep.
* Thickets, forests, stony slopes, river beaches; 1400–3900 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai.
少齿小檗 shao chi xiao bo
Berberis leichtensteinii C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches dark purplish red or dark gray, glabrous; shoots grayish yellow, sometimes, angulate, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, (1.5–)2–6 cm, stout, adaxially slightly sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, shiny, lanceolate, obovate, or narrowly obovate, 2–4 × 0.3–1.8 cm, leathery, abaxially sometimes densely papillose, midvein obviously raised, lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, adaxially veins inconspicuous, base attenuate or cuneate, margin often thickened, 1–4-spinose-serrate on each side, rarely entire, apex acute, mucronate. Inflorescence a raceme, 4–12-flowered, 2–4 cm. Pedicels 5–15 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic to obovate, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals obovate, 5–7 × 4–5 mm. Petals obovate, 4.3–5 × 3–3.5 mm, base truncate, with separate lanceolate glands, apex entire. Stamens 4–5 mm; anther connective obtuse. Ovules 1 or 2, sessile. Berry red, oblong or oblong-globose, 7–8 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, sometimes slightly so, style persistent and conspicuous. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Sunny slopes, roadsides, streamsides, valleys; 400–2100 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
多花大黄连刺 duo hua da huang lian ci
Berberis pruinosa Franchet var. centiflora (Diels) Handel-Mazzetti.
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray or brownish yellow, terete, glabrous, not verruculose; spines 3-fid, concolorous, ca. 1.5 cm, slender. Petiole 1–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially shiny, yellow-green, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, 3–9 × 1–3 cm, leathery, abaxially with obviously raised midvein, lateral veins 8–12 pairs, conspicuous, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin sometimes slightly revolute, 10–20-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse, apiculate. Inflorescence a fascicle of 15–30 flowers or 2–4-flowered raceme 5–6 cm. Pedicels 1.5–4 cm, glabrous, not pruinose; bractlets ca. 2 × 1.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer and inner sepals obovate, equal in size, ca. 5.5 × 4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6.5 × 5 mm, base clawed, with separate lanceolate glands, apex slightly retuse. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective prolonged, shortly apiculate. Ovules 4–6. Berry oblong-ellipsoid, ca. 7 × 6 mm, not pruinose; style persistent, short. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jun–Oct.
* Roadsides in valleys; 1800–2700 m. Yunnan.
细梗小檗 xi geng xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches dark gray or dark purplish red, terete, sparsely black verruculose, glabrous; shoots dark purplish red, angulate; spines simple or 3-fid, 0.6–1.5 cm. Petiole 2–3 mm, sometimes leaf subsessile; leaf blade abaxially shiny, brown, adaxially green, obovate or obovate-elliptic, 0.8–2(–3.5) × 0.5–1.2 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with conspicuously raised reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin 10–25-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse, or acute. Inflorescence a raceme, 3–10-flowered, 1–3.5 cm, often with 1–3 fascicled flowers at base. Pedicels 5–12 mm, very slender, glabrous. Flowers unknown. Berry red, subglobose, 9–10 × 8–9 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent, apex cavity-like; seeds 2 or 3. Fl. unknown, fr. May–Jun.
* Thickets, field margins, streamsides, roadsides; 2300–3100 m. Sichuan.
变刺小檗 bian ci xiao bo
Berberis boschanii C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5–3 m tall. Branches dark gray, sulcate; shoots sometimes reddish, not verruculose; spines simple, sometimes 3-fid or absent, pale yellow, terete, 3–18 mm. Petiole 2–5 mm, or leaf subsessile; leaf blade abaxially green, adaxially shiny, green, obovate or oblong-obovate, 1–6 × 0.5–3.5 cm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, not papillose, midvein slightly raised, lateral and reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with flat or slightly impressed midvein, lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire, occasionally inconspicuously 1–8-spinulose-serrate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence usually a raceme with few fascicled flowers at base, or occasionally a subumbellate raceme with 4–12 flowers, 2–5 cm. Pedicels 3–15 mm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals narrowly elliptic, 4–4.5 × 2–2.2 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 6–6.5 × 3–3.5 mm. Petals broadly elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm, base with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective truncate. Ovules 2–4. Berry ovoid-ellipsoid, 9–10 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Flood lands, forests, forest margins, roadsides on slopes; 2000–3500 m. Qinghai, Sichuan.
滇西北小檗 dian xi bei xiao bo
Berberis franchetiana var. glabripes Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray, obviously sulcate, glabrous, rarely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, weak, 1–1.5 cm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale gray, adaxially deep green, narrowly obovate, 2–3.5 cm × 6–10 mm, papery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with slightly raised midvein, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, branched, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, margin entire, apex obtuse or acute. Inflorescence a raceme, 3–8-flowered, 2–4 cm, often with few fascicled flowers at base. Pedicels 7–18 mm; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 2.8 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate, ca. 4.5 × 1.1 mm; median sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 6 × 3.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 7 × 5.5 mm. Petals elliptic, ca. 5 × 3.5 mm, base clawed, with separate lanceolate glands, apex acute, emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.8 mm; anther connective not prolonged. Ovules 2. Berry red, oblong-ovoid, 9–10 × 4.5–6 mm, not pruinose, upper part sometimes bent; style persistent, short. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Montane thickets, forest margins; 3000–4100 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
光叶小檗 guang ye xiao bo
Berberis franchetiana C. K. Schneider var. macrobotrys Ahrendt; B. humido-umbrosa Ahrendt var. inornata Ahrendt; B. thunbergii Candolle var. glabra Franchet; B. tsarongensis Stapf var. megacarpa Ahrendt, p.p.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish yellow, angulate, glabrous, sparsely black verruculose; shoots brownish red; spines simple or 3-fid, 2–15 mm, slender, sometimes absent. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially dark green, narrowly obovate, 1.2–3.5 × 0.5–1.4 cm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins slightly raised, reticulate veins conspicuous, adaxially with conspicuous midvein and lateral veins, reticulate veins indistinct, margin flat, entire. Inflorescence a raceme, 4–16-flowered, 1.5–4 cm, with few fascicled flowers at base, glabrous. Pedicels 4–10 mm, glabrous; bractlets red, 1.5–2 × ca. 1 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals broadly ovate, 2.5–3 × ca. 2.5 mm, apex acute; inner sepals elliptic, 3–4 × 2.5–3.5 mm. Petals obovate, 4–5 × 2–3 mm, base clawed, with separate to subapproximate oblong glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate or obtusely subconical. Ovules 2, sessile. Berry deep red, shiny, oblong or oblong-obovoid, 8–10 × 4.5–5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Montane forests, forest margins, weedy slopes, thickets, roadsides, streamsides; 2500–4200 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
小毛小檗 xiao mao xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–1.5 m tall. Branches brownish gray, puberulous, not verruculose; shoots reddish, densely puberulous; spines absent, simple, or 3-fid, weak, concolorous, 4–8 mm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale gray, adaxially dark green, narrowly obovate, 1–2 cm × 4–8 mm, papery, abaxially papillose, not pruinose, midvein slightly raised, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, branched, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, entire, apex rounded or acute. Inflorescence a raceme, 2–7-flowered, 1.5–2.5 cm, glabrous, with few fascicled flowers at base; bracts ca. 1.5 mm. Pedicels weak, 5–12 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm; inner sepals elliptic, ca. 5 × 2.5 mm. Petals oblong-elliptic, ca. 5 × 2.8 mm, base with separate oblong-obovate glands, apex rounded, entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry red, ellipsoid, 6–7 × ca. 4 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets; 2500–3000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
道孚小檗 dao fu xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches brownish gray or brownish black, sulcate, sparsely black verruculose; shoots pale yellow or purplish red; spines 3-fid, weak, 6–25 mm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Petiole 1–4 mm; leaf blade abaxially ultimately pale green, adaxially deep green, oblong-obovate, 1–3 × 0.7–1.3 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially initially pruinose, ultimately not pruinose, midvein slightly raised, adaxially with flat or slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 6–10-spinose-serrate on each side, occasionally entire, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 5–10-flowered, 2–4 cm, sometimes with few fascicled flowers at base. Pedicels 7–12 mm, slender, but pedicels of fascicled flowers to 1.8 cm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals obovate, 6–8 × ca. 4.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, 6.5–8.5 × 4–6 mm. Petals broadly elliptic, 5–7 × 3–5 mm, base cuneate, with approximate obovate glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens 3–4 mm; anther connective prolonged, obtuse. Ovules 2. Berry red, oblong-ovoid, ca. 10 × 5 mm, slightly pruinose; style persistent, short; seeds 2. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, forest margins; 3000–3900 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
异果小檗 yi guo xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 2–3 m tall. Branches dark red, terete, not verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, pale purplish red, subterete, 5–30 mm. Petiole 3–10 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, slightly shiny, adaxially green, obovate elliptic, 2–6 × 1–4 cm, thickly papery, both surfaces glabrous, not pruinose, abaxially with slightly raised midvein, lateral veins 2–4 pairs, conspicuous, adaxially with flat or slightly raised midvein, lateral veins raised, both surfaces with raised reticulate veins, base broadly cuneate, margin entire or indistinctly spinose-serrate, apex rounded. Inflorescence a raceme or umbellate raceme, 4–9-flowered, 2–5 cm, with few fascicled flowers at base, glabrous; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3 mm. Pedicels 9–17 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 5 × 4 mm, apex rounded; inner sepals obovate, ca. 7 × 5 mm. Petals obovate-spatulate, ca. 6 × 4 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex rounded, entire. Stamens ca. 4.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 4–6, funiculate. Berry black, subglobose, 10–12 × 9–10 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.
Forests, sparse forests, thickets, flood lands, stony slopes, arid steppe lands; 900–3200 m. Xinjiang [Russia].
喀什小檗 ka shi xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1 m tall. Branches purplish red, shiny, terete, glabrous; internodes ca. 1 cm; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2.5 cm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, oblanceolate, 1–2.5 cm × 2–5 mm, papery, both surfaces not pruinose, abaxially with raised midvein, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, inconspicuous, both surfaces with inconspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, occasionally 1- or 2-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute, aristate. Inflorescence a raceme, 5–9-flowered, 1.5–3 cm, often with one or more fascicled flowers at base, glabrous; bracts ovate-triangular, ca. 2 mm. Pedicels 4–10 mm, but pedicels of fascicled flowers to 1.3 cm; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm. Petals oblong, ca. 4 × 2 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 5. Berry black, ovoid-globose, ca. 8 × 6 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug.
* Valley floors, steppe lands, slopes, forest margins, thickets; 1900–2800 m. Xinjiang.
The specific epithet was spelled “kaschgarica” in the protologue, although “kasgarica” has been commonly used.
首阳小檗 shou yang xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Branches grayish brown, sulcate, sparsely verruculose; shoots purplish red; spines simple, terete, 3–15 mm, but spines on shoots to 2.5 cm. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade abaxially initially gray, ultimately green, adaxially dark green, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 4–9 × 1–2 cm, thinly papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially initially slightly pruinose, midvein slightly raised, lateral veins visible, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins inconspicuous, both surfaces not reticulate, base attenuate, margin 8–20-spinose-serrate on each side, but on shoots margin entire, apex acuminate or acute. Inflorescence a raceme, 6–20-flowered, 5–6 cm including peduncle 0.4–1.5 cm, sometimes compound below, glabrous. Pedicels 3–5 mm, glabrous; bractlets red, lanceolate, 2–2.5 × ca. 0.7 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong-ovate, 2–2.5 × 0.8–1 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate, 4–4.5 × ca. 3 mm. Petals elliptic, 5–5.5 × ca. 3 mm, base with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2. Berry red, oblong, 8–9 × 4–5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Slopes, forests, thickets, streamsides; 600–2300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi.
松潘小檗 song pan xiao bo
Berberis brachystachys T. S. Ying.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches dark gray, sulcate, sparsely verruculose; shoots pale purplish red; spines 3-fid or simple, concolorous, 1–2 cm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Petiole 2–8 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark grayish green, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 1–3.5 × 0.4–1.5 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, not pruinose, abaxially with conspicuously raised midvein, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with dense, obviously raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin closely 5–7-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded or obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 7–14-flowered, 2–3 cm, sometimes with few fascicled flowers at base; bracts ovate, ca. 1 mm. Pedicels 4–6 mm, glabrous; bractlets ca. 2.5 × 1.3 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong, 4–4.8 × 2.3–2.8 mm; inner sepals obovate, 5.5–6.5 × 3.5–4 mm. Petals obovate, 5–5.8 × 3–3.5 mm, base clawed, with separate ovate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, apiculate. Ovules 1 or 2. Berry pink or pale red, obovoid-oblong, 8–10 × 5–6 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, forests, weedy slopes, roadsides; 1700–4200 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang.
垂果小檗 chui guo xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1 m tall. Branches brownish gray, sulcate, sparsely verruculose, glabrous; spines 3-fid or simple, pale yellow, 1–2.5 cm. Petiole 2–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, sometimes grayish white, adaxially deep green, obovate or elliptic-obovate, 2.5–5 × 1–2 cm, papery or thickly so, abaxially with obviously raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with flat or slightly raised midvein, lateral veins 5–7 pairs, base cuneate, margin remotely 10–14-spinose-serrate on each side, occasionally entire, apex rounded or acute. Flowers unknown. Infructescence a raceme with 5–8 berries, 4.5–6 cm including peduncle 1.5–2 cm, nutant; bracts lanceolate, 4–5 mm; fruit stalk 1.5–3.5 cm, glabrous; berry red, ellipsoid, 9–12 × 4–5 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent; seeds 2. Fl. unknown, fr. Oct.
* Weedy slopes, alpine meadows; 3000–3700 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
长苞小檗 chang bao xiao bo
Berberis dictyoneura C. K. Schneider var. bracteata Ahrendt, J. Bot. 80(Suppl.): 111. 1944.
Shrubs, deciduous, less than 1 m tall. Branches dark gray, obviously sulcate, not verruculate; shoots pale yellow, sometimes dark purplish red; spines weak, 3-fid, concolorous, 1–1.5 cm. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade adaxially shiny, green, obovate or elliptic-obovate, 1.7–4 × 0.7–1.7 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, not pruinose, adaxially with slightly raised midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with conspicuously raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin coarsely 10–12-aristate-dentate on each side, apex rounded, obtuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 5–8-flowered, compound below, 2–3 cm, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, 4–5 mm, apex acuminate. Pedicels 5–6(–9) mm, glabrous. Flowers ca. 7 mm in diam. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals oblong, 4–4.5 × 2–2.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, 5.5–6.5 × 3.5–4 mm. Petals obovate, 5–5.5 × 3–3.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, subapiculate. Ovules 1 or 2. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. unknown.
* Sunny rocky slopes, weedy places within Abies forests; 3200–3300 m. Yunnan.
巴塘小檗 ba tang xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 0.5–1.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, terete; shoots dark purplish, sulcate, glabrous; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1–1.5 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially gray, adaxially pale green, obovate or narrowly obovate, 0.4–2 cm × 2–7 mm, papery, abaxially glabrous, not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, both surfaces with conspicuously raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin thickened, entire, apex rounded or retuse. Inflorescence a raceme, 5–10-flowered, 1–1.5 cm, often with few fascicled flowers at base. Pedicels ca. 3 mm, glabrous, sometimes slightly pruinose; bractlets ovate, ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate, 1.2–1.5 × ca. 1 mm; median sepals ovate-orbicular, ca. 3 × 2 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 4–4.2 × 3–3.2 mm. Petals obovate, 2.8–3.1 × 1.8–2 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 1.2 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 4. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. unknown.
* Thickets, field margins; 2600–3000 m. Sichuan.
烦果小檗 fan guo xiao bo
Berberis virescens J. D. Hooker var. ignorata Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Branches gray, terete, sparsely verruculose; shoots shiny, purplish black; spines simple, sometimes 3-fid, 5–15 mm. Petiole 2–3 mm, or leaf subsessile; leaf blade abaxially gray, adaxially dark green, narrowly obovate, 1–3.5 × 0.4–1.5 cm, papery, abaxially slightly pruinose, midvein slightly raised, adaxially with flat or slightly raised midvein, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire, sometimes 1–5-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded or acute. Inflorescence a raceme or subumbellate raceme, 3–9-flowered, 2–3.5 cm, often with few fascicled flowers at base; bracts ca. 1.5 mm. Pedicels 5–10 mm, slender, glabrous; bractlets broadly lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals oblong-ovate, 4–4.5 × 2–2.5 mm; median sepals elliptic, ca. 5 × 2.5 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals elliptic-obovate, 5.2–6 × 3.7–4 mm. Petals obovate, 4.5–5 × ca. 3 mm, base with separate glands, apex emarginate, lobes rounded. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anther connective prolonged, obtuse. Ovules 3 or 4, ± not funiculate. Berry red, oblong, 10–13 × 5–7 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. May, fr. Aug–Sep.
Forests, thickets, mixed forests; 2700–3800 m. Xizang [Bhutan, India (Sikkim)].
九龙小檗 jiu long xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches dark gray, angulate; shoots purplish red, sparsely black verruculose. Spines simple, purplish red, 5–10 mm. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, obovate-lanceolate or narrowly obovate, 1.5–3.5 cm × 5–8 mm, thinly leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins conspicuous, adaxially with inconspicuous midvein and lateral veins, both surfaces with markedly raised reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin entire, apex rounded, obtuse, aristate. Inflorescence a corymbous panicle, 20–30-flowered, 4–10 cm, often with 1–3 racemes fascicled at base, sometimes flowers verticillate at apex of inflorescence; bracts leaflike, ca. 1 cm. Pedicels ca. 2 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals triangular-ovate or ovate, 2–2.5 × 1.6–2 mm; median sepals broadly elliptic or suborbicular, ca. 3.2 × 2.8–3 mm; inner sepals broadly obovate, 4.5–5 × 4.1–4.5 mm. Petals obovate or obovate-elliptic, 4–4.5 × 3–3.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens 3.5–4 mm; anther connective prolonged, obtuse or truncate. Ovules 3 or 4, shortly funiculate. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jun, fr. unknown.
* Thickets, slopes, flood lands, valleys; 2300–2500 m. Sichuan.
When T. S. Ying described “Berberis jiulongensis” (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37: 320–322. 1999), he cited three specimens but failed to indicate one of them as the type of the name, contrary to Art. 37.1 of the Vienna Code. The name was therefore not validly published.
德钦小檗 de qin xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, to 2 m tall. Branches gray, terete, sparsely black verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, narrowly elliptic, 1–3.5 cm × 5–10 mm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, glabrous, midvein and lateral veins raised, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins 3–5 pairs, both surfaces with obviously raised reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 1–4-spinose-serrate on each side, occasionally entire, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescence a corymbous panicle, 15–20 flowered, 1.5–5 cm including peduncle 3–12 mm, sometimes with 1 or 2 racemes fascicled at base; bracts triangular-ovate, ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate. Pedicels 2–5 mm, slender; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 1.3 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 × 1 mm; inner sepals oblong, 3 × 2 mm, translucent. Petals obovate-elliptic, ca. 2.5 × 1.3 mm, translucent, base clawed, with separate inconspicuous glands, apex entire or emarginate. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded, obtuse. Ovules 2, shortly funiculate. Berry oblong, 7–8 × 2.5–3 mm, slightly pruinose, style persistent; seeds 1. Fl. Jul, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets; 2500–3000 m. Yunnan.
堆花小檗 dui hua xiao bo
Berberis aggregata var. integrifolia Ahrendt; B. brevipaniculata C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, semi-evergreen or deciduous, 2–3 m tall. Branches dark brown, sulcate, glabrous; shoots pale brown, slightly puberulous, sparsely black verruculose; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 8–15 mm. Leaves subsessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green or grayish white, adaxially dark yellow-green, obovate-oblong or obovate, 8–25 × 4–15 mm, subleathery, abaxially with raised midvein, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 2–8-spinose-serrate on each side, sometimes entire, apex rounded, obtuse, aristate. Inflorescence a congested panicle, 10–30 flowered, 1–2.5 cm, subsessile; bracts slightly longer than pedicels, 1.5–3 mm. Pedicels 1–3 mm; bractlets ovate, ca. 1 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls, elliptic; outer sepals ca. 2.5 × 1.8 mm; inner sepals ca. 3.5 × 2.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm, base clawed, with oblong glands, apex emarginate. Stamens 2–2.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, obtuse. Ovules 2, subsessile. Berry red, subglobose or ovoid-globose, 6–7 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
* Thickets, forests, roadsides, flood lands; 1000–3500 m. Gansu, Hubei, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan.
炉霍小檗 lu hui xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1.2 m tall. Branches dark gray, angulate, sparsely black verruculose; spines simple or 3-fid, yellow-brown, ca. 1 cm, sometimes absent. Petiole 2–6 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially deep green, obovate or obovate-elliptic, (1.5–)2–4 × 0.8–2 cm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein and lateral veins obviously raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins slightly raised, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin 2–16-spinose-serrate on each side, sometimes entire, apex rounded or obtuse. Inflorescence 30–60-flowered, panicle to 13 cm including peduncle ca. 4.5 cm, sometimes with few fascicled flowers at base; rachis and peduncle puberulous. Pedicels 2–3 mm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, 2.5–3.2 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals narrowly elliptic, 2.8–3.1 × 1.2–1.5 mm; median sepals elliptic, ca. 4 × 2.3 mm; inner sepals suborbicular, ca. 4 × 3.1 mm. Petals elliptic, base clawed, with separate elliptic glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 2.2 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2, shortly funiculate. Berry oblong, 7–8 × 2–2.1 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.
* Slopes of plateaus, valleys; 2100–3100 m. Sichuan.
短苞小檗 duan bao xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 2 m tall. Branches gray, terete, sparsely black verruculose; shoots dark pale red; spines simple, weak, concolorous, 1–1.5 cm. Petiole 1–5 mm; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark green, obovate, 1–3.5 × 0.7–1.5 cm, papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, occasionally 2- or 3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse. Inflorescence a panicle, 15–20-flowered, 3–5 cm; rachis flexuose, glabrous; bracts 1–1.5 mm. Pedicels 2–4 mm, glabrous; bractlets oblong, ca. 2 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals oblong, ca. 3.5 × 2.5 mm, apex acute; median sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 4.3 × 3.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 6 × 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 3.8 mm, base clawed, with remote glands, apex slightly emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, shortly apiculate. Ovules 1 or 2(or 3). Berry purplish red, oblong or ovoid-oblong, 6–9 × 3–4 mm, slightly blue pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Forest margins; 2000–3300 m. Xizang.
短锥花小檗 duan zhui hua xiao bo
Berberis aggregata C. K. Schneider var. prattii (C. K. Schneider) C. K. Schneider; B. oblanceolata (C. K. Schneider) Ahrendt; B. polyantha Hemsley var. oblanceolata C. K. Schneider; B. prattii var. laxipendula Ahrendt; B. prattii var. recurvata C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, deciduous, 2–3 m tall. Branches pale yellow, angulate, sparsely verruculose, sometimes puberulous; shoots purplish red, puberulous; spines simple or 3-fid, weak, brownish yellow, terete, 5–15 mm. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially yellow-green, sometimes shiny, obovate-elliptic or obovate, 1–3(–4) × 0.5–1.5 cm, papery, abaxially initially pruinose, often ultimately not pruinose, closely papillose, midvein slightly raised, adaxially with slightly raised or flat midvein, both surfaces with obviously raised reticulate veins, base cuneate or attenuate, margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse. Inflorescence a panicle, 15–80-flowered, 5–15 cm, narrow, glabrous or puberulous; bracts 1–2.5 mm. Pedicels 2.5–4 mm, glabrous; bractlets absent. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals lanceolate, 4–5 × 1.2–2 mm, apex acuminate; median sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 × 1.5–2 mm, apex subacuminate; inner sepals obovate, ca. 5.5 × 4 mm. Petals narrowly obovate, ca. 4.5 × 2.3 mm, base clawed, with separate oblong glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, obtuse. Ovules 2, sessile. Berry shiny, pink, ovoid, ca. 6.5 × 4.5 mm, not pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Thickets; 2100–3400 m. Sichuan, Xizang.
康松小檗 kang song xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5–2.5 m tall. Branches grayish yellow, sulcate, sparsely verruculose, glabrous; shoots green; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1–2.5 cm. Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade abaxially gray, adaxially shiny, deep green, narrowly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2–5 × 0.6–1.3 cm, papery, abaxially pruinose, finely papillose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, 5–10-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence a panicle, loosely 10–20 flowered, 2–4 cm, broad, glabrous; bracts ca. 1.5 mm. Pedicels 6–15 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals yellow, without discoloration, oblong-ovate, 2–3 × 1–1.3 mm; median sepals oblong-ovate, 4–5 × 2.3–3.3 mm, apex subobtuse; inner sepals obovate, 6–6.5 × 3.5–4.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 3–3.5 mm, base cuneate with separate oblong glands, apex subentire or slightly emarginate. Stamens 3–3.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded. Ovules 3 or 4, sessile. Berry dark red, ovoid-oblong, 9–10 × 5–6 mm, densely mauve pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun, fr. Oct–Nov.
* W Sichuan.
This species is known only from the type gathering (at A and OXF), a cultivated plant grown at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from seed (E. H. Wilson Veitch Exped. no. 1930) collected in 1904 from an unspecified location in W Sichuan.
大黄檗 da huang bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–3 m tall. Branches grayish brown or reddish brown, subterete; shoots reddish brown, scarcely verruculose; spines simple, rarely 3-fid, 0.5–2 cm, adaxially sulcate, sometimes absent. Petiole 5–15 mm; leaf blade abaxially pale yellow-green, adaxially green, shiny, ovate to elliptic, 2–7 × 1–3 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, both surfaces with slightly visible reticulate veins, base contracted to decurrent petiole, margin 15–30-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex acute or subacute. Inflorescence a panicle, 20–40-flowered, 5–14 cm including peduncle 1–3 cm, glabrous; bracts linear-subulate, 3–3.5 mm. Pedicels 4–10 mm, slender; bractlets reddish, 1.5–2 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2.4 × 1.5 mm, apex acute; median sepals ovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm; inner sepals obovate, 3.3–4.3 × 2–2.5 mm. Petals oblong, 3.5–4.5 × 2.5–3 mm, base cuneate, with separate oblong glands, apex acute, slightly incised. Stamens 2.5–3.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded. Ovules 2, sessile. Berry scarlet, obovoid-ellipsoid, 10–12 × 4–6 mm, not pruinose, style ± persistent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, weedy slopes; 1400–4000 m. Gansu, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang.
毛序小檗 mao xu xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2 m tall. Branches pale brown, sparsely black verruculose, sulcate, puberulous, often ultimately glabrous; spines 3-fid, occasionally simple, pale yellow, 1–2 cm, stout. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, obovate or obovate-oblong, 1.2–3.5 × 0.7–1.5 cm, herbaceous, abaxially puberulous on veins initially, ultimately glabrous, midvein obviously raised, lateral veins slightly raised, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins 4–6 pairs, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 2–12-spinose-serrate on each side, but sometimes entire on leaves of upper branches, apex rounded. Inflorescence a panicle, 15–40-flowered, 3–5.5 cm, puberulous; peduncles 1–1.7 cm, sometimes compound at base; bracts triangular-lanceolate, 1–2 mm. Pedicels 2–6 mm, slender, puberulous; bractlets narrowly ovate, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 3.6 × 3 mm; inner sepals suborbicular or obovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm. Petals ovate-elliptic, ca. 4 × 2.2 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.1 mm; anther connective prolonged, subapiculate. Ovules 2, subsessile. Berry unknown. Fl. Jun, fr. unknown.
* Forest margins; ca. 3500 m. Xizang.
波密小檗 bo mi xiao bo
Berberis gyalaica var. maximiflora Ahrendt; B. gyalaica var. minuata Ahrendt; B. taylorii Ahrendt.
Shrubs, deciduous, 1.2–3 m tall. Branches deep gray or purplish brown, puberulous, ultimately glabrous; spines simple, occasionally 3-fid, pale yellow, 6–12 mm. Leaves subsessile or very shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially dark green, obovate-elliptic, 1.2–3.2 × 0.7–1.7 cm, papery, abaxially with obviously raised midvein and lateral veins, adaxially with raised midvein, lateral veins much branched, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, occasionally 2–4-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or rounded. Inflorescence a panicle, 10–45-flowered, 4–11 cm including peduncle 1–3 cm, rachises and peduncles puberulous; bracts 1.5–4 mm, usually longer than pedicels. Pedicels 1.5–3 mm, glabrous; bractlets ovate, 3–3.2 × ca. 2 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 3.5 × 3 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate, ca. 5.5 × 4 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 4.6 × 3.5 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex incised, rounded, lobes obtuse. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules (1–)3 or 4(or 5). Berry purplish black, oblong-ovoid, 9–10 × 4–5 mm, slightly pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Oct.
* Thickets, forest understories, roadsides; 2000–3200 m. Xizang.
南方小檗 nan fang xiao bo
Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 2 m tall. Stems pale yellow, terete, glabrous; branches deep red, becoming red-brown, and soon yellow-brown; shoots reddish; internodes 1–2 cm; spines discolorous, pale yellow, 2–3.5 cm, slender. Leaves adaxially slightly shiny, oblanceolate, 2.5–4.5 × 0.7–1.3 cm, slightly stiffly leathery, abaxially white pruinose, with veins more distinct, adaxially veins branched, scarcely subreticulate, base attenuate, margin entire, sometimes toward apex 3–5-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Inflorescence a panicle, 6–12-flowered, 3–5 cm; bracts ca. 1 mm. Pedicels 7–14 mm. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry black, oblong, 9–10 × 5–6 mm, excluding a very short but distinct style, gray pruinose. Fl. May, fr. Oct.
* China (without precise locality).
This species is known only from the type (at BM), a cultivated plant that once grew at the Royal Horticultural Society’s garden in Wisley, Surrey, United Kingdom, reputedly from Kerr 39, collected in some unspecified part of China in 1935.
刺黄花 ci huang hua
Shrubs, semi-evergreen, 1.5–2(–4.5) m tall. Branches grayish brown, sulcate, sparsely verruculose; spines simple, occasionally 3-fid, 1–3 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially shiny, dark green, oblong-obovate, or obovate, 0.8–4.5 × 0.5–1.7 cm, leathery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein raised, adaxially with flat or impressed midvein, both surfaces with obviously raised close reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin 3–10-spinose-serrate on each side, sometimes entire, apex rounded. Inflorescence a panicle, broad and much branched, 30–100-flowered, 5–15 cm including peduncle 0.3–2 cm, glabrous; bracts 1.5–2.5 mm. Pedicels 2–4 mm, glabrous; bractlets triangular, 1–1.5 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm, apex acute; inner sepals obovate, 4.5–6.5 × 2.5–3 mm. Petals obovate, 3.5–4 × ca. 2 mm, base clawed, with separate oblong glands, apex incised, lobes acute. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective prolonged, obtuse. Ovules 2, subsessile. Berry dark red or dark reddish brown, narrowly ovoid, 7–8 × 3–4 mm, pruinose, style conspicuous, to 1.5 mm; seeds purple. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct.
* Sunny slopes, thickets, forests, forest margins, roadsides, grassy slopes; 2000–3600 m. Sichuan, Xizang.
锡金小檗 xi jin xiao bo
Berberis chitria Buchanan-Hamilton ex Ker Gawler var. sikkimensis C. K. Schneider, [??basionym citation: see Ahrendt ref. above]; B. sikkimensis var. baileyi Ahrendt; B. sikkimensis var. glabramea Ahrendt.
Shrubs, semi-evergreen, 1.5–2.5 m tall. Branches dark gray, glabrous or scarcely verruculose; shoots pale yellow, glabrous, sulcate; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 0.5–2 cm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially deep green, obovate or obovate-elliptic, 1.5–2.7 cm × 5–10 mm, leathery, abaxially pruinose, becoming glabrous, scarcely papillose, midvein slightly raised, lateral veins 2–4 pairs, adaxially slightly shiny, midvein flat, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, sometimes 1–5-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute or rounded, mucronate. Inflorescence a panicle or raceme, 3–20-flowered, 3–5 cm including peduncle 0.5–2 cm. Pedicels 4–8 mm, glabrous; bractlets yellow, sepaloid, ca. 2 × 1.6 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, 3.5–4 × 2.5–3 mm, apex acute; inner sepals broadly elliptic, 7–8 × ca. 5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 6 × 4 mm, base clawed, with separate glands, apex entire or slightly crenulate. Stamens ca. 6 mm; anther connective prolonged, subapiculate. Ovules 4. Berry dark red, narrowly ovoid, ca. 15 × 4.5 mm, not pruinose, often slightly curved, style ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
Mixed forests, forest margins, thickets; 2000–3000 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal].
贡山小檗 gong shan xiao bo
Shrubs, semi-evergreen. Leaves spatulate, 10–25 × 8–12 mm, abaxially glaucous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex retuse. Inflorescence a panicle, 7–20-flowered, 3–5 cm, sometimes reduced to a short raceme or subfascicle; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels 4–5 mm. Berry pinkish red, oblong-globose, 5–6 × 4.5–6 mm, style ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. Jul, fr. Dec.
* Rocks, cliffs, dry rocky slopes on mountains; 3000–3300 m. Yunnan.
万源小檗 wan yuan xiao bo
Shrubs, semi-evergreen, 1–2 m tall. Branches puberulous, sulcate; spines 3-fid or simple, 1–1.5 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pallid, becoming grayish brown when dry, adaxially dark green, obovate or obovate-oblong, 1.5–2.7 × 0.7–1.2 cm, subleathery, both surfaces with conspicuous reticulate veins, base cuneate, margin entire, rarely 1–3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex rounded. Inflorescence a panicle, 10–14-flowered, 3–5 cm, sometimes compound below, apex rounded; bracts 2–3 mm, apex acuminate. Pedicels 3–5 mm, puberulous; flowers ca. 6 mm in diam.; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, apex acuminate. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, apex acute; inner sepals elliptic, ca. 4 × 2 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3.5 × 2.8 mm, base with separate glands, apex emarginate, rounded. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, shortly apiculate. Ovules 3 or 4. Berry red, oblong-globose, ca. 6.5 × 6 mm, not pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Jun, fr. Oct.
* Mountain slopes, roadsides; 1500–2700 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
黄皮小檗 huang pi xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1–2(–3) m tall. Branches dark gray, terete, not verruculose; shoots pale yellow, slightly shiny; spines simple, sometimes 3-fid, concolorous, terete, 0.5–1.5 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially initially gray, ultimately shiny, pale green, adaxially green, obovate or oblanceolate, 1.5–6.5 × 0.8–2 cm, papery, abaxially slightly pruinose, ultimately not pruinose, both surfaces midvein and lateral veins conspicuous, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse or rounded. Inflorescence a panicle, 10–45-flowered, 6–9(–12) cm including peduncle 1.5–4(–7) cm, glabrous, sometimes rachis with leaflike bracts. Pedicels 5–12 mm; bractlets ovate, 1.3–3 × 1–2 mm, apex acute. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, 3–5 × 2–4 mm; inner sepals elliptic-obovate, 5–5.6 × 3–3.5 mm. Petals obovate, 3.5–5 × 2.5–4 mm, base obviously clawed, with slightly separate glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 2, shortly funiculate. Berry red, oblong-obovoid, 7–9 × 5–6 mm, blue pruinose, style persistent. Fl. Jun–Jul. fr. Aug–Oct.
* Thickets, forests, streamsides, valleys; 2800–4000 m. Xizang.
同色小檗 tong se xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5–2 m tall. Branches pale yellow or dark gray, subterete, sometimes very sparsely verruculose; shoots brownish yellow or dark red, slightly sulcate; spines 3-fid, concolorous, 1.5–2.5 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, narrowly obovate or obovate, 1–2.7 cm × 3–9 mm, thickly papery, abaxially not pruinose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with flat midvein, lateral veins 3–5 pairs, both surfaces with distinctly raised, much branched lateral veins, reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin entire, occasionally 1–3-spinose-serrate on each side, apex obtuse. Inflorescence a panicle, 10–20-flowered, 3–7 cm; bracts lanceolate, 1–2.5 mm. Pedicels 6–7 mm, glabrous. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals broadly ovate, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 mm; inner sepals obovate, 4–4.5 × 3–3.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 3.5 × 2.5 mm, base shortly clawed, with separate glands, apex slightly incised. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, truncate. Ovules 1 or 2. Berry dark red to red-purple, ellipsoid, 7–8 × 5–6 mm, slightly blue pruinose, with short style. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
* Thickets; 2300–3600 m. Yunnan.
北京小檗 bei jing xiao bo
Shrubs, deciduous, ca. 1 m tall. Branches stramineous or pale brownish stramineous, sulcate, glabrous, sparsely black verruculose; spines simple, occasionally 3-fid, concolorous, 5–8 mm, adaxially slightly sulcate. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, narrowly oblanceolate, 1–4 cm × 3–6 mm, thinly papery, abaxially glabrous, not pruinose, midvein distinctly raised, adaxially with slightly raised midvein, both surfaces with conspicuously raised lateral and reticulate veins, base attenuate, margin entire, apex acute. Inflorescence a panicle, 15–30-flowered, 3–7 cm including peduncle 1–1.5 cm, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, 2–3.5 mm. Pedicels 2–5 mm, glabrous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals elliptic, 2–2.5 × 1–1.3 mm; inner sepals obovate, 3–3.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm. Petals elliptic, 3–3.2 × 1.2–1.5 mm, base cuneate, with separate glands, apex emarginate or entire. Stamens ca. 2.1 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules solitary, funiculate. Fruit unknown. Fl. May–Jun, fr. unknown.
* Thickets on slopes; ca. 100 m. Hebei, Shandong.
十大功劳属 shi da gong lao shu
Ying Junsheng (应俊生 Ying Tsun-shen); David E. Boufford, Anthony R. Brach
Odostemon Rafinesque.
Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, 0.3–8 m tall. Spines absent. Leaves imparipinnate, alternate, sessile or petiolate; petiole to 14 cm; leaflets 3–41; lateral leaflets usually sessile; terminal leaflet sessile or petiolulate; margins of leaflets entire, variously toothed, or with coarse or fine serrations. Inflorescence terminal, of (1–)3–18-fascicled simple or branched racemes or panicles, 3–35 cm, subtended by leafletlike bracts. Pedicel 1.5–24 mm, subtending bract shorter or longer than pedicel. Flowers yellow, with 3 whorls of sepals and 1 whorl of petals, with or without glands at base of petals. Anther connective not prolonged, apiculate or conspicuously prolonged. Ovary ellipsoid; ovules 1–7; styles absent or to 3 mm, persistent on mature fruit. Fruit berries, bluish or black, often glaucous. Seeds 1–7.
About 60 species: mainly in E and SE Asia, also in W North America, Central America, and W South America; 31 species (26 endemic) in China.
Most species of Mahonia are rare in the wild in China, probably the result of over-collecting for medicine, and many of the species are known from only a few collections.
Ahrendt (J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 57: 1–410. 1961) recognized two “groups” in Mahonia: Orientales and Occidentales. All of the Asian species of Mahonia, plus a single North American species from the Pacific Northwest, M. nervosa (Pursh) Nuttall, are in the Orientales.
Mahonia annamica Gagnepain (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 84. 1908; Berberis annamica (Gagnepain) Laferrière) was described from Vietnam and reported for Guangxi. We have not seen specimens from Guangxi and are unsure of its placement.
Mahonia bijuga Handel-Mazzetti (Symb. Sin. 7: 331. 1931), was described from Sichuan (“Lose-schan s von S of Ningyüen,” 3300 m), based on H. v. Handel-Mazzetti 1430 (?W), but we have not seen the type.
Mahonia hypoleuca Takeda (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 6: 238. Jan 1917) and M. nivea C. K. Schneider (Bot. Gaz. 63: 521. Jun 1917; Berberis nivea (C. K. Schneider) Laferrière) are both based on A. Henry 9863, from Mengtze, Yunnan, which is without flowers and fruit and the only collection known.
1a. Inflorescences panicles.
2a. Petals retuse; pedicels 6–11 mm, bracts 2–3 mm; teeth per upper leaflet 4–11; ovules 5 or 6 ...................... 1. M. bracteolata
2b. Petals emarginate or incised;
pedicels 2.5–3 mm or 13–24 mm, bracts 1–2 mm or 4.5–7 mm; teeth per
upper leaflet 1–5; ovules 1–4.
3a. Petals emarginate; inflorescences 25–35 cm; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, abaxially pruinose; pedicels 13–24 mm .. 2. M. gracilipes
3b. Petals incised; inflorescences 11–18 cm; leaflets 5–9 pairs, abaxially not pruinose; pedicels 2.5–3 mm .. 3. M. monyulensis
1b. Inflorescences racemes.
4a. Inflorescence of branched racemes.
5a. Petals incised; leaflets 12–20 pairs; ovules 2 or 3 ........................................................................................ 4. M. oiwakensis
5b. Petals emarginate; leaflets 4–9 pairs; ovules 4–7.
6a. Bracts longer than pedicels; fruit obovoid, style less than 0.5 mm; leaf blade basally cuneate ............. 5. M. calamicaulis
6b. Bracts shorter than to slightly
longer than pedicels; fruit globose, style 2–3 mm; leaf blade basally
oblique, rounded ...................................................................................................................................... 6.
M. duclouxiana
4b. Inflorescence of unbranched racemes.
7a. Petals entire.
8a. Petioles 3.5–14 cm; leaflets entire or with 1–3 inconspicuous teeth near apex ................................................ 9. M. shenii
8b. Petioles 0.5–2.5 cm; leaflets with teeth.
9a. Leaflets remote,
not contiguous, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate, margin with 9–23 teeth on
each side; anther connective not prolonged; fruit globose ...................................................................... 7.
M. taronensis
9b. Leaflets
contiguous, apex acute, margin with 2–7 teeth on each side; anther connective
prolonged;
fruit obovoid ...................................................................................................................................... 8.
M. subimbricata
7b. Petals emarginate or incised.
10a. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–9 cm.
11a. Inner sepals lanceolate or obovate; anther connective prolonged.
12a. Leaflets subrhombic or elliptic, margin with 2–4 teeth on each side; inner sepals obovate ........ 10. M. breviracema
12b. Leaflets lanceolate, margin 8–20-spinose-serrate on each side; inner sepals lanceolate ........................ 11. M. setosa
11b. Inner sepals oblong or elliptic; anther connective not prolonged.
13a. Inflorescence 1- or 2-fascicled racemes; leaflets ovate or ovate-elliptic, basally truncate ................ 12. M. decipiens
13b. Inflorescence 4–10-fascicled racemes; leaflets basally cuneate.
14a. Leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, oblong-ovate or elliptic, shortly petiolate .................................................. 13. M. paucijuga
14b. Leaflets 2–9 pairs, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic, sessile.
15a. Leaflets 2–5 pairs; pedicels ca. as long as bracts; glands of petals distinct .................................. 14. M. fortunei
15b. Leaflets 6–9 pairs; pedicels much longer than bracts;
glands of petals distinct or sometimes
indistinct ............................................................................................................................. 15.
M. eurybracteata
10b. Leaves subsessile or petiole less than 2 cm.
16a. Leaflets entire .................................................................................................................................. 16. M. microphylla
16b. Leaflets spinose-serrate.
17a. Leaflets lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or ovate-oblong.
18a. Leaflets 6–9 pairs, margin 3–9-spinose-serrate on each side; base of petals with glands ...... 15. M. eurybracteata
18b. Leaflets 8–12 pairs, margin 35–65-spinulose-serrulate on
each side; base of petals without
glands ........................................................................................................................................... 17.
M. leptodonta
17b. Leaflets oblong, ovate, broadly elliptic, or rhombic.
19a. Veins on adaxial surface of
leaflets reticulate, obviously raised, margin of leaflets
2–11-spinose-serrate on each side ................................................................................................ 18.
M. retinervis
19b. Veins on adaxial surface of
leaflets reticulate, flat or inconspicuous, margin of leaflets
2–16-dentate on each side.
20a. Abaxial surface of leaflets pruinose; fruit 10–12 mm in diam. ........................................................ 19. M. bealei
20b. Abaxial surface of leaflets yellowish green, not pruinose; fruit less than 10 mm in diam.
21a. Floral bracts longer than pedicels.
22a. Racemes 3–9 per fascicle, 5–9 cm; apex of petals slightly emarginate.
23a. Racemes 5–9
per fascicle; fruit not pruinose; leaflets serrate, with 4–7(–11) teeth
on each side .............................................................................................................. 20.
M. longibracteata
23b. Racemes 3–5
per fascicle; fruit pruinose, leaflets spinose-serrate, with 10–16 teeth
on each side .................................................................................................................... 21.
M. polyodonta
22b. Racemes 8–15 per fascicle, 7–19 cm; apex of petals incised.
24a. Anther connective prolonged; ovules 2–6; leaf blade adaxially dark green and shiny .. 22. M. napaulensis
24b. Anther connective not prolonged; ovules 2; leaf blade adaxially green ....................... 23. M. cardiophylla
21b. Floral bracts shorter than to ca. as long as pedicels.
25a. Margin of leaflets 1–3(–6)-dentate on each side ....................................................................... 24. M. nitens
25b. Margin of leaflets 4–10-dentate on each side.
26a. Leaflets markedly overlapping.
27a. Inflorescence 3–6 racemes; anther connective prolonged; leaflets 8–18 pairs ................. 25. M. conferta
27b. Inflorescence 9 or 10 racemes; anther connective not prolonged; leaflets 5–7 pairs ..... 26. M. imbricata
26b. Leaflets separate or sometimes contiguous.
28a. Pedicels shorter than floral
bracts; anther connective prolonged, rounded; petals
1.8–2 mm wide ......................................................................................................... 31.
M. hancockiana
28b. Pedicels longer than or ca. as
long as floral bracts; anther connective not prolonged,
truncate; petals 2–2.8 mm wide.
29a. Fruit globose or pyriform,
style not persistent; petiolar glands indistinct; leaflets
8–13 pairs ................................................................................................................... 27.
M. bodinieri
29b. Fruit ovoid, obovoid, or
ellipsoid, persistent style short; petiolar glands conspicuous;
leaflets 4–9 pairs.
30a. Pedicels ca. as long as or
slightly longer than floral bracts; leaf blade shiny,
apically acute, cuspidate ................................................................................... 28.
M. sheridaniana
30b. Pedicels markedly longer than
floral bracts; leaf blade apically acute or
acuminate, sometimes aristate.
31a. Leaflets 4–6 pairs, margin
2–4-dentate on each side; pedicels 6–7 mm;
ovules 4–7 ............................................................................................................. 29.
M. japonica
31b. Leaflets 5–9 pairs, margin 2–9-spinose-serrate on
each side; pedicels 2.5–4 mm;
ovules 2 ...................................................................................................................... 30.
M. fordii
鹤庆十大功劳 he qing shi da gong lao
Berberis bracteolata (Takeda) Laferrière; B. bracteolata var. zhongdianensis (S. Y. Bao) Laferrière; B. caesia (C. K. Schneider) Laferrière; Mahonia bracteolata var. zhongdianensis S. Y. Bao; M. caesia C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, 1.5–2 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale grayish green, adaxially dull grayish green, ovate, 14–25 × 8–14 cm; leaflets 3–8 pairs, contiguous, lowest pair 0.7–1.5 cm above base of petiole, oblong-lanceolate, 2.5–12 × 1.5–3 cm, thick, rigid, abaxially slightly pruinose, veins ± obscure, adaxially indistinctly veined, base broadly cuneate, margins of lower leaflets with 2 or 3 teeth, those of upper leaflets with 4–11 teeth, apex acuminate; rachis stout, ca. 2 mm in diam.; internodes 2–3 cm, decreasing apically. Inflorescence 4–9-fascicled panicles, 7–19 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 10–15 × 7–10 mm. Pedicel 6–11 mm; floral bracts ovate, 2–3 mm, apically acute. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, 2–3 × 1.5–2 mm; median sepals ovate, 4–6 × 3–4 mm, apically obtuse; inner sepals elliptic, 7–8 × 3.5–4 mm. Petals yellow, oblong-elliptic, 6–7.5 × 2.5–3 mm, base with distinct glands, apex slightly retuse. Stamens 3.5–4.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, ca. 1.5 mm, rounded to truncate. Ovary ca. 5 mm; ovules 5 or 6. Berry slightly pruinose, subglobose, 5–7 mm in diam.; style persistent, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Aug–Nov, fr. Sep–Jan.
● Thickets, open hillsides; 1900–2500 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
细柄十大功劳 xi bing shi da gong lao
Berberis gracilipes Oliver, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 18: t. 1754. 1887; B. subtriplinervis Franchet; Mahonia gracilipes var. rhombica Z. F. Pan & Z. P. Song; M. subtriplinervis (Franchet) Fedde.
Shrubs, 0.3–1 m tall. Leaves adaxially dark green, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 20–41 × 7–11 cm; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, subsessile, lowest pair 3.5–10 cm above base of petiole, abaxially white pruinose, venation reticulate, raised on both surfaces; rachis stout, 2–3 mm in diam.; internodes 5–7 cm; petiolule 2–5.5 cm; lowest leaflets oblong, 6–11 × 2–5 cm, only slightly smaller than others, apically becoming oblong to oblanceolate, 8–14.5 × 3–7.3 cm, base cuneate, margin entire below middle, 1–5-spinose-serrate on each side; terminal leaflet 8–14.5 × 3–7.3 cm. Inflorescence 3–5 simple or branched fascicles of racemes, loosely flowered, (6–)25–35 cm; bracts of inflorescence lanceolate, 2–2.5 cm × 4–7 mm. Pedicel 1.3–2.4 cm, slender; floral bracts 1–2 mm. Sepals purple; outer sepals ovate, 2.2–3 × 1.5–2 mm, apically acute; median sepals elliptic, 4.5–5 × 2.1–2.8 mm, apically acute; inner sepals elliptic, 5–5.5 × 2.2–3.2 mm. Petals yellow, oblong, 4–5 × 2–2.6 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate with acute lobes. Stamens 2–3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary ca. 2 mm; ovules 3 or 4; style short. Berry black, pruinose, globose, 5–8 mm in diam. Fl. Apr–Aug, fr. Sep–Nov.
● Broad-leaved evergreen and mixed broad-leaved evergreen and deciduous forests, forest margins, shaded slopes; 700–2400 m. Sichuan, NE Yunnan.
门隅十大功劳 men yu shi da gong lao
Berberis monyulensis (Ahrendt) Laferrière.
Shrubs. Leaves abaxially pale yellowish green, adaxially slightly shiny, green, narrowly elliptic, 20–27 × 9–16 cm; leaflets 5–9 pairs, contiguous or slightly overlapping, lowest pair smaller than others, 1–1.5 cm above base of petiole, abaxially with raised veins, adaxially with indistinct veins; rachis 2–3 mm in diam.; internodes decreasing in length apically, 1.5–4 cm; lowest leaflets broadly ovate to subglobose, 2–3.5 × 1.2–2.3 cm, apically becoming ovate to oblong-ovate, 3.5–9 × 2–5 cm, base truncate to obliquely rounded, margin with 2 or 3 teeth on each side, apex sharply acute, cuspidate. Inflorescence 5–11-fascicled panicles, 11–18 cm; bracts of inflorescence lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–4 × 0.6–1.5 cm. Pedicel 2.5–3 mm; floral bracts ovate, 4.5–7 × 1.2–2 mm. Sepals golden yellow; outer sepals oblong-ovate, 2.5–3.1 × 1.5–2 mm; median sepals elliptic-ovate, 4–5.5 × 2.7–3 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 6–6.2 × 3–4 mm. Petals golden yellow, oblong to elliptic-obovate, 4.5–5.2 × 2.1–2.3 mm, base with distinct glands, apex narrowly incised, lobes obtuse. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary ca. 4 mm; ovules 3. Berry unknown. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. unknown.
● Riverbanks; ca. 2300 m. SE Xizang.
阿里山十大功劳 a li shan shi da gong lao
Berberis caelicolor (S. Y. Bao) Laferrière; B. discolorifolia (Ahrendt) Laferrière; B. lomariifolia (Takeda) Laferrière; B. lomariifolia var. estylis (C. Y. Wu ex S. Y. Bao) Laferrière; B. oiwakensis (Hayata) Laferrière; Mahonia alexandri C. K. Schneider; M. caelicolor S. Y. Bao; M. discolorifolia Ahrendt; M. hainanensis C. M. Hu et al.; M. lomariifolia Takeda; M. lomariifolia var. estylis C. Y. Wu ex S. Y. Bao; M. morrisonensis Takeda.
Trees, 1–7 m tall. Leaves abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dark green, oblong-elliptic, 15–42 × 8–15 cm; leaflets 12–20 pairs, lowest pair 0.5–1 cm above base of petiole, abaxially slightly veined or veins obscure; rachis 2–3 mm thick; internodes 1.5–5 cm, decreasing in length apically, petiolule 5–10 mm or leaflets sometimes sessile; lowest leaflets ovate to suborbicular, 1.5–3 × 1–1.5 cm, apically becoming ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2–10 × 1–2.5 cm, base rounded, margin 2–9-spinose-serrate on each side, apex cuspidate-acuminate; terminal leaflet 4–6.5 × 0.9–1.5 cm. Inflorescence 7–18-fascicled racemes, 9–25 cm; bracts of inflorescence broadly lanceolate to ovate, 1.5–3 cm × 6–10 mm. Pedicel (2–)5–6 mm; floral bracts ovate, 3–3.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm. Outer sepals golden yellow, ovate to subglobose, 1.2–3 × 1.1–2 mm; median sepals elliptic to ovate, (3–)5–6 × 2.5–3 mm; inner sepals golden yellow, elliptic to oblong, 5–7 × 2.6–3.5 mm. Petals golden yellow, oblong, 4.5–6.5 × 2–2.8 mm, base with distinct glands, apex narrowly incised, acute. Stamens 3–4 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, subapiculate or rounded. Ovary 3.2–4 mm; ovules 2 or 3; style 0.5–1 mm. Berry blue or bluish black, pruinose, ovoid, 6–8 × 5–6 mm; style persistent, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Aug–Nov, fr. Nov–May.
● Broad-leaved forests, thickets, forest margins, slopes; 600–3800 m. Guizhou, Hong Kong (probably introduced), Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan.
Mahonia oiwakensis is one of a number of plants with a disjunct distribution on Taiwan and in C and SW China.
察隅十大功劳 cha yu shi da gong lao
Mahonia veitchiorum (Hemsley & E. H. Wilson) C. K. Schneider var. kingdon-wardiana Ahrendt, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 57: 302. 1961; Berberis veitchiorum Hemsley & E. H. Wilson var. kingdon-wardiana (Ahrendt) Laferrière.
Shrubs, 0.6–1.5 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale yellowish green, adaxially dull green, oblong, 20–33 × 10–14 cm; leaflets 4–7 pairs, lowest pair ca. 1 cm above base of petiole, abaxially not pruinose, veins slightly raised; rachis 2–3 mm in diam.; internodes 2.5–4.5 cm; leaflets subsessile or petiolule to ca. 4 cm, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, thickly leathery, rigid, lowest leaflets 4–6 × 1.5–3 cm, remaining ones increasing in size from middle of leaf upward, 7–11.5 × 2.5–4 cm, base broadly cuneate, margin prominently serrate with 5–9 teeth on each side, apex caudate-acuminate; terminal leaflet larger. Inflorescence 5–7 simple or sometimes shortly branched fascicles of racemes, 6–12 cm; bracts of inflorescence triangular to ovate-oblong, 1.5–2 cm × 6–8 mm. Pedicel 4–6 mm; floral bracts narrowly lanceolate, 6–9 × 1–1.5 mm. Sepals bright yellow; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–4 × 2–2.5 mm; median sepals broadly obovate, 4.5–5 × 2–2.5 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 5–5.5 × 3–3.2 mm. Petals bright yellow, narrowly obovate, 4.5–5 × 1.5–1.7 mm, base with distinct glands, apex slightly emarginate, lobes obtuse. Stamens 3.2–3.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm; ovules 4; style ca. 0.5 mm. Berry purple, ± pruinose, obovoid, 1–1.3 cm × 7–10 mm. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul.
● Evergreen broad-leaved forests, temperate rain forests; 2500–3000 m. SE Xizang.
Mahonia calamicaulis subsp. calamicaulis, with leaflet margins spinulose toothed and apex acute, is restricted to India (Assam).
长柱十大功劳 chang zhu shi da gong lao
Berberis borealis (Takeda) Laferrière var. parryi (Ahrendt) Laferrière; B. dolichostylis (Takeda) Laferrière; B. duclouxiana (Gagnepain) Laferrière; B. duclouxiana var. hilaica (Ahrendt) Laferrière; B. flavida (C. K. Schneider) Laferrière; B. flavida var. integrifolia (Handel-Mazzetti) Laferrière; B. keikoe Laferrière; B. siamensis (Takeda) Laferrière; B. tsailunii Laferrière; Mahonia borealis Takeda var. parryi Ahrendt; M. dolichostylis Takeda; M. duclouxiana var. hilaica Ahrendt; M. flavida C. K. Schneider; M. flavida f. integrifolia Handel-Mazzetti; M. mairei Takeda; M. siamensis Takeda.
Shrubs, 1.5–4 m tall. Leaves abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dull to slightly shiny, oblong to oblong-elliptic, 20–70 × 10–22 cm, thinly papery to thinly leathery; leaflets 4–9 pairs, obliquely arranged, separate to remote, sessile, lowest pair ca. 1 cm above base of petiole, abaxial veins distinctly raised, adaxial veins reticulate, indistinctly raised; rachis 3–5 mm in diam.; internodes 2.5–11 cm, decreasing in length apically; leaflets narrowly ovate or oblong-ovate to narrowly oblong-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, increasing in length but decreasing in width from base to apex, lowest leaflets 1.5–3 × 1.2–2 cm, those above 4.5–16 × 1.5–5 cm, base rounded, oblique, margin with 3–12 teeth on each side, apex acuminate or acute, sometimes terminal leaflet much larger, to 18 × 4 cm, sessile or (more commonly) petiolule 1–3 cm. Inflorescence 4–15 simple or shortly branched fascicles of racemes, 8–30 cm; bracts of inflorescence broadly lanceolate to ovate, 2–3.5 cm × 5–8 mm. Pedicel 3.2–6 mm; floral bracts broadly lanceolate to ovate, 3–6.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate to triangular-ovate, 1.1–3 × 1.1–5 mm; median sepals ovate or ovate-oblong to elliptic, 2.2–5 × 1.9–2.5 mm; inner sepals oblong to elliptic, 3.2–8 × 2–3.6 mm. Petals yellow, oblong to elliptic, 3–7.2 × 1.6–3.5 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate, lobes obtuse. Stamens 3.5–5.5 mm; anther connective conspicuously prolonged, truncate or rounded. Ovary 5–6 mm in diam.; ovules 4–7; style 2–3 mm. Berry deep purple, pruinose, globose to subglobose, 5–8 mm in diam.; style persistent, 2–3 mm. Fl. Nov–Apr, fr. Mar–Jun.
Forests, thickets, roadsides, in light shade, dry slopes; 1800–2700 m. Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Thailand].
独龙十大功劳 du long shi da gong lao
Berberis tibetensis Laferrière.
Shrubs, 1–1.5 m tall. Leaves abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dull olivaceous-green, narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, 18–40(–65) × 7–17(–30) cm; leaflets 5–10 pairs, lowest pair smaller, ca. 1 cm above base of petiole, abaxially midvein and lateral veins conspicuously raised, adaxially midvein obviously impressed, lateral veins inconspicuous; leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4–13(–20) × 1.5–3(–6) cm, thin, base broadly cuneate or subrounded, margin with 9–23 teeth on each side, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate. Inflorescence 3–5-fascicled racemes, 5–8 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate to ovate-oblong, 1–2 cm × ca. 7 mm. Pedicel 2–2.5 mm; floral bracts lanceolate, 4–5 × 0.7–1 mm. Flowers pale greenish yellow. Outer sepals ovate, ca. 1.9 × 1 mm; median sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 2.3 × 1.5 mm; inner sepals oblong, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, base with distinct glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm; ovules 2–4. Berry blue, pruinose, globose, ca. 6 mm in diam.; style persistent, short. Fl. Oct–Jan, fr. Feb–Jul.
● Forests; 1500–2900 m. SE Xizang, Yunnan.
靖西十大功劳 jing xi shi da gong lao
Berberis subimbricata (W. Y. Chun & F. Chun) Laferrière.
Shrubs, ca. 1.5 m tall. Leaves abaxially ± shiny, yellowish green, adaxially dull, elliptic to oblanceolate, 12–22 × 3–5 cm; leaflets 8–13 pairs, close or overlapping, lowest pair 5–10 mm above base of petiole, abaxially initially slightly grayish pruinose, adaxial primary veins 3, slightly impressed, veinlets obscure; rachis 2–3 mm in diam.; internodes 1–2 cm, slightly decreasing in length apically; leaflets ovate to narrowly ovate, lowermost much smaller than others and with only 1 or 2 teeth on each side, gradually larger apically, 1.5–3.5 × 1–1.5 cm, base rounded or subcordate, margin with 2–7 teeth on each side, apex acute, sharply cuspidate; terminal leaflet oblong-ovate, 3–5 cm, base rounded or subcordate, apex acuminate, petiolule ca. 0.5 cm. Inflorescence 9–13-fascicled racemes, 5–9 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate, 1.2–1.5 cm × 5–8 mm. Pedicel 2.2–3 mm; floral bracts ovate-oblong, 2–3 × 1.2–1.5 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals broadly ovate, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm; median sepals oblong-ovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm; inner sepals oblong-obovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm. Petals yellow, narrowly elliptic, ca. as long as inner sepals or slightly shorter, base with distinct glands, apex entire, obtuse. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective prolonged, obtuse. Ovary ca. 2 mm; ovules 1 or 2. Berry black, pruinose, obovoid, ca. 8 × 5 mm. Fl. Sep–Nov, fr. Nov–May.
● Thickets, woodlands; ca. 1900 m. Guangxi, Yunnan.
沈氏十大功劳 shen shi shi da gong lao
Berberis shenii (W. Y. Chun) Laferrière.
Shrubs, 0.6–2 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale to yellowish green, shiny, ovate-elliptic, 23–40 × 13–22 cm; leaflets 1–6 pairs, lowest pair 3.5–14 cm above base of petiole, abaxial veins 3–5, reticulate venation indistinct, adaxial main veins 3, faint to prominent, impressed or slightly raised; rachis 1.5–2.5 mm in diam.; internodes 2.5–8 cm, decreasing in length apically; leaflets sessile, basal pair scarcely smaller than others; lateral leaflets narrowly to broadly elliptic or obovate, 6–13 × 1–5 cm, base cuneate to broadly so, margin thickened, entire or with 1–3 inconspicuous teeth near apex, apex acute to acuminate; terminal leaflet oblong-elliptic to broadly obovate, 10–15 × 3–6 cm, margin entire or with 1 or 2 inconspicuous teeth near apex, petiolule 1.5–6.5 cm. Inflorescence 6–10-fascicled racemes, ca. 10 cm; bracts of inflorescence lanceolate, 1–2 cm × 3–5 mm. Pedicel 2–3 mm, slender; floral bracts ovate, ca. 1 × 0.8 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2 × 1–1.6 mm; median sepals ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 4–4.1 × 2–3 mm; inner sepals obovate-elliptic, 4.5–4.6 × 2.2–3 mm. Petals yellow, obovate-oblong, ca. 3.6 × 1.6–2 mm, base with indistinct glands, apex entire, rounded. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary 1.8–2 mm; ovules 2; stigma ca. 0.3 mm. Berry blue pruinose, globose to subglobose, 6–7 mm in diam.; style not persistent. Fl. Apr–Sep, fr. Oct–Dec.
● Mixed broad-leaved deciduous and evergreen forests, thickets, rocky slopes; 400–1500 m. Guangdong, NE Guangxi, SE Guizhou, S Hunan.
短序十大功劳 duan xu shi da gong lao
Berberis breviracema (Y. S. Wang & P. K. Hsiao) Laferrière.
Shrubs, ca. 1 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale green, adaxially green, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 14–16 × 6–8 cm; leaflets 3 or 4 pairs, lowest pair ca. 4 cm above base of petiole; rachis 1–2 mm in diam.; internodes 2.5–3 cm, ca. equidistant, abaxial veins raised, adaxial veins impressed; leaflets elliptic to subrhombic, 3–6.6 × 1.2–3 cm, slightly decreasing in size from base to apex, leathery, base cuneate, margin with 2–4 teeth on each side, apex acute to acuminate; terminal leaflet larger than others, 5.5–6.5 × 2.5–3 cm, sessile. Inflorescence 5–8-fascicled racemes, 3–8 cm; bracts of inflorescence lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm × 3–6 mm. Pedicel 2–2.5 mm; floral bracts ovate, 1–1.2 × 0.6–0.8 mm. Outer sepals ovate, 1.6–1.8 × 1–1.1 mm; median sepals obovate-oblong, 3.7–3.8 × 1.7–1.8 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 4 × 2.1 mm. Petals elliptic, 3.5–3.6 × 1.3–1.4 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.1 mm; anther connective prolonged, rounded. Ovary ca. 1.7 mm; ovules 2; style 0.3–0.5 mm. Berry unknown. Fl. Oct–Nov, fr. unknown.
● Guangxi (Lingui).
This species is cultivated in Yan Shan Botanical Garden, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, from where the type specimen (S. K. Lee 200582, IBK) was collected.
刺齿十大功劳 ci chi shi da gong lao
Berberis setosa (Gagnepain) Laferrière.
Shrubs, ca. 1.5 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale yellowish green, becoming golden yellow when dry, adaxially dull, ca. 25 × 14 cm; leaflets 4–8 pairs, lowest pair 2.5–3.5 cm above base of petiole, abaxial veins 3, both surfaces with raised reticulate veins; rachis slender, 1–2 mm in diam.; internodes 1–2 cm; leaflets lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.8–8 × 0.8–1.2 cm, thickly papery, base cuneate, margin 8–20-spinose-serrulate or setose-serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence 3–5-fascicled racemes, 3–5 cm; bracts of inflorescence narrowly triangular, apically acute. Pedicel slender; floral bracts lanceolate. Sepals yellow; outer sepals narrowly triangular, apex acute; median and inner sepals lanceolate, subequal. Petals yellow, scarcely shorter than inner sepals, base clawed, with distinct glands, apex slightly retuse. Stamens long; anther connective prolonged, subconical, obtuse. Ovary conical; ovules 2, stipitate. Berry unknown. Fl. Oct, fr. unknown.
● Sichuan, Yunnan.
The cuneate base and the spinose-serrulate or setose margins of the leaflets of Mahonia setosa are distinct in the genus.
鄂西十大功劳 e xi shi da gong lao
Berberis decipiens (C. K. Schneider) Laferrière.
Shrubs, 1–2 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale, adaxially dull green, elliptic, 15–20 × 7–11 cm; leaflets 2–7 pairs, lowest pair 4–6 cm above base of petiole, abaxial veins slightly branched, veins slightly raised on both surfaces; rachis ca. 2 mm in diam.; internodes 2.5–3.5 cm; leaflets separate or sometimes contiguous, ovate to ovate-elliptic, lowest similar to others, ovate, 3–5.5 × 1.5–3 cm, those above ovate to ovate-elliptic, 4.5–7 × 2.5–3.5 cm, base subtruncate, margin with 3–6 teeth on each side, apex acute; terminal leaflet much larger, 7.5–9.5 × 3.5–5 cm, petiolule 1.5–2 cm. Inflorescence 1 or 2 racemes, 4–6 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate to narrowly ovate, 1–1.5 cm × 4–7 mm. Pedicel 2.5–3 mm; floral bracts ovate, 2–2.5 × ca. 1.5 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, 2.3–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm; median sepals broadly ovate, 3–3.5 × 2–2.5 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 5–6 × 3–4 mm. Petals yellow, obovate, 5–5.5 × 3–3.2 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate, acute. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm; ovules 2; style ca. 0.3 mm. Berry unknown. Fl. Apr–Aug, fr. unknown.
● Forests, thickets; 800–1500 m. W Hubei.
景东十大功劳 jing dong shi da gong lao
Berberis paucijuga (C. Y. Wu ex S. Y. Bao) Laferrière.
Shrubs, 1–3 m tall. Leaves adaxially deep green, ovate, 17–30 × 10–15 cm; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, lowest pair 2–8 cm above base of rachis, adaxial veins obviously raised, reticulate; rachis 2–3 mm in diam.; internodes 2–3 cm; leaflets shortly petiolulate, oblong-ovate or elliptic, 6–12 × 2.5–5.5 cm, thickly leathery, base broadly cuneate, margin 6–16-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate or mucronate; terminal leaflet elliptic, ca. 2 cm, petiolulate. Inflorescence 4–6-fascicled racemes; bracts of inflorescence ovate, ca. 10 × 6 mm. Pedicel 4–5 mm; floral bracts linear-lanceolate, 8–12 mm, apex long acuminate. Sepals yellow; outer sepals narrowly triangular, ca. 2.5 mm; median sepals elliptic, ca. 6 × 3 mm, 3-veined, apex rounded; inner sepals oblong, ca. 5 mm. Petals yellow, oblong, ca. 5 × 2.4 mm, base with distinct glands, apex deeply emarginate, lobes obtuse. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary ca. 3 mm; ovules 2; style absent. Berry slightly pruinose, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm; style not persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. May–Jul.
● Open forests, along trails; 2500–3000 m. Yunnan.
十大功劳 shi da gong lao
Berberis fortunei Lindley, J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 1: 231. 1846; B. fortunei var. szechuanica (Ahrendt) Laferrière; Mahonia fortunei var. szechuanica Ahrendt.
Shrubs, 0.5–2(–4) m tall. Leaves abaxially pale yellowish green, occasionally slightly glaucous, adaxially dull to deep green, obovate to obovate-elliptic, 10–28 × 8–18 cm; leaflets 2–5 pairs, lowest pair similar to others, 2–9 cm above base of petiole, abaxial veins branched, raised, adaxial veins indistinct; rachis 1–2 mm in diam.; internodes 1.5–4 cm, slightly decreasing in length apically; leaflets sessile or subsessile, narrowly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 4.5–14 × 0.9–2.5 cm, base cuneate, margin with 5–10 spinose teeth on each side, apex acute. Inflorescence 4–10-fascicled racemes, 3–7 cm; bracts of inflorescence lanceolate to triangular-ovate, 5–20 × 3–5 mm. Pedicel 2–2.5 mm; floral bracts ovate, 1.5–2.5 × 1–1.2 mm, apically acute. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate to triangular-ovate, 1.5–3 × ca. 1.5 mm; median sepals oblong-elliptic, 3.8–5 × 2–3 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, 4–5.5 × 2.1–2.5 mm. Petals yellow, oblong, 3.5–4 × 1.5–2 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens 2–2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary 1.1–2 mm; ovules 2; style absent. Berry purplish blue, pruinose, globose, 4–6 mm in diam. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Sep–Nov. 2n = 28*.
● Forests, scrub thickets, roadsides, along streams, margins of cultivated fields; 300–2000 m. Chongqing, NE Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang.
This species is widely cultivated in China and also cultivated in Indonesia, Japan, and the United States.
Dippel (Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 109. 1893) included the name “Mahonia fortunei Hort.” in synonymy but within the treatment of this plant as Berberis, not Mahonia.
宽苞十大功劳 kuan bao shi da gong lao
Shrubs, 0.5–2(–4) m tall. Leaves abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dark green, oblong-oblanceolate or oblong, 18–45 × 7–15 cm, with 5–9 pairs of obliquely ascending, mostly separate or sometimes contiguous leaflets; lowest pair of leaflets similar to and close to others, ca. 5 cm above base of petiole, abaxial venation open and raised, adaxial lateral veins inconspicuous; rachis 2–3 mm in diam.; internodes decreasing in length upward, 3–6 cm; leaflets linear or narrowly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly ovate, lowest 2.5–6 × 0.4–1.2 cm, those above increasing in length from base to apex, becoming 4–12.5 × 0.5–4 cm, base cuneate, margin 3–9-spinose-serrate, apex acuminate; terminal leaflet scarcely larger, 8–10 × 1.2–4 cm, sessile or petiolule to ca. 3 cm. Inflorescence 4–10-fascicled racemes, 5–10 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate to ovate-oblong, 1–1.5 cm × 6–10 mm. Pedicel 1.5–5 mm, slender; floral bracts ovate, 1.2–3 × 0.8–2 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate to ovate-oblong, 2–4.5 × 1–2 mm; median sepals elliptic, 3–4.5 × 1.6–2.8 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 3–5 × 1.8–3 mm. Petals elliptic or oblong, 3–4.3 × 1–2 mm, glands at base distinct or sometimes indistinct, apex slightly emarginate, lobes obtuse or rounded. Stamens 2–2.6 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary 2–2.5 mm; ovules 2; stigma ca. 0.5 mm. Berry blue or reddish purple, pruinose, obovoid or oblong, 4–5 × 2–4 mm; style persistent. Fl. Jul–Nov, fr. Nov–May of following year.
● Forests, forest margins, streamsides, thickets, weedy slopes, open rocky ground; 200–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan.
1a. Leaflets ca. 2 cm or more wide;
pedicels 3–5 mm ..................... 15a. subsp. eurybracteata
1b. Leaflets ca. 1.5 cm or less
wide;
pedicels 1.5–2 mm ..................... 15b. subsp. ganpinensis
宽苞十大功劳(原变种) kuan bao shi da gong lao (yuan bian zhong)
Berberis berberidifolia (P. K. Hsiao & Y. S. Wang) Laferrière; B. confusa (Sprague) Laferrière; B. eurybracteata (Fedde) Laferrière; Mahonia berberidifolia P. K. Hsiao & Y. S. Wang; M. confusa Sprague; M. ganpinensis (H. Léveillé) Fedde var. confusa (Sprague) C. K. Schneider; M. zemanii C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, 0.5–2(–4) m tall. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 25–45 × 8–15 cm, with 6–9 pairs of leaflets; leaflets ca. 2 cm or more wide. Pedicel 3–5 mm.
● Broad-leaved evergreen and bamboo forests, forest margins, thickets, weedy slopes, open rocky ground; 300–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan.
安坪十大功劳 an ping shi da gong lao
Berberis ganpinensis H. Léveillé, Bull. Soc. Agric. Sarthe 59: 317. 1904; B. confusa var. bournei (Ahrendt) Laferrière; Mahonia confusa var. bournei Ahrendt; M. ganpinensis (H. Léveillé) Fedde.
Shrubs, (0.4–)0.5(–2) m tall. Leaves oblong, 18–35 × 7–14 cm, with 5–7 pairs of leaflets; leaflets ca. 1.5 cm or less wide. Pedicel 1.5–2 mm.
● Forests, forest margins, streamsides; 200–1200 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan.
小叶十大功劳 xiao ye shi da gong lao
Shrubs, ca. 1 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale yellowish green, adaxially green, narrowly elliptic, 17–20 × 3.5–4.5 cm, with 10–14 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair similar to others, close to 5–10 mm above base of petiole, abaxially venation inconspicuous, adaxially midvein slightly impressed, lateral veins slightly conspicuous; rachis 2–3 mm in diam.; internodes 1–2 cm; lowest pair of leaflets ovate or narrowly ovate, 1–1.5 cm × 5–9 mm, those above increasing in length from base to apex, becoming 1.5–2.5 × 0.8–1.2 cm, ovate to ovate-elliptic, base slightly oblique, rounded, or slightly cordate, apex acuminate; terminal leaflet larger than others, ovate-elliptic, 3–4.5 × 1–1.5 cm, sessile or petiolule 6–10 mm. Inflorescence 3–12-fascicled racemes, 4–13 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate-lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm × ca. 5 mm. Pedicel 3–4 mm; floral bracts ovate, 2–2.2 × ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers golden yellow, with sweet fragrance. Outer sepals ovate, ca. 2 × 1–1.1 mm; median sepals obovate-oblong, 3.4–3.8 × 2.1–2.2 mm, apex obtuse, rounded; inner sepals elliptic, 4.8–5 × 2.5–3 mm, apically obtuse. Petals narrowly elliptic, 4–4.1 × 1.8–2 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, rounded. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm; ovules 2 or 3; style absent. Berry bluish black, slightly pruinose, subglobose, 7–9 × 6–8 mm; style not persistent. Seeds usually 2. Fl. Oct–Nov, fr. Dec–Jan of following year.
● Forests and thickets on mountain ridges, summits of limestone mountains; 600–700 m. Guangxi (Rong’an).
细齿十大功劳 xi chi shi da gong lao
Berberis leptodonta (Gagnepain) Laferrière.
Shrubs, (0.6–)1–2(–3) m tall. Leaves abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dull green, oblong, 15–18 × 10–14 cm, with 8–12 pairs of contiguous or slightly overlapping leaflets, lowest pair 0.5–1.5 cm above base of petiole, abaxially with raised veins, adaxially with slightly impressed midvein, lateral veins indistinct; rachis 1–2.5 mm in diam.; internodes 1–3(–7) cm, decreasing in length upward; lowest leaflets subglobose to ovate, 0.7–4 × 0.8–1.5 cm, those above lanceolate to narrowly ovate-oblong, (4.5–)7–10(–14) × 1.5–3 cm, base rounded to subcordate, margin finely 35–65(–130)-spinulose-serrulate on each side, apex caudate-acuminate. Inflorescence 5- or 6-fascicled racemes, 6–7 cm; bracts of inflorescence not seen. Pedicel 5–8 mm; floral bracts oblong, ca. 2 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2 mm, apically acute; median sepals oblong, ca. 5 mm; inner sepals oblong, ca. 5 mm. Petals oblong, ca. 3 mm, base without glands, apex rounded, entire. Stamens ca. 2 mm, dilated below anthers; anther connective not prolonged, shortly mucronate. Ovary ca. 1.8 mm; ovules unknown; style absent. Berry unknown. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. unknown.
● Forests, bamboo thickets, weedy slopes; 200–1500 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
The combination of very thin leaflets with up to 130 spinulose serrulations on the margins and the absence of glands on the petals is unique in Mahonia and instantly identifies M. leptodonta.
网脉十大功劳 wang mai shi da gong lao
Berberis reticulinervia (C. Y. Wu ex S. Y. Bao) Laferrière (1997), not Triana & Planchon (1862); B. retinervis (P. K. Hsiao & Y. S. Wang) Laferrière; Mahonia reticulinervia C. Y. Wu ex S. Y. Bao.
Shrubs, ca. 1 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale yellowish green, adaxially dull to slightly shiny green, elliptic, 15–23 × 9–12 cm, with 3–9 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair 0.5–1.2 cm above base of petiole, abaxially with 5–7 basal veins distinctly raised, reticulate veins indistinct, adaxially with distinctly raised reticulation; rachis 1.5–2.2 mm in diam.; internodes 2–5 cm; leaflets sessile, increasing in length and width from base to apex, thickly leathery, lowest pair of leaflets ovate, 1.5–3 × 1.2–2 cm, margin 2–11-spinose-serrate on each side, those above oblong-ovate or ovate-globose, 6–8 × 2.8–3.7 cm, base subrounded, oblique, margin indistinctly 3–11-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acuminate; terminal leaflet broadly ovate-globose, larger, 7–8 × ca. 5 cm, petiolule 2.5–3.2 cm. Inflorescence 5–10-fascicled racemes, 4–8 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–2 cm × 7–9 mm. Pedicel 3–4.5 mm; floral bracts ovate to oblong, 2–3 × ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate or obtuse. Flowers pale yellow, ca. 3 mm in diam. Berry bluish black, slightly pruinose, oblong, ca. 7 × 4 mm; style persistent. Seeds 1. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Oct–Dec.
● Thickets on rocky slopes, open slopes; 1000–1500 m. Guangxi, Yunnan.
阔叶十大功劳 kuo ye shi da gong lao
Berberis bealei Fortune, Gard. Chron. 1850: 212. 1850; B. bealei var. planifolia J. D. Hooker; Mahonia bealei var. planifolia (J. D. Hooker) Ahrendt; M. japonica Thunberg var. bealei (Fortune) Fedde; M. japonica var. planifolia (J. D. Hooker) H. Léveillé.
Shrubs or small trees, 0.5–4(–8) m tall. Leaves abaxially sometimes yellowish green, adaxially dull grayish green, narrowly obovate to oblong, 27–51 × 10–20 cm, with 4–10 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair 0.5–2.5 cm above base of petiole, abaxially very or slightly glaucous, venation indistinct on both surfaces; rachis 2–4 mm in diam.; internodes 3–10 cm, decreasing in length apically; leaflets increasing in length but decreasing in width from base to apex, thick, rigid, lowest pair ovate, 1.2–3.5 × 1–2 cm, with 1 or 2 teeth, those above subglobose to ovate or oblong, 2–10.5 × 2–6 cm, base rounded, oblique, sometimes cordate, margin with 2–6 teeth on each side, apex cuspidate; terminal leaflet much larger, 7–13 × 3.5–10 cm, petiolule 1–6 cm or leaflets appearing sessile because of a basal lobe. Inflorescence erect 3–9-fascicled racemes, 7–26 cm; bracts at base of inflorescence ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–4 × 0.7–1.2 cm. Pedicel 4–6 mm; floral bracts broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3–5 × 2–3 mm, apically obtuse. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, 2.3–2.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm; median sepals elliptic, 5–6 × 3.5–4 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, 6.5–7 × 4–4.5 mm. Petals obovate-elliptic, 6–7 × 3–4 mm, base with distinct glands, apex slightly emarginate, with rounded lobes. Stamens 3.2–4.5 mm; anther connective 1.1–1.3 mm, rounded to truncate. Ovary oblong-ovoid, ca. 3.2 mm; ovules 3 or 4; style short. Berry dark purple, pruinose, ovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1–1.2 cm; persistent style nearly absent. Fl. Sep–Jun of following year, fr. Mar–May. 2n = 28*.
● Forests, forest margins, weedy slopes, streamsides, roadsides, thickets; 500–2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.
This species is cultivated in Japan, Mexico, the warmer parts of Europe and the United States, and is naturalized in the SE United States.
长苞十大功劳 chang bao shi da gong lao
Berberis longibracteata (Takeda) Laferrière.
Shrubs, 0.5–3 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale yellowish green, adaxially shiny, oblong, 14–23 × 6–11 cm, with 4 or 5 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair ca. 1 cm above base of petiole, abaxially with inconspicuously raised venation, adaxially with fairly close finely impressed reticulation; rachis 2–3 mm in diam.; internodes 2.5–4 cm, decreasing in length upward; lowest leaflets ovate, 1.5–2 × 1.2–2.2 mm, with 2 or 3 teeth on each side, those above oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 3–8 × 2–3.5 cm, base suboblique, cuneate-rounded, margin with (3 or)4–7(–11) teeth on each side, apex mucronate or acuminate; terminal leaflet largest, petiolule 0.4–1.5 cm. Inflorescence 5–9-fascicled racemes, 6–9 cm; bracts of inflorescence narrowly ovate, 1.5–2 cm × 6–7 mm. Pedicel ca. 5 mm; floral bracts lanceolate, 7–9 × ca. 2.5 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals broadly lanceolate, 3–6 × 1–2.5 mm; median sepals oblong, 4–6 × 2–3 mm; inner sepals oblong-obovate, 5–6 × 2.5–3 mm. Petals oblong-elliptic, 4.1–4.5 × 2–3 mm, base with indistinct glands, apex entire. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective narrow, not prolonged, truncate. Ovary ca. 2.2 mm; ovules 2. Berry bright red, not pruinose, oblong, ca. 10 × 6 mm. Fl. Mar–May, fr. May–Oct.
● Forests, thickets, shaded slopes, sometimes in Tsuga forests; 1900–3300 m. SE Sichuan, Yunnan.
峨眉十大功劳 e mei shi da gong lao
Berberis pachakshirensis (Ahrendt) Laferrière; B. polyodonta (Fedde) Laferrière; B. veitchiorum Hemsley & E. H. Wilson; Mahonia pachakshirensis Ahrendt; M. veitchiorum (Hemsley & E. H. Wilson) C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs, 0.5–2 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale yellowish green, adaxially dull green, slightly shiny, oblong, 15–30 × 5–10 cm, with 4–8 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair 0.5–2.5(–4) cm above base of petiole, abaxially venation reticulate and raised, adaxially venation distinct, veins and veinlets sometimes impressed; rachis 2–2.5 mm in diam.; internodes (1.5–)3–6 cm, decreasing (rarely increasing) in length upward; leaflets sessile, lowest pair obovate-oblong, 2.5–6 × 1.2–2.3 cm, those above elliptic to ovate-oblong, 4–9 × 2–3 cm, base broadly cuneate to rounded, oblique, margin with 10–16 spinose teeth on each side, apex acuminate; terminal leaflet 8–12 × 2.4–3.7 cm, petiolule ca. 2 cm. Inflorescence 3–5-fascicled racemes, 5–6 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 × 1 cm. Pedicel 2–3(–6) mm; floral bracts broadly lanceolate, 6–11 × 3–5 mm. Flowers bright to sulfur yellow. Outer sepals ovate, 3–4 × 2–2.5 mm; median sepals oblong-elliptic, 4–4.5 × 2–2.6 mm; inner sepals oblong, ca. 5 × 2.6–3 mm. Petals oblong, 3.5–4.2 × 2–2.1 mm, base with distinct glands, apex acutely emarginate, lobes rounded. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary 2.7–3 mm; ovules 2. Berry bluish black, slightly pruinose, obovoid, 5–5.6 × 3–4 mm; style persistent, short, 0.5–1 mm. Fl. Mar–May, fr. May–Aug.
Forests, scrubby slopes, bamboo thickets, roadsides, rocky areas; (1300–)1800–3100 m. NE Guizhou, W Hubei, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India (Assam), Myanmar].
尼泊尔十大功劳 ni bo er shi da gong lao
Berberis acanthifolia (Wallich ex G. Don) Wallich ex Walpers; B. gautamae Laferrière; B. griffithii (Takeda) Laferrière; B. leschenaultii Wallich ex Wight & Arnott; B. longlinensis (Y. S. Wang & P. K. Hsiao) Laferrière; B. manipurensis (Takeda) Laferrière; B. miccia Walpers, nom. illeg. superfl.; B. napaulensis (Candolle) Laferrière; B. napaulensis var. leschenaultii (Wallich ex Wight & Arnott) J. D. Hooker & Thomson; B. pomensis (Ahrendt) Laferrière; B. salweenensis (Ahrendt) Laferrière; Mahonia acanthifolia Wallich ex G. Don; M. griffithii Takeda; M. leschenaultii (Wallich ex Wight & Arnott) Takeda; M. longlinensis Y. S. Wang & P. K. Hsiao; M. manipurensis Takeda; M. miccia Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, nom. illeg. superfl.; M. napaulensis var. leschenaultii (Wallich ex Wight & Arnott) Fedde; M. pomensis Ahrendt; M. salweenensis Ahrendt; M. sikkimensis Takeda.
Shrubs or small trees, 1–7 m tall. Leaves abaxially yellowish green, ± shiny, adaxially dark green, ± shiny, elliptic to ovate, 17–61 × 7–19 cm, with 5–12 pairs of leaflets, lowest 0.5–2(–4) cm above base of petiole, abaxially venation reticulate, raised, adaxially main veins impressed, others impressed or slightly raised; rachis 2–4 mm in diam.; internodes (1–)2–5(–8.3) cm, decreasing in length upward; leaflets oblong, oblong-ovate, or ovate to ovate-lanceolate, lowest 1.3–3.7 × 1.2–2.4 cm, those above 2–9.5 × 1.5–5 cm, base broadly cuneate, rounded, or sometimes subcordate, oblique, margin with 3–10 teeth on each side, apex acute, acuminate, or cuspidate; terminal leaflet larger, 6–10 × 2–3 cm, sessile or petiolule to ca. 2.5 cm. Inflorescence 3–18-fascicled racemes, 7–23 cm; bracts of inflorescence oblong to ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1–3.5 × 0.5–1.5 cm. Pedicel 3–9 mm; floral bracts lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, 2–6 × 1–3 mm. Flowers yellow to deep yellow, mildly fragrant. Outer sepals triangular-ovate or ovate to subglobose, 2–3.2 × 1–2.4 mm; median sepals ovate to oblong, 3.5–5.2 × 2–3.3 mm; inner sepals elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 5–7 × 2.6–3.5 mm. Petals elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 3.6–7 × 1.6–3.2 mm, base with glands distinct or sometimes indistinct, apex emarginate to narrowly clawed. Stamens 3.5–7 mm; anther connective prolonged, apiculate to rounded. Ovary 3.2–4 mm; ovules 2–6; style 0.7–1.5 mm. Berry bluish black, pruinose, oblong, 5–7 mm in diam. Fl. Jun–Jan, fr. Jan–Jul. 2n = 28.
Forests, forest margins, thickets; 1200–3000 m. S Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal; cultivated in Australia, S Europe, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and other parts of the world].
宜章十大功劳 yi zhang shi da gong lao
Shrubs, 1–2 m tall. Leaves abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dull, elliptic, 20–40 × 8–15 cm, with 8–10 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair 1–1.5 cm above base of petiole, abaxially with raised veins, adaxially with conspicuously impressed veins; rachis 2–3 mm in diam.; internodes 2–4.5(–7) cm, decreasing in length apically; leaflets thickly leathery, lowest pair ovate, 2–3 × 1–2 cm, with 2 or 3 teeth, those above ovate to ovate-elliptic, 3–9 × 2–4 cm, base cordate or sometimes rounded, margin sometimes with 3–8 teeth on each side, apex cuspidate; terminal leaflet 4–7 × 2.3–3.5 cm, petiolule 1–2 cm. Inflorescence 5–13-fascicled racemes, 10–17 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate, 1–2 cm × 6–10 mm. Pedicel 2.5–3 mm; floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, 3–5 × 1.2–2 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals triangular-ovate, 2.7–2.8 × 1.5–1.6 mm; median sepals ovate, 4.5–4.7 × 2.1–2.2 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 5–5.1 × 2.4–2.5 mm. Petals obovate, 4.3–4.5 × 2–2.3 mm, base with distinct glands, apex incised. Stamens ca. 3.2 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm; ovules 2; style ca. 0.5 mm. Berry bluish purple, pruinose, ovoid, 7–10 × 4–7 mm; style persistent. Fl. Feb–Apr, fr. May–Jun.
● Forests; 1500–1700 m. Guangxi, S Hunan, SE Sichuan, SE Yunnan.
亮叶十大功劳 liang ye shi da gong lao
Berberis nitens (C. K. Schneider) Laferrière (1997), not Schrader (1838); B. schochii (C. K. Schneider ex Handel-Mazzetti) Laferrière; Mahonia schochii C. K. Schneider ex Handel-Mazzetti.
Shrubs, 0.5–1.5 m tall. Leaves shiny, abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dull green, narrowly oblong to elliptic, 16–43 × 4.5–13 cm, with 5–8 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair 0.5–2 cm above base of petiole, both surfaces with slightly raised open reticulation; rachis 1.5–2.5 mm in diam.; internodes 2.5–7 cm, longest in middle and decreasing toward both ends or decreasing in length upward; leaflets sessile, basal pair smaller than others, oblong, 2–4 × 1–1.5 cm, with 1–3 teeth on each side, those above ovate to elliptic, 5–14 × 1.5–3.8 cm, base cuneate, with 1–6 coarse sinuate-spinose teeth on each side, apex caudate-acuminate to attenuate, cuspidate; terminal leaflet longer but sometimes narrower than lateral leaflets, petiolule 2–3 cm. Inflorescence 5–10-fascicled racemes, 9–15 cm; bracts of inflorescence lanceolate to ovate, 1–2.5 cm × 5–8 mm. Pedicel 1.5–3 mm; floral bracts ovate-lanceolate to ovate or oblong-ovate, 2–4 × 1.3–2 mm. Flowers yellow, sometimes pink. Outer sepals ovate to oblong-elliptic, 1.5–3.5 × 1–1.8 mm; median sepals narrowly ovate to oblong, 3.3–3.5 × 2–2.5 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 3.5–4.5 × 2–2.7 mm. Petals oblong to oblong-elliptic, 2.7–4 × 1.5–2 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate. Stamens 1.8–3.1 mm; anther connective not or slightly prolonged, truncate or rounded. Ovary 1.3–2.5 mm; ovules 2(or 3). Berry bluish purple, pruinose, ovoid, 7–10 × 4–7 mm; style persistent, 1–2 mm. Fl. Jun–Oct, fr. Oct–Mar.
● Mixed forests, thickets, streamsides, slopes; 600–2000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan.
密叶十大功劳 mi ye shi da gong lao
Berberis henryi Laferrière.
Shrubs or small trees, 1.5–5 m tall. Leaves abaxially ± shiny to dull pale green, adaxially shiny, elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, 8–38 × 5–10 cm, thickly leathery, with 8–18 overlapping pairs of leaflets, lowest pair ca. 1 cm above base of petiole, abaxially loosely veined, adaxially veins indistinct; internodes decreasing in length upward, 1.7–3.5 cm; leaflets sessile, increasing in length upward, width decreasing slightly upward, so that leaflet shape changes from broadly ovate to narrowly ovate or oblong, 2.5–7 × 2–3 cm, thick, rigid, base truncate, oblique, proximal margin with 2 or 3 teeth, distal margin with 3–5 teeth, apex a bent cup, 1.5–2.3 cm × 5–8 mm; terminal leaflet ca. 7 × 3 cm, petiolule ca. 1.2 cm. Inflorescence 3–6-fascicled racemes, 11–18 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 10–15 × 5–7 mm. Pedicel 5–5.5 mm; floral bracts broadly lanceolate, 4.5–5 × 1.6–2.3 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals oblong-ovate, 2.7–3 × 1.5–2.2 mm; median sepals broadly elliptic, 5–5.1 × ca. 3 mm; inner sepals oblong-ovate, 8–9 × 4–4.5 mm. Petals oblong-obovate, 7–8 × 3.5–4.2 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anther connective prolonged, shortly apiculate. Ovary ellipsoid, ca. 5.5 mm; ovules 3; style ca. 1.5 mm. Berry ellipsoid, slightly pruinose, ca. 10 × 5–6 mm; style persistent. Fl. Jun–Oct, fr. Oct–Dec.
● Forests, shaded places on slopes; 1500–2100 m. Yunnan.
Mahonia conferta is probably not distinct from M. napaulensis, with which it should be combined.
遵义十大功劳 zun yi shi da gong lao
Shrubs, 1.5–4 m tall. Leaves abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dull, narrowly obovate-elliptic to oblong, 15–20 × 7–10 cm, with 5–7 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair ca. 5 mm above base of petiole, abaxially with raised veins, adaxially with impressed veins; rachis 1.5–2 mm in diam.; internodes 1.5–2.5 cm, decreasing slightly in length apically; leaflets thick, lowest subglobose, 1–3 × 1–1.5 cm, margin 2- or 3-spinose-serrate, those above narrowly ovate to ovate-elliptic, 3–6.5 × 1.3–2.5 cm, base rounded to slightly cordate, oblique, margin with 2–5 teeth on each side, apex cuspidate; terminal leaflet larger than others, ca. 7.5 × 3 cm, petiolule ca. 1.5 cm. Inflorescence 9- or 10-fascicled racemes, 8–13 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate, 1.5–2 cm × 5–7 mm. Pedicel 3–4 mm; floral bracts ovate, 3.5–4 × 2–2.2 mm, apex obtuse. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, 2.7–3 × 1.3–1.5 mm; median sepals elliptic, ca. 4.5 × 2.5–2.6 mm; inner sepals elliptic to oblong, 5–5.2 × ca. 3 mm. Petals elliptic, 4.5–5 × ca. 2 mm, base with distinct glands, apex incised. Stamens 2.5–2.8 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary 2.5–3 mm; ovules 2. Immature berry pruinose. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Apr–Jul.
● Slopes in evergreen broad-leaved forests, thickets; 1200–2400 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.
小果十大功劳 xiao guo shi da gong lao
Berberis bodinieri (Gagnepain) Laferrière (1997), not H. Léveillé (1911); B. elegans H. Léveillé (1904), not K. Koch (1869); B. japonica (Thunberg) R. Brown var. trifurca (Lindley & Paxton) Rehder; B. leveilleana (C. K. Schneider) Laferrière; B. trifurca Lindley & Paxton; Mahonia elegans Rehder; M. japonica (Thunberg) Candolle var. trifurca (Lindley & Paxton) Ahrendt; M. leveilleana C. K. Schneider.
Shrubs or small trees, 0.5–4 m tall. Leaves abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dark green, lucid, obovate-oblong, 20–50 × 10–25 cm, with 8–13 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair close to base of petiole, abaxially coarsely reticulate, with raised veins; rachis stout, 2–4 mm in diam.; internodes (2–)5–9 cm, decreasing in length upward; leaflets shortly petiolulate or subsessile, lowest subglobose, 2.5–3 × 1.5–2.5 cm, those above becoming oblong to broadly lanceolate, 5–16.5 × 2.5–5.5 cm, base oblique, truncate to cuneate, margins of lowest leaflets with 1–3 coarse teeth 5–15 mm, middle leaflets with 3–10 smaller teeth 3–10 mm, upper leaflets with few (sometimes 1 or 2) fine teeth 2–3 mm; terminal leaflet 5–15 × 1.5–5.5 cm, petiolule 1–2 cm. Inflorescence 5–11-fascicled racemes, 10–22(–25) cm; bracts of inflorescence lanceolate, 2–3 cm × 5–7 mm. Pedicel 1.5–5 mm; floral bracts narrowly ovate, 1.5–4 × 0.7–2.5 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm; median sepals elliptic, 4.5–5 × ca. 2.5 mm; inner sepals narrowly elliptic, ca. 5.5 × 3 mm. Petals oblong, subequal to median sepals, 4.5–5 × 2–2.4 mm, base with indistinct glands, apex emarginate. Stamens 2.2–3 mm; anther truncate and 3-denticulate at apex; anther connective not prolonged. Ovary ca. 2 mm; ovules 2; style absent. Berry purplish black, pruinose, globose or sometimes pyriform, 4–6 mm in diam.; style not persistent. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Aug–Dec.
● Broad-leaved evergreen forests, mixed broad-leaved evergreen and deciduous forests, Juniperus forests, scrub thickets, forest margins, streamsides; 100–1800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.
长阳十大功劳 chang yang shi da gong lao
Berberis fargesii (Takeda) Laferrière; B. huiliensis (Handel-Mazzetti) Laferrière; B. sheridaniana (C. K. Schneider) Laferrière; Mahonia fargesii Takeda; M. huiliensis Handel-Mazzetti.
Shrubs, 0.3–3 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale, adaxially dull to ± shiny, elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, 17–36 × 8–14 cm, with 4–9 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair 7–10 mm above base of petiole, abaxially with venation slightly branched and slightly raised, adaxially indistinctly veined; internodes 1.5–5 cm, decreasing in length upward; leaflets separate or sometimes contiguous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thick, rigid, lowest pair 1.2–3 × 0.8–1.5 cm, increasing in size upward and becoming 3–9.5 × 1.5–3.6 cm, base broadly rounded to subtruncate or subcordate, slightly oblique, margin with 2–5 teeth on each side, apex acute, cuspidate; terminal leaflet equal to or much larger than others, 6.5–11 × 2.5–4 cm, petiolule 0.8–2.5 cm. Inflorescence 4–10-fascicled racemes, 5–18 cm; bracts of inflorescence broadly lanceolate to ovate, 1–2 × 0.5–1.2 cm. Pedicel 3–5 mm; floral bracts ovate, 2–3.5 × 1–1.7 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals narrowly ovate or ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–4.5 × 1.5–1.6 mm; median sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4.5–6 × 2–3 mm; inner sepals elliptic, 5.5–8.2 × 3–3.8 mm. Petals obovate or elliptic to oblong, 5–6.5 × 2–2.8 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate. Stamens 3–4 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary 2–3 mm; ovules 2 or 3; style ca. 0.3 mm. Berry bluish black or dark purple, pruinose, ovoid to ellipsoid, 8–10 × 4–7 mm; style persistent, short. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Apr–Jun.
● Evergreen broad-leaved forests, bamboo forests, thickets, trailsides, slopes; 1200–2600 m. SC Hubei, Sichuan.
台湾十大功劳 tai wan shi da gong lao
Ilex japonica Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 168. 1784; Berberis japonica (Thunberg) R. Brown; B. japonica var. gracillima (Fedde) Rehder; B. tikushiensis (Hayata) Laferrière; Mahonia japonica var. gracillima Fedde; M. tikushiensis Hayata.
Shrubs, ca. 1 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, oblong, 15–27 × 5–10 cm, with 4–6 pairs of sessile leaflets, lowest pair ca. 0.5 cm above base of petiole, abaxially not pruinose, with branched raised venation; rachis 2–3 mm in diam.; internodes 2–4 cm, decreasing in length upward; leaflets ovate, lowest 1.8–2.7 × 1.2–2 cm, becoming larger upward, 3.5–7 × 2–4 cm, base oblique and ± cordate, margin with 2–4 teeth on proximal side, 3–7 teeth on distal margin, apex acute; terminal leaflet larger, ± cordate at base, petiolule 1–2 cm. Inflorescence 5–10-fascicled drooping racemes, 5–10 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 0.8–1.5 cm × 4–7 mm, apically acuminate. Pedicel 6–7 mm; floral bracts ovate, 3.5–4 × 2–2.5 mm, apex obtuse. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, 2.5–2.7 × 2.2–2.3 mm, apically obtuse; median sepals broadly obovate, 3.3–3.5 × 2.8–2.9 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong, 6–6.4 × 3.4–3.5 mm. Petals elliptic, 5.5–6 × 2.5–2.6 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded. Ovary ca. 3.4 mm; ovules 4–7. Berry dark purple, ± pruinose, ovoid, ca. 8 × 4 mm; style persistent and short, or not persistent. Fl. Dec–Apr, fr. Apr–Aug. 2n = 28*.
● Forests, thickets; 800–3400 m. Taiwan.
This species is cultivated extensively in Japan and sporadically in the warmer parts of Europe and the United States.
北江十大功劳 bei jiang shi da gong lao
Berberis fordii (C. K. Schneider) Laferrière.
Shrubs, 0.8–1.5 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale, adaxially dull, oblong to narrowly oblong, 20–35 × 7–11 cm, with 5–9 pairs of remote leaflets, lowest pair 1–1.5 cm above base of petiole, abaxially not veined, adaxially slightly veined; rachis 1.5–2.5 mm in diam.; internodes decreasing in length apically, 2–7 cm; lowest pair of leaflets narrowly ovate, 3.5–4.5 × 1.5–2.4 cm, those above narrowly ovate to elliptic-ovate, equal in size, 5–8 × 1.8–2.7 cm, base broadly rounded to cuneate, margin 2–9-spinose-serrate, apex acuminate; terminal leaflet similar to others but slightly larger, petiolule 1.5–2 cm. Inflorescence 5–7-fascicled racemes, 6–15 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm × 6–8 mm. Pedicel 2.5–4 mm; floral bracts broadly ovate, 1.5–2 × 0.6–1 mm. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, ca. 2 × 1.6 mm; median sepals elliptic, 3.5–4 × 2.5–3 mm, apically obtuse; inner sepals obovate-elliptic, 4–4.5 × ca. 3 mm. Petals elliptic, ca. 4 × 2.3 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.6 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary ca. 2.3 mm; ovules 2. Berry (immature only) obovoid, ca. 7 × 5 mm; style persistent, short. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Oct–Dec.
● Forests, thickets; 800–900 m. Chongqing, Guangdong.
滇南十大功劳 dian nan shi da gong lao
Berberis hancockiana (Takeda) Laferrière.
Shrubs, ca. 1.5 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale, adaxially
dull grayish green, oblong-oblanceolate, 19–32 × 10–15 cm, with 4–9 pairs of
sessile leaflets, lowest pair 0.5–2 cm above base of petiole, abaxially with
branched veins and primary veins ± raised, adaxially ± not veined; rachis ca. 2
mm in diam.; internodes decreasing upward, 2–6 cm; lowest leaflets narrowly
ovate, 1.5–4 × 1–2 cm, middle leaflets elliptic, 3–11 × 1.8–2.8 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin with
apiculate to shallowly serrate teeth,
apex cuspidate-acuminate; terminal leaflet similar to middle leaflets,
petiolule 1–2 cm. Inflores-
cence 4–15-fascicled racemes, 12–19 cm;
bracts of inflorescence lanceolate, ca. 2.5 × 0.5 cm. Pedicel 2–3 mm; floral
bracts ovate, 3–3.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm. Flowers deep yellow (or violet?).
Outer sepals ovate, 2–3 × 1.5–2 mm, apically obtuse; median sepals
ovate-elliptic, 4.5–5 × 2.4–3 mm; inner sepals obovate-elliptic, 4.6–6 ×
2.6–3.2 mm. Petals elliptic, 4–4.4 × 1.8–2
mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate with rounded lobes. Stamens ca. 3.2 mm; anther connective
prolonged, rounded. Ovary ca. 3.5 mm; ovules 4 or 5; style ca. 1 mm.
Berry unknown. Fl. Feb, fr. unknown.
● Mixed forests, rocky hills; 1000–3200 m. SE Yunnan.
桃儿七属 tao er qi shu
Ying Junsheng (应俊生 Ying Tsun-shen); David E. Boufford, Anthony R. Brach
Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes stout, shortly nodose; aerial stems erect, with large brown scales at base. Leaves 2, simple, petiolulate; base cordate, apex 3–5-dissected, usually to ca. midway or more, sometimes partitions 2- or 3-lobed. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers appearing before leaves, bisexual, solitary, pink, large. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6, open. Anthers basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally. Pistils 1; ovary ellipsoid, 1-loculed, with numerous ovules. Fruit a berry. Seeds numerous, without fleshy arils. Pollen grains in tetrads. 2n = 12.
One species: E Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, N India, Kashmir, Nepal, and Pakistan.
Sinopodophyllum was included within Podophyllum by Shaw (in Stearn, Gen. Epimedium. 2002).
桃儿七 tao er qi
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 64. 1834; P. emodi Falconer ex Royle; P. emodi var. chinensis Sprague; Sinopodophyllum emodi (Falconer ex Royle) T. S. Ying.
Plants 20–50 cm tall.
Stems solitary, angulate, glabrous. Leaf petiole 10–25 cm; leaf blade
globose, not peltate, 11–20 × 18–30 cm,
thinly papery, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base cordate,
3–5-dissected to ca. midway or more, often
partitions 2- or 3-lobed, apex of lobes acute or acuminate, margin entire or
coarsely dentate, teeth apiculate. Petals obovate or obovate-oblong, 2.5–3.5 ×
1.5–1.8 cm, apex slightly sinuolate. Stamens ca. 1.5 cm; filaments slightly
shorter than anthers, 4–6 mm; anthers linear, 5–7 × 1.2–1.9 mm, apex rounded,
obtuse; anther connective not prolonged. Pistils ca. 1.2 cm; ovary with
parietal placentation; style short, 1–3 mm. Berry red, ovoid-globose, 4–7 ×
2.5–4 cm, fleshy. Seeds maroon, ovoid-triangular. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 12*, 14*.
Forests, thickets, wet forest margins, weedy places, meadows; 2200–4300 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [E Afghanistan, Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan].
鲜黄连属 xian huang lian shu
Ying Junsheng (应俊生 Ying Tsun-shen); David E. Boufford, Anthony R. Brach
Herbs, perennial. Rhizome slender, with dense fibrous roots branched; aerial stems absent. Leaves basal, simple, long petiolate; leaf blade subglobose in gross outline, not lobed, glabrous, base deeply cordate, venation palmate. Inflorescence terminal; flowers solitary, pale purple. Sepals 6, caducous, petal-form. Petals 6. Stamens opposite petals; filaments flat. Pistils 1; stigma disciform; ovules numerous, placentation marginal. Capsules leathery, obliquely dehiscing longitudinally. Seeds numerous, black. 2n = 12.
One species: China, Korea, and Russia.
Plagiorhegma was included within Jeffersonia by Stearn (Gen. Epimedium. 2002).
鲜黄连 xian huang lian
Jeffersonia dubia (Maximowicz) Bentham & J. D. Hooker ex Baker & Moore; J. manchuriensis Hance.
Plants 10–30 cm tall, glabrous. Rhizome with cross section bright yellow, producing 4–6 foliage leaves or flowering shoots per year; aerial stems absent. Leaf petiole 10–30 cm, glabrous; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, subglobose, 6–8 × 9–10 cm, membranous, base deeply cordate, margin entire or repand, apex obtusely emarginate, apiculate. Scapes 15–20 cm. Sepals caducous, purplish red, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm, striate, glabrous. Petals 6, obovate, ca. 1 × 0.6 cm, base attenuate. Stamens ca. 6 mm; filaments flat, ca. 2 mm; anthers ca. 4