ANNONACEAE [Draft]

 

Li Ping-Tao

 

番荔枝科  fan li zhi ke

 

     Trees, shrubs, or climbers with aromatic wood and leaves. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate; leaf blade margin entire, venation pinnate. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, leaf-opposed, or extra-axillary, rarely on underground suckerlike shoots. Flowers solitary, in fascicles, glomerules, panicles, or cymes on older wood, usually bracteate or bracteolate. Sepals hypogynous, (2 or)3, imbricate or valvate, persistent or deciduous, rarely enlarging and enclosing fruit, distinct or variously united at base. Petals hypogynous, usually 6 in 2 whorls, rarely 3 or 4 and in 1 whorl, both whorls imbricate or valvate, sometimes outer whorl valvate and inner slightly imbricate. Stamens hypogynous, numerous, rarely few, spirally imbricate, in several series; filaments very short and thick; anther locules 2, contiguous or separate, rarely transversely locellate, adnate to connective, extrorse or lateral, very rarely introrse, opening by a longitudinal slit; connective enlarged, truncate, often overtopping anther locules, rarely elongated or not produced. Carpels numerous or few, rarely solitary, free or rarely united into a 1-locular ovary with parietal placentas; ovules 1 or 2 and inserted at base of carpel or 1 to several on ventral suture, in 1 or 2 series, anatropous. Styles short, thick, free or rarely connate; stigmas capitate to oblong, sometimes sulcate or 2-lobed. Fruiting carpels usually stipitate and free, rarely united into a syncarp, dry or fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds often arillate; endosperm copious, conspicuously ruminate; embryo minute, near hilum.

 

     129 genera and over 2200 species: tropics and subtropics, especially in Old World; 22 genera and 114 species in China.

 

1a. Petals 6, in 2 whorls of 3, inner and outer whorls or only inner imbricate.

2a. Flowers usually large, bisexual; petals spreading; torus depressed; leaf blade with stellate hairs .....  1. Uvaria

2b. Flowers small, usually bisexual; petals incurved; torus flat, prominent at margin; leaf blade with pubescences .....  2. Cyathostemma

1b. Petals (4--)6 in 2 whorls, rarely 3 in 1 whorl, valvate.

3a. Outer petals smaller than inner, sepaloid.

4a. Interior petals falcate, long and thick ended, attenuate in basal half, vaulted and not clawed ............................

....  .......................................  3. Mezzettiopsis

4b. Interior petals flat and thin, basally narrowed into a claw.

5a. Interior petals apically lozenge-shaped, base with a long claw, cohering by their margin into a mitriform cap, apex usually acute to acuminate ............................................

..................................................  4. Orophea

5b. Interior petals shallowly saccate, base with a short claw, at first cohering at margins but soon free, apex usually revolute ..............................................  5. Miliusa

3b. Outer petals equalling or longer than inner or sometimes inner whorl lacking, conspicuously different from sepals,

6a. Fruiting carpels united into fleshy aggregate berries.

7a. Outer petals usually free, flat on back ......  21. Annona

7b. Outer petals connate at base, with a spur or wing on back  22. Rollinia

6b. Fruiting carpels free.

8a. Fruit linear, moniliform; petals 2--6, in 1 or 2 whorls  6. Desmos

8b. Fruit thickened, not moniliform; petals 6, in 2 whorls.

9a. Climbing shrubs.

10a. Peduncle and fruiting pedicels hooklike .  18. Artabotrys

10b. Peduncle and fruiting pedicels not hooklike.

11a. Outer petals much larger than inner petals; connective apex truncate ...................................  19. Richella

11b. Outer petals slightly larger than inner petals; connective apex acuminate to obtuse .....................  20. Fissistigma

9b. Trees or erect shrubs.

12a. Fruit with a clavate stipe, dehiscent ..................

................................................ 7. Anaxagorea

12b. Fruit without a clavate stipe, indehiscent.

13a. Interior petals basally clawed or pediferous, lamina vaulted and united into a caplike or apically globate.

14a. Stamens linear-oblong; inner petals with short claws or short stipes at base .........................  8. Goniothalamus

14b. Stamens cuneate; inner petals with long claws or long stipes at base.

15a. Flowers large, outer petals larger than inner ..........

...............................................  9. Mitrephora

15b. Flowers small, outer petals smaller than inner .........

....  ......................................... 10. Pseuduvaria

13b. Interior petals not basally clawed, lamina spreading or connivent and apically 3-edged.

16a. Connective apex acuminate.

17a. Petals ovate-triangular to ovate-oblong, usually saccate and incurved at base ..........................  16. Alphonsea

17b. Petals and stamens linear to linear-lanceolate .........

.................................................  17. Cananga

16b. Connective apex truncate or broadly 3-angular.

18a. Ovules 1 or 2, basal or nearly basal.

19a. Inner petals spreading; fruiting carpels distinct ......

..............................................  14. Polyalthia

19b. Inner petals concave within and covering stamens; fruiting carpels usually connivent ...................  15. Popowia

18b. Ovules numerous, ventrally inserted.

20a. Flower buds lanceolate to long rostrate, outside 3-edged; sepals connate at base or beyond into a cuplike; petals elongated, inside middle narrowly convex, concave at base; anther locules transversely septate ........................  11. Xylopia

20b. Flower buds ovoid, outside not 3-edged; sepals connate at base, but not into a cuplike; petals flat or cucullate; anther locules not transversely septate.

21a. Petals flat; connective apex rounded; stigmas subcapitate, not constricted at base; fruit not stipitate (Chinese species) ............................................  12. Meiogyne

21b. Petals cucullate; connective apex truncate to subtruncate; stigmas ovoid, constricted at base; fruit stipitate .  13. Chieniodendron

 

1. UVARIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753.

 

　　紫玉盘属  zi yu pan shu

 

     Shrubs, climbing or scandent, sometimes erect or small trees, often with stellate hairs. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, extra-axillary, leaf-opposed, or rarely on older branches. Flowers mostly solitary or paired, rarely in short racemes or few-flowered cymes. Sepals 3, valvate, usually connate at base. Petals 6, sometimes united at very base, each whorl imbricate. Torus depressed, pubescent or tomentose. Stamens numerous; anther locules often oblong or linear; connective apex truncate to rounded. Carpels numerous, rarely few, linear-oblong; ovules numerous, rarely 2 or 3, in 1 or 2 series. Styles outside often pilose; stigmas usually 2-cleft, involute. Fruitlets mostly ± stipitate, oblong, ovoid, or subglobose, berrylike, with several seeds or by abortion 1-seeded. Seeds subhorizontal, with or without a short aril.

 

     About 150 species; Old World tropics; eight species in China.

 

1a. Leaf blades glabrous or abaxially inconspicuously and sparsely stellate pubescent, but soon glabrescent.

2a. Leaf blade oblong to oblong-ovate, glabrous; ovules 6--8 per locule ....................................  1. U. boniana

2b. Leaf blade obovate-lanceolate, abaxially inconspicuously and sparsely stellate pubescent, glabrescent; ovules 2 per locule.

3a. Fruit ca. 1 cm in diam., smooth .......  2. U. tonkinensis

3b. Fruit ca. 3.5 cm in diam., epicarp densely tuberculate  3. U. kweichowensis

1b. Leaf blade on both surfaces or abaxially distinctly stellate-tomentose or stellate pubescent.

4a. Fruit with soft and dense spines .....  4. U. calamistrata

4b. Fruit unarmed.

5a. Leaf blade membranous; petals yellow to yellowish .......

................................................  5. U. kurzii

5b. Leaf blade papery to leathery; petals dark red to purple.

6a. Flowers 9--10 cm in diam.; fruit cylindrical, slightly constricted between seeds, 4--6 cm ...................... .........................................................

...........................................  6. U. grandiflora

6b. Flowers 1.5--4 cm in diam.; fruit globose to ovoid-elliptic, not constricted between seeds, 2--3.8 cm.

7a. Leaf apex acuminate; lateral veins adaxially flat; flowers ca. 1.5 cm in diam. ..............................  7. U. rufa

7b. Leaf apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; lateral veins adaxially impressed; flowers 2.5--4 cm in diam ....................

....  ......................................  8. U. macrophylla

 

1. Uvaria boniana Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 71. 1906.

 

光叶紫玉盘  guang ye zi yu pan

 

     Shrubs, scandent to 5 m, glabrous except for flowers. Petiole 2--8 mm; leaf blade oblong to oblong-ovate, 4--15 X 1.8--5.5 cm, papery, base cuneate to rounded, apex acuminate to acute, lateral veins 8--10 pairs and slightly elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences extra-axillary, often leaf-opposed, 1- or 2-flowered. Pedicel 2.5--5.5 cm, bracteolate below middle. Sepals ovate, 2.5--3 mm, ciliate. Petals purple, leathery, puberulous; outer petals broadly ovate, ca. 1 X 1 cm; inner petals slightly smaller than outer, inside concave. Connective apex truncate,  papillary. Carpels oblong, incurved, densely yellow pubescent; ovules 6--8. Stigmas horse-shoe shaped, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes 4--5.5 cm; fruitlets purple, globose to elliptic-ovate, ca. 1.3 cm in diam. Fl. May--Oct, fr. Jun--Apr of following year.

 

     Moist secondary forests or thickets; 100--800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi [Vietnam].

 

2. Uvaria tonkinensis Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 74. 1906.

 

东京紫玉盘  dong jing zi yu pan

 

     Melodorum subglabrum Ban; M. vietnamense Ban; M. vietnamense var. calcareum Ban; Uvaria tonkinensis Finet & Gagnepain var. subglabra Finet & Gagnepain.

 

     Shrubs, scandent to 6 m. Branches sparsely pubescent with stellate hairs when young, glabrescent. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade obovate, obovate-lanceolate, oblong, or elliptic, 12--21 X 4--7 cm, papery, abaxially sparsely covered with stellate hairs but soon glabrate, adaxially glabrous, base rounded to slightly cordate, apex acuminate, long acuminate, short acuminate, or rarely acute, lateral veins 8--12 pairs. Inflorescences terminal or leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Pedicel 1.5--4.5 cm, sparsely stellate. Sepals broadly obovate, 3--4 mm, outside densely stellate, inside concave and glabrous. Petals purple, obovate, broadly ovate, or rotund, outside densely stellate pubescent; outer petals 1.5--1.9 X 1.5--1.9 cm; inner petals smaller than outer. Connective glabrous or hairy. Carpels cylindrical, stellate pubescent, or with hairs only at base and apically; ovules 2 per locule. Stigmas apex entire or 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes 2.5--5 cm; fruitlets purple, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. Feb--Sep, fr. Aug--Dec.

 

     Thickets or sparse forests; 200--600 m. W Guangxi, Hainan, S Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

3. Uvaria kweichowensis P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 107. 1976.

 

贵州紫玉盘  gui zhou zi yu pan

 

     Shrubs, scandent to 5 m. Branches stellate pubescent when young, glabrescent, lenticellate. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade obovate to elliptic, 12--18 X 6--8 cm, papery, lucid and glabrous except abaxially sparsely stellate pubescent on veins, base rounded, apex acute and mucronate, lateral veins 12--14 pairs forming a 45° angle with midvein. Fruiting stipes stout, ca. 1 cm; fruitlets ovoid, ca. 5.5 X 3.5 cm, apex rounded; epicarp tuberculate, densely stellate-tomentose. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep--Oct.

 

     * Secondary forests; ca. 1000 m. SW Guizhou.

 

4. Uvaria calamistrata Hance, J. Bot. 20: 77. 1882.

 

刺果紫玉盘  ci guo zi yu pan

 

     Shrubs, scandent to 8 m. Branches stellate pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 5--10 mm, stellate-tomentose; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or obovate-oblong, 5--17 X 2--7 cm, subleathery to thickly papery, abaxially densely stellate pubescent, adaxially sparsely stellate pubescent, base obtuse to rounded, apex long acuminate to acute, lateral veins 8--10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or leaf-opposed, fasciculate, 1--4-flowered. Flowers ca. 1.8 cm in diam. Sepals ovate, ferrugineous tomentose. Petals yellowish; outer petals ± equal or slightly larger than inner, oblong, ca. 8 mm, pubescent. Connective apex rounded to obtuse, puberulous. Carpels 7--15, pubescent; ovules 6--9 per locule. Stigmas involute, apex 2-cleft. Fruitlets red, ellipsoidal, 2--3.5 X 1.5--2.5 cm, with soft and dense spines. Seeds brown, compressed, 3-angular, ca. 10 X 8 mm. Fl. May--Jul, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     Mountainous forests or scrub; 200--800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi [Vietnam].

 

     The fine, strong bast fibers obtained from inner bark is used for cordage and sack manufacturing.

 

5. Uvaria kurzii (King) P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 106. 1976.

 

黄花紫玉盘  huang hua zi yu pan

 

     Uvaria hamiltonii J. D. Hooker var. kurzii King, Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 1(4): 263. 1892.

 

     Shrubs, scandent to 13 m, densely stellate-tomentose to stellate pubescent throughout. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade oblong-obovate, oblong-elliptic, or obovate, 9.5--21 X 4--8.5 cm, membranous, base narrowly and shallowly cordate, apex acuminate, obtuse, or sometimes rounded, lateral veins 13--18 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1- or 2-flowered; bracts ovate, ca. 7 X 3.5 mm. Flowers ca. 3.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 2.5--4 cm, bracteolate at middle.  Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 5 X 5 mm. Petals yellow to yellowish, ovate; outer petals as large as inner, ca. 1.6 X 1.1--1.2 cm, apex rounded. Anther locules oblong, ca. 3 mm; connective apex truncate, puberulous. Carpels oblong, ca. 4 mm; ovules 10 per locule, in 2 series. Stigmas horse-shoe shaped, apex 2-cleft. Fruitlets ovoid to subglobose, 2--2.5 X ca. 2 cm. Fl. May, fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     Dense forest; 400--1300 m. Guangxi, Yunnan [India].

 

6. Uvaria grandiflora Roxburgh ex Hornemann, Hort. Bot. Hafn., Suppl. 141. 1819.

 

大花紫玉盘  da hua zi yu pan

 

     Unona grandiflora Lechenault ex de Candolle; Uvaria platypetala Champion ex Bentham; U. purpurea Blume; U. rhodantha Hance.

 

     Shrubs, scandent to 5 m, densely stellate pubescent to ferrugineous tomentose throughout. Petiole 5--8 mm; leaf blade oblong-obovate, 7--30 X 3.5--12.5 cm, papery to subleathery, base shallowly cordate, apex acute, short acuminate, or sometimes caudate, lateral veins 10--17(--24) pairs and forming an angle of ca. 60° with midvein. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, cymose, 1(--3)-flowered; bracts 2, ovate to obovate, ca. 3 X 2.5 cm. Flowers 9--10 cm in diam. Pedicel 0.5--5 cm. Sepals broadly ovate, 2--2.5 X 2.5--3.5 cm, membranous, inside glabrous, base connate on lower third, apex obtuse to acute. Petals dark red to vermilion-red, turning purplish with age, obovate to oval-obovate, 4--4.5 X 2.5--3.5 cm, puberulous. Anther locules oblong to linear, ca. 7 mm; connective apex truncate, glabrous. Carpels oblong to linear, ca. 8 mm; ovules 30--50 per locule, in 2 series. Stigmas apex involute and 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes 1.5--3 cm; fruitlets orange, cylindrical, 4--6 X 1.5--2 cm, fleshy, minutely tomentose, slightly constricted between seeds, apex mucronate. Seeds pale brown. Fl. Mar--Nov, fr. May--Dec.

 

     Sparse forests or thickets; 400--1000 m. S Guangdong, SE Guangxi, Hainan, [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

7. Uvaria rufa Blume, Fl. Javae, Anonnaceae 19. 1828.

 

小花紫玉盘  xiao hua zi yu pan

 

     Shrubs, scandent to 5 m, branches and leaves abaxially stellate-tomentose with rusty hairs when dry but pedicels, sepals, petals, and carpels stellate pubescent. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-oblong, 5--15 X 2.5--6 cm, subleathery, base cordate, apex acuminate, lateral veins ca. 12 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or extra-axillary, cymose, 1--4-flowered. Flowers ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Petals purple to dark red, ovate, 8--12 X 6--7 mm, apex obtuse to rounded. Stamens oblong; connective apex truncate, glabrous. Carpels oblong; stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes 1--2 cm; fruitlets ovoid-ellipsoidal to sometimes globose, ca. 2 X 1--1.5 cm, apex rounded. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Jun--Oct.

 

    Mountainous sparse forests; 400--1700 m. Hainan, S Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

8. Uvaria macrophylla Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 663. 1824.

 

紫玉盘  zi yu pan

 

     Guatteria cordata Dunal; Uvaria badiiflora Hance; U. cordata (Dunal) Alston (1931), not Schumacher & Thonning (1868); U. dolichoclada Hayata; U. macclurei Diels; U. macrophylla var. microcarpa (Champion ex Bentham) Fient & Gagnepain; U. microcarpa Champion ex Bentham; U. obovatifolia Hayata.

 

     Shrubs, scandent 2--18 m, stellate pubescent throughout or stellate-tomentose when young and glabrescent, with ferrugineous hairs when dry. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade obovate, oblong-obovate, elliptic, or broadly oblong, 9--30 X 3--15 cm, leathery, base shallowly cordate, truncate, rounded, or rarely cuneate, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded and mostly apiculate, lateral veins 9--14(--22) pairs, usually adaxially impressed when dry, and abaxially elevated. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or rarely extra-axillary, sometimes cymose, 1- or 2(or more)-flowered; bracts ovate to broadly elliptic, 4--7 mm. Flowers 2--3.8 cm in diam. Pedicel 0.5--4 cm. Sepals ovate to broadly ovate, 4--5 mm and wide. Petals dark red, purple, or purplish, subovate to oblong-elliptic, spreading, 1.2--2 X 0.6--1.3 cm, apex rounded to obtuse. Stamens oblong, ca. 9 mm; connective ovate, apex puberulous to glabrous; outer stamens sterile, oblanceolate, ca. 7 mm. Carpels oblong, ca. 5 mm; stigmas horse-shoe shaped, apex 2-cleft and involute. Fruitlets orange, ovoid to subterete, 1--3 X 1--1.5 cm, hairy to glabrous. Seeds globose, 6.5--7.5 mm in diam. Fl. Mar--Sep, fr. Jul--Mar of following year.

 

     Sparse forests or scrub; 400--1400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [???East Bengal and Sri Lanka to Indo-China, Philippines and New Guinea].

 

     The fine strong bast fiber obtained from the bark is used for making sacks. The roots are used as a sedative, to stop vomiting, and for rheumatism. The leaves are used to relief pain and to reduce swellings.

 

2. CYATHOSTEMMA Griffith, Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 707. 1854.

 

杯冠木属  bei guan mu shu

 

     Shrubs, climbing. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or sometimes terminal, extra-axillary, or from old branches or trunk, 1-flowered or in pendulous and few-flowered cymes. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, subglobose. Pedicel bracteolate. Sepals 3, valvate, usually hirsute, connate at base. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, short, ± equal or inner petals smaller than outer, valvate at base, remaining incurved, apex imbricate. Torus flat. Stamens numerous; anther locules oblong, subintrorse; connective oblique, incurved. Carpels numerous. Styles cylindric, glabrous; stigmas conical, apex 2-cleft. Fruitlets stipitate. Seeds several, in 2 series.

 

     About eight species: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam; one species in China.

 

1. Cyathostemma yunnanense Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. n. s. 10(3): 121. 1940.

 

杯冠木  bei guan mu

 

     Cyathostemma vietnamense Ban.

 

     Shrubs, climbing, to 5 m tall, dusky pubescent throughout. Petiole short; leaf blade obovate, 14--20 X 6--9 cm, papery, base rounded, apex acute to obtuse, midvein and lateral veins abaxially distinctly elevated and adaxially slightly elevated. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, several-flowered; bracts oblong, 4--7 mm. Flowers small. Pedicel 1--1.5 cm. Calyx cupular, sepals reniform. Petals yellow-green, broadly ovate; outer petals ca. 7 X 7 mm; inner petals ca. 6 X 5 mm. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; connective broadly conical, puberulous. Carpels ca. 3.5 mm; ovules 4--14 per locule, in 2 series. Stigmas conical, glabrous. Fl. Jun--Jul, fr. Aug--Sep.

 

     Mountainous scrub; ca. 1000 m. S Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

3. MEZZETTIOPSIS Ridley, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 389. 1912.

 

蚁花属  yi hua shu

 

     Trees. Leaves with short petioles. Inflorescences axillary, fasciculate. Flowers small. Sepals 3, connate at base. Petals 6, each whorl valvate, pellucidly dotted; outer petals short, connate at base; inner petals falcate, long and thick, basally vaulted, apically revolute. Stamens numerous; anther elliptic, broad, extrorse; connective apex acute. Carpels numerous. Stigmas globose. Fruitlets stipitate.

 

     One species: China, Indonesia.

 

1. Mezzettiopsis creaghii Ridley, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 389. 1912.

 

蚁花  yi hua

 

     Orophea palawanensis Elmer.

 

     Trees to 12 m tall, pedicels, bracts, sepals, and outer petals outside hispid. Petiole 3--7 mm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 9--15 X 3--6 cm, subleathery, glabrous or midvein abaxially hispid, base broadly cuneate to obtuse, apex broadly acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 7--10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, in glomerules. Flowers 3--5 mm in diam. Sepals ovate, ca. 1.5 mm. Outer petals sepaloid, ovate to broadly ovate, 3--4 X ca. 4 mm, thick ended; inner petals covering stamens and carpels, sickle-shaped, ca. 9 mm, base incurved and vaulted, narrowed toward basal middle, apex revolute. Stamens 14 or more; connective apex acute. Carpels oblong, puberulous or glabrescent; ovules 1--4 per locule. Fruiting stipes short and weak; fruitlets globose, 1--2 cm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     Mountainous forests; 400--1200 m. Hainan, S Yunnan [Indonesia].

 

 4. OROPHEA Blume, Bijdr. 18. 1825.

 

 澄广花属  cheng guang hua shu

 

     Small trees or erect shrubs. Leaves often pellucidly dotted. Inflorescences axillary or supra-axillary, pedunculate or sessile, cymose, 1- or several-flowered. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 3, smaller than outer petals. Petals 6, free, each whorl valvate; outer petals ovate to obovate; inner petals larger than outer, base narrowly clawed, apical limbs lozenge-shaped and cohering by margins into a mitriform cap, apex usually acute to acuminate. Stamens 3--12; anther locules ovoid, extrorse; connective apex acute to obtuse but not truncate. Carpels 3--15, free. Stigmas sessile or subsessile, capitate to ellipsoid. Fruitlets short stipitate, usually globose to oblong, with 1--4 seeds, sometimes constricted between seeds.

 

     About 37 species: S and SE Asia; five species in China.

 

1a. Leaf base oblique; petals reddish.

2a. Shrubs to 4 m tall; leaf base shallowly cordate, abaxially hirsute; fruitlets villose .........................  1. O. hirsuta

2b. Trees to 10 m tall; leaf base rounded, glabrous or abaxially glabrescent; fruitlets glabrous .........................

.............................................  2. O. polycarpa

1b. Leaf base equilateral; petals green-yellowish or greenish.

3a. Leaf blade leathery, lateral veins 10--15 pairs; stamens 12; carpels densely villose ...............  3. O. yunnanensis

3b. Leaf blade papery, lateral veins 6--9 pairs; stamens 6--9; carpels glabrous.

4a. Shrubs 2--4 m tall; petioles, leaf blades abaxially, sepals, and petals outside pubescent ...............  4. O. multiflora

4b. Trees 6--8 m tall; petioles, leaf blades, sepals, and petals glabrous ..............................  5. O. hainanensis

 

1. Orophea hirsuta King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 61(2): 81. 84. 1892.

 

毛澄广花  mao cheng guang hua

 

     Shrubs to 4 m tall, branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and peduncles ferrugineous hispid. Petiole ca. 1 mm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 3.5--12 X 1.5--5 cm, papery, base obliquely shallowly cordate, apex acuminate to acute, lateral veins 7--11 pairs. Inflorescences supra-axillary, cymose, 1--3-flowered; peduncle 1--1.5 cm. Pedicel ca. 4.5 mm with 1 or 2 bracteoles at base. Sepals broadly ovate, puberulous. Petals reddish; outer petals broadly ovate, 3--4 mm, outside puberulous; inner petals ca. 8 mm, inside sparsely puberulous, basally clawed, apically lozenge-shaped. Stamens 6. Carpels 3--6, glabrous; ovules 2 or 3 per locule. Fruiting stipes 1--2 mm; fruitlets globose, 8--10 mm in diam., sparsely villose. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     Mountainous forests; 300--600 m. Hainan [Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Vietnam].

 

2. Orophea polycarpa A. de Candolle, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 5: 215. 1832. (Mém. Anon. 39. 1832).

 

广西澄广花  guang xi cheng guang hua

 

     Miliusa glochidiodes Handel-Mazzetti; Orophea anceps Pierre; O. gracilis King; O. polycephala Pierre; O. polycarpa var. anceps (Pierre) Ast; O. polycarpa var. undulata (King) Ast; O. undulata Pierre.

 

     Trees to 10 m tall. Branchlets gray-brown, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 1.5--3 mm, glabrous or glabrescent; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 4--10 X 1.5--4.5 cm, glabrous or abaxially glabrescent, base rounded and oblique, apex short acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 8--10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers small. Pedicel 5--10 mm, filiform, bracteolate near base. Sepals triangular, ca. 2 X 1.5 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals reddish; outer petals elliptic to rotund, 4--5 X 3--4 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous; inner petals rhombic, 8--9 X ca. 5 mm, glabrous, basally with a long claw, margin apically ciliate and revolute. Stamens 6; connective apex conical. Carpels 12, glabrous; ovules 2 per locule. Fruiting stipes 5--7 mm; fruitlets globose, 0.5--1.9 cm in diam. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Aug--Nov.

 

     Sparse forests; ca. 600 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

3. Orophea yunnanensis P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 106. 1976.

 

云南澄广花  yun nan cheng guang hua

 

     Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Bark gray-black. Branchlets glabrous. Petiole ca. 3 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate, 2.5--7.5 X 1--2.3 cm, leathery, glabrous except for abaxially puberulous midvein, acuminate on both ends or base broadly cuneate, midvein abaxially elevated and adaxially flat, lateral veins 10--15 pairs and slightly elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, 1- or 2-flowered. Flowers ca. 3 mm in diam. Pedicel 2--5 mm, bracteolate at base to near middle. Sepals triangular, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals in 2 whorls, green-yellow; outer petals ± as long as inner, ovate-triangular, 2.5--3 X 1.5--2 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens ca. 12, ovoid; connective apex acute. Carpels 3, densely villose; ovules 3 per locule. Stigmas capitate. Fl. Apr, fr. May--Jul.

 

     * Montane forests; ca. 600 m. Yunnan (Jiangchuan Xian).

 

4. Orophea multiflora Ast ex Jovet-Ast, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 9: 85. 1940.

 

多花澄广花  duo hua cheng guang hua

 

     Orophea chinensis S. Z. Huang.

 

     Shrubs, erect, to 4 m tall. Bark gray-brown. Branchlets hispid when young, glabrescent. Petiole ca. 2 mm, hispid; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 5--8 X 2--3.5 mm, papery, abaxially sparsely hispid or glabrous, adaxially glabrous, base rounded, apex acuminate, lateral veins 6--9 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, 1--3-flowered. Flowers ca. 5 mm in diam. Pedicel ca. 2 mm, hispid. Sepals 3, ovate-triangular, 1--2 X ca. 1 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals green-yellow; outer petals rotund, ca. 3 X 2--3 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous; inner petals ovate-triangular, 5--8 X 2--4 mm, outside densely pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens 9; filaments very short. Carpels 3, glabrous; ovules 2 or 3 per locule. Stigmas capitate. Fl. Mar, fr. Apr--Jun.

 

     Forests on limestone; ca. 500 m. SW Guangxi [Vietnam].

 

5. Orophea hainanensis Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 132. 1925.

 

澄广花  cheng guang hua

 

     Trees to 8 m tall. Branchlets sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Petiole subglabrous or glabrescent; leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 4--9.5 X 2--4 cm, papery, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex short acuminate to acute, lateral veins 4--7 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or supra-axillary, sparsely pubescent, usually 1--3-flowered; peduncles 4--20 cm; bracts ciliate. Flowers 3--5 mm in diam. Pedicel 4--10 mm. Sepals ovate-triangular, 1.5--2 mm, with golden pubescences, apex acute. Petals green-white; outer petals broadly ovate to rotundate, ca. 4 X 4 mm, margin ciliate, apex acute; inner petals 7--8 mm, basal half with a long and incurved claw, apical half rhombic to ovate-triangular. Stamens 6; connective apex incurved and mucronulate. Carpels 6, glabrous; ovules 2 per locule. Stigmas subcapitate, puberulous. Fruiting stipes 2--5 mm; fruitlets globose, ca. 7 mm in diam. Flowerimg: Apr--Jul, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     * Dense woods; 400--700 m. Hainan, Yunnan.

 

5. MILIUSA Leschenault ex de Candolle, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 5: 213. 1832.

 

野独活属  ye du huo shu

 

     Saccapetalum Bennett.

 

     Trees or erect shrubs. Inflorescences axillary or supra-axillary, fasciculate or cymose, 1-flowered. Flowers mostly bisexual. Pedicel slender, usually elongate. Sepals 3, valvate, small, connate at base. Petals 6, each whorl valvate; outer petals similar to sepals; inner petals readily free, erect, large, thin, base shallowly saccate and short clawed, margin innitially cohering, apex usually revolute. Torus elevated, usually with long pubescences. Stamens numerous; connective narrow and not concealing anther locules, apex subapiculate. Carpels numerous, oblong; ovules 1--5 per locule. Stigmas capitate, ovoid, or rotund. Fruiting carpels numerous, subsessile to long stipitate, globose to ovoid, with 1 to several seeds.

 

     About 38 species: S and SE Asia and Australia; seven species in China.

 

1a. Leaf blade oblanceolate, obovate-oblong, or obovate-elliptic; ovule 1 per locule.

2a. Lateral veins 7--9 pairs; pedicel ca. 1.4 cm ............

......................................... 1. M. tenuistipitata

2b. Lateral veins 12--15 pairs; pedicel 2--3 cm .............

...............................................  2. M. cuneata

1b. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate; ovules 2--8 per locule.

3a. Shrubs; leaf blade glabrous or sparsely puberulous on midvein and lateral veins, glabrescent; sepals and petals sparsely pubescent.

4a. Lateral veins 13--20 pairs; pedicel 0.5--0.7 cm, supra-axillary .....................................  3. M. glochidioides

4b. Lateral veins 10--12 pairs; pedicel 4--6.5 cm, axillary  4. M. balansae

3b. Trees; leaf blade abaxially pubescent or tomentose; sepals and petals pubescent or tomentose.

5a. Leaf base obliquely cordate; flowers 3--6 in leaf-opposed cymes or short and few-leaved branches; carpels glabrous  5. M. velutina

5b. Leaf base obtuse to rounded and slightly oblique; flowers 1--3 and axillary; carpels pubescent.

6a. Pedicel 3.5--7.5 cm; outer petals as long as sepals; ovules 2 per locule ...................................  6. M. sinensis

6b. Pedicel 1.5--3 cm; outer petals longer than sepals; ovules 8 per locule ..................................  7. M. prolifica

 

1. Miliusa tenuistipitata W. T. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 200. 1957.

 

云南野独活  yun nan ye du huo

 

     Trees to 6 m tall, branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, bracts, sepals, outer petals, peduncles, and carpels pubescent. Trunk to 30 cm d.b.h. Petiole 1--1.5 mm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic to obovate-oblong, 7.5--14.5 X 2.8--4.5 cm, membranous, base rounded to broadly cuneate and sometimes slightly oblique, apex acuminate to short acuminate, lateral veins 7--9 pairs and inconspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered; bracts lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Flowers ca. 1 cm. Pedicel ca. 1.4 cm. Sepals ovate-oblong, ca. 4 mm. Outer petals shorter than sepals, ca. 2.5 mm; inner petals ovate, ca. 9 X 5 mm, puberulous. Connective slightly elevated. Carpels 4--8, oblong, puberulous; ovule 1 per locule. Stigmas globose, glabrous. Fruiting peduncle 1.7--3.5 cm; stipes 0.9--2.1 cm; fruitlets globose, ca. 7 mm in diam., glabrous, tuberculate, 1-seeded. Fl. May, fr. Jun.

 

     * Mixed forests or scrub; 700--1500 m. S Yunnan.

 

2. Miliusa cuneata Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 145. 1912.

 

楔叶野独活  xie ye ye du huo

 

     Small trees to 6 m tall. Branchlets brown tomentose. Petiole 3--4 mm; leaf blade oblanceolate to broadly oblanceolate, 4--14 X 1.5--4.5 cm, papery, pubescent but more densely on veins, base cuneate, apex obtuse, lateral veins 12--15 pairs. Inflorescences borne on branches with few or deciduous leaves, few-flowered. Pedicel 2--3 cm, pendulous, bracteolate at base. Sepals triangular to broadly lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, outside pubescent. Outer petals smaller than inner, similar to sepals, ca. 3.5 X 1 mm, pubescent; inner petals broadly lanceolate, inside puberulous and basally concave. Stamens 6, very short. Carpels ovoid, pubescent; ovule 1. Stigmas terete, glabrous. Fl. May, fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     Sparse forests; 500--1500 m. S Yunnan [Thailand].

 

3. Miliusa glochidioides Handel-Mazzetti, Sinensia 3: 185. 1933.

 

广西野独活  guang xi ye du huo

 

     Shrubs to 1.5 m tall. Branches terete, ferrugineous pilose to glabrescent. Petioles to 2 mm; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 3--8 X 1--3 cm, slightly pilose to glabrescent, base obliquely rounded, apex short acuminate, lateral veins 13--20 pairs. Inflorescences supra-axillary, 1- or 2-flowered; bracts ovate, 0.5--1 mm, sericeous. Pedicel filiform, 5--7 mm, glabrous. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm, outside minutely strigose, inside glabrous. Outer petals as long as sepals; inner petals ovate, ca. 3.5 X 2.5 mm, outside minutely strigose, inside glabrous. Stamens ca. 20; filaments as long as anther locules; connective broader than anther locules, subangular. Carpels ca. 10, glabrous. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug--Oct.

 

     * Montane forests; below 900 m. Guangxi.

 

4. Miliusa balansae Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 149. 1906.

 

野独活  ye du huo

 

     Miliusa chunii W. T. Wang; M. filipes Merrill & Chun (1935), not Ridley (1920).

 

     Shrubs 2--5 m tall. Branchlets slightly pubescent. Petiole 2--3 mm; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-oblong, or oblong, 7--15 X 2.5--4.5 cm, membranous, glabrous or sparsely puberulous on midvein and lateral veins but glabrescent, base cuneate to rounded and oblique, apex acuminate to short acuminate, lateral veins 10--12 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers 1.3--1.6 cm in diam. Pedicel filiform, 4--6.5 cm, pendulous, glabrous. Sepals ovate, ca. 2 mm, slightly pubescent. Petals red; outer petals slightly longer than sepals; inner petals ovate, ca. 1.8 X 0.8--1.2 cm, apex reflexed. Stamens ovate to obovate. Carpels oblong to meniscoid, slightly pubescent; ovules 2 or 3 per locule. Stigmas terete, puberulous. Fruiting peduncle slender, 4--7.5 cm; stipes 1--2 cm; fruitlets globose, 7--8 mm in diam., 1--3-seeded. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     Montane forests or scrub in valleys; 500--1800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

5. Miliusa velutina (Dunal) J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 151. 1855.

 

大叶野独活  da ye ye du huo

 

    Uvaria velutina Dunal, Monogr. Anonac. 91. 1817; Guatteria velutina (Dunal) de Candolle; U. villosa Roxburgh.

 

     Trees to 20 m tall, young branches, leaves, sepals outside, petals, and pedicels tomentose. Petiole 2--7 mm; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or oblong, 8--15 X 5--10 cm, base obliquelly cordate, apex acute to acuminate, lateral veins 16 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or on short few-leaved branches, cymose, 3--6-flowered. Pedicel 5--10 cm, slender. Sepals and outer petals smaller than inner petals, ovate-triangular; inner petals dark brown, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-rhombic, ca. 1 X 0.6 cm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Carpels glabrous; ovules 2 per locule. Fruitlets subsessile to long stipitate, globose to ovoid, glabrous, downy. Fl. May, fr. Jul.

 

     Montane forests; 500--700 m. S Yunnan [Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

6. Miliusa sinensis Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. France, Mém. 4: 151. 1906.

 

中华野独活  zhong hua ye du huo

 

     Evodia lyi H. Léveillé.

 

     Small trees to 6 m tall, branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, bracts, pedicels, sepals, and petals pubescent, densely so when young. Trunk to 26 cm d.b.h. Petiole ca. 3 mm; leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or rarely oblong, 5--13 X 2--5 cm, thinly papery to membranous, base obtuse to rounded and slightly oblique, apex acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 9--11 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, erect to pendulous, 1-flowered; bracts 2--4, pubescent. Flowers 1--1.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 3.5--7.5 cm, bracteolate near base. Sepals lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, apex obtuse and spreading. Outer petals as long as sepals; inner petals purple-red, ovate, 10--15 X 6--8 mm. Connective apex apiculate. Carpels ovoid, pubescent; ovules 2 per locule. Stigmas ovoid to subcapitate, glabrous. Fruiting stipes 1.3--2.1 cm, pendulous, puberulous; fruitlets globose to obovate, 7--10 X 7--8 mm, glabrous, with 1 or 2 seeds. Fl. Apr--Sep, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     * Dense forests or scrub; 500--1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.

 

7. Miliusa prolifica (Chun & How) P. T. Li, Guihaia 13(4): 315. 1993.

 

囊瓣木  nang ban mu

 

     Alphonsea prolifica Chun & How, Acta Phytotax. Sin 7: 1. 1958; Saccopetalum prolificum (Chun & How) Tsiang.

 

     Trees, evergreen, to 15 m tall, branches, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, pedicels, sepals, and petals villous. Trunk to 50 cm d.b.h. Bark ochraceous. Petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 4--13 X 1.8--4 cm, papery, adaxially sparsely pubescent but densely so on veins, base rounded and slightly oblique, apex acute to acuminate, lateral veins 10--14 pairs. Inflorescences axillary apically on branches, fasciculate,

1--3-flowered. Pedicel 1.5--3 cm. Sepals broadly triangular, ca. 3 mm. Petals dark red; outer petals lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1 mm; inner petals ovate-lanceolate, 2--2.6 X ca. 1 cm, with a conspicuous midvein. Stamens ca. 1 mm. Carpels incurvedly crescent, densely sericeous; ovules 8 per locule, in 2 series. Stigmas ovoid, glabrous. Fruiting stipes 1--1.5 cm; fruitlets yellowish green when young, dark red at maturity, globose to subglobose, 1--2 cm in diam., puberulous, with 2--8 seeds. Seeds reniform, ca. 11 X 5 mm. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Densely wooded ravines; below 500 m. Hainan.

 

     Timber.

 

6. DESMOS Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 352. 1790.

 

假鹰爪属  jia ying zhua shu

 

     Dasymaschalon (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms; Desmos sect. Dasymaschalon (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Safford; Unona Linnaeus f. sect. Dasymaschalon J. D. Hooker & Thomson.

 

     Shrubs, erect to scandent, rarely small trees. Inflorescences terminal, leaf-opposed, extra-axillary, or axillary, fasciculate, 1--4-flowered. Flowers bisexual, often fragrant. Sepals 3, free or nearly so, valvate. Petals 2--6, in 1 or 2 whorls, valvate, flat; outer petals usually larger than inner, basally clawed. Torus flat or apex slightly concave. Stamens numerous; anther locules extrorse; connective broad and convex, concealing anther locules, apex obtuse, truncate, or acuminate. Carpels numerous; ovules 1--8 per locule, in 1 or 2 series. Stigmas oblong, ovoid, or clavate, bent, with 1 U-shaped opening and a groove continued down inner adaxial side of ovary. Fruiting carpels numerous, short stipitate, moniliform and with 1--8 joints, apex apiculate; joints ovoid, 1-seeded.

 

     About 46; S and SE Asia, Australia, Oceania; nine species in China.

 

1a. Petals 3, in 1 whorl.

2a. Leaf blade abaxially densely villose and gray-green; fruitlets with globose joints ....................  1. D. macrocalyx

2b. Leaf blade glabrous or abaxially slightly puberulous and glaucous; fruitlets with oblong-elliptic to ovoid joints.

3a. Leaf apex obtuse to subrounded, 4--10 X 1.5--3.5 cm; flowers 2--2.5 cm; connective apex acuminate; fruit glabrous  2. D. robinsonii

3b. Leaf apex acuminate to short acuminate, 10--19 X 3.5--7 cm; flowers 4--4.5 cm; connective apex truncate to broadly 3-angular; fruit pilose.

4a. Flowers 1--1.5 cm in diam.; petals dark red, lanceolate  3. D. rostratus

4b. Flowers 2.5--3 cm in diam.; petals yellow, oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate ..........................  4. D. sootepensis

1b. Petals 6, in 2 whorls.

5a. Outer petals smaller than inner petals.

6a. Inner petals obovate to broadly ovate; fruit densely pubescent .......................................  5. D. yunnanensis

6b. Inner petals ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate; fruit glabrous ...................................  6. D. saccopetaloides

5b. Outer petals larger than inner petals.

7a. Branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and pedicels pubescent .................................  7. D. dumosus

7b. Branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and pedicels glabrous.

8a. Leaf blade 21--28 X 6.5--8 cm, base shallowly cordate to truncate; flowers 2--4 .........................  8. D. grandifolius

8b. Leaf blade 4--13 X 2--5 cm, base rounded to broadly cuneate; flowers solitary ........................  9. D. chinensis

 

1. Desmos macrocalyx (Finet & Gagnepain) P. T. Li, in J. South China Agr. Coll. 14(3): 155. 1993.

 

大萼假鹰爪  da e jia ying zhua

 

     Dasymaschalon macrocalyx Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 144. 1906.

 

     Shrubs, erect, 1--3 m tall, young twigs, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and pedicels densely villose. Petioles 2--3 mm; leaf blade oblong to broadly oblong, 7--15 X 2.5--4 cm, papery, abaxially gray-green, adaxially glabrous except for pilose midvein, base rounded to shallowly cordate, apex acute to obtuse, midvein greenish, lateral veins 10--14 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, 1-flowered; bracts broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, ca. 5 mm, villose. Pedicel 0.5--3 cm. Flower buds lanceolate, 2--3 cm, basally 0.8--1 cm wide. Sepals broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1--1.5 cm, pilose. Petals red, thick, lanceolate, 2--2.8 cm, basally 6--8 mm wide, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens ca. 2 mm; connective lanceolate. Carpels ca. 10, hispid. Stigmas pubescent to glabrous. Fruiting carpels with gray-white bristles, glabrescent, with 3--8 joints; joints globose, 5--6 X ca. 5 mm. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     Sparse woods or scrub, mostly on hills; 300--500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [Vietnam].

 

2. Desmos robinsonii (Jovet-Ast) P. T. Li, J. South China Agr. Coll. 14(3): 155. 1993.

 

钝叶假鹰爪  dun ye jia ying zhua

 

     Dasymaschalon robinsonii Jovet-Ast, Notul. Syst. (Paris) ed. Humbert 9: 84. 1940.

 

     Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets hispid when young, glabrous or glabrescent. Petiole 2--4 mm, hispid; leaf blade oblong, 4--10 X 1.5--3.5 cm, leathery, glabrous, base rounded to sometimes slightly cordate, apex obtuse to nearly rounded, lateral veins 7--9 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal, 1-flowered. Pedicel 8--11 mm, pilose, with bracteoles at base. Sepals triangular, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals lanceolate, 2--2.5 cm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens numerous, cuneate; connective apex acuminate. Carpels 11, oblong, pubescent; ovules 5 per locule. Fruiting carpels with 3--5 joints; joints subglobose, ca. 5 X 5 mm, glabrous, with 4 or 5 seeds. Fl. Apr--Jun, fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     Sparse woods on limestone; ca. 600 m. Guizhou (Libo Xian) [Vietnam].

 

3. Desmos rostratus (Merrill & Chun) P. T. Li, Guihaia 13(4): 314. 1993.

 

喙果假鹰爪  hui guo jia ying zhua

 

     Dasymaschalon rostratum Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 8. 1934; D. glaucum Merrill & Chun; D. rostratum Merrill & Chun var. glaucum (Merrill & Chun) Ban.

 

     Trees to 8 m tall. Twigs puberulous when young, glabrescent. Petiole 5--7 mm, pubescent to glabrous; leaf blade oblong, 12--19 X 3.5--6 cm, papery, abaxially glaucous and pilose or glabrous, base rounded, apex acuminate, lateral veins 8--12 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers 4.5 cm or more, 1--1.5 cm in diam., lanceolate in bud. Pedicel 1--2 cm, pubescent. Sepals broadly ovate, 2.5--3 mm, outside pubescent. Petals dark red, lanceolate, ca. 4.5 X 0.8 cm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens numerous, cuneate; connective apex truncate. Carpels numerous, pubescent; ovules 2 per locule. Stigmas capitate. Fruiting carpels with 2--5 joints; joints oblong-elliptic, ca. 1.8 X 0.5--0.7 cm, apex rostrate. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     Mountainous forests or sparse woods in valleys; 500--1300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Xizang [Vietnam].

 

4. Desmos sootepensis (Craib) J. F. Maxwell, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 37(2): 177. 1989.

 

黄花假鹰爪  huang hua jia ying zhua

 

     Dasymaschalon sootepense Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 144. 1912.

 

     Trees to 7 m tall. Twigs gray-brown, pilose when young, glabrous or glabrescent. Petiole 5--8 mm, pilose; leaf blade oblong, 10--18 X 5--7 cm, thinly papery, abaxially glaucous and sparsely bristly, adaxially glabrous, base rounded, apex short acuminate, lateral veins 9--10 pairs and abaxially elevated. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers ca. 4 X 2.5--3 cm. Pedicel ca. 1.7 cm, pilose, bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 3 X 3 mm, puberulous. Petals yellow, oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate, ca. 4 X 2 cm, pilose. Stamens cuneate, ca. 2.5 mm; connective broadly 3-angular, apex obtuse. Carpels oblong, ca. 3 mm, densely villose; ovules 2--7 per locule. Stigmas recurved, with a U-shaped groove, pubescent. Fruiting stipes ca. 1 cm, joints ca. 5 mm in diam., pilose; carpels ca. 6 cm. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     Sparse forests; ca. 600 m. S Yunan [Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

5. Desmos yunnanensis (Hu) P. T. Li, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(2): 51. 1979.

 

云南假鹰爪  yun nan jia ying zhua

 

     Phaeanthus yunnanensis Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 10: 125. 1940; Dasymaschalon yunnanense (Hu) Ban.

 

     Shrubs or small trees, to 5 m tall, young branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, pedicels, sepals, and petals outside puberulous. Petiole 3--8 mm; leaf blade obovate-oblong, oblong, or narrowly oblong, 10--16 X 3.5--6.8 cm, membranous to thinly papery, abaxially glaucous, adaxially shiny and glabrous,

base rounded, apex acuminate, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, lateral veins 10--14 pairs and elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Pedicel to 2.5 cm. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm. Outer petals, ovate, ca. 3 mm; inner petals, broadly ovate to obovate, ca. 2.8 X 2 cm, outside densely puberulous, inside sparsely puberulous. Anthers oblong, ca. 2 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels 13, oblong, ca. 2 mm, pilose; ovules 2--5 per locule. Stigmas globose. Fruiting carpels to 3.5 X 0.5 cm, pilosulose. Fl. Oct, fr. Aug of following year.

 

     * Mixed forests; 1000--1400 m. SE Yunnan.

 

6. Desmos saccopetaloides (W. T. Wang) P. T. Li, Guihaia 13(4): 314. 1993.

 

亮花假鹰爪  liang hua jia ying zhua

 

     Phaeanthus saccopetaloides W. T. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 198. 1957.

 

     Trees ca. 6 m tall. Branchlets and petioles appressedly ferrugineous pubescent but old branches glabrous and lenticellate. Petiole 3.5--5 mm; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, ovate-oblong, or sometimes orbicular, 5.5--13.5 X 2--4.5 cm, membranous, abaxially green and sparsely puberulous but glabrescent, adaxially glabrous except for puberulous midvein, lateral veins 7--11 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Pedicel ca. 2.2 cm. Sepals ovate-triangular, ca. 1 X 1 mm, outside ferrugineous pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals green-yellow; outer petals ovate-triangular, ca. 4 mm; inner petals ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2.7--3.5 X 1--1.3 cm, outside pubescent, inside densely pubescent. Stamens numerous; anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels 12, ca. 2.2 mm, densely tomentose; ovules ca. 8 per locule, in 2 series. Stigmas globose, sessile. Fruiting carpels obovate-elliptic to oblong-linear, 1.8--2.7 X 1--1.2 cm, with 3--5 joints. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Oct--Nov.

 

     * Montane forests; 1200--2300 m. SW Yunnan.

 

7. Desmos dumosus (Roxburgh) Safford, Bull Torrey Bot. Club 39: 506. 1912.

 

毛叶假鹰爪  mao ye jia ying zhua

 

     Unona dumosa Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 670. 1824.

 

     Shrubs to 4 m tall, pubescent to villous throughout. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, oblong, or sometimes subpandurate, 5--16 X 2--7 cm, thinly papery to membranous, base shallowly cordate to truncate, apex short acuminate, acute, or sometimes obtuse, lateral veins 9--13 pairs, abaxially raised, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences extra-axillary or leaf-opposed, sometimes alternate. Pedicel 1.5--2 cm, bracteolate at base to near middle. Flowers 5--6 cm, pendulous. Sepals ovate, ca. 8 mm. Petals yellow-green; outer petals larger than inner, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 5--6 X ca. 2 cm, apex obtuse; inner petals oblong, slightly broad at middle, 3--4 X 0.5--0.8 cm. Stamens obovate; connective apex rotund. Carpels oblong. Stigmas glabrous, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes ca. 2 cm; carpels pubescent. Fl. Apr--Aug, fr. Jul--Apr of following year.

 

     Sparse forests or thickets; 500--1700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Laos, Malaysia, Sikkim, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

8. Desmos grandifolius (Finet & Gagnepain) C. Y. Wu ex P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 104. 1976.

 

大叶假鹰爪  da ye jia ying zhua

 

     Unona desmos Dunal var. grandifolia Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 81. 1906; Desmos cochinchinensis Loureiro var. grandifolia (Finet & Gagnepain) Ast.

 

     Shrubs, erect, to 5 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Petiole 8--10 mm; leaf blade oblong, 21--28 X 6.5--8 cm, subleathery to papery, base shallowly cordate to truncate, apex short acuminate, lateral veins 13--16 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences fasciculate, (1--)4-flowered; bracts ovate, ca. 2.5 mm, outside puberulous, inside sparsely puberulous. Flowers 5--6 X 4--5 cm, pendulous. Pedicel 4--8 cm, stout, puberulous, glabrescent, bracteolate near base. Sepals ovate, ca. 10 X 7 mm, outside sparsely puberulous to glabrous, inside glabrous. Petals yellow; outer petals oblong-lanceolate, broader at middle, 5--6 X 1.8--2 cm, puberulous; inner petals linear-oblong, 4--4.2 X ca. 0.6 cm, puberulous. Stamens oblong, ca. 1.5 mm; connective apex rounded. Carpels 15, oblong, ca. 2 mm, densely villous. Stigmas subcapitate, recurved, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels stipitate, puberulous. Fl. Mar--Apr, fr. May--Sep.

 

     Dense forests or thickets in valleys; 100--500 m. S Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

9. Desmos chinensis Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 352. 1790.

 

假鹰爪  jia ying zhua

 

     Artabotrys esquirolii H. Léveillé; Unona chinensis A. de Candolle; U. discolor Vahl.

 

     Shrubs, erect to climbing, 1--4 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Branches stout, with gray-white and convex lenticels. Petiole 2--4 cm; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or rarely broadly ovate, 4--14 X 2--6.5 cm, papery to membranous, abaxially glaucous, adaxially lucid, base rounded to slightly oblique, apex obtuse to acute, lateral veins 7--12 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or alternate, pendulous, 1-flowered. Flowers 3--6 cm in diam. Pedicel 2--5.5 cm. Sepals ovate, 3--5 cm, outside puberulous. Petals yellowish to greenish yellow; outer petals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ca. 9 X 2 cm, apex obtuse, puberulous on both surfaces; inner petals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1.5 cm, puberulous. Torus convex, flat to slightly concave. Connective apex truncate. Carpels oblong, 1--1.5 mm, villous. Stigmas subcapitate, recurved, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels 2--5 cm, glabrous. Fl. Apr--Oct, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     Waste places and thickets in valleys; 100--1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sikkim, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

     The bast fibers are used for cordage. The roots and leaves are used medicinally, and the leaves are used in brewing liquor in Hainan.

 

7. ANAXAGOREA A. de Saint Hilaire, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 91. 1825.

 

蒙蒿子属  meng hao zi shu

 

     Shrubs or small trees. Inflorescences terminal, leaf-opposed, axillary, or extra-axillary, fasciculate or 1-flowered, pedicelate. Sepals 3, valvate, connate at base. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, each whorl valvate, erect to spreading flat, subequal or outer larger than inner. Torus convex. Stamens numerous; anther locules linear-oblong, all fertile or inner sometimes reduced to staminodes; connective apex apiculate. Carpels few to numerous; ovules 2 per locule, erect from base. Stigmas subglobose to oblong. Fruiting carpels long stipitate, clavate, follicleoid, dehiscing ventrally, with 1 or 2 seeds. Seeds black and highly shiny, without aril.

 

     About 27 species: tropical Asia and America; one species in China.

 

1. Anaxagorea luzonensis A. Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. 27. 1854.

 

蒙蒿子  meng hao zi

 

     Shrubs, erect, 1--2 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Petiole 0.6--2 cm; leaf blade oblong to broadly elliptic, 9--16 X 3--7 cm, membranceous, yellowish when dry, base rounded, apex acute to obtuse, lateral veins 7 or 8 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1- or 2-flowered. Pedicel ca. 6 mm. Flowers ca. 1.2 cm. Sepals rounded to ovate, outside puberulous. Petals greenish; outer petals ovate, slightly longer and 2 X broader than inner; inner petals 8--9 X 4--5 mm. Stamens numerous. Carpels 2--4, ovoid-oblong, puberulous. Fruiting stipes clavate; follicles 2--3 X 0.5--0.7 cm, dehiscing on dorsal side, apex acute. Seeds reddish when young, shiny dark brown upon maturity, obovate, flat, 8--11 X 6--7 mm. Fl. Jun--Oct, fr. Oct--Jan of following year.

 

    Dense montane forests; 500--700 m. Guangxi, Hainan [India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand].

 

8. GONIOTHALAMUS (Blume) J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 105. 1855.

 

 哥纳香属  ge na xiang shu

 

     Polyalthia Blume sect. Goniothalamus Blume, Fl. Javae, Anonnaceae 71, 79. 1830.

 

     Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves large, short petiolate, lateral veins arcuately looped near margin. Inflorescences axillary or extra-axillary, 1-flowered or several in fascicles. Pedicel bracteolate at base. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, each whorl valvate; outer petals flat, thick; inner petals small, base short clawed, apex forming a calyptra. Stamens numerous; anther locules linear to oblong, extrorse; connective 3-angular, oblong, or clavate, apex truncate to rarely rounded. Carpels numerous; ovules 1--10 attached to base or near base. Styles elongate; stigmas entire, apex 2-lobed. Fruiting carpels subsessile to short stipitate, oblong-ellipsoid to ovoid, with 1--10 seeds.

 

     About 50 species: tropical or subtropical Asia; ten species in China.

 

1a. Leaf blade margin and midvein abaxially densely rusty hirsute.

2a. Leaf blade 56--76 X 13--19 cm; fruitlets 6--9 X ca. 2 cm  1. G. cheliensis

2b. Leaf blade 20--41 X 5.5--11.5 cm; fruitlets 2--3 X 0.6--0.8 cm .......................................  2. G. donnaiensis

1b. Leaf blade and midvein glabrous.

3a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate.

4a. Branchlets and petioles pubescent; stigmas deeply 2-cleft  3. G. chinensis

4b. Branchlets and petioles glabrous; stigmas entire or shallowly 2-cleft.

5a. Ovaries pubescent; ovules 2 per carpel ...  4. G. gardneri

5b. Ovaries glabrous; ovules 1 per carpel  5. G. gabriacianus

3b. Leaf blade oblong, oblong-elliptic, elliptic, or obovate.

6a. Leaf blade thinly papery, lateral veins adaxially flat to depressed; flowers paired.

7a. Pedicel ca. 4 mm; style twice as long as ovary; ovules 2, basal .......................................  6. G. yunnanensis

7b. Pedicel ca. 15 mm; style as long as ovary; ovules 10, lateral ........................................  7. G. leiocarpus

6b. Leaf blade papery to leathery, lateral veins conspicuous; flowers solitary.

8a. Petioles and fruitlets pubescent to puberulous ..........

................................................  8. G. amuyon

8b. Petioles and fruitlets glabrous.

9a. Flowers to 7 cm, ca. 5.5 cm in diam.; outer petals oblong-lanceolate; ovules 2 per carpel; fruiting carpels ca. 1.5 X 1.3 cm ...............................  9. G. griffithii

9b. Flowers to 2.5 cm, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; outer petals broadly ovate; ovules 6 per carpel; fruiting carpels 3--6 X 2--2.5 cm  10. G. howii

 

1. Goniothalamus cheliensis Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 10: 122. 1940.

 

 景洪哥纳香  jing hung ge na xiang

 

     Trees ca. 5 m tall. Branches dark gray hispid. Petiole 2--2.5 cm, stout, rusty hirsute; leaf blade obovate, 56--76 X 13--19 cm, papery, abaxially sparsely hispid, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin densely rusty hirsute, apex caudate with a ca. 5 cm acumen, midvein densely rusty hirsute, lateral veins 26--30 pairs and prominent on both surfaces. Fruiting carpels oblong-elliptic, 6--9 X 1.5--2 cm, densely rusty hirsute, lenticellate, acuminate on both ends, 4-seeded. Seeds oblong, ca. 2.5 X 1.5 cm. Fl. Mar, fr. Apr--Sep.

 

     * Montane forests; ca. 1500 m. S Yunnan.

 

2. Goniothalamus donnaiensis Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 121. 1906.

 

田方骨  tian fang gu

 

     Trees to 5 m tall, young branches, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, sepals, petals, and fruit densely rusty hirsute. Petiole 1--1.5 cm, stout; leaf blade obovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 20--41 X 5.5--11.5 cm, papery, adaxially glabrous or hirsute along midvein, base cuneate, apex caudate with a 1--3 cm acumen, lateral veins 17--22 pairs. Flowers solitary. Pedicel short. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 8 X 6 mm, inside glabrous. Petals reddish; outer petals ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2.3 X 0.5 cm; inner petals ovate-triangular ca. 1.5 X 0.5 cm, inside glabrous, base attenuate into a claw, claws ca. 3 mm. Stamens oblong, ca. 2 mm; anther-locule with transverse stripes; connective apex rounded to subtruncate. Carpels oblong-ovoid, ca. 4.5 mm, hirsute; ovules 2, nearly basal. Styles oblong, about as long as ovary, glabrous. Fruiting carpels 4--12, connate, ovate-oblong, 2--3 X 0.6--0.8 cm, acuminate on both ends, with 1 or 2 seeds. Seeds yellowish, ovate, ca. 1.5 X 0.5 cm, ribbed at bilateral plane. Fl. May--Sep, fr. Aug--Oct.

 

     Dense woods; 300--800 m. SW Guangxi, Guizhou, S Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

     The bark is used as medicine for traumatic injury and fractures.

 

3. Goniothalamus chinensis Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 6. 1934.

 

哥纳香  ge na xiang

 

     Shrubs to 4 m tall. Branchlets pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 5--12 mm, robust, pubescent or glabrous; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 13--30 X 3--8 cm, papery, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex short acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 12--14 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 1- or 2-flowered. Pedicel ca. 1 cm, with several bracteoles at base. Sepals broadly ovate, 5--6 X 5--6 mm, puberulous. Petals yellowish green; outer petals narrowly lanceolate, 2.2--3 X ca. 0.7 cm, outside puberulous; inner petals ovate, ca. 1.2 cm, apex acute to acuminate. Stamens linear-oblong, ca. 2 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels oblong, brown-hispid; ovules 2 per carpel. Styles as long as ovary; stigmas apically 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels fascicular, short stipitate, oblong-ellipsoidal, 1--1.8 X 0.5--0.6 cm, sparsely hispid to glabrescent, apex obtuse. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     * Montane forests; 300--600 m. Guangxi, Hainan.

 

4. Goniothalamus gardneri J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 107. 1855.

 

长叶哥纳香  chang ye ge na xiang

 

     Trees to 5 m tall, glabrous throughout. Branches brown when young, striate with age. Petiole 0.4--2 cm, swollen; leaf blade narrowly oblong-lanceolate (10--)14--38.5 X 2.5--8 cm, leathery, base acute, apex acuminate to acute, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially depressed, lateral veins 14--20 pairs and inconspicuous. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel 5--10 mm, bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 X 1 cm. Petals green turning ochraceous yellow, leathery; outer petals oblong-lanceolate, 5--6 X 1--1.5 cm; inner petals elliptic, ca. 1.5 X 1 cm. Stamens linear but obconical when dry, ca. 1.8 mm; connective apex flat to very slightly convex, puberulous. Carpels oblong, pubescent; ovules 2 per carpel. Styles slender; stigmas entire. Fruiting carpels to 20, ovoid, 1--1.7 X 0.5--0.8 cm, with 1 or 2 seeds. Seeds pale reddish brown, ovoid, slightly compressed, smooth. Fl. May--Nov, fr. Nov--Feb of following year.

 

     Dense montane forests; 300--600. Hainan [India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].

 

5. Goniothalamus gabriacianus (Baillon) Ast in Humbert, Fl. Indo-Chine, Suppl. 1: 95. 1938.

 

保亭哥纳香  bao ting ge na xiang

 

     Oxymitra gabriaciana Baillon, Adansonia 10: 106. 1871; Goniothalamus saigonensis Pierre ex Finet & Gagnepain.

 

     Small trees to 5 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Petiole 5--8 mm; leaf blade narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 12.5--22 X 2--4 cm, leathery, base cuneate, apex obtuse, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially depressed, lateral veins inconspicuous. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel short, bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals greenish; outer petals oblong-triangular, ca. 1.2 cm, hispidulous; inner petals ovate, ca. 1 cm, outside hispidulous, inside glabrous. Stamens oblong; anther-locule longitudinally striate; connective apex subcapitate, puberulous. Carpels oblong, glabrous. Styles terete; stigmas apex shallowly 2-cleft; ovule solitary, basal. Fruiting carpels oblong-elipsoidal to ellipsoidal, 1--1.8 X 0.5--0.8 cm, glabrous, 1-seeded. Fl. May--Jul, fr. May--Nov.

 

     Dense montane forests; 300--800 m. Hainan [Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

6. Goniothalamus yunnanensis W. T. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 208. 1957.

 

云南哥纳香  yun nan ge na xiang

 

     Trees to 5 m tall. Bark brown. Branches glabrescent. Petiole 5--13 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, oblong, or sometimes obovate-oblong, 7.2--19 X 2.8--6.2 cm, thinly papery, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex acute, midvein abaxially prominent, adaxially depressed, lateral veins 7--9 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 2-flowered. Pedicel ca. 4 mm, sparsely pubescent. Sepals broadly ovate-triangular, ca. 8 X 8 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals reddish yellow; outer petals broadly lanceolate, ca. 2 X 0.7 cm, rusty pubescent, inside densely rusty tomentulose; inner petals obovate, ca. 7 X 4.5 mm, base attenuate to a ca. 2 mm claw. Stamens ca. 1.5 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels 14, ca. 3 mm, glabrous; ovules 2 per carpels, basal. Styles twice as long as ovary. Fl. Apr, fr. May--Jun.

 

     * Montane forests; 100--700 m. S Yunnan.

 

7. Goniothalamus leiocarpus (W. T. Wang) P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 112. 1976.

 

金平哥纳香  jin ping ge na xiang

 

     Mitrephora leiocarpa W. T. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 207. 1957.

 

     Trees to 5 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Branches lenticellate. Petiole 6--10 mm, robust, ca. 2 mm in diam.; leaf blade obovate-oblong to sometimes oblong, 6--28.5 X 4.5--9 cm, papery, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, apex short acuminate to acute, lateral veins 9--18 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 2-flowered. Flowers ca. 1.6 cm. Pedicel ca. 1.5 cm, puberulous, bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 5 mm, outside sparsely puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals reddish yellow; outer petals ovate, 1.8--2.3 X 1.1--1.5 cm, thickly leathery, base with a short claw, apex acute, outside sparsely puberulous, inside rusty tomentulose; inner petals obovate, ca. 1.3 X 0.8 cm, leathery, outside glabrous, inside pubescent, base with a ca. 3.5 mm claw, margin densely pubescent, apex acute. Stamens ca. 1.5 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels ca. 18, linear, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Styles clublike, as long as ovary; ovules 10, in 2 series. Fruiting carpels solitary or several fasciculate, ovoid, 4--7 X 2.2--4.2 cm, glabrous, 1-seeded. Seeds reniform, 2.5--3 X ca. 2 cm. Fl. May--Jul, fr. Aug--Nov.

 

     * Montane forests; 700--1600 m. S Yunnan.

 

8. Goniothalamus amuyon (Blanco) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 10: 264. 1915.

 

台湾哥纳香  tai wan ge na xiang

 

     Uvaria amuyon Blanco, Fl. Filip. 463. 1857; Polyalthia sasakii Yamamoto.

 

     Shrubs or small trees, 2--5 m tall. Petiole ca. 6 mm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 8--15.5 X 3--5.5 cm, papery, glabrous, abaxially with brown specks, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse, lateral veins 8--11 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially conspicuous. Inflorescences axillary. Pedicel ca. 6 mm. Sepals 3, ovate-triangular, outside pubescent. Outer petals lanceolate ca. 3.5 X 0.7 cm, thick, outside pubescent; inner petals ovate, smaller than outer. Stamens numerous; connective broadly 3-angular. Carpels oblong; ovules 1--3 per carpel. Styles linear, ca. 3.5 mm. Fruiting carpels ovoid to ellipsoidal, 1--1.8 X 0.6--0.9 cm, with 1 or 2 seeds. Fl. May--Jul, fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     Mixed woods; 300--500 m. S Taiwan [Philippines].

 

9. Goniothalamus griffithii J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 110. 1855.

 

大花哥纳香  da hua ge na xiang

 

     Trees to 8 m tall. Branches pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 0.7--1.5 cm, robust; leaf blade oblong, 20--32 X 5.5--8.5 cm, papery, glabrous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex obtuse to short acuminate, midvein stout, abaxially prominent, and adaxially depressed, lateral veins 14--20 pairs and slightly elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary or extra-axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel 1--1.2 cm, glabrous, many- bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, 2--2.5 cm, glabrous. Outer petals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 6.5 X 1.5 cm, puberulous; inner petals oblong-ovate, ca. 2 X 0.8 cm, puberulous. Stamens oblong; connective 3-angular. Carpels oblong, pubescent; ovules 2 per carpel. Styles elongate; stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels fasciculate, subsessile, ovoid, ca. 1.5 X 0.8 cm, puberulous, 1- seeded. Fl. Apr--Aug, fr. Aug--Nov.

 

     Montane forests; 800--1500 m. S Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Thailand].

 

10. Goniothalamus howii Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 5: 60. 1940.

 

 海南哥纳香  hai nan ge na xiang

 

     Trees to 15 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Petiole 7--10 mm; leaf blade oblong to sometimes elliptic, 10--25 X 4--8 cm, papery, fulvous when dry, base acute to rounded, apex short acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 10--15 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel 1--2 cm, puberulous, several-bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 5 mm, outside puberulous. Petals yellow-green; outer petals broadly ovate, 2.2--2.5 X 1.6--1.8 cm, leathery, sparsely pubescent; inner petals broadly ovate to subrhomboid, 1.3--1.5 cm, thickly leathery; densely hispid. Stamens oblong; connective rotund. Carpels 15--18, pubescent; ovules 6 per carpel. Styles oblong, as long as ovary; stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 3--6 X 2--2.5 cm, glabrous. Fl. Mar--Sep, fr. May--Jan of following year.

 

     * Montane forests; 300--800 m. Hainan, S Yunnan.

 

9. MITREPHORA (Blume) J. D. Hooker & Thomson in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 112. 1855.

 

银钩花属

 

     Uvaria Linnaeus sect. Mitrephora Blume, Fl. Javae, Anonnaceae 13. 1829.

 

     Trees. Leaves with conspicuous and close parallel veins. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, axillary, or extra-axillary, fasciculate, several-flowered. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual. Sepals 3, free, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, much larger than sepals, each whorl valvate; outer petals larger than inner, ovate to obovate, spreading, veined; inner petals sagittate to lozenge-shaped, basally abruptly narrowly clawed, apically vaulted and united into a mitriform cap. Stamens numerous; anther locules cuneate; connective apex truncate. Carpels usually numerous, oblong; ovules 4 or more, in 2 series. Fruiting carpels few to many, stipitate to subsessile, globose, ovoid, or sometimes oblong-ellipsoidal.

 

 About 40 species: tropical and subtropical Asia and Oceania; four species in China.

 

1a. Leaf blade abaxially pale gray, lateral veins inconspicuous; outer petals lanceolate ...................  1. M. laotica

1b. Leaf blade abaxially greenish, lateral veins abaxially prominent; outer petals ovate, obovate-oblong, or rotund.

2a. Petioles and leaf blades abaxially rusty-villous; lateral veins adaxially impressed ......................  2. M. thorelii

2b. Petioles and leaf blades abaxially glabrous or pilose when young but soon glabrous; lateral veins adaxially slightly elevated.

3a. Flowers bisexual; outer petals obovate-oblong ...........

..............................................  3. M. maingayi

3b. Flowers unisexual; outer petals orbicular to rotund  4. M. wangii

 

1. Mitrephora laotica Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 5: 87. 1907.

 

柄芽银钩花  bing ya yin gou hua

 

     Trees to 10 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Branches robust. Petiole ca. 7 mm; leaf blade oblong, 13--18 X 3--5 cm, leathery, abaxially pale gray, adaxially lucid, base attenuate, apex obtuse and short cuspidate, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, lateral and reticulate veins inconspicuous. Inflorescences 3- or 4-flowered. Flowers ca. 1.2 cm. Pedicel robust, 6--7 mm, bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate to suborbicular, erect, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Outer petals lanceolate, suberect, pubescent; inner petals obovate, twice as long as outer, pubescent, base clawed, margin ciliate. Stamens numerous; connective apically semiorbicular, papillose. Carpels 10, oblong, glabrous; ovules 8--10 per carpel, in 2 series. Stigmas fusiform, papillose. Fl. Apr--Jun, fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     Dense woods; ca. 700 m. S Yunnan [Laos].

 

2. Mitrephora thorelii Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: t. 37. 1880.

 

银钩花  yin gou hua

 

     Trees to 25 m tall, densely rusty tomentose to rusty pubescent except for leaf blades adaxially and inside of sepals. Trunk to 50 cm d.b.h. Bark gray. Petiole ca. 7 mm, stout; leaf blade ovate to oblong-elliptic, ca. 15 X 7--10.5 cm, subleathery, adaxially lucid and glabrous except for midvein, base rounded, apex short acuminate, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, lateral veins 8--14, abaxially prominent, and adaxially impressed. Inflorescences axillary or leaf-opposed, racemose or 1-flowered; peduncle short. Flowers 1--1.5 cm in diam. Sepals ovate-triangular, ca. 3 mm, inside glabrous. Petals yellowish; outer petals larger than inner, ovate, ca. 9 mm, margin coherent, veined; inner petals slightly longer than sepals, clawed at basal half, margin coherent, rhombic at apical half. Stamens cuneate; connective apex truncate. Carpels pubescent; ovules 8--10 per carpel, in 2 series. Styles terete. Fruiting pedicels slender, 4.8--6 cm; carpels ovoid to globose, cyclic at maturity, 1.6--2 X 1.4--1.6 cm. Fl. Mar--Apr, fr. May--Aug.

 

     Montane forests; 300--800 m. Guangxi, Hainan, S Yunnan [Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

     The wood is used for building carts and as structural timbers.

 

3. Mitrephora maingayi J. D. Hooker & Thomson in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 77. 1872.

 

山蕉  shan jiao

 

     Trees 6--12 m tall, branchlets, petioles, and leaf blades abaxially pilose but glabrescent. Trunk to 35 cm d.b.h. Bark dark gray. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade oblong, oblong-elliptic, or elliptic, 7--16 X 3--6 cm, leathery, pilose or glabrous, or adaxially glabrous except for midvein, base obtuse, broadly cuneate, or sometimes rounded, apex obtuse to short acuminate, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, lateral and reticular veins conspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or extra-axillary, 1- or several-flowered; peduncle rusty tomentose. Flowers more than 2.5 cm in diam. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 3 mm, outside rusty tomentose. Petals white turning yellow and red-maculate, pubescent; outer petals obovate-oblong, ca. 2.5 cm, margin shallowly undulated, base shortly and broadly clawed; inner petals smaller than outer, sagittate, basally half narrowly clawed. Carpels oblong, pubescent; ovules 6--8 per carpel. Fruiting stipes 1.5--2 cm; carpels ovoid to terete, 2--4.5 X 1.5--3 cm, rusty pubescent, apex rounded. Fl. Feb--Aug, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     Dense montane forests; 600--1500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Vietnam].

 

4. Mitrephora wangii Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 10: 123. 1940.

 

云南银钩花  yun nan yin gou hua

 

     Trees 5--16 m tall. Trunk to 30 cm d.b.h. Branchlets rusty-villous when young, glabrous and lenticellate with age. Petiole 5--10 mm, pubescent or glabrous; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 10--25 X 3--10 cm, papery, glabrous except sometimes for midvein, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, lateral veins ca. 12 pairs and conspicuous on both surfaces, reticulate veins conspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences extra-axillary, fasciculate. Flowers unisexual. Pedicel to 6 cm, pubescent. Sepals orbicular, outside rusty pubescent. Outer petals orbicular to rotund, ca. 2.8 X 2.4 cm, outside rusty pubescent, inside pilose; inner petals apically rotund, pubescent. Connective apex truncate to obtuse. Carpels ca. 9, villous; ovules 6 per carpel, in 2 series. Fruiting stipes 1--1.5 cm, stout; carpels ovoid to shortly terete, 3--4.5 X 2--2.8 cm, rusty tomentose. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Jun--Oct.

 

     * Dense montane forests; 600--1600 m. S Yunnan.

 

10. Pseuduvaria Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 32. 1858.

 

金钩花属  jin gou hua shu

 

     Trees or shrubs. Petiole short; leaf blade with straight subparallel veins. Inflorescences axillary, fasciculate, or 1-flowered. Flowers small, unisexual. Sepals 3, valvate, membranous. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, each whorl valvate, membranous; outer petals similar to sepals but slightly larger; inner petals larger than outer but narrower, basally with a linear claw, apically ovate-triangular and connate into a mitriform cap. Stamens: male flower numerous; anther locules cuneate, introrse; connective apex truncate to retuse. Female flower: often with a ring of staminodes or sometimes with 1 or 2 fertile or reduced stamens. Carpels 3 to numerous; ovules 2--5. Stigmas sessile, subcapitate. Fruiting carpels sessile or stipitate, globose, with 1 to several seeds.

 

     About 17 species: Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines; one species in China.

 

1. Pseuduvaria indochinensis Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 28. 1938.

 

 金钩花  jin gou hua

 

    Trees 6--20 m tall. Branchlets pale gray, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 3--10 mm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong, 10--23 X 3.5--8.5 cm, papery, pubescent, abaxially blue-green and glabrous, adaxially lucid, green, and glabrous except for both surfaces of midvein, base broadly cuneate to rotund, apex acuminate, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, lateral veins 10--12 pairs and conspicuous on both surfaces. Bracts orbicular to rotund, outside puberulous. Flowers dioecious. Pedicel slender, 1--2.5 cm, pubescent, bracteolate at middle. Male flowers: Sepals orbicular, 1.5--2 X 1.5--2 mm, outside pubescent. Petals yellow; outer petals reniform-ovate to rotund, ca. 2 X 3 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous; inner petals outside pubescent, inside glabrous, apically ovate-triangular, ca. 4 X 5 mm, basal claw ca. 4 mm. Stamens ca. 1 mm; connective apex truncate. Female flowers: Sepals and petals similar to male ones. Torus margin sometimes with 2 staminodes. Carpels 15--17, ovate-oblong, ca. 2 mm, pubescent; ovules 4, in 2 series. Fruiting stipes ca. 1.5 cm; carpels globose, 1.5--2 cm in diam., densely pubescent and strumulose. Fl. Mar--Jul, fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     Dense montane forests or moist sparse woods in valleys; ca. 600 m. S Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

11. XYLOPIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1241. 1759, nom. cons.

 

木瓣树属  mu ban shu shu

 

     Xylopicrum P. Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica 150, 154. 1756, nom. rej.

 

     Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly distichous. Flowers axillary, solitary or fasciculate. Pedicel usually short, bracteolate at base. Flower buds lanceolate to subulate. Sepals 3, valvate, thick, connate at base or fused into a cup-shaped calyx. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, each whorl valvate, connivent or scarcely open, elongated, thick, inside basally concave, middle narrowly convex, woody when dry. Outer petals larger and longer than inner. Stamens numerous; anther locules oblong, extrorse, transversely septate; connective 3-angular, apex truncate-dilated. Carpels few to numerous, free; ovules 2--6, ventral. Styles elongated; stigmas clavate, capitate, or oblong, extented. Fruiting carpels stipitate, oblong to elongated, constricted between seeds, often opening.

 

     About 160 species: Africa, America, SE Asia; one species in China.

 

1. Xylopia vielana Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: t. 34. 1881.

 

木瓣树  mu ban shu

 

     Trees to 20 m tall. Branches dark brown, densely lenticellate; branchlets densely tomentulose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 4--8 mm, tomentose to glabrescent; leaf blade distichous, elliptic to ovate, 3--7 X 1.2--3 cm, papery, abaxially tomentulose, adaxially appressed pubescent, base obtuse to rounded, apex obtuse to short acuminate, lateral veins 6 or 7 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel bracteolate at apex. Flower buds lanceolate, outer part with 3-longitudinal ribs. Flower ca. 2 X 0.5--0.8 cm, recurved. Calyx shallowly 3-lobed, outside densely tomentulose, inside glabrous; sepals broadly ovate, ca. 4 X 4 mm. Petals 2--3 mm, tomentulose; outer petals lanceolate, ca. 15 X 3 mm, thick, woody when dry, concave, tomentulose; inner petals linear-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 2 mm, central costa inside elevated, tomentulose. Stamens oblong, ca. 2.5 mm; anther locules transversely septate; connective narrowly 3-angular, pubescent. Carpels ca. 4 mm, densely villous. Styles slender; stigmas clavate, villous. Fruiting stipes ca. 1.5 cm; carpels oblong, 2.5--3.5 X 0.8--1 cm, with 3--8 seeds. Seeds ovate. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Jun--Oct.

 

     Montane forests; 400--700 m. S Guangxi [Cambodia, Vietnam].

 

12. MEIOGYNE Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 12: 1865.

 

 鹿茸木属  lu rong mu shu

 

     Trees or shrubs. Leaves with dense oblique transverse veins. Inflorescences axillary, 1--3-flowered. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 3, valvate, connate at base. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, each whorl valvate, flat; outer petals slightly longer or about as long as inner. Torus conical. Stamens numerous; anther locules cuneate; connective apex rhomboid. Carpels 2--7(--12), sessile, villous; ovules several, in 2 series. Stigmas sessile, subcapitate. Fruiting carpels 1--5, usually sessile, oblong, ovoid, or ellipsoid, with several seeds; epicarp with constricted and transverse stripes.

 

     About nine species: S and SE Asia; one species in China.

 

1. Meiogyne kwangtungsis P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 101. 1976.

 

鹿茸木  lu rong mu

 

     Shrubs ca. 3 m tall. Bark dark gray. Branches densely villous when young, glabrescent. Petiole 2--3 mm, villous; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, 6--18 X 2.5--5.5 cm, membranous, abaxially glaucous and villous, adaxially lucid-green and glabrous except for pubescent midvein, base rounded to sometimes shallowly cordate, apex acuminate, midvein adaxially impressed and abaxially elevated, lateral veins ca. 10 pairs and prominent on both surfaces. Petals red. Fruiting carpels 1--3, sessile, ovoid, 1.8--3 X 1--1.5 cm, densely tomentose, base rounded, apex apiculate; epicarp with constricted and transverse stripes. Seeds 10, in 2 series. Fl. Jul, fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     * Sparse woods in valleys; ca. 600 m. Hainan.

 

13. CHIENIODENDRON Tsiang & P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 374. 1964.

 

 蕉木属  jiao mu shu

 

     Trees. Inflorescences axillary or extra-axillary, 1- or 2-flowered. Flowers bisexual. Pedicel short, bracteolate at base. Sepals 3, connate at base. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, each whorl valvate, subequal but inner narrower than outer, thick and fleshy to leathery when dry, inside basally concave to cucullate. Stamens numerous; anther locules oblong-obovoid; connective broad and thickened, apex truncate to subtruncate. Carpels 2--12, oblong, pilose; ovules numerous, in 2 series. Styles subsessile; stigmas erect, large, base constricted, apex entire. Fruiting carpels ellipsoid, cylindrical, or obovoid, rusty tomentulose, sometimes constricted between seeds. Seeds numerous, in 2 series.

 

     * One species: endemic to China.

 

1. Chieniodendron hainanense (Merrill) Tsiang & P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 375. 1964.

 

蕉木  jiao mu

 

     Fissistigma hainanense Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 131. 1925; Desmos hainanensis (Merrill) Merrill & Chun; F. maclurei Merrill (1923), not Merrill (1922); Meiogyne hainanensis (Merrill) Ban; Oncodostigmas hainanense (Merrill) Tsiang & P. T. Li.

 

     Evergreen trees to 16 m tall, branchlets, bracteoles, pedicels, outer petals on both surfaces, inner petals outside, and fruit rusty pubescent. Trunk to 50 cm d.b.h. Petiole 4--5 mm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 6--10 cm, thinly papery, glabrous except for veins, base rounded, apex short acuminate, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, lateral veins 6--10 pairs. Bracts ovate, 2--4 mm. Flowers ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 6--7 mm, bracteolate at base. Sepals ovate-triangular, 4--5 mm. Petals yellow-green; outer petals oblong-ovate, 1.4--1.7 X 1--1.1 cm; inner petals slightly thick and short, inside basally concave into cucullate, ca. 1.4 X 0.8--0.9 cm. Stamens ca. 2 mm. Carpels oblong, densely villous. Stigmas ovoid, apex puberulous. Fruiting carpels terete to obovate, 2--5 X 2--2.5 cm, constricted between seeds; epicarp with a longitudinal rib. Seeds ochraceous, obliquely quadrate. Fl. Apr--Dec, fr. Aug--Mar of following year.

 

     * Dense forest in valleys; 300--600 m. Guangxi, Hainan.

 

14. POLYALTHIA Blume, Fl. Javae, Anonnaceae 68. 1829.

 

暗罗属  an luo shu

 

     Enicosanthellum Ban.

 

     Trees or shrubs. Inflorescences axillary, internodal, or leaf-opposed, sessile or short pedunculate, 1- to numerous-flowered. Flowers usually bisexual. Sepals 3, usually small, distinct, valvate or rarely subimbricate in bud. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, valvate or rarely subimbricate in bud, distinct, flat and spreading, similar, subequal, sometimes inner petals slightly larger or smaller than outer, concave and arched over stamens. Stamens usually numerous; anther locules cuneate; connective apically orbicular to rhomboid, concealing anther locules, apex flat-topped to slightly convex. Carpels rather few to numerous, distinct; ovules 1 or 2, basal or sutural. Styles absent, very short, or long; stigmas mostly dilated. Fruiting carpels few to numerous, short to long stipitate, mostly globose to ovoid, fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds 1--5, with a longitudinal circumferential groove.

 

     About 100 species: Old World tropics; 18 species in China.

 

1a. Leaf blade both surfaces and fruiting carpels or stipes of fruiting carpels with convex dense verrucate or papilary.

2a. Leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate; fruiting carpels 1-seeded; stipes 5--7 mm .........................  1. P. verrucipes

2b. Leaf blade elliptic to broadly elliptic; fruiting carpels 3-seeded; stipes 1--3 mm ..............  2. P. litseifolia

1b. Leaf blade both surfaces and fruiting carpels or stipes of fruiting carpels not verrucate or papilary, rarely only fruiting carpels with dense minute-verrucate.

3a. Petals linear or linear-lanceolate.

4a. Leaf blade apex caudate; lateral veins 8--10 pairs; petals shorter than 1.3 cm .............................  3. P. chinensis

4b. Leaf blade apex not caudate; lateral veins 13--20 pairs; petals 1.5--3.8 cm.

5a. Flowers in few- to many-flowered fascicles or on woody tubercles on branches, cymose; petals and fruiting carpels hoary  4. P. fragrans

5b. Flowers solitary or several axillary or on older or short branches; petals glabrous or only inside somewhat glabrous, fruiting carpels glabrous.

6a. Leaf blade hyalopuncate; midvein and lateral veins glabrous; ovary pubescent, with 1 ovule ............  5. P. simiarum

6b. Leaf blade not hyalopuncate; midvein and lateral veins pubescent; ovary glabrous, with 2 ovules ...........................

...............................................  6. P. viridis

3b. Petals otherwise-shaped.

7a. Lateral veins of leaf blade to 28 pairs; outer petals larger than inner petals .........................  7. P. pingpinensis

7b. Lateral veins of leaf blade 7--24 pairs; outer petals smaller than inner or petals subequal.

8a. Young branches distinctly pubescent or hispid; leaf blade blue-green when dry.

9a. Leaf blade abaxially pubescent; connective glabrous; fruiting carpels ca. 6 mm in diam.; stipes 1.5--2 cm, glabrous  8. P. cerasoides

9b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous; connective puberulous; fruiting carpels 8--10 mm in diam.; stipes 0.2--0.3 cm, puberulous .........................................  9. P. nemoralis

8b. Young branches glabrous or indumentum inconspicuous; leaf blade not blue-green when dry.

10a. Outer petals smaller than inner.

11a. Flowers ca. 0.4 cm in diam.; ovaries glabrous ..........

...........................................  10. P. florulenta

11b. Flowers 1.5--5 cm in diam.; ovaries pubescent.

12a. Trees; leaf blade base equilateral; lateral veins 14--18 pairs, parallel; petals 2--3.5 cm ..................  11. P. laui

12b. Shrubs or small trees; leaf blade base oblique; lateral veins 8--10 pairs, not parallel; petals ca. 1 cm  12. P. suberosa

10b. Outer petals slightly longer than inner or petals subequal.

13a. Leaf blade margin undulate; lateral veins 18--24 pairs  13. P. longifolia

13b. Leaf blade margin not undulate; lateral veins 7--14 pairs.

14a. Flowers 1--2 cm in diam.

15a. Leaf blade base narrowed and sometimes unequilateral, margin revolute; flowers 1--3 in axil of leaves; sepals ovate-triangular .........................  14. P. obliqua

15b. Leaf blade base broadly cuneate, equilateral, margin not revolute; flowers 1 or 2 on short peduncles from axil of leaves; sepals broadly ovate ..................  15. P. lancilimba

14b. Flowers 3--10 cm in diam.

16a. Leaf blade base acute to rounded and sometimes unequilateral, apex acuminate without acumen; petals elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or oblong; connective glabrous; stipes of fruiting carpels slender, 5--10 X ca. 1 mm ................  16. P. rumphii

16b. Leaf blade base broadly cuneate to cuneate, decurrent, equilateral, apex acute to acuminate with an acumen; petals broadly obovate, oblong, or rarely oblanceolate; connective pubescent; stipes of fruiting carpels robust, 2--10 X 0.25--0.5 cm.

17a. Leaf blade hyalopunctate; flowers ca. 3 cm in diam.; petals oblong to oblanceolate, 0.6--1.2 cm wide  17. P. petelotii

17b. Leaf blade not hyalopunctate; flowers 5--10 cm in diam.; petals broadly obovate, 1.2--3 cm wide ......................... .........................................................

..........................................  18. P. plagioneura

 

1. Polyalthia verrucipes C. Y. Wu ex P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 110. 1976.

 

疣叶暗罗  you ye an luo

 

     Trees to 12 m tall. Branches gray-black, glabrous. Petiole 3--7 mm, with transverse striations; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 10--16.5 X 2.5--5 cm, membranous, glabrous and densely verrucate, base broadly cuneate to obtuse, apex acuminate, midvein abaxially elevated and adaxially flat, lateral veins 15--18 pairs, slender, and prominent on both surfaces. Flowers not seen. Fruiting pedicels axillary, 5--7 X ca. 3 mm; stipes 5--7 mm, verrucate; carpels ovoid, 2--2.5 X 1--1.5 cm, glabrous. Seed 1 per carpel, yellowish, ovate, ca. 1.8 X 0.8 cm. Fl. Mar, fr. Apr--Jul.

 

     * Dense montane forests; 1000--1900 m. S Yunnan.

 

2. Polyalthia litseifolia C. Y. Wu ex P. T, Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 110. 1976.

 

 木羌暗罗  mu qiang ye an luo

 

     Trees to 40 m tall. Bark gray-brown. Branches brown, glabrous. Petiole 6--10 mm, glabrous, adaxially furrowed, with an axillary bud at base; leaf blade elliptic to broadly elliptic, 9--20 X 4.5--8 cm, membranous to subleathery, glabrous and densely papillose, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex short acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 10--16 pairs, reticulate veins elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel 2--3.5 cm, glabrous. Sepals 3, triangular-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals 6, subequal, broadly linear, 6--9 X 0.7--1.1 cm, glabrous, margin slightly revolute, with a midvein and 2--4 parallel lateral veins. Stamens numerous, ca. 1.5 mm; connective apically truncate, connective concealing anther locules. Carpels 5--6, glabrous; ovules 3. Stigmas clavate, puberulous. Fruiting stipes 1--3 cm; carpels oblong to ovoid, 3--3.5 X 2--2.5 cm, glabrous, verrucose, 3-seeded, constricted between seeds. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. May--Sep.

 

     * Sparse montane forests, moist valleys; ca. 600 m. S Yunnan.

 

3. Polyalthia chinensis S. K. Wu & P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 108. 1976.

 

 西藏暗罗  xi zang an luo

 

     Trees ca. 10 m tall. Bark gray-white. Branches gray, densely covered with lenticels and irregular stripes. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to obovate-lanceolate, 9--13 X 2.5--3.8 cm, thinly papery to papery, glabrous, adaxially lustrous, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, apex caudate, lateral veins 8--10 pairs, reticulate veins abaxially slightly elevated. Inflorescences axillary, 1- or 2-flowered. Pedicel ca. 7 mm, bracteolate at middle and base. Bracteoles semiorbicular to ovate. Sepals broadly ovate, apex rounded. Petals green, subequal, linear, ca. 1.3 X 0.2--0.3 cm, membranous, flat, glabrous. Stamens numerous; connective apex rounded to nearly truncate. Carpels numerous, oblong, glabrous; ovules 2 per carpel. Stigmas slightly oblique. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep--Oct.

 

     * Montane forests; ca. 1000 m. S Xizang.

 

4. Polyalthia fragrans (Dalziel) Bentham & J. D. Hooker ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 63. 1872.

 

 伞花暗罗  san hua an luo

 

     Guatteria fragrans Dalziel, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 206. 1851.

 

     Trees to 18 m tall. Branches hoary when young. Petiole 1--1.8 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 10--24 X 5--12.5 cm, membranous, adaxially glabrous or puberulous, lateral veins many, oblique, close-set, and parallel. Inflorescences in axils of fallen leaves or on woody tubercles on branches, cymose, tomentose, pedunculate, few- to many-flowered; bracts orbicular, infra-median. Flowers fragrant. Pedicel ca. 2.5 cm, slender. Sepals small, orbicular. Petals linear, ca. 3.8 X 0.5 cm, hoary. Fruiting stipes ca. 5 cm; carpels broadly ovoid, ca. 3.8 cm, hoary, walls thin and brittle. Fl. Apr--May, fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     Montane forests; ca. 700 m. S Yunnan [India].

 

5. Polyalthia simiarum (A. Hamilton ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Bentham ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 63. 1872.

 

 腺叶暗罗  xian ye an luo

 

     Guatteria simiarum A. Hamilton ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 142. 1855; Polyalthia cheliensis Hu; P. simiarum subsp. cheliensis (Hu) Tien-Ban; Unona simiarum Baillon ex Pierre.

 

     Trees to 25 m tall. Bark gray-white. Branches puberulous when young, glabrous and sparsely lenticellate with age. Petiole 5--10 mm, robust; leaf blade ovate-oblong, oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 9--28 X 3.5--12.5 cm, membranous to papery, hyalopunctate, glabrous or puberulous only on midvein, base rounded to broadly cuneate and sometimes unequilateral, apex acuminate, short acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 13--20 pairs, oblique, close-set, parallel, and prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary or on older or short branches, 1- or several-flowered; bracts ovate, tomentulose. Pedicel ochraceous, 2.5--4 cm, tomentulose, bracteolate near base to middle. Sepals ovate-triangular, ca. 5 X 5 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals yellowish green; outer petals ± longer than inner; inner petals linear-lanceolate to linear, 1.5--3.5 X 0.3--0.4 cm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous to somewhat glabrous. Stamens oblong; connective apically broadly truncate to convex. Carpels oblong, pubescent; ovule 1, basal. Stigmas capitate, puberulous. Fruiting pedicels 2--3 cm; stipes 3--3.5 cm, glabrous carpels ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoidal, 2.5--3 X 1.2--1.7 cm, glabrous, 1-seeded. Fl. Apr--Sep, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     Montane forests; 500--1200 m. S and SW Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

6. Polyalthia viridis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 4. 1914.

 

 毛脉暗罗  mao mai an luo

 

     Trees to 15 m tall. Branches tawny pubescent when young, gray lenticellate with age. Petiole robust, ca. 1 cm, tawny pubescent, with transverse striation and axillary bud; leaf blade oblong to elliptic-oblong, 18--28 X 5--8.5 cm, subleathery, glabrous except for pubescent midvein and lateral veins, base truncate, shallowly cordate, or sometimes rounded, apex acute, lateral veins 15--18 pairs and elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, several-flowered. Pedicel ca. 2.5 cm, pubescent. Sepals broadly ovate, 3.5--4 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals green, linear-oblong, ca. 3 X 0.4 cm, glabrous. Ovules 2 per carpel. Fruiting pedicels robust, 2--7 cm; stipes 3--5 cm, glabrous; carpels oblong-ellipsoidal, 2.5--4 X ca. 1.8 cm, glabrous, 1-seeded. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Aug--Feb of following year.

 

     Dense montane forests; 600--1100 m. S and SW Yunnan [Thailand].

 

7. Polyalthia pingpinensis P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 110. 1976.

 

 多脉暗罗  duo mai an luo

 

     Trees to 10 m tall. Bark and branches gray-black, with longitudinal striations, glabrous. Petiole 1--1.5 cm, densely pubescent; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 7--18 X 2.5--5.5 cm, leathery, abaxially sparsely pubescent but denser along veins, adaxially glabrous except for pubescent midvein, base attenuate to obtuse, apex short acuminate, midvein abaxially elevated and adaxially impressed, lateral veins 24--28 pairs, parallel, and prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, 1- or 2-flowered. Flowers ca. 3 cm in diam. Pedicel ca. 2.5 cm, puberulous to glabrous. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 1.3 X 1.5 cm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, elliptic to ovate, 2.5--3.5 X ca. 1.6 cm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous; inner petals smaller than outer, oblong, 2.2--2.7 x ca. 0.9 cm. Stamens oblong-cuneate, ca. 4 mm; connective apically rounded, concealing anther locules, pubescent. Carpels numerous, oblong, ca. 2.5 mm, villous; ovule 1, basal; stigmas capitate. Fruiting pedicels ca. 4 cm, glabrous; stipes 2--4 cm, glabrous; carpels purple, ellipsoidal, ca. 1.5 X 1 cm, apex mucronate. Fl. May, fr. Oct.

 

     * Dense montane forests; 1000--1500 m. S Yunnan.

 

8. Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxburgh) Bentham & J. D. Hooker ex Beddome, Fl. Sylv. S. India tab. 1. 1869.

 

 细基丸  xi ji wan

 

     Uvaria cerasoides Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 1: 30. 1795; Polyalthia crassipetala Merrill.

 

     Trees to 20 m tall. Bark gray-black. Branchlets densely pubescent, glabrescent and lenticellate with age. Petiole 2--3 mm, remotely hispid; leaf blade oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or sometimes elliptic, 6--19 X 2.5--6 cm, abaxially yellowish and pubescent, adaxially blue-green when dry and glabrous except for minute hairs along midvein, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex obtuse, lateral veins 7 or 8 pairs and abaxially elevated. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered; bracts leaflike. Flowers 1--2 cm in diam. Pedicel 1--2 cm, puberulous, with 1 or 2 bracteoles below middle. Sepals oblong-ovate, 8--9 mm, apex acuminate, outside pilose. Petals green, thickly leathery, subequal or inner shorter than outer, oblong-ovate, 8--9 mm, puberulous and black when dry. Stamens cuneate; connective apex truncate. Carpels oblong, pubescent; ovule 1 per carpel. Stigmas ovoid, apex entire. Fruiting stipes 1.5--2 cm, weak; carpels red, black when dry, ovoid to subglobose, ca. 6 mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Mar--May, fr. Apr--Nov.

 

     Sparse montane forests; 100--1100 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

     The fine strong bast fiber from inner bark is used for cordage and sack manufacturing. The wood is used for farming tools and structural timber.

 

9. Polyalthia nemoralis A. de Candolle, Bull. Herb. Boissier 2(4): 1069. 1904.

 

 陵水暗罗  ling shui an luo

 

     Polyalthia oligogyna Merrill & Chun.

 

     Shrubs or small trees to 5 m tall. Branchlets pubescent. Petiole ca. 3 mm, puberulous; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 9--18 X 2--6 cm, leathery, glabrous, blue-green when dry, base acute to broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, lateral veins 8--10 pairs, abaxially elevated, and arcuate ascending. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Flowers 1--2 cm in diam. Pedicel ca. 3 mm. Sepals triangular, ca. 2 mm, apex acute, outside pubescent. Petals white, slightly thick; outer petals equaling inner or inner slightly short, oblong-elliptic, 6--8 mm, apex acute to obtuse, spreading, outside pubescent. Stamens numerous; connective apex flat-topped, puberulous. Carpels 7--11, puberulous; ovule 1 per carpel, basal. Stigmas obovate, shallowly 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes 2--3 mm, puberulous; carpels red, ovate-elliptic, 1--1.5 X 0.8--1 cm. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     Montane forests; 300--700 m. Guangdong, Hainan [Thailand, Vietnam].

 

10. Polyalthia florulenta C. Y. Wu ex P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 107. 1976.

 

 小花暗罗  xiao hua an luo

 

     Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 2--4 mm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 5--14.5 X 2.3--4 cm, membranous, abaxially puberulous, adaxially glabrous except for minute hairs along midvein, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse to acuminate, lateral veins 10--13 pairs, abaxially elevated, obliquely ascending, and anastomosing near margin. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3.5 X 1 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Flowers ca. 4 mm in diam. Pedicel 1--10 mm, pubescent, with 2 bracteoles at middle. Sepals ovate, ca. 2 X 2 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals yellowish green; outer petals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 X 1.5 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous and concave; inner petals flat, ovate, ca. 3.5 X 2 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens cuneate, ca. 0.5 mm; connective apex truncate, puberulous. Carpels 7, oblong, ca. 0.8 mm, glabrous; ovule 1 per carpel, basal. Fruiting pedicel 1--1.5 cm; stipes 3--4.5 mm, pubescent; carpels red, globose, ca. 8 mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Dec--Feb, fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     * Montane forests; 1100--1400 m. S and W Yunnan.

 

11. Polyalthia laui Merrill, Lingnan Sci. J. 14: 5. 1935.

 

 海南暗罗  hai nan an luo

 

     Polyalthia jucunda Finet & Gagnepain.

 

     Trees to 25 m tall. Trunk to 40 cm d.b.h. Bark dark gray. Branches pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 5--8 mm, puberulous, with transverse rugose striations; leaf blade oblong to oblong-elliptic, 8--20 X 3.5--8 cm, subleathery to leathery, glabrous, adaxially shiny, base broadly acute to rounded, apex acuminate, lateral veins 14--18 pairs, parallel, ascending to margin, abaxially elevated, and adaxially conspicuous. Inflorescences axillary or on old branches, several-flowered; bractlet broadly ovate. Pedicel 1.5--3 cm, puberulous bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 5 X 5 mm, obtuse to acute, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals yellowish, oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2--3.5 X 1--1.5 cm; outer petals slightly shorter than inner, outside puberulous to glabrous, inside glabrous. Stamens cuneate; connective apically obtuse, concealing anther locules. Carpels numerous, oblong, densely pubescent; ovule 1, basal. Stigmas capitate. Fruiting pedicels 3.5--4 cm; stipes 2.5--5 cm; carpels red, ovoid-ellipsoidal, 2.5--5 X 1--2 cm, glabrous, apex obtuse. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Oct--Dec.

 

     Montane broad-leaved forests; 300--700 m. Hainan [Vietnam].

 

     Wood used as household implements and structural timbers.

 

12. Polyalthia suberosa (Roxburgh) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 398. 1864.

 

 暗罗  an luo

 

     Uvaria suberosa Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 1: 31. 1795; Guatteria suberosa Dunal.

 

     Shrubs or small trees to 5 m tall. Bark corky, ridged. Twigs dark red, rusty pubescent when young but glabrescent, lenticels pink and with corky ridges with age. Petiole 2--4 mm, puberulous; leaf blade oblong, elliptic-oblong, or narrowly obovate-oblong, 5--11 X 2--4 cm, membranous to papery, abaxially pale brown when dry and glabrescent, adaxially gray and glabrous except for sparse pubescence along midvein, base narrowed and slightly unequilateral, apex slightly obtuse to rounded and sometimes abruptly short acuminate, lateral veins 8--10 pairs, spreading, and inconspicuous on both surfaces, reticulate veins lax and inconspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences extra-axillary, leaf-opposed, or slightly below leaf, 1(or 2)-flowered; bracts minute, apex acute. Pedicel 0.7--2.5 cm, puberulous, bracteolate near base. Sepals ovate-triangular, 2--2.5 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals yellowish green, leathery, outside slightly pubescent, inside glabrous; outer petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, flat and spreading; inner petals longer than outer, oblong, erect and curved, ca. 1 cm, apex obtuse. Stamens numerous, ca. 1 mm; connective apically convex. Carpels numerous, ca. 2 mm, pubescent; ovule 1 or 2. Stigmas 3-angular, bladelike, thick, glabrous. Fruiting stipes slender, 8--10 mm; carpels to 18, red, almost spherical, ca. 5 mm in diam., with some appressed pubescence or glabrate. Seeds 1 or 2, with a longitudinal circumferential band. Fl. almost all year, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     Sparse forests; 300--500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

13. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonnerat) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 398. 1864.

 

 长叶暗罗  chang ye an luo

 

     Uvaria longifolia Sonnerat, Voy. Indes Orient. 2: 260. 1782; Guatteria longifolia (Sonnerat) Wallich; Unona longifolia Dunal.

 

     Trees to 20 m tall, with a straight trunk. Branches finely striate, minutely puberulous when young, soon glabrous. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 11--31 X 2.5--8 cm, stiffly membranous to thinly leathery, abaxially pale and glabrous, adaxially dark glossy green, base cuneate, obtuse, or rounded, margin undulate, apex acuminate, lateral veins 18--24 pairs, reticulate veins raised on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, fasciculate and short pedunculate or racemose or umbeliform and sessile, mostly numerous-flowered; peduncle to 0.7--1.5 cm; axis to 1 cm; bracts to 1 mm, tomentellous. Pedicel 2--4 cm, usually bracteolate at middle. Sepals ovate-triangular, 1.5--3 X 1.5--1.8 mm, outside tomentellous, inside glabrous. Petals greenish yellow, subequal, narrowly lanceolate, 13--15 X 2--4 mm, spreading, inside puberulous except basally, base broad, tapering gradually to an acute apex. Stamens 0.8--1 mm; connective apically convex. Carpels 20--25, ca. 1.5 mm, apex tomentellous; ovule 1. Stigmas sessile, rectangular to oblong, pubescent, with a groove on inner side which is continued down inner side of ovary. Fruiting stipes 1--2 cm; carpels 4--8, purple, ovoid, 2--2.5 X ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous. Seeds pale brown, ovate, ca. 2 X 1.4 cm, usually with a longitudinal groove. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     Cultivated; 300--400 m. Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to India and Sri Lanka].

 

     Used for its wood and as an ornamental.

 

14. Polyalthia obliqua J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 138. 1855.

 

 沙煲暗罗  sha bao an luo

 

     Polyalthia consanguinea Merrill.

 

     Trees to 12 m tall. Bark dark gray. Twigs reddish, minutely rusty pubescent, soon glabrous, with numerous lenticels when young. Petiole 3--5 mm, swollen, puberulous; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 10--20 X 2.5--7 cm, thinly leathery to papery, abaxially dull, pubescent along midvein, and drying silvery-green, adaxially glabrous and shiny, base narrowed and sometimes unequilateral, margin slightly revolute, lateral veins 10--14 pairs, curving, forming a wide angle with midvein, anastomosing doubly, abaxially prominent, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences in axils of leaves or fallen leaves, 1--3-flowered. Pedicel 1--1.8 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2 or 3, minute, 2 basal and other medial. Sepals ovate-triangular, 2--3 mm, leathery, outside pubescent, inside glabrous, apex slightly obtuse. Petals white, subequal, oblong, 10--12.5 X 3--4.5 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous and rough, margins revolute, apex slightly obtuse. Stamens ca. 1 mm; connective apically flat-topped to convex, pubescent. Carpels ovate-oblong, ca. 1.5 mm, pubescent; ovules 2 per carpel. Stigmas ovate, pubescent. Fruiting stipes 0.7--2 cm; carpels reddish brown, globose to spherical, 1--2 cm in diam., thinly walled, glabrous and densely minute verrucate. Seeds 2, verrucose. Fl. Jan--Apr, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     Woods; 400--500 m. Hainan [Malaysia].

 

15. Polyalthia lancilimba C. Y. Wu ex P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 109. 1976.

 

 剑叶暗罗  jian ye an luo

 

     Trees. Bark gray. Branchlets puberulous, glabrescent. Petiole 2--3 mm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 13.5--24 X 4--5 cm, papery, abaxially pubescent along midvein, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate to short-acuminate, lateral veins 10--13 pairs, abaxially prominent, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences axillary, 1- or 2-flowered, short pedunculate. Pedicel 5--10 mm, pubescent, bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 2 X 3 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals similar and almost all equal in length, oblong, 6--10 X 2.5--4 mm, leathery, outside pubescent, inside glabrous, apex obtuse. Stamens ovate-cuneate; connective apically broadly truncate, concealing anther locules, puberulous. Carpels numerous, ovate-oblong, villous; ovules 2, sutural. Stigmas sessile, capitate, villose. Fl. Apr--May, fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     * Montane forests; ca. 200 m. SE Yunnan (Hekou Yaozu Zizhixian).

 

16. Polyalthia rumphii (Blume ex Henschel) Merrill, Enum. Phillip. Fl. Pl. 2: 162. 1923.

 

 香花暗罗  xiang hua an luo

 

     Guatteria rumphii Blume ex Henschel, Vita Rumphii 153. 1833; G. jenkinsii J. D. Hooker & Thomson; Polyalthia jenkinsii (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) J. D. Hooker & Thomson.

 

     Trees to 15 m tall. Branches minutely rusty pubescent when young, soon glabrous. Petiole 5--12 mm, glabrous; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 10--17 X 3--7 cm, papery to leathery, glabrous, adaxially shiny dark green, base acute to rounded and sometimes unequilateral, apex acuminate, lateral veins 7--10 pairs and conspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers 4--7 cm in diam. Pedicel 1--2 cm, appressed pubescent. Sepals subovate to triangular, 6--15 X 3--8 mm, acute, outside puberulous. Petals greenish to yellowish, thin, elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or oblong; outer petals slightly longer than inner, 3--5.5 X 1.5--3 cm, puberulous to glabrous, apex obtuse. Stamens oblong; connective apically broadly rounded, concealing anther locules. Carpels numerous, oblong, pubescent; ovule 1, basal. Stigmas clavate to capitate. Fruiting pedicels ca. 2 X 0.2 cm; stipes slender, 5--10 X ca. 1 mm, glabrous; carpels numerous, ellipsoidal, ca. 10 X 5 mm, base rounded, apex acute. Fl. May--Oct, fr. Jul--Apr of following year.

 

     Montane forests; 300--600 m. Hainan [Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines].

 

17. Polyalthia petelotii Merrill, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 13: 131. 1926.

 

 云桂暗罗  yun gui an luo

 

     Disepalum petelotii (Merrill) D. M. Johnson; Enicosanthel lumpetelotii (Merrill) Ban; Uvaria oblanceolata W. T. Wang.

 

     Shrubs or small trees, 2--7 m tall. Branches dark gray, longitudinally wrinkled, puberulous when young, glabrate. Petiole 5--7 mm, with appressed pubescence; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 8--20 X 2--4.5 cm, membranous and hyalopunctate when young, later papery, abaxially golden to rusty sericeous but glabrate or with scattered appressed hairs with age, adaxially shiny green and glabrous, base cuneate to sometimes decurrent, apex acuminate and sometimes with a 1--2 cm acumen, lateral veins 7--13 pairs, arcuately ascending, and conspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences terminal or sometimes leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Flowers ca. 3 cm in diam. Pedicel 1--1.7 cm, ferruginous pubescent. Sepals ovate-triangular to subcordate, 1--1.2 X 0.8--1.2 cm, outside appressed pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals in 2 whorls, greenish to yellow and basally purple, subequal, oblong to rarely oblanceolate, 2--2.5 X 0.6--1.2 cm, outside sparsely puberulent to glabrous, inside glabrous, apex obtuse to acute. Stamens oblong, 2.2--2.7 mm; connective apically broad, concealing anther locules, puberulous, apex truncate. Carpels 18--35, villose; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, basal. Fruiting pedicels 2--5 cm, pubescent to glabrous; carpels to 20, initially green dark purple, ellipsoidal to oblong-ellipsoidal, 1.2--1.5 X 0.8--1 cm, ferrugineous pubescent when young, glabrate. Seeds 1 or 2, flat-ellipsoidal, 10--13 X 6--8 mm. Fl. Mar--Nov, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     Montane forests, often along moist valleys; 100--2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [N Vietnam].

 

18. Polyalthia plagioneura Diels, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 886. 1930.

 

 斜脉暗罗  xie mai an luo

 

     Disepalum plagioneurum (Diels) D. M. Johnson; Enicosanthel lumplagioneurum (Diels) Ban.

 

     Trees to 15 m tall. Branches brown to dark gray, rusty-sericeous, soon glabrate. Petiole 5--10 mm, appressed-sericeous to glabrate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 8--20 X 3--7.5 cm, papery to subleathery, abaxially densely rusty sericeous but soon sparsely appressed pubescent to glabrate, adaxially shiny and glabrous, base broadly cuneate to decurrent, apex acute to short acuminate and sometimes with a 3--9 mm acumen, lateral veins 8--12 pairs, arcuately ascending, and prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescences terminal or leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Flowers 5--10 cm in diam. Pedicel 3--5 cm, rusty pubescent. Sepals broadly ovate, 1.5--2 X 1.3--1.7 cm, pubescent to sparsely pubescent, apex obtuse to apiculate. Petals in 2 whorls, yellowish green, subequal, broadly obovate, 2.2--4 X 1.2--3 cm, thick-papery when dry, appressed tomentulose, apex obtuse to rounded. Stamens oblong, attenuate at base; connective apically truncate, puberulous, concealing anther locules. Carpels green, linear, 1.5--2 mm, rusty appressed pubescent; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, basal. Fruiting pedicels 4.5--10 X 0.2--0.5 cm; stipes 2--7 cm, pubescent to glabrate; carpels numerous, ripening dark brown, gray-black when dry, ellipsoidal to ovoid, 1--1.6 X 0.8--1.1 cm, glabrate, apex dilated, with 1 or 2 seeds. Seeds ellipsoidal, 11--12 X ca. 8 mm. Fl. Mar--Aug, fr. Sep--Dec.

 

     Montane forests, often in valleys; 500--1600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan [Vietnam].

 

15. POPOWIA Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 831. 1839.

 

 嘉陵花属  jia ling hua shu

 

     Shrubs or small trees. Leaves short petiolate, granular or subgranular in texture, glabrous, pubescent, or tomentose. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or extra-axillary and 1-flowered or fasciculate and several-flowered. Flowers small. Sepals 3, slightly smaller than petals, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, thick, sometimes outer and inner petals united at base forming a sympetalous corolla; outer petals small, valvate, spreading; inner petals larger than outer, sometimes connivent and erect, margin adhering but later free, inside concave, basally short clawed, apically often incurved and valvate but occasionally imbricate. Stamens numerous; anther locules cuneate, extrorse; connective apex broadly flat-topped to slightly concave. Carpels few to numerous; ovules 1 or 2 per carpel. Styles very short; stigmas subcapitate to cuneate, grooved on top and down inner side. Fruiting carpels subsessile to stipitate, globose to ovoid. Seed often 1, rugose or pitted and with a circumferential ridge.

 

     About 50 species: tropical Africa, tropical Asia, Oceania; one species in China.

 

1. Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endlicher in Walpers, Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 74. 1842.

 

 嘉陵花  jia ling hua

 

     Guatteria pisocarpa Blume, Bijdr. 21. 1825.

 

     Shrubs or small trees, 3--7 m tall. Branches spreading, slender, pliant; twigs dark colored, striate, rufous pubescent when young, glabrous and with numerous leaf scars with age. Petiole 2--5 mm; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, lanceolate, or sometimes slightly obovate, 5.5--14 X 2.5--7 cm, membranous, minutely granular, abaxially adpressed rufous pubescent on midvein and lateral veins, adaxially glabrous except for slightly pubescent midvein, base acute to subrounded and unequilateral, lateral veins 6--10 pairs, curving then becoming straight, ascending steeply, and running some distance close to margin before terminating. Inflorescences 1-flowered or 2- or 3-fasciculate. Pedicel 2--6 mm, slender, pubescent, white or yellowish. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 1 X 1 mm, outside pubescent. Petals yellowish green, ovate-triangular, pubescent; outer petals ca. 2.5 X 2.5 mm; inner petals ca. 2 X 2 mm. Connective apex truncate and puberulous. Carpels 5 or 6, ca. 1.5 mm, puberulous. Fruiting carpels globose, 6--8 mm in diam. Fl. Jan--Jul, fr. Sep--Nov.

 

     Montane forests; 200--300 m. Guangdong, Hainan [Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

     The flowers are fragrant and used in perfume.

 

16. ALPHONSEA J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 152. 1855.

 

 藤春属  teng chun shu

 

     Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually leathery to thinly leathery, shiny. Inflorescences internodal, extra-axillary, leaf-opposed, or rarely axillary, 1-flowered or flowers forming clusters. Sepals 3, much smaller than petals, valvate in bud. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, basally saccate, apically recurved and valvate in bud; outer petals spreading, about same length as inner but slightly wider. Torus cylindric to hemispheric. Stamens numerous, in several series; connective produced but not concealing dorsal anther locules, apex apiculate. Carpels often 3--8, distinct; ovules 4--24, in 2 series. Styles cylindric, short; stigmas inconspicuously capitate, with a slit down inner side. Fruiting carpels few, subsessile or stipes with thick walls, globose, succulent or woody, glabrous, tomentose, or verrucose, with several seeds. Seeds not separating from fruit wall.

 

     About 30 species: S and SE Asia; six species in China.

 

1a. Leaf blade abaxially densely villose to tomentose .......

................................................  1. A. mollis

1b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous or inconspicuously puberulous only along midvein.

2a. Leaf apex caudate; lateral veins 15--19 pairs; flowers solitary; fruiting carpels oblong .................................

........................................  6. A. tsangyuanensis

2b. Leaf apex not caudate; lateral veins 9--13 pairs; flowers fasciculate; fruiting carpels ovoid, subglobose, ellipsoidal, or obovoid.

3a. Shrubs ca. 3 m tall; sepal shorter than wide, apex rounded ...........................................  3. A. boniana

3b. Trees or small trees, 5--20 m tall; sepal longer than wide, apex acute to acuminate.

4a. Peduncles with 11--12 bracts; fruiting pedicels with 7 or 8 bracteoles ...............................  2. A. squamosa

4b. Peduncles and fruiting pedicels without bract or bracteoles or only with 1 or 2 bract or bracteoles.

5a. Leaf blade not shiny, glaucous when dry; outer petals inside glabrous; carpel 1, with 22 ovules ......................

..............................................  4. A. monogyna

5b. Leaf blade adaxially shiny, yellowish green when dry; outer petals inside pubescent; carpels 3--5, with 10--12 ovules  5. A. hainanensis

 

1. Alphonsea mollis Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 485. 1903.

 

 毛叶藤春  mao ye ten chun

 

     Evergreen trees to 20 m tall. Trunk to 40 cm d.b.h. Bark gray-brown, bast reddish. Branches densely tomentose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 2--3 mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-oblong, 6--12 X 2.5--4.5 cm, papery, abaxially villose, adaxially glabrous except for puberulous pubescence along midvein, base obtuse to rounded, apex short acuminate, lateral veins ca. 10 pairs and slender, reticulate veins conspicuous. Inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered. Pedicel 1--2 cm, pubescent, bracteolate. Sepals small, triangular. Petals yellow-white; outer petals apex recurved, outside tomentose, inside glabrescent; inner petals slightly shorter than outer. Carpels 3, tomentose. Fruiting carpels 1 or 2, yellow when ripe, ovoid to ellipsoidal, 2--4 X 1.5--2.5 cm, fulvous tomentose, with several seeds. Seeds gray-brown, rotund and flat, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Fl. Mar--May, fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     * Montane evergreen forests; 600--1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan.

 

     The fruit are edible, and the wood is used for building carts and for agricultural implements.

 

2. Alphonsea squamosa Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France Mem. 4: 161. 1906.

 

 多苞藤春  duo bao teng chun

 

     Small trees to 5 m tall. Bark gray-white. Branches pubescent when young, glabrous and lenticellate with age. Petiole 3--4 mm, puberulous or glabrescent, with transverse striations; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or sometimes oblong-elliptic, 4.5--11.5 X 2--4.5 cm, papery, puberulous or glabrous, base rounded, apex short acuminate to acute, midvein abaxially elevated and adaxially impressed, lateral veins 10--13 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences supra-axillary, 1- or 2-flowered; peduncle ca. 6 mm, with 11 or 12 bracts. Pedicel ca. 1 cm. Sepals triangular, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Inner petals slightly smaller than outer. Stamens ovoid; connective apex acute. Carpels 1--5, ovoid-oblong, pubescent; ovules 10, in 2 series. Stigmas subglobose, glabrous, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting pedicels ca. 1.3 cm, with 7 or 8 bracteoles; carpels 1--5, ovoid to subglobose, 2--2.5 X 1.2--2 cm, densely pubescent. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Jun--Sep.

 

     Montane forests, usually in ravines; 1500--2300 m. Guangxi, Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

3. Alphonsea boniana Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 162. 1906.

 

 金平藤春  jin ping teng chun

 

     Shrubs to 3 m tall. Branches pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole ca. 3 mm, puberulous or glabrous with transverse striations; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 5--11 X 1.4--3 cm, subleathery, abaxially greenish and glabrous except occasionally for puberulous midvein, adaxially shiny green and glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate to short acuminate, lateral veins 10--13 pairs, slender, abaxially slightly elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or supra-axillary, 1- or 2-flowered; peduncle 2--3 mm, glabrous, with 4 or 5 bracts. Pedicel 4--7 mm, puberulous, with several bracteoles from base to middle. Sepals broadly ovate-reniform, ca. 1 X 2 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous, apex rounded. Outer petals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 4 mm, incurved at base, outside densely pubescent, inside glabrous; inner petals lanceolate, ca. 6 X 3.5 mm, incurved at base. Stamens 3, whorled; anther locules ovoid; connective apex acute. Carpel 1, oblong, ca. 4 mm, densely villose; ovules 6--12, in 1 or 2 series. Stigmas subglobose, glabrous, apex 2-cleft. Fl. Apr, fr. May--Jun.

 

     Sparse montane forests; 300--700 m. SE Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

4. Alphonsea monogyna Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 26. 1934.

 

 藤春  teng chun

 

     Trees to 12 m tall, peduncles, pedicels, sepals, and petals outside pubescent. Bracts puberulent. Petiole ca. 5--7 mm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 7--14 X 3--6 cm, subleathery to papery, glabrous, glaucous when dry, base broadly cuneate to slightly obtuse, apex acute to acuminate, lateral veins 9--11 pairs, slender, and slightly elevated, reticulate veins prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescences leaf-opposed; bracts ovate. Pedicel 5--10 mm, with 1 or 2 bracteoles at base. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 2 mm. Outer petals oblong-ovate to ovate, ca. 1 cm, apex acute; inner petals smaller than outer. Stamens ca. 1 mm; connective apex acute. Carpel 1, cylindrical, puberulous; ovules 22, in 2 series. Fruiting carpels subglobose to ellipsoidal, 2--4 X 1--3 cm, densely hispidulous when young, inconspicuously verruculose with age. Fl. Jan--Sep, fr. Sep--Dec.

 

     * Montane forests; 400--1200 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan.

 

     The flowers are fragrant and used in perfume. The wood is used in construction for structural timber.

 

5. Alphonsea hainanensis Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 5: 62. 1940.

 

 海南藤春  hai nan teng chun

 

     Evergreen trees to 20 m tall. Trunk to 30 cm d.b.h. Bark gray-brown, smooth, 5--6 mm thick, bast red-brown and fragrant. Branchlets appressedly ferrugineous puberulous when young, glabrescent. Petiole 3--5 mm, puberulous to glabrous; leaf blade broadly ovate to elliptic, 4--9 X 2--3.5 cm, thickly papery, glabrous, adaxially shiny and green, base broadly cuneate to rotund, apex acute to short acuminate, lateral veins 7--10 pairs, slender, and conspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or subopposite, 2- or 3-flowered; peduncle subsessile; bractlet broadly ovate. Pedicel 5--13 mm, pubescent, bracteolate at base. Sepals reniform, ca. 1 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Outer petals ovate to oblong-ovate, ca. 9 mm, pubescent, apex obtuse; inner petals smaller than outer, outside puberulous, inside glabrous or glabrescent. Stamens in 3 whorls; anther locules ovoid, ca. 1 mm; connective apex acute. Carpels 3--5, densely pubescent; ovules 10--12, in 2 series. Fruiting carpels yellow-green, subglobose to obovate, ca. 4 X 3--4 cm, densely tomentose. Seeds flat, semiorbicular. Fl. Oct--Mar, fr. Mar--Aug.

 

     * Montane evergreen forests; 400--700 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan.

 

     The fruit are edible. The wood is hard and used to build carts and for for agricultural implements.

 

6. Alphonsea tsangyuanensis P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 112. 1976.

 

 多脉藤春  duo mai teng chun

 

     Trees to 12 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Petiole 3--5 mm; leaf blade oblong, 6--16 X 2.5--4.5 cm, papery, base broadly cuneate to obtuse, apex caudate with a 1--1.7 cm tail, midvein abaxially elevated and adaxially impressed, lateral veins 15--19 pairs, abaxially slightly elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Pedicel ca. 3 mm, puberulous. Flower buds conical, ca. 10 X 8 mm. Sepals triangular, outside tomentulose, inside glabrous. Petals ovate-triangular, outside tomentulose, inside glabrous; outer petals ca. 10 X 6 mm; inner petals ca. 9 X 5 mm. Stamens numerous, in 3 whorls, ca. 1.5 mm; connective apex apiculate. Carpels 4 or 5, oblong, slightly flat, hirsute; ovules 5, in 2 series. Styles short; stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels oblong, ca. 4 X 2.5 cm, densely tomentose. Fl. Apr--Jun, fr. Aug--Oct.

 

     * Montane forests; 700--1500 m. S Yunnan.

 

17. CANANGA (de Candolle) J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 129. 1855.

 

 依兰属  yi lan shu

 

     Unona Linnaeus f. sect. Unonaria de Candolle subsect. Cananga de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 90. 1824.

 

     Trees or shrubs. Leaves large. Inflorescences axillary or extra-axillary, forming cymes, racemes, or with several flowers clustered on a peduncle. Flowers large. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, spreading, flat, subequal or inner petals slightly smaller, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous; anther locules linear-lanceolate; connective ca. 1/3 size of stamens, apex apiculate; anther locules lateral or subintrorse. Carpels many, oblong; ovules numerous, in 2 series. Styles slender; stigmas conglutinate at anthesis, clavate. Fruiting carpels several to many, long stipitate, ovoid to subglobose. Seeds several, in 2 series, pitted, sending spinous processes into albumen.

 

     Two species: tropical Asia and Australia; one species cultivated in China.

 

1. Cananga odorata (Lamarck) J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 130. 1855.

 

 依兰  yi lan

 

     Uvaria odorata Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 595. 1783; Canangium odoratum (Lamarck) King.

 

     Trees or shrubs. Bark pale gray. Branchlets, dark colored, minutely pubescent when young, glabrous and striate with age. Petiole 1--2 cm, narrowly grooved; leaf blade in two ranks, ovate, oblong, or broadly elliptic, 9--23 X 4--14 cm, membranous to thinly papery, often drying black, glabrous when mature except for mostly whitish pubescence along midvein and lateral veins, base rounded, obtuse, or truncate and often unequilateral, apex acute to acuminate, lateral veins 7--15 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or on short woody branches, racemose or cymose, 1- or several-flowered; peduncle 2--5 mm; bracts minute, deciduous. Flowers pendulous. Pedicel 1--5 cm, pubescent, bracteolate. Sepals ovate, ca. 0.7 mm, pubescent, united at base, apex acute and reflexed. Petals green, turning yellow and inside basally with a purple-brown blotch, linear to linear-lanceolate, 5--8 X 0.5--1.8 cm, tomentose and with several veins minutely pubescent, basal claw small. Stamens oblong-oblanceolate, 0.7--1 mm; connective apex acute, pubescent. Carpels 10--12, ca. 4 mm, puberulous when young, glabrescent; stigmas clavate, lamellate, fused with a U-shaped groove on inner side running down to base of ovary to form a convex pileate disc. Fruiting stipes 1.2--1.8 cm; carpels nearly black, ovoid, globose, or oblong, 1.5--2.3 X ca. 1 cm, pulpy, glabrous. Seeds 2--12, in 2 series, pale brown, surface pitted. Fl. Apr--Aug, fr. Oct--Mar of following year.

 

     Cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to NE Australia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, and Thailand].

 

     The flowers are the source of an essential oil which is used in perfumery, soaps, and cosmetics; they are also laid between cloth to impart an agreeable scent.

 

1a. Trees 6--33 m tall .....................  1a. var. odorata

1b. Shrubs 1--2 m tall ..................  1b. var. fruiticosa

 

1a. Cananga odorata var. odorata

 

 依兰（原变种）  yi lan (yuan bian zhong)

 

     Trees 6--33 m tall. Fl. Apr--Aug, fr. Nov--Mar of following year.

 

     Cultivated; 100--200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to NE Australia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand].

 

1b. Cananga odorata var. fruticosa (Craib) Sinclair in Sarawak, Mus. J. 5(3): 599. 1951.

 

     Canangium fruticosum Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 166. 1922.

 

 小依兰  xiao yi lan

 

     Shrubs 1--2 m tall. Fl. Apr--Jun, fr. Oct--Mar of following year.

 

     Cultivated; 100--200 m. Guangdong, Yunnan [native to Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand].

 

18. ARTABOTRYS R. Brown ex Ker Gawler, Bot. Reg. 5: t. 423. 1820.

 

 鹰爪花属  ying zhua hua shu

 

     Climbing shrubs or woody lianas. Inflorescences 1- or few-flowered clusters; peduncles hardened and hooked. Flowers bisexual, often fragrant. Sepals small, valvate, base connate. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, pale yellowish, subequal, each whorl valvate, base concave, apex connivent. Torus flat or concave. Stamens numerous but sometimes androecious outermost series with staminodes; connective apically dilated, apex truncate. Carpels 4 to numerous; ovules 2 per carpel, basal. Stigmas ovoid, oblong, or clavate. Fruiting carpels fasciculate, free, sessile or short stipitate, elliptic-obovate to globose, fleshy and berrylike.

 

     About 100 species: Old World tropics and subtropics; eight species in China.

 

1a. Fruiting carpels apex long rostrate; leaf blade base slightly oblique .............................  1. A. rhynchocarpus

1b. Fruiting carpels apex erostrate; leaf blade base equilateral.

2a. Flowers many; connective apex truncate  2. A. multiflorus

2b. Flowers 1--3; connective apex 3-angular, semiorbicular, or subtruncate.

3a. Outer petals 1--1.8 cm.

4a. Leaf blade glabrous or midvein abaxially puberulous; pedicel longer than peduncle ................  3. A. hongkongensis

4b. Leaf blade abaxially densely tomentose or pubescent; pedicel shorter than peduncle.

5a. Leaf blade adaxially lucid; lateral veins 10--12 pairs; outer petals ovate to broadly triangular ......................

..............................................  4. A. fragrans

5b. Leaf blade adaxially slightly glaucous; lateral veins 8 pairs; outer petals narrowly oblong ..............  5. A. pilosus

3b. Outer petals 2--4.5 cm.

6a. Leaf blade adaxially puncticulate; outer petals oblong-ovate .......................................  6. A. punctulatus

6b. Leaf blade adaxially not puncticulate; outer petals narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate.

7a. Lateral veins 7--9 pairs; outer petals ca. 20 X 2 .......  

...........................................  7. A. hainanensis

7b. Lateral veins 8--16 pairs; outer petals 3--4.5 X 0.9--1.6 cm .......................................  8. A. hexapetalus

 

1. Artabotrys rhynchocarpus C. Y. Wu ex S. H. Yuan, Acta Bot. Yunnan 4(3): 261. 1982.

 

 喙果鹰爪花  hui guo ying zhua hua

 

     Shrubs, climbing, to 10 m tall. Branchlets appressed-pilose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 3--5 mm, appressed-pilose; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 8--13 X 3--4 cm, papery, abaxially puberulous, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, apex acuminate, lateral veins 12--14 pairs and elevated on both surfaces. Fruiting stipe 5--7 mm; carpels oblong, 4.5--5 X 1.5--1.7 cm, apex conspicuously rostrate, 2-seeded. Seeds flat, ca. 3 X 1.2 cm. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Oct.

 

     * Dense woods; ca. 1200 m. SE Yunnan.

 

2. Artabotrys multiflorus C. E. C. Fischer, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 436. 1937.

 

 多花鹰爪花  duo hua ying zhua hua

 

     Lianas. Branchlets dark brown, minutely lenticellate, ultimate twigs minutely puberulous. Petiole 5--8 mm; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 10--16.5 X 4--6.5 cm, appressed pubescent when young especially abaxially on midvein, glabrescent, base narrow, apex apiculate to bluntly acuminate, midvein abaxially prominent, lateral veins 9--12 pairs. Inflorescences formed by two fascicles with one apical and other slightly removed from it on outer side, many-flowered; peduncle stout, sharply curved, 15--20 cm, appressed bristly. Pedicel 0.8--1.5 cm, rufous hispid. Sepals ovate-triangular, 3--4 mm, outside rufous pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals green to yellow, subequal, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1.8--2.5 X 0.6--0.7 cm, base deeply convex; inner petals slightly narrower and more deeply concave than outer, conniving over stamens and carpels, thinly pubescent adaxially concave base, outside densely gray pubescent on concave part, inside glabrous. Stamens oblong-cuneate, ca. 1.5 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels 12--21, narrowly oblong to lanceolate-oblong, 1.3--1.5 mm, glabrous. Styles oblong to narrowly clavate, 1.3--1.5 mm. Fl. May--Aug, fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     Thickets on limestone; 800--1000 m. Guizhou [Myanmar].

 

3. Artabotrys hongkongensis Hance, J. Bot. 8: 71. 1870.

 

 香港鹰爪花  xiang gang ying zhua hua

 

     Shrubs, climbing, to 8 m tall. Branchlets hispid. Petiole 2--5 mm, puberulous; leaf blade elliptic-oblong to oblong, 6--12 X 2.5--4 cm, leathery, glabrous or only midvein abaxially puberulous, adaxially lucid, base rotund and slightly oblique, lateral veins 8--10 pairs and elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences 1-flowered. Pedicel slightly longer than peduncle, puberulous. Sepals ovate-triangular, ca. 5 mm, glabrescent. Petals ovate-lanceolate; outer petals 1--1.8 cm, thickened, base concave, outside densely sericeous pubescent; inner petals 1--1.2 cm, base concave. Stamens cuneate; connective apex 3-angular, puberulous. Carpels ovate-oblong, glabrous; ovules 2, basal. Stigmas slightly clavate. Fruiting carpels black when dry, ellipsoidal, 2--4 X 1.5--3 cm, apex subrounded. Fl. Mar--May, fr. May--Aug.

 

     Dense woods or thickets; 300--1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

4. Artabotrys fragrans Ast ex Jovet-Ast, Notul. Syst. (Paris) ed. Humbert, 9: 77. 1940.

 

 香鹰爪花  xiang ying zhua hua

 

     Lianas to 20 m. Branchlets pubescent, glabrescent. Petiole 5--8 mm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate-oblong, 13--17 X 5--6 cm, abaxially densely pubescent when young and sparsely puberulous with age, adaxially lucid and glabrous, base acute to obtuse, apex short acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 10--12 pairs and elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences 1--3-flowered; peduncle ca. 2 cm, glabrous. Pedicel 1--1.2 cm, pubescent. Sepals triangular, with golden pubescence. Outer petals broadly ovate-triangular, ca. 1.4 X 0.9 cm, densely villous except basally, base concave; inner petals triangular, slightly shorter than outer, pubescent except basally, base concave. Connective apex semiorbicular. Carpels 4--7, ovoid, glabrous. Fruiting carpels ellipsoidal, ca. 4 X 2 cm, glabrous, smooth. Fl. Jul--Aug, fr. Sep--Oct.

 

     Mixed woods; ca. 1000 m. S Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

5. Artabotrys pilosus Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 224. 1935.

 

 毛叶鹰爪花  mao ye ying zhua hua

 

     Shrubs, climbing, to 5 m tall, branchlets, petioles, and leaf blades abaxially densely tomentose. Petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade oblong to oblong-elliptic, 5--17 X 2--7.5 cm, papery, adaxially glabrous and slightly glaucous, base rounded, apex acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins ca. 8 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat to slightly elevated. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or extra-axillary, usually 1-flowered; peduncle flat, densely villose when young, glabrescent. Pedicel shorter than peduncle, 6--12 mm, densely pubescent. Sepals ovate, ca. 4 mm, outside pubescent. Petals greenish to yellowish, narrowly oblong, 1.5--1.7 cm, pubescent. Stamens cuneate; connective apex subtruncate. Carpels ca. 8, glabrous. Fruiting carpels dark brown, oblong-ellipsoidal, 1.5--2.2 X ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. May--Dec.

 

     * Mixed woods; 200--500 m. Hainan.

 

     The bast fibers are used for cordage. The flowers are fragrant and used in perfume.

 

6. Artabotrys punctulatus C. Y. Wu ex S. H. Yuan, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4(3): 260. 1982.

 

 点叶鹰爪花  dian ye ying zhua hua

 

     Shrubs, climbing, to 4 m tall, young branchlets, petioles, midveins abaxially, peduncles, and sepals puberulous. Petiole 5--7 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 7--13.5 X 3--5.5 cm, papery, adaxially puncticulate, base cuneate to broadly cuneate and oblique, apex acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 12--14 pairs and elevated on both surfaces. Peduncle puberulous. Flowers 3--4 cm in diam. Pedicel 1.5--2 cm. Sepals broadly ovate-triangular, 5--7 mm, basally slightly attenuate. Petals brown-green; outer petals oblong-ovate, ca. 2.5 cm, base concave; inner petals ca. 2 cm, concave and connivent, attenuate basally, horizontally spreading from upper 1/3. Stamens numerous, cuneate, ca. 1.5 mm; connective apex subtruncate, glabrous. Carpels 20, oblong, glabrous; stigmas clavate, longer than ovaries, pubescent. Fruiting carpels fusiform and slightly flat, 3.5--4 X 1.5--1.7 cm. Fl. Apr--Jun, fr. Sep--Nov.

 

     * Sparse woods; ca. 1500 m. S Yunnan.

 

7. Artabotrys hainanensis R. E. Fries, Ark. Bot., n. s. 3: 41. 1955.

 

 海南鹰爪花  hai nan ying zhua hua

 

     Artabotrys stenopetalus Merrill & Chun (1935), not Engler (1891).

 

     Shrubs, climbing, to 4 m tall, glabrous except for veins abaxially, sepals, and petals. Petiole 4--8 mm; leaf blade oblong to oblong-elliptic, 7--15 X 3--6 cm, papery, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex acuminate to acute, lateral veins 7--9 pairs, elevated on both surfaces, and abaxially pubescent. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, usually 1-flowered. Pedicel 1.2--1.5 cm. Sepals ovate, 4--5 mm, sparsely pubescent. Petals yellowish white, subequal, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2 X 0.2 cm, base slightly broad and concave. Stamens oblong, ca. 14 X 2 mm; connective apex rounded to subtruncate. Carpels 15, slightly longer than stamens; stigmas shortly clavate. Fruiting carpels ellipsoidal, ca. 2.5 X 1.2. Fl. May--Jul, fr. Jul--Oct.

 

     * Dense woods; 200--500 m. Hainan.

 

8. Artabotrys hexapetalus (Linnaeus f.) Bhandari, Bayleia 12: 149. 1964.

 

 鹰爪花  ying zhua hua

 

     Annona hexapetala Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 270. 1781; A. uncinata Lamarck; Artabotrys odoratissimus R. Brown ex Ker; A. uncatus (Loureiro) Baillon; A. unicinatus (Lamarck) Merrill; Unona uncinata (Lamarck) Dunal; Uvaria esculenta Roxburgh ex Rottboel; U. odoratissima Roxburgh; U. uncata Loureiro.

 

     Shrubs, climbing, to 10 m tall. Branchlets glabrous or glabrescent. Petiole 4--8 mm; leaf blade oblong to broadly lanceolate, 6--16(--25) X 2.5--6(--8) cm, papery, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate to acute, apex acuminate to acute, midvein abaxially puberulous to glabrous, lateral veins 8--16 pairs and elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered. Flowers 2.5--3 cm in diam., fragrant. Sepals green, ovate, 5--8 mm, sparsely puberulous. Petals greenish to yellowish, oblong-lanceolate, 3--4.5 X 0.9--1.6 cm, outside basally densely pubescent, contracted nearly to base but basally expanded. Stamens oblong; connective apex 3-angular. Carpels oblong, glabrous. Fruiting carpels ovoid, 2.5--4 X ca. 2.5 cm, glabrous, apex conspicuously apiculate. Seeds pale brown, 1.5--2 cm, smooth. Fl. May--Aug, fr. May--Dec. 2n = 12.

 

     Widely cultivated, rarely naturalized; 100--300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [native to S India and Sri Lanka].

 

     The flowers are fragrant and used in perfume and tea. The fruit are used as a medicine for scrofula.

 

19. RICHELLA A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 2: 325. 1852.

 

 尖花藤属  jian hua teng shu

 

     Polyalthia Blume sect. Oxymitra Blume; Oxymitra (Blume) J. D. Hooker & Thomson (1855), not Bischoff ex Linderberg (1829); Friesodielsia Steenis.

 

     Shrubs or climbers. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, extra-axillary, or supra-axillary, 1-flowered; bracteate. Sepals 3, valvate, free or united at base. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, valvate, free; outer petals 3 flat or 3-ridged, long and narrow, leathery, basally broadened and concave; inner petals much shorter than outer, ovate, lanceolate, or oblong, adaxially forming a pyramid, narrowed at base and often with a gap between petals. Stamens numerous; connective apically enlarged and concealing anther locules, apex truncate. Carpels numerous, oblong; ovules 1 or 2, basal. Styles clavate. Fruiting carpels free, stipitate, globose to ellipsoidal-cylindric, epicarp thin to thick.

 

     About 58 species: Old World tropics; one species in China.

 

1. Richella hainanensis (Tsiang & P. T. Li) Tsiang & P. T. Li, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(2): 128. 1979.

 

 尖花藤  jian hua teng

 

     Friesodielaia hainanensis Tsiang & P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 377. 1964.

 

     Woody climber, to 5 m tall, glabrous except for slightly puberulous leaf blade midvein. Petiole 5--8 mm; leaf blade oblong to oblong-elliptic, 10--21.5 X 3.7--7.5 cm, papery, abaxially glaucous, base shallowly cordate, apex acute to short acuminate, lateral veins 13--15 pairs. Flowers not seen. Fruiting stipes slender, 5.3--7.5 cm; carpels subglobose, ca. 10 X 8 mm, apex apiculate, 1-seeded. Seeds brown, stalk ca. 1 cm, subglobose, ca. 8 X 6 mm, epicarp thin. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Oct.

 

     * Montane forests; 300--500 m. Hainan (Baoting Xian).

 

20. FISSISTIGMA Griffith, Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 706. 1854.

 

 瓜馥木属  gua fu mu shu

 

     Melodorum J. D. Hooker & Thomson (1855), not Loureiro (1790).

 

     Climbers; leaves, pedicels, flowers, and carpels usually pubescent to tomentose and sometimes copiously so. Leaf blade with many stout parallel lateral veins. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, leaf-opposed, or infra-axillary, 1- to many-flowered and forming cymes, glomerules, or branched panicles. Pedicel often with several bracteoles from base to middle. Flower buds ovoid to oblong-conical. Sepals 3, small, valvate, united at very base. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, each whorl valvate, leathery, margin thickened; outer petals erect or spreading, slightly larger than inner, inside flat to convex; inner petals 3-edged, base concave. Stamens numerous; connective slightly enlarged, apically oblique, obtuse, or slightly apiculate. Carpels numerous, distinct, often pubescent, slightly curved, grooved on inner side; ovules 1--16, in 1 or 2 series, sutural. Styles sometimes narrowly clavate but usually not enlarging; stigmas very short and not differentiated clearly from style, apex 2-cleft or entire. Fruiting carpels few to numerous, stipitate, spherical, ovoid, or oblong, thick-walled, usually pubescent to tomentose. Seeds 1--10, in 1 or 2 series, smooth, shiny.

 

     About 75 species: Old World tropics and subtropics; 23 species in China.

 

1a. Flowers solitary or paired.

2a. Flowers leaf-opposed, ca. 1.2 cm in diam.; outer petals rotund, ca. 6 mm; inner petals ca. 4 mm

..........................................  1. F. cupreonitens

2b. Flowers axillary or subaxillary; 3--4 cm in diam.; outer petals ovate-triangular to oblong, 1.4--2.4 cm; inner petals 10--14 mm.

3a. Leaf blade oblong; pedicel ca. 2 cm; stigmas apex entire; fruiting carpels 4--5 X ca. 4 cm ...................  2. F. uonicum

3b. Leaf blade lanceolate to ellitpic-lanceolate; pedicel ca. 0.5 cm; stigmas apex 2-cleft; fruiting carpels ca. 1.8 X 1.5 cm  3. F. maclurei

1b. Flowers often grouped into cymes, glomerules, or branched panicles.

4a. Leaf blade glabrous or abaxially inconspicuously and sparsely pubescent, glabrescent.

5a. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous.

6a. Thyrses to ca. 6 cm; petals 0.5--0.6 cm; ovule 1; stigmas apex 2-cleft ...............................  4. F. glaucescens

6b. Cymes to ca. 5 cm; petals ca. 1.5 cm; ovules 30; stigmas apex entire ...........................................  5. F. pallens

5b. Leaf blade abaxially greenish or gray-green.

7a. Leaf base truncate to slightly shallowly cordate; lateral veins 18--20 pairs; stigmas apex entire; fruiting carpels 3.5--4 cm in diam ..............................  6. F. chloroneurum

7b. Leaf base rounded; lateral veins 10--14 pairs; stigmas apex 2-cleft; fruiting carpels 2--3 cm in diam.

8a. Branchlets ferrugineous pubescent when young; cymes usually leaf-opposed or alternate; ovules 4; fruiting carpels glabrescent .............................  7. F. wallichii

8b. Branchlets glabrous; panicles terminal or axillary; ovules 22; fruiting carpels densely fulvous tomentulose ......  8. F. tonkinense

4b. Leaf blade densely tomentose, densely pubescent, or hispid.

9a. Flowers forming panicles or cymes.

10a. Peduncles 1--28 cm.

11a. Leaf apex acute; flower buds ovoid; petals ovate; connective ovate, apex obtuse .....................  9. F. latifolium

11b. Leaf apex rounded to retuse; flower buds conical to lanceolate; petals oblong-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic; connective conical to broadly ovoid, apex acuminate or truncate.

12a. Peduncles to 28 cm; pedicel ca. 2--3 mm; petals ovate-elliptic to ovate-oblong; connective apex acuminate; stigmas apex 2-cleft .............................  10. F. tungfangense

12b. Peduncles ca. 1 cm; pedicel ca. 15 mm; petals oblong-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate; connective apex truncate; stigmas apex entire

.........................................  11. F. tientangense

10b. Peduncles 0.1--0.5 cm.

13a. Lateral veins adaxially flat; stigmas apex 2-cleft.

14a. Sepals connate at base, broadly triangular, ca. 3 X 3.5 mm; connective broadly 3-angular

........................................  12. F. polyanthoides

14b. Sepals distinct, ovate-triangular, ca. 2 X 2 mm; connective obliquelly 3-angular ....................  13. F. poilanei

13b. Lateral veins adaxially impressed; stigmas apex entire.

15a. Leaf base cuneate to broadly cuneate; inner petals outside pubescent; fruiting carpels ca. 1.2 cm in diam ...  14. F. acuminatissimum

15b. Leaf base shallowly cordate; inner petals outside glabrous; fruiting carpels 2--2.5 cm in diam. .....................

...........................................  15. F. cavaleriei

9b. Flowers forming glomerules.

16a. Lateral veins 25--35 pairs; fruiting carpels ca. 4 cm in diam. .........................................  16. F. balansae

16b. Lateral veins 13--20 pairs; fruiting carpels 1.5--3 cm in diam.

17a. Lateral veins adaxially flat.

18a. Branches and leaf blades abaxially densely tomentose; outer petals outside with a prominent costa; connective subrounded to truncate .............................  17. F. xylopetalum

18b. Branches and leaf blades abaxially pubescent to glabrescent; outer petals outside without a prominent costa; connective 3-angular to slightly obliquely 3-angular.

19a. Petals 2--2.1 cm; ovules 10; stigmas apex 2-cleft ......

.............................................  18. F. oldhamii

19b. Petals 0.9--1.2 cm; ovules 4--6; stigmas apex entire  19. F. polyanthum

17b. Lateral veins adaxially impressed.

20a. Bracts many, longer or as long as sepals; stigmas apex 2-cleft .....................................  20. F. bracteolatum

20b. Bracts absent or few, shorter than sepals; stigma apex entire.

21a. Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, apex slightly acute; connective narrowly lanceolate  21. F. kwangsiense

21b. Leaf blade broadly ovate, obovate, or obovate-oblong, apex rounded to retuse; connective broadly or obliquelly 3-angular.

22a. Inflorescences leaf-opposed; sepals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 mm; ovules 4; fruiting carpels globose .......  22. F. retusum

22b. Inflorescences extra-axillary; sepals broadly triangular, ca. 5 mm; ovules 10; fruiting carpels oblong  23. F. shangtzeense

 

1. Fissistigma cupreonitens Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 8. 1934.

 

 金果瓜馥木  jin guo gua fu mu

 

     Climbers to 13 m tall, branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and flowers densely appressed red-brown pubescent but older branches glabrous. Petiole 0.8--1.2 cm; leaf blade oblong to oblong-elliptic, 5--10 X 1.5--3 cm, leathery, adaxially glabrous except for appressed pubescence on midvein, base rounded to rotund, apex acute to short acuminate, lateral veins 8--13 pairs, slender, abaxially slightly elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1-flowered; bracts triangular. Flowers ca. 1.2 cm in diam. Pedicel ca. 1 cm. Sepals broadly triangular, ca. 6 mm, base connate. Petals rotund; outer petals ca. 6 mm, incurved; inner petals ca. 4 mm, inside basally depressed. Stamens oblong, ca. 1 mm; connective 3-angular. Carpels oblong, ca. 2 mm, sericeous pubescent; ovules 14, in 2 series. Stigmas apex entire. Fruiting pedicels ca. 2 mm, robust; stipes ca. 1.5 cm, densely red-brown tomentose; carpels globose, ovoid-ellipsoidal, or ellipsoidal, ca. 3 X 2 cm, densely red-brown tomentose, apex rounded or mucronulate. Seeds 14, in 2 series, brown, ovate, ca. 1.4 X 0.9 cm, subflattened. Fl. Apr--Nov, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     * Dense montane forests; 300--1000 m. SE Guangxi.

 

2. Fissistigma uonicum (Dunn) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 137. 1919.

 

 香港瓜馥木  xiang gang gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum uonicum Dunn, J. Bot. 48: 323. 1910; Fissistigma clementis Merrill.

 

    Climbers to 5 m tall. Branches glabrous. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade oblong, 4--20 X 1--5 cm, papery, abaxially yellowish, sparsely puberulous, and red-yellow when dry, adaxially glabrous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex acute, lateral veins 8--12 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat to slightly elevated. Inflorescences axillary or subaxillary, 1- or 2-flowered. Flowers fragrant. Pedicel ca. 2 cm, pubescent. Sepals ovate, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals yellow; outer petals ovate-triangular, ca. 2.4 X 1.4 cm, thickened, apex obtuse, outside fulvous pubescent, inside glabrous; inner petals lanceolate, ca. 1.4 X 0.6 cm, inside basally concave and apically convex. Stamens oblong; connective 3-angular. Carpels oblong, pubescent; ovules 9--16, in 2 series. Styles cylindric, glabrous; stigmas apex entire. Fruiting carpels globose to shortly cylindric, 4--5 X ca. 4 cm, pubescent to glabrescent. Seeds 9--16, in 2 series. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     Montane forests edges or scrub; 100--800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan [Indonesia].

 

     The fruit are edible. The leaves are used in brewing liquor in Guangxi and Hainan.

 

3. Fissistigma maclurei Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 21: 342. 1922.

 

 毛瓜馥木  mao gua fu mu

 

     Desmos hainanensis (Merrill) Merrill; Fissistigma hainanense Merrill; Meiogyne maclurei (Merrill) Sinclair; Melodorum maclurei (Merrill) Ast.

 

     Climbers to 6 m tall, young branches, leaf blades abaxially, pedicels, and flowers fulvous to black-brown tomentose. Petiole 5--8 mm, black-brown tomentose; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 7--12 X 2--3.5 cm, subleathery, adaxially glabrous, base obtuse, apex acute to acuminate, lateral veins 13--17 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat, reticulate veins prominent. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel ca. 5 mm, robust. Sepals ovate-oblong, ca. 5 mm, black-brown villose. Petals thickened; outer petals oblong, ca. 1.4 cm, villose; inner petals shorter than outer, pubescent. Stamens oblong, nearly as long as carpels; connective 3-angular, apex acute. Carpels fulvous pubescent; ovules 10, in 2 series. Stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting pedicels 2--2.5 cm, densely black-brown tomentose; carpels globose to subglobose, ca. 1.8 X 1.5 cm, densely black-brown tomentose. Seeds 7--9 embedded series, deep yellow, reniform, ca. 10 X 6 mm. Fl. Feb--Aug, fr. Apr--Oct.

 

     Montane forests, often in valleys or beside water; 200--1100 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

4. Fissistigma glaucescens (Hance) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 132. 1919.

 

 白叶瓜馥木  bai ye gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum glaucescens Hance, J. Bot. 19: 112. 1881; Fissistigma obtusifolium Merrill.

 

     Climbers to 6 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade oblong, oblong-elliptic, or sometimes obovate-oblong, 3--20 X 1.2--6 cm, subleathery, abaxially gray-green and glaucous when dry, base rounded to obtuse, apex usually rounded to rarely retuse, lateral veins 10--15 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially slightly elevated or flat. Inflorescences terminal, thyrses, to 6 cm, fulvous tomentose. Sepals broadly triangular, ca. 2 mm. Outer petals broadly ovate, ca. 6 mm, fulvous pubescent; inner petals ovate-oblong, ca. 5 mm, gray-white pubescent. Stamens oblong; connective 3-angular. Carpels ellipsoid, ca. 15, fulvous pubescent; ovule 1. Styles elongate, glabrous; stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels ca. 8 mm in diam., glabrous, 1-seeded. Fl. Jan--Sep, fr. Mar--Dec.

 

     Sparse montane forests or scrub, often in ravines. 100--1000 M. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [Vietnam].

 

     The fine strong bast fiber from the inner bark is used for cordage, sack, and paper manufacturing. The roots are used to treat rheumatism and injuries. The leaves are used in brewing liquor in Guangdong and Hainan.

 

5. Fissistigma pallens (Finet & Gagnepain) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 134. 1919.

 

 苍叶瓜馥木  cang ye gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum pallens Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 137. 1906.

 

     Climbers to 12 m tall. Branches robust, gray-black, glabrous. Petiole ca. 2 cm, rugose, glabrous; leaf blade oblong, 15--20 X 6--8 cm, papery, gray-white, abaxially sparsely puberulous, base obtuse to rounded, apex obtuse to acute, lateral veins 13--16 pairs, reticulate veins distinct. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or terminal, 1--3-flowered; peduncle ca. 1.5 cm; bracts triangular. Pedicel ca. 2 cm, puberulous, bracteolate at base. Sepals triangular, outside puberulous. Petals ovate, ca. 1.5 X 1 cm, thicker, puberulous; inner petals slightly smaller than outer. Stamens numerous, oblong, ca. 2.5 mm; connective broadly triangular, apex obtuse. Carpels numerous, cylindric, ca. 5 mm, villose; ovules 30, in 2 series. Styles oblique, glabrous; stigmas 3-angular, apex entire. Fl. Mar--May, fr. Jun--Aug.

 

     Montane forests; 600--800 m. W Guangxi [Vietnam].

 

6. Fissistigma chloroneurum (Handel-Mazzetti) Tsiang, Chin. J. Bot. 2(3): 693. 1935.

 

 阔叶瓜馥木  kuo ye gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum chloroneurum Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. 61: 83. 1924.

 

     Climbers to 12 m tall. Branches puberulous when young, glabrescent. Petiole 0.8--2 cm, grooved on apical surface, glabrous; leaf blade oblong, 14--30 X 5.5--12 cm, papery, abaxially puberulous when young but becoming greenish and glabrescent, adaxially deep green and glabrous, base truncate to shallowly cordate, lateral veins 18--20 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat, reticulate veins conspicuous. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or subopposed, cymose, 2--8-flowered; peduncle short; bracts ovate, pubescent. Pedicel 0.5--2.3 cm, fulvous pubescent, bracteolate at middle. Flower buds broadly ovoid. Sepals small, outside pubescent. Petals yellow-white; outer petals ovate-oblong, ca. 12 X 5 mm, outside fulvous pubescent, inside glabrous; inner petals ovate-triangular, ca. 8 X 4 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens oblong, ca. 1.2 mm; connective apex rounded. Carpels ovate-oblong, ca. 2 mm, densely pubescent; ovules 10, in 2 series. Styles short; stigmas apex entire. Fruiting carpels subglobose, 3.5--4 cm in diam., glabrous. Seeds 10, in 2 series. Fl. Mar--Nov, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

    Montane sparse woods or moist disturbed scrub; 100--900 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

7. Fissistigma wallichii (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci 15: 137. 1919.

 

 贵州瓜馥木  gui zhou gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum wallichii J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 118. 1855; Fissistigma oligocarpum W. T. Wang.

 

     Climbers to 7 m tall. Branchlets ferrugineous pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 1--2.5 cm, pubescent when young, glabrescent; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, oblong-elliptic, or sometimes obovate-oblong, 7--24 X 2.4--6 cm, subleathery, abaxially ferrugineous pubescent when young but glabrous and gray-green with age, adaxially glabrous, base rounded, obtuse, or sometimes broadly cuneate, apex rounded, obtuse, or sometimes short acuminate, lateral veins 10--14 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat, reticulate veins inconspicuous. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or alternate, sometimes terminal, cymose, ferrugineous pubescent, 3--7-flowered; peduncle short; bractlet ovate, pubescent. Pedicel 0.3--2 cm, 1- or 2-bracteolate. Sepals ovate-triangular, ca. 3 X 2.3 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals leathery, outside densely ferrugineous pubescent; outer petals slightly longer than inner, ovate-oblong, 1.5--1.7 X ca. 0.7 cm, inside slightly puberulous; inner petals lanceolate, ca. 13 X 4 mm, inside basally glabrous and concave, apically puberulous. Stamens oblong; connective apex ovate. Carpels 2--6, densely pubescent; ovules 4. Styles cylindric, incurved; stigmas apex slightly 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels subglobose, ca. 2.8 cm in diam., glabrescent. Fl. Mar--Nov, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     Dense montane forests or sparse forests in valleys; 400--1600 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [NE India].

 

8. Fissistigma tonkinense (Finet & Gagnepain) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 136. 1919.

 

 麻栗坡瓜馥木  ma li po gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum tonkinense Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 135. 1906; Fissistigma globosum C. Y. Wu ex P. T. Li.

 

     Climbers to 8 m tall. Branches gray-black to gray-brown, glabrous. Petiole 0.5--1.5 cm, gray-black, verrucate, apical surface grooved; leaf blade oblong to oblong-ovate, 16--20 X 4--6 cm, papery, abaxially sparsely pubescent but glabrescent, adaxially glabrous, base rounded, apex short acuminate, lateral veins 10--14 pairs, obliquely ascending to margin, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat, reticulate veins prominent. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, paniculate, puberulous; peduncle 1--3.5 cm, with bracts at base; bracts triangular, ciliate at margin. Pedicel 0.5--1.5 cm, with bracteoles at base and middle. Sepals broadly triangular, ca. 4 X 5 mm, outside puberulous. Outer petals ovate, ca. 10 X 7.5 mm, thickened at margin, puberulous, apex obtuse; inner petals oblong-ovate, ca. 10 X 5 mm, outside and inside from middle to apex puberulous, thickened on middle, inside concave from base to middle. Stamens oblong, ca. 3 mm; connective ovoid, apex subrounded. Carpels subcylindric, villose; ovules 22, in 2 series. Styles short; stigmas obliquely ovoid, glabrous, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting pedicels ca. 1.2 cm, fulvous tomentulose; stipes 1.5--2 cm, densely fulvous tomentulose; carpels globose, 2--3 cm in diam., densely fulvous tomentulose. Seeds 7, red-brown, shiny, oblong, ca. 1.5 X 0.9 cm, flat. Fl. Nov--Jan, fr. Mar--May.

 

     Montane forests; 200--800 m. SE Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

9. Fissistigma latifolium (Dunal) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 132. 1919.

 

 大叶瓜馥木  da ye gua fu mu

 

     Unona latifolia Dunal, Monogr. Anonac. 115. 1817; Melodorum latifolium (Dunal) J. D. Hooker & Thomson.

 

     Climbers to 5 m tall. Branches tawny pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 1--1.5 cm, robust, tawny pubescent, apical surface grooved; leaf blade oblong, oblong-elliptic, or obovate, 13--35 X 5--15 cm, papery, abaxially tawny pubescent and more densely on veins, adaxially puberulous, base rounded, apex acute, midvein vein abaxially elevated and adaxially impressed, lateral veins 18--22 pairs, angled at 45° to midvein, anastomosing before margin, abaxially elevated, and adaxially impressed, reticulate veins dense and nearly at a right angle to lateral veins. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, panicles borne on apical branches, to 20 cm, densely tawny pubescent; peduncle 15--18 cm; bracts broadly ovate, 3--4 X 3--4 mm, outside densely tawny pubescent. Pedicel ca. 2 cm, bracteolate at middle. Flower buds ovoid, recurvate. Sepals broadly ovate, 5--6 X 5--6 mm, outside densely tawny pubescent. Outer petals outside reddish, basally orange, inside orange-red, ovate, 1.6--2.2 X 1.1--1.5 cm, thickened, outside brown pubescent, inside glabrous; inner petals ovate, 1.2--1.5 X 0.6--0.8 cm, glabrous. Stamens oblong, ca. 2.5 mm; connective ovate, apex obtuse. Carpels oblong, densely villose; ovules 8. Stigmas pubescent. Fruiting stipes ca. 3 cm, pubescent; carpels globose, ca. 2 cm in diam., densely brown pubescent, with 4--8 seeds. Fl. Mar--Nov, fr. Jun--Jan of following year.

 

     Montane forests; 500--1200 m. S Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam].

 

10. Fissistigma tungfangense Tsiang & P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 377. 1964.

 

 东方瓜馥木  dong fang gua fu mu

 

     Climbers to 6 m tall, branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, peduncles, flower buds, sepals, and petals outside densely red tomentose but older branches glabrous. Petiole 1--1.5 cm; leaf blade spatulate to elliptic-oblong, 5--11 X 1.9--4.1 cm, leathery, abaxially glabrous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margin revolute, apex rounded to retuse, lateral veins 16--22 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially impressed, reticulate veins inconspicuous. Inflorescences terminal or leaf-opposed, paniculate; peduncle to 28 cm; bracts broadly triangular, red tomentose. Pedicel 2--3 mm, 1- or 2-bracteolate. Flower buds conical, ca. 1.1 cm. Sepals broadly triangular, ca. 4 X 3 mm, glabrous. Outer petals ovate-elliptic, ca. 11 X 5 mm, inside glabrous; inner petals ovate-oblong, ca. 8 X 4 mm. Stamens oblong, ca. 1 mm; connective conical. Carpels oblong, 1.5--2 mm, sericeous pubescent; ovules 10, in 2 series. Stigmas glabrous, apex 2-cleft. Fl. Oct, fr. Nov--Dec.

 

     * Sparse montane sparse forests; 400--600 m. W Hainan.

 

11. Fissistigma tientangense Tsiang & P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 326. 1965.

 

 天堂瓜馥木  tian tang gua fu mu

 

     Climbers to 9 m tall. Branchlets densely yellowish pubescent when young, glabrous and lenticellate with age. Petiole 3--5 mm; leaf blade oblong to elliptic-oblong, 8.5--17.5 X 3.2--6 cm, leathery, abaxially yellowish pubescent, adaxially glabrous except for sparsely pubescent midvein, both ends rounded or apex retuse, lateral veins 16--18 pairs, obliquely ascending, anastomosing before margin, abaxially elevated, and adaxially impressed. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, paniculate, yellowish pubescent, 1--4-flowered; peduncle ca. 1 cm. Pedicel ca. 1.5 cm, bracteolate above middle. Flower buds lanceolate, ca. 2.8 X 0.8 cm. Sepals triangular, ca. 4 X 4 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Outer petals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 X 0.8 cm, outside glabrous, inside sparsely pubescent; inner petals narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2.3 X 0.6 cm, glabrous. Stamens oblong; connective apex truncate. Carpels ovate-oblong, ca. 2.5 mm, densely sericeous pubescent; ovules 6--8, in 2 series. Stigmas apex entire. Fruiting stipes robust, ca. 3 cm; carpels globose, ca. 1.6 cm in diam., densely yellowish pubescent. Fl. Mar--Nov, fr. Jul--Dec.

 

     * Montane forests in valleys; 300--600 m. SE Guangxi, Hainan.

 

12. Fissistigma polyanthoides (A. de Candolle) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 135. 1919.

 

 小萼瓜馥木  xiao e gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum polyanthoides A. de Candolle, Bull. Herb. Boissier 2(4): 1070. 1904; Fissistigma minuticalyx (McGregor & W. W. Smith) Chatterjee; M. minuticalyx McGregor & W. W. Smith.

 

     Climbers to 10 m tall. Branches fulvous pubescent when young, glabrous and lenticellate with age. Petiole 1--1.3 cm, fulvous tomentose; leaf blade oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or sometimes obovate-oblong, 10--23 X 4--10 cm, leathery, abaxially fulvous tomentose, adaxially pubescent to glabrous, base rounded, apex acute to short acuminate, lateral veins 14--20 pairs, obliquely ascending to margin, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, leaf-subopposed, or sometimes terminal, pseudo-cymose, densely red-fulvous tomentulose; peduncle ca. 3 mm; bracts ovate, ca. 1.5 mm, outside red-fulvous tomentulose. Pedicel 1--1.5 cm, 1- or 2-bracteolate above middle. Flower buds conical. Sepals broadly triangular, ca. 3 X 3.5 mm, outside tomentose, inside pubescent, base connate. Outer petals ovate-triangular, ca. 1.2 X 0.9 cm, outside red-fulvous tomentose, inside apically puberulous; inner petals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 6 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens oblong-cuneate, ca. 1.5 mm; connective broadly 3-angular. Carpels ca. 10, sericeous pubescent; stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting pedicels ca. 2 cm; stipes to 4 cm; carpels globose, ca. 2 cm in diam., densely red-fulvous tomentose. Seeds red-brown, oblong, ca. 1.5 X 0.6 cm. Fl. May--Nov, fr. Aug--Mar of following year.

 

     Dense montane forests; 500--1600 m. SE Guizhou, S and SE Yunnan [Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam].

 

13. Fissistigma poilanei (Ast) Tsiang & P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 316. 1965.

 

 火绳藤  huo sheng teng

 

     Melodorum poilanei Ast, Notul. Syst. (Paris) ed. Humbert, 9: 82. 1940.

 

     Climbers to 7 m tall. Branches sparsely puberulous when young, glabrous and lenticellate with age. Petiole 1--1.5 cm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 6.5--16 X 2--4.5 cm, leathery to thickly papery, abaxially densely gray-brown pubescent, adaxially glabrous except for sparsely puberulous midvein, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, lateral veins 14--20 pairs, obliquely ascending, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or subopposed, cymose, 2--8-flowered; peduncle 1--3 mm. Pedicel 7--8 mm, ochraceous pubescent, 1- or 2-bracteolate at base to middle. Flower buds broadly ovate, 4--5 X 4--5 mm. Sepals ovate-triangular, ca. 2 X 2 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Outer petals ovate-triangular, ca. 9 X 6 mm, outside ochraceous pubescent, inside apically puberulous; inner petals ovate-oblong, ca. 7 X 4 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens oblong, ca. 1.5 mm; connective obliquely 3-angular. Carpels oblong, ca. 3 mm, densely hispid; ovules 8, in 2 series. Stigmas apically 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels globose, ca. 2 cm in diam. Fl. Mar--Dec, fr. Jun--Apr of following year.

 

     Sparse montane forests, usually in valleys; 700--1000 m. S and SE Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

14. Fissistigma acuminatissimum Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 29. 1938.

 

 尖叶瓜馥木  jian ye gua fu mu

 

     Climbers to 8 m tall. Branchlets pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 5--12 mm, densely covered with appressed ferrugineous pubescence; leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7--17 X 2--4 cm, papery to subleathery, abaxially ferrugineous pubescent and denser on veins, adaxially glabrous except for pubescent midvein and lateral veins, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, midvein appressed, lateral veins 14--21 pairs, obliquely ascending to margin, abaxially elevated, and adaxially impressed. Inflorescences terminal or leaf-opposed, cymose, 1--4-flowered; peduncle 3--4 mm, pubescent; bracts ovate-lanceolate. Pedicel 1--1.5 cm, ferrugineous pubescent, bracteolate at base to middle. Sepals ovate-triangular, 6--8 X 3--3.5 mm, outside ferrugineous pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals green-white; outer petals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2 X 0.8 cm, outside ferrugineous pubescent, inside puberulous; inner petals rotund, to 1.6 cm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous, apex rounded. Stamens oblong, ca. 2 mm; connectives 3-angular, apex obtuse. Carpels oblong, pubescent; ovules 6, in 2 series. Styles oblong, pubescent; stigmas apex entire. Fruiting stipes ca. 1 cm; carpels globose, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., densely golden tomentose. Fl. Mar--Nov, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     Montane forests; 900--1900 m. Guizhou, Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

     A fine, strong bast fiber obtained from the inner bark is used in cordage manufacturing in Yunnan.

 

15. Fissistigma cavaleriei (H. Léveillé) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 10: 192. 1929.

 

 独山瓜馥木  du shan gua fu mu

 

     Uvaria cavaleriei H. Léveillé, Fl. Kouy-Tchéou 29. 1914.

 

     Climbers to 8 m tall, reddish pubescent except for old leaf blade adaxially. Petiole 6--8 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 6.5--16 X 1.8--3.8 cm, subleathery to thickly papery, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base shallowly cordate, apex acute, lateral veins 14--21 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially impressed. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or alternate, cymose, 1--5-flowered. Pedicel 1.5--2 cm, 2-bracteolate at base. Sepals ovate-oblong, ca. 6 mm, reddish tomentose. Petals yellowish; outer petals ovate-oblong, 1.8 X 0.7 cm, outside densely reddish tomentose, inside glabrous; inner petals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 4 mm, glabrous, inside basally concave. Stamens oblong; connective broadly 3-angular. Carpels densely villose; ovules 7, in 2 series. Styles oblong, pubescent; stigmas entire. Fruiting pedicels ca. 1. 2 cm, reddish pubescent; stipes ca. 2.7 cm; carpels globose, 2--2.5 cm in diam., densely villose. Fl. Mar--Nov, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     * Dense montane forests; 500--1500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.

 

16. Fissistigma balansae (A. de Candolle) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 130. 1919.

 

 多脉瓜馥木  duo mai gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum balansae A. de Candolle, Bull. Herb. Boissier 2(4): 1070. 1904; Fissistigma guinanense Y. Wan.

 

     Climbers to 6 m tall. Branchlets densely fulvous pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaf buds axillary, oblong, brown pubescent. Petiole robust, 0.8--2 cm, densely brown pubescent, apical surface grooved; leaf blade oblong, oblong-elliptic, or obovate-oblong, 14--23 X 5--10 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially brown pubescent, adaxially sparsely appressed puberulous or puberulous on midvein and lateral veins, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margin revolute, apex acute, obtuse, or retuse, lateral veins 25--35 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat to impressed when dry, reticulate veins prominent and nearly at a right angle to lateral veins. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, terminal, or extra-axillary, in glomerules, many-flowered, fulvous tomentulose; peduncle to 1 cm; bracts ovate, 3.5--5 X 2--3 mm, inside tomentulose. Flowers fragrant. Pedicel 1.2--2 cm, bracteolate at base and below middle. Flower buds lanceolate, ca. 1.4 cm. Sepals ovate-triangular, ca. 7 X 4 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals yellowish; outer petals ovate-lanceolate to ovate-triangular, ca. 1.7 X 0.7 cm, thickened, outside tomentulose, inside concave and puberulous, margin ciliate; inner petals lanceolate, ca. 14 X 5 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Stamens oblong, ca. 1.6 mm; connective ovoid. Carpels 4--6, ovate-lanceolate, sericeous pubescent; ovules 6--10, in 2 series. Stigmas entire. Fruiting pedicels ca. 2.5 cm, pubescent; stipes 1.5--2 cm, densely fulvous tomentulose; carpels subglobose, ca. 4.4 X 4 cm, sparsely fulvous-hispid and with slightly elevated tubercles. Seeds oblong, ca. 2.4 X 7 cm, brown, with a  winged margin. Fl. Mar--May, fr. May--Sep.

 

     Montane forests; 500--1200 m. SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

17. Fissistigma xylopetalum Tsiang & P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 318. 1965.

 

 木瓣瓜馥木  mu ban gua fu mu

 

     Climbers to 8 m tall, densely red-brown to brown tomentose. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to ovate-elliptic, 7.5--17 X 3.5--6.5 cm, thickly papery, adaxially glabrous except for pubescent midvein, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex acute to obtuse, lateral veins 14--18 pairs, ascending obliquely to margin, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences axillary or leaf-opposed, in glomerules, 3--7-flowered; peduncle ca. 3 mm, with 1 or 2 bracts; bracts lanceolate, 1.5--2 X ca. 0.3 cm, inside pubescent. Pedicel 2--2.5 cm. Sepals triangular, ca. 9 X 6 mm, inside glabrous. Petals yellow to gray-purple, thickened, woody when dry; outer petals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.9 X 0.7 cm, outside sparsely pubescent and prominently costate, inside glabrous. Stamens oblong, ca. 2 mm; connective subrounded to truncate. Carpels oblong, ca. 4 mm, densely sericeous pubescent; ovules 6, in 2 series. Stigmas glabrous, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting pedicels ca. 2.5 cm; stipes ca. 3 mm; carpels globose, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Seeds 6, in 2 series, red-brown, ovate to sometimes rounded, flat, ca. 10 X 6--8 mm. Fl. Oct--Dec, fr. May--Jul of following year.

 

     Sparse montane woodland, often on moist river banks; 300--500 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

18. Fissistigma oldhamii (Hemsley) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 134. 1919.

 

 瓜馥木  gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum oldhamii Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23: 27. 1886; Fissistigma oldhamii var. longistipitatum Tsiang.

 

     Climbers to 8 m tall. Branchlets fulvous pubescent. Petiole ca. 1 cm, pubescent; leaf obovate-elliptic to oblong, 6--13 X 2--5 cm, leathery, abaxially pubescent to glabrescent, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex rounded, retuse, or sometimes acute, lateral veins 16--20 pairs, abaxially prominent, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences in glomerules, 1--8-flowered; peduncle ca. 2.5 cm. Flowers ca. 1.5 X 1--1.7 cm. Sepals broadly triangular, ca. 3 mm, apex acute. Outer petals ovate-oblong, ca. 2.1 X 1.2 cm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous; inner petals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 X 0.6 cm, outside puberulous, inside concave and puberulous; margin ciliate. Stamens oblong, ca. 2 mm; connective slightly curved. Stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes 2.5--4 cm; carpels globose, ca. 1.8 cm in diam., densely fulvous tomentose. Seeds orbicular, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. Apr--Sep, fr. Jul--Feb of following year.

 

     * Climbing on shrubs, often along ravines; 500--1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

 

    The fine strong bast fibers obtained from the inner bark are used or cordage, sacks, and paper. The flowers yield a fragrant oil, and the oil from seeds is used in cosmetics and in other industries. The roots are used as medicine for traumatic injuries and arthritis.

 

19. Fissistigma polyanthum (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 135. 1919.

 

 多花瓜馥木  duo hua gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum polyanthum J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 121. 1855; Uvaria polyantha Wallich.

 

     Climbers to 8 m tall, roots black, very aromatic. Branches dark gray to brown pubescent, glabrescent. Petiole 0.8--1.5 cm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong, obovate-oblong, or sometimes elliptic, 6--17.5 X 2--7.5 cm, subleathery, abaxially puberulous, adaxially glabrous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex acute, rounded, or sometimes retuse, lateral veins 13--18 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences axillary, leaf-opposed or extra-axillary, borne on branchlets, covered with yellowish pubescence, in glomerules, usually 3--7-flowered. Flowers small. Pedicel to 1.5 cm, bracteolate at base to below middle. Flowers buds broadly 3-angular, apex acute. Sepals broadly triangular, outside pubescent. Outer petals ovate-oblong, ca. 1.2 cm, outside densely fulvous pubescent, inside glabrous; inner petals oblong, ca. 9 mm, apex acuminate. Stamens oblong; connective 3-angular, apex obtuse. Carpels oblong, villose; ovules 4--6, in 2 series. Stigmas apex entire. Fruiting stipes slender, to 2.5 cm; carpels globose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., yellowish pubescent. Seeds red-brown, elliptic, flat. Fl. Jan--Oct, fr. Mar--Dec.

 

     Montane forests, often in ravines; 100--1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan, Xizang [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Vietnam].

 

     The roots are used as medicine for rheumatism, traumatic injuries and scabies; the leaves are used for asthma and scabies; the bast fiber is used in cordage manufacturing.

 

20. Fissistigma bracteolatum Chatterjee, Kew Bull. 1948: 58. 1948.

 

 多苞瓜馥木  duo bao gua fu mu

 

    Climbers to 10 m tall. Bark gray-black. Branches brown tomentose when young, glabrous and lenticellate with age. Petiole 1--1.5 cm, hispid; leaf blade ovate-oblong, elliptic-oblong, or obovate-oblong, 9--18 X 3.2--8 cm, leathery, abaxially brown-hispid, adaxially glabrous except for hispid midvein, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex acute and apiculate, lateral veins 16--20 pairs, ascending obliquely to margin, abaxially elevated, and adaxially impressed. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, in glomerules, many-flowered; peduncle 3--10 mm; bracts oblong-ovate, 5--6 X 3--4 mm, outside brown tomentulose, inside glabrous. Pedicel 1--2 cm, fulvous tomentulose, 1- or 2-bracteolate at base to middle. Sepals ovate, 5--7 X 3--4 mm, outside tomentulose, inside glabrous. Outer petals ovate-triangular to ovate-lanceolate, 1.3--1.7 X 0.7--0.8 cm, outside fulvous tomentulose, inside glabrous; inner petals ovate-lanceolate, 10--11 X 4--5 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens oblong; connective ovate-triangular. Carpels 4--6, ovate-oblong, ca. 3 mm, densely hispid; ovules 8--10, in 2 series. Styles elongate, inclining; stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes ca. 3 cm; carpels globose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., tomentulose. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Aug--Nov.

 

     Montane forests in valleys or moist scrub; 800--1800 m. Yunnan [Myanmar].

 

     The roots are used medicinally.

 

21. Fissistigma kwangsiense Tsiang & P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 323. 1965.

 

 广西瓜馥木  guang xi gua fu mu

 

     Climbers to 6 m tall, peduncle, pedicels, bracts, bracteoles, sepals, and petals outside densely ferrugineous tomentose. Branches densely ferrugineous pubescent when young, glabrous and lenticellate with age. Petiole ca. 5 mm, ferrugineous tomentose; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 7--8 X 1.7--3.8 cm, papery, abaxially ferrugineous tomentose, adaxially sparsely pubescent but denser on midvein, base rounded, apex slightly acute, lateral veins 13--19 pairs, obliquely ascending, abaxially elevated, and adaxially impressed. Inflorescences usually leaf-opposed, sometimes pseudoterminal, in glomerules, several-flowered; subsessile or peduncle very short. Pedicel 2-bracteolate. Flower buds ovoid, ca. 1 cm. Sepals ovate-oblong, ca. 6 mm. Outer petals ovate-oblong, ca. 8 X 4 mm; inner petals smaller than outer; margin connivent, oblong-elliptic. Connective apex long acuminate. Carpels ovate-oblong, villose; ovules 10, in 2 series. Styles filamentous; stigmas apex entire. Fl. Feb--Sep, fr. Jun--Nov.

 

     * Dense montane forests, usually in valleys; 200--500 m. Guangxi, S Yunnan.

 

22. Fissistigma retusum (H. Léveillé) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 10: 191. 1929.

 

 凹叶瓜馥木  ao ye gua fu mu

 

     Melodorum retusum H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 459. 1911; Fissistigma capitatum Merrill ex Li.

 

     Climbers to 10 m tall. Branches brown tomentose. Petiole 0.8--1.5 cm, tomentulose, apical surface grooved; leaf blade broadly ovate, obovate, or obovate-oblong, 9--26 X 4.5--13 cm, leathery to subleathery, abaxially brown tomentose, adaxially tomentulose only on midvein and lateral veins, base rounded, truncate, or sometimes shallowly cordate, apex rounded to retuse, lateral veins 15--20 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially impressed, reticulate veins conspicuous and nearly at a right angle to lateral veins. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, in glomerules, many-flowered; peduncle 5--10 mm. Flowers subsessile or pedicel very short. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, as long as petals in bud, outside tomentulose, inside glabrous. Outer petals ovate-oblong, ca. 1.5 cm, outside tomentulose, inside glabrous; inner petals ovate-lanceolate, shorter than outer, slightly incurved at base, glabrous. Stamens oblong; connective broadly 3-angular. Carpels ca. 1.5 mm, densely sericeous pubescent; ovules 4, in 2 series. Styles oblong, incurved, pubescent; stigmas apex entire. Fruiting pedicels ca. 1.5 cm, golden tomentulose; carpels globose, ca. 3 cm in diam., golden tomentulose. Fl. May--Nov, fr. Jun--Dec.

 

     * Dense montane forests; 700--2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan, Xizang.

 

23. Fissistigma shangtzeense Tsiang & P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 324. 1965.

 

 上思瓜馥木  shang si gua fu mu

 

     Climbers to 8 m tall, young branches, petioles, leaf blades adaxially, peduncles, pedicels, sepals outside, and outer petals outside fulvous pubescent. Older branches lenticellate and glabrous. Petiole ca. 1.5 cm; leaf blade obovate, obovate-oblong, or sometimes elliptic, 3--13(--25) X 2--5.5(--8) cm, papery, adaxially glabrous except for fulvous pubescence on midvein, base broadly cuneate to sometimes rounded, apex rounded to retuse, lateral veins 13--20 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially impressed. Inflorescences extra-axillary, in glomerules, 2--5-flowered; peduncle to 6 mm; bracts ovate, ca. 1 X 1 mm. Pedicel bracteolate at base to middle. Sepals broadly triangular, ca. 5 X 3 mm. Outer petals ovate, ca. 10 X 6 mm, outside puberulous; inner petals oblong, ca. 6 X 2 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Stamens oblong; connective obliquely 3-angular. Carpels oblong-lanceolate, densely sericeous-villose; ovules 10, in 2 series. Stigmas apex entire. Fruiting pedicels ca. 2 cm; carpels oblong, ca. 4 X 2 cm, densely brown tomentose. Seeds shiny black, oblong, ca. 5 mm in diam. Fl. Jul--Oct, fr. Oct--May of following year.

 

     * Montane forests; 600--800 m. S Guangxi.

 

21. ANNONA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753.

 

 番荔枝属  fan li zhi shu

 

     Trees or shrubs, with simple or stellate hairs. Inflorescences terminal, leaf-opposed, extra-axillary, or sometimes cauliflorous, never axillary, 1-flowered or in few-flowered clusters. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 whorls or inner whorl rudimentary or absent, free or connate at base; outer petals valvate, fleshy but leathery when dry, connivent or somewhat spreading, inside basally concave, margin thick; inner petals sometimes imbricate or valvate. Stamens numerous; filament short; connective apex convex or apiculate. Carpels numerous, often connate; ovule 1, basal. Styles clavate; stigmas muriculate. Fruiting carpels fleshy, united into a syncarp, surface covered with knobs, bulges, spines, or less often smooth.

 

     About 100 species: mostly in tropical America and tropical Africa; seven species cultivated in China.

 

1a. Inner petals present.

2a. Carpels glabrous; fruiting carpels smooth ..  1. A. glabra

2b. Carpels pubescent; fruiting carpels with soft prickles.

3a. Leaf blade elliptic, 14--24 cm; lateral veins basally punctate; inner petals glabrous .....................  2. A. montana

3b. Leaf blade obovate-oblong to ovate-elliptic, 5--18 cm; lateral veins basally not punctate; inner petals pubescent  3. A. muricata

1b. Inner petals absent or reduced to minute scales.

4a. Leaf blade abaxially tomentose.

5a. Axillary buds glabrous; leaf blades apically on flowering branches obovate to orbicular, adaxially pubescent. 4. A. cherimolia

5b. Axillary buds pubescent; leaf blades apically on flowering branches auriculate, adaxially glabrous..................

..........................................  5. A. diversifolia

4b. Leaf blade pubescent or puberulous when young, glabrate with age.

6a. Outer petals outside puberulous; carpels villose; fruiting carpels not pruinose, with flattish areoles, separated by a reticulation of often raised ridges; pulp yellowish 6. A. reticulata

6b. Outer petals glabrous; carpels glabrous; fruiting carpels slightly pruinose, with rounded and convex areoles, separated by deep grooves; pulp whitish

..............................................  7. A. squamosa

 

1. Annona glabra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753.

 

 圆滑番荔枝  yuan hua fan li zhi

 

     Trees, evergreen, to 12 m tall. Branches glabrous, lenticellate. Leaf buds axillary, ovoid, fulvous pubescent, apex obtuse. Petiole 0.8--2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, elliptic-ovate, elliptic, or oblong, 6--20 X 3--8 cm, papery to thinly leathery, glabrous at maturity, base obtuse to rounded and slightly decurrent, apex acute to obtuse, lateral veins 7--12 pairs, forming a ca. 60° angle with midvein, lateral and reticulate veins prominent on both surfaces when dry. Inflorescences internodal or terminal on a short branchlet, 1-flowered. Pedicel 1.5--2 cm, glabrous. Flower buds ovoid to subglobose. Sepals broadly ovate, 3--4 X 3--4 mm, distinct, glabrous. Petals 6, broadly ovate; outer petals green-yellow to pale yellow and inside basally with a red spot, 1.5--3 X 1.3--2.5 cm, outside glabrous, inside minutely puberulous, apex obtuse; inner petals 1.2--2.5 X 0.7--1.5 cm, minutely puberulous, outside yellow, inside carmine. Stamens oblong, 3--4 mm; connective apex slightly convex. Carpels at anthesis connate, glabrous. Fruiting carpels yellow to orange, ovoid, 5--12 X 5--8 cm, smooth, apex rounded. Seeds pale reddish brown, 1.3--1.5 cm, testa readily peeling. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Jul--Aug.

 

     Widely cultivated; 100--200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [native to tropical America].

 

     The fruit are used for jellies and eaten raw.

 

2. Annona montana Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica 1: 7. 1837; R. E. Fries, Acta Hort Berg. 10: 206. 1931, discr. emend.

 

 山地番荔枝  shan di fan li zhi

 

     Trees, evergreen, to 10 m tall. Bark purple-brown. Branches green and smooth when young. Petiole 1.2--2 cm, adaxially grooved; leaf blade elliptic, papery, abaxially smooth and greenish, adaxially light to dark green, base cuneate, apex short acuminate, lateral veins 11--16 pairs, basally punctate, and adaxially slightly concave. Inflorescences terminal or axillary at apical branchlets, 1- or 2-flowered. Pedicel robust, 2.5--4 cm. Sepals 3, ovate, ca. 6 mm, outside dark green, inside greenish. Outer petals 3, broadly ovate, apex acute, yellow-brown; inner petals orange, shorter than outer, apex obtuse. Stamens numerous; filaments white, flat; anther locules brown; connective apex dilated. Carpels oblong, 6--7 mm; ovaries pubescent, distinct at anthesis, connate with age. Fruiting carpels fulvous, ovoid, subglobose, or cordate-ovoid, slightly oblique, 9.5--14 X 9.5--12.5 cm, with densely soft prickles and dark brown hairs; pulp yellowish, aromatic. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Jul--Sep.

 

     Cultivated; 100--200 m. Guangdong, Taiwan [native to W Tropical America].

 

     The fruit are edible and have a good flavor.

 

3. Annona muricata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753.

 

 刺果番荔枝  ci guo fan li zhi

 

     Trees, evergreen, to 10 m tall. Bark rugged. Petiole short; leaf blade obovate-oblong to ovate-elliptic, 5--18 X 2--7 cm, papery, glabrous, abaxially greenish, adaxially green and shiny, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex acute to obtuse, lateral veins 6--13 pairs and slightly elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, 1- or 2-flowered. Flowers ca. 3.8 cm in diam. Pedicel 0.5--2.5 cm, pubescent. Sepals ovate-elliptic to ovate-triangular, 3--5 mm. Petals green, later yellowish, inside basally without a red spot; outer petals valvate, thick, broadly triangular, 2.5--5 X 2--4 cm, inside finely pubescent, apex acute to obtuse; inner petals imbricate, ovate-elliptic, 2--4 X 1.5--3.5 cm, slightly thin, pubescent, base clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens 4--5 mm; filament fleshy; connective apex dilated. Carpels ca. 5 mm, pubescent. Fruiting carpels green, ovoid and often oblique or curved, 10--35 X 7--15 cm, covered with soft prickles, base impressed, apex rounded; pulp white. Seeds numerous, brown-yellow, reniform, ca. 2 X 1 cm. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jul--Dec. 2n = 16.

 

     Widely cultivated; 100--400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to tropical America].

 

     The fruit are the largest among Annona species and are eaten raw, used in sherbets, preserves, and drinks.

 

4. Annona cherimolia Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8: 5. 1768.

 

 毛叶番荔枝  mao ye fan li zhi

 

     Trees, deciduous, 3--7 m tall. Branches tomentose when young, glabrescent. Axillary leaf buds ovoid, apex obtuse. Petiole 6--12 mm; leaf blade ovate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, obovate, or rarely orbicular, 5--25 X 2.5--10 cm, thinly papery, abaxially tomentose, adaxially pubescent, base rounded to obtuse and slightly decurrent, apex obtuse to short acuminate, lateral veins 11--14 pairs and forming an angle from 60° to almost 90° with midvein. Inflorescences 1--3-flowered. Sepals ovate 2--4 mm, outside tomentose, inside glabrous. Petals linear-oblong, 1.5--3 cm, tomentose, outside green-yellow to reddish, inside yellowish to whitish and basally purple-macular, apex obtuse; inner petals absent or reduced into minute scales. Stamens oblong, 1.2--1.7 mm. Fruiting carpels mostly green, ovoid, cordate, conical, or rarely globose, to 20 X 15 cm, smooth or tuberculate but not furrowed between areoles; pulp white. Seeds blackish brown, turning paler when dry, obovate, ca. 1 cm, slightly flat, apex obliquely truncate. Fl. Mar--Jul, fr. Jun--Nov.

 

     Widely cultivated; 100--300 m Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to tropical South America].

 

     The fruit are edible and prized for their flavor.

 

5. Annona diversifolia Safford, Science n. s. 23: 471. 1911. & J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 2: 118. 1911.

 

 异叶番荔枝  yi ye fan li zhi

 

     Trees, deciduous, to 8 m tall. Branches tomentose when young, glabrescent. Axillary leaf buds ovoid, brown tomentose, apex obtuse. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade broadly obovate to ovate-lanceolate, 7.5--20 X 3--10 cm, papery, abaxially gray pruinose and brown tomentose, adaxially smooth and glabrous, base rounded to obtuse, apex rounded, lateral veins 11--14 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Flowering branches subtended by large auriculate bracts. Inflorescences 1--3-flowered. Flowers ca. 3 cm. Sepals ovate, 2--4 mm, outside tomentose, inside glabrous. Petals reddish; outer petals linear-oblong, 1.5--3 cm, tomentose; inner petals absent. Stamens oblong, ca. 1.5 mm. Fruiting carpels green to reddish, conical, ovoid, or spherical, ca. 20 X 15 cm, tuberculate; pulp white or brownish when ripe. Seeds blackish brown, ovate to obovate, ca. 1 cm. Fl. Apr--Aug, fr. Jun--Nov.

 

     Cultivated; 100--200 m. Guangdong [native to Central America and S Mexico].

 

     The fine fruit are eaten raw.

 

6. Annona reticulata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753.

 

 牛心番荔枝  nu xin fan li zhi

 

     Trees, evergreen, to 6 m tall. Branches grayish sericeous when young, glabrescent. axillary leaf buds ovoid, apex obtuse. Petiole 1--1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 9--30 X 2--7 cm, papery, pubescent when young but glabrescent, base acute to obtuse and slightly decurrent, apex acuminate, lateral veins 9--18 pairs, forming an angle of 30--60° with midvein, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or internodal, cymose, several-flowered. Flower buds lanceolate, apex obtuse. Sepals ovate, 2--3 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals yellowish green; outer petals 3, oblong-lanceolate, 2.5--3 cm, fleshy, outside puberulous, inside glabrous; inner petals absent. Stamens oblong, 1--1.3 mm; connective apex nearly truncate. Carpels oblong, villose; stigmas muriculate. Fruiting carpels turning yellow to reddish, spherical to ovoid, 5--12.5 cm in diam.; areoles ± flat, separated by a reticulation of often raised ridges; pulp yellowish. Seeds black-brown. Fl. Nov--Feb, fr. Mar--Jun.

 

     Widely cultivated; 100--200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to tropical America].

 

     The fruit are edible.

 

7. Annona squamosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753.

 

 番荔枝  fan li zhi

 

     Trees, deciduous, to 8 m tall. Bark thin. Branches pubescent, glabrescent. Petiole 4--15 mm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or oblong, 5--17.5 X 2--7.5 cm, thinly papery to membranous, abaxially pale-green and puberulous when young but glabrate in age, base obtuse to rounded and slightly decurrent, apex acute to obtuse, lateral veins 8--15 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences 1-flowered or 2--4-fasciculate. Flowers 2--3 cm, puberulous. Sepals triangular. Outer petals oblong-lanceolate, 1.5--3 X 0.5--0.8 cm, fleshy, thick, basally green to purple, inside concave, keeled on apical half; inner petals absent or reduced to scales, as long as stamens. Stamens oblong, ca. 1 mm; connective broad, apex subtruncate. Carpels oblong, distinct at anthesis; stigmas ovate-lanceolate. Fruiting carpels greenish yellow, spherical to ovoid, 5--10 cm in diam., slightly pruinose; areoles rounded, convex, separated by deep grooves; pulp white. Seeds black-brown, ca. 14 X 8 X 5 mm, with a firm testa and a rudimentary aril. Fl. May--Jul, fr. Jun--Nov.

 

     Widely cultivated; near sea level to 200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [native to tropical America].

 

     The fruit are edible. The bast fibers are used for paper manufacturing. The roots are used as medicine for dysentery, and the seeds yield oil.

 

22. ROLLINIA A. St.-Hilaire, Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 23, 28. 1825.

 

 娄林果属  lou lin guo shu

 

     Trees or shrubs, with simple or rarely with stellate hairs. Inflorescences few-flowered or rarely 1-flowered. Sepals 3, valvate, small, free or rarely connate at base into a cup. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, each whorl valvate, connate at base; outer petals 3, outside with a spur or wing; inner petals 3, minute. Stamens numerous; connective disklike, apex dilated. Carpels numerous; ovule 1, erect. Fruiting carpels united into a globose to ovoid syncarp. Seeds numerous, usually dark brown to almost black, flat.

 

     About 65 species: Central America, tropical South America; one species cultivated in China.

 

1. Rollinia mucosa (Jacquin) Baillon, Adansonia 8: 268. 1868.

 

 米糕娄林果  mi gao lou lin guo

 

     Annona mucosa Jacquin, Observ. Bot. 1: 16. 1764; Rollinia orthopetala A. de Candolle.

 

     Trees to 10 m tall. Bark grayish brown, with rose-colored tissue below. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 15--25 X 8--11 cm, leathery, abaxially pubescent, adaxially smooth and glossy, base slightly acute, apex acuminate, midvein prominent, lateral veins 11--16 pairs. Inflorescences 1-flowered. Flowers 2--3.5 cm in diam. Pedicel ca. 2 cm, thick and widening at apex. Sepals broadly triangular, 3--4 mm. Outer petals with conspicuous winglike dorsal appendage; inner petals small and scalelike. Stamens numerous, ca. 1 mm. Carpels numerous, 1-locular. Styles terminal, short, densely hairy. Fruiting carpel a syncarp, spherical to oblong, 10--20 X 7--20 cm, epidermis dark green at first, ripening yellow to pale yellow, with soft protruberances ending in a brown to black fleshy point and each carpel; pulp white or cream, fleshy, with a soft fibrous and mucilaginous texture, juicy and with a pleasant aroma. Seeds dark brown to almost black, ca. 10 X 5 mm. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Jul--Nov.

 

     Cultivated; 100--200 m. Guangdong [native to tropical South America].

 

     Grown for its fine edible fruit.