ACANTHACEAE [DRAFT]

爵床科 jue chuang ke

Hu Chiachi (Hu Jia-qi 胡嘉琪)

Perennial herbs or shrubs, rarely trees; some are lianes, xerophytes, aquatica, or mesophytes. Leaves opposite or decussate, simple, estipulate; cystoliths are common on vegetative parts, such as leave blades, young shoots. Inflorescence usually developing into a monochasium or dichasisl cyme, axillary and congested as the verticils, modified into recemoses or panicles, or flowers some times solitary. Flowers perfect, bisexual, nearly actinmorphic to zygomorphic, bracts with bracteoles common and often conspicuous, colored or even involucrate. Calyx deeply 4-5-lobed (include 3-partites, two of which split into base, other one 3-lobbed; 2-partites, each of which 2-lobed and 3-lobed) or sometimes much reduced. Corolla sympetalous, with long or short tube, the limb 5-lobed or bilabiate, rarely 1-lipped ( in Acanthus), upper lip usually erect and bifid, most typically 5-lobed, lobes contorted or imbricate in bud. Stamens usually 4 and didynamous or 2 (staminodia often present in 2-stamened flowers, 1.2 or seldem 3), epipetalous, distinct, sometimes connate in pairs, anthers 1- or 2- loculate, longitudinally dehiscent, exceedingly variable in position and form, sometimes spurred, the connective of various widths; the pollen very variable of many kinds mostly tricolporate. Nectariferous disk nearly always present, below ovary. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels; stigmas simple or 2- cleft or lobed, the posterior lobe often aborted or wanting, style filiforms, simple; ovary 2- loculate, superior, placentation axile; ovules 2-10 or more in each locule, anatropous, in 2 rows. Fruit typically a 2-valved loculicidal capsule, often elastically dehiscent with valves recurving from persistent central column (character of capsule and dehiscence varies with different genera). Seeds 4 (2) - 20, usullly flat, without endosperm (endosperm present in Nelsonieoideae), borne on hooklike projections, the modified funiculi of the ovules, termed retinacula or jaculators (lacking in Thunbergia, Staurogyne, Ophiorhiziphyllon, Nelsonia); seed coat smooth or roughened, often mucilaginous when moistened, embryo straight or bent. Chromosome numbers x = 7-18, 20,21.

Type genus: Acanthus L.

A large pantropical family of about 229 genera and 3450 species (*according to D.j.Mabberley, The Plant-Book. 2nd. Ed. 1997) with 4 main centers of distribution: Indo-Malaya, Africa, Brazil, and Central America. In China, about 68 genera and over 300 species, subspecies, and varities, the majority are confined the south parts of Yangze river, the most species distribute in Yunnan Province, the remaining genera and species distribute in Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Taiwan, rarely into the north parts of Yangze River.

From related families, the plants of Acanthaceae are distinguished by a number of characters, notably the usually presence of cystoliths in vegetation organs, the presence and development of floral bracts and bracteoles, the usually bilabiate corollas associated with the bilocular ovary, the generally bivalvate elastically dehiscing capsules, and usually by the curved retinacula supporting the seeds. The anthers and stamens provide many characters diagnostic of groups of genera.

The family is of little domestic importance. Species of a few genus, mostly tropical, are cultivated as ornamentals. Of these the following may be the more common occurred or induced into China as bear’s breech (Acanthus), Ruellia, Pseuderanthemum, Aphelandra, Clock vine (Thunbergia) Jacobinia, Fittonis, Shrimp plant (Beloperone), Justicia, and cardinal’s guard (Pachystachys).

 

Filename: 2.1 key

 

1a. Without retinaculum on placenta of capsules.

(亚科1. 山牵牛亚科Thunbergioideae & 亚科2. 瘤子草亚科Nelsonioideae)

(subfam. 1. Thunbergioideae & subfam. Nelsonioideae)

2a. Climbing (scandent), rarely erect; 2 bracteoles spathe-like, calyx reduced

annular or toothed, lobes of corolla (contorta) twisted to the left in buds;

pollen grains globe (sphaeroid), spirotreme; ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules each

cell; capsules with a beak. (subfam. 1. Thunbergioideae tribe 1. Thunbergeae

………………….1. 山牵牛属 Thunbergia Retz.

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2b. Erect or procumbent herbs or shrubs, rarely scandent; calyx segments 4 or 5;

corolla lobes imbricate; ovary 2- celled, many seeds in each cell; capsule

without beak; seeds small, albuminous.

(subfam. 2. Nelsonioideae. Tribe 1. Nelsonieae)

3a. Bracts linear, imbricate; calyx segments 4; capsules with 8-16 seeded.

.......................................3. 瘤子草属 Nelsonia R.Br.

3b. Bracts linear, scattered (remote); calyx segments 5; capsules with many seeds.

4a. Corolla lobes regular or slightly bilabiate, glabrous inside; stamens 4,

not extanded out of corolla (exsert), two anther cells (thecae) parallel.

........................................2. 叉柱花属 Staurogyne Wall.

4b. Corolla lobes bilabiate, annular hairs inside; stamens 2, exsert, two anther

cells separate, connected at base only.

........................4. 蛇根叶属 Ophiorrhiziphyllon Kurz

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1b. With retinaculum on placenta of capsules.

(Subfam. 3.Acanthoideae & Subfam. 4.Ruellioideae)

5a. Corolla- lobes imbricate or quincuncialis

(Subfam. 3. Acanthoideae tribe 1. Acantheae；

Subfam. 4. Tribe 1. Ruellieae, subtribe 1.Ruellinae；

tribe 2. Lepidagathideae；tribe 3. Andrographideae；

tribe 4. Justicieae)。

6a. Corolla lobes quincuncialis, 5-lobed, hypocrateriformis or infundibularis.

(Tribe 2. Lepidagathideae)

7a. Calyx segments 4. (Tribe 1. Subtribe 2.Barlerinae)

8a. Calyx segments oppositte in pairs, 2 outer very large, often

cartilagineus spine-teethed at base，2 inner very small; anthers

2-celled................................11. 假杜鹃属 Barleria L.

8b. 2 outer pair of calyx segments rather large, anthers 1-celled..

...............................*.十字爵床属Crossandra Salisb.

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7b. Calyx segments 5. Segments unequal, the anterior pair more or less

connected; corolla 2-lipped; capsules box-shaped, ovary cells reached the

base, not contracted at base; seeds slightly hairy.

(tribe 2. Lepidagathideae)

9a. Anther- cells without awn or spur. Capsule small. Seeds villose.

..............................41. 鳞花草属 Lepidagathis Willd.

9b. Anther-cells spurred, capsule large, seeds prubescent.

................................42. 色萼花属 Chroesthes R.Ben.

-----------------------------------

6b. Corolla lobes imbricate.

10a. Corolla 1-lipped, the upper lip reduced.

(Subfam 3. Acanthoideae. Tribe 1. Acantheae)

11a. Filaments stout (cartilagineus), narrowed and curved below the anther;

corolla tube very short; calyx segments reduced to 4, multi-nerved;

capsule valve chartaceous; petiole bilateral stipule rigid, spine;

leaves margin deeply sinuate or teethed spine………………………………………

....................................5. 老鼠勒属 Acanthus L.

11b. Filaments thick, rigid,anterior filments with an excurrent process;

corolla tube short; calyx upper segments 3-nerved, the lower

2-nerved; capsule valve membranous. ………………………………

…………….. ..........6. 百勒花属 Blepharis Juss.

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10b. Corolla not 1-lipped, corolla 5-lobed or 2-lipped.

(Subfam. 4. Ruellioideae. Tribe 4. Justicieae)

12a. Corolla 5-lobed, lobes equal; stamens 4 or 2, anther cells 2, sub-

equal, parallel, awnless. Capsule clarvate, base contracted to be

solid. (Subfam. 4. Ruellioideae. Trible 4. Justicieae.

Subtribe. 1. Asystasinae)

13a. Stamens 4.

14a. Corolla tube short and enlarged; flowers secund. ….

...........................46. 十万错属 Asystasia Bl.

14b. Corolla tube long and slender; flowers not secund…..

.....................47. 白接骨属 Asystasiella Lindau

13b. Fertile stamens 2.

15a. Corolla campanulate, less than 1 cm long, tube very short.

16a. Corolla limb 5-lobed. ………………………………………………………….

17a. Anthers 2-celled, overlaped each other (superposed),

sub-equal.

.................49. 钟花草属 Codonacanthus Nees

17b. Anthers 2-celled, overlaped (superposed) too, the upper

one larger.

..................50. 纤穗爵床属Leptostachya Nees

16b. Corolla limb 4-lobed.

....51. 银脉爵床属Kudoacanthus Hosok.

15b. Corolla tube slender and long, capsule base solid and

stalk- like.

18a. Bracts small, if over 1.5 cm long, and not white.

..........…….....48. 山壳骨属 Pseuderanthemum Radlk.

18b. Bracts rather large, green-white, if white, with green nerves

....................... 10. 可爱花属 Eranthemum Nees

---------------------------------------------

12b. Corolla distinct 2-lipped; anther often 2-1-celled; anther-cells

spurred, often one overlaped another; stigma 2-lobed or entire.

19a. Ovary with 3-10 ovules in each cell. (i.e. capsules with 6-20 seeds).

(Subfam. 4. Ruellioideae. Trible 3. Andrographideae)

20a. Anthers base and filaments villose; capsule compressed,(at right

angles to the septum); seeds ovoid, hardly compressed. …………..

.........43. 穿心莲属Andrographis Wall.

20b. Anthers base and filaments glabrous, or hairy at filaments base

only; capsule cylindric (terete); seeds compressed. …………..

21a. Calyx densely glandular hairy; corolla ventricose?……………..

................45. 鳔冠花属 Cystacanthus T.Anders.

21b. Calyx pubescent, not glandular; corolla tube cylindric,

slightly curved, neither ventricosa, nor deeply 2-lipped.

.................44. 火焰花属 Phlogacanthus Nees

---------------------------------------------

19b. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. (Tribe 4. Justicieae)

22a. Cymes surrounded by 2-4 involucre-like bracts, 1-4 flowers

within. …………………………………………………………………….

(Tribe 4. Justicieae. Subtribe 2. Diclipterinae)

23a. Anthers 1-celled; plancentae rising elastically from the base

of capsule when dehiscent. …………………………………………..

............55. 枪刀药属 Hypoestes Soland. ex R.Br.

23b. Anthers 2-celled.

24a. Staminoid 2. ………………………………………….

....60. 秋英爵床属Cosmianthemum Bremek.

24b. Without staminoid.

25a. Anther cells ovate; plancentae rising elastically

from the base of capsule, when dehiscent ………………………

................53. 狗肝菜属 Dicliptera Juss.

25b. Anthers cells linear; plancentae not rising

elastically from the base of capsule, when dehiscent …

............54. 观音草属 Peristrophe Nees

------------------------------------------------

22b. Inflorescences not surrounded by involucre-like bracts.

(Tribe 4. Justicieae. Subtribe 3. Justiciinae)

26a. Anthers 1-celled. …………………………………………………..

.....56. 鳄嘴花花属 Clinacanthus Nees

26b. Anthers 2-celled, cells overlapped each other (superposed).

27a. Bracts large and beautiful, brownish red, up to 2 cm long.

(cultivated)………………………………………………………………………..

...............62. 虾衣草属 Callaispidia Bremek.

27b. Bracts small, if large, not brownish red.

28a. Corolla tube long and slender, over 1 cm long.

29a. Flowers large, ca 5 cm long, densely terminal and

short spike. (cultivated)………………………………………………..

.........61. 珊瑚花属 Cyrtanthera Bremek.

29b. Flowers less than 3 cm long.

30a. Inflorescences terminal, patent dichotomous

cymes, or reduced racemes; corolla upper lip

ovate; stamens inserted at corolla upper

portion. …………………………………………………………………………

.………………………….52. 叉序草属Isoglossa Orsted.

30b. Inflorescences terminal or axillary composing of

contracted cymes; corolla upper lip lanceolate;

stamens inserted at throat. ……………………………………

........59. 灵枝草属Rhinacanthus Nees

28b. Corolla tube very short, often less than 1 cm long.

31a. Bracts margin with white membranous edge;

plancentae rising elastically from the base of

capsule, when dehiscent ………………………

……............58. 孩儿草属 Rungia Nees

31b. Bracts without membranous edge; plancentae not

rising elastically from capsules base, when

dehiscent.

32a. Calyx segments 4; inflorescences secund.

..............68. 爵床属 Rostellularia Reichb.

32b. Calyx segments 5; inflorescences not status

above.

33a. Shrubs.

34.苞片宽大，长1厘米以上；花药基部有细尖

的距；花冠在雄蕊着生处有1圈毛..........

34a. Bracts broad and large, over 1 cm long;

anther cells base mucronate; a circular

hairs around the place stamens inserted

on……………………………………………………………………………..

..........64. 鸭嘴花属Adhatoda Mill.

34b. Bracts small, less than 5 mm long;

without a circular hairs on corolla. …

35.花序顶生穗状..................

35a. Inflorescences terminal, spiciform.

....67. 驳骨草属Gendarussa Nees

35.花序腋生聚伞花序...............

35b. Inflorescences axillary, cymes…………

………..57. 针子草属Rhapidospora Nees

33b. Herbs or stems base slightly fruticose.

36.花1至数朵簇生于上部叶腋……………..........

36a. 1-several flowers clustered on leaf axils

of upper branches…………………………………..

…………65. 杜根藤属Calophanoides Ridley

36.花序穗状，分枝或否，顶生或腋生……….......

36b. Spike branched or not, terminal or

axillary. ……………………………………………

.....66. 野靛棵属Mananthes Bremek.

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5b. Corolla –lobes contorta, lobes equal or subequal.

(Tribe 1. Ruellieae, subtribe 1. Ruellinae；subtribe 2. Barlerinae;

subtribe 3. Hygrophyllinae; subtribe 4. Petalidinae; subtribe 5.

Strobilanthinae)

37a. Ovules many in each cell.

38a. Corolla equally 5-lobed. (Tribe 1. Ruellieae. Subtribe 1. Rurllinae)

39a. Fertile stamens 4; ovary with 4 to many ovules in each cell.

40a. Cymes lax, axillary, sometimes forming a large terminal panicle;

pollen grains 3-pororate; capsules cylindric.

……………莉花属*Ruellia L. emend. Bremek. (*no wild species in China)

40b. Cymes not lax, sometimes dense corymb forming a spike; pollen grains

3-pororate or less pore.

41a. Flowers all axillary, 2- or 3- flds. clustered or 3-nate;

bracteoles longer than calyx in length.

..........7. 楠草属 Dipteracanthus Nees emend. Bremek.

41b. Spike or raceme; bracteoles shorter than calyx in length.

42a. Stem short; radical leaves rosette; inflorenscences spikes

or heads, corolla tube shorter than campanulate throat; inner pairs

stamens longer than the outer (exteral) pairs; anther cells inserted

on both ends of papilionaceus, fen-like connective; ovary with

6-10 ovules. …………………

..........8. 地皮消属 Pararuellia Bremek.

42b. Stems elongated, internodes distinct, erect; leaves scattered;

flowers single or 2-3-fld. on branches terminal; corolla very

narrow, tube much longer than the broad throat; inner pair stamens

shorter than the outer (exteral) pair; connective angustate;

ovary with 10-20 ovules in each cell. ……………………..

........... 9. 拟地皮消属 Leptosiphonium F.V.Mull.

39b. Fertile stamens 2; staminode 2; ovary with 2 ovules in each cell.

..................10. 喜花草属 Eranthemum L. emend. Bremek.

-------------------------------------

38b. Corolla distinctly 2—lipped; capsule with many seeds, valve erect or

sulcate. (Tribe 1. Ruellieae. Subtribe 3.Hygrophillinae)

43a. Stamens 4; Flower 1 or several on upper leaves axil.

.............................. 12. 水蓑衣属 Hygrophila R.Br.

43b. Stamens 2; Racemose or spiciform inflorescences, terminal.

.....................13. 裸柱草属 Gymnostachyum Nees emend.

-------------------------------------

37b. Ovary with 2-4 seeded each cell.

44.雄蕊花丝通常成对联合，花柱不依靠在花冠上两列毛之间，柱头的后裂片

不宽平。花冠里面无毛，或有毛而不为2行；花丝基部无薄膜相连。

44a. Filaments of stamen coherent into pairs at base, style not laid on 2 rows

of hairs on corolla, stigma not of one long linear –lanceolate branch, the

other suppressed; corolla inside glabrous or hairy but not arranged into 2

rows, filaments not united into a membranous unit.

(Tribe 1. Ruellieae. Subtribe. 4. Petalidinae)

45a. Anther-cells without spur (muticous) at base; spike terminal, secund.

46a. 3-flds on each bract; placentae rising elastically from the base of

capsules ........................14. 肾苞草属Phaulopsis Will.

46b. Flowers oppositte on the bracts; placentae not rising elastically from

the base of capsules. ....................16. 赛山蓝属Blechum P.Br.

45b. Anther-cells spurred at base.

47a. Anther-cells aristately spurred at base. …………………………………………………

.......17. 恋岩花属 Echinacanthus Nees

47b. Anther-cell with mucron at base,

.......15. 安龙花属Dyschoriste Nees

------------------------------------------------------------------------

44b. Filaments of stamen coherent into one unit, style supported by 2 rows

of hairs on corolla, stigma of one long linear –lanceolate branch, the other

suppressed; corolla inside with 2 rows of hairs; filaments united into

membranous unit; capsule base without stalk.

(Tribe 1. Ruellieae. Subtribe. 5. Strobilanthinae)

48.叶同型（等大isophyllous)。

48a. Leaves equal（isophyllous).

49a. Corolla erect, not resupinate.

50a. Bracts caducous.

…..............27. 板蓝属 Baphicacanthus Bremek.

50b. Bracts persistent.

51a. Stem nodes inflated or increased, glanduloso-capitate – hirsute

………………………..….......26. 假尖药属Pseudaechmanthera Bremek.

51.茎非上述情况。

51b. Stems nodes not above status (inflated or increased).

52a. Ovary with 4-8 ovules in each cell.

53a. Corolla glabrous inside.

54a. Anthers muticous or undistinct mucronate; flowers yellow. …

………….....18. 半插花属Hemigraphis Nees emend. T.Anders.

54b. Anthers aristate or mucronatus, connective excurrent at the

tip; flowers white or purple. ……………………………………………..

................19. 尖药花属Aechmanthera Nees

53b. Corolla hairy inside, sericeous at base, flowers yellow. ….

…………………………...25. 黄球花属 Sericocalyx Bremek.

52b. Ovary with 2-4 ovules in each cell.

55a. Inflorescences short, bracts folious; calyx deeply 5 divided. …

.…………………….....20. 黄惊草属 Championella Bremek.

55b. Inflorescences elongated.

56a. Calyx deeply 3-divided, bracts folious.

………..…....21. 兰嵌马蓝属 Parachampionella Bremek.

56b. Calyx deeply 5-divided, bracts persistent, imbricate; pollen

grains spheroid. …………………………………………

.............24. 肖笼鸡属Tarphochlamys Bremek.

49b. Corolla resupinate.

57a. Stamens 2, inflorescences short spiciform, nearly heads;

pollen grains spheroid, ornamentation echinate. ………………

..…………………..22. 山一笼鸡属 Gutzlaffia Hance

57b. Fertile stamens 2, staminode 2, elongated false spike

interrupted; pollen grains spheroid, ornamentation echinate, spines

longitudinal arranged…………………………………………………….

................23. 南一笼鸡 Paragutzlaffia Tsui

48b. Leaves unequal （anisophyllous）。

58a. Whole Plants almost covered with reddish rust jointed hairs

(articulatus setose)………………………………………………….

…………………………………………….32. 红毛蓝属Pyrrothrix Bremek.

58b. Plants not as the status above mentioned.

59a. Bracts persistent, abbreviated spike included within involucre- like

bracts.

60a. Inflorenscences hidden by 2 pairs of crossly (cruciate)

arranged bracts. ……………………………………..

...............38. 四苞蓝属Tetragoga Bremek.

60b. Inflorescence fully or near fully enveloped by the large

two out most pairs of dentate bracts………………………..

…………………………………........33. 长苞蓝属Tetraglochidium Bremek.

59.苞片早落或宿存但不为叶状总苞所包。

59b. Bracts caducous or persistent, but not included within folious

invlucre.

61a. Bracts base decurrent, reached nodes or most decurrent, persistent,

membranous when dry. .…………………..39. 延苞蓝属 Hymenchlaena Bremek.

61b. Bracts not decurrent and not the status as mentioned above.

62a. Calyx deeply 2-divided, slightly 2-lipped.

63.花萼上唇3裂联合至中部，下唇联合至中下部…

63a. Upper lip of calyx 3-divided into the middle, lower lip

connected to the middle and the low portion.

…………………………..........28. 耳叶马蓝属Perilepta Bremek.

63.花萼上唇3裂联合至中部，下唇2裂片几裂至基

部.

63b. Upper lip of calyx connected into the middle, lower lip

2-divided to the base. .....29. 腺背蓝Adenacanthus Bremek.

62b. Calyx regular 5-partite.

64a. The outer pair stamens unequal in length, the inner pairs

distinct curved, anther cells horizontal attached.

65a. Corolla erect, inflorescences lax. ……..

…………………………………………….......35. 叉花草属Diflugossa Bremek.

65b. Corolla resupinate, inflorescences head (capitate).

……...34. 金足草属Goldfussia Nees

64b. The outer pair stamens equal in length, anther cells

erect, parallel; inflorescence elongated.

66a. Bracts caducous, rarely persistent.

67a. Stamen tube (pleats on corolla?) winged; pollen grains

spheroid, 5-pororate. ………………………………

…………………………………….......40. 假蓝属Pteroptychia Bremek.

67b. Stamen tube ?(pleats on corolla) not winged; pollen grains

ellipsoid. ………………………………..30.马蓝属Pteracanthus Bremek.

66b. Bracts persitent.

68a. Anthers top (apex) obtuse.

69a. Lobes of stamens membranous tube incurved; pollen grains

spheroid, edges of ribbed bands not distinct.

…………………………....36. 合页草Sympagis Bremek.

69b. The top of stamens membranous tube barbarte, pollen grains

spheroid.…………………….....37.紫云菜属Strobilanthes Bl.

68b. Anthers top mucronate. …………………………….

…………………………………..……..31. 糯米香属Semnostachya Bremek.

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Filename: 3.1enaca01-17-1.doc 因文件3.enaca01-17.1doc太大，有4130 kb，02-12-23，而另存为此。

ACANTHACEAE

爵床科 jue chuang ke

Subfam. 1. Thunbergioideae Lindau 山牵牛亚科

Calyx minute, annular or 10-15-toothed. Corolla-lobed twisted in bud. Stamens 4, without staminoide, anthers 2-celled, cells spurred or not at the base, pollen grains spiraperturate. Disk cushion-shape , ovary 2-celled, ovule several. Capsule with a long oblong beak. Seed 2 in each cell, ovoid or dorsally compressed, retinacula 0. Scandent.

1. THUNBERGIA Retz. in Physiogr. Salsk. Handl. 1(3): 163. 1780. nom. cons.

山牵牛属 shan qian niu shu

(Scandent , lianes) clinbing and twining herbs or erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, sub-equal, petioled, leaf blade ovate, lanceolate, cordate or hastate, apex acute or acuminate, sometimes round, penni-nerve, palminerve, or trinerve. Flower sample (1-2-nate) or racemose, terminal or axillary; subtended by 2 large more or less ovate or lanceolate, foliceous bracts, bracteoles 2, large, coherent at least when young or spathe-like, persistent. Calyx small, annular, 10-16-toothed, or obscure. Corolla large funnel-form or somewhat bell–shaped, tube ventricosa, curved; limb oblique, lobes 5, rounded, twisted to the left in bud. Stamen 4, didynamous inserted near base of the tube, anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, oblique spurred or not at the base, pollen grains sphaeroid to subsphaeroid, spiraperturate. Disc cushion-shaped. Ovary 2-celled, ovule 2 in each cell, collateral, style long, stigma 2-lobed or subentire. Capsule globose, seed bearing at base, produced into a barren sword-shaped beak, loculicidal. Seed 2 in each cell, ovoid or dorsally compressed, retinacula 0.

About 90-100 species, in C & S Africa and tropic Asia, into Austrilia. 9 species, 2spp. in China, a great major in SE, E and SW China, 3 species cultivated.

 

Key to Species

1a. Leaves penninerve.

2a. Erect shrub, leaves small, 2.5-7.5 cm x 1-1.5 cm, bracteolate oblong. …………

………………………………………1. T. erect T. Anders.

2b. Lianes, leaves large, 10-14.5 cm x 5-7.5 cm, bracteolate elliptic. …………….

…………………………………………………………….8. T. lutea T.Anders

1b. Leaves palminerve or trinerve.

3a. Leave nerves palmate.

4a. Calyx 10-16- toothed, flower 1-2 axillary.

5a. Petiole winged (alatus), leaves sagittal, fruit downy (pubescent).

…………….2. T. alata Bojer

5b. Petiole not winged (non alatus), leaves not sagittal, fruit not downy (non

pubescent).

6a. Leaves broad ovate, ovate, oblong and lanceolate; base hastate,

saggital; or 2-3-lobed each side. ………

…………………………………….…9a.. T. fragrans Roxb. ssp. fragans

6b. Leaves long ovate to oblong- lanceolate; margin entire or crispus, base

slightly hastate.

7a. Leaves lanceolate, rarely long ovate, margin entire. …………………

…………………………………….9b. T. fragans ssp. lanceolata H.P.Tsui

7b. Leaves oblong ovate to long lanceolate; margin crispus, base slightly

hastate. ……………………………………………

……………9c. T. fragans ssp. hainanensis (C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo) H.P.Tsui

4b. Calyx annular, inflorescence usually racemose.

8a. Usually with black glands below the stem node, above pedical and

bracteoles.

9a. With long, yellow hairy on the shoot. .......... 4. T. lacei Gamble

9b. Without long, yellow hairy on the shoot. .……………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………...... 5. T. grandiflora Roxb.

8b. without black glands below the stem node, above pedical and bracteoles.

10a. Inflorescence erect, leaves glabrous, lobes of limb red-yellow.

................ 6. T. eberhartii R.Ben.

10b. Inflorescence pendullous, leaves without hairs. …….....

……………………………………………………... 3. T. coccinea Wall.

3b. Leave trinerves. ……………………………………7. T. laurifolia Lindl.

* Thunbergiaceae had been suggested by Van Tieghem (1908), and was recorded by C.E.B.Bremekamp (1961-1966).

1.Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anders., in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 7: 18. 1864.

直立山牵牛 zhi li shan qian niu

Erect shrub, 2 m high. Young shoot tetragonal, much branched, previous hairy (pubescent), soon glabrous, yellow –brown hairy only at node and leaf axil. Petiole 2-5 cm long; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, sometimes rhomboid, 2-6 cm x 0.3-0.7 cm, apex acuminatus, base cuneate to round, margin obscurely repand toothed or 3-angled，near glabrous or almost glabrous both surface, sometimes along mid and lateral ribs scarcely with stright rigid closepressed rather short bristle-like hairs (strigose), penni-nerve, 2-3 nerves bilateral, convex on both surface, obviously on the abaxial surface. Flowers simple axillary, pedicel 1-1.5 long, glabrous; bracteoles white, oblong, 2.3 cm x 1.4 cm wide, apex acute, with round tranparent spots out side, pilose inside，hairs denser at margin. Calyx short, with 12 small unequual teeth, hidden by the bracts. Corolla tube white, throat yellow, limbs violate, transparent spots spread inside，tube 1.5 cm long, throat 3 cm long, lobes of limb 2 cm long. Filaments glabrous, the shorter 7 mm long, the longer 10 mm long; anthers 4.2 mm long, mucronate, pollen grains 62 um. Ovary glabrous, obscurely hispid toward the tip of style; stigma attend the middle of corolla throat, lobes distant unequal, the upper one erect. Capsule glabrous, pedicel extend to 4 cm long, the part with seeds 12 mm wide in diameter, 9 mm long high, the beak 20 mm long, at base 10 mm wide in diameter.

Cultivated, native of W.Africa.

2. Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 2591. 1825.

翼叶山牵牛 yi ye shan qian niu

Twining herb. Stems with 2 groove and retrose hairs. Petioles thick winged on each side, 1.5-3 cm long, pilose; leaf blades ovato-sagittate or ovato-hastate, 2-7.5 cm x 2-6 cm, apex pungens, base saggitate or slightly hastate, margins 2-3 short toothed or entire, pilose and hispid on both surface, denser on abaxial; palmate nerves, 1-2 lateral. Flowers simple, axillary, pedicel 2.5-3 cm long, slightly retro-pilose. Bracteole ovate, 1.5-1.8 x 1-1.4 cm, tip (apex) acute or acuminate, obtuse, 5-7-nerved, strigose on abaxial surface. Calyx 10-toothed unequally. Tube of corolla 2-4 mm long, throat 10-15 mm long, limb 40 mm in diam., lobes obovate, yellow, throat purpule. Filament glabrous, about 4 mm long; anthers mucronate, 3.5- 4 mm long, at the base and mouth barbatus. Pollen grains 45 um in diam.. Ovary and style glabrous, style 8 mm long, stigma attends the middle of throat, included, 2-fidus 1.5 x 1.2 mm and 2.5 x 2.0 mm, （两两对折？）the upper one (superior) erect, the lower (inferior) outspread. Capsule covered with outspread villose, the part seed-bearing 10 mm in diam., 7 mm long, beak 1.4 cm long, 3 mm in diam. at base.

Cultivated at Guangdong, Fujian provinces. Native of tropic Africa and wide cultivated at tropic Asia.

3. Thunbergia coccinea Wall., Tent. Fl. Nep. 1: 49 et 58. t. 37. 1824.

红花山牵牛 hong hua shan qian niu

Hexacentris coccinea (Wall.) Nees in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 78. 1832. 1847.

A large woody climber, stems or shoots with obscurely 9-angled, nearly glabrous, previous hairy at node. Leaves petiolated, petiole with grove, 2-7 cm long, leaf blade broad ovate, ovate to lanceolate, 8-15 cm x 3.5-11 cm, acuminateat apex, round or cordate at base, margin slightly uneven and waved or remote toothed, pubescence on both surface, nerves palmately 3-5-nated from base. Racemes extend 35 cm, pendent, terminal or axillary, pundencula, pedicel and bracteoles pubescence. Bracts subpersistent, the lower subsessil lanceolate, pedicel 3-4 cm long. Bracteoles oblong, 2.2-2.6 cm x 1.1-1.5 cm, acute. Calyx a minute rim. Corolla red, tube 5-6 mm long, contricted between tube and throat, lobes of limb nearly round, 7 mm long. Filaments glabrous, linear, 14.5 and 12.5 mm long, a tuft of hairs at the base; anther -cells parallel, unequal, one cell spurred, slightly extended, cells of the longer anther 5.5 mm long with 1 mm long spur and 4.8 mm long with 2 mm long spur, cells of the shrter anther 4.5 mm with 2 mm long spur and 3.8 mm long with 3 mm long spur. Ovary and style glabrous, stigma bifid, extended? 柱头露出. Capsule glabrous, the part with seeds 15-20 mm in diam., 10-12 mm long, the beak 15-23 mm long, 5-8 mm in diameter at base.

In the forest on mountains slopes. 900-1000 m altitude. SC Yunnan and SE Tibet. Also in India and N Indo-China.

  1. Thunbergia lacei Gamble in Kew Bull. 1913: 116. 1913.

    2. 长黄毛山牵牛 chang huang mao shan qian niu

    Thunbergia adenophora W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 74. 1917.

    Scandent, climbing up 17 m long, often 7-8 m, stems stout, with densely yellow multicelled hairy, nectary-like glands under node. Leaves petiolated, petiole 2-5 cm long, canaliculatus, with yellow hairy, leaf blade, papyraceous, ovate, apex acuminate, base cordate, margins 2-3-angulared each side, or repands, rarely entire, hirsutus both surface, abaxial denser, 3-7-nerves palmately. Racemose terminal or axillary, pendent, 5-15 cm long. Flower simple or pair axillary or opposite.Peduncle, pedicel and bracteoles with yellow hairy and black nest-like glands. Bract leaf-like, ovate, 1-3 cm long, acuminateat apex. Bracteoles 2, ovate-oblong, 2.5-3 cm long, coherent at margin when young, then open into a spathe-like one. Calyx annular, entire. Corolla purple or light blue, tube 3.5 mm long, throat 2 mm long, hirtus at base, lobes of limb round, 2-3 cm in diam.. Stamens 4, anther elliptic, 9 mm long, included, beard between two anthers, long and curved spurred at base, the longer spur 3 mm long, the shorter 2 mm long; filaments glabrous, enlarged towards base, 8 and 10 mm long. Ovary and style glabrous, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule compressed, 1.8 cm in diam., 1.2 cm long, beak 2.5 cm long, pubescent and with nectar-like glands.

    In thicket, 400-1500 m altitude. S.Yunnan. [Burma]. Type specimen collected from N. Burma Maymyo Plateau.

  2. Thunbergia grandiflora (Rottl. ex Willd.) Roxb. in Lodd., Bot. Cab. t. 324. 1819.

    3. 山牵牛 shan qian niu

    Flemingia grandiflora Roxb. ex Rottl. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 4: 202. 1803.

    Thunbergia chinensis Merr. in Philp. Journ. Sci. 21: 510. 1922.

    A large climber. Stem woody, young shoots pubescent and slightly 4-angular. Leaves opposite, petiolated, petioles nearly up to 8 cm long, pubescence, leaf blade ovate, broad ovate or cordate, 4-9(15) cm x 3-7.5 cm margins toothed, often 2(4)-6(8) angularly lobed, 5-7-nerved palmately, brown hairs both surface when dry. Flowers simple axillarly, or racemes terminal, usually stout, pubescent, angular, somewhat dense –fld, pedicels 2-4 long, pubescent, opposite or fascicled, under bracteoles and the upper rachis with nectary-like glands. Bracts 2, small, ovate, mucronate. Bracteole 2, oblong-ovate, acuminate, 1.5-3 cm x 1-2 cm, pubescent, often cohering on one margin. Calyx subentire. Corolla white, tube 5-7 cm long, throat 22-25 mm long, expanded from the top of tube; limb bluish purple, lobes round or broad ovate, 2.1-3 mm long, emarginatus at the top. Stamen 4, filaments widened below, 8-10 mm long, glabrous, anthers included，connective mucronate, anthers subsimilar, 7-9 mm long, beared, cells parallel with a fine linear basal, 2.5-3 mm long spur. Pollen grains 86 um in diam. Ovary nearly glabrous; style glabrous, 17-24 mm long, stigma very large, funnel -shaped, lobes 2, rounded, folded, the lower one clasped the upper, not extended. Capsule pubescent or glabrous, the part with seeds 13 mm in diam., 18 mm long, beak 20 mm long, 7 mm in diam. at base.

    In thicket. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian province. [India and Indo-China peninsula]. Cultivated at global tropic botanic garden.

    6. Thunbergia eberhardtii R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27: 543. 1921.

    二色山牵牛 er se shan qian niu

    Twining herbs, young shoots 4-angular, previous pubescent, soon glabrous, but pilose at node. Leaves petiolated, petiles 3-4 cm long, leaf blade broad ovate or ovate, 10 cm x 5 cm, apex acuminate or acute, base cordate, glabrous on both surface, margins remotely dentate, sometimes entire; palmately 5-7 nerved. Raceme terminal or axillary, erect. Peduncle pubescent. Bracts lanceolate, acute at apex，margin dentate, 1-3-nerved. Bracteole ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate at apex, 10-14 mm long, tomentose. Calyx cup-shaped, entire. Corolla tube slightly ample, oblique, yellow-brown, limb 5-lobed, lobes sub-equal, broad elliptic, 11 mm long, the anticous lobe red, the posterior yellow. Stamen 4, anthers acute at top, the anticous pair with long spurs (bicalcaratus), the posterior pair with one spur. Ovary villose, style extended, slightly pilose. Seeds semi-globose.

    In dense forest. Hainan. [N.Vietnam].

  3. Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 260. 1856.

    4. 桂叶山牵牛 gui ye shan qian niu

    Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb. var. laurifolia (Lindl.) R.Ben. in H.Lec, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 618. 1935.

    T. harrisii Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 4998. 1857.

    A large woody vine, glabrous. Stems nearly 4-angular. Leaves petiolated, petioles up to 3 cm long, with channel, the upper leaves stalkless; leaf blade oblong or oblongo-lanceolate, 7-18 cm x 3-8 cm, apex acuminate, base round or broad cuneate, margins entire or often repandus and toothed, sub-coriceous, buble-like processes between nerve and nervelets on abaxial and adaxial surface，tri-nerved at base, 2-3-nervelets from mid – rib bilaterally. Raceme terminal or axillary. Pedicels 2 cm long. Bracteoles oblong, 2.5- 3 cm x 1.5-2 cm, apex acuminate, margin toward apex pubescent, coherent from adaxil surface spathe-form. Corolla tube and throat white, tube 7 mm long, throat 25 mm long, limb light blue, lobes round, 20 mm in diam. Filaments thickened at base, 8-10 mm long; anthers attend to the middle of throat, mucronate, anther cells 7 mm long, curved-barbatus? or hirsutus? at the open mouth, spurs of one anther 2.7 and 3.2 mm long, of another 1.0 and 2.5 mm long. Pollan grains 54 um in diam. Ovary and style glabrous, style 26 mm long, stigma included. The part bearing seeds of capsule 14 mm long, and 14 mm in diam., beak 28 mm long, 6 mm in diam. at base.

    Cultivated in Guangtong, Taiwan. [Indo-China, Malaya penisula.]

  4. Thunbergia lutea T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 448. 1846.

羽脉山牵牛 yu mai shan qian niu

Thunbergia salwenensis W. W. Smith in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 12: 224. 1920.

Twining (scadent) herbs, often reach 5 m long. Tuberous roots spindle-form, 3 cm in diam. Stems channelled (canaliculatus), glabrous except node with a rim of hairs. Leave opposite, pedicels 5-7.5 cm long, glabrous; blade ovate, longly ovate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 4-13 cm x 2-6 cm, apex acuminate, round or nearly cuneate, decurrent at base, margins obscurely teethed, sometimes irregularly denticulate, pubescent, or setaceus adaxil surface, sub-gabrous abaxil surface. Flowers simple axillary. Bracteoles elliptic, 21-24 mm x 15-17 mm, apex mucronate, glabrous abaxil surface, with minutely capitate or clavate grands on adaxil surface, with 7-nerves. Calyx minute, 10 toothed, corolla tube 7 mm long, throat 3.5 cm long, lobes round, equal, 1.2 cm in diam., pink or white. Filament glabrous, ca 10 mm long; anthers barbatus, 7 mm long, spurred at base, spurs hairs-like. Ovary and style glabrous, style 2.5 cm long, stigma bifid, branches short subequal, erect. Capsule glabrous, the part bearing seeds 18 mm in diam., 10 mm long, beak 18 mm long, 8 mm in diam. at base. Seeds kidney-shaped (reniformis)，8 mm x 5 mm, dorsal round, ventral convex.

Under forest or thicket; 1000-2500 m. S. & W.Yunnan to E.Tebit. [E. Himialaya mts, Sikkin].

9. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb., PL. Corom. 1: 47. t. 67. 1795.

9a. ssp. fragans

碗花草 wan hua cao

Thunbergia bodinieri Levl. in Fedde Repert. 12: 21. 1913.

Scandent, perennial herb, with tuberous roots. Stems slender, restrose hispidulous or glabrous. Petioles slender 0.8-4.5 cm long, restrose villosus. Leaves blade broad ovate to lanceolate, 4-14 cm x 3-7 cm, apex acuminate, base round, cordate, hastate, saggittal bilateral, or 2-3 angularly lobed, pubescent, mature glabrate, hairy on rib only, 5-nerved. Flowers usually simple, axillary, pedicel 1.5 –8.5 cm long, restrose villose. Calyx unequally 13-toothed, glabrous. Corolla tube 4-7 mm long, throat 18-23 mm long, lobes of limb obovate, truncate at top, or more or less tridentatus, ca 26 mm x 22 mm wide, white. Filaments reach 9-15 mm and 4-11 mm long, glabrous, anthers lanceolate, connective mucronate, divided at base, one longer, 4-5 mm long; pollen grains sphaeroid, 45 um in diam., bacula of exine 7 um high. Ovary glabrous; stigma funel-shape, excluded; style glabrous, 2.5-3 cm long. Capsule glabrous, the part with seed 10 mm in diam., 7 mm high, beak 15 mm long, 4.5 mm in diam. Seeds smooth at ventral, hilum large.

Mountains slop and thicket, 1100-2300 m. Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan. [India, Srilanka, Indo-China pennisula, Indonesia, Philippine].

9b. subsp. lanceolata H.P.Tsui, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 30. 2002.

滇南山牵牛 dian nan shan qian niu

Leaf blade lannceole, lower leaves broad long ovate, entire differ from species.

In thicket or under bamboo forest. 850-1800 m. S.Yunnan.

9c. subsp. hainanensis (C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo) H.P.Tsui comb. nov.

海南山牵牛 hai nan shan qian niu

Thunbergia hainanensis C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo in Fl. Hainan. 3: 591 (Addenda) 1974.

Leaf blade oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, round at top, sometimes slightly hastate, margin often waved (crispus).

Marine area. Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.

 

Subfam. 2. Nelsonioideae Lindau 瘤子草亚科

Calyx 5-partite, corolla bilabiate or nearly 5-lobed, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamen 2 or 4, staminode 2 or 0, anthers 2-celled, pollen grains "spaltenpollen". Ovules many, superimposed in two rows in each cell. Capsule beaked or acute, retinaculum papiliform, Seeds small, seated on minute papillae, not on hard retinacula. Herbs without cystolith.

2. STAUROGYNE Wall. Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 2: 80. t. 186. 1831.

叉柱花属 cha zhu hua shu

Ebermaiera Nees in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 75 & 79. 1832.

Herbs, annual or perennial. Stem usually single, decumbent from base or procumbent, ascending from roots, sometimes nearly erect or erect, shrubby at base. Leaves opposite or upper leaves alternate, usually petioled, margin usually entire, penni-nerve. Inflorescences racemes or spikes, terminal or axillary; sometimes peduncle 1-2 branched or much branched more or less forming a panicle, rarely capitate. Bracts at the base of pedicel spirally arranged, leaf-like, overtopping the flowers or small inconspicuous. Bracteoles 2, 1-nerved, inserted near the base of the calyx, similar to the calyx-segments, or smaller and narrower than bracts. Calyx deeply 5-partites into base, segments equal or unequal, occasionally the posterior one larger and broader. Corolla -tube short; throat narrow, nearly campanulate, longer than the tube; lobes of limb equal, sometimes slightly bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, filaments patently hairy, hirsute towards top, or rarely glabrous; anther-cells globose or nearly so, with appendage at base; connective short and enlarged, hirsute at dorsal; pollen grains small, 3-colporate, spheroidal; staminodes unequal, filamentous, sometimes 0. Disc inconspicuous; ovary 2-celled, with 12-60 ovules in 2 or rarely 4 columns; style glabrous; stigma 2-fids, lobes equal or not. Capsule oblong, apex acute or slightly obtuse, valves compressed, with 12-60 seeds. Seed globose, ultimately nearly smooth or with obscure shallow pits.

About 80-140 species. In America, Africa. Tropic Asia, most in W.Malaya. 14 species in China, in Fujain, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan .

Key to species

1a.Stem short, leaves rosulate

2a.Leaf blade spathulate - oblong or spathulate -lanceolate, calyx apex white

(yellow - white or pale), corolla red. ……………………

....................10. 叉柱花 S. concinnula (Hance) O.Ktze.

2b.Leaf blade and calyx apex not as above mentioned.

3a.Leaf blade base cordate; calyx segments spathulate, apex round. …………….

……………………………………..5.弯花叉柱花 S. chapaensis R.Ben.

3b.Leaf blade base not cordate, calyx segments linear or linear-lanceolate, apex

acute or acuminate.

4a.Adaxil surface of laef blade pubescent. ......…………

……………………………………….6.中华叉柱花 S. sinica C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo

4b.Adaxil surface of leaf blade strigose . ...……………

…………….12.琼海叉柱花 S. strigosa C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo

1b.Stem with long internode, usually erect, sometimes decumbent.

5a.Flowers subsessile, spiciform.

6a.Stem erect, branched at each axil; inflorences 1 cm long.

......................7.保亭叉柱花 S. potingensis C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo

6b.Stem decumbent, rooting at node of stem below, branchless, or only branched.

below................................ 8.瘦叉柱花 S. rivularis Merr.

5b.Flowers pedicellate, raceme.

  1. 7a.Leaf blade linear ..............13.狭叶叉柱花 S. stenophylla Merr. et Chun

7b.Leaf blade non-linear.

8a.Leaf blade lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate

9a.Calyx segments small and unequal, the anticous segment linear, 2.5 mm

long, the posterior subulate-angular，ca 1mm long.

...........................14.云南叉柱花 S. yunnanensis H.S.Lo

9b.Calyx segments equal.

10a.Bracts linear, 2.3mm long, thick, subterete, bracteoles linear

2.1 mm x 0.1 mm..............9.短穗叉柱花 S. brachystachya R.Br.

10b.Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, 4-6 mm x 1-1.2 mm.

........................3.金长莲 S. sichuanica H.S.Lo

8b.Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate or elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate.

11a.Calyx segments above up to 2 cm long.

............4.大花柱花 S. sesamoides (Hand.-Mazz.)B.L.Burtt

11b.Calyx segments less than 1 cm.

12a.Inflorences usually terminal or ternate; lateral nerves 10 pairs.

13a.Stem decumbent, subglabrous, up to 1 m high, leaf blade larger,

up to 15 cm long, usually over 10 cm, apex acute.

...............1.灰背叉柱花 S. hypoleuca R.Ben.

13b.Stem erect, pubescent, up to 30 cm high; leaf blade smaller,

less than 10 cm long, usually ca 5 cm long, apex round.

.......11.海南叉柱花 S. hainanensis C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo

12b.Inflorences axillary in each leaf axil; flowers dense; stem stout,

5 mm in diam.; lateral nerves 11-17 pairs………………………………………………

.................2.楔叶叉柱花 S. longicuneata H.S.Lo

 

  1. Staurogyne hypoleuca R.Ben. in H.Lec Notul. Syst. 2: 338. 1911.

灰背叉柱花 hui bei cha zhu hua

Ophiorrhiziphyllon hypoleuca R.Ben. in H.Lec, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 637. 1935.

Herbs, 1 m high; Stems and shoots glabrous, longitudinal striate- angular, lenticellate. Leaves opposite, petiole 3-6 cm long; leaf blade oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, 13-17 cm x 4.5-7 cm, apex acuminate sometimes acute, base cuneate, slightly decurrent, glabrous both surface, green adaxial, glaucous abaxial, lateral nerves 8-11 pairs, margin entire or sub-repandus. Racemes terminal or upper axillary, 15 cm long, not or 2 branched, flowers simple and remote, alternate; glandular hairy on peduncle; pedicels 2-3.5 mm long. Bracts linear, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm x 0.8 mm. Bracteoles linear, about 2 mm long. Calyx 5 mm long, pubescent and glandular outside, segments 5, long triangular, 4 mm long, 1 mm wide at base, the lateral smaller, margin ciliate and glandular hairy. Corolla white, funnel-shaped (infundibuformis), 7 mm long; lobes 5, nearly round, slightly unequal, 1.5 mm x 1.3mm. Fertile stamen 4, almost didynamous, inserted at throat, filaments glabrous, 3 mm long, other 2 shorter, anther 2-cells, theca oblong, 1 mm long, filament attached the top of anther. Ovary elliptic, 2 mm x 1 mm, 2 –cells. Ovules in 2 rows in each cell, 12 in each row; style 3 mm long, glabrous; stigma 2 bifid. Capsule doliformis圆桶状, 5-7 mm long, (loculicidal) dehirsents into 2- valves.

Humid valley or in forest, at 300-1800 m. S. Yunnan. [Vietnam]. Typus collected from Vienam, Ha Noi(河内).

2. Staurogyne longicuneata H.S.Lo in Bull. Bot. Res. 8(1): 2. 1988.

楔叶叉柱花 xie ye cha zhu hua

Herbs, stems 4-angular, stout, 5 mm in diam. with brown hairy. Leaves opposite, petiole 2-5 cm long, brown hairy, soon glabrous, leaf blade elliptic–elliptical lanceolate, 10-20 cm x 5-7 cm, apex acute often obtuse, base cuneate, often decurent, with brown or white hairs, pale abaxil, lateral nerve 11-17 pairs, margine entire. Raceme axillary up to 16 cm long, at base with two pairs sessile or subsessile small, 9-10 mm x 1.5 mm leaves, apex round, 1-nerved, with brown hair. Rachis of peduncle and pedicel all with brown hairs, glanduar hairs on rachis, pedicel 2-5 mm long. Bracts linear, 3-5 mm., attached at the base of pedicel. Bracteoles linear, 3-4 mm long, attached the top of pedicel. Calyx 10 mm long, segments 5, linear, subequal, 9 mm x 1 mm, apex acuminate, with brown hair outside. Corolla tube 15 mm long, pubescent, lobes 5 nearly equal, oblong, 2 mm x 1.5 mm. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments pubescent, villose at base, anther 2 cells, theaca oblong, 1 mm long, attached on wide and short connective laterally, connective with two yellow hook-like appendages. Style gabrous, stigma 3 splits. Capsule elliptic, black, pubescent.

S.Yuunan. Type specimen collected from He Kou (河口)

3. Staurogyne sichuanica H.S.Lo in Bull. Bot Res. 8(1):2. 1988.

金长莲jin chang lian

Herbs, 10-25 cm high. Stems terete, straite, purplish black, pubescent. Leaves opposite, petiole purple, 1-2 cm long, puberulus, leaf blade ovate-lanceolate or elliptical- lanceolate, 4-9 cm x 1.3-3 mm, apex acuminate, base cuneate or broad cuneate, sometimes unequal bilateral, sparcely strigose and villose on both surface, lateral nerves 6-11 pairs, convex, inconspiceous on abaxil surface. Raceme terminal or axillary on short shoot, 3.5-6 cm long, with remote, alternate, 2-5 flowers. Peduncles and pedicels slightly puberulus; pedicel 4-7 mm long. Bracts at the base of pedicel. Bracteole attached on the pedicel 1.6 mm toward flowers; bract and bracteole equal, linear, about 5.5 mm long, nearly glabrous, ciliate, 1-ribed. Calyx 11 mm long, 5 –partite split toward base, segments linear, the anticous and the posterior 9-11 mm x 1.2 mm, the lateral 10 mm x 0.6 mm, glabrous both surface, margin ciliate. Corolla not seen. Unmature capsule 5 mm long.

Under bamboo forest. 500-600 m. Sichuan. (Chang Ning长宁),

Similar to Staurogyne filipes E. Hossain (in Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 31: 383. 1972) very much, but calyx of the later narrower, plants villose.

4. Staurogyne sesamoides (Hand.-Mazz.) B.L.Burtt in Not. Roy. Bot. Gard.Edinb. 22: 310. 1958.

大花叉柱花 da hua cha zhu hua

Loxostigma (?) sesamoides Hand.-Mazz. in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 85: 217.1936.

Staurogyne dolichocalyx E.Hossain in Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 31: 380. 1972.

Erect Herbs, 35 cm high. Stem tomentose, soon glabrous, striate, unbranched. Leaves opposite, petiole 1.5-4 cm long, tomentose. Leaf blade herbaceus, ovate lanceolate, 5-13 cm x 2-5.5 cm, apex acuminate or sometimes acute, base cuneate, pubescent on the abaxil rib, lateral nerves 5-11 pairs, margin entire or sometimes irregular repandus. Racemes termainal of axillary, pendent, not branched, elongated after flowering, with dense flowers; peduncle and pedicels villose; pedicel 0.8-1 mm long, extend up to 5 mm, when fruit, tomentose. Bracts lanceolate 6-6.5 mm x 2-2.2 mm, 3-nerved, villose. Bracteoles lanceolate, 8-8.5 mm x 2 mm, villose, attached at the top of pedicel. Calyx 5-partited, segments nearly equal, lanceolate, long acuminate, villose, the posterior 1.8-2.2 cm x 2 mm, the lateral 1.6-2 cm x 1.2 mm , the anticous 1.8-2.1 cm x 1.8-2 mm. Corolla white or pink white, 3-4 cm long, 5 lobes, subequal, nearly round, 1 cm in diam. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at throat; filament 17 mm and 13 mm long capitate -glandular hairy, denser upward; theca ovate, 2.5 mm x 1.5 mm, hispidulus at the edge of dehiscent portion, with appendage. Ovary glabrous, ovules 60 in two rows; style 2 cm long, slightly pubescent, stigma triangular, 2- splited, the posterior one elliptic, 3 mm x 2 mm, the length and width of the anticous 4 mm, margin of which ciliate. Capsule narrowly elliptic, acute at top. Seeds small, seed coats honeycomb -like.

In wet valley and forest, under 800 m. Guangdong and Guangxi. [Vietnam]. Type specemen collected from Guangdong.

5. Staurogyne chapaensis R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 2（ 5）: 172. 1933 et in H.Lec, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 631. f. 70(7). 1935.

弯花叉柱花 wan hua cha zhu hua

Herbs. Stem short. Leaves opposite, fasciculate, rosette. Petioles and nerves of blade brownish red when dry, with brown long hairy, up to 11 cm long; leaf blade ovate, long- ovate, oblong to narrowly oblong, 2.5-14.5 cm x 2-6 cm, apex often obtuse, base cordate, adaxil surface green with slightly long hair, abaxil pale, glabrous, pinnate nerves, lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, margin entire or inconspicous repandus. Racemes terminal or axillary; peduncle ca 4 cm long, and rachis of inflorescences villose, equal length, with multiflowers; pedicel 3 mm long, villose. Bracts alternate, obovate or linear- spathulate, 5.5-3.5 cm long, glabrous within, villose without. Bracteoles linear -spathulate, 5.1 mm x 1.6 mm, apex obtusely round, glabrous within, villose without; ciliate. Calyx unequally 5 -partites, posterior segments spathulate, 8 mm x 2 mm, two lateral small, linear, 5 mm x 0.5 mm, with hairs. Corolla light bluish purple, lobes of limb 5, rounded, nearly equal. Fertile stamens 4, filament of the upper pair 2 mm long, the lower pair 1.1 mm, glabrous, anthers subequal, at the base of each anther with a rectangular appendage; connective broad elliptic. Ovarly long ellipsoidal, 2 mm long, 1 mm in diam., glabrous; style 5.5 mm long, glabrous. Capsule not seen.

In forest. 1000-2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi and S.E.Yunnan. [ N.Vietnan].

  1. Staurogyne sinica C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo in Fl. Hainan. 3: 538-539. f. 914. et in Addenda 589. 1974.

    2. 中华叉柱花 zhong hua cha zhu hua

    Staurpgyne major auct. non R.Ben., Merr. et Chun in Sunyatseni 5: 185. 1940. quoad. F.C.How 71822.

    Annual herbs, stem very short, with dense long hair. Leaves rosette, petioles 0.5-3 cm long, leaf blade papyraceus, ovate-oblong, 4-9 cm x 1-4.5 cm, apex round, base round or broad cuneate, adaxil surface green, villose, abaxil pale, villose on nerves, lateral nerve 5-7 pairs, entire. Racemes terminal or axillary, 3-12 cm long. Flowers loose, peduncle and pedicel with long or short hard hairs (hispidus). Pedicel 4-5 mm long. Bracts linearly spathulate, apex round, 3-4 mm long, with hairs on both surface, 3-nerved, inserted at the base of pedicel. Bracteoles similar to bracts, inserted at the upper and middle of pedicel. Calyx slightly villose without, segments linearly lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, the anticous and posterior 8 mm long, the lateral smaller, ciliate. Corolla whitish purple, tubular, 2 cm long, throat campanulate, ca 8 mm long, lobes slightly unequal, round, 1.5 mm in diam., the middle or posterior oblong, 2.5 mm x 1.8 mm. Fertile stamen 4, didynamous, attacted at throat, filament glabrous, the long pair 7 mm long, the short pair 6 mm long, anther ovate, ca 1.8 mm long, staminode 1 mm long. Ovary elliptic, ca 1.8 mm long, glabrous; style ca 8 mm long, glabrous. Capsule ovato-oblong doliformis, ca 6 mm long, glabrous.

    In dense forest. 500-2000 m. Hainan. Type specimen collected from Hainan (Bao Ting保亭).

    7. Staurogyne paotingensis C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo in Fl. Hainan. 3: 358 et 539. f.914. et in Addenda 589. 1974.

    保亭叉柱花 bao ting cha zhu hua

    Annual herb, 12-20 cm high. Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves opposite, petioles of lower leaves 4 cm long, leaf blade papyreous, elliptic to elliptical- lanceolate, sometimes nearly ovate, 2.5-6 cm x 1-2 cm, apex obtusely round, base cuneate, glabrous, slightly pubescent on midlle rib underneath, pale adaxil, lateral nerve 6-9 pairs, entire; leaves on short shoots similar but smaller than long shoots, the maximum 3 cm long. Spike ca 1 cm long, with dense flowers, pubescent on peduncle and rachis, pedicel short, terminal or axillary on short shoot. Bracts elliptic or spathulate-elliptic, apex obtuse, 6-7 mm x ca 3.5 mm, with pinninerve, abaxil surface and margin pubescent. Bracteoles linear-oblong, acute, ca 6 mm long, 1-nerved, indumentum similar to bract. Calyx pubescent without, margin ciliate, segments 5, unequal, the posterior ca 9 mm long, the anticous linear, ca 8 mm long, the lateral smaller. Corolla purple, ca 9 mm long, pubescent without and at the base inside, corolla-tube 2 mm long; throat ca 5 mm long, lobes 5, slightly unequal, nearly round, 1.7-2 mm in diam. Fertile stamen 4, didynamous, inserted at throat, filaments band-shaped, ciliate, one pair 5 mm long, another shorter; anther ovate, ca 1 mm long, attached at the top of filament, with appendage at base, staminode ca 1 mm long. Ovary oblong, glabrous, 2-celled, ovules in two rows each cell, with 12 each row; style 3 mm long; stigma 2–lobed, the posterior lobe bidentate. Capsule ovate-oblong, ca 6 mm long. Seeds round, 0.2 mm in diam..

    Wet field. Hainan (Baoting(保亭)).

  2. Staurogyne rivularis Merr. in Phillip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 7: 247. 1912. et in Lingnan Sci. Journ. 6: 331. 1928. quoad W.T.Tsang 126(16875).

瘦叉柱花 shou cha zhu hua

Herb, 1 m high. Stem glabrous, longitudinal striate and lenticellate. Petioles 3-6 cm long. Leaves opposite, blade elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, 13-17 cm x 4.5-7 cm, apex acuminteor sometimes acute, base cuneate, slightly decurrent, glabrous on both surface, abaxil pale, lateral nerves 8-11 pairs, margin entire or repandus. Raceme terminal or axillary on upper shoot, 15 cm long, simple or 2-branched. Flowers remote smiple, alternate, rachis with glandular hairs. Pedicels 2-3.5 mm long. Bracts linear, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm x 0.8 mm. Bracteoles linear, ca 2 mm long. Calyx 5 mm long, pubescent and glandular without. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, ca 7 mm long, lobes 5, nearly unequal, subround, 1.5 mm x 1.3 mm. Fertile stamen 4, nearly didynamous, inserted at the base of throat, filament glabrous, one pair 3 mm long, another pair shorter, anther 2-celled, oblong, 1 mm long, attached on the top of filament. Ovary elliptic, 2 mm long x 1 mm, glabrous, 2-celled; ovules in 2 rows each cell, each row 12; style 3 cm long, glabrous; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule doliform, 5-7 mm long, dehisented into 2 valves.

In wet valley and forest. Hainan and S.Yunnan. [Vietnam]. Type specimen collected from Vietnam Na Hoi (河内).

9. Staurogyne brachystachya R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 174. 1933 et in H.Lec, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 629. 1935.

短穗叉柱花 duan sui cha zhu hua

Herb, stem erect, 80 cm high, sub-terete, two opposite inpressed grooves and brown hairs clothed, woody at base. Leaves opposite, petioles slender, 0.5-2 cm long; leaf blade lanceolate, sometimes long ovate or acute at both ends, apex obtuse, 3-8 cm x 1-1.6 cm, adaxil surface green and glabrous, abaxil pale, brown when dry, pinni-nerve, lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, margin irregularly repandus. Raceme axillary or terminal with 3-5-flowers, 2-4 cm long, peduncles, rachis and pedicel glabrous. Pedicels 12-16 mm long. Bract linear, thickened subterete, 2.3-5 mm long, 1-nerved, glabrous, attached on the base of pedicel. Bracteoles linear, 2.3-3 mm long, 1-nerved, glabrous. Calyx deeply 5-partite to the base, segments linear, acuminate, subequal, 7.8-9 mm long, glabrous both surface, margin slightly ciliate, 间有 with capitate glandular hairs. Corolla white, glabrous, 9.8-14 mm long, lobes 5, round, 2 mm in diam. Stamens 4, didynamous, the anticous filament 7-9 mm long, the posterior 6-8 mm long, pubescent towards the top, glabrous downward, with hairs at base, anther ovate, with a long tie-shaped appendage, a little hirsute at apex; staminode small, with an unfertile anther. Ovary glabrous; style 10 mm long, glabrous, 2-lobed at the tip. Fruit not seen.

In forest, at 800-1200 m alitude. Yunnan (Ping Bian (屏边,)He Kou (河口) and Wan Shan(文山). [Vietnan Ho Nei].

10. Staurogyne concinnula (Hance) O.Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 497. 1891.

叉柱花 cha zhu hua

Ebermaiera concinnula Hance in Journ. Bot. 6: 300. 1868.

Herbs, stems very short, densely pubescent. Leaves rosette, petiole 0.3-2.3 cm long, pubescent; blade spathulate, oblong or lanceolate, 1.2-7 cm x 0.4-1.8 cm, apex round or obtuse, base cuneate, margins entire or slightly repandus, adaxil surface punctate and pubescent, abaxil pale, pubescent, hairy on rib, nerves on adaxil inconspiceous, conspiceous and villose on abaxil. Raceme terminal or axillary toward top, 4-15 cm long, Flowers remote, peduncles and pedicels slender (gracilis), pubescent. Bracts spathulate-linear, 3-4 mm long. Braceole linear, pubescent, 1-nerved, glabrous adaxil, subequal to bract, attached on the top of pedicel; pedicel about 2 mm long, pubescent. Calyx 5-partited into base, segments linear, subequal, the lateral shorter and coloured at the tip (yellow to white). Corolla red, fragrant, ca 10 mm long, lobes 5, nearly round, the anticous oblong, all 3 mm x 1.3 mm. The anticous pair of stamen about 7 mm long, slightly extend the throat, the posterior ca 5 mm long, filament glabours, anthers ovate, 1 mm x 1.3 mm, both coherent each other. Ovary oblong, glabrous; style 8 mm long; stigma 2 mm long, unequally 2-lobed.

In forest of low altitude. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, and Taiwan. [Ryukyu].

11. Staurogyne hainanensis C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo in Fl. Hainan. 3. Addenda 589 et 540. 1974.

海南叉柱花 hai nan cha zhu hua

Perennial herbs. Stems erect, 30 cm high, terete, villose. Leaves fascicled at shoot top, petioles 1-3 cm long, densely villose, blade subcoriaceus, oblong to oblong- lanceolate, 3-10 cm x 1.3-3 cm, apex ususally round, base cuneate or broad cuneate, margins entire to irregularly undulate, adaxil surface glabrous except slightly villose on mid-rib, abaxil adpressed villosee, lateral nerves 6-10 pairs. Raceme terminal or axillary, up to 16 cm long, pubescent. Flowers remote. Bracts alternate, linearly spathulate or linear, 2.5 mm long, 1-nerved. Pedicel ca 3 mm long. Bracteole attached on the middle of pedicel, subequal to bract. Calyx segments linear, acuminate, 5-6 mm long, nearly glabrous, 3-nerved, two lateral shorter. Corolla purple, ca 8 mm long, lobes ovato-oblong, 1.2-1.4 mm long, apex round. Filament glabrous, the anthers of anticous pair unequal, that of posterior equal, staminode ca 0.7 mm long. Ovary ovate, ca 1 mm long, glabrous; style ca 6 mm long. Capsule ovato-oblong, ca 5 mm long, glabrous.

W. & SW. Hainan.

  1. Staurogyne strigosa C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo in Fl. Hainan. 3: 590 (Addenda) et 541.1974.

琼海叉柱花 qiong hai cha zhu hua

Annual herbs. Stem very short, villose. Leaves rosette, petioles 0.5-2.2 cm long, blade papyraceus, elliptic, oblong, ovate or oblong-obovate, 1-1.5 cm x 0.8-2.5 cm , apex round or obtuse, base broad cuneate, or round, adaxil surface long strigose, while the hairs fell, remained a ball-shaped base, abaxil villose; lateral nerves 5-7 pairs; margins entire. Raceme terminal or axillary up to 6 cm long, simple or rarely branched. Flowers remote, peduncle and pedicels multicelled villose; pedecil 1-3 mm long. Bracts spathulate-linear, apex obtusely round or acute, 6 mm long, villose with braceoles and calyx segments without, attached at the base of pedicel. Bracteoles similar to bracts, attached the upper part of pedicel. Calyx segments linear, the anticous and posterior segments ca 6 mm long, acute, the lateral 5.5 mm long, acuminate, 3-nerved. Corolla ca 5.5 mm long, lobes round, 1 mm in diam. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at the base of throat; filaments glabrous, anther of the anticous pair longer, 0.7 mm long, posterior smaller, 0.2 mm long; staminode ca 1 mm long. Ovary glabrous; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovato-oblong, ca 6 mm long, glabrous.

In forest. 70-100 m. Hainan (Qiung Hai 琼海).

13. Staurogyne stenophylla Merr. et Chun in Sunyatsenia 2: 322. f. 46. 1935.

狭叶叉柱花 xia ye cha zhu hua

Perennial herbs. Stem short, erect, densely villose. Leaves opposite, usually fascicled at shoot top, petiole ca 10 mm long, pubescent; blade papyraceus, linear or lanceolate-linear, 6-12 cm x 5-9 mm, apex obtuse, base acuminte, adaxilly dark green, densely white alveolatus? (papillosus ?)密被白色微小凸起, subglabrous, slightly pubescent on the mid-rib, abaxilly pale, sparsely villose, denser on the nerves, lateral nerves 8-13 pairs, margin entire or undulate. Raceme axillary, 5-10 cm long, single or 1-2-branched at base. Peduncle and rachis villose; pedicels 2-3.5 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam. Flowers remote, single alternate, extended up to 4 mm long after flowering. Bracts and bracteole outside pubscent, bracts linear, 3.8-4.5 mm long, 1-nerved; bracteole linear, 3.7 mm long. Calyx often slightly villose without, segments linear-triangular, 5.1 mm x 0.6 mm, the lateral smaller, 4.5 mm long, margin ciliate. Corolla pink, ca 8 mm long, corolla-tube ca 1.5 mm long, throat amplified gradually, convex one side, lobes of limb unequal, the posterior and middle subrotund, 2.5 mm x 2 mm, others round, 2.3 mm long. Staminode 0.7 mm long. Ovary elliptic, 2 mm x 1 mm, glabrous; style unequally 3-lobed. Capsule ovate-oblong, ca 3 mm long.

In dense forest. 1000-2000 m. SE & S.Hainan.Type specimen collected from Hainan (Ya Hian 崖县).

14. Staurogyne yunnanensis H.S.Lo in Bull. Bot. Res. 8(1): 8. 1988.

云南叉柱花 yun nan cha zhu hua

Herbs, ca 0.7 m high. Stem densely pubescent. Leaves opposite, petiole 1.5-2 cm long, leaf blade ovato-lanceolate, elliptical-lanceolate, or lancelate, 4.5-10.5 cm x 2-3.5 cm, apex obtuse, base cuneate, glabrous adaxilly, villose on the nerves abaxilly, lateral nerves 9-14 pairs, the middle and lateral veins inconspicuous adaxilly, compressed abaxilly, margin repand or inconspicuous dentate. Raceme terminal when fruit, up to 8-15 cm long, peduncle and rachis slender (gracilis), densely hirsute, pedicels when fruiting 2-3 mm long. Bracts linear, acuminate or acute, 2.5-3 mm x 0.5 mm, densely pubescent, 1-nerved. Braceoles linear, ca 1.2 mm long, acuminate, glabrous. Calyx glabrous, segments 5, extremely uneuqal, the anticous long triangular, acuminate, 2.5-3 mm long, at base 0.5 mm wide, posterior and lateral subtriangular, ca 1 mm long. Capsule ca 3.5-4 mm. Seeds light brown.

In forest. S.Yunnan (He Kou（河口）.

 

3. OPHIORRHIZIPHYLLON Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 40: 476. 1871.

蛇根叶属 she gen ye shu

Herb, erect. Leaves opposite, leaf blade longly elliptic, longly ovate or lanceolate, often acute at both ends, base sometimes rounded or decurrent, glabrous except on nerve, entire, green adaxilly, pale abaxilly, pinnate nerve. Raceme terminal, single or 1-2-branched at base, two small leaves and two bracts at the base of inflorescence, peduncle and rachis pubescent and glandular hairy. Bracts at the base of pedicel, subulate, linear upward. Calyx 5-partited toward base, segments subequal, bract, bracteole and calyx segments pubecent and glandular hairy. Corolla bilabiate, the adaxil lip 3-lobed, the abaxial 2 -lobed, in corolla-tube an annulus hairs at the base. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous, filaments long, anther elliptic or oblong, theaca divaricate, erect, exserted or not. Ovary ovate, style long, stigma bilabiate. Capsule 2 valves, 2 row of seeds in each valve, each row with many seeds.

About 5 species, distribued in Burma, Indo-China pennisula. 1 species in Southern Yunnan Province, China.

  1. Ophiorrhiziphyllon macrobotryum Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 40: 76. 1871.

蛇根叶 she gen ye

An erect herb, up to 1 m high. Stem terete, 4-angular and brown pubescent upwards.

Leaves opposite, petioles 3-8 cm long, leaf blade long-ovate, long-elliptic or lanceolate, (8-) 15-17 cm x (2-) 5-7 cm, apex acute, base acute or nearly round, sometimes ducurrent, entire, green adaxilly, pale abaxilly, glabrous except on abaxil nerves, lateral nerves 7-10 each side. Inflorescence terminal, single raceme or branched at lower part, peduncle 1-3, pedicel short, 1-2 mm long. Bracts two at the base of peduncle, small leaf-like, often long- ovate, apex acute, base subtruncate, at the base of pedicels narrow triangular, 4 mm long, upward linear, 1 mm long; peduncle, rhachis, bracteoles brown pubescent or glandular hairy. Calyx 5.5 mm long, 5-partited, segments narrow triangular, equal, divided into 3/5 of calyx, ciliate and glandularhairy. Corolla yellow white, bilabiate, 7 mm long, inferior lip 3-lobed, superior 2-lobed, lobes nearly round, the middle of inferior larger, a ring white hairs at 2/5 corolla-tube, filaments inserted there. Fertile stamens 2, filament ca 8 mm long, glabrous, attached at the base of anther, anther 2-celled, erect, exsert, two thacae divergent at top, staminode often inserted the base of corolla lobes. Ovary oblong, glabrous, 2-celled, ovules 2 rows in each cell, style 8 mm long, glabrous, stigma 2-fided. Capsule oblong, 2-valves dehiscent, 2 rows seeds on each valve.

In dense forest, by the steams and on wet place. S.Yunnan. [Vietnan].

 

4. NELSONIA R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 480. 1810.

瘤子草属 liu zi cao shu

A diffuse, softly villous herb. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled, pinnate nerve. Inflorences spike, branched or with short shootes, axillary or terminal, with pair reduced small leaves at base, bracteate, bracteoleless, pedicelled. Calyx 4 –partited. corolla bilabiate, tuber slender, curved upward. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at contracted point of corolla tube, included. Ovary cone-shaped，8 ovules in each cell. Capsule cone shaped, 2-celled. Seeds small (4-8), seated on minute papilae, not on hard retinacula. (Retinacula 0)

One species. Wide spread in tropical area of Asia, Africa and Australia.

In China, S.Yunnan and SW.Guangxi.

 

  1. Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 42. 1825.

瘤子草 liu zi cao

Herbs, 10-15 cm high. Stem subterete. Petioles up to 4 cm long, leaf blade elliptic, 1-12 cm x 0.4-0.5 cm, acute at both ends, previous villose, then sparcely villose, lateral nerves of small leaves 3-4 pairs, of large leaves up to 7 pairs. Inflorescence peduncleless, 1.5-4 cm long, terete. Bract elliptic, 6-7.5 mm x 3-4 mm wide, 5-7 nerved. Pedicel short, less than 1 mm long. Calyx segments 4, the posterior 3 mm x 1 mm, apex acute, the anticous 2 mm x 0.6 mm, apex bilobes, the lateral 2 mm x 0.5 mm. Corolla light bluish purple, glabrous without, barbarte at throat, superior lip 2 mm long, 2-lobed, inferior lip 2.3 mm long, 3-lobed, tube 1.5 mm long, contracted at top, throat length equal to tube; stamens inserted at the contracted point of corolla. Anthers mucronate at base, filaments glabrous, 0.5 mm long. Ovary conical，glabrous. Capsule 5 mm long, 2 mm in diam., 2 valves, 4-8 seeds on each valve. Seeds elliptic, with granulations? 有小突起。

In wet places or lax forest. 400-2000 m. Wide distributed in old tropic area.

 

 

 

亚科III. 老鼠勒亚科 Subfam. 3. Acanthoideae Lindau emend. Bremek.

花萼4-5裂；冠管极短，几球形或很狭长圆柱形.上唇缺，下唇3-5裂；雄蕊4，花药1室，花粉粒具裂缝式纹饰spaltenpollen;胚珠每室2粒。蒴果具珠柄钩。

族1. 老鼠勒族 ---- Trib. 1. Acantheae Nees

花萼4深裂，裂片不等，侧裂片狭，稀5深裂，侧裂片稍狭。花冠单唇，冠管基部软骨质.雄蕊4，二强。花药1室或2室，具纤毛和髯毛。蒴果自基部具4种子。

 

5. ACANTHUS L.Sp. Pl. 639. 1753.

老鼠勒属 lao shu le shu

Shrubs or herbs, erect or twining,occasionally carnosus. Leaves opposite, pinnatifid, toothed, spinous or rarely entire. Spike terminal or pseudo-axillary, dense strobiliform or interupted. Bracts ovate, large, often spinescent. Bracteoles smaller or 0. Calyx segments 4, 2 outer large, often cartilagineus at base，2 inner smaller. Corolla bilabiate, adaxil lip obsolete, adaxil lip elongate obovate, shortly obtusely 3-lobed; corolla-tube short, cartilagineus. Stamens 4, subequal or didynamous, inserted at throat, filaments stout, posterior pair narrowed curved below the anther, not excurrent near the apex, forming a S-shaped, anthers oblong, 1-celled, beared. Disc 0, ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; style very short, 2-fid. Capsule ellipsoid, compressed, shining chestnut-brown, 4-seeded. Seeds compressed orbicular or broad ovate, seated on retinculum.

Species 30, in tropic zones of Asia, Africa and Mediterranean Sea. 4 species in China, 2 species in Guangdong, Fujian, 1 species in Yunnan. A plant (A. Mollis) widely cultivated.

 

1a.Flowers supported by two bracteoles; leaf blade apex acute.

2a. Leaf blades sub-coriceous, 3-5-lobed, lobes triangular, midrib (costa)

spinous,(aristatus ?)convex, glabrous; bracts margin aspinecent.

.......................... 1. 老鼠勒 A. ilicifolius L.

2b. Leaf blades rigidly papyraceous, 3-5-lobed, lobes rounded or triangular,

midrib not spinous, not convex, brown pubescent; bracts margin spinecent.

................. 2. 刺苞老鼠勒 A. leucostachyus Wall.

1b.Flowers without bracteole.

3.Leaf apex truncate, margin pinnate toothed, lateral nerves thick, straightly

attended the teeth apex. ......... 3. 小花老鼠勒 A. ebracteatus Vahl

叶先端急尖，边缘浅波状，侧脉较细，不直贯齿尖.....................

3. Leaf apex acute, margin pinnate repandus, lateral nerves thin, not straightly

attendedt he teeth apex ……………………………………………………………………………….

... 3b. 厦门老鼠勒 A.ebracteatus var. xiamenensis (R.T.Zhang) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

 

  1. Acanthus ilicifolius L. Sp. Pl. 639. 1753.

老鼠勒 lao shu le

Dilivaria ilicifolia (L.) Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 98. 1832 et in DC. Prodr. 11: 268. 1847.

Erect shrubs, up to 2 m high. Stem stout, 9 mm in diam., terete, branched above, glabrous. Petiole 3-6 mm long, stipule rigid, spinous, Leaf blade oblong or oblongo-lanceolate, 6-14 cm x 2-5 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, 4-5-pinnatifid, sub coriaceus, glabrous, mid-rib concave adaxilly, mid and lateral nerves convex abaxilly, lateral nerves 4-5, spinous. Spike terminal. Bracts opposite, broadly ovate, 7-8 mm long, spineless, caducous. Bracteoles ovate, about 5 mm long, coriaceus. Calyx 4- partited, the outer pair broadly ovate, 10-13 mm long, apex emarginate, margins membranous, sometimes crisped, ciliate, inner pair ovate, about 10 mm long, entire. Corolla white, 3-4 cm long, tube ca 6 mm long, adaxil lip obsolate, abaxil lip obovate, ca 3 cm long, the coriaceus, 3-lobed at top, pubescent outside,a 3-4 mm wide hairy band bilateral inside. Stamen 4, subequal, anther 1-celled, longitudinal split, barbate both side; filamnets stout, 1.5 cm long, cartilagineus. Ovary cartilagineous at top; style striate, 2.2 cm long; stigma 2-fid. Capsule elliptic, 2.5-3 cm, 4 -seeded. Seeds compressed, round kidney shaped (reniformis), light yellow.

Sea coast or marine area, an important element of mangrove forest. According to specimen collected records, its root is medicine herb.

1. Acanthus leucostachyus Wall. ex Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 98. 1832 et in DC. Prodr. 11: 270. 1847.

刺苞老鼠勒 ci bao lao shu le

Erect herbs, 1 m high. Stem stout, ca 6 mm in diam., brown hairy, often branchless. Petiole 0.8-3 cm long, stipuleless, leaf blade elliptic, long elliptic or elliptical lanceolate, acute or round at both ends, 9-23 cm x 2.5-4.5 cm, glabrous adaxilly, on nerves brown hairy abaxilly, conspicious on mid rib, margin 4-5 slightly dentate, spinous, sometimes inconspiceous, occasionally entire. Infloriscence spike, up to 16 cm long, mostly terminal, 4-farious, with a pair reduced leaves at base. Bracts ovate, 15 mm x 8 mm, apex acute, base round, margin spinous or toothed, pubescent without. Bracteoles lanceolate 13 mm x 2 mm, pubescent and ciliate. Calyx pubescent, segments 5, unequal, the posterior oblong-lanceolate 20 mm x 5 mm, the lateral lanceolate, 15 mm x 2.5 mm, 2 anticous coherent into the top, 17 mm x 4 mm, all ciliate. Corolla 21 mm long, white, villose, 5- lobed, lobes of anticous pair very small, subrounded, 2 mm in diam., the posterior lobes round, 5 mm in diameter, the middle one larger, emarginate at top. Stamens 4, anther elliptic, 4.5 mm long, filaments 8 mm long, glabrous, the posterior pair curved into S-shaped. Ovary elliptic, 3 mm long, style 11 mm long, stigma 2-fid. Fruit not seen.

In dense forest and wet place. 600-1200 m. S.Yunnan (Xi Shuang Ban Na 西双版纳). [Indo-China Pennisula and India].

3. Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl, Symb. 2: 75. t. 40. 1791.

小花老鼠勒 xiao hua lao shu le

3a. var. ebracteatus

Erect shrubs, up to 1.5 m high. Stem stout, terete, glabrous. Stipule spinous, petiole 1-4 cm long, leaf blade oblong or obovato-oblong, 5-12 cm x 3-5 cm, apex truncate or slightly mucronatus and obtuse, base cuneate, margin 3-4 toothed or irregular pinnatifid, rigid, subcoriaceus, glabrous, costa (main rib) compressed or slightly convex adaxilly, lateral nerves 3-4, spinous at tip. Spike terminal. Bracts broadly ovate, 6-7 mm x 4-5 mm. Bracteole 0. Calyx segments 4, the outer pair broadly ovate, 8-12 mm x 5-9 mm, inner pair elliptic, ca 10 mm long. Corolla white, ca 2.5 cm long, tube about 2.5 mm in diam., adaxil lip obsolete, abaxil lip oblong, ca 2.2 mm, 3-fids, a band of hairs bilateral. Stamens 4, subequal, anthers 1-celled, oblong, ca 8 mm long, longitudinal dehiscent, herewith a row barba inside; filaments stout, ca 9 mm long. Ovary elliptic, style linear, stigma 2-fids. Capsule elliptic, ca 1.8 cm long, with 4 seeds.

In marine area or sea coast. Guangdong and Hainan. [India, Indo-China peninsula and Indonisia].

3b. var. xiamenensis (R.T.Zhang) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 47. 2002.

厦门老鼠勒 xia men lao shu le

Acanthus xiamenensis R.T.Zhang(张娆挺) in Wuyi Sci. Journ.（武夷科学）5: 237. f.1-3. 1985.

Erect shrub, 1-2 m high. Stems tuft –like (caespitosus)，terete, ca 1 cm in diam., green, glabrous. Leaves oppsoite, peliole short and thick, with a pair rigid spine at base, leaf blade subcoriceus, long elliptic, 7-15 cm x 2.5-5.5 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, green adaxilly, light green abxilly, glabrous, lateral nerves 5-9, spines not reached the end of tooth, margin spineous toothed. Spike terminal, up to 14 cm long. Flowers dense, 3.5-3.8 mm long. Bracts 2, opposite, broadly ovate or subround, 7-9 mm long. Bracteole 0. Calyx segments 4, the outer 2 subround, 1.2-1.4 cm long, apex 2-3-fids, margin thin, often crispus, ciliate; the inner 2 smaller, narrow ovate, apex obtuse. Corolla light bluish purple, tube ca 7 mm long, adaxil lip obsolete, abaxil lip large, extend, broadly obovate, lightly 3-lobed, a 4 mm wide band of hairs on each side(bilateral). Stamens 4, equal, filaments stout, sub-cartilaginous, with white hairs at the base of each filament, anthers 1-celled, oblong, barbartus. Ovary subcatilaginous towards top, 2-celled, 2 ovule in each cell. Capsule oblong, 3 cm long, 1.5 cm in diam., with retinacula, bearing 4 seeds. Seeds kidney shape (reniform), compressed bilateral, 1.1 cm long, greyish white, seed coats somewhat wrinkle-like(rugose). Flowering from May to June, fruiting from June to July.

in mangroove swamp or forest. Fujiang and Guangdong. Type spciemen collected from Fujian (Long Hai 龙海).

 

  1. BLEPARIS* Juss. Gen. Pl. 103. 1789.

百簕花属 bei le hua shu

Herbs or undershrubs, harsh often rigid or prickly. Leaves opposite or 4 in a whorl, entire, toothed or prickly. Flowers simple axillary or many in a terminal dense spike. Bracts, bracteoles spineous at top. Calyx segments 4 in opposite pairs, the outer pair large, inner pair smaller. Corolla-tube ovoid, horny, (cartilaginous)； limb of 2 lips, upper subobsolete, lower broad and large, patent, 3-lobed. Stamen 4, didynaomous or subequal, inserted at throat, filaments thick, rigid, anterior produced above the insertion of the anthers, anthers oblong, 1-celled, longitudinal split, densely beared along margin of split. Disc annualar; ovary glabrous, 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; style linear, stigma very shortly 2-fid. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid, shiny. Seeds compressed, orbicular, echinate, seated on thicken retinculum.

About 80-100 species, in E.Mediterranean Sea, tropic zone to southern of Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India. 1 species in China.

 

  1. Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 320. 1821.

    2. 百勒花 bei le hua

    Herbs prostrate. Stems scabrous or puberulous. Leaves usually 4 in a whorl, petiole about 2 mm long, puberulous; leaf blade elliptic or obovato-lanceolate, puberulous, 2.5-5 cm x 1-2 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, margins repand teethed, lateral nerves 3-5 each side, mid and lateral nerves slightly convex abaxil. Flower single axillary or in few fld peduncled spike. Bracts and bracteole bristle-ciliate, bracts 3 pairs, obovate, imbricate, the outside larger, decreased in size towards the inside, the smallest ca 0.3 cm long, the largest ca 0.9 mm long. Bacteoles 2, spathulate, ca 0.9 cm long. Calyx segments 4, puberulous, the outer pair oblong, ca 1.1–1.3 cm long, the smaller one emarginate at top, the inner pair lanceolate, ca 0.7 cm long. Corolla pink, purple or nearly white, ca 1.6-1.7 cm; limb monolip, upper lip obsolete, lower lip large, patent, obovate, 3-lobed at top, puberulous, tube ovoid, ca 0.4 mm. Stamens 4, filaments thick, ca 0.5 cm long, anterior produced above the insertion of the anthers, anthers 1-celled, oblong, densely whitely beared at split margin. Ovary glabrous, with 4 ovules, style linear, stigma 2-fid. Capsule ellipsoid, compressed, ca 0.8 cm long, glabrous, shining chestnut-brown. Seeds orbicular, slightly compressed, scabrous.

    On limstone cliffs or rocks. 800 m. Hainan. [Tropic Africa, India, Sri Lanka and Vietnam].

    *Characters similar to genus Acanthus, differs from which is the anterior produced above the insertion of the anthers.

     

     

    亚科IV. 爵床亚科 Subfam. 4. Ruellioideae Bremek.

    花萼5裂，花冠5浅或深裂，或2唇形，冠管直立或扭转，雄蕊4，二强，花丝成对相连或联成一体，花药2室，平行，花粉多样性，为孔沟或明显具孔。子房2室， 每室具2-多粒胚珠。蒴果具2-4-多粒种子。

    族1. 芦莉花族 Trib. 1. Ruellieae Nees

    花萼5裂，花冠裂片旋转排列，5浅或深裂，或2唇形，冠管直立或扭弯，雄蕊4，二强，花丝成对相连，花药2室，药室平行，有些基部具距；柱头2裂，其中1枚常压抑，子房2室，每室具2-多粒胚珠。蒴果具2-4-多粒种子，少种子者，基部收缩而不育。种子圆形，大。花序多样，通常腋生，无梗或聚伞花序，或总状花序顶生，稀穗状花序和具大苞片，花大而美丽，蓝色稀红色或白色。

    亚族1. 芦莉花亚族 Subtrib. Ruelliinae Bremek.

    花萼5浅裂。花冠裂片近整齐，辐射对称或左右对称，不为明显2唇形，筒状，漏斗状或近钟形，冠管多少伸长。雄蕊4，二强，长者不相异，稀2枚不育。花丝基部多少联合成对。花药2室，药室通常平行相等，有些一室稍高于另一室。花粉粒为圆球形，网状纹饰，通长赤道具3孔。蒴果具2-4-多粒种子。常常在基部不育和变狭。聚伞花序或总状花序腋生或顶生，通常具2小苞片。总状花序偏向一侧。---- 泛热带分布。

  2. DIPTERACANTHUS Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 75 , 81. 1832.

id. in DC. Prodr. 11: 100 et 115. 1847. p.p.

楠草属 nan cao shu

Ruellia L. p.p. T.Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 7: 24 et 112, 1864.

Ruellia L. sect. Dipteracanthus (Nees) C.B.Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 411. 1884.

Herbs prostrate, rooting at node or diffuse. Leaves often entire. Flowes sessile or short pediceled, axaillary, solitary or sometimes in 3-fld cluster. Bract 0. Bracteole foliaceous. Calyx 5–partite or 5-fid, segments equal. Corolla tubular – ventricose, ampfiled at throat, throat longer than tube, limb 5–lobed, lobes subequal, often ovate nearly rounded, patent, convoluted. Stamens 4, didynamous, filament of anticous pair longer, anther cells oblong, base sagittate；connective muticous often with square appendage. Pollen grains spheroial, pantoporate，surface alveolate or tuberculate. Ovary bearing 3-8 ovules in each cell, style hairy, soon glabrous, anticous lip of stigma reduced, the posterior dorsi-ventrall flat. Capsule base solid, clavate. Seeds 3-8 in each cell, glabrous or scarcely hairy, margin thick and densely elastically hairy, retinacula hooked, 2 teethes at top.

About 4 species (or 10-15 species), SE Asia to Astralia and E Africa. 1 species in S & SW China. (This genera in many papers included in Ruellia, which about 150 species, in pantropic area.)

  1. Dipteracanthus repens (L.) Hassk. in Hoev. & DeVriese, Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. 10: 129. 1843.

楠草 nan cao

Ruellia repens L. Mant. 89. 1767; Merr. Enum. Born. Pl.: 540. 1921. Dipteracanthus lanceolatus Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 82. 1832, id.in DC. Prodr. 11: 124. 1847. p.p.

Perennial herbs, 15-50 cm in high. Stem geniculate，prostrate below, much branched, glabrous or pubescent on young shoots. Petiole 3-5 mm long, leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, thin papyraceous, 1.5 cm or more x 2-20 mm, apex acuminate, shortly acuminate or sometimes obtuse, base broadly cuneate or nearly round, margin entire, with transparent, white hairs during dry on both surface，shortly and densely ciliate; mid-rib convex on abaxil surface, lateral nerves slender，4-5 each side. Flowers single axillary; pediels 1 mm long. Bracteoles foliaceous. Calyx lobes ca 5 mm long, subglabrous. Corolla purple or the posterior lobe dark purple, ca 2 cm long, pubescent, tube short, amplified at throat, campanulate, lobes equal. Stamens included, the posterior anthers smaller than the anticous. Capsule lightly brown-yellow, spindle-shaped, 1.2 cm long. Seeds 6 in each cell, overlap each other, nearly spheriodal, 3 mm in diam., margin thickened, densely apressed hairy. Flowering in Spring.

Road side and glassland in lower altitude. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong,；Taiwan and Yunnan. [India, W.Malaya to Philippine].

 

8. PARARUELLIA Bremek. & N. Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.

Afd. Naturk.Sect. 2. 41(1): 25. 1948.

Ruellia sect. Schizothecium Baill. in Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris,

107: 852. 1890. et Hist. Pl. 10: 408. 1891.

Aporuellia C.B.Clarke in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 74(2),

Extra (649): 859. 1907. p.p.excl. lect.

地皮消属 di pi xiao shu

Perennial herbs. Stems short. Leaves oppositte, rosette, petioled, margin erosus, regular or irregularly crenate or somewhat crispus, or sparcely sub-entire. Flowers solitary on the opposite bracts axil, or cymes in terminal or axillary head, Scape often with 2 or more nodes. Bracts foliose. Bracteoles linear. Calyx 5 segments 5, equal. Corolla white, light blue or pink, corolla cylindric tuberlar, amplified gradually at throat, limb 5-lobed, lobes subequal, apex round or emarginate, contort. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at throat base, anthers inserted on both ends of papilionaceus, fen-like connective. Pollen grains spheroida，3- porate, alveolate. Ovary elliptic, glabrous, ovules 4-8 in each cell. Seeds lentiformis, with annular hairy.

About 5-6 species (recorded 10 species). From S.Asia, Indo-China to Malaya, extened to Centre, South and SW. China. 4 species in China i.e. Hubei, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.

Key to species

1a.Scape often over 4 nodes, and branched; leaves below the middle.

2a.Internodes zig-zag on scape, winged under the node; corolla contracted at top.

..............................1.节翅地皮消Pararuellia alata H.P.Tsui

2b.Internodes not zig-zag on scape, not winged under the node; corolla not

contracted at top.

3a.Bracts of inflorences oblong, elliptic or ovate, more than one flowers

within......... 2.罗甸地皮消 Pararuellia cavaleriei (Levl.) E.Hossian

3b.Bracts on inflorences cordate or subround, only one flowers within.

............3.海南地皮消 Pararuellia hainanensis C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo

1b.Scape with 1-2 nodes, and branchless even on well developed plants.

................4.地皮消 Parauellia delavayana (Baill.) E.Hossain

** According to the floristic studies of C.Y.Wu: Four species of China might be conspecific, which is a similar allies disjuncted with the species of Mulucca. The rule of distribution similar to that of Leptosiphonium F.Muell. The Chinese species is a relict (survivor species) of ancient southern continent.

  1. Pararuellia alata H.P.Tsui in Fl. Reipub. Pop. Sin. Vol. 70: 53. & Addenda, 2002.

节翅地皮消 jie chi di pi xiao

Pararuellia flagelliformisauct. non (Roxb.) Bremek.

Ruellia flagelliformis auct. non Roxb., sensu C.B.Clarke, Faber et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 237. 1890, quoad Faber from Unshan (Wushan?) Gorges.

Aporuellia flagelliformis (Roxb.) C.B.Clarke quoad E.Faber 677

Perennial herbs, 27 cm high. Stems very short, hispidulous. Leaves rosette, petiolate 2.5-3.5 cm long; leaf blade basal long elliptic, 8.5 cm long, round at apex, base broad cuneate; on stem oblanceolate, acute at apex, base acuminate, glabrous both side, slightly scabrous, the mid and the lateral nerves raised, lateral nerves 7-10 pairs, margin entire, slightly erosus，with conspiceous cyrstolis. Scape glabrous, with 4-6 nodes, internode often zigzag and winged. Bracts ovate, 6 cm long, caulinus folious; on 1st branch 6 mm x 3 mm, apex acute, base round, with 2 cm long petiole, on 2nd and 3rd branches smaller, 1.2 cm x 0.8 cm, elliptic, subsessile; bracts of flower sessile, 4.5 mm x 2.5 mm, apex acute, base round, pinninervate, margin serrate and incurved ciliate. Bracteole sessile, lanceolate, 5 mm x 2.5 mm, pinninervate, margin serrate and incurved ciliate. Bracts and bracteole glabrous. Flowers shortly petioled. Calyx segments 5, equal, linear-triangular, 6 mm x 1.5 mm, glabrous. Corolla pink, 9.5 mm long, glabrous both side, tube cylindric, 5 mm long, 2 mm in diam., contracted at top, then nerves amplified towards throat, 2.5 mm long, limb 5-lobed, lobes euqal, slightly square, 2 mm both in length and width, apex emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, didynamous, filaments 1 mm long, anthers elliptic, ca 1 mm long, connective broad, pollen grains spheriodal, 3-pororate, alveolate. Ovary oblong, 2 mm long, glabrous; style linear, 7 mm long, lax pubescent, stigma unequally 2-lobed , the longer one curved. Capsule terete, acute at both ends, 15 mm long, 2.7 mm in diam., glabrous, 2 -valved.

On sand by river side, in forest. 750 m. Hubei (湖北Ichang宜昌）; Sichuan (四川Wushan巫山）; Yunnan 云南(Suangjiang双江).

The author (Cui Hongping) didn’t see the type specimen of Pararuellia flagelliformis (Roxb.) Bremek., but read C.E.B.Bremekamp’s description for the specimen from Moluccas in ditail, considered that it is impossible Chinese plants to be that species, probably which could be misidentified for Pararuellia alata H.P.Tsui and Pararuellia cavaleriei (Levl.) E.Hossain

2. Pararuellia cavaleriei (Levl.) E.Hossain in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(2): 409. 1973.

罗甸地皮消 luo dian di pi xiao

Ruellia cavaleriei Lévl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 21. 1913.

Pararuellia delavayana (Ball.) E.Hossain in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(3): 409. 1973. p. p. quoad. specim. J.Esquirol 101.

Perennial herbs. Stem short, ca 1.5 cm long. Leaves oppositte, rosette, petioles 0.7-2.7 cm long, leaf blade oblanceolate or spathulate, 4-12 cm x 1-3 cm, apex round or acute, base narrowed gradually, decurrent, margin erosus，slightly strigosus on both surface,dense cyrstolith conspicious on nerves, lateral nerves 4-6 pairs. Flowers in compound cymes forming a head, scape 2 nodes, strigosus? Hispidus?. Bracts on scape foliose, with 2 mm long petiole, elliptic, 3-4 cm x 1.5 cm, apex acute, base broadly cuneate, lateral nerves 4-6 pairs; bracts by the flowers ovate, ca 5 mm x 2 mm, pinninervate, glabrous, cyrtoliths conspiceous. Bracteoles triangular-lanceolate, 3.5 mm x 1 mm. Calyx 5 mm long, capitate glandular hairy except the base, segments equal, triangular-lanceolate, 3 mm x 0.7 mm. Corolla purple, light blue, yellow or white, pubescent without, soom limb and throat glabrous, corolla-tube 10 mm long, throat 4 mm long, limb 5-lobed, lobes equal, nearly square, emarginate at top, 6 mm both in length and width. Stamens 4, inserted at lower part of throat, the longer filaments 3 mm long, the shorter 1.5 mm long; filaments and anthers glabrous. Pollen grains spheriodal, alveolate. Ovary narrowly ovate, 3 mm long, 1 mm in diam., glabrous; style 10 mm long, with white hairy, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule cylindric, 15 mm long, 3 mm in diam., glabrous, bearing 8-12 seeds. Seeds broadly ovate, 1.4 mm x 1 mm in diam., covered with densely long hairy

On glassland or forest. 150-1400 m. Guangxi, Guizho and Yunnan. Type specimen collected from Guizhou Luodian(贵州罗甸, the old name Luo-fu罗槲).

#The author (Cui Hong Ping) hadn’t seen the type specimen, but observed the specimen collected from Guizhou Luodian, and compared with the short description of Leveille, it should be this species. E.Hossain accepted this species and reduced Pararuellia esquirolii Levl. to Pararuellia delavayana (Baill.) E.Hossain．If so, this species is indepandent one, it should be another new combination.#

3. Pararuellia hainanensis C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo in Fl.Hainan.3: 593 ( Addenda) et 550. t. 923. 1974.

海南地皮消 hai nan di pi xiao

Ruellia drymophila auct. non (Diels) Hand.-Mazz., Merr et Chun in Sunystsenia 5: 185. 1940.

Perennial herbs. Stem very short. Leaves rosette, petiole 0.5-1.5 cm long; leaf blade obovate to oblanceolate, 4.5 cm x 2.5-4.3 cm, apex round or sometimes obtuse, rarely acute, base cuneate, margin crispus, ciliate, slightly strigose adaxilly and on nerves pubescent abaxilly, lateral nerves 6 pairs. Scape 2-6 nodes, involucre cordate-ovate or round, 0.5-3 (-6.5) cm x 0.5-1.8 (-6.5) cm, pinninervate, strigosa outside, glabrous inside. Bracteole lanceolate, 2.5 – 3 mm x 0.6 mm. Calyx segments 5, linear-lanceolate, 3 mm long, slightly strigose outside. Corolle white or blue, 12 mm long, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, tuber thin and long, cylindric, 7 mm long, 1 mm in diam., throat 2.3 mm long, 4 mm in diam., limb bilabiate, lobes subeuqal, 2.5 mm x 2 mm. Fertile stamens 4, filaments glabrous, the longer 1.9 mm long, white pubescent, the shorter 1 mm long, inserted at the base of throat. Ovary 3 mm long, glabrous; style 16 mm long, white pubescent; stigma unequally 2-lobed, lobes curved裂片下弯. Capsule terete, 14 mm long, glabrous. Seeds obovate, compressed bilateral, ca 1 mm long.

Hainan. Type specimen collected from Hainan Ledong (海南乐东,刘心祈27415）.

* This species probably is the conspecies with Ruellia lyi Levl. from Guizhou (in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 21. 1913.), but the author had not seen the type specimen. Plants in this genus wild spread in China, their mophorlogy is quiet similar, so it is difficult to say the variation of each species, the author (Cui hong-ping) would like to make a new combination here templarly here, further investigation is needed.

  1. Pararuellia delavayana (Baill.) E.Hossain in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(3): 409. 1973.

地皮消 di pi xiao

Hemigraphis drymophila Diels in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 5: 161. 1912.

Pararuellia drymophila (Diels) C.Y.Wu et H.S.Lo, Flora Hainan 3: 593. 1974.

Ruellia arcuta (=creunata) Lingalsh. et Borza in Fedde, Repert. 13: 390. 1914; in Fedde Repert. Sp. nov. 12: 488. 1922. fide Hand.-Mazz. typo

Ruellia delavayana Baill., Hist. Pl. 10: 408. 1891.

Ruellia drymophila (Diels) Hand.-Mazz. in Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math.- Nat. Kl. 1924, 61: 169. 1925; Symb. Sin. 7: 896. 1936. p.p.

Ruellia esquirolli Lévl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 21. 1913.

Perennial herbs. Stem very short, 1-2 cm long. Leaves oppositte, rosette, petiole 0.5-2 cm long; leaf blade often oblong to long elliptic, sometimes obovate, elliptic or lanceolate, 4 – 12 cm x 2.5 – 4 cm, apex acute, obtuse or round, base cruneate or broadly elliptic, decurrent; margin waved crenate, longly strigose or strigose adaxilly, lax abaxilly, cyrstolith conspiceous, lateral nerves 8-9 pairs. Capitate compound cymes on scape, 1-3 nodes. Involucres (= reduced leaves) elliptic or ovate, 2-4.7 cm x 1-2.5 cm, apex acute, obtuse;, base round, slightly strigose on both surfaces, ciliate, sessile. Bracts on scape linear, 11 mm x 1.5 mm, apex ciliate; by the flowers folious, elliptic or ovate, 9 mm x 4.5 mm, decurrent towards petioles and winged, other characters same with the bracts on scape. Bracteoles linear, 7 mm x 1 mm. Calyx 5-partite, segments triangular- lanceolate, 7 mm x 1 mm, ciliate at apex. Corolla white, light blue or pink, tuber 4 mm long, throat amplified 5 mm long, limb 5-lobed, lobes subequal, round, 4 mm in diameter, emarginat at top. filaments of the longer 3.5 mm long, inserted at the middle of throat, that of the shorter 1.5 mm long, inserted at the base of throat, both glabrous. Pollen grains spheriodal, 3-porate (according G.Forrest 2774, Yunnan Lijiang云南丽江; Zhong Guanguang 2421, Yunnan Yangbi云南漾濞). Ovary elliptic, glabrous, style slender, ca 14 mm long, style and stigma white pubescent, stigma 2 -lobed, lobes unequal. Capsule terete, up to 2 cm long, 2 mm in diam., 2-valved, bearing 8 seeds in rows each valve. Seeds subround, compressed bilateral, 1.7 mm x 1.5 mm, black, with long and soft hairy, patent when wetted.

On glassland of mountainous slops, under lax wood. 750-3000 m. Guizhou, S.Sichuan, and C.& N.Yunnan. Type specimen collected from Yunnan Binchuan Dai Ping Zi (云南宾川大坪子).

 

9. LEPTOSIPHONIUM F.v.Mueller, Descript. Notes Papuasia Pl. 7: 32. 1886.

拟地皮消属 nie di pi xiao shu

Ruellia L. sect. Leptosiphonium (F.v.Muell.) Lindau

in Engl. u Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.4.3b: 309. 1895.

Herbs, solitary or branchless. Stem sympodial erect. Leaves petiolated, apex acuminate. Flowers opposite bilateral leaf- axils on terminal stem, forming a raceme- or spike –like inflorescence. Bracts and bracteoles narrow, shorter than calyx. Calyx 5-partite towards base, segments long and narrow, acute, persistent. Corolla often light yellow, yellow or orange, rarely white or light violet, hypocraterformis, tuber very long and narrow, throat infundibular, short, incurved and amplified, lobes subequal, elliptic or obovate, round at apex. Stamens inserted at the base of the middle plicate of corolla; the outer longer, anthers nearly erect, linear -oblong, sagittate at base, obtuse at top, theca extented. Pollen grains spheriodal, alveolate, staminode 0. Ovary terete, often 10-20 seeds in each cell, the posterior lobes of stigma shorter in half than the anticus, dorsal-ventrial compressed. Capsules terete, bearing seeds from base.

About 10 species, mainly in New Guinea and neighbouring islands. In China, the species is the only, very special in Asia continent, scattered in Fujian, N & NE Guangdong, Guangxi, and Jiangxi. It might be a relict, according to the distribution status.

 

1. Leptosiphonium venustum (Hance) E.Hossain in Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(3): 408. 1973.

拟地皮消 nie di pi xiao

Ruellia seclusa S.Moore in Jon. Bot. 14: 208. 1876; Forbes et Hemsl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 238. 1891.

Ruellia venusta Hance in Journ. Bot. 6: 92. 1868; Forbes et Hemsl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 238. 1891.

Herbs. Stem erect, branched or branchless, up to 60 cm in height. Leaf blades oblongo- lanceolate, 5-12 cm x 1.5-3 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, decurrent, petiolate, margin repandus or crenate. Flowers solitary, axillary or clustered on stem terminal. Bracts lanceolate, 5-7 mm long. Calyx 7-8 mm long, 5-partite towards the middle or lower, segments lanceolate. Corolla light purple, hypocraterformis, 4-5 cm long,tuber very long and narrow, 2.2-3.5 cm long, limb 5-lobed, lobes subequal, 7-17 mm long, apex repandus. Stamens 4, didynamous, theca longitudinal split, connective hatchet-shaped. Ovary glabrous, style slightly pubescent, stigma 2-lobed.

In forest or on slops glassland. Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi. Type speciemen collected form Guangdong Quingyuan Filai Temple(清远飞来寺).

 

10. ERANTHEMUM L. Sp. Pl. 9. 1753; id. Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 9. 1754;

喜花草属 xihua cao shu

Daedalacanthus T.Anders. in Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 229. 1860; C.B.Clarke in Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 418. 1885.

Shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves petiolate, blade elliptic, ovate to lanceolate, margin entire, repandus or crenate. Spike usually terminal. Bracts usually rather large, longer than calyx, pinninervate. Bracteoles shorter than calyx. Calyx 5-partite, segments triangular. Corolla hypocrateriform, tuber thin and long, throat short, limb 5-lobed, lobes subequal, subround or obovate, patent. Stamens 4, the outer pair fertile, inserted at lower parts of throat, plica toward the base of tuber, exerted or not, the inner staminoide clavate or linear, anthers oblong. Pollen spheriodal, 3-porate, reticulate, columella in lumina. Ovary two cell, 2 ovules in each cell, style glabrous or hairy, the posterior lobes of stigma shorter than the anticous, dorsal-ventrial compressed. Capsule clavate, bearing 2 seeds each cell, retinaculate. Seeds compressed bilateral, densely elastically hairy when wetted.

About 30 species, in tropic or subtropic Asia, India, Sri-lanka, eastward to Sunda Ketjil Is. 4 species in S & SW China. One species cultivated.

Key to species

1a. Leaf blades elliptic or longly ovate to lanceolate.

2a. Leaf blades ovate.

3a. Bracts without ciliate, leaves glabrous on both surface, lateral

nerves 10 pairs...................1. 喜花草 E. pulchellum Andrews.

3b. Bracts ciliate, leaves hairy on nerves abaxilly, lateral nerves 5 pairs.

................. 2. 华南可爱花 E. austrosinense H.S.Lo

2b. Leaf blades ovate to lanceolate, bracts capitate glandular..............

....3. 云南可爱花 E. splendens (T.Anders.) Hort. ex Sieber et Voss

1b. Leaf blades elliptic, rarely ovate.

..........4. 毛冠可爱花 E. pubipetalum S.Z.Huang

 

  1. Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews. Bot. Repos. 2: t.88. 1800.

喜花草 xi hua cao

Daedalacanthus nervosus (Vahl) T.Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 487. 1867.

Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. et Shult. Syst. Veg. 1: 174. 1817.

Justicia nervosa Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 144. 1804.

Shrubs, up to 2 m high. Stems quadrangular, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves oppositte, petioles 1-3 cm long, blade often ovate, sometimes elliptic, 9-20 cm x 4-8 cm, apex acute or long acuminate, base round or broadly cuneate, decurrent, glabrous or nearly glabrous both surface, margin entire or inconspicuous toothed, lateral nerves 8-10 each side, mid rib convex, special abaxilly. Spike terminal or axillary, 3-10 cm long. Bracts imbricate, large, foliaceus, white, obovate or elliptic, 1-25 cm long, apex acuminate or sortly caudatus, pinninerves green, glabrous. Bracteoles linear-lanceolate, shorter than calyx. Calyx white, 6-8 mm long. Corolla blue or white, hypocrateriformis, tuber ca 3 cm long, pubescent outside, limb 5-lobed, lobes often obovate, subequal, ca 7 mm long. Stamens 2, slightly exserted. Capsule 1-1.6 cm long, bearing 4 seeds.

India and tropic Himalaya. Cultivated in S and SW China as ornamental plants in garden.

2. Eranthemum austrosinense H.S.H.S.Lo in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 85. 1979.

华南可爱花 hua nan ke ai hua

Daedalacanthus nervosus auct. non (Vahl) T.Anders. (1867); Hance in Journ. Bot. 16: 13. 1878; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 238. 1890.

Erect herbs. Stems quadrangular, pubescent, swollen at nodes. Leaves thickened papyraceous, petiole 0.7-2.5 cm long, blade ovate or elliptical ovate, 2-9 cm x 1-4 cm, on lateral branches smaller, 2.5 cm long, apex shortly acuminate to acute, base broadly cuneate to subround, often decurrent, glabrous adaxilly, conspicuous crytoliths subulate, pubescent on mid ribs and lateral nervses, lateral nerves 4-5 pairs abaxilly. Spike terminal or axillary, 5-10 cm long, peduncle 1.5-2 cm long. Bracts decussate, overlap each other (all imbricate), ovate or elliptic-ovate, 1.2-2 cm long, whiteish or brownish with mid, lateral and reticulated green nerves, pubescent adaxilly, longly ciliate and exserted. Bracteoles triangular-ovate, ca 6 mm long, apex acuminate, shortly ciliate. Calyx 6.5 mm long, pubescent outside, slipped half-way down, segments acuminate. Corolla purplish red, hypocrateriformis, glabrous, tuber thin and long, 2.4-2.5 cm long, slightly amplified at throat, somewhat curved, limb extented, 5-lobed, lobes equal, broadly cuneate, ca 6 mm x 5 mm, apex unequally 2-lobed. Fetile stamens 2, inserted at throat，filaments stout, ca 3 mm long, anthers incurved; staminoides 2, very small, inserted at the base of fertile. Capsule glabrous, ca 1.5 cm, bearing 4 seeds. Seeds broadly ovate or sub-elliptic, 4 mm x 3 mm, black, with appressed hairy.

In guangdong（Gaoyao高要）; Guangxi广西(Longlin隆林,Tiene天峨);Guizhou(Anlong安龙,Luodian罗甸);Yunnan(Xishuangbanna西双版纳,Mengla 勐腊, Menglun勐仑, Hekao河口)。Type specienem collected from Guangxi(Longlin隆林、Tiene天峨).

3. Eranthemum splendens (T.Anders.) Hort. ex Siebert & Voss in Vilmorin, Blumengartn. ed. 3. 1: 806. 1894.

云南可爱花 yun nan ke ai hua

Daedalacanthus splendens T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 486. 1867; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 418. 1884.

Erect herbs, 40 cm high. Stem slightly quadrangular, swollen at nodes, pubescent primary，soon glabrous. Petiole 0.3-3 cm long; Leaf blades papyraceous, slightly scaber abaxilly, longly ovate to lanceolate, 5.5-13 cm x 4.5 cm, apex acuminate, sometimes falcate curved, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, often decurrent, glabrous both surface, lateral nerves 5-6 pairs, margin entire or sometimes slightly repand. Spike terminal or axillary, branched or not, peduncle stout, 3-5 cm long, densely villose. Bracts shortly petioled, obovate or elliptic, usually round at apex, sometimes obtusely acute, green or sometimes slightly white, white hairy on both surface, capitate-glandular hairs on nerves, margin glandular pubescent, with patent capitate-glandular hairs. Bracteoles lanceolate narrowly, 9 mm x 1.1 mm, acuminate at apex, glabrous inside, pubescent outside, hairs on mid rib more dense, margin shortly ciliate. Calyx 12.8 mm long, 5-partited towards 2/3 down, segments lanceolate, the anticous pair 9 mm x 0.8 mm, the laterals 9.3 mm x 1 mm, the posterior one 9.8 mm x 1 mm, glabrous inside, very loosely pubescent outside. Corolla purple, tuber terete, 3 cm long, 2 mm in diam., glabrous, throat 5 mm long, limb 5-lobed, lobes nearly round, 8 mm long, emarginate, glabrous on both surface. Fetile stamens 2, inserted at throat，filaments 2 mm long, anther linear, 3.3 mm x 1 mm; staminoide 2 , inserted behind fertile stamens, clavate, 0.5 mm long, plicate toward the base of tuber, glabrous. Pollen grains spheriodal, 3-porate, alveolate sculpture, with small process in lumina. Ovary clavate, 3 mm long, 0.7 mm in diam., with shortly stock, curved tomentose above, apressed hirtus below; style 3.5 cm long, stigme compressed, 2 mm long, acuminate, stigma and style pubescent. Capsule terete, 13 mm long, 3 mm in diam., basic stock 4 mm long, beaked at tip, thinly capitate-glandular pubescent, bearing 4 seeds. Seeds compressed, ovate, 3 mm x 2 mm, sericeous 被贴伏长毛，extented when wetted. Aerole 0.7 mm long.

In forest or thicket. 560-600 m. S Yunnan (Menglun勐仑). [ Tropic Himalaya ].

In T.Anderson’s original description, "foliis... ovatis acutis, ... subtus hirsutis; bracteis pulcherrime venosis, magnis, late ovatis, breviter cuspidatis; ....corolla rosea....", it seems different to this, his description according to the specimen collected from "tropicis Himalayae Sikkim, alt. 1000-2000 pad. Griffith! Hook.f. & Thoms.! T. Anderson".

In C.B.Clarke’s decription (in Fl. Brit. Ind 4: 418. 1884.), it seems same species with ours except he quoted "Sikkim, alt. 1-3000 ft. Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6129)...."

According to mention above, T.Anderson and C.B.Clarke decriped probably not the same one, even both of them used the first specimen (it should be lectotype) was collected by Griffith. The probloms is that they may be two distint species, it could be distinguished after further investigation on the whole genus.

4. Eranthemum pubipetalum S.Z.Huang, in Addenda of Flora Reipublicae popularis Sinicae vol. 70. 347. 2002.

毛冠可爱花 mao guan ke ai hua

Perennial herbs, 0.7 m high. Young stems quadrangular, densely pubescent, nodes enlarged. Petiole ca1 cm long, pubescent, leaf blade papyraceous, elliptic, rarely ovate, 4.5-10 cm x 2-3.5 cm, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire, glabrous adaxilly, pubescent abaxilly, lateral nerves 5-6 each side. Spike terminal or axillary, 3-11 cm long, peduncles quadrangular, ca 3 cm long, densely pubescent. Bracts ovate or elliptic, 1.5 –2 cm long, yellowish white, with green nerves, apex green, glabrous adaxilly, pubescent abaxilly, margin ciliate, usually 1-fld. Bracteoles ca 5 mm x 1.5 mm. Calyx ca 5 mm long, 1 mm wide, glabrous within, pubescent without, 5-partite toward the middle, segments lanceolate. Corolla bluish purple, ususlly pubescent, corolla-tuber ca 3 mm long, throat ca 4 mm long, limb 5-lobed lobes obovate ca 8 mm both in length and width, emarginate at top. Fertile stamens 2, exerted, filament ca 5.5 mm long, inserted at the base of throat, anthers linear, 3.5 mm long, 2 staminoide small, clavate, slightly enlarged at top, 1.7 mm long, inserted behind the fertile stamens, plica downwards to the base of corolla. Ovary glabrous, ca 2.5 mm long, 1 mm in diam.; style pubescent toward the middle; stigma solid, lanceolate. Capsule glabrous, ca 1 cm long, bearing 4 seeds. Seeds compressed- orbicular，covered with densely strigosa.

In thicket by river side or shadened place in forest. 150-700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan. Type specemen collected from Guangxi (Guiping桂平).

 

亚族2. 假杜鹃亚族 Subtrib. 2. Barlerinae Bremek.

花萼不等,或为4深裂,其上方和下方一枚较大,中央的和两侧的较小,或为2- 5-深裂或2唇形。花冠左右对称，漏斗形或2唇形，冠管较冠檐裂片短；喉部多少膨大；裂片稍不等，双盖覆瓦状卷迭式，或交互对生。雄蕊4，着生于冠管近基部，完全离生，二强，其中2枚极短小，不育。花药2室，药室狭，平行。花粉粒圆球形或长球形，有时三角形，网状纹饰。蒴果自基部具4种子。花腋生聚伞花序，具苞片，偏向一侧。 ---- 泛热带分布。

 

11. BARLERIA L., Sp. Pl. 636. 1753.

假杜鹃属 jia du juan shu

Undershrubs or herbs, spinescent or unarmed. Leaves opposite, larger on long shoots, often caducous，smaller on axillary short shoots. Flowers showy, large, usually axillary on short shoots, solitary or in spike, sessile or with short pedicel. Bracts small or 0. Bracteoles sometimes becoming divaricate 2 hard spines. Calyx 4-partite, segments in two oppsite pairs, outer pair very much the larger, anterior often emarginate bifid or deeply 2-lobed. Corolla-tuber usually elongated, sometimes very long, funnel-shaped upwards, throat amplified, erect or curved, limb 5-lobed, quincuncial in bud, nearly equal or slightly bilabiate. Fertile stamens 4 or 2, staminoide 1 or 3, included or slightly exserted, anthers 2- celled, usually coherent at top. Pollen grains spheriodal, triangular in polar view, reticulate sculpture, lumina poly-angular，here within columelle or not. Ovary 2 –celled, with 2 ovules each cell, style linear, stigma 2 -lobed or entire. Capsule ovate or oblong, sometimes with a hard beak, with 1 or 2 seeds each cell. Seeds ovate or subround, compressed, usually wavy close-adpressed hairs, which becoming a member when wetted.

About 230-250 species, mainly present Afica, tropic Asia to sub-tropic Asia, rare species present in Europe, America. Many species are xerophyte. 4 species and 1 varity in S & SW China.

 

Key to species

1a. Calyx toothed and spinose, flowers on leaf axil of short shoots.

2a. Flowers blueish purple, capsule apex without beak, bracteoles not becoming

divaricate spines.

3a. Leaves large, 3-10 cm x 1.3-4 cm; corolla long, 3.5-5 cm long;

bracteoles not becoming divaricate spines.

..............1. 假杜鹃 B. cristata L.

3. Leaves small, 2-3 cm x 1-1.7 cm; corolla short, 2.4 cm long;

bracteoles becoming divaricate spines.

……………………... 1b. 禄劝假杜鹃 B. cristata var. mairei Levl.

2b. Flowers yellow, capsule with a solid beak on the tip when fruiting

.............................. 4. 黄花假杜鹃 B. prionitis L.

1b. Calyx entire, flowers solitary, axillary.

4a. Calyx green; corolla shorter than throat, and half long length of throat;

bracteoles equal to or longer than the large lobe of calyx. ……

......................... 2. 全缘萼假杜鹃 B. integrisepala H.P.Tsui

4b. Calyx purple, corolla longer than throat, ca three times to throat, the

small lobe less than half length of the large lobe of calyx ……

........................ 3. 紫萼假杜鹃 B. purpureosepala H.P.Tsui

 

  1. Barleria cristata L., Sp. Pl. 636. 1753.

假杜鹃 jia du juan

B.cavaleriei Levl. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 21. 1913.

Barleria ciliata Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed.2. 3: 38. 1832; Nees in DC., Prodrs. 11: 228. 1847.

Barleria dichotoma Roxb., op.cit. 3: 39; Nees in op. cit. 11: 227. 1847.

Barleria lacinlata Nees in in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 91. 1832 et in DC. op. cit. 11: 227.

Barleria napalensis Nees in op. cit. 3: 91. 1832 et in DC., Prodr. 11: 239. 1847.

1a. var. cristata

1a. 假杜鹃 （原变种）

Undershrubs, up to 2 m high. Stems and branches adpressed hairy. Petioles of leaves on long shoots 3-6 mm long, leaf blade papyraceous, elliptic, longly elliptic or ovate, 3-10 cm x 1.3-4 cm, apex acute, sometimes acuminate, base cuneate, decurrent, covered with long hairs on both surface, denser on nerves, margin entire, lateral nervse 4-5(-7) pairs, leaves on long shoots caducous；leaves on axillary short branches small, petioled, blade elliptic or ovate, 2-4 cm x 1.5- 2.3 cm wide. Flowers usually 2 on leaf axil, clustered on branched short shoot. Bracts foliose, sessile. Bracteoles lanceolate or linear, 10-15 mm x 1.5 mm, spinescent toothed, 3-5-7-nerved, mid rib conspicuous, margin with softly hairy or strigose, sometimes toothed , subspinescent. Sometimes flower sterile, only two unfertile bracteoles. Two outer calyx segments ovate to lanceolate, 1.2-2 cm long, the anticous shorter than the posterior, acute, spinose at tip, base round, margin toothed and spinescent, nerves conspicuous, two inner segments linear or lanceolate, 6-7 mm long, 1-nerved, ciliate. Corolla purple or white, bilabiate, usually 3.5-5 cm long, sometimes up to 7.5 cm, corolla-tube cylindri，amplified at throat, limb 5-lobed, lobes sub-equal, oblong; fertile stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at the base of throat, anthers of long stamens 2-celled, paralled, that of short stamens coherent at tip, divaricate below, staminoide 1, all filaments pubescent, hairs denser downward. Ovary compressed, long elliptic, glabrous, disk annular, style linear, glabrous, stigma enlarged. Capsule oblong, 1.2-1.8 cm long, acute at both ends, glabrous. Flowering: Novenber to December.

On mountainous slopes, roadside, or in shade place of lax forest, also on dry glassland or rocks. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan. [Indo-China, India and Islands of Indian Ocean].

A escape species from tropic area, and cultivated as ornament plant.

Medicine herbs.

1b. var. mairei Levl. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 285. 1913; Hand.- Mazz., Sym. Sin.7: 891. 1936, e typo.

禄劝假杜鹃 lu quan jia du juan

Stems terete, pubescent, much branched. Leaf blades papyraceous, elliptic, acute at both ends, base decurrent, entire, petioles of leaves on long shoots 7-8 mm long, blades 2-3 cm x 1-1.7 cm, leaf blades on short shoots smaller, 3-6 cm x 2-3 cm, pubescent both surface, denser abaxilly, lateral nerves 4 pairs. Bracts subround, foliose, 1.5 mm both in length and width, without nerves. Bracteoles 2, spinecent, divaricate, pilose abaxilly, nerves convex, pubescent adaxilly. Calyx anticous segments oblong 13 mm x 7 mm, apex acute, spinoscent, margin teethed, spinoscent, posterior segments long ellipitic, 19 mm x 7 mm, apex acuminate, spinoscent, margin entire, strigose; outer pair larger, pilosus outside, lateral pair linear, 7 mm x 2 mm, apex obtuse, pilosus outside, glabrous inside. Corolla purple 2.4 cm long, corolla-tube short，ca 5 mm long, glabrous, throat amplified, ca 10 mm long, limb bilabiate, the middle lobe of inferior lip broader, compressus, 9 mm x 10 mm, other 4 lobes nearly equal, broadly elliptic, lobes of superior lip narrower, slightly pubescent on limb inside, hairs on limb outside and throat denser. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous, two larger; the anthers of 2 larger stamens theaca paral, filaments 16 mm long, slightly pubescent towards base, inserted at the upper part of corolla tube, that of smaller pair coherent at tip, divaricate below or erect， filaments 3.5 mm long, base pubescent, inserted at the base of throat, staminoide 1.5 mm long. Ovary oblong, 3.5 mm long, glabrous, disk annular, style linear, 22 mm long, glabrous, stigma compressus, unequally 2 lobed. Fruits not seen.

At altitude 400-1700 m. NE Yunnan ( Dongchuan东川,Luquan禄劝）；at altitude 2000-2400 m. SW Sichuan (Muli木里). Type specimen collected from Yunnan Dongchuan(东川).

This species has been quoted as a synonym of B. cristata L. By E. Hossain, so it was misrecord for a long time, Hand. - Mazz. had seen the type specimen and pointed out, it has xerophtic morphology, leaves and bracts smaller, bracteoles spinoscent, as discribed above.

2. Barleria integrisepala H.P.Tsui in Acta Bot. Yun. 12(3): 269-271. 1990.

全缘萼假杜鹃 quan yuan e jia du juan

An evergreen shrubs, up to 1 m high. Branches strigose, soon glabrous, sparsely lenticellate. Leaves opposite, clustered at shoots terminal, petiole 3-5 cm long, strigosa; leaf blade papyraceous, ovate, narrow ovate to nearly lanceolate, (3-) 3.5-4.5 cm x 0.7-1.5 (-1.8) cm, apex acute, obtuse, apiculate, base cuneate, decurrent, pilosus, green above (adaxilly), nerves strigose, light green belove (abaxilly) strigose, hairs on nerves denser, lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, conspicuous adaxilly. Flowers on leaf axil one side, shortly pedicelled. Bracteole linear, 14 mm x ca 1 mm, slightly pilosus. Calyx segments 4, the larger one elliptic 13 mm x 7 mm, apex acute, base gradally narrowed, slightly strigose outside, pilosus indside, margin strigose –ciliate, nerves parallel, the smaller one lanceolate, 5 mm x 1 mm, apex acuminate, ciliate. Corolla infundibuliform, 3.5 cm long, bluish purple, nerves darker, corolla -tube 7 mm long, throat ca 15 mm long, limb slightly bilabiate, lobes sub-equal, subround, 14 mm in diam. Fertile stamens 4, 2 larger and 2 smaller, anthers of larger stamen 5 mm long, parall, divaricateat base, filaments 1.3 cm long, anthers of smaller stamen 1.5 mm long, filaments 3 mm long, staminoide ca 2 mm long, all filaments inserted at the hairy base of throat. Ovary elliptic, 4 mm long, 2 mm in diam., glabrous, style linear, ca 2.5 cm long, glabrous, stigma enlarged, disk annular, in the half way of ovary, with two ovules. Capsule compressed-elliptic, 1.7 cm long, 2 mm thickness, black, contracted at tip forming a beak, bearing 2 seeds. Seeds conpressus, 5 mm in diam., membrance covered.

In thicket by riverside. 1900-2000 m., Sichuan (Muli 木里）. Type specimen collected from Sichuan Muli.

3. Barleria purpureosepala H.P.Tsui, sp. nov. in Addenda

紫萼假杜鹃 zi e jia du juan

Undershrubs, 30 cm high, stems cylindric, brown retrosed pilose. Leaves opposite, papyraceous, petiole 0.7-1.3 (-1.5) cm long, brown yellowish strigose; blade elliptic or sparcely ovate, acute at both ends, 5.5-12 (-15) cm x 2.2-4.2 (-5.5) cm, very laxly brown yellowish strigose, on nerves denser, lateral nerves 7 pairs. Flower solitary, axillary, with 2 mm long, short pedicel, pedicels strigose. Bracteoles long elliptic, 12 mm long, acute at both ends, 1-nerved, ciliate; the larger calyx segment ovate, purple, 32 mm x 18 mm, apex acute, base round, margin nearly entire, toothed and spinulate inconspiceously, the smaller segment lanceolate, 15 mm x 2.3 mm, acute at both ends, all brown yellowish strigose on both surface. Corolla purplish red, 5-6 cm long, tube cylindric，thin and long, 3.7 cm long, ca 3 mm in diam., throat short, ca 12 mm long, limb bilabiate, 5 lobes subequal. Fertile stamens 4, 2 larger and 2 small, anther of the larger pair parallel, filaments 17 mm long, anther of the smaller pair coherent at tip, divaricate below, filaments 4 mm long, staminoide 1.7 mm long, pubescent downward, all filaments inserted at the half way of corolla. Ovary round, 3 mm long, 3 mm in diam., disk annular. Fruit not seen.

In dense forest. 900 m. Yunnan (Mengla Xian勐腊县）.

  1. Barleria prionitis L., Sp. Pl. 636. 1753.

黄花假杜鹃 huang hua jia du juan

Shrubs, up to 1.2 m high, branched. Shoots and branches cylindric, smooth, lenticellate , glabrous. Leaf blade papyraceous, elliptic or sometimes ovate, acute at both ends, base decurrent, petiolate on long shoots, blade usually 5 cm x 2.6 cm, maximum up to 8.5 cm x 5 cm, petioles on short shoots 10-15 mm long, blade 1.2-2.5 cm x 1-1.5 cm, pubescent both surface when young, soon glabrous, sparsely strigose on mid rib, margin sparcely strigose. Flowers axillary, densely clustered on short shoots, uppermost spiked. Bracts on long shoots and lower short shoots foliose, with one flower axilary. Bracteoles becoming divaricate, hard spine, persistent after flowering and fruiting. Bracts linear, ca 10 mm long, no longer spinecent. The large calyx segment ovate, apex acuminate, cartilagineus and bristle, 14 mm long, the inners slightly shorter, 13 mm long, the small one ovate, acuminate. Corolla yellow, ca 2.4 cm long, tube slightly shorter than throat, the middle lobe of lower lip broad and short, 8 mm x 7 mm, two lateral lobes similar to those of upper lip, 10 mm x 6 mm. Anthers of large stamens 3.2 mm long, filament 11 mm long, those of samll stamens ca 1 mm long, filament 1.5 mm long, all inserted at the base of throat. Ovary ovate, style linear, stigma slightly enlarged, 2-slited, exerted. Capsule ovate, 18 mm long, 2.5 mm in diam., contracted gradually at tip forming a beak, bearing 2 seeds. Seed subovate, compressed, 7 cm x 5 mm, adpressed and curved hairy, becoming a membrance when wet.

On roadside, bright thickets or in evergreen forest dry places. 600 m. S. Yunnan ( Xi-shuang-ban-na西双版纳）. [India, Indo-china Pennisula].

* Barleria lupulina Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 18 t. 1483; R.Ben. in H.Lec, Fl. Gen. Ind.-Chine 4: 687. 1935.

花叶假杜鹃 hua ye jia du juan

Cultivated at Guandong, Guangxi. A medicine herbs.

亚族3. 水蓑衣亚族 Subtrib. 3. Hygrophylinae Bremek.

花萼5齿裂，花冠2唇形，张开。雄蕊4，二强，花丝下部连成一体，稀2枚退化成小附属物。花药2室，药室平行，基部叉开，花粉粒圆球形或近圆球形，通常具4 相等或等距的带条，稀3孔沟。花柱不靠在花冠上2列或2束毛之间，柱头前裂片丝状。蒴果狭，自基部具多种子，仅一属在中部具少数种子，但基部不收缩。 ---- 代表属泛热带分布，其他属离散生旧大陆。

 

  1. HYGROPHILA R.Br., Prodr. 479. 1810.

水蓑衣属 shui suo yi shu

Hemiadelphis Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 75. 1832.

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed inconspicuously. Flowers sessile, in terminal heads or in axillary whorls. Calyx tubular, 5-fid to the middle, segments equal or subequal. Corolla tubular, ventricose at the apex, limb deeply 2-lipped,the supperior lip erect 2-lobed, inferior lip nearly erect or slightly extented, palate，3-lobed, lobes convulute. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments often decurrent with membrance, anthers 2- celled, cells equal, parallel, divaricate from middle to base, appendage 0 or sometimes mucronate at base. Ovary with 4- many ovules each cell, style linear, stigma 2-lobed, the posterior lobes usually reduced. Capsule tubular or oblong, 2 cells, bearing 4- many seeds from the base in each cell. Seeds broad ovoid or subround, compressed, elastically white-hairy when wetted. Retinacula hardened, curved and acute.

About 25 (100) species, widely distributed on tropic and subtropic wetland or marshes. 6 species from eastern to SW China.

Key to species

1a. Leaves glabrous or subglabrous; anthers of posterior stamens half smaller than

anticous, corolla 10-12 mm long; capsule 1/3-1/4 longer than persistent calyx.

2a. Flowers in whorls axillary.

3a. Flowers small usually 1.2 cm long, 2 to multiflowers in leaf axil.

4a. Bracts pubescent without.

5a. Bracts pubescent without ........................................

....................1. H. salicifolia (Vahl) Nees

5b. Persistent bracteoles and calyx-lobes brown hirsute.

...1a. H. salicifolia var. longihirsuta H.S.Lo et D.Fang

4b. Bracts barbate ............ 5. H. pogonocalyx Hayata

3b. Flowers large, about 2.5 cm long, 1-3 flowers in leaf axil.…………………………..

..................……………………………...3. H. megalantha Merr.

2b. Short spike terminal. .....................................

.............................6. H. polysperma T.Anders.

1b. Leaves hairy; anthers of posterior stamens smaller than anticous; capsule longer

than persistent calyx.

6a. Flowers larger, whorls axillary; calyx about 1.1 cm long; corolla 1.8-2.2

cm long. ................................4. H. phlomiodes Nees

6b. Flowers smaller, calyx about 0.7 cm long; corolla 1.5 cm long.

........................2. H. erecta (Bremek.) Hochr.

 

  1. Hygrophila salicifolia (Vahl) Nees in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 81. 1832 et in DC., Prodr. 11: 92. 1847.

    2. 水蓑衣 shui suo yi

    Hygrophila lancea(Thunb.) Miq., in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 123. 1865.

    Justicia lancea Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 338.May 1794.

    Ruellia salicifolia Vahl, Sym. 3: 84. 1794; Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed.2. 3: 50. 1832.

    1a. var. salicifolia

    水蓑衣 shui suo yi (原变种)

    Herbs, 80 cm high. Stems quadrangular，young shoots white pilose, soon nearly glabrous or glabrous. Leaves subsessile, papyraceous, long elliptic –lanceolate –linear, 4-11.5 cm x 0.8-1-5 cm, acute at both ends, white hirsute on both surface, denser on nerves, lateral nerves inconspicuous. Flwoers clustered axillary, sessile. Bracts lanceolate, ca 10 mm x 6.5 mm, base round, pubescent outside. Bracteoles slender, linear, pilose outside, glabrous inside. Calyx tubular, ca 6-8 mm long, strigose, divided half-way down, segments slightly unequal, acuminate, often curved hirsute. Corolla light purple or pink, 1-1.2 cm long, pilose, the upper lip triangular, lower lip oblong, lax villose on palate，corolla tube slighly longer than lobes. Anthers of the posterior stamen half longer than those of the anticous. Capsule 1/3-1/4 longer than the persistent calyx, light brown when dry, glabrous. Flowering: Autum.

    By steams or low and wet places. Anhui,Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong kong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

    Usage: According to Flora Hainan records: whole herbs as medicine, benefit to stomac, and so on.

    *In Flora Taiwan vol. 4: 660. (2nd ed. 1998.), Hygrophila lancea (Thunb.) Miq. and Hygrophila salicifolia (Vahl) Nees were discribed as two different species.

    The former palate glabrous, the later palate barbate, it is incorrect, as matter of fact, H.Hara et al. (In Enumeration of Flora Plant of Nepal. vol. 3: 141. 1982)

    had already reduced H.lance to H. salicifolia, and many Japanense Taxonmists treated as same, i.e. T.Makino discribed all the plants present from the south of Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu and our country Taiwan in H. Salicifolia (Vahl) Nee., but he didn’t mention barbate on calyx.

    1b. var. longihirsuta H.S.Lo et D.Fang in Guihaia 17(1): 41. 1997.

    贵港水蓑衣 gui gang shui suo yi

    Stems stout, capsule 1.5-1.7 cm long. Near to H.megalantha Merr., but differs from H. Salicifolia (Vahl) Nee and H.megalantha Merr. with 锈色hirsute on persistent bracteoles and calyx segments.

    By steams. Guangxi (Gui xian. 贵县).

  2. Hygrophila erecta (Burm.f.) Hochr. in Candollea 5: 230, 1934.

    3. 小叶水蓑衣 xiao ye shui suo yi

    Hygrophila phlomoides Nees var. roxburghii C.B.Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 408. 1884.

    Ruellia erecta Burm.f. Fl. Ind. 135 t.41. f. 3. 1768.

    Perennial creeping herbs, sometimes frutescent at base. Stems and branches often white patent, hirsute, much denser upwards. Leaves papyraceous, sessile or shortly petiolatee, leaf blade usually obovate, sometimes elliptic or oblong, 1-5 cm long, apex obtuse or round, base cuneate, distant white hitsute on both surface, cystolith conspiceous; lateral nerves thin. Flowers sessile, whorls of flowers dense on branches, axillary. Bracts oblong- lanceolate, ca 8 mm long, densely white hirsute. Calyx ca 7 mm long, segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla purple, ca 1.5 cm long. Capsule subequal or sligthly longer than persistent calyx. Flowering: spring.

    In field, common. Guangxi（He Xian贺县）；Haina海南(Dingan定安）；Yunnan(Jinghong景洪,Menla勐腊,Puer普洱)。[SE India and Burma].

    H.S.Lo identified the specemen collected form Hainan Dingan(定安) by X.Q.Liu (刘心祈) 23138 to be Hygrophila phlomoides Nees in Flora Hainan，but the author noticed that the specimen with same numbered at Arnod Arbretum Herbarum was identified to be Hygrophila phlomoides Nees by B.Hansen at 1982.12.8.

  3. Hygrophila megalantha Merr. in Phil. Jour. Sci. 12: 110. 1917; 广州植物志: 621. 1956.

    4. 大花水蓑衣 da hua shui suo yi

    Herbs, 30-60 cm, erect, branched glabrous. Stems quadrangular. Leaves anguste oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, 4-8 cm x 8-15 mm, apex round or obtuse, base acuminate, margin entire, lateral nerves thin, and incomspiceous. Flowers 1-3 axillary. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, apex obtuse, ca 1 cm long. Bracteoles narrowly oblong, ca 6 mm long. Calyx 1.2-1.4 cm long, segments anguste linear-lanceolate, caudate acuminate, as long as calyx-tube. Corolla purplish blue, up to 2.5 cm long, slightly pilose outside, corolla- tube terete below, bugleabove, upper lip obtuse, lower lip 3-lobed. Capsule long terete, 1-1.5 cm long. Flowering: winter.

    By riveside and on wet places. Fujian(Xiamen厦门）, Guangdong（Guangzhou广州）, Hong Kong. Type specimen collected from Guangzhou southern to Zhujian.

    Near to H. Salicifolia Nees, but the plant larger, someone considered it should be reduced.

  4. Hygrophila phlomiodes Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 80. 1832; in DC. Prodr. 11: 90 no.17. 1847.

毛水蓑衣 mao shui suo yi

Erect herbs, ca 1 m high. Stems and branched qurangular, canaliculate, with multicells long hairy, brown when dry. Leaves papyraceous, elliptic, obovate or oblong, 2-9 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, apex nearly triangular or acute, sometimes obtuse, base usually derurrent, margin entire or repand, hirsute both surface, cystolith dense, lateral nerves dense，ca 8-15 pairs, usually 10 pairs, slightly convex abaxilly, shortly petioled or subsessile. Flwoers clustered axillary or in whorls upperwards. Bract folious, ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, as long as or longer than calyx. Bracteoles linearly oblong, ca 1/2 in length to the calyx, hirsute. Calyx ca 1.1 cm long, divided more than half-way down, segments linear, white hirsute. Corolla 1.8-2.2 cm long, pubescent, upper lip longly triangular, lower lip oblong, palateconvex, sparely pilose. The posterior anthers smaller. Ovary glabrous, style pubescent. Capsule not seen, according to record slightly longer than the persistent calyx. Flowering: October.

On glassland near valley. Hainan (Dingan定安), Yunnan (Jingdong景东,Jianghong景洪). [Indonisia, Philippine, Indo-Chine penisula, India and Pakistan].

5. Hygrophila pogonocalyx Hayata Ic. Pl. Form. 9: 21. 1921.

大安水蓑衣 da an shui suo yi

Herbs annual and erect. Internodes subglabrous, densely hirsute at nodes. Leaves papyraceous, linear-lanceolate, ca 9 cm x 12 cm, apex obtuse, base broadly attenuate, sessile, margins subentire, scabra and hirsute both surface. Flowers sessile, fasciculate on leaf-axils capitate. Bracts ovate or lanceolate, 1.5 cm x 4-6 mm, apex caudate-acuminate, strigose ouside, glabrous inside. Calyx sub-cylindric，ca 1.5 cm long, usually 5-divided to the middle, segments subequal, linear, acuminate. Corolla-tube amplified, 2.5 cm x 5 mm, limb bilabiate, the upper lip erect, 1 cm long, 2- lobed at top, the lower lip somewhat patent, 3-lobed at top, lobes equal, the middle one oblong, 3 mm x 2 mm, apex obtuse, barbate inside. Stamens 4, didynamous anthers oblong, 3 mm x 1.5 mm, obtuse at top, base sagittate, glabrous. Style glabrous, disk花盘垫状, ovary conicylindric 2.5 mm x 1 mm, glabrous.

Endemic species. Taiwan (Taizhong Daan台中大安, type location).

According to the original record: it similar to Hygrophila salicifolia Nees，differs from it, the bracts much barbate, and leaves much scabra and hispidus.

  1. Hygrophila polysperma T.Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 9: 456. 1868.

小狮子草 xiao shi zi cao

Hemiadelphis polysperma (Roxb.) Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 80. 1832.

Justicia polysperma Roxb., Fl. Ind. Or. ed. Car. et Wall. 1 :120. 1820.

Herbs annual. Stems procumbent, up to 8 cm high or more, usually puberuluous-hirsute, soon glabrous, ciliate and geniculate, much branched, patent. Cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, over 2.5 cm long, soon withered，the upwards and downwards 2-2.2 cm long, elliptical- oblong, obtusa, all linear, gradually narrow towards petioles, glabrous, dark green, inconspiceous crenate. Spike short, ca 1.3 cm long, terminal on branches and branchlets, pedicelless. Bracts imbricate, usually obovate and ovate, obtuse, herbaceous, pubescent or hirsute. Bracteoles usually lanceolate, longer than calyx, ciliate. Calyx tubular at base, 5-divided to the middle, segments unequal, linear, acuminate, pubescent. Corolla 4-4.5 cm long, pubescent, purple?, upper lip 2-teethed, lower lip 3-lobed, lobes subequal, round. Stamens inserted at lower part of corolla-tube, filaments bilateral coherent into menbrane at lower part. Anthers oblong, subequal, slightly divaricate at the base; posterior stamens reduced to teeth. Stigma single, acute. Capsules 8.5 cm long, lanceolate, glabrous, compressed, with 6 cannels, bearing 24-30 seeds from base. Seeds ovate, convex both side. Retincula shortly hooked at tip.

Guangdong(Meixian梅县, Dinghushan鼎湖山)；Guangxi(Yanshan雁山)；Yunnan (Xishuangbanna西双版纳)。 [NE India(Type location), Malaysia].

 

13. GYMNOSTACHYUM Nees, emend.

Benth. in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 3: 76, 105. 1832.

裸柱草属 luo zhu cao shau

Herbs or undeshrubs. Leaves cauline or subradical. Cymes axillary or in a terminal panicle, often spicate or racemose, sometimes small axillary. Bracts and bracteales very small. Calyx small, 5-partite, segments subequal, linear- lancolate. Corolla bilabiate, tube cylindric, slender, limb small, 2-lipped, upper lip anguste 2-teethed, lower lip 3-teethed, 5 lobes, imbricate. Stamens 2, inserted at middle and below, nearly as long as the corolla, included, staminoide 0, anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, 1 or 2 mucronate at base, anthers without mucro soon becoming 1-celled. Stigma 2-lobed, lobes compressed. Ovary 2-celled, 3 to many ovules in each cell. Capsule linear, bearing many seeds. Seeds compressed, ovoid, hairy, hairs white, very shortly spreading when moistened.

About 30 species, tropic area of Asia, India, Sri-Lanka, Indo-china penisula to centre Malaya, Java, Philippine. 3-4 species in Guangxi, China.

Key to species

1a. Stem very short or rosette herb.

2a. Corolla longer, corolla-tube three times to limb.

...........1. 矮裸柱草 G. subrosulatum H.S.Lo

2b. Corolla smaller, corolla-tube twice to limb, leaves acute at tip.…………..

……………………………………………………………….....2. 广西裸柱草 G. kwangsiense H.S.Lo

1b. Suffruticent herbs, ca 1 m high. ..........…………….

…………………………….....3. 华裸柱草 G. sinense (H.S.Lo)H.Chu

 

 

  1. Gymnostachyum subrosulatum H.S.Lo in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 17 (4): 86. 1979.

矮裸柱草 ai luo zhu cao

Herbs, stem short, multi-node and branchless, rosette. Leaves dense，papyraceous, nearly round or broadly ovate round. 5-16 cm long, 3.5-11 cm wide, apex round, base slightly cordate or round, margin slightly repands, black when dry, slightly scabrous adaxil, subglabrous abaxil, hirsute on middle and lateral nerves, the mid-rib stout, lateral 7 each side, nerves reached margin, all convex conspicious on abaxil; petioles 2-9- (14) cm long. Inflorenscense racemose, composing of cymes, with long and erect peduncle, about 12-19 cm long, unbranching or only with a pair short branch. Bracts and bracteales all subulate, 2.5 mm long, acute, usually 3-flower on each bract. Calyx 2.5-3 mm long, 5-partite towards base, segments subulate. Corolla tubular, 1.5 cm long, amplified at throat, curved, limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, nearly triangular, about 5 mm long, shortly 2-lobed at top, lower lip patent, 3 lobes divided towards the middle. Stamens 2, inserted near the base of throat, filaments 8 mm long, anthers 2-celled, theca linear, parallel. Ovary 2-celled, 4 ovules in each cell, style 1.9 cm long. Capsule linear, ca 1.3-1.6 cm long, valves curved. Seeds 8.

Guangxi(Longzhou龙州, type location).

Flowers on inflorences of this species all opposite, differ from these species of Vietnum, Laos, flowers in one side on inflorence. Similar to the species from Burma and India Karsia mountains, Gymnostachyum venustum (Wall.) T.Anders. with short stem, rosette leaves, symatric inflorence and tubular corolla etc., but its leaves ovate, inflorence much branching, corolla 2.5 cm long, the difference is distinct.

2. Gymnostachyum kwangsiense H.S.Lo in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 17(4): 86. 1979.

广西裸柱草 guang xi luo zhu cao

Herbs, rosette. Stem very short, without branches, nodiferous and with convex leaf trace. Leaves papyraceus, broad ovate, 8-16 cm long, 6-11 cm wide, apex shortly acute or mucronatus, obtusus, entire or inconspiciously repand, glabrous both surface or slightly scabrou adaxil, black when dry; mid-rib stout, lateral nerves 7-9, convex abaxil, slightly broad and compressed ?, toward margin; petioles stout, 3-11 cm long. Racemose terminal or axillary near top, peduncle very long, about 8-15 cm long, not branching or only with a pair very short branch. Bracts and bracteoles small, subulate, ca 1 mm long, pulverulentus- pubescent. Calyx ca 3 mm long, 5-partited, segements subulate, pulverulentus- pubescent. Corolla 1.3-1.5 cm long, tube about 9-10 mm long, 2 mm wide, throat amplified, upper lip erect, broadly triangular, 2-lobed; lower lip patent, 3-lobed, lobes about 3 mm long, obtusely round. Stamens 2, inserted near base, filaments 7-8 mm long, anthers 2-celled, cells parallel. 4 ovules each cell of ovary, style 10-11 mm long, stigma small. Fruit not seen.

Guangxi (Longzhou 龙州—Type location）.

According to the original article: this species "similar to Gymnostchyum subrosulatum H.S.Lo, for example, both are resette, flowers opposite on inflorence, leaves large etc, differs from this species, i.e. corolla small, tube shorter (9-10 mm cm long), twice to the limb, corolla of G. subosulatum longer (1.5 cm), 3 times to limb, leaf apex acute.

3. Gymnopstachyum sinense (H.S.Lo) H.Chu in Bull. Bot. Res. 11(1): 48. 1991.

华裸柱草 hua luo zhu cao

Andrographis sinensis H.S.Lo in Bull. Bot. Res. 1(4): 103. 1981.

Herbs or suffruticent herbs, ca 1 m high. Stem terete, purplish black, glabrous, young shoots with 4 straight angular, conspiciouly convex and pubescent at node. Leaves thickly papyraceus, ovate or broadly ovate, 1.5 x 1-1.8 cm, apex acute or sometimes cuspidate, often slightly obtuse , entire or nearly entire, glabrous both surface, slightly shining (nitidus)，cystolith very small, shortly linear, white, lateral nerves 6 pairs, convex on both surface, viens reticulate inconspiceus, petioles 2-4 mm long, cannal adaxil. Flowers opposite on shoot top, peduncle more or less 1cm long, subglabrous, usually with 2 flowers. Bracts linear of linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm long; bracteole similar to bracts, but shorter, close to calyx. Calyx 5-partites, divided into the base, segements lanceolate- linear, ca 7 mm long, acuminate, glabrous. Corolla white ca 10 mm long, limb bilarbiate, upper lip nearly triangular, ca 3.5 mm long, 2-lobed at tip, lobes ca 0.5 mm long slightly divaricate, lower lip 3-lobed, palate. Stamens 2, inserted at corolla tube 2.5 mm to the base, filaments 2.4 mm long, glabrous, anthers linear about 3 mm long, spur-like, mucronate at base, glabrous. Ovary linear, 3.2 mm long, with 5-6 ovules in each cell, style ca 7 mm long. Fruit not seen.

Guangxi(Lingyun凌云, Type location).

The characters of this species, such as: inflorences short, leaves small, filaments glabrous, not enlarged, anthers glabrous, with spurs at base, should belong to the genera-- Gymnostachyum, and it differs from Andrographis laxiflora (Bl.) Lindau conspiceusly by the narrow corolla tube.

4. Gymnostachyum sanguinolentum (Vahl) T.Anders. in Thwites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. p. 232. 1864.

裸柱草 luo zhu cao

Cryptophragmum sanguinolentum Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 96. 1847;

Justicia sanguinolenta Vahl Symb. Bot. 2: 10. 1791. 1 p. 155 et herb.! Willd. sp. pl. ed Diertr. 1 p. 386.

Perrenial herbs, plants usually purple, dwarf. Shoots nearly glabrous. Leaves 9 x 4 cm, entire, undulate or irregularly subdentate, punctate or minutely lineolate adaxil, sometimes obscurely scaberulous, petiloes 0.8-1.2 cm long. Peduncle 3-12 mm long, nearly glabrous, cymes 8-24 mm in diameter. Bracts linear, 3-4 mm long, pedicel 0-3 mm long. Calyx 4 mm long, linear, pubescent. Corolla tube short, pubescent. Capsule 18 mm. (The author has not seen the type specimen).

Yunnan.

*The author has not seen the type specimen. The early original discription was very simple, and its characters were very difficult to aware. The author read a record from "Index Florae Yunnanensis" tomus II: 1676. 1984. The specimen collected by Le kai-li (乐开礼) 82 at He Kou河口，altitute 400 m., and labeled " it might be Gymnostachyum kwangsiense H.S.Lo". The pity is that even this specimen the author had not seen, so further investigation needed.

 

亚族4. 肾苞草亚族 Subtrib. 4. Petalidinae Lindau

花萼不等4-5裂。花冠相等5裂，几左右对称，无两列支撑花柱的毛。雄蕊4，花丝成对连合，2枚发育不全或全育，无不育雄蕊，药室钝或尖。柱头前裂片背腹扁。种子每室2粒，稀多数。蒴果隔膜自爿片分开。草本或灌木，具大苞片或一枚萼较大成苞片状。 -- 东西印度、中美洲、哥伦比亚、热带和南部非洲、马达加斯加。

 

  1. PHAULOPSIS Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: 4, 342. 1800 nom. cons. T.Anders.

in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 443 et 461. 1867.

肾苞草属 shen bao cao shu

Prostrate, perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, petioled ovate, entire or obscurely crenate. Spikes terminal or axillary, 1-sided. Bracts orbicular, closely imbricate, each ususally 3-fld. Bracteoles 0. Calyx 5-partite, one segment ovate, nervose, the others linear like bracts. Corolla small, tube slender, cylidric, lobes 5, slightly unequal, nearly bilabiate, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, lobes contorted in the bud, patent in flower. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, anthers subsimilar, 2-celled, cells parallel, oblong, base minutely mucronate. Ovary-cell 2-ovuled; style hairy,stigma simplelinear.Capsule clavate, compressed parallel to the septum, 4-seeded; placentae dehiscing elastically from the base of the capsule,raisingthe seeds with them. Seeds flat, discoid, densely elastically white-hairy when wetted.

Ca 20 Species, Tropical Africa, Mascarere Is., Arabia, India, Himalaya and Indo-China penisula. 1 species in China.

 

1. Phaulopsis oppositifolia (J.C.Wendl.) Lindau in Engl. & Pramtl. Pflanzfam. Nachtr. 1: 305. 1895.

肾苞草 shen bao cao

Aetheilema reniforme Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 94 1832; and in DC. Prodr. 11: 261. 1867; Wight Ic. t. 1533. 1850.

Micranthus oppositifolius J.C.Wendl. Obs. (Bot. Beobacht.): 39. 1788; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 417. 1884.

Phaulopsis dorsiflora (Retz.) Santapau in Kew Bull. 3: 276. 1948; et in Bot. Memoirs (University of Bombay "The Acanthaceae of Bombay") no. 2: 30. 1951; Bremek. in Dansk Bot. Arkiv. Bind 20, Nr. 1: 67. 1961.

* Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet. Hort. Brith. ed. 1: 327. 1827; Bull. Dept. Med. Pl. Nep. 7: 145. 1976.

Phaulopsis parviflora Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 342. 1800; T.Anders.in Journ. Linn. Soc. 9: 461. 1867.

Ruellia dorsiflora Retz. Obs. Bot. vi: 31. 1791.

Herbs, 30-50 cm high, stems quadrangular, with brown retrorse hairs on angles. Leaves slightly unequal, petiole 4-6 cm long, leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 7.5-11 cm x 3.5-5 cm, apex longly acuminate, base cuneate, unequal bilateral, slightly oblique, papyraceous, hirsute adaxilly, hairy on nerves only abaxilly, lateral nerves 6 each side. Spikes terminal, sometimes axillary on branches. Flower several on a broad ovate bract, 1-side. Bracts orbicular or reniform, 1 cm x 1.4 cm, with white multi-cells hairy or capitate glandular hairs. Bracteoles glabrous. Calyx 5-partite, 4 segments linear, 6 mm long, one ovately elliptic, up to 10 mm long, glandular hairy. Corolla white, ca 6 mm long, limb bilabiate, the upper lip narrow, 2-lobed. Stamens didynamous, included, inserted at throat. Pollen grains nearly orbicular, small, 3-porate, pore situated among three of the (21?) bands (According to C.Bremekamp 1961: 67). Ovary thinly glandular hairy at tip, style pubescent, stigma unequally 2-lobed. Capsule ca 6 mm. long, glandular hairs at tip, placentae dehiscing elastically from the base of thecapsule, valves raisingthe seeds with them. Seeds 4, light yellow, elliptical ovate, densely elastically white-hairy when wet, areole distant.

Wild weeds by the road. Yunnan (Xishuangbanna西双版纳, Yingjiang盈江). [Indo-China pen. India, Himalaya, Mascarene Is. to tropic Africa also]. Cultivated at Kunming Botanica Garden.

 

15. DYSCHORISTE Nees in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 3: 75, 81. 1832.

et DC. Prodr. 11: 106. 1847.

安龙花属 an long hua shu

Herbs or shrubs. Flower axillarly, simple, clustered or cymes. Calyx 5-partites, divided into the middle. Corolla tube straight or incurved, tubular, amplified at throat, limb patent, actinomorphic or bilabiate, lobes 5, contorted in bud, subequal or 2 posterior somewhat coherent. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments coherent into pairs (a long and a short) at the low part, and adnated with tube, anther 2-celled, theaca parallel, usually with mucron at base, rarely no mucron; pollen grains prolate or subprolate, 3-colporate. Ovary 2-ovuled each cell, rarely 1 ovule, the anticous lobe of stigma slightly flat, the posterior small or 0. Capsule oblong, 2-valved, 1 or 2 seeds in each cell; seeds flate, orbicular, patently white-hairy when wetted, and viscous.

Ca 65 species, throughout pantropic (to subtropic), mainly in center, southern America, northern Africa, Madagascar, and east India, rarely in Asia. According to the geographic distribution, it seems to be an ancient genus. In China, it solitarly occurs in western and southern Guizhou province; western Sichuan and North-west Hunan, it isolated from another species of this genus geographically, and differs with many morphological characters, it might be an ancient and relict species, with many ancient and relic characters。

 

1. Dyschoriste sinica H.S.Lo in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 85. 1979.

安龙花

Dwarf, branching herbs, ca 10 cm high; prostrate, near base rooting at nodes, young shoots square, glabrous, nodes closed, internode usually under 1 cm long. Leaves hardly papyraceous, oblong- lanceolate, 0.7 – 3 x 3-7 cm, obtuse at apex, base cuneate and acute, entire or inconspiceously serrate upward, black when dry, glabrous both surface, lateral nerves about 3 pairs; petiole short. Flower singlar, axillary near shoot top. Bracts similar to leaves but small, bracteoles 2, linear- spathulate, 4.5-5 mm long, obtuse at apex. Caylx about 5.5-6 mm long, 5- divided towards the base, segments lanceolate, ca 0.6 mm width, slightly pubescent. Corolla purple, 11 mm long, corolla tube ca 4 mm long, throat ca 4.5 mm long, limb 5-lobed, lobes sub-equal, obcordate, 2 - 2.5 mm long. Stamens 4, the longer filaments 3.5 mm long, the shorter 1.2 mm long, glabrous, anthers parallel. Ovary glabrous, 2 ovules in each cell, style ca 8 mm long, slightly hairy. Capsule 6.5 mm long. Seeds 4.

Guizhou(Anlong安龙)；Hubei(Baojing保靖)。Type collected from Guizhou Anlong.

* According to Hsien Shu Lo’s paper: there are two species in Indo-China penisula, i.e.Dyschoriste depressa (Wall.) Nees (Type) (Dyschoriste erecta auct.) and Dyschoriste principis R.Ben., their flowers are fasiculed, the corolla of the former as long as calyx, the flowers of the later almost twice length of this species, it is impossible to be misidentified." The author noticed three specimens identified by H.S.Lo as unpublished new species, 1.) S.W.Teng 1698. From Da-Wha-De, Ba-S-Dan, Kwanlin, Guizhou 30/1/1935; 2.) Ding-Yi, Peng 45312. From Sichuan, Tienchuan. 3/7/1982. 3.) Ding-Yi, Peng 45243. From Sichuan, Tienchuan city area. 18/6/1982. The author has no time to observe the anatomic flower precisely, so it should be further studied.

 

16. BLECHUM P.Br. Hist. Jamm. 261. 1756;

Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 465. 1847.

赛山蓝属 sai shan lan shu

Perennial herbs, glabrous or hairy, with entire orrepand –toothed leaves. Spike terminal, somewhat coarse or coarse. Bracts broad, herbaceus, imbricate in 4-fariam, margin ciliate. Bracteoles small, similar to calyx. Flowers small, solitary, 3 or in pairs in the axils of large foliaceous bracts, arranged in dense terminal spikes. Calyx 5-partite, segments linear-subulate, rarely unequal. Corolla infundibular, tube slender, straight or curved, somewhat enlarged above, resupinate, limb short, 5-lobed, lobes equal, round, patent, contorted in bud. Stamens 4, included, didynamous, inserted at the middle of tube; anthers oblong, 2-celled, theca parallel, subequal, obtuse. Ovary 2-celled, 3 to many ovules each cell, style subulate at apex. Capsule ovoid or orbicular, the base shortly contracated, after dehiscence the placentae rising elastically from the base ofthe capsule; retinacula hooked, seeds usually many, orbicular and compressed.

6(10) species, usually in tropical America, W. India Is. Some species in E.India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Madagascar also. 1 species in Chinese Taiwan, only.

  1. Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urb. in Fedde, Repert. 15: 323. 1918.

赛山蓝 sai shan lan

Barleria pyramidata Lam. Enc. 1: 380. 1783; Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 243. 1847; Flora Caerules Plum et Burm. 31. tab. 42. fig. 3. 1756.

Blechum blechum Millsp. in Field Cal. Mus Bot. 2: 100. 1900.

Blechum brownei Juss. in Ann. Mus. Par. 9: 278. 1807.

Ruellia blechum L. Syst. 10. ed. 2. : 1120. 1759.

An erect or ascending herb, 50 cm high. Stems terete or slightly quadrangular, often prostrate and rooting at lower nodes, sparsely hairy or subglabrous. Leaves thin, ovate, 3-6 cm x 2-4 cm, apex acute, base obtuseor rounded,margins entire or nearlyso,rarely 3-4 teethed, sparsely strigose adaxilly and nearly glabrous abaxilly;petioles up to 2.5 cm long.Spikes terminal,subsessile, up to 6 cm long. Bracts ovate, foliaceous, ca 1.5 cm long, margins conspicuously ciliate. Bracteoles 2, linear. Calyx 5-partite, segments linear, pilose on the dorsal surface (abaxilly). Corolla white, scarcely longer than bract, lobes glabrous(?) orpuberulent without.Stamens inserted above the middle of corolla-tube. Style ca 2 mm long, slightly hirtellous. Capsule ovoid, puberulent, ca 5 mm long. Seeds orbicular, ca 1.5 mm in diam.

A native of tropical America, now naturalized in southern Taiwan. [Philippine Islands, Marianne Islands and Caroline Islands].

Taiwan (Taidong 台东, Landyu兰屿, Pingdong屏东, Jiayi 嘉义, Tainan台南)。

It was said the species to be naturalized, but without actually evidence, possiblely to be isolated during the division from both side of pacific oceon in early time.

 

17. ECHINACANTHUS Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 75, 90. 1832

et in DC. Prodr. 11: 168. 1847.

恋岩花属 nian yan hua shu

Erect herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, isophyllous or anisophyllous, somewhat toothed. Flowers in cymes or in pair axillary, with the upper internode forming a terminal panicle. Bracts narrow. Bracteole 0. Flowers in midium size, with glandular hairy. Calyx 5-partite, segments subequal, erected during fruiting. Corolla infundibuform, purple, rarely yellow, tube cylindric and campanulate, amplified at throat, limb actinomorphic, 5-lobed, lobes subequal, contorted in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, filaments coherent into pairs at base, anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled, aristately spurred at base or unspurred, connective hairy, thecae parallel, broadly round, oblong, hirsute. Pollen grains prorate, 3-porate, "rippenpollen", multi-ridge. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 4-8 in each cell; style linear; stigma 2-lobed, the posterior lobe reduced. Capsule terete, bearing seeds from the base, septum complete,adnated。Seeds supported by cordately round, compressed retinaculum.

About 10 species, herewith 6 species distributes in eastern Himalaya (Nepal, Shikkin) to India, Thailand, Indonisia Java also. 3 species in China, all in Guangxi province, only one in southern Guizhou.

 

Key to species

1a. Anthers with 2 aristate spurs at base; corolla purple, glabrous or subglabrous

without.

2a. Herbs; reticular nerves conspiceously convex beneath; leaves usually oblong

to lanceolate, strigose above, rarely subglabrous, strigose on nerves at least

beneath; petiole usually half longer than blade……………………………………………

............1. 长柄恋岩花 E. longipes H.S.Lo et D.Fang

2b. Shrubs; reticular nerves inconspiceous; leaves elliptic or ovate- elliptic,

glabrous both surface, petiole half shorter than blade ………………………………………..

..........2. 龙州恋岩花 E. longzhouensis H.S.Lo

1b. Anthers with 1 aristate spur at base; corolla yellow, pubescent without;

leaf lateral nerves axils fasicular- barbate beneath.

...........3. 黄花恋岩花 E. lofouensis (Levl.) J.R.I.Wood

 

1. Echinacanthus longipes H.S.Lo et D.Fang in Acta Bot. Yunn. 7(2): 138-139. 1985.

长柄恋岩花 chang bing nian yan hua

Perennial herbs, prostrate. Stemless or stem distinct, up to 30 cm high. Leaves papyraceous, petiole stout, 1.8 - 4.5 (-5.5) cm long, densely hirsute, leaf blade oblong to lanecolately oblong, rarely subovate or oblanceolate, 3-7(–11) cm x 1.5-3(-4) cm, apex acute or round, base usually oblique, round or broadly cuneate, margin entire or inconspiceously undulate, dark grey-brown or brown adaxilly, strigose rarely glabrous, hirsute abaxilly, sometimes mid and lateral nerves hairy only, the mid and 5-7-(9) lateral nerves convex on both surface, reticulate nerves conspiceously convex beneath (abaxilly). Cymes axillary or 2-4-fld., rarely 1 or 5, peduncle longer than petiole, occationally long than leaves, ca 2-10 cm long, hirsute. Top pair bract ca 0.8-1 cm long, foliaceous. Calyx 5-partite, divided towards base, segments anguste linear, 10-12 mm long, up to 1.7 cm when fruiting, glandulose-hirsute ouside, hirtellus inside. Corolla purple, ca 4 cm long, subglabrous without, tube tubular, 1.3-1.5 cm long, 2.5 cm in diam., amplified at throat, campanulate, ventricose，limb 5-lobed, lobes depressed-orbicular，ca 8 mm long. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at lower part of throat, filaments 5-6 mm long, dilated in membrance decurrent and coherent into pairs at base, anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled, theca slightly unequal, all ovate, ca 3 mm long, base with 2 aristate spurs, connective narrow and long, long ciliate. Pollen grains prolate, ca 43 um x ca 36 um, 3-porate, pore 5.7 um in diam., plusvirgate (multi-ridge). Ovary densely pubescent, style ca 3.2 cm long, loosely pilose, stigma 2-lobed, the posterior obsolated. Capsule linear- oblong, ususally 11 mm long, densely pubescent, bearing 12-16 seeds. Seeds broadly ovate, compressed, ca 1.5 mm long, margin white.

On summit of moutains， in forest, and on rocks. 1220 m. Guangxi (Napo那坡，Type location).

2. Echinacanthus longzhouensis H.S.Lo, in Acta Bot. Yunn. 7(2): 140-141. 1985.

龙州恋岩花 long zhou nian yan hua

Shrubs, ca 3 m high. Shoots lignous, greyish-brown, subterete, lenticulate and tuberculate, young shoot quangular, pilose. Leaf blade coriaces, elliptic or ovate, 4.5-8.5 cm x 1.5-4.5 cm, apex acute, base broadly cuneate, entire, glabrous both surface, lateral nerves 6-7 each side, slender, slightly convex abaxilly, reticulate nerves undistinct. Petiles 1-2 cm long, sometimes up to 3.5 cm, pubescent. Infloricense axillary, peduncle stout pubescent, 1.5-3 cm long, 2 or 3-chotomus, cymes 3-fld, rarely 1-3-fld on each branch. Bracts foliaceous, anguste lanceolate 1-1.5 cm long, pubescent. Calyx segments linear, ca 11 mm long, acuminte, glandularo hirsute outside, hirtellus inside. Corolla glabrous outside, purple. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments pilose, coherent into pairs at base, anthers bi-aristate-calcaratie at theca base, connective villose-cilate. Ovary and style pubescent, ovules 4(-5) in each cell. Capsule linear-oblong, 1.3-1.4 cm long, densely pubescent, bearing 8 seeds from the base.

On limestone mountain, in bamboo forest. 350 m. Guangxi (Long zhou 龙州，Type location).

3. Echinacanthus lofouensis (Levl.) J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Journ. Bot. 51(20): 186. 1994.

黄花恋岩花 huang hua nian yan hua

Echinacanthus flaviflorus H.S.Lo et D.Fang in Acta Bot. Yunn. 7(2): 141- 142.

Strobilanthus lofouensis Levl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 99. 1913

Shrubs, ca 1-3 m high; sheets qurangular, densely tuberculate along 4- farium，subglabrous, light greyish brown, young shoots blackened when dry. Leaves papyraceous, subovate, lanceolate or anguste lanceolate, 6-12 cm x 1.5-3 cm, sometimes 1.5 – 5.5 cm x 8-15 mm only (Nandan specimen), apex caudate-acuminate, base broadly cuneate or obtusely round, entire glabrous above, fasicular- barbate-villosa on the nerves axils abaxially, usually barbateon mid rib, becoming black when dry, tea-brown abaxilly (beneath), lateral 5-6 each side, reticulate nerves slender, all convex abaxilly (beneath), petiole 0.5-2 cm long, shortly hirsute. Cymes axillary, usually 3-fld., rarely 1-fld, peduncle usually slightly longer than petieole, rarely shorter than petieole, pubescent. Bracts foliaceous, 1-1.5 cm long, caducous. Calyx 1.2-1.4 cm, up to 1.8 cm when fruited, segments linear, acuminate, densely adpressed incanus both surface. Corolla yellow, ca 4 cm long, pubescent without, tube ca 1 cm long, ca 3 mm in diam., amplified at throat, campanulate, ventrocose，limb semi-orbiculate, ca 5 mm long. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at throat base, filaments ca 10-13 mm long, densely barbate-villose, anthers 2-celled, theaca ovate, ca 3 mm long, uniaristate -calcarate at base, connective most dense barbate -villose, apex submucronate. Ovary densely adpressed-incanous, style pilose. Capsule linear- oblong, ca 1.5 cm long, densely pubescent, bearing seeds 8-12.

On rocky mountains, in forest. Guangxi (Duan都安,Nandan南丹)；Guizhou（Dushan独山, Luodian罗甸, Lipo荔波）。Type collected from Guizhou Luodian.

 

Filename: Hu-纯en-aca18-38. copy from 3.en-aca18-38 (Filename: en-aca18-38) at 2001.7.26. 在2002/7/28 删去中文部分。

 

18. HEMIGRAPHIS Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 722. 25. Nov. 1847.

半插花属 ban cha hua shu

Herbs, sub-rosette, with ascending stem and rooting at node, partly decumbent, rarely erect. Leaves isophyllous. Inflorescence spiciform, vary in length, sometimes elongated or sometimes more or less shortened, terminal or axillary on upper branchlets. Bracts persistent, 1- nerved or pinninerved, rarely 3-nerved from the base; usually bracteole absent or if present, never as long as calyx. Flower either solitary or 2-3 superposed in the axil of bracts. Calyx 5-fid, segments equal or subequal, usually triangular or almost linear, usually ciliate or minutely ciliate, the incision between the anticous and lateral segments extended into the lower half, as two lipped, upper lip 3-fid, lower lip 2-fid. Corolla blue, dilute violet or white, sometimes with violet striated dots on the helmet-shaped lobe, tube straightand and non resupinate, campanulate at throat, throat nearly as long as the tube, 2 rows of hairs on the palate herewithin, lobes of limb equal, ovate, round or obcordate, during flowering often recurved. Stamens 4, included, filaments of outer pair twice longer than that of inner pair, usually with a row of long hairs, denser and minutely barbate at base when flowering, orthers hirsute at base or glabrous, filaments of shorter pair glabrous or sparsely hirtellus at base, anthers erect, obtuse or acute, complanate, base of theca often obtuse, sometimes triangular, base acute, staminoide unequal, usually absent, and if present, coherent with the member of connective incision between the inner pair. Pollen grains ellipsoid, rarely spheroidal, sculpture banded, bands either smoothed, finely puntate, sometimes with 1 or 2 bands, carunculate. Ovary capitate hairy or non capitate fasiculate hairy or pubescent, bearing 3-8 ovules each cell; style toward base or wholely hirsute. Capsule enlongated, retinacula small and acute. Seeds 6-18, with grey areola, brown and anular hairs around the areola, sometimes mucous, the central layer of the seedcoat consists of thick-wlled cells.

About 90-100 species. From India to Malaysia, tropic of Australia, and Islands of Pacific Ocean (Melanesia, Polynesia, 2 species in New Caledonia). Cultivated as ornamental plants. 3 species in Taiwan of China.

 

1a. Plants rosette……..……....2. 恒春半插花 H. primulifolia (Nees) F.-Vill.

1b. Plants not rosette.

2a. Plants erect, leaves oblong- lanceolate.

...............................1. 直立半插花 H. cumingiana (Nees) F.-Vill.

2b. Plants repens, leaves orbicular or oblong- ovate. ...........…………..

………….........3. 匍匐半插花 H. reptans (Forst.) T.Anders. ex Hemsl.

 

  1. Hemigraphis cumingiana (Nees) F.-Vill. in Blanco, Fl. Philipp. ed. 3 in Novis App. 153. 1880

直立半插花 zhi li ban cha hua

Ruellia cumingiana Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 148. 1847.

Erect herbs, branchless, stems and branchlets quadrangular toward tip, pubescent- puberlulent, soon glabrous. Leaves with 5-15 mm slender, pubescent- puberlulent petiole, blade lanceolate, 8.5-12 x 3-4.2 cm, apex acute to acuminate, base gradually narrowed and decurrent into petiole, margins shallowly crenate, bicoloured, glabrous adaxil, minutely strigose along mid and lateral ribs abaxil, cystolithes on both surface, distint abaxil, lateral nerves 4-5 each side. Spike terminal or single flower on leaf axil; pedicels usually 3-20 mm, longer below, pubescent-puberlulent, inflorenscence axis glabrous. Bracts at lower ovate –lanceolate, 15 x 5.5 mm, others ovate, 10 x 6 mm, nearly obtuse, margins slightly ciliate. Calyx 7 mm long, unlarged when fruited, unequally 5-lobed, segements keel (carina)，narrow, triangular, acute, shortly ciliate along mid-rib and margin, toward the tip mixed long ciliate. Corolla white, 1.8 cm long. Stamens extended, long filaments up to 2 cm long, villose at base, short filaments glabrous, anthers obtuse, theaca base slightly acute; pollen grains ornaments with 18 bands, 45-48 x 30-32 um in diameter. Ovary 2-celled, pubescent adaxial, usually bearing 4-ovules each cell; style hirsute. Capsule glabrous with 8 seeds. (Have not seen the type).

In forest, at altitude 50-300 m. Taiwan (Lanyu Island of Taidong)，Philippine Is., Borneo I..

2. Hemigraphis primulifolia (Nees) F.-Vill. in Novis App.153.1880.

恒春半插花 heng chun ban cha hua

Ruellia primulifola Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 144. 1847.

Herb, nearly rosette, stoloniferous. Stems densely pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves oblong, 3.5-6 x 2-3.5 cm, apex obtuse, base unequal, subcordate, margins subentiore or broadly crenate, cystolithes subulate, densely hirsute on veins adaxil and abaxil; petioles 0.8-3 cm long, pubescent. Spikes terminal, pedunculate, the peduncles pubescent or glabrous, up to 8 cm long. Bracts opposite, oblanceolate or spatulate, usually 8-12 x 3-4 mm wide, obtuse, ciliate. Flowers usually 2-3 superposed in bracts axil. Bracteole absent. Calyx 9 mm long, sparsely pubescent outside, the segments narrowly lanceolate, the margins and mid-rib shortly hairy. Corolla ca 1.3 cm long. Filaments of the longer pair slightly hirtellous towards the base; anther-cell obtuse at apex. Pollen grains with 21 bands, 37 x 31 um in diameter. Ovary pubescent at apex, 5-vules in each locule; style hirtellous near the base. Capsule light brown or brown, hairy at apex, 8-9 mm long, with 10-seede.

Taiwan (Pingdong屏东,Taidong台东).The Philippine and Indonesia also.

3. Hemigraphis reptans ( Forst. ) T.Anders. ex Hemsl. in Bot. Voy. Challenger 1(3): 173. 1884.

匍匐半插花 pu fu ban cha hua

Ruellia reptans Forst., Fl., Ins. Austr. Prodr. 44. 1786.

Perennial slender herbs, prominently pubescent, attaining a height of 10 cm, stems prostrate and rooting at the nodes. Leaves oblong-ovate or orbicular, 1-2 cm wide, apex obtuse or rounded, base abruptly truncate or slightly cordate, margins crenate, long spreading hairs abaxil, appressed pilose along the midrib and veins adaxil; petioles 5-25 mm long. Spikes terminal, the peduncles slender, 1-6 cm long, sparingly pilose. Flowers subsessile, crowded towards the top of peduncles. Corolla 15 mm long, slightly puberulent externally, limbs ca 7 mm in diameter, 5-lobed, lobes orbicular; stamens exserted, the longer filaments ca 2 mm long, slightly villous at base, the shorter pair glabrous; anthers ca 1 mm long.Style somewhat villous. Capsule 7-8 mm long. Seeds compressed, orbicular, ca 1.5 mm in diam., pubescent.

Taiwan (Taidong台东on Lanyu Is. (Botel Tobago))。Cultivated in Hongkong. Also distributed in the Philippine Islands and the southern Ryukyus.

 

19. AECHMANTHERA Nees in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 3: 75 et 87. 15 Aug. 1832;

id.in DC., Prodr. 11: 100 et 170. 1847.

尖蕊花属 jian rui hua shu

Herbs branched and frutescent towards base or small hairy sbrubs. Isophyllous. Leaves broadly elliptic, acute at apex, slightly crenate, sheet and leaf abaxil shortly hairy. Flowers sessile, solitary in bract axil, 3-fld. or 3-8 fld. clusters on shoots. Inflorenscence spiciform, forming a loose, one-sided panicle (secund inflorescence). Bracts persistent, linear, as long as calyx; bracteoles similar to bracts. Calyx 5 partited, segments equal, linear. Corolla minutely violet? or yellow, erect, non resupinate, tube terete, throat campanulate, as long as tube, 2 lines hairs on the palate supported style, limb lobes equal, contorted in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, all erect, included, filaments of outer pairs with a line hairs, of inner pair glabrous; anthers erect, aristate or mucronatus at apex, base unaristate, connective excurrent at the tip; pollen grains ellipoid, ornaments with 18 puntate bands, staminoide absent. Ovary bearing dense tuft of hairs at the top, 3-4 ovules in 2 lateral cells; style slightly hirsute. Capsule narrow spindle-form retinacula strong, hooked, seeds 6-8, discoid, without distinct areloa, but with inconpiciously annulate hairs, the cell wall of sub-epidermal layer of the seedcoat thickened (incrassate).

3 species. From temperate of Himalaya（Kashmir, Bhotan), through Chittagong Bangladesh to Yunnan pleatau China and Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. Provinces of China. 2 species in China.

  1. Aechmanthera gossypina (Wall.) Nees in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 87. 1832.

棉毛尖药花 mian mao jian yao hua

Aechmanthera wallichii b gossypina Nees l.c. et in DC. Prodr. 11: 171. 1847.

A. tomentosa var. wallichii (Nees) C.B.Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 428. 1884.

Ruellia gossypina Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1: 38. t. 42. 1830；

Strobilanthes blinii Levl in Feede, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 19. 1913. p.p. ; E. Hossain in Lauener in Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. 38(3): 474. 1980.

St. bodinieri Lévl.in l.c.

Strobilanthes cavaleriei Lévl. in l.c. 12: 18. 1913. p.p..

Herbs or subshrubs. 1.5 m tall, young stems and leaves dusky grey or whiteish villous, snowy or silvery wool, stem frutescent towards base and full of pitch, erect, 4-angular. Isophyllous, petioles 1.5 cm long, blade long ovate, 5-8 x 3-4 cm, acminate at apex, truncate, slightly unequal at base, margin irragularly cuneate, densely yellow white hairs adaxil, white wool on nerves abaxil; lateral nerves 9 each side, and convex abaxil. Flowers usually 3-fld. cymes clustered on terminal panicles. Bracts linear, 1 cm long, densely hairs. Pollen grains ellipoid, ornaments with bands.

On rocky area, at altitude 1500 m. Yunnan (Shuangjiang双江,Jingdong景东,Longlin龙陵,Yanshan砚山,Xichou西畴); Guizhou (Luodian罗甸,Zhenning镇宁,Xingren兴仁,Xingyi兴义);Guangxi (Tieneo 天峨)。Himalay also occurred. Type speciemen collected from Guizhou, Luodian.

2. Aechmanthera tomentosa Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 87. 1832; et in DC. Prodr. 11: 171. 1847

尖药花 jian yao hua

Herbs, fruitose towards base or sbrubs, 1 cm tall. Wholly with dusky grey or whiteish, villous, distinctly on inflorence, young shoots, and leaves. Leaves elliptic to elliptical oblong, 4.5-13 x 2.8-5.5 cm, base sub-rounded to cordate, margin crenate, with lineolate cystoliths; petiole 1-3 cm long, with yellow multicelled glandular. Panicles often 30 cm long. Flowers in 3-8- fld. clusters incontinuously on the remote branches. Bracts linear, ca 1.2 cm long, glandular outside; bracteoles narrowly ligulate, as long as or more often about half long as the calyx, ca 5 mm long. Calyx 5 partites, divided into the base. Corolla purple ca 2.5 cm long, infundibuliform, glabrous without, 2 soft hairs lines on palate of throat, limb 5-lobed, lobes equal, ca 5 mm long. Stamens 4, didynamous, the base of filaments coherent, membranous; staminoide between 2 shorter stamens, connective of anthers mucronate. Pollen grains ellipoid, ornament with bands. Capsue ca 10 mm long, with 2-4-(6) seeds.

On glassland of mountainous slopes or in laxly forest. Southern Yunnan(Mengzi蒙自,Simao思茅,Xichou西畴,Gongma耿马,Pingbian屏边Yingjiang盈江,Yuanjiang元江,Luxi潞西);Guizhou(Xingren兴仁,Xingyi兴义); Guangxi(Longlin隆林)。Also in N.W.India, Nepal.

Two species -- Aechmanthera gossypina (Wall.) Nees and Aechmanthera tomentosa Nees have been recorded in Yunnan Province. But it is really very difficult to distinct each other, maybe conspecific?, conspecies? only one species in China, it needs further investigation. In Yunnan province a local medicine plants was called "The Thirteen- years flower", specimens of which had been identified are in fruit, without flower. The author considered it could belong to this genera. According to J.D.Mabberley’s "Plant book", many species of Strobilanthes with sporadic flowering, such as Strobilanthes kunthiana (Nees)T.Anders in 12-years one in N.W.India, Mussoorie Hills

Group 2.

20. CHAMPIONELLA Bremek in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.

Afd. Natruk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 150. 1944

黄猄草 huang jing cao

Perennial herbs or subshrubs, isophyllous. Leaves with or withnot petiole. Flowers sessile, solitary on bracts axil, forming a terminal and densely spike; peduncle usually elongated after flowering. Bracts folious, longer than calyx, pinninerve, persistet; bracteoles linear, nearly as long as or shorter than calyx. Calyx 5-partite, segments nearly equal, linear, acute. Corolla violate, pink red, grey- white or white, tube erect, amplified upward, throat campanulate or infundibuliform, 2 hairy lines on it support the style; limb 5-lobed, lobes sub-equal, obcordate, or nearly rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, all erect; filaments of outer pair twice longer than that of inner pair, hirsute; anthers erect and long, obtuse at apex; stamenoide almost absent; pollen grains globose, ornament echinulate. Ovary with a tuft of hairs at top, 2-ovules in each cell; style, densely shortly hirsute. Capsule spindle-form or linear oblong, retinaculum elongated into hard spines. Seeds 2 in each cell, compressed.

About 7-9 species, spread widely in China. Rarely also distributed into Janpan and Vietnam.

 

1a. Young shoots more or less with appressed-ferrugineous hirsute; calyx segments outside and

margin all appressed-ferrugineous hirsute.

……………... 9. 锈毛黄猄草?C. fulvihispida (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.W.Wu et C.C.Hu

1b. Shoot and calyx non appressed-ferrugineous hirsute.

  1. 2a. Leaves glabrous on both surface; corolla less than 2 cm. long.

3a. Leaves ovate-elliptic, oblanceolate, 2-5 x 0.9-1.8 cm, rather narrow………………...

…………………………………………....1. 日本黄猄草C. japonica (Thunb.) Bremek.

3b. Leaves ovate or sub-elliptic, 2-7 x 1.5 cm, slightly broad ……………………….

……………………………….7. 黄猄草 C. tetrasperma (Champ. ex Benth.) Bremek.

*…………………………….. 8. 台湾黄猄草 C. fauriei (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

2b. Leaves hairy; Corolla 2 cm long, up to 3-4.5 cm long.

4a. Leaves large and broad, oblong ovate, 3-13 x 1.5-5.5 cm; bracts obovate, hirsute

both surface, pinninerve….…………………………..

.....4. 海南黄猄草 C. maclurei (Merr.) C.Y.Wu & H.S.Lo

4b. Leaves rather long.

5a. Flowers clustered in capitate spike.

6a. Corolla 4 cm long……..........5. 少花黄猄草 C. oligantha (Miq.) Bremek.

6b. Corolla 5 cm long, tube elongated, base cylindric, upper part infundibuform…..

…….……..3. 长花黄猄草 C. longiflora (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

5b. Short spike or hemi-globose.

7a. Plants with rhizome, radiciferous root incrassate and carnose. ………

…………………..…………....6. 菜头肾 C. sarcorrhriza C.Ling

7b. Plants radicanting, diffuse, and procumbens, without rhizome …………

………………………….....2. 贵阳黄猄草C. labordei (Lévl.) E.Hossain

 

1. Championella japonica (Thunb.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Naturk. 2 sect. 41 (1）: 150. 1944.

日本黄猄草 r ben huang jing cao

Acanthopale japonica (Thunb.) C.B.Clarke ex S.Moore in Journ, As. Soc. Beng. 74(2): 659. 1907.

Ruellia japonica Thunb. Fl. Jap.: 254. 1784. et Ic. Pl. Jap. 5 tab. 9. 1805; DC. Prodr. 11: 153. 1874.

Strobilanthes bonatianus Lévl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12:20. 1913. & Fl. Kouy-Tchéou :21.1914.

Strobilanthes japonica (Thunb.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bot. 2: 124. 1866.

Erect herbs. Stem herbaceous, much branched, young shoots 4-angular, purplish red, soon terete, slender, nodes swollen. Leaves opposite, with 3-14 cm long petioles, blade ovatel-elliptic, lanceolate, 2-5 x 8-18 cm, apex long acuminate, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin crenuate, nerves distinct, glabrous, patent, large linearly cystolithes convex on both surface, lateral nerves 3-5 each side; petioles with white long soft hairs, rather dense on the base of leaf-adaxil, very dense on basic nerve abaxil. Spike terminal, flowers decussate on bract axil, glabrous. Bracts oblong, obtuse, entire, imbricate patent, as long as corolla tube. Corolla erect, lightly purple, dark yellow ?, white ?, companulate, pubescent without, 1.5cm long; tube terete, 5-6 mm long, limb 5-lobed, lobes equal, oblong, 5-6 mm long.

Sichuan (Eo Mei峨嵋, Eoshan峨山, Pingshan屏山); Guizhou (Anlong安龙, Xingren,兴义Xingyi.（type location of syn. Strobilanthes.bonatianus）。Disjuncted between China and Japan..

2. Championella labordei (Lévl.) E. Hossain in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(2): 405. 1973; & A.B.M.E.Hossain in L.A.Lauener Not. Roy.Bot. Gard. 38(3): 475. 1980.

贵阳黄猄草 gui yang huang jing cao

Acanthopale labordei (Lévl.) Hand.-Mazz. in Sinensia 5: 20. 1934.

Strobilanthes labordei Lévl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 20. 1913; Levl. Fl. Kouy-Tcheou : 22. 1914.

Radicanting, diffuse, and procumbens plant, villose, branched. Leaves petioled, small ovate, 2-3 x 1.5-2 cm, grey white abaxil, acuminate and remotely crenate. Inflorescence undeveloped capitate. Calyx distint and with white hirsute. Flowers blue or violate. Stamens 4.

Guizhou (Guiyang贵阳, Guiding贵定); Guangxi (Bajiaoshan八角山). Type specimen collected from Guizhou Qingyang of Guiyang (贵阳的青岩).

According to E.Hossain’s paper (1980): " Leveille (Fl. Kouy-Tchou 22, 1914) considered this species to be synonymous with Stribilanthes radicans (T. Anders ex ) Benth. [~ Championella tetrasperma (Champ. Ex Benth.) Brem.]. No doubt C. labordei is allied to C. tetrasperma but the former is dstinctve in its weak straggling habit, lesser number of flowers, and in its pubescence." The author hadn’t seen the type specimen of J.Laborde 2693, just seen the specimen collected by Y.Jiang from Guizhou, although considered that probably, this spices, C. tetrasperma (Champ. Ex Benth.) Bremek. and C. oligantha (Miq.) Bremek maybe are conspecific, and hasn’t any further comparison studies, so further investigation is needed in future.

3. Championella longiflora (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, in Flora Reipublicar Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 91. 2002.

长花黄猄草 chang hus huang jing cao

Strobilanthes longiflora R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Naturk. Par. 28: 94. 1922.

Herbs or sub-shrubs, 50 cm tall. Stem herbaceous, young shoots sulcate, glabrous. Leaves petioled, blade up to 10 x 5 cm, lanceolate or ovate, base acute, acuminate at apex, margin minutely crenuate, glabrous on both surface. Spike terminal; flowers opposite on peduncle axis, often with 8-12 flowers. Bracts the lower 2 similar to leaves, others folious, oblong, more or less broader at apex，10 mm long, margins on lower part partly ciliate. Bracteoles similar to calyx segments, linear, with white ciliate. Calyx 8 x 0.75 mm. Corolla ca 5 cm long, elongated, tube terete, upper part infundibuliform, pubescent without. Stamens 4, filaments erect, anthers oblong; pollen grains globose, costata, with conical tuberculum orantated on ridge. Ovary glabrous, pubescent at top; style sparsely white soft hairs, stigma linear, membrance. Capsule unkown..

Yunnan（Mengzi 蒙自）。Type specimen collected from Yunnan Mengzi, Dongshan(东山).

According to Robert Benoist: this species similar to Strobilanthes radicans T.Anders. [transferred to Championella tetrasperma (Champ. et Benth.) Bremek. already], Strobilanthes japonicus Miq. [transferred to Championella japonica (Miq.) Bremek. also] and Strobilanthes oliganthus Miq. [transferred to Championella oliganthus (Miq.) Bremek.]; differs from them by the corolla large, the tube terete specially long. According to the pollen grains characters reported by R.Benoist, this species should be placed in this genera.

  1. Championella maclurei (Merr.) C.Y.Wu & H.S.Lo, in Fl. Hainanica 3: 547, 592 （Addenda）. 1974.

海南黄猄草 hai nan huang jing cao

Strobilanthes maclurei Merr. in Philipp. Jour. Sci. 21: 354. 1922.

Perennial erect herbs, 0.5 -1 m tall. Stem stout, 2 mm in diameter, redish, often nodes geniculate, nearly erect or procumbent and rooting at lower part, hirsute only on young shoots. Leaves papyraceous, oblongo-ovate, 3-13 x 1.5 -5.5 cm, acuminate or shortly acuminate at apex, base acute or nearly round, margin crenuate, with golden brown multi-celled hirsute on both surface, with undulate crytoliths adaxil; petiole 1-2 cm long. Spike dense when young, capitate, elongated after flowering. Bracts obovate, about 10 mm long, hirsute on both surface, pinninerved. Bracteoles as long as bracts in length, above middle of margin hiruste. Calyx segments ca 6 mm long, hirsute also. Corolla light blue or white, ca 3 cm long, nearly glabrous, lobes of limb ca 4 cm in diameter. Capsule light brown, ca 7 mm long, pubescent at top. Flowering: October.

Usually under forests or on rocks by stream, at mid – altitude. Hainan (Qiongzhong琼中, Yanxian儋县, Dongfang东方, Ledong乐东, Lehui乐会and Lingshui陵水); Guangxi (Guiling桂林, Longsheng龙胜, Xingan兴安, Jinxiu金秀); Yunnan (Eryuan 洱源）; Jiangxi（Lushan庐山）. Type specimen collected from Hainan Qiongzhong, Wuzhishan (= Five Fingers Mountain五指山).

5. Championella oligantha (Miq.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk.. sect. 2. 41 (1): 150. 1944.

少花黄猄草 shao hua huang jing cao

Acanthopale oligantha (Miq.) C.B.Clarke ex S.Moore in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 74(2): 659. 1907.

Strobilanthes oliganthus Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 124. 1866.

Herbs, 40-50 cm tall. Basal nodes of stem swollen (geniculate), 4-angular toward upper, sulcate, sparsely white and retrosed hairy. Leaves petioled, petiole 3.5-4 cm long; blade broadly ovate to elliptic, 4-7-10 x 2-4 cm, acuminate apex, base braodly cuneate, margin remotely serrate, lateral nerves 4-6 each side, with white and distinct cyrtolithes adaxil. Spike capitate, flowers clustered. Bracts folious, the outer 1.5 cm long, the inner smaller; bracteoles linear-spathulate ca 1 cm long, bracts and bracteoles all with white muli-celled soft hairs. Calyx 5-partited, segments linear, as long as bracteoles. Corolla tube terete slighty curved, ca 1.5 cm long, throat amplified, campanulate upwards, ca 2.5 cm long, limb sparsely pubescent outside, 2 short and soft hairy lines inside, 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal, usually ca 5 mm long. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments coherent with membrance; anthers erect; pollen grains globose, with carunculate or granulate ornamentation. Capsule ca 1 cm long, with shortly pubescent near the top. Seed 4, pubescent..

Under forests or on dark and wet glassland. Zhejiang (Tianmushan天目山, Hangzhou杭州, Chunan淳安,Jinhua金华,Lishui丽水); Anhui (Jiuhuashan九华山); Jiangxi (Pingxiang萍乡,Ruijin瑞金, Shicheng石城); Fujian (Nanjin南靖); Hunan (Cili慈利); Hubei (Tongshan通山); Sichuan (Baoxing宝兴). Japan also.

6. Championella sarcorrhiza C.Ling, in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 13 (3): 93. 1975.

菜头肾 cai tou shen

Strobilanthes sarcorrhizus (C.Ling) C.Z.Zheng，in Fl. Zhejiang 6: 87. f.6-1,2. colour f. 22. 1993. comb. seminud.

Perennial herbs, with rhizome, radiciferous root incrassate and carnose. Stem 20 -40 cm tall, slightly scabrous, nodes lightly swollen. Leaves opposite, sessile or near so, blade oblongo-lanceolate, 4-18 x 1.5 -3 cm, acuminate at apex, base narrowly cuneate, margins obtuse dente or undulate, glabrous adaxil, pubescent on nerse abaxil, lateral nerves 7-9 pairs. Inflorscence short or semi-globose, terminal, 2- 4 (-5) cm long. Bracts obovate-elliptic, ca 1.5 cm long, persistent. Bracteoles linear. Calyx 5-partited, segments linear, unequal; bracts, bracteoles and calyx segments all with white or light brown multi-celled, long soft hairs. Corolla light purple, infundibuliform, 3.5 – 4.5 cm long, corolla –tube curved at middle and contracted towards low part, glabrous ouside, 2 hairy lines inside, lobes of limb nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments with shortly soft hairs; anther linear, erect. Pollen grains spheriodal, ornamentation echinulate or echinulate in meridinal ribbes. Style pubescent. Capsule glabrous, with 4 seeds.

Endemic of Zhejiang (Ruian瑞安, Leqing乐清）. Type specimen collected from Zhejiang, Ruian.

Usage: Famous folk medicine herbs at Wenzhou, Zhejiang province.

According to Lin-quan’s paper: this species similar to Championella oligantha (Miq.) Bremek. ( ~ Strobilanthes oliganthus Miq.), differs from the later with radiciferous root incrassate and carnose, leaves sessile, oblongo-lanceolate or lanceolate. The author observed the pollen grains samples of two specimen from type location i.e. Linquan 037 at Ruian, Zhejiang and 73-1509 at Leqing, which are prolate, ornamentation ribbed, it differs from this genera. But Linquan report said it was globose, the ornamentation is papillate (echinulate), which agree with the character of this genera. So there is another problem, in addition of rhizome, and the incrassated and carnose lateral root, these characters rarely occurred in Strobilanthes, probably maybe a new genera ?

7. Championella tetrasperma (Champ. ex Benth.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. sect. 2. 41(1): 150. 1944.

黄猄草 huang jing cao

Acanthopale debilis (Hemsl.) C.B.Clarke ex S.Moore in Journ. Soc. Bot. Bengal. 74(2): 659. 1907; Journ. Bot. 63: 167. 1925.

Acanthopale radicans (T.Anders.ex Benth.) C.B.Clarke ex R.Ben. in H. Lec., Fl. Gén. de l'Indo-Chine 4: 673. 1953.

Acanthopale tetrasperma (Champ ex Benth.) Hand.-Mazz. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. LVI. B: 454. 1937.

Championella debilis (Hemsl.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Naturk. 2 sect. 41(1): 150. 1944.

Hemigraphis szechuanica Batal. in Act. Hort. Petrop. 13: 384, 1894.

Ruellia tetrasperma Champ. ex Benth. in Kew Journ. 5: 132. 1853.

Strobilanthes tetraspermus (Champ. ex Benth.) Druce in Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 649. 1917; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. 2 sect. 41(1): 286. 1944.

Strobilanthes debilis Hemsl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 239. 1890; Merr. in Lingnan Sci. Jour. 5(1 & 2): 286. 1923.

Stobilanthes radicans T.Anders ex Benth., Fl. Hongk.. : 262. 1861.

Erect or procumbent herbs. Stem slender, nearly glabrous. Leaves papyraceous, ovate or nearly elliptic, obtuse at apex, base gradually narrow or slightly contracted，margin crenuate, 2-7 x 1-1.2 cm, lateral nerves 3-4 each side; petiole 5-25 mm long. Spike short and dense, usually several flowers. Bracts folious, obovateor spathulate, pinninerve, ca 15 mm long. Bracteole 2, linear, 5-6 mm long, bracts and bracteoles and calyx segments covered with patent fimbriatus- ciliate. Calyx 5-partited, segments 6-7 mm long, slightly obtuse. Corolla light red or purple, ca 2 cm long, pubescent outside, villose inside, lobes of limb nearly equal, ciliate. Stamens 4, didynamous, filament coherent with membrance at base, staminoide 1 trace, pollen grains globose, ornamentation carunculate. Capsule ca 10 mm long, pubescent at top. Flowering: Autum.

In dense forest. Sichuan (Nanchuan南川,Jinfoshan金佛山,Wanyuan万源,Tianquan天全,Yaan雅安,Eomei峨嵋山，巴县、奉节、巫溪)；Guizhou(黄平、瓮安); Hubei (宣恩、咸丰神农架); Hunan (永顺、保靖、黔阳、沅陵、江华、宜章); Jiangxi (萍乡、庐山、龙南、铅山); Fujian (南平、连城、武夷山、闽南); Guangdong (乳源、怀集、珠海、深圳); Hongkong; Hainan (保亭、儋县); Guangxi (百色). Also S.Vietnam. Type specimen collected from Hongkong.

8. Championella fauriei (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 89, 2002.

台湾黄猄草

Strobilanthes fauriei R.Ben. in Bull Mus. Hist. Naturk. Par. 28: 187. 1922; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 275. 1944.

Herbs, stem glabrous, nearly 4-angular. Leaves sessile, 3.5 cm x 1.8 cm, ovate or lanceolate, base obtuse, apex short or shortly acuminate, margin teethed, glabrous on both surface, lateral nerves 4. Flowers opposite, sesile, spike terminal or axillary. Bracts folious, 5-15 mm long, ovate at the low part similar to the leaf, towards the upper part oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Bracteoles 7 mm long, linear, similar to the bracts, obtuse, glabrous. Calyx segments 9-11 mm x 1 mm. Corolla 4 cm long, tube terete at base, amplified towards upper, infundibuliform. Stamens 4, filaments erect, anthers oblong; pollen grains prorate, ornamentation ribbed. Ovary glabrous, style sparsely villose. Capsule elongated glabrous.

Taiwan. Type collected from Taiwan. The author saw the isotype only.

In R.Benoist’s article: "This species similar to Strobilanthes japonicus Miq. (~ Ruellia japonica Thunb., now already moved to Championella japonica (Thunb.) Bremek.), differs from the later with leaves and flowers larger." According to which this species should be moved to Championella. The author observed the isotype of the herbarium of Harvard University, the character of inflorence is not distinctly shortened, but in the status between Championella and Parachampionella, it is pity there is no record on it in two differect edition of Flora of Taiwan. The original description "Pollen grains prorate, ornamentation ribbed". It seems disagree with the characters of this genera. So that further investigation needed.

9. Championella fulvihispida (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 89, 2002.

锈毛黄猄草 siu mao huang jing cao

Strobilanthes fulvihispida D.Fang et H.S.Lo, in Guihaia 17(1): 37. 1997.

Suffruttescent, over 35 cm tall. Young shoots appressed-ferrugineous hirsute. Leaves ovate or broadly ovate, 3-10 x 2-5.7 cm, margin sparsely remote obtuse teethed, appressed-ferrugineous hirsute on the nerves of both surface. Short spike axillary. The out most bract spathulate, the inners oblong- spathulate to oblong, 9-26 mm long, persistent. Bracts, bracteoles and outside of calyx segments all appressed-ferrugineous hirsute. Calyx 5-partited, segments 4-5 mm long. Corolla 1.5 cm long, retrorso-pubescent outside, 5 lobes of limb 2 mm long, rounded at top. Stamens 4. Ovary glabrous; style sparsely hirsute. (Type specimen not seen.)

On calcareous mountains, under forests. Guangxi (Longzhou龙州, Longgang 弄岗. The type location).

According to the paper of Fang, Ding and Lo, Hsien-shui: this species similar to Championella oligantha (Miq.) Bremek. with the inflorescence short spiciform; the upper shoots black when dry; branches with shortly restroso-strigose and hirsute;. bracts, bracteole and margin of calyx segments all articulato- ferrugineous-hispide. The author only saw a photo of the type speciemn, then moved this species to Championella on the basis by the description of original paper, but according to the ferrugineous hairs, it seems agree and shoud be moved to Pyrrothrix Bremek. From a photo, the author couldn’t identifiy the hairs was ferrugineous or golden red, if the color is the later, no problem it belongs to Pyrrothrix.

10．Championella xanthantha (Diels) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. sect.2. 41(1): 151. 1944.

黄花黄猄草 huang hua huang jing cao

Strobilanthes xanthantha Diels in Not Bot. Gard. Edinb. 5: 163. 1912.

Stems from rootstock, simplex or branchless, 22-30 cm long, sparsely with remotely soft hairs. Leaves shortly petioled, blade papyraceous, pubescent on nerves both surface, ovate gradually narrow towards base, acute at apex, margin serrate, 3-4.5 x 2-2.5 cm. Flowers sessile, spike or panicle. Calyx linear, densely pubescent, obtuse, segments unequal, 9-14 mm long. Corolla yellow, tube narrowly campanulate, not resupinate, ca 3.5 cm long, 1 cm in diameter. Style sparsely pubescent, linear at top; ovary glabrous.

Yunnan（Dali 大理）. Type location.（未见模式标本*）

The author has not seen the type specimen of Championella xanthantha (Diels) Bremek., misidentified the specimens from Yunnan Xi-shuang-ban-na（Menglun勐伦,Menglian勐连,Mengla 勐腊）, Simao思茅, Jingdong景东, Puwen普文 to be Campionella xanthantha (Diels) Bremek., as a matter of fact, those specimens more similar to Strobilanthes leucocephala Craib., and in all the records from labels, the color of corolla was light purple, blueish purple, not yellow.

 

21. PARACHAMPIONELLA Bremek.

in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.,

Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 151. 1944

兰嵌马蓝属 lan kan ma lan shu

Herbs or undershrubs, isophyllous. Leaves petioled.Spikes or elongated racemose, terminal. Flowers solitary in axil of brats. Bracts folious, persistent. bracteoles 2, linear or linear-lanceolate, shorter than calyx. calyx 3-partited, segments linear, the 2 anterior segments separated nearly to the base, the 3 posterior one connated about halfway. Corolla non resupinate, tube short, throat amplified gradully, infundibuliform, 2 lines of hair on it, the limb 5-lobed, lobes subequal, obovate. Stamens 4,didynamous, all ereect, included; filaments of outer pair twice long than the inner pairs; glabrous or hirsute, the inner pairs glabrous, anthers 2-celled, erect, obtuse at top, staminoide broadly triangular; pollen grains globose, ornamentation echinulate, echinate arranged in meridional lines. Ovary glabrous, 2 ovules in each cell; styles filiform, 2-lobed, the anterior lobe longer, the posterior one rudimentary. Capsule spindle-shaped，glabrous; retinaculum well developed, thickened at base, mucronate at apex. Seeds 4,compressed, longly pilose not annulate around the areola, cell wall of subepidermis straightly incrassated.

About 3 species in southeastern Asia. 1 species in Taiwan.

* Championella and Parachampionella differ from each other in the length of the inflorescence, the degree of coherence between the calyx segments, the presence or absence of hairs on the style , at the top of the ovary, and in the nature of the hairs covering the testa.

 

1a. Suffrutescent herbs, flowers in leafy spike.

………………………………..1. 曲茎兰嵌马蓝P. flexicaulis (Hayata) Hieh et Huang

1b. Procumbent herbs.

2a. Flowers solitary, leaves small. .…...........2. 兰嵌马蓝 P. rankanensis (Hayata) Bremek.

2b. Flowers in raceme................... 3. 琉球兰嵌马蓝P. tashiroi (Hayata) Bremek.

 

1. Parachampionella flexicaulis (Hayata) C.F.Hsieh et T.C.Huang in Fl. Taiwan 4: 652. pl. 1142. 1978.

曲茎兰嵌马蓝

Strobilanthes flexcaulis Hayata, Icon. Fl. Form. 5: 135. 1915; Fl. Taiwan ed. 2. 4: 680. pl. 311. 1998.

Strobilanthes prionophyllus Hayata, Icon. Pl. Form. 9: 84. 1920.

Triaenacanthus flexicaulis (Hayata) C.F.Hsieh et T.C.Huang in Taiwania 19(1): 22 1974.

Suffrutescent herbs, up to 1 m tall, glabrous, much branched. Stem angular, branches often zigzag, winged. Leaves variable in size and shape, on vegetative branches oblong-ovate, up to 18 x 5 cm, longly –petiolated, with tapering points and serrate margins, mid-rib and lareral nerves on adaxil convex, on abaxil slightly convex, lateral nerves 4-5 each side, curved (curineris), glabrous or sparsely hirsute, dark brown adaxil, pale abaxil, membranous; on flowering branches much smaller, sessile or subsessile, ovate to transversally subrotund to kidney shaped, usually cordate at base. Flowers crowded in spikes. Bracts small, obtuse. 2 bracteoles linear, 8 x 1 mm, one rib (uninervis), base coherent to calyx, usually glandular-pilose. Calyx up to 1 cm long, terete campanulate, split in 3 (trifidus), 2 anticous segments linear, obtuse at at top, glandular ciliate, soon glabrous, the posterior segments divided to the middle, segments linear, 6 x 1 mm, obtuse at top. Corolla blue or purple, terete – campanulate, ca 4 cm long,glabrous outside,hirsute inside, tube 1.5 mm long, 4 mm wide, amplified gradually campanulate upward, limb bilabiate, upper lip 4 mm long, 2 lobes, semi-round, 5 mm long, 8 mm wide, lower lip 1 cm long, as wide as upper lip, 3-lobed, the center lobe round, emarginate at top, 6 mm long, 7 mm wide, contracted at base, 2 lateral lobes somewhat oblique. Stamens 4, didynamous, the longerfilaments ca 7 mm long, retrorsely hirsute towards base, the shorter filaments ca 2 mm long,glabrous; anthers oblong-linear, 3.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at top, divaricated at base. Disk tubular,glabrous. Ovary obovoid; style filiform, pubescent with shortlyglandular hairs; stigma nearly subulate. Capsule linear-cylindric, ca 2 cm long. Seeds oblong-ovate, compressed, covered with long, appressed pilose.

Endemic. Mountainousrangesin medium altitude, widely spreaded inthecentral and southern partsof Taiwan, China.(Hsinchu (Xingzhu)新竹,Nantou南投,Kaohsiung (Kaoxiong)高雄, Pingtung (Pingdong)屏东,Hualien (Hualian)花莲and etc). Also occurs in Ryukyu.

Type speecimen collected from Taiwan 台湾阿里山.

 

2. Parachampionella rankanensis (Hayata) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Naturk. 2 sect. 41(1): 151. 1944.

兰嵌马蓝 lan kan ma lan

Strobilanthes rankanensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Form. 9: 84. 1920; Fl. Taiwan ed. 2 . 4: 684. 1998.

A herb up to 40 cm tall. Stems slender, procumbent, often rooting at the lower nodes. Learves opposite, ovate or elliptic, 1.5 x 8 mm, triangularly acute or obtuse at apex, abruptly acute or nearly rounded at base, margins obscurely serrate, glabrous or sparingly hirsute on both surfaces, herbaceous; petioles 5 mm long, glabrous or multi-celled hirsute. Flowers solitary, axillary or quasiterminal, subsessile. Bracts absent. 2 bracteoles, linear-spatulate, ca 6 mm x 0.7 mm, somewhat hirsute. Calyx over 7-8 mm long, 2 partited, divided nearly to the base,the upper segment 3-lobed,the lower ones 2-fided, segments linear, slightly hirsute, margin ciliate. Corolla campanulate upward, tube form (tubular) at base, 2.5 cm long, 1.5 cm in diameter, glabrous outside, limb 5-lobed, lobes subequal,tariangularly rounded, often emarginate at the top. Stamens 4, didynamous, anthers oblong-linear. Disk cylidric, 1 mm tall, 0.3 thick. Ovary cylindric-ellipsoid, glabrous; (style over 2 cm long, with few glandular - tipped hairs). Capsule ca 1.2 cm long, bearing 4-seeds; retinaculum acute.Seeds elliptic, flat, apiculate at top, ca 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide,densely covered with long, appressed hairs (strigose).

Endemic. widely spread in central part mountainous ranges of Taiwan at medium altitudes (Taipei台北,Hsinchu新竹,Nantou南投,Kaohsiung高雄,Hualien花莲）. Type specimen not seen.

3. Parachampionella tashiroi (Hayata) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Naturk. sect. 2. 41(1): 286. 1944.

琉球兰嵌马蓝 liu qiu lan kan ma lan

Strobilanthes tashiroi Hayata Ic. Pl. Formosa 9: 85. 1920.

Herbs, stem procumbent and accending at root, the accended part over 25-30 cm in height, 4-angular, glabrous. Leaves oblong - lanceolate or lanceolate, 8-9 x 3,

acuminate at apex, base abruptly or gradually contracted toward petiole，margin obtuse serrate or nearly entire, glabrous on both surface,thinly hirsute on abaxil nerves, membranous. Racemose with few flowers, terminal, pedicel 1-2 mm long. Each flower with one, spathulate, 13 mm long bract and 2linear, as long as calyx in length 1 cm long, 1.5 mm wide, obtuse, hirsute bracteoles. Calyx 2- divided, the upper lip 3 splits, the lower lip 2 splits, segments 13 mm long, slightly hirsute. Corolla campanulate, 2 cm long, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments hirsute. Style glabrous, dick, 1 mm in height; ovary obovate-terete, glabrous. Capsule 13 mm long, glabrous, 4-seeded, retinaculum linear, 3 mm long, acuminate. Seeds very flat, hirsute, 1.5 x 1.7 mm in diam.

Taiwan, (Taidong台动,Taibei台北,Hsinchu(Xingzhu)新竹. Also occurs in Ryukyu. Type speecimen collected from Ryukyu, Okinawa.

According report: this species similar to Strobilanthes formosana S.Moore very much, differs in calyx lobes narrowly linear, bract absent, and leaves very small. The author have not seen the type specimen, but saw a specimen from type location (Okinawa, Okinoerabu Isl.), identified with this name at the harberum of Harvard University, which similar to Parachampionella flexicaulis (Hayata) C.F.Hsieh et T.C.Huang very much. But in the 1st and 2nd edition of Flora of Taiwan, there is no records on this species, so the problem is wheather this species distributes in Taiwan or not reported by C.E.B.Bremecamp (1944: p.286), who made a new conbination and moved it into Parachampionella. It seems need more investigation, a templary a note was made here.

  属群 3. 

22. GUTZLAFFIA Hance in Hooker, Journ. Bot. & Kew. Gard. Misc. 1: 142.

1849; Hand.- Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 891. 1936.

山一笼鸡属 shan yi long ji

Pseudostenosiphonium Lindau in Naturk. Pflzfam., 4. 3B: 303. 1897;

Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. 2 sect. 41(1): 154. 1944.

Perennial herbs. Stem lignous at base. Leaves isophyllous, opposite; blade nearly coriaceus, elliptic to long elliptic, scabra or slightly scabra adaxil surface, hispid, entire, hispid-ciliate. Spike shot, nearly capitate, terminal or axillary. Flowers actinomorphic. Bracts nearly coriaceus, lanceolate, hispid. Bracteoles samll, linear. Calyx segments 5, sub-equal. Corolla actinomorphic, corolla tube amplified and ventrcosa, 5-lobed, lobes sub-equal. Stamens 2, pollen grains globose, ornamentation echinulate, 3-porate. Ovary narrowly oblong, 2 ovules in each cell; style extended, curved. Capsule spindle shaped，bearing 4 seeds. Seeds nearly orbicular, convex both surface, with thin and soft hairy, soon glabrous, shining (nitidus); areala large.

In Thailand, Indo-China Pen. to S.W. & S.China. In China, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces. Probably monospecific.

1. Gutzlaffia aprica Hance in Hooker, Journ. Bot. & Kew Gard. Misc. 1: 142. 1849.

山一笼鸡 shan yi long ji

Gutzlaffia cavaleriei Lévl. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 18. 1913. & Fl. Kouy-Tchéou :21. 1914.

Gutzlaffia dielsiana (W.W.Sm) S. Moore in Jour. Bot. 63: 167. 1925; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Naturk. 2 sect. 41(1): 155. 1944.

Phlebophyllum apricum (Hance) Benth. in Hook., Journ. Bot. & Kew Gard. Misc. 5: 131. 1853.

Strobilanthes aprica (Hance) T.Anders. in Benth. Fl. Hongkong. 262. 1861.

Strobilanthes dielsiana W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 8: 207. 1914.

Strobilanthes mairei Lévl. Cat. Fl.Yunnan :6. 1915.

1a. var. aprica

山一笼鸡 shan yi long ji

Perennial erect herbs, over 70 cm in height, isophyllous. Stem 4-angular, nodes distinct, lignous at base, restrorsely scabraous. Leaves opposite, scattered (remotus), nearly coriaceus, elliptic to long elliptic, acuminate at apex, base rounded or broadly cuneate, scabra or slightly scabra hispid on adaxil surface, lateral nerves 5-6 pairs, scabraous, pilosule on mid-rib and lateral nerves, yellowish cobwebby? (arneosus?) tomentosa abaxil surface, entire, hispid-ciliate; petiole ca 3 mm long, slightly hairy. Spike capitate, terminal or axillary; sessile above, with over 7 cm long pedicels below. Bracts nearly coriaceus, lanceolate, 13-15 mm long, acuminate at apex, scabra, hispid, ciliate. Corolla purple or white, ca 3.5 cm long, tube narrow, 1.5 cm long, throat ventricose amplified，pilose in 2 lines on palate, 5-lobed, lobes sub-equal, nearly orbicular, ca 5 mm long. Stamens 2, extented, inserted at the base of throat, filaments glabrous, anthers elliptic, pollen grains sphariodal, ornamentation echinulate, 3-porate. Ovary narrowly oblong, white, soft hairs at the top, other glabrous; style extented, curved, pilosulose. Capsule spindle shaped，ca 1 cm long, bearing 4 seeds. Seeds nearly orbicular, convex on both surface, with thin and soft hairy, soon glabrous, shining (nitidus), areala large.

In dry forest or mountainous thicket, below altitude 2200 m. Jiangxi, Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan. Also in Thailand, Indo-China Pen.

1b. var. glabra (Imlay) H.S.Lo in Bull. Bot. Res. 1(4): 102. 1981.

岩一笼鸡 yan yi long ji

Strobilanthes apricus (Hance) T.Anders. var. glaber Imlay in Kew Bull.1939: 116.

Under shrubs. Leaves nearly glabrous, except mir-rib; calyx segments pubescent or nearly glabrous.

Guangdong (Yangchun阳春). Thailand also. Type collected from Thailand.

 

  1. PARAGUTZLAFFIA H.P.Tsui in Acta Bot. Yunn. 12(3): 273. 1990;

    2. 中国种子植物特有属：54-56. 1994.

    南一笼鸡属 nan yi long ji shu

    Herbs anisophyllous. Leaves opposite, ovate or lanceolate, margin crenulate. Spicastra elongated, terminal or axillary. Flowers small, opposite. Bracts spathulate or lanceolate, as long as calyx or slightly shorter. Bracteoles small, shorter than bracts. Calyx 5-partited, segments linear-lanceolate, equal. Bracts, bracteoles and calyx segments pubecsent or villose. Corolla infundibuliform, resupinate 180°, ventricose, limb bilabiate, 2 anticous lobes divided into the base, 3 posterior lobes divided into 1/3 of limb. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at low part of corolla tube, anthers 2-celled, theca ovato-oblong; staminoide 2, small, pollen grains globose, ornamentation echinulate, echinate arranged in longitudinal lines, 3-porate. Ovary narrowly oblong, 2 ovules in each cell; style extended, curved. Capsule spindle-shaped，bearing 4 seeds. Seeds sub- orbicular, flat, areala small.

    2 species in China, from center China to HengDuan（横断）mountainous area and Yunnan Plateau. Endemic. Also in Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces.

    This genera near to Gutzlaffia, differs from it: with spicastra elongated, corolla bilabiate, stamens 4, the posterior pair sterile，pollen grains globose, ornamentation echinalate, echinate aranged in longtudinal lines, a pair leaf on same node unequal, seeds very flat and aerola small.

     

    1a. Inflorenscence dense, tubular, with capitite glandular hairs; flowers usually

    yellow or white.

    …………………………………….......1. 南一笼鸡 P. henryi (Hemsl.) H.P.Tsui

    1b. Inflorenscence lax, nodose, without capitite glandular hairs; flowers purple

    or pink.

    ……………………………………….2. 异蕊一笼鸡 P. lyi (Lévl.) H.P.Tsui

     

    1. Paragutzlaffia henryi (Hemsl.) H.P.Tsui in Acta Bot. Yunn. 12 (3): 274. 1990.

    南一笼鸡 nan yi long ji

    Gutzlaffia anisandra (R.Ben.) Hand.-Mazt. var. drosothyrsa Hand.- Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 891. 1936.

    Gutzlaffia forrestii S.Moore in Journ. Bot. 63: 167. 1925.

    Gutzlaffia henryi (Hemsl.) C.B.Clarke ex S.Moore in Journ. Bot. 63: 167. 1925.

    Strobilanthes henryi Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 240. 1890.

    Perennial herbs or subshrubs, usually ca 35 cm in height. Stems 4-angular, much branched, slender, with retrorsed villose, soon glabrous. Leaves opposite, unequal anisophyllous); petiole 1.5-3.5 (4.5) cm long, blade papyraceous, ovate or ovato-lanceolate, 3-7 (-9) x 2-3 (-4.5) cm, acute or acuminate at apex, base rounded or broadly cuneate, often decurrent, sparsely strigose on adaxil surface, sometimes villose, but soon glabrous; linear cystolithes dense, pubescent abaxil, on nerves more dense, lateral 5-6 pairs, distinct on abaxil surface, margin crenulate. Spicastra, terminal or axillary; elongated, usually 4.5-8 cm long, the longest over 20 cm long, and branched, with 2 opposite flowers at each node. Bracts spathulate or lanceolate, 6-7 x 1-2 mm. Bracteoles linear, shorter than calyx. Calyx 11 mm long, 5 segments linear, sub- equal, 6-7 mm long. Bracts, bracteoles and calyx segments pubecsent or villose. Corolla light purple, sometimes white, 17-23 mm long, tube cylindric, ca 3.5 mm long, throat ventricose, limb bilabiate, 2 anticous lobes rounded, 2 cm in diameter, 3 posterior slightly larger, emarginate at top. Fertile stamens 2, extented, inserted at low part of throat, filaments ca 3.5 mm long, pubescent; anthers 2-celled, theca ovato-oblong; staminoide 2, small, inserted inside from the fertile stamens; pollen grains globose, ornamentation, echinulate, echinate arranged in longitudinal lines, 3-porate. Ovary oblong, 2 ovules in each cell; style extented, curved, enlarged toward stigma. Capsule spindle-shaped，8-10 mm long, bearing 4 seeds. Seeds nearly orbicular, very flat, densely villose; areala small.

    On the mountainous slops, at altitude 1000-2200 m. Hubei（宜昌）; Jiangxi（龙南）;Guangdong（广州）; Hongkong香港; Guangxi(武鸣）;Sichuan（西昌、奉节）;Guizhou（清镇）and Yunnan（昭通、德钦、中甸、丽江、鹤庆、大理、武定、昆明、蒙自、砚山）. Type collected from Hubei Ichang(宜昌).

    2. Paragutzlaffia lyi (Lévl.) H.P.Tsui in Acta Bot. Yun. 12(3): 274. 1990.

    异蕊一笼鸡 yi rui yi long ji

    Gutzlaffia anisandra (R. Ben.) Hand.-Mazz. Sym. Sin. 7: 891. 1936.excl. var..

    Gutzlaffia multiramosa Hand.-Mazz. lc.

    Gutzlaffia lyi (Lévl.) E.Hossain in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(2): 407. 1972.

    Ruelia lyi Lévl. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 21. 1913 et Fl. Kouy -Tchéou 20. 1914.

    Strobilanthes anisandrus R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Naturk. Par. 28 :190. 1922.

    Perennial herbs, stems erect or accending, up to 60 cm tall, suffrutescent at base, much branched, 4-angular when young, soon terete, with retrorsed villose, then glabrous. Leaves opposite, unequal, papyraceous, petiole 2-4 cm long, blade ovate, the upper most nearly round, (2-) 4-8 x 2-4.5 cm, acute or acuminate at apex, base round or broadly cuneate, often decurrent, green adaxial, sparsely strigose, pale beneath, sparsely villose, denser on nerves, lateral 5-6 pairs, distinct beneath, margin crenulate. Spicastra, terminal or axillary; usually 4.5-8 cm long, up most to 20 cm long, and branched, 2 flowers each node, opposite, more or less divaricate. Bracts at the base of inflorescence folious, others linear, shorter than calyx, 1 nerve. Bracteoles linear, shorter than calyx, 7 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Calyx 5 –partited, divided toward base, calyx-tube 1.4 mm long, segments linear, the posterior pair the longest, 7 mm long, 1 mm wide, 3 anticous shorter than 7 mm long. Bracts, bracteoles and calyx segments pubescent or villose. Corolla 1.6 cm long, pubescent ouside, purple or light purple, tube cylindric ca 5.5 mm long, throat 6 mm long, 5 mm in diameter, ventricose, limb bilabiate, 2 anticous lobes nearly rounded, 4 mm long, 3.8 mm wide, 3 posterior larger, 4 mm long, 5 mm wide, emarginate at top. Fertile stamens 2, extented, inserted at the base of throat, filaments 4.7 mm long, pubescent; anthes 2-celled, theca long ovate, filament inserted at middle low part of which, below the attached point 2 theca divaricate; staminoide 2, small, 1.5 mm long, inserted inside from the fertile stamens; pollen grains globose, ornamentation echinulate, echinate arrang in longitudinal line, 3-porate. Ovary oblong, 2.5 mm long, glabrous, 2 ovules in each cell; style extented, 11.5 mm long, curved, enlarged into stigma. Capsule spindle-shaped, 8-10 mm long, bearing 4 seeds. Seeds nearly orbicular, flat, densely covered with slender villose; areala small.

    On road side, mountainous slops and under mixed forest, below altitude 2800 m. Guizhou贵州（惠水）; Sichuan (布托、马边）; Yunnan（贡山、大理）; Hunan（保靖、宁恩）. Type collected from Guizhou, Huishui (惠水).

     

    属群4.

  2. TARPHOCHAMYS Bremek.in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.

Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 156. 1944.

肖笼鸡属 xiao long ji shu

Herbs, isophyllous. Leaves petioled. Spike long, terminal or axillary. Bracts ovate, obtuse, multi-nerves ? (nervatus? or penninerves?) from the base, longer than calyx, persistent. Flowers solitary in baracts axil. Bracteoles similar to the calyx segments, but shorter, obtuse, 1-nerved (unineris), persistent. Calyx 5-partited, segments oblanceolate, slightly obtuse, the center one bigger than the others. Corolla blueish purple, resupinate rectangully, throat amplified ventricose, infundibuliform, limb 5-lobed, with 2 lines hairs on it, lobes unequal, rounded. Stamens 4, extented, filaments of the outside pair hirsute at base, longer than that of inside, the later glabrous; anthers erect, obtuse at top, theca nearly flat (sub-complanate); staminoide small, pollen grains globose, ornamentation reticulate with large meshes, spinules arranged in rings inside the meshes of the reticulum. Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, style hirsute. Capsule fusiform, pubescent at top, bearing 4 seeds; retinaculum erect and acute. Seeds brown biconvex, annular hairs around the areola, glabrous when mature, cells wall of subepidermal layer of testa straight and partly thickened.

2 species. Distribute from Nepal, mountainous area of Khasia, Asam of N.E.India, Indo- China Pen. to Yunnan, Guangxi of China. 2 species all in China.

In its isophylly, resupinate corolla, biconvex seeds and the thick walled subepidermal layer of the testa, Tarphochlamys resembles Gutzlaffia, but in the subequally 5-partite calyx; 4 fertile stamens, erect anthers and reticulated pollen grains it differs considerablely from other genus. A very special and distinct character of this genus is speriodal pollen grains, reticulate ornamentation with larger meshes, spinules arranged in rings of the meshes inside.

1a. Erect herbs; stems basal geniculate; bracts, calyx, corolla glandular hairs.

…………………………………………..….1. 肖笼鸡 T. affinis (Griff.) Bremek.

1b. Nearly rosette, much branched; leaves small, elliptic or obtuse; corolla

non-glandular hairs. ............2. 贵州肖笼鸡 T. darrisii (Lévl.) E. Hossain

1. Tarphochlamys affinis (Griff.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Tweede Sect. 41(1): 157. 1944.

肖笼鸡 xiao long ji

Adenosma affinis Griff; Notulae 4: 133. 1854.

Strobilanthes acrocephalus T.Anders. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 473. 1867.

Strobilanthes affinis (Griff.) Y.C.Tang, in Iconographic Cormophytorum Sinicorum 4: 159. 1975, nom. seminud.

Strobilanthes thirionni Lévl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 18. 1913; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41 (1): 286. 1944.

Herbs, up to 60 cm in height. Stems basal geniculate，4-angular when young, canaliculate, with white multi-celled scaber hairs. Petiole 0.5-1.5 cm long, leaves ovate, 3-8 x 2-2.5 cm, acute at apex, margin obtusely toothed, sparsely strigose on both surface, cystolithes long subulate, dense and distinct, dark green adaxial (adaxil); yellow green, on veins hairs denser beneath (adaxil). Spike terete, 3-6 cm long, usually terminal, peduncle densely glandular and ciliate. Bracts imbricate, spathulate, broadly ovate to ovate, about 7 mm long, covered with multi-cell long hairs and glandular hairs, ciliate, reflexed at top, 5-nerved. Bracteoles oblong, linear, shorter than calyx. Calyx 5-partite, segments linear, obtuse, 1-nerved. Bracts, breacteoles, and calyx segments all glandular and ciliate. corolla light purple, curved and resupinate, cylindric base scarcely so long as the ventricose portion, limb somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens didynamous, extented, stameniode trace between the membrance base of 2 short filaments, bilateral of membrance villose, anthers oblong, paraell; pollen grains globose, ornamentation reticulate with rather larger mesh, spinules are arranged in rings inside the meshes of the reticulum. Capsule ca 7 mm long, pubescent. Seeds 4, pubescent.

On mountinous slops or thicket. Yunnan(盈江、保山、景东、镇康、罗平、文山、砚山、禄春、富宁、思茅、景洪);Guizhou (册亨、兴仁、镇宁、贵阳); Guangxi (桂林、隆林、临桂、天宝); Hunan (安江). FromVietnam, to N.E.India also. Type collected from India, mountain area of Khasia.

2. Tarphochlamys darrisii (Lévl.) E. Hossain in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(2): 410.1972.

贵州肖笼鸡 gui zhou xiao long ji

Strobilanthes darrisii Lévl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 18. 1913 et Fl. Kouy-Tchéou : 22. 1944 p.p.; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 273. 1944.

Plants procumbent, much stems and villose, stem ascendent, usually 10-15 cm in height. Inflorences condensed, spike. Leaves with stipe (petioled0, nearly orbicularia, obtuse, 12-15 mm both long and wide, hirsute, lower margin crenulate, 3-ribbed at middle. Flowers blue-violet. Stamens 2. Type specimen collected from Guizhou, Xingyi Hian.

The author has not seen the type specimen, and the original description was too simple. It is probably the same species (conspicific) with Tarphochlamys affinis (Griff.) Bremek.

   属群 5. 

    1. SERICOCALYX Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.

Afd. Naturk. sect. 2. 41(1): 157. 1944.

黄球花属 huang qiu hua shu

Herbs or undershrubs, isophyllous. Leaves opposite, petioled or sessile, blade scabra or slightly scabrous, hookedly hirsute on both surface or abaxil (beneath), thin and parallel cystolithes adaxil (above). Flowers sessile, erect and non resupinate, solitary or 3-fld. on bracts, composing a short or somewhat long and condensed, terminal or axillary spike, with large, green, usually 3-nerved at base, persistent, imbricate bracts, sometimes looks like a paniculate. Bracteoles or bracteoleless, bracteoles thin linear, like coarse haurs or 0. Calyx 5-partite, segments linear or narrowly triangular, broader at middle, inside white, densely sericeous towards base. Corolla yellow, erect and non-resupinate, tube cylindric, throat amplified, infundibuliform, slightly longer than tube, 2 lines hairs inside supporting the style, lobes of limb equall, rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, extented, filaments of outer pair twice longer than the inner ones, hirsute towards base; anthers erect, obtuse or mucronate at top, lateral theca complanate; staminoide small or 0; pollen grains ellipsoid, ornamentation punctately ribbed. Ovary capitately hairy, 2-celled, 2-6 ovules in each cell, style hairy. Capsule fusiform, capitate hairy sometimes clustered, sometimes wholely pubescent, with 4-12 seeds, retinculum appressed, bidents at tip. Seeds yellow, areola extented towards margin, sometime annular hairs around areola.

About 15 species. In Bengel, N.E.India (Asam), Indo-China Pen. S.China through W.Malaya into Sunda Is. 5 species endemic of Malaya Archipelago. 2 species in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces of China.

Similar to Hemigraphis with more than 4 seeds, but its corolla yellow; seed larger; calyx densely sericeous inside; bracts imbricate, are easy to distinct from other genera.

 

1a. Herbs or under shrubs, leaves papyraceous, ovate, elliptic or oblong, 1.5-11

x 1-4.5 cm .…………................1. 黄球花 S. chinensis (Nees) Bremek.

1b. Herbs, up to 18 cm tall, leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5 x 1

cm .………….......2. 溪畔黄球花 S. fluviatilis (Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) Bremek.

 

1. Sericocalyx chinensis (Nees) Bremek., in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41 (1): 163. 1944.

黄球花 huang qiu hua

Hemigraphis chinensis (Nees) T.Anders ex Hemsl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 238. 1890.

Hemigraphis procumbens (Lour.) Merr. in Phil. Sci. Journ.15: 256. 1919; et Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 2: 24(2): 356. 1935; sensu Merr. et Chun in Sunyatsenia 5(1-3): 183-184. 1940.

Ruellia chinensis Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 147. 1817.

Herbs or undershrubs, 30-50 cm tall, up to 1.5 m in height. Stems suffrutescent, often procument, and rooting at base, sparsely erect, 4-angular when young only, hirsute, leaves on lateral branches small, acuminate or acute at apex, base gradually narrew or slightly decurrent, margin serrate, or dentate, loosely hispidus? on both surface, thin and parallel cystolithes adaxil (above), mid-ribs immersed adaxil, lateral nerves 5 each side, purple, nerves convex,scabra or slightly scabrous, and with more dense hairs abaxil; petioles 4-10 cm long. Spike short and contracted, capitate or slightly elongated. Bracts usually imbricate, ovate, 1.5-2 cm long, green, usually 3-nerved from the base, hirsute, suddenly beaked at apex, beak linear, about 1/3 length of bracts, obtuse. Bracteoles as long as calyx segments, linear, ca 9 mm long. Corolla ca 2 cm long pubescent outside, villose inside. Capsule ca 10 mm long, pubescent bearing 4 seeds in each cell. Seeds broadly ovate, yellow when dry, glabrous or slightly hairy at margin. Flowering: winter and spring.

By streams or in wet valley. Guangdong (茂名、罗定、广州白云山、番禺、新兴、云浮); Hainan (乐东、定安、东方、昌江、定安、陵水、三亚、保亭、琼中); Guangxi (容县、博白). Also Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

2. Sericocalyx fluviatilis (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Sect. 2. 41(1): 163. 1944; 云南种子植物名录（下册）：1685. 1984.

溪畔黄球花 xi pan huang qiu hua

Hemigraphis fluviatilis C.B.Clarke ex W.W. Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 182. 1918

Herbs, up to 18 cm tall, suffrutescent at base, often branched, stems decumbent, covered with white or yellow-brown strigose-hirsute. Leaves petioled, petioles 2-3 mm long, strigose-hirsute, the upper leaves contracted, blade 3.5 x 1 cm, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse at apex, base cuneate, margin crenuate, papyraceous, dark green adaxial, slightly grey beneath, densely white strigose-hirsute on both surface; lateral nerves 4-5 each side, inconsipicious adaxial, convex beneath. Spike 2.5 cm long, 2 cm in diameter, terminal, nearly globose with leaves at base, rarely axillary on the axil of lower leaves. Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate to linear, ca 1 cm long, strigose- hirsute. Calyx 8 cm long, strigose- hirsute, segments, linear, acute, divided into the base. Corolla 1 cm long, yellow, glabrous; tube base cylindric, amplified gradually; lobes of limb rounded, 2 mm in diameter. Stamens 4, all fertile, filaments sparsely villose; pollen grains typial. Ovary oblong, white long villose at top; style villose. Capsule oblong, 8-seeded.

Yunnan（红河、景洪、西双版纳）; Guizhou （望谟）. Type collected from Yunnan, Hong he, near Manban.(红河近蛮板).

 

  属群 6. 

26. PSEUDAECHMANTHERA Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad.

Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. sect.2. 41(1): 188. 1944.

假尖蕊属 jia jian rui shu

Moncarpic plant，isophyllous. Stems villosissma. Leaves petioled, pubescent on both surface. Infloresences spiciform. Bracts folious, the lower longer than calyx, others shorter, decussent and persistent. Flowers solitary on bract axil. Bracteoles shorter than calyx. Corolla bluish grey, non resupinate, tube cylindric as long as throat; throat campanulate, with 2 rows hairs supporting the style, lobes of limb emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous inconspiciously, included, all erect, filaments glabrous; anthers erect, linear, nearly acute; staminoide tuncate; pollen grains large, shortly elliptic, ornamentation punctate ribbed. Ovary densely capitate hairy, 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; style hairy. Capsule capitate hairy. Seeds 4, with areola, annular hairy around areola. Monospecific genera，endemic of Himalaya.

1. Pseudaechmanthera glutinosa (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 188. 1944.

粘毛假尖蕊 nian mao jia jian rui

Strobilanthes glutinosa Nees in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 86. 1832; DC. Prodr. 11: 194. 1842.

Ruellia glutinosa Nees in Wall. [Wall., Cat. n. 2350. 1828, nom. nud.]

Ruellia hirta D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep.: 119. 1825. non Vahl (1794). nom. illigim.

Ruellia jacquemontiana Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 145. 1847.

Perennial herbs, suffrutscent. Stems ligneouos, full of pith, nearly terete, nodes inflated or incrassted，glanduloso-capitate –hirsute. Leaves ovate, acute at both ends, margin mucronate –serrate, included narrow 2.5 cm long petiole, ,up to 10 cm long, 5 cm wide, hirsute and scaber, not rugose. Peduncles axillary, 2.5 cm long, or tri-fld. or opposite, often trifld. with 5 cm long ovate leaves, solitary flowers more often with a pair of leaves at base. Spike erect or contracted, terminal or axillary, or opposite on leaf axil, ovate, hirsute and nearly glandular hairy. Bracts ovate-oblong, obtuse, undulate to subserrate; bracts and calyx with glandular hairy and glutinous. Bracteoles spathulate or linearly spathulate, obtuse, undulately toothed, twice shorter than calyx. Calyx ca 1.2 cm long, segments linear, the lateral obtuse at top, the upper one longer, rarely or often with different kinds hairs on stems and calyx, capitate-glandular hairs. Corolla blue, ca 4 cm long, longer than bracts in length, longly infundibuliform, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, thin and long lobes of limb curved inwards (concavus). Stamens hirsute at base. Capsule 1.2 cm long, slightly compressed, pubescent, bearing 4 seeds at middle.

On mountainous slopes of Himalaya. In China, Yunnan Yanfeng (盐丰) in record (According to Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 894).

The author hasn’t seen the type, but observed the microfilm of Candolle Prodromi Herarium ( ~ DC. Prodr. 11: 194. no. 60th species. 1842；Wall. Cat. n. 2350. 1828. Strobilanthes glutinosa Nees)，by "Extended Micro-Edition of International Documentation Centre AB", published by Hagelby House Tumba Sweden. The author considered from the photo film,its outline smilar to the genus Aechmanthera, but it was difficult to identify hairs absent or present on corolla outside, and what kind hairs on it; on connective with mucrons or appendages or not. It is also no provident without observation of pollen grains. According to the report of Hand-Mazz (Symb. Sin. 7: 894. 1936), the specimen Ten 266 collected from Yunna Beyengjing; and to Index Florae Yunnanensis Tomus 2: 1681. 1984, there was another colletion form Yunnan DaYao( 大姚盐丰). Regretly, the author didn’t find any specimen from those locations in the herharia have been observed. So confirmation of this statement is urgently required.

 

属群 7. 

27. BAPHICACAMTHUS Bremek.in Verh. Ned Akad.

Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 190. 1944.

板蓝属 ban lan shu

Monocarpic plant (plietesial), isophyllous. Leaves with long petiole. Flowers sessile, opposite forming terminal or axillary, elongated spike. Bracts folious, pinninerved, obovate, round at apex, base narrow, petioled, the lowest longer than calyx; gradually smaller upward, the upper most linear. Bracteoles of the lower most flowers shorter than calyx, others gradually smaller upward. Calyx 5-partited, segments unequal, linear, acute, the posterior ones larger. Corolla violet, rose-red or white, tube cylindic, curved at top, throat amplified, narrowly campanulate, slightly curved, non –resupinate, tube short, twice shorter than narrowly campanulate throat, hairs supporting the style in 2 rows, limb 5-lobed, lobes equal, obcordate, contorte. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, erect, filaments glabrous; anthers erect, mucron at apex; theca compressed; staminoide absent, the membrane of connective on the inner pair of stamen emarginate; pollen grains large, ellipsoid, ornamentaion ribbed, punctate and 2 ridges on the rib. Style glabrous; ovary hairy on up half, 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule claviform, ca 2.2 cm long, enlarge towards upper half, slightly 4-angular. 2 seeds in each cell, areola small, sparsely conspiceous hairy around areola.

Monospicific genus，1 species, in N.E.India, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China Pen. to southern part of sub-tropic China, northward to Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and southern of Zhejiang. It was formerly grown on a large scale such as soutnern China, Indo-China Pen. and Northern India for the indigoblue dye obtained from its leaves. And now still cultivated and used by ethnic minority for dyestuff. The country of origin might be southern China.

1. Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Ned Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 59, 190. 1944.

板蓝 Ban lan

Dipteracanthus? calycinus Champ. in Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. 5 : 133. 1853.

Goldfussia cusia Nees in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 38. 1832 et in DC. Prodr. 11: 175. 1847.

Ruellia indigofera Griff. Journ. Travel. Ind.: 327. 1847.

Ruellia indigotica Fortune, Resid. in China :158. 1957.

Strobilanthes balansae Lindau in Bull. Herb. Boiss., Ser. 2a 5: 652. 1897.

Strobilanthes champiori T.Anders. in Benth. Fl. Hongk. 261. et in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 481. 1866.

Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) O.Kuntze in Rev. Gen. 499. 1891.

Strobilanthes flaccidifolius Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 194. 1847.

Monocarpic plants (plietesial). Stems erect or decumbent at base, slightly lignified, ca 1 m tall, usually branched oppositely, young shoots and infloresences with rusty-red, scale hair. Leaves papyraceous, elliptic or ovate, 10-20 (-25) x 4-9 cm, acuminate at apex, base cuneate, margin roughly serrate, glabrous on both surface, black when dry; lateral nerves 8 each side, convex on both surface; petiole 1.5-2 cm long. Spike erect, 10-30 cm long. Bracts opposite, 1.5-2.5 cm long. Capsule 2- 2.2 cm long, glabrous. Seeds ovate, 3.5 mm long. Flowering: Novenber.

Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Fujian, Zhejiang. Usually on wet place. Also in Bengal, N.E.India, Burma, Himalaya etc to Indo –China Pen.

Usage: It has been cultivated in the center, southern and southern west China popularly for the indigoblue dye from its leaves, before the development of the synthitic dye. Due to its strong adaptation, nowadays it has eacaped and widely spread in many provinces mentioned adaxial. Its roots and leaves could be used as medicine herbs for diminishing or counteracting inflammation (anti-inflammatory).

 

   属群 8. 

28. PERILEPTA Bremek. in Verh. Ned.

Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 193. 1944.

耳叶马蓝 er ye ma lan

Monocarpic plant (plietesaial), anisophyllous. Leaves sessile, gradually narrow towards base, and more or less auriculate or perfoliatus. Inflorenscence terminal or axillary on upper leaves axil, nearly peduncleless, spike rather long, the upper leaves usually smaller, pubescent or tomentose. Bracts obovate, or obcuneate, apex recurvate-cuspidate, usually ciliate, multi – nerved from base, as long as calyx, perisitent. Flowers soliary on bract axil. Bracteoles small or absent. Calyx 2-partite, the low lip (anticous) 2- lobed, the upper (posterior) 3-lobed, segments linear, acute or obtuse, 1-nerved, the center one larger, the lateral slightly shorter. Corolla blue or viiolet, tube cylindric, resupinate, longer than the amplified, campanulate throat, curved at throat base, with 2 rows of hairs supporting the style, lobes of limb rounded, subequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, all included or rather long extented, the longer stamens erect, filaments hirsute towards the base only, the shorter stamens incurved, filaments wholely hirsute; anthers erect, obtuse or mucron at apex, compressed; staminoide in the center, distinct; pollen grains ellipsoid, ornamentation septately ribbed. Ovary glabrous, 2 ovules in each lateral cells; style glabrous. Capsule fusiform, glabrous, 4-seeded, retinaculum acute, annular and rigid hairs around the areola. Cell wall of subepiderma layer straight and incrassate.

8 species formerly, in Center and Northern parts of India, Himalaya, westwards to Kashmir, Burma, Indo-China Pen., straight to China. In China, ca 3-4 species, now increased to 8-9 species, (within included 4 species of Guangxi). 1 species cultivated.

 

1a. Leaves redish purple abaxil (beneath) or somewhat ferrugineous abaxil (beneath) when dry.

2a. Leaves ovate, obovate-lanceolate, redish purple abaxil (beneath).

……………………………….....2. 红背耳叶马蓝 P. dyeriana (Mast.) Bremek.

2a. Leaves broadly elliptic to elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic, remotely dens on upper half,

somewhat ferrugineous abaxil (beneath) when dry.

…………….4. 锈背耳叶马蓝 P. ferruginea (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

1b. Leaves neither redish purple abaxil (beneath) nor somewhat ferrugineous abaxil (beneath)

when dry.

3a. Spike nearly without peduncle.

4a. Inflorescences long but close. (compact, tigth)

5a. Spikes terminal or axillary, cylindric, tomentose; bracts imbricate, obovate-

spathulate, apex often with recurved mucron, tomentose. Bracteole abscent.

……………………………........1. 耳叶马蓝 P. auriculata (Nees) Bremek.

5b. Spikes solitary in many leaves axils, continuous，with 4-8 pairs flowers; bracts

opposite, spathulate-ovate, slight obtuse, more or less covered with lightly dark

brown adpressed -hisute, above the middle reflexed with 1-fld. on it. Bracteoles

shortly oblong, apex often reflexed. ………………………………………..

….7.折苞耳叶马蓝P. refracta (D.Fang,Y.G.Wei et J.Murata) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

4b. Inflorescences long but remote, flowers alternate or opposite on axis, sometimes one

sterile on shoots; bracts triangular or somewhat lanceolate, apex acute.

6a. Bracts narrowly triangular.

.…... 5. 弄岗耳叶马蓝 P. longgangensis (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

6b. Bracts somewhat lanceolate.

.......6. 龙州耳叶马蓝 P. longzhouensis (H.S.Lo et D.Fang) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

3b. Spike with peduncle or short peduncle.

7a. Infloresence dense and interrupted at base; with short 1-2 cm long peduncle.

………………………........3. 墨江耳叶马蓝 P. edgeworthiana (Nees) Bremek.

7b. Spikes contiuneous, elongated after flowering, with 4-7 pairs flowers, peduncle 1-4

cm long; bracts opposite, ovate, apex imarginate, base cordate, margin undulate and

subcrispe. ……………………………………………………………………………..

……...8. 凹苞耳叶马蓝 P. retusa (D.Fang ) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

 

  1. Perilepta auriculata (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 194. 1944.

    2. 耳叶马蓝 er ye ma lan

    Strobilanthes auriculatus Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 69, tab. 295. 1832; et in DC Prodr. 11: 191. 1847; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 453. 1884.

    Suffrutescent herbs, up to 1 m tall, branches many divaricate often zigzag, quadrangular, glabrous, tips more or less hairy. Leaaves often very unequal, elliptic –oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 x 3.5-4.5 cm, acute at apex, base gradually narrow, cuneate, more or less perfoliate, auriculate, margin minutely serrate, hirsute on both surface. Spikes cylindric, 5-8 cm long, terminal or axillary, tomentose. peduncle axis 4-canaliculate deeply, nodes distinct. Bracts imbricate, obovate-spathulate, 6-9 mm long, apex often with recurved mucron, tomentose. Bracteole abscent. Calyx divided nearly to the base; segments unequal, linear, obtuse, closely velvety. Corolla pale purple, infundibuliform, ca 2 cm long, curved, very slightly hairy without, cylindric base much shorter than the ventricose part, limb 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed, lobes unequal, ca 3 mm long. Stamens didynamous, membrane between filaments; pollen grains ellipsoid, 3-colporate, ornamentation ribbed or banded with 3-colpate and pseudocolpate. Capsule ca 8 mm long, longer than bracts, nearly clavate, flat, bearing 4 seeds. Seeds thin orbicular, elastically white-hairy; areoles very small.

    Yunnan (思茅、普文、普屯); Guangxi (百色、田林). Also in Bengel, N.E.India, Himalaya, Indo-China Pen.

  2. Perilepta dyeriana (Mast.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 194. 1944.

    3. 红背耳叶马蓝 hong bei er ye ma lan

    Strobilanthes dyeriana Mast. in Gard. Chron. 1: 442. 1893 et in Rev. Hort. 65: 201. 1893.

    Perennial herbs or erect shrubs, much branched. Stems 4-angular, distinct sulcate, green, sparsely hirsute. Leaves sessile, ovate obovate-lanceolate, acminate or caudate at apex, base pandurate, decurrent, rounded, cordate, margin serrate, sparsely hirsute on both surface, green and nitid adaxil (above), lateral nerves rose, 12-15 pairs, young leaves redish purple abaxil (beneath). Spikes axillary, 2-3 cm long. Flowers dense. Bracts 4-8 mm long, broadly ovate, shorter than the calyx, persistent. Bracteoles and calyx segments linear, glandular-pubescent. Calyx divided towards the middle, segments unequal, linear, ca 7 mm long, obtuse. Corolla 3-4 cm long, slightly curved, violet, tube short and narrow, amplified upward, slightly ventricose, throat ca 2.5 cm in diameter, limb 5-lobed, lobes short, with a white keel (carina)，lateral lobes the width longer than the length, recurved. Stamens 4, didynamous, 2 longers fertile, 2 shorters sterile (or empty in theca), pollen grains ellipsoid, ornamentation reticulate with rotated bands or ribs. Ovary nearly glabrous.

    Original in Burma, now cultivated in Guangdong, Yunnan of China. Ornamental plants for flowers and leaves

  3. Perilepta edgeworthiana (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41 (1): 194. 1944.

墨江耳叶马蓝 mo jiang er ye ma lan

Strobilanthes auriculatus var. edgworthianus (Nees) C.B.Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 453. 1884.

Strobilanthes edgeworthianus Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 190. 1874.

Perennial herbs. Stems quadrangular, glabrous, geniculate at node. The lower leaves nearly equal, lanceolate - oblong, acminate at apex, cuneate, angulate, auriculate at base, pubescent; the upper leaves unequal, cordate, perfoliate, margin serrate or entire, the smaller ones cordate, 3-4 cm long, the larger obcordate-cuneate, emarginate at tip, divaricate, mucronate, recurved, longly ciliate, twice longer than the shorter. Spikes axillary, cylindric, 5-9.5 cm long, with short 1-2 cm long peduncle. Flowers on infloresence dense and interrupted, remote towards base; Bracts the low most 2-3 pairs stertile and remote, nearly cordate, acute, reflexed; others imbricate, 9 mm long, these near the top up to 6 mm wide, emarginate, lobes rounded, with mucron in emarginate place, refleded, base cuneate, pubescent inside, long hirsute outside, margin long ciliate. Corolla 1.5-2 cm long, glabrous, blue. Capsule as long as calyx, lanceolate, narrowed towards base, bearing 4 seeds at the middle.

Yunnan （墨江、普洱）. In N. India, Himalaya and Indo-China Pen.

According to P.R.Shekya（in H.Hara, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 142. 1982.）, this species probably is the same with Perilepta auriculata (Nees) Bremek.

4. Perilepta ferruginea (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 119. 2002.

锈背耳叶马蓝 xiu bei er ye ma lan

Strobilanthes ferruginea D.Fang et H.S.Lo, in Guihaia 17 (1): 29. 1997.

Shrubs, ca 2 m in height, anisophyllous. Leaves broadly elliptic to elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic, the larger leaves 13-18 cm long, the smaller leaves 4-7.5 cm long, remotely dens on upper half, somewhat ferrugineous abaxil (beneath) when dry. Spike axillary, 1-2.5 cm long, remoted, with 3-1 flowers each spike. Bracts elliptic to oblong, ca 3.5-4 mm long, persistent. Flowers alternate. Calyx 9 mm long, bilabiate, the lower lip 2-partite, divided into the base, the upper lip 3-partite, ca 4 mm long, all segments oblong. Corolla 3-3.5 cm long, glabrous outside, throat purple, limb white, 5 lobes, ca 5 mm long. Stamens 4, filaments sparsely hirsute.

On rocky mountains, in dense forest. Guangxi（Longzhou龙州）.Type collected from Guangxi, Longzhou, Longgang.

According to the paper of Fang Ding and Lo Hsian- Shui: affinity to Strobilanthes griffithiana (Nees) T.Anders., differs from that species leaves broadly lanceolate; non ferrugineous beneath when dry; spike very long, up to 20 cm; viscoso-pubescent; bracts angust triangular, 25 mm long; corolla yellow." The author has not seen the type specimen, just has a look at a photo of it, considered that its bilabiate calyx should be moved into this genera, but it petioled and is not perfoliate, distinct differs from other species of this genera, templarly moving here, further ovservation to the type or more study on pollen grains mophorlogy are needed.

 

5. Periletpa longgangensis (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 119. 2002.

弄岗耳叶马蓝 long gang er ye ma lan

Strobilanthes longgangensis D.Fang et H.S.Lo, in Guihaia 17 (1): 33. 1997.

Sub-shrubs, up to 40 cm tall. Except flowers glabrous. Leaves unequal, narrowly elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic, the large leaves 6-11.5 cm long, the smaller leaves (1.5-) 3-8.5 cm long, decurrent at base, margin denticulate, lateral nerves 4-6 each side. Spike axillary, 2-4 cm long, branchless, with 5-1 flowers. Bracts opposite, remote, narrowly triangular, 2-4 mm long, the acute at apex one stertile, persistent. Calyx ca 5 mm long, bilabiate, the low lip 2-partite, divided into the base, the upper lip 3-partite, segments 2 mm long. Corolla purple, over 2.5 cm long, glabrous outside, limb 5- lobed, lobes ca 4 mm long, emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments all loosely pilose. Ovary glabrous; style hirsute.

On limestone mountainous slopes. Guangxi (Longzhou龙州) . Type collected from Guangxi Longzhou, Longgang.

According to the paper of Fang Ding and Lo Hsian- Shui: this speces differs from Strobilanthes griffithiana (Nees)T.Anders. with lateral nerves of leaves 4-6 each side; spike up to 4 cm long; branchless, glabrous; bracts shorter than the calyx, acute at apex, ca 5 mm long ." The author has not seen the type specimen, just has a look at a photo of it, considered its calyx bilabiate, shoud be moved into this genera, but it petioled and the blade is not perfoliate, distinct differs from other species of this genera, moving here is templarly, it is needed to observed the type and do some further mophorlogic study on pollen grains.

6. Periletpa longzhouensis (H.S.Lo et D.Fang) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 120. 2002.

龙州耳叶马蓝 long zhou er ye ma lan

Strobilanthes longzhouensis H.S.Lo et D.Fang, in Guihaia (广西植物) 17(1): 34- 35. 1997.

Shrubs, up to 2 m in height. Stems purplish below. Leaves coriaceous, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, 3-15.5 x 2.5-6 cm, base cuneate, margin inconspiceous serrulate or subundulate, glabrous, lateral nerves 5-7(-9) each side. Spike axillary, flowers dense alternate. Bracts lanceolate, 5-6 mm long, pubescent, persistent. Calyx ca 8 mm long, bilabiate, the low lip 2-partite, divided into the base, the upper lip 3-partite, segments ca 6 mm long. Corolla pale purple, 3-3.5 cm long, glabrous outside, limb 5- lobed, lobes ca 5 mm long. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments of anticous pair longly villose. Ovary glabrous; style villose toward upper half.

On limestone mountainous. Guangxi （龙州、大新）. Type collected from Guangxi, Longzhou, Longgang (弄岗).

According to the paper of Fang Ding and Lo Hsian- Shui: " this species affinity to Strobilanthes griffithiana (Nees) T.Anders. with flowers alternate; calyx bilabiate, but differs from that later: with broadly lanceolate leaves, pubescent beneath; spike and calyx viscoso-pubescent." The author has not seen the type specimen, just has a look at a photo of it, considered its calyx bilabiate, shoud be moved into this genera, but it petioled and the blade is not perfoliate, distinct differs from other species of this genera, moving here just templarly, it needs to observed the type and do some further mophorlogic study on pollen grains.

 

7. Perilepta refracta (D.Fang,Y.G.wei et J.Murata) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 120. 2002.

折苞耳叶马蓝 zhe bao er ye ma lan

Strobilanthes refracta D.Fang, Y.G.Wei et J.Murata in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 38(2): 185-187. 2000.

Sub-shrubs, 1-2 m in height, blackened when dry. Tthe upper stems and branchletes quadra-canaliculate, covered with lightly dark brown hair, hairs on nodes more dense. Leaves unequal, on upper part larger, papyraceous to thickened papyraceous, ovate rarely obovate-elliptic, (2-) 4.5-20.5 x (1-) 2.5-9.2 cm , abruptely short acuminate, acuminate or slightly obtuse, base broad or broadly cuneate and sub-decurrent; margin sub-entire or inconspiceously crenulate, glabrous adaxil (above), nearly glabrous on mid or lateral nerves abaxil (beneath), dense cystolithes on both surface, lateral nerves (3-) 4-12 each side, mid-rib slightly convex abaxil (beneath); petiole 2-25 mm long, indumentum as same as branches. Spikes solitary in many leaves axils, 1.5- 3 cm long, 7-12 mm in diameter, continuous，with 4-8 pairs flowers, flowers sessile. Bracts opposite, spathulate-ovate, ca 11 x 6 mm, slight obtuse, with bracteoles and calyx thick papyracious, more or less covered with lightly dark brown adpressed -hisute, above the middle reflexed, with 1-fld. on it. Bracteoles shortly oblong, 13 x 2 mm, apex often reflexed. Calyx bilabiate, segments 5, linear, 1 mm wide, 2 anticous 10 mm long, shortly connected at base, 3 posterior 3 mm long, connected shortestly. Corolla purple, about 4 cm long, slightly curved, glabrous outside, tube 1 cm long, cylindric, throat campanulate, 2.5 cm long, lobes 5, ca 5 cm long, apex emarginate. Stamens didynamous, inclused, the longer filaments 7 mm long, pilose, the shorter filaments 3 mm long, glabrous; anther 3 –3.5 mm long. Ovary with long hairs at upper part, style 2.7 cm long, pilosulus, stigma obconical. Capsule not seen.

In the forest of valley, at altitude 350 m. Guangxi, Na po (那坡). Type collected from Guangxi, Napoo.

According to the paper of Fang Ding : this species "affinity to Strobilanthes polyneura C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.., but differs with leaves ovate, smaller, margin subentire or inconspiceous crenulate, lateral nerves few, bracts refleded; bracts, bracteoles, and calyx segements all rather short, apex not subulate; the short filaments glabrous." The author has not seen the type specimen, just has a look at a photo of the type, considered its calyx bilabiate, shoud be moved to this genera, but it petioled and leaves are not perfoliate, distinct differs from other species of this genera, moving here templarly, to observed the type and do some further mophorlogic study on pollen grains are needed. .

8. Periletpa retusa (D.Fang ) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 121. 2002.

凹苞耳叶马蓝 ao bao er ye ma lan

Strobilanthes retusa D.Fang in Acta Phytotax. Sin 38 (2): 187-188. 2000.

Herbs, 80 cm tall, becoming black when dry except inflorescences. Stem branched at base, shoots, branches, and inflorescences glabrous, sharply 4-angular, winged between nodes, wing 0.5-2 mm wide. Leaves unequal, rarely equal, sessile, blade thin, papyraceous or herbariceous, elliptic, sometimes rhombic - elliptic, obovate or ovate, 6.5-20.5 x 4-8.5 cm, apex acute or acuminate, margin crenate, rarely broad cuneate abruptly contracted downward and decurrent, base auriculate and amplexicaul; pubescent, dense cystolithes adaxil (above), sparsely remote pilose on mid-rib and lateral nerves abaxil (beneath); lateral nerves 5-9 each side, with mid-rib both convex abaxil (beneath). Spikes axillary or terminal, 2.5-3.5 cm long, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, contiuneous, elongated after flowering, with 4-7 pairs flowers, peduncle 1-4 cm long. Bracts opposite, ovate, 2.2 x 1.5 cm, apex imarginate, base cordate, margin undulate and subcrispe, pilosulate outside, 1-fld, deciduou when fruiting; bracts and bracteoles and calyx segments all green, herbareous. Bracteoles elliptic, 14-16 x 7 mm, obtuse and apex emarginate, margin crispe, deciduous. Calyx ca 12.5 mm long, 18 mm in fruit, slightly bilabiate, segments 5, oblanceolate, indumentum same with bracteoles, margin crispe, 2 anticous 9.5 mm long, connected at base, 3 posterior; 12 mm long, connected extremely short. Corolla white, ca 4 cm long, purplish straight on the middl lobes of curved posterior lip, glabrous outside; lobes 5, nearly rounded at top. Stamens didynamous, filaments of the shorter ones sparsely pilose below. Ovary glabrous, style pubescent upward, stigma unequally 2-lobed. Seeds 4, densely adpressed pilose.

By streams, at altitude 560 m. Guangxi (Huaniang环江).Type collected from Guangxi (Huaniang环江).

According to the original paper of Fang Ding : this species "affinity to Strobilanthes barbatus (Nees) Bremek., but differs with herbs habitat; not coriaceous leaves; sparsely pilose on both surface; bracts ovate, apex emarginate, base cordate, non ciliate, deciduous; bracteoles elliptic; calyx 5 - divided towards base, segments oblanceolate; corolla 4 cm long, glabrous in great major; seeds densely adpressed hairy. " The author has not seen the type specimen, but seeing the photo of type, and considered according to its calyx bilabiate, it shoud be moved to the genera- Perilepta.

*. Perilepta siamensis (C.B.Clarke) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 285. 1944.

泰国耳叶马蓝 tai guo er ye ma lan (中国种子植物-数据库光盘)

---- Strobilanthes siamensis C.B.Clarke in Bull. Herb. Boiss., 2 ser. 5: 716. 1905. ---- Strobilanthes auriculata Nees var. siamensis C.B.Clarke in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2 ser., 5: .716. 1905; R.Ben. in H.Lec., Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine. 4 : 674. 1935.

Type specimen: Siam: Doi-sootep (Hosseus) -- Annam: Dalat (Lecomte et Finet)

The author hasn’t seen the type specimen or other specimens related to this species, it is diffcult to say wheather it distributes in Yunnan, China or not, specially, hadn’t studied on the new species from Guangxi in detail, mostly reported by Hsien-Shui, Lo . But The Seed Plants of China Data Base disk has a record on it, so made a notes here, to call more colleques attentions.

 

29. ADENACANTHUS Nees in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 75 et 84. 1832,

id in DC. Prodr. 11: 196. 1847; Bremek., in Verh. Ned. Akad.

Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. sect. 2. 41(1): 195. 1944.

腺背蓝属 xian bei lan shu

Lepidagathis Willd. Group Apolepsis Bl.,Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 802. 1826;

Apolepsis Hassk.,Cat. Hort. Bogor. ed. 2: 150. 1844, spec. nova excl.;

Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 260. 1847. A. dispar excl. Strobilanthes species auctorum aliorum.

Plants plietesaial, anisophyllous. Leaves petioled, with yellow or redish rustbrown spot form without stock (stipe) glands on abaxil surface, sometimes on both surface. Inflorescences terminal or axillary on upper leaf axil, sometimes 3-fld., sometimes arranging in racemose or panicle, with short or very long peduncle. Bracts oblong, or angaste obovate, green or slightly white in center, redish brown towards margin, nearly imbricate, persistent. Flowers soliary in bract axil, bracteole angusti-oblong or linear, persistent; calyx 3-partite, 2 anticous separate, the posterior upper lip 3-lobed, lobes obtuse or emarginate, glabrous inside. Corolla white, tube cylindric, resupinate, throat amplified and campanulate, curved at throat base, 2 rows of hairs supporting the style, lobes of limb subequal nearly rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, all erect and included, filaments of the long pair slightly hirsute toward base, filaments of the short pair glabrous; anthers erect, obtuse and compressed at apex; staminoide small or inconspicious; pollen grains ellipsoid, ornamentation septately ribbed. Ovary with clustered hairs, partly capitate; 2 ovules in each lateral cells; style sparsely hirsute. Capsule fusiform, usually 4-seeded, with striaght needle like retinaculum. Seeds with annular and rigid hairs around the areola, the cell wall of subepiderma layer straight and incrassate.

5 species (include 1 species in China). In Burma, Indo-China Pen., Malaya to W.Java.

1. Adenacanthus longispicus H.P.Tsui sp. nov. in Addenda. Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 123. 2002.

 

长穗腺背蓝 chang shui xian bei lan

Herbs, 1.2 m tall. Stem 4-angular, sulcate，villose along the opposite canals. Leaves with 1-2 cm long petiole, blade elliptic or longly ovate, up to 13 x 5 cm, apex acuminate, gradually narrowed toward base, margin serrate, slightly strigose on both surface, cystolithes linear adaxil (above), pinninerved, lateral nerves 7-8 pairs. Spike with 3-6 nodes, terminal or axillary, elongated, 5-7 cm long, (not included the length of the top flower), peduncle short, ca 1 cm long. Bracts at the base of inflorescence folious, elliptical lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, margin serrate, pinninerved, the bracts at the base of flowers opposite, longly elliptic, 4 x 1.2 mm, apex shortly acuminate, base acute or cuneate, entire, 1-nerved, persistent. Bracteole linear, 4 x 0.8 mm, apex obtuse; peduncle, bracts and bracteoles glandular hairy. Calyx 3-partite, 2 anticous separate, 3 posterior connected forming a upper lip, glabrous inside. Corolla violet-blue, (yellow when dry), tube cylindric, 7 mm long, resupinate, throat amplified and campanulate, 2.3 mm long, 0.8 mm in diam., slightly curved at middle, 2 rows of hairs supporting the style, lobes of limb round, emarginate, lobes of upper lip 7.7 mm long, low lip 7 x 6 mm, glabrous. Stamens 4, didynamous, erect and included, filaments hirsute, filaments of the long pair 5 mm long, of the short pair 2.2 mm long; anthers erect, apex obtuse and compressed; pollen graims prolate, ornamentation ribs septate. Ovary ellipsoid, 3 mm long, glabrous, 2 ovules in each lateral cells, style ca 1.8 cm long, sparsely capitate glandular, stigma linear. Capsule not available.

In thicket on mountain slop, at altitude 1380 m. Yunnan, Gongshan(贡山). Type collected from Yunnan, Gongshan (贡山).

C.E.B. Bremekamp 对本属的描述中，提及在叶下黄色或棕红色腺点，在C.G.Nees 的 A. acuminatus Nees 的描述中也提及腺点。在本新种的叶下也发现有黄色小凸起，作者(崔)认为是虫卵，当然这也可能是巧合。

In C.E.B. Bremekamp’s description on this genus, "folia petiolata, sutus vel interdum utrimque glandulis sessilibus luteo-vel rubro-brunneis punctata.", and C.G.Nees’ description on Adenacanthus acuminatus Nees, "folia ……… utrinqu glanduloso-puntata" , there were also some yellow dots (punctata) on the leaves of new species, the author considered it might be eggs of insects, probably it is by chance or coincidence.

 

30. PTERANANTHUS Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk.

Sect. 2. 41 (1):198. 1944.

马蓝属 ma lan shu

Strobilanthes Bl. subgen. Pteracanthus Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 86. 1932.

Strobilanthes Bl. ser. D. Pteracanthi Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 192. 1847.

Perennial herbs or subshrubs, plietesaial plant. Stems erect, much branched, lignous at base, anisophyllous. Blade usually contracted toward base forming narrow wing. Spikes terminal or axillary, lax and with maany leaves, often flexuose or zigzag, winged or not. Flowers solitary on bracts axil. Bracts shorter than calyx, caducous. Bracteoles small. Calyx 5 –partited, segments linear, apex obtuse, the center one larger, with sparsely capitate hairy. Corolla purple or violet, tube cylidric, resupinate, throat campanulate, ventricose, 2 rows hairs supporting the style, lobes of limb rounded, nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, erect, filaments glabrous. Ovary covered with capitate hairs; 2 ovules in each cell of it; style capitate hairy or sparsely hirsute. Capsule fusiform, bearing 4 seeds. Seeds with small areoles, villose or long villose.

Over 20 species. In Himalaya (from Kashmir, Bhutan) through Bengal and India (Khasia mountainous area) to N.W.China.

This geneus resemblance to Goldfussia, but it is easy identified with that: the anisophyllous is not distinct; leaves margin teethed and decurrent to being a long wing as quasi-petioles; bracts caducous; corolla resupinate and ventricosa; stamens structure; seed coat pubescent or villous differs from silky hairs.

 

1a. Corolla abruptly enlarged from base, right angle curved at middle.

2a. Flowers densely aggregated in nearly head.

3a. Calyx densely hirsute –glandular hairy.

………………..…….....9. 弯花马蓝 P. cyphanthus Diels

3b. Calyx articulate hirsute at tip inside and at margin outside, the center segment longer,

…………………………………. 8. 密序马蓝 P. congestus (Terao) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

2b. Spike, often reduced or inflorescences distinct axillary on leaf axil, calyx glabrous or hairy.

4a. Calyx segments unequal, the center one longer. …………………………..

………………………………. 29. 尾叶马蓝 P.urophyllus (Nees) Bremek.

4b. Calyx segments equal.

5a. Flowers on spike bilateral.

6a. Leaves ovate-spathulate, with 3 cm long petioles. ……………………………….

……………………… 13. 城口马蓝 P. flexus (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

6b. Leaves oblong- suborbicular, with 0-3 cm long petioles

……………………………... 31. 变色马蓝 P. versicolor (Diels) C.Y.Wu

5b. Spike secund.

7a. Rhachis distinct winged.

……………..28. 西藏马蓝 P. tibeticus (J.R.I.Wood) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

7b. Rhachis not winged.

8a. Rhachis sparcely soft and red hairy, inflorescences terminal or on leaves axil of upper branchs, flowers sessile, bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, folious, usually serrate. ………………………………………………………..

……..…1. 铜毛马蓝 P. aenobarbus (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

8b. Rhachis without red hairs.

9a. Rhachis distinct zig-zag (flexuose ).

10a. Calyx segments large, linear, acute, one segement shorter, glabrous, white

linear cystolithes longitudinal arranged. …………………………………

……….….......5. 曲序马蓝 P. calycinus (Nees) Bremek.

10b. Calyx unequally 5-partite, segments linear, 1-nerved, pubescent.

……………………………….19. 锡金马蓝P. inflatus T.Anders.

9b. Rhachis not zig-zag; leaves acute, margin coaste teethed, orbicular; calyx

glandular but not white hairy. ……………………………………………..

11a. Bracts linear-oblong or anguste spathulate, somewhat glandular soft hairy.

…. 24. 山马蓝 P. oresbius (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

11b. Bracts lanceolate or oblong, 24 x 3.5 mm, apex rounded, base cuneate, with

short stolk, margin waved (repandus), persistent. ………………….

…………...16. 大叶马蓝 P. grandissimus (H.P.Tsui) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

1b. Corolla gradually enlarged from base , slightly curved.

12a. Spikes forming a terminal panicles, flowers scattered (remote); bracts different from

leaves, often anguste oblong or lanceolate.

13a. Spike terminal, solitary.

14a. Margin coarsely and deeply dentate or deeply pinnately parted or lobed. …..

…….....26. 羽裂马蓝 P. pinnatifidus (C.Z.Zheng) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

14b. Margin not coarsely and deeply dentate or deeply pinnately parted or lobed, leaves.

Ovate, broader…………….30. 荨麻叶马蓝 P. urticifolius (O.Kuntze) Bremek.

13b. Spike axillary on the tops of stems and branches.

15a. Calyx segments narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate and reflexed; bracts often longly

elliptic. .…………………………….15. 贡山马蓝 P. gongshanensis H.P.Tsui

15b. Calyx segments linear, apex acute, not reflexed; bracts spathulate or linear.

16a. Calyx spathulate. ……………………………………………………………

……….....6. 棒果马蓝 P. claviculatus (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu

16b. Calyx segments linear, lanceolate.

17a. Herbs; leaves lanceolate, base decurrent towards petioles, margine dentate;

bracts, bracteoles and calyx segements oblong-linear, apex obtuse, glandular

pilose;. Corolla blue, base of tube cylindric, upper amplified, digitaliformis.

………………..23. 森林马蓝 P. nemorosus (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

17b. Subshrubs, with viscid hairs. Leaves ovate, base cordate-rounded or acuminate,

margin serrate, bracts narrowly oblong or lanceolate, caducous; corolla purplish

red, ventricose, slightly bend. …………………………………………………

……………………..…..30. 荨麻叶马蓝 P. urticifolius (O.Kuntze) Bremek.

12b. Spike not forming a terminal panicle, inflorescences dense or lax, or secund, or single or

opposite.

18a. Inflorenscences dense; bracts larger than calyx segments.

19a. Stems with dense white glandular hairs; leaves subsessile, white long hairs on nerves

both surface, bracts linear; bracteoles and calyx segments linear, with white

glandular-villose. …...…21. 白毛马蓝P. leucotrichus (R.Ren.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

19b. Stems glabrous or with white scabrous hairs; leaves petiolate, blade glabrous or

pubescent or hirsute on nerves; bracts linear; bracteoles and calyx segments

villose.

20a. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, margin creanate-serrate, bracts lanceolate, acuminate,

sparsely pilose, bracteoles oblong, acute, glandular- pilose, calyx segments linear,

acute, apex glandular-pilose. ……………………………………………………….

………………….…………7. 奇瓣马蓝 P. cognatus (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

20b. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, margin coarsely serrate, leaves at inflorensces

base usually lanceolate, amplexicaul or perfoliate; bracts oblong or lanceolate;

bracteoles linear-oblong, bracts and bracteoles capitate- glandular pilose. ………

………...... 20. 野芝麻马蓝P. lamius (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.)C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

18b. Inflorescences lax.

21a. Inflorescences axillary and terminal.

22a. Calyx glabrous very much, but often somewhat hairy at segments apex.

23a. Thin winged at internodes of upper branches, wings 1.5-4 mm in width.

….……2. 翅枝马蓝 P. alatiramosus (H.S.Lo et D.Fang) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

23b. Stems (branches) slender, 4-angular. …………………………

……………………..…. 翅柄马蓝 P. alatus (Nees) Bremek.

22b. Calyx distinct hairy.

24a. Flowers opposite, sometimes one reduced on branches forming a lax spike;

bracts lanceolate and oblong, with bracteoles glandular hairy. ……………..

……………………..………….….…11. 高原马蓝 S. duclouxii C.B.Clarke

24b. Flowers opposite, sessile, remote on spike; inflorescences elongated, axillary and

terminal. ………...10. 林马蓝 P. dryadum (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

21b. Inflorescences most distinct axillary.

25a. Bracts all folious.

26a. Leaves width as long as length, base cordate, sessile, slightly amplexcaul. …

………………...12. 展翅马蓝 P. extensus (Nees) Bremek.

26b. Leaves ovate, oblong, elliptic.

27a. Leaves ovate to ovate- oblong, base broad, sessile.

28a. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, base broad, sometimes subcordate, rarely

cuneate and narrow, apex slightly obtuse to slightly acute, 2-5 x 1.2-3 cm.

margin serrate. ………..….…..14. 腺毛马蓝 P. forrestii (Diels) C.Y.Wu

28b. Leaves base rounded, auriculate, broad linear at longtudinal 1/3, then lanceolate, nearly fiddle shaped (pandurate), 5-15 cm long, apex acuminate, the length three times to width (length triple width), lower

margin remote serrate, dark green,……………………………

.....25. 琴叶马蓝 P. panduratus (Hand.-Mazz.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

27b. Leaves petiolate.

29a. Leaves blade 5-9.5 x 4-6 cm, rather broad.

30a. Calyx sparsely articulate hirsute; Inflorescences axillary on upper leaves

axil, 1-3 flowers congested in cymes, usually several cymes in leaves

axil, on branchlets forming a 1-side spike, nearly verticillate, without

peduncle and pedicel; bracts and bracteoles linear - oblong, as long as

or longer than calyx, somewhat hirsute. …………………

..…18. 假水蓑衣P. hygrophiloides (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) H.W.Li

30b.花萼裂片被长而软白色柔毛。

30b. Calyx segments with long and soft white hairs.

30b. Flowers loosely opposite on leaves axil, often one fertile, another

reduced (vestige), pedunculate, bracteoles at the terminal ca 2 mm

long, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceoate, the others nearly folious.

31a. Flowers loosely opposite on upper leaves axil, often one fertile,

another vestige; pedunculate; bracteoles at branches terminal ca 2 mm

long, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceoate, the others nearly similar

leaves (folious). ………………

….…22. 澜沧马蓝 P. mekongensis (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

31b. Inflorescence terminal or axillary on leaf axils of upper peduncles;

flowers sessile; bracts and bracteoles ovate-lanceolarte, midrib redish

brown, usually equal. ………………………………………………

….…….32. 云南马蓝 P. yunnanensis (Diels) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

29b. Leaves blade 5-7 x 2.5-3 cm, angustate. ………………………………….

..……………………31. 变色马蓝 P. versicolor (Diels) C.Y.Wu

25b. Bracts not all caulinary leaves like.

32a. Bracts lanceolate, apex acuminate. …………………………………..

………. 17. 广西马蓝 P. guangsiensis (S.Z.Huang) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

32b. Bracts elliptic, apex obtusely round. ……………………………

……..4. 串花马蓝 P. botryanthus (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

 

1. Pteracanthus aenobarbus (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 128. 2002.

铜毛马蓝 tong mao ma lan

Strobilanthes aenobarbus W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 13: 185. 1921.

Herbs, 60-75 cm tall, erect, nearly strong. Stems covered with dense yellow brown articulate hairs, glabrous, dark green at low portion. Petioles 3-3.5 cm long, winged and covered with very dense brown hirstue. Leaves ovate or nearly elliptic, usually 15-21 x (5-) 7-10.5 cm, apex cordately acuminate; base broadly cuneate or near round, abruptly narrowed, decurrent; margin ciliate, and regularly serruate-crenate, indurate- crenate toward tip; membrance when dry, dark green, setose vesicular hairs adaxil (above), more or less pale, yellow –green or white hirsute on mid-rib abaxil (beneath), rest sparsely hirsute; cystolithis subulate, conspicious; lateral nerves 5-7 pairs. Inflorescences terminal or on leaves axil of upper portion with peduncle. Flowers sessile. Bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, folious, usually serrate. Calyx 10-11 mm long, divided toward the base, segments linear or linear-spathulate, margin scariose, white glandular –capitate hairs on dorsal surface. Corolla 3-4 cm long, lavender-violet purple, curved at 90 right-angular, tube cylindric, short, ventricoe-amplified, sparsely pilose outside, lobes of limb round, 6 mm in diameter. Stamens 4, all fertile, filament glabrous at upper part, white villose at lower part. Pistil glandular from the base to the top. Capsule ignorant.

By streams on shady places or on border of Thicket.Yunnan (Weixi维西、Gongshan贡山、the divide between Nujiang and Qiujiang沧怒分水岭). Type collected from S.E.Tebit, the divide between Nujiang and Qiujiang (Dulongjiang).

Affinity to Pteracanthus cyphanthus (Diels) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu and Pteracanthus yunnanensis (Diels) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, but differs from the stems and petioles coved with yellow brown long hirsute; leaves large; membrance when dry, also affinity to Pyrrothrix rufohirtus (C.B.Clarke) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, but differs from the later with leaves smaller and different indrument.

2. Pteracanthus alatiramosus (H.S.Lo et D.Fang) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 129. 2002.

翅枝马蓝 chi zhi ma lan

Strobilanthes alatiramosa H.S.Lo et D.Fang, in Guihaia 17 (1): 29. 1997.

Herbs, ca 50 cm tall; shoots flexuose or zigzag, internode winged, wing 1.5-4 mm wide. Leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, the larger 6-13 (-17) cm long, the smaller 2-6 (-8) cm long, margin slightly dentate or crenate, glabrous, lateral nerves 4-6 each side. Remote spike axillary or terminal, interrupted. Flowers opposite at nodes, often one developed. Bracts 2.5-3 (-5) mm, persistent. Bracteoles 4-5 (-7) mm long. Calyx 8-10 mm, bilabiate, the lower lip 2-divided into the base, the upper lip 3 -lobed, 2 lateral segments ca 5 mm long, the middle one ca 5.5 mm long. Corolla pale purple, 3-4 cm long, glabrous outside. Stamens didynamous, filaments of the anticous pair hirsute, that of posterior glabrous. Style slightly glandular- puberulent.

In dense forest. Guangxi (德保、那坡); Yunnan (麻栗坡、富宁、西畴、金平、景洪). Type collected from Guangxi (Debao德保).

3. Pteracanthus alatus (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk.. Sect. 2. 41(1): 199. 1944.

翅柄马蓝 chi bing ma lan

Goldfussia thomsoni Hook. in Curtis's Bot. Mag. t. 5119, 1859. non Strobilanthes thomsoni T.Anders.

Ruellia alata Nees in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 1: 26, t. 31. 1830.

Strobilanthes latisepalus Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. soc. 26: 241. 1890.

Strobilanthes triflora Y.C.Tang, in Icon.Cormo.Sin. 4: 163. 1975.

Strobilanthes wallichii Nees in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 87. 1832.

St. wallichii var. microphylla Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 193. 1847.

Perennial herbs, rhizome, rooting at nodes, much branched. Stems slender, quadrangular sometimes sharply glabrous or pubescent on the angles. Leaves ovate, slightly unequal, 3.5-8(-10) cm long, apex longly acuminate, base cuneate, gradually narrowed, margin 4-5(-7) crenate, puberulous or glabrate, thin cystolithes adaxil (above); lateral nerves 5-6 pairs; petiole ca 1.5 cm long, with wings towards blade. Spikes often flexuose or zigzag, secund. Flowers solitary or opposite appearing often axillary. Bracts folious, many of the middle ones ovate or subcordate, altogether resembling the upper leaves; uppermost bracts often small, 3-nerved or pinnenerved. Bracteoles linear - oblong, small or absent. Calyx 1-1.5 cm long, enlarged to 2 cm when fruiting, 5-partited, segments linear glabrous, cytolithes thin linear longitudinal arranged. Corolla pale purple or bluish purple, nearly straight, ca 3.5 cm long, glabrous or with minute lines of hairs within; tube cylindric, as long as the ventricose portion; lobes 5, short and small, round. Filaments and style glabrous. Capsule 1.2-1.8 cm long, glabrous, bearing 4 seeds. Seeds ovate, pubescent; areoles small.

On mountain slops, in banboo forest or Piece-Tsuga forest, at altitude 1000-1600 m, westward reached 2800-2900 m. Jiangxi(An fu, 安福、Fanfu,凡宁、Xunwu寻邬);Hubei(Jianshi,建始、Xianfeng咸丰、Emshi恩施、Xinshan兴山（Strobilanthes latisepalus Hemsl.异名模式产地，见到此模式); Hunan(Sangzhi 桑植); Guangxi(Longshen,龙胜、Shangshi,上思(十万大山Shiwandashan));Guizhou（Zunyi Jindingshan遵义金顶山、Yinjiang印江、Fanjingshan梵净山）;Sichuan(Wushan,巫山、Nanchuan,南川、Leshan 乐山);Yunnan(Pianma,片马、Qiujiang俅江)and Tebit(Nielamu聂拉木、Cuona错那);Fujian（Liancheng连城）. Also in Nepal, Sikkin, Bhotan.

4. Pteracanthus botryanthus (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 131. 2002.

串花马蓝 chuan hua ma lan

Strobilanthes botryantha D.Fang et H.S.Lo, in Guihaia 17(1): 35. 1997.

Strobilanthes myriostachya D.Fang et H.S.Lo, in Guihaia 17(1): 35. 1997.

Subshrubs, up to 1.5-3.5 m in height, glabrous except flowers. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrow ovate, rarely ovate-elliptic, (2-) 4-17 x 1.5-4.5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, decurrent toward petioles, margin entire or irregularly cuneate, lateral nerves (3-) 5-6 each side. Inflorescences on leaf axil, 1.5-3.5 (-12) cm long, interrupted, simple or branched. Bracts opposite, usually elliptic, (2.5) 6 (-8) cm long, apex round, one sterile, persistent. Calyx 8-10 mm long, bilabiate, the lower lip 2-divided toward the base, the upper lip 3-lobed into the middle, lobes usually 4-5 mm long, the middle one narrower. Corolla pale purple or purple, 3-5 cm long, glabrous outside, lobes 5, (3-) 5 – 6 mm long, apex emarginate. Stamens didynamous, filaments and style all sparsely hirsute.

On limstone hill. At altitude 890-1200 m. Guangxi (那坡). Type collected from Guangxi (Napo那坡).

According to the papers of Fan Ding & Lo Hisen –Shui: Strobilanthes botryantha D.Fang et H.S.Lo and Strobilanthes myriostachya D.Fang et H.S.Lo affinity to Strobilanthes griffithiana (Nees) T.Anders. (= Triaencanthus griffithianus Nees), but differs with leaves of the later broadly lanceolate, larger, lateral nerves 10 pairs; spike up to 20 cm long, and viscose- pubescent；bracts narrowly triangular, 25 mm long, corolla yellow. The author only had a look at the photo of the type, as the original description, the difference between S. botryantha D.Fang et H.S.Lo and S.myriostachya D.Fang et H.S.Lo only from the inflorenscence partly or wholely in leaf axil of branches, it seems diffcult to be separted two different species. 不足为种的区分依据，而予归并. *

By the way, there are several specimens such as: Feng Guo-Mei (冯国楣) 12457 from Yunnan Xichou(西畴); Wu An-Quan（武安全）7345 from Yunnan Xichou (西畴), Xiao Yang Gou (小杨沟) similar with a photo (No. 10568 of Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy, Beijing) of the specimen of Strobilanthes morsei C.B.Clarke ined., which is Morse 441 presented by A.Henry 1901 and identified by C.B.Clarke 27/3/1927. ( preserved at Kew Herbarium) from Guangxi, Longzhou (龙州), the author was unable to study them in detail, but just made a record here.

5. Pteracanthus calycinus (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 199. 1944.

曲序马蓝 qu xu ma lan

Asystasia calycina Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 90. 1832.

Echinacanthus calycinus (Nees) Nees in DC.Prodr. 11: 168. 1847.

Strobilanthes helicta T.Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 479. 1867.

Perennial plant. Stems erect, tetrangular, sulcate, with brown hairs on upper portion. Petioles 1 cm long, blade ovate-lanceolate, base decurrent toward petiole, apex acuminate, margin sharply serrate, particular? entire, glabrous adaxil (above), pale white abaxil (beneath), tomentose on nerves and margin, lateral nerse 6-7 pairs, parael, regular. Spike axillary, single or dichotomous, elongated, ca 6 cm long, filiform, flexuose or zigzag, few-flowered. Bracts linear, elongated, opposite, only one flowers fertile, another one empty and shorter. Bracteoles small, subulate. Flowers on short pedicel, the sterile single and alternate. Calyx segments large, linear, acute, one segment shorter, glabrous, white cystolithes longitudinal spreaded, rarely glandular. Corolla inflated, patent, glabrous, tube short, limb curved, patent, lobes constracted, unequal, round, patent, emarginate. Pollen grains prolate, 3-colporate, with pesudocolpi, banded septate, longitudinal rows of rounded or elliptical lumena. Capsule lanceolate, acute, glabrous, shorter than the calyx, bearing 4 seeds.

Under evergreen broad – leaves forests. At altitude 1700-2200 m. Yunnan (Mengzi, Pingbian, Jinping, Luchun, Gongshan); Tebit（Motuo）. Also Himalaya.

6. Pteracanthus claviculatus (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu, Index Fl. Yun. 2: 1682. 1984.

棒果马蓝 bang guo ma lan

Strobilanthes claviculatus C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 191. 1918; Hand.- Mazz. in Sym. Sin. 7: 896. 1936；J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Journ. Bot. 51(2): 221.1994.

Herbs, 70 cm tall or more, erect, much branched. Stems slender, flexuous, glabrous. Leaves equal or unequal, sessile on upper portion, usually with 5-10 mm long petioles on the lower and the middle part, narrowly winged, sparsely pubescent, often the larger blade up to 7 x 2 cm, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin laxly serrate, membrance when dry, lineolate on both surface, glandular-hirsute adaxil (above), the rest glabrous, or nealy glabrous abaxil (beneath), lateral nerves ca 5 pairs; the small blade sessile, cordate or cordate-ovate. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, often 1-3 flowers, on peduncle, up to 5 cm long, densely hirsute. Bracts caducous. Flowers sessile, remote after fruiting. Calyx reached 2 cm long, glandular-hirsute, 5- divided toward base, segments linear-oblong, apex spathulate. Corolla 4 cm long, slightly curved, pale white- purple, tube base cylindric, ventricose, glabrous; lobes of limb round, ca 5 mm in diameter. Ferile stamens 4, filaments glabrous, pollen grains prorate (according to the observation on example of Cai Xi Tao (蔡希陶) 62781，from Yunnan, Ping-bian (屏边), ornamentation sepetate ribbed. Capsule as long as calyx, clavate oblong, villose at the top. Seed 4, sericeous, 8 mm in diameter.

Under mixed forests. At altitude 1900 –2200 m. Yunnan (Wuding, Songming, Milei, Dali, Yangbi, Jianchuan, Lijiang, Weixi, Zhongdian, Daguan); Sichuan (Muli); Guangdong (Raoping, Pingyuan). Type collected from Yunnan, Mile .

7．Pteracanthus cognatus (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 133. 2002.

奇瓣马蓝 qi ban ma lan

Strobilanthes cognata R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Naturk. Paris. 28: 189. 1922.

Herbs decumbent.. Stems tetrangular, stout, glabrous. Leaves petioled, petioles 1 cm long; blade oblong, lanceolate, 6-12 x 3-4.5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin creanate-serrate, glabrous on both surface, lateral nerves 9 pairs. Flowers in terminal densely congested spike. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely pilose, 7-20 x 6 mm. Bracteoles oblong, acute, glandular- pilose, 4-5 x 2 mm. Calyx segments linear, apex acute, glandular-pilose, 10-12 x 1 mm. Corolla violet, 4-5 cm long, tube base longly cylindric, 2.5 cm long, the upper part inflated, infundibuform, 1.5 cm in diameter; oblique truncate. Stamens 4, filaments erect; anthers oblong. Ovary glabrous, pilose toward top.

Guizhou (贵定、惠水、贞丰); Hunan (桑植天平山）; Hubei (巴东、神农架燕子垭）。(Desription according to the original material, the author was not able to make an anatony for the flower). Lectotype collected from Guizhou, Zhenfeng (贞丰), Yangjiachong (杨家冲).

* The lectotype Cavalerie 2707，which was collected from Guizhou，Zhenfeng, Yangjiachong贞丰杨家冲(Yang-kia-tchong) was identified by E.Hossain at 23.6.1972. as another new species.

According to the orginal description of R.Benoist: this plant was reported as Strobilanthes flaccidifolius（＝Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek.） by Leveille, but it differs from it distinctly. It differs from Strobilanthes densa R.Ben. and Strobilanthes lamium C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. distinctly with : 1. The leaves larger, more nerves; margin dentate-serrate. 2. The base of corolla tube distinctly inflated. The author noticed two labour on the same specimen of isotype Cavalerie 2707, one was identified by a Japanese Taxonomist, H.Terao at 1/9/1980 as this species; another was identified by E.Hossain at 23/6/1972. Form the leaves shapes, margin crenate and characters of inflorescence, in the authors’ opinion, it had better move to Championellla. As bracts longer than calyx in length and persistent, it seems doesn’t agree with Pteracanthus, because of wanting flowers antomy and observation on pollen grains, moving to this genera just templarly. 因为未能解剖花和进形花粉观察，暂且移入本属。

8. Pteracanthus congesta (Terao) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 133. 2002.

密序马蓝 mi xu ma lan

Strobilanthes congestus Terao in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 40(1): 153. 1982.

Subshrubs, 0.6-1.8 m tall. Stems nearly cylindric, striate, densely or sparsely articulated, pale brown multi-spetate hairs, more or less unequal. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base decurrent, light brown or yellow septate- hirsute on both surface, margin obtusely crenate, ciliate; the larger leaves 4-9 x 1-3.5 cm; the smaller leaves 2-5.5 x 0.8-2.5 cm, blade membrance when dry, lateral nerves 4-7 each side, inconspicious, petiole 0-0.7 cm long, densely hirsute. Inflorescences axillary and terminal. Flowers sessile, 2-8 congested at the top of branches, capitate, the flowering shoots slender, 5 cm long, with white or yellow pilose, flowers usually opposite or densely congested at nodes, at lower portion opposite with leaves. Bracts oblong-linear, obtuse, persistent, shorter than calyx, 3-8 mm x 0.8-1.5 mm. Bracteoles linear, bracts and bracteoles with sepetstely white hairs and hirsute. Calyx 5-partite, 9-12 mm long, segments linear-lanceolate, obtuse, imbricate at base, articulate hirsute at tip inside and at margin outside, the center one longer, 11-14 x ca 1.5 mm, the rest 10-12 x ca 1.5 cm. Corolla ca 2.5 cm long, pale white-purple, nearly rectangularly curved, tube short, ventricose, pubescent outside in bud, then sparsely hairy. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the longer filaments pilose at base, the shorter filaments glabrous; anthers oblong, erect; connective obtuse; pollen grains ellipsoid, ornamentation longitudinarly ribbed. Ovary glabrous, 2-celled. 2 ovules in each cell; style small, glandular-pubescent, at top without glandular pilose. Capsule ignorant.

Colony in thicket or under tropic forests, at altitude 1600-1800 m. Yunnan, divide of Quijiang（俅江( = Dulongjiang 独龙江）) and Bijiang (碧江）. Also in Burma. Type collected from Burma Hpawte valley.

According to original description of H.Terao: "this species is near Strobilanthes wardii W.W.Sm. and Strobilanthes aenobarbus W.W.Sm., but it easily distinguished by the flowers crowded together at the tips of long flowering branches and the ovate-lanceolate leaves with shorter petioles." Since the decurrent leaves, bracts shorter than calyx and the character of pollen grains agree to Pteracanthus, so the author moved it to this genera.

 

9．Pteracanthus cyphanthus (Diels) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 134. 2002.

弯花马蓝 wan hua ma lan

Strobilanthes cyphanthus Diels in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 5: 162. 1912.

Strobilanthes curviflorus C.B.Clarke ined.；ex C.Y. Wu et al., Index Fl. Yunnan vol 2: 1685. 1984., nom. nud.

Subshrubs. stems 45-60 cm tall, 4-angular. Leaves herbaceous, with 2-5 cm long petiole, chaff like hairs (paleaceous-pilose) on both surface, lightly yellow-green when dry, ovate, base decurrent toward petiole, apex acuminate, margin crenate-serrate, included petiole up to 10 cm long, blade 3-7 x 1.5-4.5 cm. Inflorescences with long peduncle on the axil of upper leaves, densely capitate. Bracts and bracteoles oblanceolate or lanceolate, with patent, white hair (pilose) , and specially on calyx margin. Calyx segments nearly equal, linear, 1 x 1-2 mm. Corolla blue, inflated, 3-4 cm long, puberulous outside, tube cylindric, base ventricose, pubescence outside, rectangularly curved, lobes short. Filaments and style pubescence. Ovary barbate at tip.

Under mixed forests. At altitude 3000m.Yunnan. Type collected from Yunnan, Dali (大理).

A specimen was identified by C.B.Clarke in 2/6/1904, named Strobilanthes curviflorus C.B.Clarke. Since the characters: the leaf-base decurrent; corolla rectangularly curved agree with this genera very much., and the name Strobilanthes curviflorus C.B.Clarke was unpublished，the author awared it probably belongs to this species.

10. Pteracanthus dryadum (C.B.Clarke ex R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu，Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 135. 2002.

林马蓝 lin ma lan

Strobilanthes dryadum R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Naturk. Par. 28: 94. 1922.

Herbs, much branched, 1 m tall. Young shoots 4-angular, sulcate, then cylindric. Leaves large, over 25 cm long (include petiole), 8 cm wide, petioled, blade ovate or lanceolate, base often decurrent toward petiole forming wings, apex acuminate, margin crenate-dentate, glabrous on both surface, lateral nerves 6-7 each side. Inflorescences elongated, axillary and terminal. Flowers sessile, opposite on a loose spike. Bracts lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 4-5 x 1 mm. Bracteoles oblong, 4 x 0.5 mm wide, and bracts glandular. Calyx divided into the middle, segments linear, obtuse, 10 x 0.75 mm, glandular. Corolla violet, base cylindric, upper part inflated gradually, nearly digitaliformis, curved; lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, filaments erect; anthers oblong; pollen grains ellipsoid, ribbed (costate). Ovary glabrous, puberulent at tip, style sparsely pilose, stigma linear, membrance, compressed. Capsule elongated, sparsely glandular at tip.

Yunnan; Hainan. Type collected from Yunnan Heqing （鹤庆）Da pin ze (大坪子).

11. Pteracanthus duclouxii (C.B.Clarke ex R. Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 135. 2002.

高原马蓝 gao yuan ma lan

Strobilanthes duclouxii C.B.Clarke ex R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Naturk. Par. 28: 96. 1922.

Branched herbs, young shoots 4-angular, glabrous at low portion. Leaves petioled at low part, 15 x 5 cm, blade lanceolate, base narrowed，apex acuminate, margin crenate, glabrous on both surface, lateral nerves 5-7 each side, leaves sessile at upper portion, blade ovate or lanceolate, base cordate, margin usually entire, glabrous on both surface. Inflorescence elongated, axillary and terminal. Flowers opposite, sometimes one sterile, forming a loose spike on shoot terminal. Bracts lanceolate, 3 mm long, with oblong bracteoles and calyx segments glandular. Calyx linear, nealy spathulate, 9-12 x 0.8 mm, with white glandular hairs. Corolla violet, 4 cm long, tube base cylindric, amplified gradually upward, flat at the top, lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, filaments erect, anthers oblong, pollen grains ellipsoid, ribbed (costate), ridge grandular. Ovary glabrous, style sparsely pubescent. Capsule elongated in unmature, sparsely hairy or grandular at tip.

Yunnan (弥勒)。Type specimen: Ducloux no. 2603，collected form Yunnan Mile (弥勒), Lan ngy tsin (烂泥箐).

J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Journ. Bot. 51(2): 208. 1994, moved this species to Strobilanthes claviculata C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. (i.e. Pteracanthus claviculata (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu), but didn’t give any explanation, since the auther hadn’t seen the type specimen, just made a record here temporlary, further investigation is needed.

12. Pteracanthus extensus (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 275. 1944.

展翅马蓝 zhan chi ma lan

? Goldfussia extensa Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 88. 1832.

Strobilanthes extensus Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 195. 1847.

Perennial herbs or erect shrubs, shoots 4-angular, glabrous at low portion, hirsute, purplish at upper portion. Leaves unequal, leaf blade at shoot terminal cordate, width as long as length, sessile, amplexcaulis, nerve sparce; at the middle and low part sometimes shotly petioled, ovate, coarse teethed, hirsute, costa (midrib) 中脉贯顶; at stem base with dense nerves. A single flower shoot terminal and two lateral opposite flowers forming a trichasium spike. Flowers dense at the top of inflorescence , rare at the middle, single on the persistent bracts axil at low portion, hirsute on inflorescence axis. Bracts ovate, with 7 nerves, partly linear, caducous. Bracteoles 8 mm long, elliptic.Calyx 8-12 mm long, divided toward base, the smaller segments linear, the larger lanceolate. Corolla 3-4 cm long, slightly curved, blue, pale white at base, glabrous. Capsule 1.2 cm long.

Yunnan (Kuming (昆明), Maanshan (马鞍山). Also Himalaya.

13. Pteracanthus flexus (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 136. 2002.

城口马蓝 cheng kou ma lan

Strobilanthes flexus R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Naturk. His. Paris ser. 28: 186. 1922.

Erect herbs (monocarpous), 1.6 m tall. Stems 4-angular, pubescent – pilose when young, soon glabrous. Leaves with long petioles, blade ovate or lanceolate, 15 x 7 cm, base abruptly contacted forming cuneate base，apex acuminate, sparsely obtuse, margin coarse dentate, white hairy on both surface. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, glandular – pilose. Flowers sessile, opposite forming a spike. Bracts and bracteoles oblong, obtuse, bracts 15 x 1.5 mm, bracteoles 7-8 mm long. Calyx segments oblong-linear, obtuse, glandular, 10 x 1 mm. Corolla 4 cm long, base tube short, cylidric, soon amplfied, rectangularly curved. Stamens 4, filaments erect, glabrous, anthers oblong, pollen grains ellipsoid, ribbed (costate). Ovary glabrous, style sparsely pilose. Capsule elongated, unmature, glandular.

At altitude 2000 m. Sichuan（城口、南川金佛山）;Yunnan（德钦）. Type collected from Sichuan Chengkou (城口厅Tchen Keou tin).

According to R.Benoist: this species affinity to Strobilanthes versicolor Diels (already moved to Pteracanthus versicolor (Deils) C.Y.Wu and Strobilanthes cyphantha Diels (already moved to Pteracanthus cyphanthus (Diels)C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu), differs from them by the stamens inserted on the portion above the curved corolla. It differs from the former leaves with long petioles, elongated inflorescence, calyx smaller and on the inflorescence (include the axis, bracts, bracteoles and calyx) glandular; differs from the later on young leaves, bracts, bacteoles, calyx and inflorescence covered by densely long and white hairy.

14. Pteracanthus forrestii (Diels) C.Y.Wu，Index Fl. Yunnan. 2: 1682. 1984.

腺毛马蓝 xian mao ma lan

Strobilanthes forrestii Diels in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 5: 162. 1912.

Strobilanthes panpienkaiensis Lévl. Cat. Yunn.: 6. 1915.

Shrubs or herbs, up to 1 m tall. Whole plant glandular- pilose, soon indumentum caducous. Leaves papyraceous or chartaceus, subsessile, ovate to ovate-oblong, base broad, sometimes cordate, rarelly cuneate and narrow, apex slightly obtuse to acute, 2-5 x 1.2-3 cm, margin serrate. Spike 5-15 cm, or branched at base, pair flowers at each node, opposite, internode 1-2.5 cm long, nearly panicles. Flowers solitary, sessile. Bracts folious, entire at upper portion, ovate-elliptic, 1-3 cm long. Bracteoles linear, narrowly oblong, as long as or shorter than calyx. Calyx segments 5, linear, 8-12 mm long, one longer, calyx and bracts, bracteoles densely glandular-pilose. Corolla blue or purple or white, 3-3.5 cm long, tube base slender and narrow, upward amplfied, campanulate and curved, sparsely pubescent outside, 2 rows hairs and pubescent ventricose inside, lobes 5, equal, ca 3 mm long. Stamens 4, didynamous, membrance coherent at filaments base; anthers paraell; pollen grains (from specimen Feng Guo Mei 9024, Yunnan, Lijiang; Li Guo Fen 60057 Sichuan Nanchuan) ellipsoid, 3-colporate with pseudocolpi, ornamentation ribbed or banded. Style slightly enlarged at tip; ovary glandular puberulent at top. Capsule ca 1.2 cm long, hairy at tip. 4 seeds, dark brown, pubescent; areola white and small.

In forests or on glass slopes. A wide area of it often grows under subtropic taiga forest of N.W.Yunnan, at altitude 3000 m. Yunnan (大理、丽江、中甸).

Diels cited 4 collections as type: i.e. Forrest 2456, 2760, 4551, and 4553. J.R.I.Wood (in Edinb. Journ. Bot. 51(2): 238. 1994.) examined the material at Edinburgh herharium, and elected G.Forrest 2760 to be the lectotype, and said that 2456 is actually Strobilanthes versicolor，he rejected this specimen from consideration as a lectotype for two reasons; the first it differs specifically from other three specimens cited and fits another species described by Diels, secondly it is in conflict with the protologue of Strobilanthes forrestii at least two important points. S. forrestii is discribed as having subsessile leaves and a calyx with one lobe longer than others, whereas in Forrest 2456 are petiolate, and the calyx lobes equal.

15. Pteracanthus gongshanensis H.P.Tsui in Acta Bot. Yunn. 12 (3): 277. 1990.

贡山马蓝 gong shan ma lan

Herbs, plants glabrous except leaf- nerves and corolla outside, 1.5 m tall. Stems cylindric, young shoots slightly 4-angular, slender. Leaves opposite, unequal, petioles 1-4 cm long, winged, blade long ovate, 5-12 x 1-4.5 cm, apex acuminate or caudate, base cuneate, decurrent, nerves convex on both surface, mid rib covered with brown and white hairs, margin serrate. Inflorscences lax paniculate, pair flowers at each node of slender peduncles, one of it smaller or sterile, pedicel very short, ca 0.5 mm, puberulous. Bracts small, often caducous, long elliptic, 4-5 x 1.5 mm, apex acuminate, base shortly petioled. Bracteoles linear, 2 mm long, apex rounded. Calyx 7 mm long, 5 divided toward base, calyx segments 5, narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate, reflexed, glabrous, with longitudinal white linear cystolithes. Corolla 2.5 cm long, pink or blue, limb bilabiate, white pubescent outside, lobes round, unequal, tube base upward ventrecosely amplified, contracted at throat, 2 rows hirsute on throat within. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments of shorter pair slightly incurved, anthers elliptic, versatile. Pollen grains ( from Qinghai exp. 82-8953), perprolate, 3-colpate with pseudocolpi, ornamentation ribbed or banded. Ovary elliptic, 3 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, style filiform, exserted. Capsule unkown.

Under the broad-leaf evergreen forest, at altitude 1900－2200 m. Yunnan, Gong Shan（贡山）. Type collected from Yunnan, Gongshan.

This species similar to Pteracanthus calycinus (Nees) Bremek.，differs with calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, gradually reflexed at apex, bracts usually long elliptic.

16. Pteracanthus grandissimus (H.P.Tsui) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 140. 2002.

大叶马蓝 da ye ma lan

Goldfussia grandissima H.P.Tsui in Acta Bot. Yun. 12(3): 276- 277. 1990.

Perennial herbs, up to 2.5 m tall. Stems stout, 4-angular, densely white villose or glangular, then sparsely hairy. Leaves opposite, inconspiciously unequal, the large ovate, broadly ovate to nearly rotund, sometimes cordate, decurrent, pubescent both surface, denser on nerves, margin serrate, petiole 2.5-13 cm long, capitate glandular, soon glabrous. Spike shortened and axillary on the axil of flowers branches, pair flowers on each node, often one sterile. Bracts lanceolate or oblong, 24 x 3.5 mm, apex round, base cuneate, shortly petioled, margin undulate. Bracteoles linear, 4 mm long, apex round. Calyx 21 mm long, 5-partite, divided into base, segments 5, linear or spathulate, 19 mm long, with bracts and bracteoles glandular. Corolla up to 4.7 x 1.5 cm, blueish purple, tube base amplified upward, ventricose, curved at throat, lobes of limb round, subequal, emarginate at top, puberulent on both surface. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments of the inner pair short and incurved, anthers oblong, versatile, glabrous; pollen grains ( from Qinghai exp. 82-8953), ellipsoid, ornamentation ribbed or banded. Ovary oblong, 4.5 mm long, puberulent, style filiform, stigma puberscent on one side. Capsule terete, 22 mm long, 4-seeded. Seeds compressed, dark brown, oblique ovate, 5.5 mm long, 3 mm in diameter, striate, densely covered with white soft hairs, eleastic when wet, areola very small.

Under forest. At altitude 2800－3400 m. Yunnan, Gong Shan（贡山）; Sichuan （康定）;Tebit （察隅）.Type collected from Yunnan, Gongshan.

In Acta Botanica Yunnanica vol 12 (3): 277; it was said: "this species affinity to Goldfussia yunnanensis (Diels) H.P.Tsui, but differs with the leaves broadly ovate or near round, inflorescence covered with glandular hairs". This comparision is incorrect, for Strobilanthes yunnanensis Diels affinity to Pteracanthus hygrophiloides, by their corolla curved with rectangularly with 90 degree, which not fited with the characters of Goldfussia, but agrees with this genera; although the stamens didynamous, and the filaments of shorter pair curved, but didn’t say the filaments of the longer pair equal or not, other characters all simmlar to (Pteracanthus oresbius (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, because little specimen was availble, and without comparision with the type of Pteracanthus oresbius (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, so preseved temparly 暂予保留.

A species --Strobilanthes grossus C.B.Clarke ined: ex C.Y.Wu has been reported in Index Florae Yunnanensis Tomus II: 1686. 1984，nom. nud. Type specimen: Pratt 1. det. Clarke 1904. Possibly is this species.

17. Pteracanthus guangsiensis (S.Z.Huang) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 141. 2002.

广西马蓝 guang xi ma lan

---- Strobilanthes guangxiensis S.Z.Huang in Guihaia (广西植物) 6(3): 179-181. 1986.

Perennial herbs, stems ca 1 m tall, erect or ascendent, branches opposite, young shoots densely pubscent, annular shoots sparcely pubscent, internodes 3.5-10 (-15) cm long, soon glabrous. Pairs leaves unequal, the larger 9-14 (-18) x 3.3-6 (-8) cm, lateral nerves 6-8 each side, the smaller 4-9.5 x 2.3-4.5, lateral nerves 4-5 each side, blade chartaceus, elliptic, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire or slightly undulate, green adaxial, glabrous, cystolithes dense, conspicious, 0.2-0.5 mm long, nervse flate adaxial, pale green underneath, pubescent, nerves convex; petiole 0.3-3.5 cm long, densely pubescent. Flowers sessile in terminal or axillary spike. Inflorescens 4-8 cm long, rachis complanate, 2-3 mm broad, densely pubescent, usually with 2-6 nodes, internode 0.8-1.2 cm long, pair flowers on each node, decussate. Peduncle 4 cm long, densely pubescent. Bracts 2, opposite, with bracteoles all oblong or lanceolate, 1.1-1.3 x 2-3 mm, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate. Bracteoles glabrous inside, pubescent outside, margin ciliate. Calyx 1 cm long, 5-divided toward base, segments equal, linear, 9 x 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous inside, pubescent outside; margin from the middle to top ciliate. Corolla purple, 3.5-4 cm long, glabrous both surface, tube of the lower part terete, ventricose, amplified upward, lobes 5, round, subequal, oblong, 5 mm both long and wide, emarginate at top. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, inserted at the middle of the tube, the longer pair 6 mm long, the shorter 3 mm long, filaments straight, membrance coherent each other at lower part, 2 rows of hairs on the upper part of corolla, anthers oblong, 2.5-3.5 mm long, 2-celled; pollen grains ellipsoid, 3-colporate, 12-banded or ribbed. Ovary oblong, ca 3 mm long, hairy (barbate) at top, 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, style 2.5-3 cm long, with long soft hairs, stigma linear, glabrous. Fruit not seen.

In shade valley. Guangxi (Liujiang 柳江）. Type collected from Guangxi 广西（柳江）.

In origanal description: this speceies similar to Strobilanthes yunnanensis Diels, differs from leaves elliptic, margin entire or slightly undulate, glabrous adaxial, with dense cystolithes, spike 4-8 cm long, calyx segments shorter, corolla glabrous outside.

18. Pteracanthus hygrophiloides (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) H.W.Li, in C.Y.Wu, Index Fl. Yunnan 2: 1682. 1984；id in C.Y.Wu, Fl. Xizangica 4: 415. 1985.

假水蓑衣 jia shui suo yi

Strobilanthes hygrophiloides C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 194. 1918.

Strobilanthes hygrophiloides C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. var. brachytrichus Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 895. 1936.

Suffrutescent plants, up to 2 m tall, stems flexuose, lignous at lower part, densely white or yellow hairy (hirsute), then glabrous, much branched at upper part, branches 4-angular, green, 2 opposite rows short brown and soft hairs along the groove. Leaves with 1-2 cm long petioles, somewhat winged, hirsute, blade slightly unequal, usually elliptic or ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-7 x 2.5-3.5 cm, sometimes up to 10 x 5 cm, apex acuminate, base broadly or narrowly cuneate, margin obtuse or irregular serrate, serrate only on the larger leaves, chartaceous when dry, dense and slender cystolithes on both surface, green and hirsute adaxial, grey-white and densely hirsute underneath, lateral nerves 5-7 pairs. Inflorescences axillary on upper leaves axil, 1-3 flowers congested in cymes, usually several cymes in leaves axil, on branches forming a one- side spike, nearly verticillate, peduncle and pedicel none. Bracts and bracteoles linear - oblong, acute, as long as or more longer than calyx, somewhat hirsute. Calyx ca 1.5 cm long; divided toward base, segments 5, linear-lanceolate, acute, sparsely articulate hirsute. Corolla 3.5-4 cm long, almost erect, redish purple, tube base terete, ventricosel, amplified upward, sparsely villose outside, white villose inside at throat, lobes round, 7-8 mm in diameter. Fertile stamens 4, filaments white villose; pollen grains (from Du Long exp. 278 specimen) shortly ellipsoid or prolate, 3-colpate with 12-15 pseudocolpi, ornamentation banded or ribbed. Ovary white villose, style pubescent. Seeds 4.

On mountainous slopes under broad leaf forests or in thicket by roadside, at altitude 1300-1600 m. N.W.Yunnan (Gongshan贡山,Zhongdian中甸);S.E.Tebit (Chayu察隅,Motuo墨脱); W.Sichuan (Batang巴塘,Baoxing宝兴,Mianning冕宁,Muli木里). Type collected from Kangding康定,Dajianlu打箭炉(Ta-tsien-lu)。

19．Pteracanthus inflatus (T.Anders.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 278. 1944.

锡金马蓝 xi jin ma lan

Strobilanthes inflatusT.Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 9: 476. 1867; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4 : 471. 1884 .

Herbs, branches suffrutescent, flexuose, terete, fulvous villose, then glabrous. Leaves elliptic or subovate, apex acuminate, 5.5 x 3 cm, serrate, hairy on nerves of both surface, lateral nerves 6 pairs. Spike 2.5-7 cm long, internodes zig-zag (flexuose). Flowers alternate or sparsely opposite at nodes forming a one-side spikes. Bracts at lower portion folious, at upper part spathulate. Bracteoles 2, subulate. Calyx 5-partite, segments unequal, linear, 1-nerved, pubescent. Corolla 3.5-4 cm long, infundibuliformis, curved at 90 degree, corolla-tube short, lobes round, membrance. Capsule brownish yellow, 1.6 cm long, narrowly elliptic, glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds orbicular, villose, areola inconsipiceous.

Under forests. At altitude1700m. Tebit（Motou墨脱）. Presents in Sikkim. Type collected Sikkim.

20. Pteracanthus lamius (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu , Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 143. 2002.

野芝麻马蓝

Strobilanthes lamium C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 195. 1918.

Herbs, up to 45 cm tall, sub-erect, base somewhat decumbent, the upper branches flexuose, densely white capitate glandular, the lower branches glabrous. Leaves remote at low part, approximate at upper part, unequal, petiole ca 1 cm long, glandular-hirsute, soon glabrous, blade usually 4-5 x 2.5-3 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, base broadly cunate, margin coarsely serrate, papyraceous when dry, lineolate on both surface, dark green adaxial, sparsely setulae, on costa (mid rib) yellow brown pilo-sulose, grey-white beneath, pilo-sulose or setulae, on mian and lateral nerves setosula, lateral nerves 7-8 pairs, leaves subsessile, congested at upper part, leaves usually lanceolate, amplexicaul or perfoliate at the base of inflorescences. Inflorescences terminal, short spiciform with 4-8 flowers. Flowers sessile, purple. Bracts ca 16 mm long, oblong or lanceolate. Bracteoles linear-oblong, ca 12 mm long, bracts and bracteoles capitate- glandular pilose. Calyx ca 11 mm long, 5 -divided into the base, segments linear-oblong, glandular pilose. Corolla ca 3.5 cm long, suberect, sparsely glandular pilosula, tube base terete, amplified gradually, lobes round, 6 mm in diameter. Stamens 4, all fertile, filaments densely pilose, ovary pilose at top. Mature fruit have not seen.

Under forests, on mountainous slopes. At altitude 800-1500m. S.W.Hubei (建始、长阳、栾凤、鹤峰、五峰）. Type collected from Hubei Jianshi (建始).

In original description: this species similar to Strobilanthes versicolor Diels (~Pteracanthus versicolor (Diels) Bremek.) and Strobilanthes yunnanensis Diels（~ Pteracanthus yunnanensis (Diels) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu）in wet habitat. differs by stem single, leaves forms, dense inflorescence, filament glabrous with other taxa, it is easy to separate from them.

21. Pteracanthus leucotrichus (R.Ren.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 143. 2002.

白毛马蓝 bei mao ma lan

Strobilanthes leucotricha R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Naturk. Naturk. Par. 28: 96. 1922; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 279. 1944.

Erect herbs, stems with dense white glandular hairs. Leaves subsessile, ovate or lanceolate, base obtuse or acute, acuminate at apex, rarely obtuse, margin dentate, 11.5 cm x 5.3 cm, chartaceus, white long hairs on both surface, special on nerves, lateral nerves 5 (-9) pairs. Inflorescences axillary and terminal; flowers opposite, sessile, bracts linear, white glandular; bracteoles and calyx segments linear, with white villose, the posterior longer. Corolla blue, ca 3 cm long, tube short, base terete, amplified upward, digitaliform. Stamens 4, filaments erect, glabrous, anthers oblong, pollen grains ellipsoid, ribbed. Ovary glabrous, style sparsely glandular. Capsule unkown.

At altitude 2800 m. Yunnan（Dongchuan东川）.Type collected from Yunnan Tianxin (天星?田心?(Tien sin) by E.Maire.

According to R.Benoist’s paper: this species similar to Strobilanthes panpienkaiensis Lévl. ( moved to Pteracanthus forrestii (Diels) E.Hossain) and Strobilanthes nemorosus R.Ben.（moved to Pteracanthus nemorosus (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, differs from them by leaves mophorlogy and whole plants covered with mixed white long and soft hairs and glandular hairs. Although the author had not seen the type specimens, moved it into this genera by which characters affinity allies.

22. Pteracanthus mekongensis (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 144. 2002.

澜沧马蓝 lan cang ma lan

Strobilanthes mekongensis W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 195. 1918. July; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 280. 1944; J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Journ. Bot. 51(2): 224. 1994.

Shrubs, 2-2.5 m tall. Stem erect, much branched, young shoots plus or minus white pilosulose, then glabrous, pale white - grey, sparsely white pilose. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or nearly elliptic, long acuminate at apex, base cuneate, decurrent to petiole, margin remotely serrate or undulate or nearly entire, ciliate, (4-) 6-9 cm x 2.5-4.5 cm, membranace when dry, dark green and paleaceus, lineolate cystolithes adaxial, pale white beneath, lateral nerves 4-5 pairs, on nerves sparsely paleaceous pilosulose. Flowers loosely opposite on leaves axil, often one fertile, another vestige. Peduncle 4 mm long, white pilosulose, (sometimes very short, reduced). Bracteoles at the terminal about 2 mm long, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceoate, the others nearly folious. Calyx 1.5-2 cm long, egments 5, linear –oblong, acute, specially at margin and base densely white villose. Corolla nearly erect, base cylidric, narrow tube amplified gradually upward, the mouth ca 2 cm in diameter, complanate when dry, sub-densely white villose outside, yellow white, red; lobes round, 6 mm in diameter. Stamens 4, filaments long, somewhat white villose. Ovary densely white villose, shortly stipitate; style sparsely white villose. Capsule 4- seeded.

At altitude 1800 m. Yunnan (Weixi (维西), Lancangjiang (澜沧江边). Type collected from Yunnan Lancang (澜沧=Mekong).

According to W.W.Smith, this species near to Strobilanthes yunnanensis Diels（moved to Pteracanthus yunnanensis (Diels) C.T.Wu et C.C.Hu）, differs with leaves longly petioled, membrance, calyx segmwents with longly and softly white villose from other species. But the author considered it seems more similar to Pteracanthus hygrophiloiodes (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.）C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu), and it distributes in N.W.Yunnan, possiblely the same species. Due to rare specimen for study, it is diffcult to make precise decision at the moment, so lay aside for future solution.

23. Pteracanthus nemorosus (R.Ben.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 144. 2002.

森林马蓝 sen lin ma lan

Strobilanthes nemorosus R.Ben. in Bull, Mus. Hist. Naturk. Par. 28: 97. 1922; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 281. 1944; J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Journ. Bot. 51(2): 202, 208, 268. 1994.

Herbs, stem 4-angular, bilateral deeply canliculate, glabrous. Leaves opposite subequal, lanceolate, acuminate at apex, base longly decurrent into petiole, margin dentate, blade up to 20 cm x 5 cm, sparsely pilosulose on both surface, lateral nerves 8-9 pairs. Inflorescences large, composed of the terminal and axillary spikes, glandular- pilose. Flowers opposite. Bracts 5 mm x 1 mm; bracteoles and calyx segments oblong-linear, apex obtuse, 14 mm x 1-1.5 mm, glandular pilose. Corolla blue, 4 cm long, base of tube cylindric, upper amplified, digitaliformis, lobes equal. Stamens 4, anthers oblong, equal; filaments erect; pollen grains ellipsoid, ribbed? Costate?. Ovary and style nearly glabrous, sparsely glandular, stigma elongated, membrance. Capsule up to 16 mm long, nearly tetrangular, clavate, glabrous.

Under forests. Sichuan（Chengkou城口）.Type specimen, Farges no. 1408. collected from Sichuan（Chengkou城口=城口厅Tchen keou tin).

According to the original paper of R.Benoist: this species near to Strobilanthes xanthantha Diels and Strobilanthes panpienkaiensis Lévl., differs with the leaves larger and longer, decurrent to petioles; bracts oblong and narrow, corolla elongated. But from Strobilanthes xanthantha Diels with the colour of flowers, the later is yellow; the blade shorter than petiole; the bracts lanceolate. To Strobilanthes panpienkaiensis Lévl. (moved to Pteracanthus forrestii (Diels) C.Y.Wu）, the lower leaves is same, sessile; bracts lanceolate.

24. Pteracanthus oresbius (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 145. 2002.

山马蓝 shan ma lan

Strobilanthes oresbius W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 196. 1918; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 281. 1944.

Frutescent, annual herbs. Stem erect, ca 1 m tall, tetrangular, glabrous or nearly glabrous. Petioles 2-8 cm long, winged upward, glabrous. Upper leaves up to 17 cm x 11 cm, ovate, apex longly acuminate, base cuneate, decurrent, margin coarsely serrate, membrance when dry, dark green adaxial, inconsipiceous pubescent on mid-rib, remainder glabrous, lateral nerves inconsipiceous, ca 10 each side. Inflorescences on upper leaves axis, spciform, flexuose, with 6-12 flowers, peduncle densely capitate glandular pilose. Flowers 1-2-nate, sessile or nearly sessile. Bracts 5-6 mm long, linear-oblong or narrowly spathulate; somewhat glandular pilose. Calyx 12-13 mm long, densely capitate-glandular, divided into the base, segments linear oblong. Corolla up to 4 cm long, strongly curved at middle, white pilose to white-purple outside; corolla-tube ca 3.5 cm long, low part cylindrica, 5 mm long, ventricose at middle, amplified upward 1.5 cm in diameter; lobes short and round. stamens 4, inserted at the middle, curved site. Style slightly puberulose or glabrous. Ovary glabrous.

In open meadows by streamn or undergroth by streams. Yunnan（Gongshan 贡山）; Sichuan (Nanchuan南川cultivated)。Type collected from Upper Burma.

According to the paper of W.W.Smith: this species affinity with Strobilanthes inflatus T.Anders.（moved to Pteracanthus inflatus (T.Anders.) Bremek.）, differs by leaves larger and broader, nearly glabrous, margin coarse serrate, it is distinct from other species,

25. Pteracanthus panduratus (Hand.-Mazz.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 146. 2002.

琴叶马蓝 qin ye ma lan

Strobilanthes panduratus Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7 (abb. 26, nr.3): 893. 1936.

? Diflugossa muliensis H. P. Tsui* in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 12(3): 275-276. 1990；J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Journ. Bot. 51(2): 208.1994.

Plants with rhizome, lignose, much branched, multi root very long, stout. Stems 65 cm tall, erect, green, 4-sulcate, densely hirsute in sulcus and on nodes, branches upward forming a panicle like. Leaves sessile, base round, nearly auriculate, decurrent, broad linear at 1/3 longitudinal part, then lanceolate, nearly fiddle shaped, 5-15 cm long, apex acuminate, length triple width, lower margin remote serrate, dark green, with denst lineolate, slightly strigose adaxial, pale white beneath, shortly pilose on nerves. Lateral nerves 6-12, oblique and arcuate, convex with mid-rib. Pseudo- raceme loosely forming a broadly panicle, densely glandular – pilose except corolla. Flowers usually opposite, the lowest bracts folious, then decrescente angustate, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, shorter than calyx, persistent after flowering. Calyx 10-15 mm long, divided nearly to the base, segments 5, linear, obtuse, one lobe longer. Corolla ca 3 cm long, slightly curved, 2 rows short pilose along the places stamens inserted and decurrented, throat slightly long- pilose; corolla-tube amplified upward, ca 3.5 cm long, low part cylindrica, 5 mm long, ventricose at middle, amplified upward, lobes round. Stamens 4, didynamous, at the base of filaments pilosulose, anthers obtuse; pollen grains ribbed (costate). Ovary pilosulose at top, style glabrous. Capsule unknown.

Under Pinus-Quercus forests, at altitude 2900-3200 m. Sichuan ( Muli 木里）;Yunnan (Ninglang宁蒗, Lijiang丽江). Type collected from Sichuan ( Muli 木里）.

According to the paper of Hand.-Mazz.: the leaf mophorlogy of this species is very special, and only one specimen had been collected, and affinity to Strobilanthes scoriarum W.W.Sm. (W.W.Smith in Not. Bot.G.Edinb. 10:199. 1918 alredy moved to Diflugossa scoriarum (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu）, differs by: leaf base amplified ovate and leaves on inflorescence small; glabrous, without any glandulary hairs, except two rows of glandular and loosely pilose. Although the type specimen was not available to the author, but there was a very nice drawing within Hand.-Mazz’ paper; it seems the characters agrees with this genus better, furthermore, J.R.I.Wood (in Edinb. Jour. Bot. 51(2): 208. 1994.) considered that Strobilanthes panduratus Hand.-Mazz. is indistinguishable to S. duclouxii R.Ben.and Strobilanthes claviculata (moved to Pteracanthus claviculata already), so it shoud also be moved to this genus.

In the original description of Diflugossa muliensis H.P.Tsui (in Acta Bot. Yunn. 12(3): 275. 1990.) : that species affinity to Diflugossa shweliensis (W.W.Sm.) E.Hossain，differs by inconspicuous anisophyllus, without capitate glandular hairs on shoot. It seems the species much more similar to Pteracanthus pandurata (Hand.-Mazz) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu （=Strobilanthes panduratus Hand.-Mazz.）by inflorescence and leaves, and its distribution, and should be Pteracanthus pandurata (Hand.-Mazz) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu. But J.R.I.Wood (Edinb. Journ. Bot. 51(2): 208.1994.) placed it to his Group 7, conspecific of Strobilanthes forrestii Diels (= Pteracanthus forrest (Diels) C.Y.Wu). Since only 1 or 2 specimen is available, it is difficult to make a precise decision, moved to this genus just temporally, and further study is needed.

26. Pteracanthus pinnatifidus (C.Z.Zheng) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 147. 2002.

.

羽裂马蓝 yu lie ma lan

Strobilanthes pinnatifidus C.Z.Zheng in Journ. Hangzhou Univeersity (杭州大学学报) 3 (4): 431-433. 1981.

Perenial herbs, 40 cm tall, lignose, rhizome prostrate. Stems erect, single, branchless, brown hispid. Leaves opposite, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 3-13 cm x 1-5 cm, apex long acuminate or caudate- acuminate, base cuneate, often decurrent or nearly attenuate, margin coarsely and deeply dentate or deeply pinnately parted or lobed, green adaxial, pale white beneath, white, adpressed – hirtellous on both surface, mid-rib and lateral nerves convex, lateral nerves 6-7; petioles 1.5-2 cm long, shortly hirtellous. Spike terminal, simple, 5-9 cm long, slightly curved. Flowers usually lax, sessile, opposite. Bracts spathulate, up to 1.2 cm long. Bracteoles linear as long as calyx. Calyx 1-1.5 cm long, divided nearly to base, segment 5, linear, equal, densely pubescent, glandular –ciliate. Corolla red, ca 3.5 cm long, slightly curved, the low tube 3 cm long, amplified upward, lobes 5, round, emarginate or obtuse round, ciliate, nearly equal, pubscent outside. Stamens 4, didynamous, anthers oblong, 2 rows soft hair along both side of the longer filaments. Ovary oblong, glabrous; style 3 mm long. Capsule oblong, sparsely pubescent. Seeds 4, round- ovate, pubescent.

Under forests on wet places, at altitude 650 m. Zhejiang（Qingyuan庆元）. Type collected from Zhejiang（Qingyuan庆元,Heshan和山）.

27． Pteracanthus rotundifolius (D.Don.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 199. 1944.

圆叶马蓝 yuan ye ma lan

Strobilanthes rotundifolius R.Ben. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Naturk. Paris 28: 97. 1922; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 284. 1944;

Herbs. Stems erect, glandular-pilose, sulcate. Leaves sessile, broadly ovate, base cordate, apex obtuse, rarely subacute, margin crenate-dentate, 25 mm or more x 23 mm, blade glandular pilose on both surface, lateral nerves extended from the middle and upper of midrib. Flowers in terminal lax spike. The lower bracts folious, the upper small, entire. Bracteoles lanceolate, obtuse, glandular-pilose. calyx segments linear- oblong, obtuse, glandular-pilose, 12 mm x 2 mm. Corolla 3 cm long, tube base cylindric, amplified upward, digitariformis, lobes nearly equal, pubescent outside. Stamens 4, filaments erect, anthers oblong; pollen ellipsoid, costate or ribbed. Ovary glabrous; style slightly pilose, stigma linear, plane, membrance. Capsule unkown.

Endemic. Yunnan（Songming嵩明,Yulinshan狱灵山）. Type specimen: Ducloux，no. 7495.collected from Yunnan（Songming嵩明,Yulinshan狱灵山(=Yo li chan).

According to the description of R.Benoist: this species similar to Strobilanthes panpienkaiensis Lévl. (moved to Pteracanthus forrestii (Diels) Bremek.), differs by the ovate leaves; mophorlogy of bracts; calyx segments larger and more dense glandular-pilose on whole plant. J.R.I Wood (in Edinb. Journ. Bot. 51(2): 247. 1994) placed it to Strobilanthes lamiifolia (Nees) T.Anders. as synonme. The author hasn’t seen type specimens both of Strobilanthes rotundifolius D.Don. and Strobilanthes lamiifolia Nees, so couldn’d say it is a correct place at the moment, but according to their allies to move them to this genua, certainly, further investigation is needed.

28. Pteracanthus tibeticus (J.R.I.Wood) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 148. 2002.

西藏马蓝 xi zang ma lan

Strobilanthes tibetica J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Jour. Bot. 51(2): 262.1994.

Undershrubs, ca 1.5 m tall, gregariously growing and probably pletesial. Stems glabrous or obscurely bifariously pubescent, weakly quadrangular. Leaves subequal, ovate or elliptic, apex shortly acuminate, slightly falcate, 7-14 x 3-9 cm, base long-cuneate and decurrent nearly to the petiole base, margin strongly serrate, adaxial green with conspicuous cystoliths nearly glabrous except for a few scattered, short hispid hairs and strigose or scurfy midrib; abaxil paler, nearly glabrous except for a few hairs near the midrib base; petiole 1-3 cm, very sparsely pilose. Inflorescence of 1-sided axillary spikes, 4-12 cm long, flowers sometimes reduced to solitary in the leaf axils. Rhachis finely puberulent to glandular pilose, stright or obscurely zigzag, winged, wings 0.25-1 mm wide. Bracts glabrous, variable in development; basal bracts leaf-like, ovate, acuminate, petiolate, 1.5-2.5 cm, petioles up to 4 mm; apical bracts narrowly oblong-elliptic, acuminate, sessile, 1-1.2 cm long. Bracteoles oblong, obtuse, 2.5-4 mm long. Calyx 0.9- 2 cm long, apparently not accrescent, subequally 5-lobed to ca 1 mm above the base, segments lines, obtuse, almost colourless, glabrous, or sparsely glandular-pilose. Corolla in bud silky-grey, in flowers violet, pubescent, 3.2- 4 cm long, strongly inflated from just above the base and widened to ca 1.5 cm in the middle and the bent 90 but not narrowed at the mouth, inside glabrouse, the lobes ovate, rounded or weakly emarginate, 5 mm x 7 mm. Steamens 4, didynamous, filaments all equal in length, 2.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers 1.5 mm long, included; pollen ellipsoid. Style ca 2 cm long, glabrous or with a few fairs, ovary pointed, glabrous. Capsule 1.1-1.2 cm long, glabrous, oblong, apiculate, 4-seeded; seeds oblong, 3 x 2 mm, covered in stiff white hairs.

Gregariously growing under Tsuga forests, at altitude 2650 m. Xizang (Mutuo墨脱, Zayul 察隅). N.E. India (Boundary, Naja? mountainous areas)

29. Pteracanthus urophyllus (Nees) Bremek. in in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 286. 1944.

尾叶马蓝 wei ye ma lan

Strobilanthes urophylla Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 192. 1847

Shrubby herbs, much branched, glabrous. Young stems tetrangular, glabrous. Anisophyllous, petioles 0.8-1.6 cm long, blades ovate, apex caudate, base decurrent to petiole, cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin remote serrate, 8-12 cm x 3-5 cm wide, reduced becoming small on flowering shoots, membrance when dry, adaxial yellow-green, babaxil pale green, with inconspicuous cystoliths, base of midrib expanded, lateral nerves 6-9 pairs, pubescent on nerves. Inflorescence axillary, leaves on rhachis reduced, small and folious, ovate, nearly entire, pinninerved, cystolithes distinct near midrib base, with petioles together 1.5-4.5 cm long. Flowers solitary on leaf axils. Bracts ovate, 5 mm long, 3-nerved, with 5 mm long, nearly glabrous petioles, persistent. Calyx 5-partite, segments lanceolate, apex long acuminate, capitite-glandular pilose, cystolithes longitudinal at the base; enlarged when fruiting. Corolla pink-white, less than 2 cm long, slightly bent, tube cylindric, ca 5 mm long, expaned narrowly campanunate, ca 6 mm in diam.. Steamens 4, didynamous, included. Style hirsute. Capsule 2-4? Seeded; seeds 6 mm, ovate, pubescent, areola small.

Under evergreen broad-leaf forests, at altitude 1200-2000 m. Xizang（Mutuo墨脱）. Presents in Khasia mountainous area. Type collected from Khasia Mts. of India.

30．Pteracanthus urticifolius (O.Kuntze) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 199 & 200, 1944.

荨麻叶马蓝 qian ma ye ma lan

Strobilanthes urticifolia O.Kuntze Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 499. 1891; J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Jour. Bot. 51(2): 221, 230. 1994.

Subshrubs, 1.3 m tall, with viscid hairs. Leaves ovate, (4-) 8-11 cm x (3-) 5-6.5 cm, apex longly acuminate, base cordate-round or acuminate, margin serrate, distinct lineolate cystolithes on both surface, sparsely shortly hirsute adaxial, densely white pubescent abaxil, lateral nerves 7-8 pairs, upper leaves sessile, lower petiolated, petioles 3.5-4.5 cm long, winged upward. Spike terminal or forming a terminal panicle. Flowers remote. Bracts narrowly oblong or lanceolate, caducous, the upper almost as long as calyx. Bracteoles narrow round, caducous. Calyx ca 1.2 cm long, almost divided into the base, segments 5, linear, unequal, apex obtuse, green, viscid-pilose. Corolla 3.5 cm long, purplish red, ventricose, slightly bend. Stamens 4 glabrous. Ovary glandular hairs, style sparsely hairs.

In grassland on mountainous slops, at altitude 2500 m. Tibet (Dingjie 定结). Also presents from Kashmir area to N.E.India and temple Himalaya.

J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Jour. Bot. 51(2): 221，230. 1994. placed the species Strobilanthes urticifolius O.Kuntze (moved to Pteracanthus urticifolius (O.Kuntze) Bremek.) which discribed by Hara (1982) 和H.W.Li (李锡文 1985）as a syn. of Strobilanthes lachenensis C.B.Clarke. The author has n’t seen the early related type specimens and didn't make a detail study on them, so further investigations also needed.

31．Pteracanthus versicolor (Diels) H.W.Li, in C.Y.Wu, Fl. Xizang 4: 415. 1985.

变色马蓝 bian se ma lan

Pteracanthus versicolor (Diels) Hand.-Mazz ex C.Y.Wu, Ind. Fl. Yunnan. 2: 1681. 1984. nom. invalid.

Strobilanthes versicolor Diels in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 5: 163. 1912.

Herbs or sub-shrubs, lower stem ligneous, much branched, 20-120 cm tall, sparce pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, sometimes subround, leaves at middle part 5-9.5 cm x 4-6 cm, apex angustate -acute to caudate-acuminate, base broadly cuneate, decurrent to the petiole, winged, margin slightly coarsely teethed, slightly pubescent and densely distinct linear cystolithes on both surface, lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, petioles (1-)1.5-3 cm long. Flowers sessile, dense cymes with 1-3 flowers on branches forming 1-side spike. Bracts folious, longer than calyx. Bracteole small, linear, ca 4 mm long. Calyx 1.5 cm long, divided to base, segments 5, linear, with dense articulate hairs at margin. Corolla white to fully blue, ca 3.5 cm long, tube base amplified upward, campanulate –cylindric and subrectangulaly curved, the cylingdric tube as long as the campanulate, lobes 5, small, round. Style and filament pilosule.

Under the alpine Quercus forests, Picea forests or on grassland beside the forest, at altitude 3100-3300 m. Often gregariously growing under sub-alpine needle–leaf forests. N.W.Yunnan (丽江、中甸、大理、洱源); Tibet (吉隆、聂拉木、亚东).Type collected from Yunnan (Lijiang丽江).

32. Pteracanthus yunnanensis (Diels) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu，Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 150. 2002.

云南马蓝 yun nan ma lan

Strobilanthes yunnanensis Diels in Notes Bot. Gard. Edinb. 5: 164. 1912.

Spreading shrubs, 0.5-1.5 m tall, branches straight, young branch patent pilose. Leaves petiolated, blade membrance to herbaceus, chaff-like and multi-articulate hairs on both surface, ovate, apex acuminate, base narowly cuneate, margin crenate -serrate, 3-8 cm x 2-5 cm, dark green adaxial, pale green abaxil, lateral nerves 4-5 pairs. Inflorescence terminal or axillary on leaf axils of peduncles. Flowers sessile. Bracts and bracteoles ovate-lanceolarte, midrib red-brown, usually equal. Calyx 5-partite, segments linear, long acuminate, often patent, pale white at base, nearly hyaline, margin long ciliate, 1.2-1.4 cm x 1.5 cm. Corolla pale white, blue, 4 cm long, tube slightly amplified upward, gradually curved toward lobes, style and filament pilosule; ovary barbate.

In moist, open, shady situation in thickets on the eastern flank of the Liching range. Yunnan (剑川、大理、丽江、腾冲、贡山、景东). Type collect from the valley of Yunnan, between Jianhe (剑河 Chien Ho) and Jianchuan (剑川Chin Chuan).

 

31. SEMNOSTACHYA Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.

Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 201. 1944.

糯米香属 nuo mi xiang shu

Perennial herbs or shrubs, most monocarpic, aniphyllous. Leaves petiolated, with dense lineolate cystolithes, margin chaff- like dentate (calloso dentata). Spike, rarely raceme, sometimes paniculate, terminal or axillary, peduncle short. Flowers solitary on bracts axils, opposite, pair at same node. Bracts and bracteoles narrow, as long as or shorter than calyx, persistent; bracts usually 3-nered, rarely 5- or 1-nerved, bracteoles usually pair at each node. Calyx unequally 5 lobed, segments linear, imbricate in bud, cystolithes distinct and dense, lineolate, enlarged when fruiting; the posterior 2 coherent. Flowers white, corolla tube cylindric, resupinate, throat campanulate, longer than the tube, 2 rows hairs suported the style, lobes equal, sometimes emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, erect, included, filaments of the longer pair whole or partly hirtellous, of shorter pair glabrous or hirtellous at base; anthers erect, usually macronate at apex; pollen grains, ellipsoid, ornamentation streaked (virgatus), with 15-18 bends. Ovary bearing a tuft of hairs (comosus), 2 ovules in each cell; style hirtellus. Capsule fusiformis, acute, valve dorsal incrassate, 4-seeds, retinaculum appressed, attached to seeds. Seeds are entirely covered with rigid hairs.

Ca 10 species, distributes in Sumatra, Borneo inland, Philippines Pen. Also present Taiwan and Yunnan provinces of China.

This genus showes some resemblance to Pteracanthus, differs by the bracts and bracteoles larger and persistent; the filaments of the longer stamens hirtellous; the leaves are not contracted at winged pseudo-petiole; the seeds are entirely covered with rigid hairs.

 

1a. Herbs, rhachis (inflorescence axis) pubescent and glandular hairs……

………………………………………………..…S. menglaensis H.P.Tsui

1b. Shrubs, spike long and erect, bracts persistent……………………………………

…………………………2. S. longispicata (Hayata) C.F.Hsieh et T.C.Huang

 

1. Semmostachya menglaensis H.P.Tsui, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 349. in Addenda. 2002.

糯米香 nuo mi xiang

Herbs, 0.5-1 m tall, branches quadrangular, hispidus, then glabrous. Fragrant when dry. Leaves oppositte, usually unequal, petioles up to 2 cm long, hispid; blade elliptic or long elliptic or ovate, 18.5 cm x 6 cm, apex acuta, base cuneate, decurrent or rarely rotund, sparsely hispid on both surface, denser on nerves, cystolithes distinct adaxial, lateral nerves 5-6 pairs, arcuately confluent toward margin, margin crenate. Spike singular, terminalis or axillary, rhachis pubescent and glandular hairy. Bracts linear-spathulate, 10 mm x 2 mm, sparsely pubescent and white papillate on both surface, margine pubescent and glandular hairy, 1-nerved. Bracteoles linear, 4.7 mm x 0.8 mm, pubescent on both surface.. Calyx segments 5, subequal, linear, 1.2 mm x 1 mm, pubescent on both surface.; bracteoles and bracts scattered with distinct, longitudinal cystolithes. Corolla pink or purple, inside nearly glabrous except 2 rows pilose supported the style, glabrous outside, corolla-tube 10 mm long, throat 16.7 mm long, lobes rotund, 5.3 mm in diam. Stamens 4 didynamous, longer pair filaments puberulous, shorter pair glabrous, anthers 3 mm long; pollen grains (smaple from Yunnan Mengla ) perprolate, 3-colpate, ornamentation costate, ribbed. Style 1.5 cm long, glabrous, ovary long obovate, 3 mm long, 1 mm in diam., the upper part shortly glandular hairs. Capsule cylindric, 1.4 cm long, apex acute, shortly glandular hairs, 2 valves bent abruptly bakwards (reflex). Seeds ellipsoid, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide.

In grassland beside forests. Yunnan(Mengla勐腊). Type specemen: Tao guo-da(陶国达) 21054(Typus), collected from Yunnan, Mengla (勐腊).

This species similar to Strobilanthes galeopsi Bremek., differs from leaf apex acute, base cuneate, not caudate, decurrent, not ciliate; ovary glandular hairs at the tip; capsule longer, apex acute.

2. Semnostachya longispicata (Hayata) C.F.Hsieh et T.C.Huang in Taiwania 19 (1): 22. 1974 et in Fl. Taiwan 4: 660. 1978.

长穗糯米香 chang sui nuo me xiang in Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 153. 2002.

Strobilanthes longespicatus Hayata, Icon. Pl. Form. 9: 83. 1920; C.F.Hsieh et T.C.Huang Fl. Taiwan ed. 2. 4: 680, pl. 313, photo 349. 1998.

Strobilanthes ridleyi sensu Yamamoto in Journ. Soc. Trop. Agr. 7: 143. 1935, non Merr.

Shrubs, much branched, up to 1.2- 2 m. Tall. Branches subquadrangular, glabrous. Leaves oblong or oblong -lanceolate, 9-20 cm x4.5-6cm, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate -attenuate,margins remotely serrate, papyraceous, both surfaces glabrous, lateral nerves 8-10 each side; petioles 2-3 cm long. Spike axillary and terminal, 10-15 cm long.Flowers sessile, opposite on nodes of spike.Bract 1,ovate, linear-lanceolate, 1 cm x 6-7 mm, apex acuminate, base truncate, papyraceous, adnated to the concave mian axis，glabrous. Bracteoles 2, linear-lanceolate, small, 2.5 mm x 1.5 mm, apex acuminate, base obtuse, glabrous, margin hirsute, glabrous inside, erect, attached to calyx.Calyx erect,nearly 5-partite, segments linear, unequal, 13 mm x 2-3 mm, apex acuminate, margin hirste, glabrous both inside and outside, 1- midrib abaxil, more or less convex abaxil. Corolla cylindric, 5 cm long, throat 1.5 cm in diam., contracted at base, tube 1 cm long, 3 mm in diam., glabrous outside, erect or slightly curved, limb 5-lobed, lobes nearly unequal, triangularly rounded,8 mm long, width as long as the length, emarginate, glabrous outside, inside hirsute at base.Stamens didynamous, filaments adnated to corolla, hispid with corolla lower part, separate parts 2-10 mm long, posterior pair shorter, 2 mm long, anticous pair longer, 10 mm long, anthers 2-celled, oblong, apex truncate, base 2-lobed, lobes obtuse, glabrous, theca paraell. Pollen grains ellipsoid, 3-colpate, ornamentation ribbed. Ovary cylindric-oblong,slightly hispid at top; style filiform, 3 mm long, hispid. Capsule linear, glabrous 1.7 cm long, 4 mm in diam. Seeds 4,oblong-orbicular,3 mm long, appressed. Retinaculum acute.

A semi-woody plant in the forests. Taiwan endemic. In the southern part, especially on the Hengchun Peninsula. Taiwan (Pingdong屏东); Hainan (吊罗山、保亭、万宁、凌水); Yunnan (禄春、沧源、镇康、临沧);Guangxi (百寿). Type specimen: Kobayashi 6011. Taito: Haroye, /10/1907 collected from Taiwan.

The distinct charaters are: (1.) very long and erect spike and (2.) acuminate, persistent bracts.

 

32. PYRROTHRIX Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.

Afd. Naturk. sect. 2 . 41(1): 209. 1944.

红毛蓝属 hong mao lan shu

Whole Plants almost covered with redish rust jointed hairs (articulatus setose), slightly anisophyllous. Leaves contracted into petiole. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, pedicellate, spike short or elongated. Bracts linear-oblong or spathulate, ciliate, pinni-nerved, persistent, as long as calyx. Bracteoles small, linear, obscurely obtusa. Flowers single on bracts axis. Calyx 5-partite, segments sub-equal, linear. Corolla colour unkown, tube cylindric, amplified upward, throat campanulate, 2 rows hairs supported the style within, lobes nearly equal, round. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, all erect, filaments all hirsute, anthers erect, apex obtuse, bilateral complanate; pollen grains ellipsoid, ornamentation streaked (virgata septatis). Ovary sparsely bearing a tuft hairs (comosus), 2 ovules in each cell; style glabrous. Capsule fusiformis, mucronate at tip, almost without stuff hairs, 4-seeded, retinaculum acicular, extented. Seeds without areola, wholely covered with rigid hairs.

Original about 10 species, distributes in N.E.India (Khasia mountainous area）, Indo-China peninsula to Sumatra. 3 species in China, all present in Yunnan.

 

1a. Bracts linear-spathulate; inflorescencea terminal.

2a. Inflorescences composing of 2-3 flowers and densely redish rustbrown setose, spathulate

bracts. ………3. 红毛蓝 P. rufo-hirta (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

f朵花密集于长2-8厘米、被硬毛的花序轴上，呈顶生头状花序……………………..

………………………....1. 异色红毛蓝 P. heterochroa (Hand.-Mazz.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

1b. Bracts small, round, clawed (unguicular).......……………………….

…………………………………...2. 泰北红毛蓝 P. hossei (C.B.Clarke) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

 

1. Pyrrothrix heterochroa (Hand.-Mazz.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu，Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 154. 2002.

异色红毛蓝 yi se hong mao lan

Strobilanthes heterochrous Hand.-Mazz. in Oest. Bot. Reilsch. 87: 125. 1938.

Stems 60 cm tall, much branched, tetrangular, covered with yellow, retrorsed hairs (pilose, lower portion glabrous. Internodes elongated up to 12 cm long. Upper leaves elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 4-8.5 cm x 1-2 cm, (width/ length = 1/2-1/4) , petioles 1/4 of the length of blade, blades base angustate, margin densely serrulate, light brown when dry, slightly thickened, striate; nerves impressed, bullate densely setose adaxial, grey, tomentuloe-hirsute abaxil, lateral nerves 8-10 each side, slightly convex. Flowers 8-10 in head (capitate) on terminal, densely hirsute, 2-8 cm long peduncle. Outer bracts folious, the inners lanceolate, nearly obtuse, yellow tomentose. Bracteoles narrowly spathulate, the length and indumentum similar to calyx. Calyx divided into base, segments 4, narrowly linear, 7-9 mm long, one shorter and acute, all white sericeous-tomentulose, except long and most dense golden to light brown glandular pilose. Corolla 2.5 cm long, tube 6 mm long, amplified upward, the mouth 1 cm in diam., lobes 5, small, round, violet when dry; densely white pilose outside, inside 2 rows hirsute-ciliate along the low part of the longer filaments. Stamens inserted at the middle of corolla-tube, included, filaments of outer pair white ciliate, inner pair glabrous, lengththe of the former twice to the later; ornmentation of pollen grains ribbed. Capsule 7 mm long, when mature, densely white pilose.

On mountainous slop, at altitude1370 m. Yunnan (Yuanjiang元江). Type collected from Yunnan (Yuanjiang元江).

According to the paper of Hand.-Mazz.: this species has two forms and two colous of indumemt, similar to Strobilanthes torrentium R.Ben. in China, differs from the forms of bracts; corolla and capsule glabrous outside, it is easy to be distingulished.

2. Pyrrothrix hossei (C.B.Clarke) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 155. 2002.

泰北红毛蓝 tai bei hong mao lan

Strobilanthes hossei C.B.Clarke in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 41: 67. 1907; R.Ben. in H.Lec., Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine 4: 681. 1935.

Whole plants redish, jointed hairs (articulate setose). Inflorescences: bracts small, round, clawed (unguicular); bracteoles similar to bracts; calyx 5-lobed, segments 7 mm long, linear, connected portion pale white, separte portion tomentose, apex amlified spathulate, green or dark green, golden brown setose; corolla 35 mm long, blue. Capsule up to 9 mm long, shortly glandular hair, 4-seeded.

Yunnan（Luchun 绿春?）. distributes in northern Thailand. Type specimen: Hosseus n. 339. Siam, Doi-Anga-Luang ) collected from northern Thailand.

3. Pyrrothrix rufo-hirta (C.B.Clarke) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu，Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 155. 2002.

红毛蓝 hong mao lan

Strobilanthes rufo-hirtus C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 199. 1918; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 284. 1944.

Plants 20-30 cm tall, rarely up to 1 m, erect, slender; articulate and redish rustsetose on upper stems, glabrous on lower portion. Leaves petioled, petiole 1.5-2.5 cm long, densely redish rustsetose, blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base broadly cuneate or sub- rotund, margin creneate and redish rustciliate, 8-9 cm x 3.5-4 cm, red-brown setose, membrance when dry, dark green adaxial, scatted with redish rustarticulate setose, denser abaxil; lateral nerves 5 paris. Inflorescence terminal, composited of 2-3-flowers and densely redish rustarticulate setose bracts. Bracts persistent after fruiting. Peduncle and pedicel absent. Calyx 12-13 mm long, divided into base, segments linear spathulate. Corolla 4-5 cm long, tube cylindric, amplified upward, the amplified portion as long as the cylindric portion, puberulose outside, white villose inside, lobes round, 6-7 mm in diam.. Fertile stamens 4, filaments white villose. Capsule fusiformis, mucron at tip, light brown. Seeds flat? compressed?, brown , mucron at tip, brown hairy, areola not seen.

Yunnan（Mengzi 蒙自, Pingbian 屏边,Jinping 金平, Luquan 禄劝). Type collected from Yunnan 云南, Mengzi (蒙自).

According to the paper of W.W.Smith: this spices is affinty with Strobilanthes yunnanensis Diels, differs with redish rustarticulate setose covered on stems, petioles, blades, it is easy to distinglish.

 

33. TETRAGLOCHIDIUM Bremek. in Verh.

Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. sect. 2. 41(1): 214. 1944.

长苞蓝属 chang bao lan shu

Plants plietesia (monocapic but but living for several years), anisophyllous. Leaves sessile or petiolate, cystolithes densely lineolate adaxial, margin dentate and ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, abbreviated, fully or near fully enveloped by the lowest pair of bracts, which is often smaller than the leaves, equal or unequal, patent or neary erect. Peduncle short, spiciform, usually complanate. Bracts ovate, ovate oblong, or oblong, usually the lowest 3-or multi-nerved from base, others pinninerved, margin ciliate, the outside ones folious or dentate, all sterile, from base to top derescent, ferilte, all persistent. Flowers solitary, axillary in bracts axil. Bbracteoles linear or setaceous, sometimes not as long as the calyx, sometimes much shorter than the calyx or reduced absent. Calyx glabrous, 5-partite or 5-lobed, segments equal or not, or distinct bilabiate 2- partite, valvate. Corolla violet or white, rarely yellow, resupinate, tube terete, contored at the anguste portion, much longer than the amplified campanulate throat, 2 rows hairs supported the style, lobes of limb equal, round. Stamens 4, didynamous, erect and included, filament sometimes all hirtellous or long hirtellous, sometimes all glabrous; anther erect, connective inserted at apex, anther cells slightly unequal, patent, staminoide small or inconspicious; pollen grains ellipsoid, ribbed, virgata, virgis septatis. Ovary glabrous, 4-seeded, retinaculum all appressed, with 2-3 toothed at tip. Seeds brown, areola small, covered fully by rigid, long, hard hairs (pilose).

Ca 8 species, present in W.Malaya (Malaya penisula to Sumtra, Java and Boreno), but it was discovered rescently that it distributes into middle India penisula and Yunnan, Guangxi Provinces in China.

 

1a. 4-flowers in short spiciform, abbreviated infloresence, without pedicel, included by the bracts

fully or near so, the lowest pair bracts the smallest, sessile, equal or not, patent or nealy erect,

ovate, ovate-oblong or oblong, 3- or multi- nerved from the base; others pinninerved, margin

ciliate; the outside ones all folious or dentate, sterile, decresent inward smaller and fertile,

  1. persistent……………………………………….2. 长苞蓝 T. jugorum (R.Ben.) Bremek.

1b. Flowers opposite on short spike; bracts ovate or elliptic, shorly acuminate, margin up half to

top dentate, the lowest 2 bracts sterile, smaller, other two pairs 4-5 x, 2-2.5 cm, larger than the

upper bracts. ……………………...1. 大苞蓝T. gigantodes (Lindau) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

 

1. Tetraglochidium gigantodes (Lindau) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 157. 2002.

大苞蓝 da bao lan

Strobilanthes gigantodes Lindau in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 649. 1897.

Shrubs, up to 2 m. Stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, petiole 3 cm long, blade oblong, base acute, sometimes obtusa, apex acuminate, margin dentate or crenate, 10- 16 x 5-8 cm. Flowers opposite in short spike. Bracts ovate or elliptic, apex shortly acuminate, margin dentate from upper part to top, the most low pair sterile, smaller, another 2 bracts 4-5 x 2-2.5 cm., larger than the former. Bracteoles lanceolate, ca 30 x 6 mm, glabrous. Corolla white, 7 cm long, tube base cylindric, amplified gradually, digitate, 2/3 length of corolla, lobes of limb equal, ovate, emarginate at top. Filament of stamen hairy; pollen grains ellipsoid, ribbed. Disk 1 mm high. Ovary and style glabrous.

In forrest at altitude 200m. Guanxi（防城、十万大山）; Yunnan（河口）, Also presents in N.Veitnam. Type collected from Veitnam, Tonkin..

2. Tetraglochidium jugorum (R.Ben.) Bremek. in Proc. K. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. ser. 60: 2. 1957.

长苞蓝 chang bao lan

Strobilanthes jugorum R.Ben. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 601. 1934 et in H. Lec., Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine 4: 670. 1935.

Herbs, 30 cm. tall.. Young stems tetrangular, hairy, sulcate. Leaves petiolate, petiole hairy, blade ovate, acute at both ends, base decurrent to petiole, margin crenate, pilose on both surface, small and densely linear cystolithes adaxial, grey white abaxil (beneath), lateral nerves 6-8, 3-9 cm x 1.5-4.5 cm. Spike often compressed. Flowers sessile, often 4 in a short terminal spike, included in bracts fully or nearly so. The lowest pair bracts smaller, sessile, equall or unequall, patent or nearly erect, ovate, ovate-oblong, 3- or multi-nerved; bracts from base to top，decreased inward, sterile, persistent folious all pinninerved, margin ciliate, the outer pairs almost folious or dentate. Bracteoles lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, dentate at apex, hairy, 13-20 x 1-3.5 mm. Calyx 5-partite, swegments nearly equal, linear, hairy at low part, 11 x 1-12.5 mm. Corolla violete, 3.5-4 cm long, amplified from the base. Stamens 4, didynamous; filament glabrous, base adnated into memberance, hairy, coherent to corolla; anther erect, slightly unequall, patent, staminode small or inconsipiceous; pollen grans ellipsoid, ribbed. Ovary glabrous, 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, style base with capitate and hirsute hairs; stigma elongated, complanate, dens-like. Capsule fusiformis, glabrous, 4-seeded, retinculum adnated, 2-3 dens at top. Seeds brown, areola, fully hairy.

Under forrest, on moist or damp place. Guangxi (Ningming 宁明); Yunnan (Pingbian 屏边). Present in N.Vietnam. Type collected from Vietnam, Chapa.

 

34. GOLDFUSSIA Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 75. 87. 1832. p.p.;

id. in DC. Prodr. 11: 101 et 171, 1847. p.p.

金足草属 jin zu cao shu

Monocarpic plants, anisophyllous. Leaves sessile or petiolate, sometimes asymmetric. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, abbreviate, spiciformis. Bracts longer than calyx, 3- or 5-nerved from base, usually persistent. Bracteoles smaller and narrower than bracts, sometimes absent. Flowers solitary in bract axil. Calyx 5- partite, segments nearly equal, linear, acute, valvate, the middle one larger. Corolla violet or white, resupinate, tube terete, amplified at throat, campanulate, limb 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal, with 2 rows hairs supported the style. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, filaments of the longer pair unequal, of shorter pair equal, very short, strongly curved, anthers oblong or elliptic, apex obtuse, horizontal; pollen grains ellipsoid, streaked (virgata virgis septatis). Ovary capitate pilose, comose, 2 ovules in each cell, style glabrous or subglabrous. Capsule fusiformis, 4-seeded, retiaculum acute. Seeds yellowish brown or brown, wholely covered with appressed pilose, elastic when wet.

Ca 30 species, distribute Nepal, Bhudam, India, Indo-China Pen. and Philippine. 14 species in China, present in Eastern, center, southern, south-west China, westward to Tibet.

1a. Spike capitate and terminal, composing of imbricate bracts ……………………………

…………………………………..1. 蒙自金足草 G. austinii (C.B.Clarke) Bremek..

1b. Short heads, enveloped by lower bracts, 1-3- pedunculate, with 2-3 flowers each head.

2a. Bracts elliptic-oblong, pubescent, as long as calyx, caducous; bracteoles half length to

calyx; collora dark blue; peduncles often 1.2-2.5 cm long, glabrous or slightly pubescent,

clustered or unbrel ……………………………………...2. 金足草 G. capitata Nees

2b. Bracts sub-orbicular or ovate-elliptic, glabrous, longer than calyx, bracteoles small.

3a. Peduncule long.

4a. Calyx segments with articulated and glandular soft hairs.

5a. Bracts glabrous or glabrous outside.

6a. Plants glabrous, became black when dry.

7a. Cyme axillary, with long peduncle and pedicel; bracts persistent in buds

…...……3. 黔金足草 G. equitans (Lévl.) E.Hossain

7b. Spike often terminal; bracts caducous.

.........13. 独山金足草 G. seguinii (Lévl.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

6b. Plants never become black.

8a. Bracts nearly orbicular or ovate-elliptic, the outmost 1.2-1.5 cm long, apex

acuminate; slightly hairy both surface …………………………..

.……………….11. 圆苞金足草G. pentstemonoides Nees

8b. Bracts caducous; leaves papyrous, sessile, orbicular; flower straminous

coloured; stamens short, staminoide 2 . …………………………….

……...…14. 草色金足草**G. stramineus (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

5b. Bracts more or less hairy, glandular hairy on bracts outside.

...6. 腺苞金足草G. glandibractaeta (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

4b. Calyx segments more or less hairy or glabrous.

9a. Calyx segments pubescent or villose.

10a. Calyx segments shortly hirsute.

11a.叶顶端尾状渐尖；花冠外面无毛………………………………

11a. Leaves apex caudate –acuminate; corolla glabrous outside. ………………..

………..12. 细穗金足草G. psilostachys (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) Bremek.

11b. Leaves apex acute to acuminate; corolla hairy outside.

………..…10. 卵苞金足草 G. ovatebracteata (H.S.Lo et D.Fang) C.Y.Wu

10b. Margin and midrib of calyx segments ciliate and villose. ……………………..

………………….….4. 观音山金足草G. feddei (Lévl.) E.Hossain

9b. Calyx segments nearly glabrous or glabrous, cystolithes along nerves only…

……9. 宁明金足草 G. ningmingensis (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu

3b. Peduncles short.

12a. Inflorenscences heads without peduncles, or obviously on densely villose short

peduncles; bracts elliptic-linear to slightly obcurely lanceolate, densely white

villose –barbarte both surface of lower portion, shortly glandular villose both

surface of upper portion; bracteoles indumentum same with bracts. Calyx

densely white ciliate ……………………………………………………………

……………8. 白头金足草 G. leucocephala (Craib) C.Y.Wu

12b. Indumentum on inflorensces, bracts bracteoles not white villose-barbarte.

13a. Pedicels hairy.

14a. Peduncles with 1-3 flowers, oppositte with leaf at nodes, ca 1-2.7 cm

long, slight pubescent. …………………………………………………

……5. 台湾金足草 G. formosana (S.Moore) C.F.Hsieh et T.C.Huang

14b. Peduncles very short, hirsute, bracts ovate-lanceolate, entire or serrate?,

erect, covered by yellow and glandular hairy. ………………………….

………7. 聚花金足草G. glomerata (Wall.) T.Anders.

13b. 2-fariam hairs on pedicels, top of pedicels slightly increased; bracts elliptic to

ovate-elliptic, apex acute or obtuse, articulate –glandular soft hairy abaxil

suface; caducous or deciduous ……………………………

……..6. 腺苞金足草G. glandibractaeta (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu

** The author hadn’t seen the type of Strobilanthes stramineus W.W.Sm., all description in the key according to the original paper.

1. Goldfussia austinii (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. 2 sect. 41. (1): 231 & 238. 1944.

蒙自金足草

Strobilanthes austinii C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 190. 1918.

Strobilanthes hancockii C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 193. 1918.

Strobilanthes mahongensis Lévl. Cat. Pl. Yunnan : 6. 1915.

Goldfussia hanocokii (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. sect. 2. 41(1): 231 et 234. 1944.

Goldfussia mahongensis (Lévl.) E. Hossian in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(2): 407. 1973.

Herbs, 30-100 cm tall, erect. Stems slender, flexuose, sometimes decumbent at base, pilose, then glabrous. Leaves equal or subequal, with 1.5-2 cm long, densely yellow brown pilsulose petioles, blades 6-7 x 3-4 cm, elliptic, ovate or obovate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, base plus or minus broadly cuneate, margin serrulate or crenulate, papyraceous when dry, cystolithes lineolate, parallel on both surface, dark green, glabrous or sparsely setosulose adaxial, glabrous or pilosulose along the nerves or scatted setosulose abaxil (beneath), lateral nerves 4-6 (-7) paris. Inflorescence usually terminal, spciformis, 2-4 cm long, the upper flowers axillary, sessile. Bracts folious, ca 1,5 cm long, oblong or round, caducous or somewhat persistent after flowering, with lineolate parallel, cystolithes, margin ciliate or pilosulose, these at inflorescence base similar to the leaves. Calyx 8-10 mm long, divided almost into base, segments 5, linear-oblong, acute, margin ciliate. Corolla ca 4-5 cm long, slightly curved, purple red, tube terete to the middle, then amplified, pilosulose outside, lobes of limb round, 5-6 mm in diameter. Stamens 4, all fertile, filaments white pilosulose. Capsule fusiformis, light brown. Areola small, curved pilose outside areola.

At altitude 400-2100m，on mountainous grassland or in forests. Yunnan (弥勒、蒙自、元江、砚山、文山、寻甸、巧家); Sichuan (凉山、布托、德昌). Type collected from Yunnan Mengzi (蒙自).

On the specimen of E.E.Maire (viii 1912 ), E.Hossain identified it to be Goldfussia mahongensis (Lévl.) E.Hossain, but another labour by J.R.I.Wood 30/3/93 identified it to be Strobilanthes lamiifolia (Nees) T.Anders.

According to the paper of H.Leveille, this species affinity to Strobilanthes panpienkaiense (moved to Pteracanthus forrestii (Diels) C.Y.Wu), differs with shoots glabrous, leaves base long cuneate-attenuate, without ciliate, glabours coarsely dentate, apex of calyx segments acute, flowers red.

2. Goldfussia capitata Nees in Wall Pl. As. Rar. 3: 88. 1832 et in DC. Prodr. 11: 173. 1847.

金足草 jin zu cao

Strobilanthes capitatus T.Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 9: 475. 1866; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 459. 1884.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, stems 1 m tall. Leaves ovate, elliptic, ca. 15 x 6.5 cm, apex long acuminate, base attenuate, margin subduplicate, obsurely cystolithes adaxial, minutely hairy on nerves abaxial (beneath), lateral nerves 6-7 paris, petioles ca 5-6 cm long. Inflorescence abbrivated, capitate, terminal or axillary, peduncles usually short, 1.2 - 2.5 cm long, glabrous or pubescent, fasciculate or cyme. Bracts large, proper to each flowers elongate upwards, ovate, elliptic oblong, obtuse, serrate toward top, pubescent, as long as calyx, caducous. Bracteoles ligulate, oblong, half in length to calyx, caducous. Calyx ca 1.2 cm long, divided almost to base, segments lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla dark blue, curved, ventricosa, subglabrous. Stamens glabrous. Ovary glandular hairy, style thinly patently hairy. Capsule ca 2 cm long, pubescent. Seed 4, shaggy, areoles small.

In forests. Tibet (Milin 米林, Nielamu 聂拉木). Also present in Nepal, Sikkim, Bhudan, N.E.India and Burma. Type collected from Nepal.

3. Goldfussia equitans (Lévl.) E.Hossain in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(2): 406. 1973.

黔金足草 qian jin zu cao

Strobilanthes equitans Lévl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 20. 1913; et id. Fl. Kouy-Tchéou : 21. 1914.

Plants glabrous, much branched and becoming black, shoots flexous. Leaves lanceolate, 8-12 x 3-4 cm, acuminate, margin dentate-serrate, base cuneate, somewhat oblique, cordate-acuminate, shortly petioled. Cyme, axillary, with long pedicels and peduncles, rarely capitate. Bracts persistent. Calyx glandular hairy, persistent. Flowers violet. Capsules fusiformis.

Guizhou (Longli). Type collected from Guizhou Maruochang (麻若场)

In E.Hossain’s paper (1973): "Leveille was not sure whether this species actually belonged to Strobilanthes Bl. (s.s.). In a later publication (Fl. Kouy-Tsheou :21. 1914.), he placed it as a synonym of St. Chaffanjonii (~ Goldfussia chaffanjonii). As most of the species of Goldfussia are closely allied to one another, G. equitans might in course to time, be regarded as conspecific with widely variable species – if more material are examined. But at the present monent, it seems worthwhile to keep this species as separate. G. equitans is distinctive in its external facies, very slender peduncles, lanceolate-acute bracts, and in the presence of a tuft of long hairs on the upper lip of the corolla. The author saw the isotype of herbarium of Paris Musemum, but it was identified to be Strobilanthes chaffanjonii Lévl by H.Terao 21/7/1980. Although the author considered it is similar to Goldfussia pentstemonoides Nees very much, probably a conspecific, but agreed to E.Hossain mentioned "G. equitans might in course to time, be regarded as conspecific with widely variable species – if more material are examined. But at the present monent, it seems worthwhile to keep this species as separate." As matter of fact, most of the species in Goldfussia are closely allied to one another, and the distribution areas are overlap each other, the author has no enough time to study it in detail, so kept this species as separete, and unreduced.

4. Goldfussia feddei (Lévl.) E.Hossain in Not. Bot. Gard. 32 (3): 407. 1973.

观音山金足草 guan yin shan jin su cao

Strobilanthes feddei Lévl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 20 1913; et Cat. Fl. Yunnan : 6. 1915.

Herbs, much branched. Stems tetrangular, branches slender. Isophyllous. Leaves opposite, rhomboid, ovate, broadly ovate, base decurrent, petiolate, petioles 0.4-4 cm long, margin coarsely dentate, dark green, thin and dense distinct cystolithes adaxial, pale green abaxial, glabrous both surface, lateral nerves 5 -7 paris. Spike terminal or axillary at leaves axil of upper portion, 4-5 cm long, 1.5 cm in diameter. Flowers rose-violet, opposite on peduncles. Bracts yellow-white when dry, ovate, 1 x 4 mm, caducous, left obvious traces. Bracteoles linear, rather narrow, 1 cm long, glabrous. Calyx divided to base, 5 segments, narrowly lanceolate, 1.5 x 2 mm, 1-nerved, margin and midrib ciliate and pubescent. Corolla 3.5 cm long, 1-sided curved, tube cylindric, amplified upward at 1/3 of corolla, throat 1 cm in diameter. Stamens 4.

Yunnan (Mengzi (蒙自); Kumming (昆明)Guanyinshan(观音山), Heqing (鹤庆) Dalongtan (大龙潭), Dali (大理). Type collected on the way from Yunnan, Mengzi to Kumming, Guanyinshan ( = Koan-Yu-Chan).

* On the specimen collected by Em. Bodinier on the way from Yunnan, Mengzi to Kumming, Guanyinshan (= Koan-Yu-Chan), it was identified by J.R.I.Wood 30/3/1993 as Strobilanthes oligocephala C.B.Clarke (= Goldfussia oligocephala (T.Anders. ex C.B.Clarke) Bremek.)，and diffcult to separate from S. Oligocephala. The type of S. Oligocephla and other specimens from Sikkm were not availabe to the author, so kept this Chinese species, further study is required.

5. Goldfussia formosana (S.Moore) C.F.Hsieh et T.C.Huang in Taiwania 19 (1): 21. 1974 et Fl. Taiwan ed. 2: 4: 634. Pl. 1136. 1978.

台湾金足草 tai wan jin su cao

Strobilanthes formosana S.Moore in Journ. Bot. 15: 294-295. 1877; Y.Yamamoto in Journ . Soc. Trop. Agr.: 144. 1935; C.F.Hsieh et T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2. 4: 680. pl. 312, photo 348. 1998.

Shrubby herbs, up to 80 cm tall. Stems branched. tetragonal, hirsute, stout, rooting at nodes of low portion. Leaves shortly petiolate or subsessile, lanceolate- ovate or obovate, 1.5-7-14 x 2-4 cm, apex acuminate, base gradually narrowed, margin serrate-crenate, rarely hirsute, sometimes unequal. Cymules terminal or axillary, sparsely branched, peduncles with 1-3 flowers, ca 1-4 cm long, pubescent. Bracts concave, slightly ciliate, outmost pair subfolious, linear-lanceolate, fugacious, inner ones 4 or more imbricate, broadly ovate, caducous, sometimes persistent untill long after anthesis. Calyx segments unequal, linear, ca 1 cm long, 1/3 shorter than corolla?，sometimes slightly long hirsute. Corolla striaght, finely pubescent outside, 3-3.5 cm long, tube amplified gradually, lobes of limb 5, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, emarginate. Stamens 4, included, filament of long pair near base broad, ciliate, that of short pair glabrous; pollen grains ellipsoid, ornament ribbed (from specimen Zuzuki-Tokio ST. 19066, Taihokusyu, Bunzannngun）. Capsule ellipsoid, twice length of calyx. Seeds ovoid-compressed, appressed villous.

Taiwan (Taibei (台北), Guanyinshan (观音山 =Kwanyinshan）、阳明山、宜兰、南投、凤凰谷、桃园、台中). Type collected from Taiwan.

6. Goldfussia glandibracteata (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu, # Seed Plants of China.- A Data Base Disc. 1999.

腺苞金足草 xian bao jin zu cao

Strobilanthes glandibracteata D.Fang et H.S.Lo, in Guihaia 17(1): 38-39. 1997.

Herbs, over 40 cm tall. Leaves ovate- elliptic, rarely narrowly ovate or lanceolate, the large leaves 5.5-12.5 x 2-4.5 cm, the small 2-3.5 x 0.4- 2.9 cm, apex caudate-acuminate, base attenuate, margin serrulate, along midrib and nerves of both surface sparsely pubescent or glabrous, cyctolithes lineolate obscurely, lateral nerves 4-7 pairs; petioles 0-7 mm long, sparsely pubescent. Heads at leaves axil of the upper portion, axillary, or on shoots terminal; peduncule 0.6-3.5 cm long, bisulcate, pubescent in sulcus, thickeded to top. Bracts elliptic to ovate-elliptic, apex acute or obsure, articulate-glandular-pubescent, cystolithes abaxial (beneath), caducous or deciduous. Calyx 5-partite, divided to base, segments unequal, lanceolate or linear, the posterior ca 8 mm long, other four 6-7 mm long, articulate-glandular-pubescent outside. Corolla light purple, ca 3.5 cm long, glabrous outside, lobes of limb 5, 3 mm long, emarginate. Stamens 4, filament of long pairs unequal, erect, that of short pair curved, anthers subglobose. Ovary and style brownish glandular pubescent.

Guangxi (Lingyun凌云). Type collected from Guangxi (Lingyun凌云).

According to the original paper of Fanf Ding, this species "near to Strobilanthes pentstemonoides Nees (= Goldfussia pentstemonoides (Nees) T.Anders) very much, differs from the later which leaves elliptic; peduncles glandular-pubescent; bracts suborbicularibus, apex rotundate, and corolla glabours outside". The author has not seen the type of this species, and considered the varieation of herbs, it probably conspicific of the later, but now kept it separately for further investigation in detail.

7. Goldfussia glomerata Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 88. 1832 et in DC. Prodr. 11: 173. 184.

聚花金足草 ju hua jin zu cao

Strobilanthes glomerata (Wall.) T.Anders. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 475. 1867; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 448. 1884.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, up to 1 m tall, stems suffrutescent, branches hairy upwards. Anisophyllous, the large leaves ovate, acute or caudate, margin irregular serrulate crenate, multinerves，base broadly cuneate, oblique, unequal bilateral, 12.5-16.5 x 6-8 cm, petiolate, petioles 1-2 cm long; the small leaves very small, 3 x 1.6 cm, petioles 0.5 cm long, ovate-suborbicular, base obliqhe, unequal bilateral, decurrent to the petiole, midrib oblique, hirsute on both surface, lineolate cystolithes adaxial, usually opposite with globose spike. Inflorescences clustered, capitate, less than 2.5 cm long, peduncule very short, hirsute. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, entire or serrate?, erect, with brown and glandular hairy. Calyx 5-partite, segments similar to bracts, hirsute- pubescent. Corolla up to 5 cm long, infundibuformis, glandular outside, glabrous inside, palicate，with 2 rows of short and irregular, convax warts, tube slightly curved, cylindric, colourless low part, amplified upward, campanulate, ventricose, patent upper part, 5-lobed, lobes emarginate, the lowest the longest. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, inserted at the low part of collora; pollen grains ellipsoid, 3-pororate, ornament ribbed. Style supported by 2 row of hairs on the corolla, longer than stamens, stigma 2-lobed, one shorter than another. Capsule fusiform, glabrous. Seeds brown, tuberculose or verruculose surface.

At altitude 1700-1800 m, under forests.Yunnan (Jingdong (景东), Lingchang (临沧),Gengma (耿马), Shuangjiang (双江), Xinping (新平), Mengla (勐腊). Also present Karsia mountainous area, Burma.

8. Goldfussia leucocephala (Craib) C.Y.Wu, # Seed plants of China – A Data Base Disk. 1999.

白头金足草 bei tou jin su cao

Strobilanthes leucocephalus Craib in Kew Bull. : 130. 1914; Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. 2 sect. 41( 1): 279. 1944.

Stems erect, primary pilose, soon glabrous, light brown. Leaves ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, apex acuminate, obtuse or acute, base acuminate to broadly cuneate, 11.5 x 5.3 cm, papyraceus, villose and densely lineolate adaxial, midrib and lateral nerves slightly villose abaxil, lateral nerves 9 each side, distinct on adaxial surface, on mid-rib and nerves distict only on abaxial surface, margin serrate- crenate and ciliate, petioles 1 cm long. Flowers violet, in capitate ca 1.5 cm in diameter head, sessile or agreggated on densely villose, short peduncle. Bracts elliptic-linear to lanceolate, slightly obtuse, 1.9 x 6 mm, at the upper portion white long hairy- densely barbate on both surface, at the lower portion glandular capitate hairs. Bracteoles two, 1.2 cm x 2.5 mm, indumentum same with bracts. Calyx 1 cm long, segments inner unequal, densely white long ciliate. Corolla ca 3 cm long. Ovary densely white hairy at top.

Common in evergreen jungle by streams, at altitude 540-1400 m. Yunnan（西双版纳（勐伦、勐连、勐腊）、普文、思茅、景东等地）. Type collected from Doi Din Deng (Kerr 2317) of N.Thailand.

The type and other specimens from Thailand were not avialbe to the author at the monment, by the description of the original paper, "the capitate inflorescence, sessile, or distinctly aggregated on white pilose short peduncle," it seems it should belong to Championella, and very easy to be misidentified and mixed with the species Championella xanthantha (Diels) Bremek., but flowers of this species is violet, the later is yellow, it is easy to be separated.

9. Goldfussia ningmingensis (D.Fang et H.S.Lo) C.Y.Wu, # Seed plants of China -- A Data Base Disk.（中国种子植物-数据库光盘）1999.

宁明金足草 ning ming jin zu cao

Strobilanthes ningmingensis D.Fang et H.S.Lo, in Guihaia (广西植物) 17(1): 39-40. 1997.

Subshrubs, over 20 cm tall, branches obtusely tetrangular, sulcate, somewhat cystolithes white lineolate and punctiformis, internodes glabrous, nodes subglabrous. Leaves opposite, unequal, ovate, glabrous, the large 3-5.5 cm long, the small 9-17 mm long, acuminate to acute, base subround, margiin serrulate, cystolithes along the lateral nerves often in 1-2 rows, denser on the midribs, blades and petioles glabrous, lateral nerves 4-6 pairs. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, capitate, 4-fld, tip of peduncle thickened. Bracts elliptic, 8-12 x ca 6 mm, caducous. Calyx 5-partite, segments unequal, subglabrous or glabrous. Corolla blue, ca 4 cm long, glabrous outside, lobes 5, 6 mm in diameter, emarginate. Stamens 4 didynamous, filaments of anticous pair unequal, erect, that of posterior incurved, anther subglobose. The top of ovary and the base of style glandular-puberlent.

On limestone hill, at altitude 280 m. Guangxi Ningming (宁明). Type collected from Guangxi Ningming (宁明), Tingliang (亭亮)。

According to Fan Ding’ paper: "this species affinity to Strobilanthes psilostachys C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.(moved to Goldfussia psilostachys (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. ) Bremek. already) , differs from leaves ovate, smaller, apex acuminte to acute, base nearly round, nerves on both surface and petioles glabrous, cystolithes along the nerves of abaxil surface; calyx segments glabrous or subglabrous."

10. Goldfussia ovatibracteata (H.S.Lo et D.Fang) C.Y.Wu, # Seed plants of China -- A Data Base Disk. 1999.

卵苞金足草 luan bao jin zu cao

Strobilanthes ovatibracteata H.S.Lo et D.Fang, in Guihaia 17(1): 40-41. 1997.

Herbs or subshrubs, up to 2 m tall, branches quadrangular, sulcate, retrorse- hirsute. Leaves opposite, unequal, ovate-elliptic, rarely ovate, the large 3-10.5 x 1.5-4.5 cm, the small 1-4 x 0.5-1.9 cm, apex acute to acuminate, base attenuate, unequal bilateral, margin serrulate, densely white lineolate cystolithes along mid-rib, lateral nerves, veins and petioles, lateral nerves 3-6. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, capitate, 3-4-fld, sometimes simple, rarely 2-3 (-9) in panicle, tip of peduncle thickened. Bracts broad-ovate, rarely obovate, apex obtuse or acute, with bracteoles sparsely hirtellous cystolithes ciliate, caducous. Calyx 5-partite, segments slightly unequal, hirtellous outside and margin. Corolla purple, ca 3.5-4.3 cm long, pubescent outside, lobes 5, 4 mm in diameter, emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments of anticous pair unequal, erect, that of posterior incurved, anther subglobose.

In froests, at altitude 350 m. Guangxi: Shangsi (上思) Valley. Type collected from Guangxi Shangsi, Nadang (那荡).

According to the papers of H.S.Lo & Ding Fang: this species affnity to Strobilanthes dimorphotricha Hance（~ Goldfussia pentstemenoides Nees）, the later differs with leaves 2-3-articulate pilose adaxial; bracts ovate; abrupt shortly acuminate, most glabrous; calyx segments ariculate-glandular-pilose." The author had just seen a photo of type specimen, could not figure out the diffeneces of the indumentum, but considered them mightbe the conspecific. So further investigation is needed.

11. Goldfussia pentstemonoides Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 88. 1832. et DC. Prodr. 11: 175. 1847.

圆苞金足草 yuan bao jin zu cao

Goldfussia dimorphotricha (Hance) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 231 et 274. 1944.

Strobilanthes pentstemonoides (Nees) T.Anders. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 477. 1867.

Strobilanthes chaffanjoni Lévl. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 20. 1913.

Strobilanthes dimorphotricha Hance in Jour. Bot. 21: 355. 1883.

Strobilanthes hupehensis W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 193. 1918.

Strobilanthes laxiocalyx Hayata, Icon. Pl. Form. 9: 82.1920; Fl. Taiwan 4: 634. 1998.

Strobilanthes marchandii Lévl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 99. 1913.

Herbs, up to 1 m tall or more, much branched, stems zigzag towards terminal, anisophllyous. Leaves elliptic, elliptic- lanceolate, apex long acuminate, base cuneate, attenuate, margin serrulate，at upper nodes with one large and one samll blade, inconspicous lineolate cystolithes on both surface, glabrous, dark green, white appressed pubescent adaxial; pale grey, glabrous abaxil, distinctly covered with 2-3-celled ariculate hairs except hirsute on midrib; lateral nerves 5-6 pairs, sometimes the paraell veins connected; the large leaves 4-15 x 1.5-4.5 cm, petioles 1.2 cm long, the small 1.3-2.5 cm long. Inflorescences capitate, subglobose, 1-3 heads enclosing by outer bracts on peduncles, 2-3 flowers in each head. Bracts suborbicular, or ovate-elliptic, the outer 1.2-1.5 mm long, apex shortly acuminate, glabrous. Bracteoles small, with bracts caducous early. Calyx segments 5, lanceolate, 7-9 cm long, increasied after fruiting up to 15-17 mm long, glandular hairy. Corolla purple- red, ca 4 cm long, slightly curved, lobes 5, nearly equal, emarginate. Stamens glabrous, the anticous pair reached corolla throat, the posterior pair reached the middle of corolla. Style almost not extented. Capsule oblong –clavate, 14-18 mm long, glandular hairy. Seeds 4, hairy.

Wildly spreads all provinces of southern side of Changjiang (Yantze River), westward to Tibet, eastward to Zhejiang; Taiwan. The centries of Himalaya, N.E.India, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China Pen. also present.

12. Goldfussia psilostachys (C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. 2 sect. 41(1): 283. 1944.

细穗金足草 xi sui jin zu cao

Strobilanthes psilostachys C.B.Clarke ex W.W.Sm. In Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 198. 1918.

Plants 25-60 cm tall, erect or decumbent, branches tortuose or flexuous, slender, somewhat densely yellow hirsute, petioles 3-10 mm long, yellow hirsute. Anisophyllous, the large leaves 6-9 x 2.5-3.5 cm, ovate or elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, apex caudate- acuminate, base somewhat broadly cuneate, margin irragular serrate, chartaceous when dry, lineolate cystolithes on both surface, scatted setula palea adaxial, often slightly yellow pilsuloe on main and lateral nerves, lateral nerves 5-6 pairs; the small leaves 1-2 cm long. Inflorescence terminal or axillary on upper branches, peduncles ca 2.5 cm long; heads usually trichotomous. Bracts cymbiform, lineolate, deciduous. Calyx 5-8 cm long, densely hirsute, segments 5, unequal, linear-oblong, obtuse, divided into the base. Corolla up to 4 cm long, nearly erect, pale white-purple; tube cylindric, amplified graudally, glabrous outside, inside glabrous excetp villose throat, lobes round, 5-6 cm in diameter. Fertile stamens 4, filaments glabrous. Capsule up to 1 cm long, oblong–clavate, glandular- pilosulose.

In forests, at altitude 4500 ft. Yunnan (西双版纳、思茅、景东、保山); Guangxi. Type collected from Yunnan Simao (思茅).

Affinity to Strobilanthes pentstemonoides T.Anders., differs from the later hirsute on stems and leaves, it is easy to be separated.

13. Goldfussia seguini (Lévl.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 169. 2002.

独山金足草 du shan jin zu cao

Strobilanthes seguini Lévl. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 19. 1913 & Fl. Kouy-Tchéou : 21. 1914.

Plants glabrous, erect, blackened, stem nodes swollen. Leaves ovate-elliptic, unequal, 6.5 –12 cm long, apex long acuminate or caudate- acuminate, margin crenulate, base broadly cuneate, lateral nerves 6-7. Spike slender, terminal or axillary on leaves axils of upper branches. Bracts caducous. Flowers opposite, sometimes alternate. Corolla light blue-violet, tube cylindrica, amplified gradually, slightly curved, lobes 5.

Guizhou Xingyi (兴义). Type collected from Guizhou Xingyi (兴义), Huangcaobao (黄草坝)

14. Goldfussia straminea (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 169. 2002.

草色金足草（新拟）cao se jin zu cao

Strobilanthes stramineus W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 200. 1918.

Herbs suffruticose. Stems elongated, decumbent, flexous, on upper suffruticose part glabrous or soon glabrous. The upper leaves sessile, blade 8-11 x 5-6.5 cm, broadly ovate, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base round, margin densely and regular serrate, chartaceous when dry, glabrous, green lineolate cystolithes on both surface, lateral nerves 5-6 pairs. Inflorescence inclued peduncle 12-18 cm long, trichotomous branches glabrous or sparsely pilose at top. Bracts deciduous. Flowers usualy 5-9 aggregated, subcapitate, remoting after fruiting. Calyx ca 1.2 cm long, divided into the base, segments 5, linear-lanceolate, minute and dense pilosulose. Corolla ca 3 cm long, strony curved, glabrous outside, stramineous, with purple lineate; except white long villose at throat glabrous inside, tube cylindric, upper abruptly amplified, lobes shortly round. Fertile stamens 2, filaments glabrous, staminoid 2. Ovary small, white pilosulose. Capsule 1 cm long, oblong –clavate, 4-seeded, ovules ca 2 mm long, sericeous.

At altitude 2000 ft. Yunnan. Type collected from 40 mile from Upper Burma, Putao.

According to W.W.Smith’s original paper:“this species affinity to Strobilanthes pentstemonoides T.Anders. (~ Goldfussia pentstemonoides Nees), differs with leaves chartaceous, sessile, flowers stramineous, stamens rather short and staminoid reduced." The type specimen was not aviable to the author, in Yunnan there are much plants with 5-9 flowers aggregated heads, remoting after fruiting, the author has no chance to make an anatomy of flowers, just subjected to the original description, moved it to this genera, as matter of fact, the status of stamens, and the length of filaments should be mostly noticed, of course, further study wanted.

 

35. DIFLUGOSSA Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad.

Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 235. 1944.

叉花草属 cha hua cao shu

Perennial herbs (Plants pleietesial), anisophyllous, petiolate or sessile, cystolithes large, usually mixed with lineolate. Inflorescences spiciform or narrow racemiform, usually in panicle. Bracts and bracteoles small, shorter than calyx, 1-nerved, usualy deciduous., Flowers in axil of bracts, usually solitary, rarely trianthous. Calyx subequally 5-partitus, imbricate? valvate, apex callose, the center segment longer than others. Corolla white or purple-violet, scarcely curved or not resupinate, tube terete, longer than campanuate throat, 2 rows hairs suported the style, lobes of limb nearly equal, round or obcordate. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, included, filaments of the longer pairs unequal, erect, the shorter pairs equal, incurved, anthers nearly orbicular or elliptic, apex obtuse, base scarcely emarginate, theca patent, hoizontal, rarely the inner supressed; staminoid small or absent; pollen grains ellipsoid, virgata, virgis septatis. Ovary glabrous or capitate pilose, sometimes capitate clustered hairs. Ovules 2. Stigma glabrous or or capitate hairy, sometimes mixed with capitate or non capitate and hirsute hairs. Capsule fusiform, 4-seeded, retinaculum acute. Seeds brown, wholely with long meandering winding hairs, elastic when wet.

Ca 16 species, presents in Himalaya, N.E.India, straight to Malaya, Java, Celebica. 2-3 species in China.

The genera near to Goldfussia very much, differs with loose inflorescences, bracts and bracteoles small, caducous, corolla not resupinate, it is easy to be separated.

 

1a. Stems and branches glabrous.

2a. Calyx glabrous, segments imbricate, apex emarginate; internode sulcate.

………………………………………………..…..1. 叉花草 D. colorata (Nees) Bremek.

2b. Calyx 5-partite, segments narrowly lanceolate or linear, apex acute or obtuse, often

glabrous, rarely slightly pubescent or lineolate.

3a. Branches zig-zag (flexous), articulate, nearly 4-angular; calyx segments narrowly

lanceolate or linear …………………..……2. 疏花叉花草* Diflugossa divaricata auct.

3b. Much branched; calyx segments lineolate, linear-oblong, obtuse, divided to

the base…….3. 松林叉花草* Diflugossa pinetorum (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

1b. Stems primary viscose villose, soon glabrous; calyx densely glandular villose, segments linear.

………………….........4. 瑞丽叉花草 D. scoriarum (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu

 

1．Diflugossa colorata (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 237. 1944.

叉花草 cha hua cao

Goldfussia colorata Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 89. 1832; id in DC. Produr. 11: 176. 1847.

Goldfussia tengyuehensis C.Y.Wu in Index Fl. Yunnan. 2: 1675-176. 1984. nom. seminudum

Strobilanthes colorata (Nees) T.Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 9: 481. 1867. comb. illeg. (non Strobilanthes colorata Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 186. 1857.).

An erect and much branched plant. Stems and shoots quadrangular, glabrous, internodes sulcate. The large leaves petiolate, petiole usually 3.5 cm long, glabrous, blade lanceolate, usually 9-13 x 5-8.5 cm, apex cordate, acuminate, base acute, the small leaves usually ovate, margin serrulate, glabrous on both surface, densely lineolate cystolithes, lateral nerves 6 pairs. Spike in loose panicle. Flowers solitary at nodes. Bracts and bracteoles caducous, peduncles and pedicels quadrangular, densely glandular pilose, bracts elliptic or oblong, 4 x 3.5 mm, apex obtuse, most glabrous, 1-nerved. Bracteoles oblong, 4.5 x 2 mm, apex obtuse or emarginate, 1-nerved, glabrous; calyx subequally 5-partitus, 6 mm long, lobes 2.5 mm wide, apex emarginate, glabrous, imbricate. Corolla violet, 3.5 cm long, tube 1.5 cm long, unequal length to the throat, lobes nearly round, 4.5 mm long, glabrous outside. Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous, the longer pairs 5-6 mm long, the shorter 1.5 mm long, anthers orbicular, 1.5 mm in diameter; pollen grains 71um, 1.5 um in diameter, ornament 15 virgata. Ovary glabrous, style slightly hirsute towards the base. Capsule 8-12 mm long.

In forrest on mountainous slopes, at altitude 800-2000m. Yunnan Tengchong (腾冲), Yingjiang (盈江) to Ruili (瑞丽）. Distributes in E.Himalaya and Khasia mountainous area.

2. Diflugossa divaricata auct. Index Fl. Yunnan. 2: 1673. 1984. non (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 246, 274. 1944.

疏花叉花草 shu hua cha hua cao

Ruellia divaricata Wall. Cat. 71. n. 2372. 1830. nom. nud.

Goldfussia divaricata Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 89. 1832. et in DC. Prodr. 11: 176. 1847.

Strobilanthes divaricatus auct. Icon. Cormo. Sin.4: 161. fig. 5735. 1975. non. (Nees) T.Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 478. 1867; C.B.Clarke in Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 468. 1884.

Acanthopale divaricata (Wall.) C.B.Clarke in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 74(2): 659. 1907.

Perennial herbs or under shrubs, up to 1 m tall. Stems and shoots flexous or zig-zag, articulated, 4-angular near nodes, glabrous, nodes at lower portion annularly raised, white, full of pith. Anisophyllous, the large leaves elliptic oblong to lanceolate, apex long acuminate, base broadly cuneate, truncate to cordate, 5-15 x 3-5 cm, the small leaves ovate to cordate, apex acute, base cordate, 3-7.5 cm long, margin of both side serrulate, lateral nerves 6-7 each side. Spike forming a dichotomous cymes, one of the branches very short or undeveloped; inflorescence axis flexous or zig-zag. Flowers solitary at nodes. Bracts caducous. Calyx 5-partitus, segments narrowly lanceolate, 6-9 mm wide, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent. Corolla light purple, ca 3.5 cm long, sparsely hairy outside, 2 rows hair inside. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, filaments of the longer pairs unequal, erect, hirsute as base, the shorter pairs equal, incurved, membrance coherent at the base, anthers oblong; pollen grains sperpoidal, ornament echinate. Capsule 1.3 cm long.; reflexed. Seeds 4, pubescent.

Yunnan (Mengzi 蒙自,Pingbian屏边,Malipo麻栗坡); Guizhou (Dushan独山); Sichuan (Guan灌县); Guangdong (Shixing始兴); Hainan (Baoting保亭); ；Guangxi Liyun凌云Qinglongshan清龙山(=Tsin-Lung-shan). Distributed in temperate of Himalaya (Nepal, Bhudan, Sikkin) to N.E.India (Khasia mountainous area).

* It is very difficult to separated the specimens to be identified Diflugossa divaricata (Nees) Bremek. and Pteroptychia dalzeilii (W.W.Sm.) H.S.Lo, we observed their pollen grains from Yunnan Pingbian (C.W.Wang (王启无) 82038) and Guangdong Huaiji (怀集), Y.G.Liu (刘英光)2724）, both of them are spheriodal, ornament echinate, not ellipsoid, ribbed. These characters agree to Pterophtychia very much, so all the specimens in China identified to be Diflugossa divaricata (Nees) Bremek. might be Pteroptychia dalzeilii (W.W.Sm.) H.S.Lo. , probably the misname due to C.B.Clarke. The author has not seen the origanal type specimens from temperate of Himalaya of Strobilanthes divaricata (Nees.) T.Anders. and that from Nepal of Ruellia divaricata Wall.（＝Goldfussia divaricata Nees，now moved to Diflugossa divaricata Bremek.), and the early description was too sketchy, most of it without the microstructure, as pollen grains, so which is real Pterophtychia? Or Diflugossa? Is a question. Anyway, it distribues into Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong provinces of China, even it should be disjunct between Himalaya and Chinese provinc. Despite it belongs to two species of different genus or a conspecies, it mustn’t be Diflugossa divaricata Bremek. in China.

3. Diflugossa pinetorum (W.W.Sm.) C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu, Fl. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 70: 174. 2002.

松林叉花草 song lin cha hua cao

Strobilanthus pinetorum W.W.Sm.in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 197. 1918.

Shrubs, up to 1 m tall, erect, much branched, glabrous or soon glabrous, at least, leaves at the middle and lower portion so, with 1-2 cm long petioles, anisophyllous. The large leaves ovate, 6-10 x 3.5-5 cm, the small leaves 2-3 cm long, broadly ovate, nearly orbiculate, apex usually cordate-long acuminate, base nealy round or broadly cuneate, abrupt decurrent into petiole, margin regular serrate, membrance when dry, dark green adaxial, primary sparsely pilose, soon glabrous, olivaceous, glabrous abaxil, lineolate cystolithes on both surface, lateral nerves 5-6 each side. The upper leaves sessile, subglabrous, others same with these of the lower part. Flowers terminal in loose and remote spike, opposite in the leaves axil or upper shoot, usually trichotomous, (ones on shoot terminal and two opposite flowers), or forming a terminal inflorensces, (including the two secondary branches and one single flower); leaves of flowering shoots oftern reduced, sessile. Bracts 5-7 mm long, opposite, ovate, surrounding the base of flowers. Calyx ca 1 mm long, glabrous, lineolate, segments 5, linear-oblong, obtuse, divided into base. Corolla white-purple, ca 4 cm long, curved very much,glabrous outside, ventricose, the ventricose part twice longer than the cylindric tube, lobes short, round. ("Flower ferely devaloped on our only sheet, so the gynandrium were not descripted—W.W.Sm)。

Yunnan（Tengchong腾越，Pianma片马）。Type collected from Yunnan tengchong.

*The author saw the type specimen G.forrest 8385, borrowed from the herbarium of Kew Garden, collected from Yunnan Teng-yueh, and noticed the labour given by B.Terao for the pollen grains collecting, regretly his report on which was not avaible. From the original description of W.W.Smith, and subject to the description of flowers, corolla curved very much, status of leaves, the author concidered it seems belong to Pteracanthus, but the inflorescence agrees with Diflugossa, so templely moved here, it would be better to correctly identify after more specimens would be avaible, specially specimens with flowers and fruits from type rocation.

4. Diflugossa scoriarum (W.W.Sm.) E.Hossain in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(3):406. 1973.

瑞丽叉花草 rui li cha hua cao

Strobilanthes scoriarum W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 10: 199. 1918; J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Jour. Bot. 51(2): 223, 258. 1994.

Goldfussia scoriarum (W.W.Sm.) Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. sect. 2. 41(1): 284. 1944.

Diflugossa shweliensis (W.W.Sm.) E.Hossain in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32(3): 406. 1973.

Strobilanthes shweliensis W.W.Sm. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 12: 224. 1920.

Goldfussia sessilis Nees in DC.Prodr. 11: 172. 1847; Bremek. in Bremek. in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. Sect. 2. 41(1): 232. 1944.

Goldfussia medogensis H.W.Li in C.Y.Wu, Flora Xizangica 4: 413. Fig. 179. 1985; J.R.I.Wood in Edinb. Jour. Bot. 51(2): 223, 258. 1994.

Herbs, ca 1-1.5 m tall. stems erect, subquadrangular, primary densely pilose, soon glabrous, anisophyllous. The upper leaves on inflorescences sessile, the lowe petiolate, petioles 1-2 cm long, glabrous, the larger blade 12-15 cm long, ca 7 cm wide, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, apex long acuminate, base plus and minus round or broadly obtuse, margin densely and regularly serrate, membrance when dry, scabra , pararell lineolate cystolithes on both surface, ciliate between the teeth, lateral nerves 5-10 each side. Inflorescence amplicate narrow panicles up to 30 cm long, peduncles, branches, shoots densely glandular pilose; bracts caducous before flowering; calyx ca 1 mm long, densely glandular pilose, 5-partite, divided into the base, lobes linear; corolla purple, ca 2.5-3 cm long, almost erect, glabrous outside, glabrous inside excetp white long villose at throat, the lower tube cylindrica, amplified upward, ventricose, slightly short than the cylindric tube, lobes of limb round, 5 mm in diameter; stamens 4, filaments glabrous; ovary slightly pilose, style slender, sparsely pilose at lower part. Capsule clavate, 4 seeded. Seeds 种子盘形，brown, areola small, 有皱纹.

On mountainous slopes under broad leaf forests, at altitude1200-1500 m. Yunnan (Tengchong(腾冲),龙陵、瑞丽、盈江、潞西)；Tibet (Motuo 墨脱).

The type of Strobilanthes scoriarum W.W.Sm （G.Forrest 8862）collected from Yunnan Tengchong 腾冲(= old nameTengyueh. 1912.8.（E v.s.）；

The type of Strobilanthes shweliensis W.W.Sm. （G.Forrest no. 16107）collected from Yunnan Shweli-Salween divide 3000 m.云南瑞丽- 怒江分水岭；

The type of Goldfussia medogensis H.W.Li （Qing-Zang exp. 青藏队 74-4911）collected from Tebit Mo- tuo, Ge-Dang.(西藏墨脱格当).

According to the paper of W.W.Sm.ith："Strobilanthes scoriarum W.W.Sm.affinity to Strobilanthes multidens C.B.Clarke and Strobilanthes rhombifolia C.B.Clarke, differs from the former leaves base round, flowers twice smaller than others; differs from the later stems viscous pilose –pubescent, leaves large, slightly scabra, flowers remote and small." Since these two species all were moved to Goldfussia by C.E.B.Bremekcaup (1944), ie：Goldfussia multidens （C.B.Clarke）Bremek.（in Himalaya）and Strobilanthes rhombifolia C.B.Clarke (in Assam，Syn.of Goldfussia sessilis Nees), the plants present in China of Goldfussia scoriarum (W.W.Sm.) Bremek. and the plants in Assam of Goldfussia sessilis Nees both have panicles, it is reasonable to move it to this genera.

 

36. SYMPAGIS (Nees) Bremek.

in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Naturk. 41(1): 254. 1944.

合页草属 he ye cao shu

Strobilanthes Bl. subgenus Sympagis Nees

in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 87. 1832；J.R.I.Wood

in Edinb. Jour. Bot. 51(2): 203,205,240,241, 1994.

Shrubs or herbs (monocaroic plants, plietesiae), isophyllous or rarely anisophyllous, petiolated. Spike elongated. Flowers solitary at nodes. Bracts at lower portion of inflorescence imbricate, denticulate, oblong, obtsure, shorter than calyx, 3- or 5-nerved at base, persistent; bracteoles linear-oblong, shorter than bracts, 1-nerved, persistent. Calyx 5-partite, segments linear, slightly obtuse, the center ones narrower than others. Corolla lavander-violate or white, non resupinate, tube as long as the amplified campanulate throat, 2 rows hairs supported the style, lobes nearly equal, round. Stamens 4, didynamous, all exserted, filaments glabrous, the outer pairs twice longer than inner pairs, anthers erect, apex obtuse, theca strongly patent, connective of the outer pair membrance, and that of inner pair incurved lobes, staminoid broad triangular, small; pollen grains nearly spheroidal, ornament bended, the edge of ribbed reduced. Ovary bearing a tuft of hairs (comose), 2 ovules in each cell, sty