ACANTHACEAE [Draft]

 

爵床科 jue chuang ke

 

Hu Chiachi (Hu Jia-qi 胡嘉琪) (Department of Ecology and Evolution, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China)

 

                Herbs, perennial or shrubs, occasionally lianas, rarely trees, xerophytic, aquatic, or mesophytic. Stipules absent. Leaves opposite or decussate, simple. Cystoliths common on vegetative parts such as leaf blades and young shoots. Inflorescences usually developing into a monochasium or dichasial cyme, axillary and congested as verticils, modified into racemes or panicles, or flowers sometimes solitary; bracts and bracteoles common and often conspicuous, colored or even involucrate. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic to nearly actinomorphic. Calyx deeply 4- or 5-lobed (either 3-parted of which 2 split into base and other one 3-lobed or 2-parted each of which 2-lobed and 3-lobed) or sometimes much reduced. Corolla sympetalous, with long or short tube; limb 5-lobed or 2-lipped, rarely 1-lipped (in Acanthus); adaxial lip usually erect, 2-parted, most typically 5-lobed??, lobes contorted or imbricate in bud. Stamens usually 4 and didynamous or 2 (staminodia often present in 2-stamened flowers, 1, 2, or seldom 3), epipetalous, distinct, sometimes connate in pairs; anther 1- or 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent, exceedingly variable in position and form, sometimes spurred, connective of various widths; pollen very variable of many kinds, mostly tricolporate. Nectariferous disk nearly always present, below ovary. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels. Ovary superior, 2-locular, placentation axile; ovules 2--10 or more per locule, anatropous, in 2 rows. Style filiform, simple; stigmas simple or 2-cleft or -lobed, adaxial lobe often aborted or wanting. Fruit typically a 2-valved loculicidal capsule, often elastically dehiscent with valves recurving from persistent central column (character of capsule and dehiscence varies with different genera). Seeds (2--)4--20 per capsule, usually flat, borne on hooklike projections formed from modified funiculi of ovules termed retinacula or jaculators (lacking in Thunbergia, Staurogyne, Ophiorhiziphyllon, and Nelsonia); seed coat smooth or roughened, often mucilaginous when moistened; endosperm usually absent (present in Nelsonieoideae); embryo straight or bent.

 

                About 229 genera and 3450 species: mostly pantropical but extending into warm temperate areas; 68?? genera and 300?? species (?? endemic) in China.

 

                 four main centers of diversity are Indo-Malaya, Africa, Brazil, and Central America.

 

                 family is of little economic importance. Species of a few genus, mostly tropical, are cultivated as ornamentals. Of these following genera contain most of cultivated species in China: Acanthus, Aphelandra, Beloperone, Fittonis, Jacobinia, Justicia, Pachystachys, Pseuderanthemum, Ruellia, and Thunbergia.

 

1a. Without retinaculum on placenta of capsule. (1. Thunbergioideae & 2. Nelsonioideae) (subfam. 1. Thunbergioideae & subfam. Nelsonioideae).

2a. Climbing (scandent), rarely erect; 2 bracteoles spathelike, calyx reduced annular or toothed, lobes of corolla (contorta) twisted to left in buds; pollen grains globe (sphaeroid), spirotreme; ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules per cell; capsule with a beak. (subfam. 1. Thunbergioideae tribe 1. Thunbergeae ....................................................................  1. Thunbergia

2b. Erect or procumbent herbs or shrubs, rarely scandent; calyx segments 4 or 5; corolla lobes imbricate; ovary 2-celled, with many ovules per cell; capsule without beak; seeds small, albuminous. (subfam. 2. Nelsonioideae. Tribe 1. Nelsonieae)

3a. Bracts linear, imbricate; calyx segments 4; capsule with 8--16 seeded .........................................................  3. Nelsonia

3b. Bracts linear, scattered (remote); calyx segments 5; capsule with many seeds.

4a. Corolla lobes regular or slightly 2-lipped, inside glabrous; stamens 4, not exserted; anthers cell parallel  2. Staurogyne

4b. Corolla lobes 2-lipped, inside with annular hairs; stamens 2, exsert; anther cells separate, connected only at base  4. Ophiorrhiziphyllon

1b. With retinaculum on placenta of capsule. (Subfam. 3.Acanthoideae & Subfam. 4.Ruellioideae)

5a. Corolla lobes imbricate or quincuncialis (Subfam. 3. Acanthoideae tribe 1. Acantheae; Subfam. 4. Tribe 1. Ruellieae, subtribe 1.Ruellinae; tribe 2. Lepidagathideae; tribe 3. Andrographideae; tribe 4. Justicieae)。

6a. Corolla lobes quincuncialis, 5-lobed, hypocrateriform or funnel-shaped. (Tribe 2. Lepidagathideae)

7a. Calyx segments 4 (Tribe 1. Subtribe 2. Barlerinae).

8a. Calyx segments oppositte in pairs, 2 outer very large, often cartilagineus spine-teethed at base, 2 inner very small; anther 2-celled ....................................................................................................................................................  11. Barleria

8b. 2 outer pair of calyx segments rather large; anther 1-celled ....................................................................  ?? Crossandra

7b. Calyx segments 5. Segments unequal, abaxial pair ± connected; corolla 2-lipped; capsule box-shaped, ovary cells reached base, not contracted at base; seeds slightly hairy. (Tribe 2. Lepidagathideae)

9a. Anther cells without an awn or spur; apsule small. Seeds villous ......................................................  41. Lepidagathis

9b. Anther cells spurred; capsule large, seeds prubescent ...........................................................................  42. Chroesthes

6b. Corolla lobes imbricate.

10a. Corolla 1-lipped; adaxial lip reduced (Subfam 3. Acanthoideae. Tribe 1. Acantheae).

11a. Filaments stout (cartilagineus), narrowed and curved below anther; corolla tube very short; calyx segments reduced to 4, multi-veined; capsule valve papery; petiole bilateral stipule rigid, spine; leaves margin deeply sinuate or teethed spine ....................................................................................................................................................................  5. Acanthus

11b. Filaments thick, rigid, abaxial filments with an excurrent process; corolla tube short; calyx upper segments 3-veined, lower 2-veined; capsule valve membranous................................................................................................... 6. Blepharis

10b. Corolla not 1-lipped, corolla 5-lobed or 2-lipped (Subfam. 4. Ruellioideae. Tribe 4. Justicieae).

12a. Corolla 5-lobed, lobes equal; stamens 4 or 2; anther cells 2, subequal, parallel, awnless; capsule clarvate, base contracted to be solid. (Subfam. 4. Ruellioideae. Tribe 4. Justicieae. Subtribe. 1. Asystasinae)

13a. Stamens 4.

14a. Corolla tube short and enlarged; inflorescences secund ..........................................................................  46. Asystasia

14b. Corolla tube long and slender; inflorescences not secund ..................................................................  47. Asystasiella

13b. Fertile stamens 2.

15a. Corolla campanulate, less than 1 cm, tube very short.

16a. Corolla limb 5-lobed.

17a. Anthers 2-celled, subequal .................................................................................................................  49. Codonacanthus

17b. Anthers 2-celled, apical one larger ........................................................................................................  50. Leptostachya

16b. Corolla limb 4-lobed ...............................................................................................................................  51. Kudoacanthus

15b. Corolla tube slender and, capsule base solid and stalklike.

18a. Bracts small, if over 1.5 cm, and not white ...................................................................................  48. Pseuderanthemum

18b. Bracts rather large, greenish white, if white, with green veins ...........................................................  10. Eranthemum

12b. Corolla distinct 2-lipped; anther cell 1(or 2), spurred, often one overlaping other; stigma 2-lobed or entire.

19a. Ovary with 3--10 ovules per cell. (i.e. capsule with 6--20 seeds). (Subfam. 4. Ruellioideae. Trible 3. Andrographideae)

20a. Anther base and filament villous; capsule compressed,(at right angles to septum); seeds ovoid, hardly compressed ......................................................................................................................................................................  43. Andrographis

20b. Anther base and filament glabrous or only filaments base hairy; capsule cylindric (terete); seeds compressed.

21a. Calyx densely glandular hairy; corolla ventricose? ............................................................................  45. Cystacanthus

21b. Calyx pubescent, not glandular; corolla tube cylindric, slightly curved, neither ventricosa, nor deeply 2-lipped  44. Phlogacanthus

19b. Ovary with 2 ovules per cell (Tribe 4. Justicieae).

22a. Cymes surrounded by 2--4 involucrallike bracts, 1--4 flowers within??. . (Tribe 4. Justicieae. Subtribe 2. Diclipterinae)

23a. Anther 1-celled; plancentae rising elastically from base of capsule when dehiscent ...........................  55 Hypoestes

23b. Anther 2-celled.

24a. Staminodes 2 .......................................................................................................................................  60. Cosmianthemum

24b. Without staminodes.

25a. Anther cells ovate; plancentae rising elastically from base of capsule, when dehiscent ...................  53. Dicliptera

25b. Anther cells linear; plancentae not rising elastically from base of capsule, when dehiscent .........  54. Peristrophe

22b. Inflorescences not surrounded by involucrallike bracts (Tribe 4. Justicieae. Subtribe 3. Justiciinae).

26a. Anthers 1-celled .......................................................................................................................................  56. Clinacanthus

26b. Anthers 2-celled, cells overlapped each other.

27a. Bracts large and beautiful, brownish red, to 2 cm. (cultivated) ..........................................................  62. Callaispidia

27b. Bracts small, if large, not brownish red.

28a. Corolla tube long and slender, over 1 cm.

29a. Flowers large, ca. 5 cm, densely terminal and short spike. (cultivated) .............................................  61. Cyrtanthera

29b. Flowers less than 3 cm.

30a. Inflorescences terminal, spreading dichotomous cymes, or reduced racemes; corolla adaxially lip ovate; stamens inserted at corolla upper portion ...................................................................................................................  52. Isoglossa

30b. Inflorescences terminal or axillary composing of contracted cymes; corolla adaxial lip lanceolate; stamens inserted at throat .........................................................................................................................................................  59. Rhinacanthus

28b. Corolla tube very short, often less than 1 cm.

31a. Bracts margin with white membranous edge; plancentae rising elastically from base of capsule, when dehiscent  58. Rungia

31b. Bracts without membranous edge; plancentae not rising elastically from capsule base, when dehiscent.

32a. Calyx segments 4; inflorescences secund ..............................................................................................  68. Rostellularia

32b. Calyx segments 5; inflorescences not status above.

33a. Shrubs.

34a. Bracts broad and large, over 10 mm; anther cell base mucronate; a circular hairs around place stamens inserted on .............................................................................................................................................................................  64. Adhatoda

34b. Bracts small, less than 5 mm; without a circular hairs on corolla.

35a. Inflorescences terminal, spiciform ............................................................................................................  67. Gendarussa

35b. Inflorescences axillary, cymes ..............................................................................................................  57. Rhapidospora

33b. Herbs or stems base slightly fruticose.

36a. 1 to several flowers clustered on leaf axils of upper branches ......................................................  65. Calophanoides

36b. Spike branched or not, terminal or axillary ................................................................................................  66 Mananthes

5b. Corolla lobes contorta, lobes equal or subequal (Tribe 1. Ruellieae, subtribe 1. Ruellinae; subtribe 2. Barlerinae; subtribe 3. Hygrophyllinae; subtribe 4. Petalidinae; subtribe 5. Strobilanthinae).

37a. Ovules many per cell.

38a. Corolla equally 5-lobed. (Tribe 1. Ruellieae. Subtribe 1. Rurllinae)

39a. Fertile stamens 4; ovary with 4 to many ovules per cell.

40a. Cymes lax, axillary, sometimes forming a large terminal panicle; pollen grains 3-pororate; capsule cylindric  *Ruellia (*no wild species in China)

40b. Cymes not lax, sometimes dense corymb forming a spike; pollen grains 3-pororate or less pore.

41a. Flowers all axillary, 2- or 3-flowered clustered or 3-nate; bracteoles longer than calyx in length  7. Dipteracanthus

41b. Spike or raceme; bracteoles shorter than calyx in length.

42a. Stem short; radical leaves rosette; inflorenscences spikes or heads, corolla tube shorter than campanulate throat; inner pair of stamens longer than outer pair; anther cells attached on both ends of butterflylike connective, connective fenlike??; ovary with 6--10 ovules ..............................................................................................................  8. Pararuellia

42b. Stems elongated, internodes distinct, erect; leaves scattered; flowers single or 2- or 3-flowered on branches terminal; corolla very narrow, tube much longer than broad throat; inner pair of stamens shorter than outer pair; anther connective narrow; ovary with 10--20 ovules per cell .....................................................................  9. Leptosiphonium

39b. Fertile stamens 2; staminodes 2; ovary with 2 ovules per cell ...........................................................  10. Eranthemum

38b. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped; capsule with many seeds, valve erect or grooved. (Tribe 1. Ruellieae. Subtribe 3.Hygrophillinae) 43a. Stamens 4; Flower 1 or several on upper leaves axil .......................................  12. Hygrophila

43b. Stamens 2; Racemose or spiciform inflorescences, terminal ........................................................  13. Gymnostachyum

37b. Ovary with 2--4 seeds per cell.

44a. Filaments of stamen coherent into pairs at base; style not laid on 2 rows of hairs on corolla; stigma not of one long linear-lanceolate branch, other suppressed; corolla inside glabrous or hairy but not arranged into 2 rows; filaments not united into a membranous unit. (Tribe 1. Ruellieae. Subtribe. 4. Petalidinae)

45a. Anther cells spurless at base; spike terminal, secund.

46a. 3-flowered on each bract; placentae rising elastically from base of capsule ......................................  14. Phaulopsis

46b. Flowers oppositte on bracts; placentae not rising elastically from base of capsule ..............................  16. Blechum

45b. Anther cells spurred at base.

47a. Anther cells aristately spurred at base ...............................................................................................  17. Echinacanthus

47b. Anther cells with mucron at base .............................................................................................................  15. Dyschoriste

44b. Filaments of stamen coherent into one unit; style supported by 2 rows of hairs on corolla; stigma of one long linear-lanceolate branch, other suppressed; corolla inside with 2 rows of hairs; filaments united into membranous unit; capsule base without stalk (Tribe 1. Ruellieae. Subtribe. 5. Strobilanthinae).

48a. Leaves equal (isophyllous).

49a. Corolla erect, not resupinate.

50a. Bracts caducous ..................................................................................................................................  27. Baphicacanthus

50b. Bracts persistent.

51a. Stem nodes inflated or increased, glandular capitate hirsute ...............................................  26. Pseudaechmanthera

51b. Stems nodes not above status (inflated or increased).

52a. Ovary with 4--8 ovules per cell.

53a. Corolla inside glabrous.

54a. Anthers spurless or undistinct mucronate; flowers yellow ................................................................  18. Hemigraphis

54b. Anthers aristate or mucronatus, connective apically excurrent; flowers white or purple ...........  19. Aechmanthera

53b. Corolla inside hairy, base sericeous, flowers yellow .............................................................................  25. Sericocalyx

52b. Ovary with 2--4 ovules per cell.

55a. Inflorescences short, bracts folious; calyx deeply 5 divided ...........................................................  20. Championella

55b. Inflorescences elongated.

56a. Calyx deeply 3-divided, bracts folious ........................................................................................  21. Parachampionella

56b. Calyx deeply 5-divided, bracts persistent, imbricate; pollen grains spheroid .............................  24. Tarphochlamys

49b. Corolla resupinate.

57a. Stamens 2; inflorescences short spiciform, nearly heads; pollen grains spheroid, ornamentation echinate ......  22. Gutzlaffia

57b. Fertile stamens 2 and staminodes 2; elongated false spike interrupted; pollen grains spheroid, ornamentation echinate, spines longitudinal arranged ................................................................................................................  23. Paragutzlaffia

48b. Leaves unequal （anisophyllous)。

58a. Whole Plants almost covered with reddish rust jointed hairs (articulatus setose) .............................  32. Pyrrothrix

58b. Plants not as status above mentioned.

59a. Bracts persistent, abbreviated spike included within involucrallike bracts.

60a. Inflorenscences hidden by 2 pairs of crossly (cruciate) arranged bracts .............................................  38. Tetragoga

60b. Inflorescence fully or near fully enveloped by large two out most pairs of dentate bracts ...  33. Tetraglochidium

59b. Bracts caducous or persistent, but not included within folious invlucre.

61a. Bracts base decurrent, reached nodes or most decurrent, persistent, membranous when dry .  39. Hymenchlaena

61b. Bracts not decurrent and not status as mentioned above.

62a. Calyx deeply 2-divided, slightly 2-lipped.

63a. Calyx adaxial lip 3-divided into middle, abaxial lip connected to middle and basal portion .................  28. Perilepta

63b. Calyx adaxial lip connected into middle, abaxial lip 2-divided to base ...........................................  29. Adenacanthus

62b. Calyx regular 5-parted.

64a. Outer pair stamens unequal in length, inner pairs distinct curved; anther cells horizontal attached.

65a. Corolla erect, inflorescences lax ..................................................................................................................  35. Diflugossa

65b. Corolla resupinate, inflorescences head (capitate) ..................................................................................  34. Goldfussia

64b. Outer pair stamens equal in length; anther cells erect, parallel; inflorescence elongated.

66a. Bracts caducous, rarely persistent.

67a. Stamen tube (pleats on corolla?) winged; pollen grains spheroid, 5-pororate ................................  40. Pteroptychia

67b. Stamen tube ?(pleats on corolla) not winged; pollen grains ellipsoid .............................................  30. Pteracanthus

66b. Bracts persitent.

68a. Anther apex mucronate ..........................................................................................................................  31. Semnostachya

68b. Anther apex obtuse.

69a. Lobes of stamens membranous tube incurved; pollen grains spheroid, edges of ribbed bands not distinct ....  36. Sympagis

69b. Top of stamens membranous tube barbarte, pollen grains spheroid ...............................................  37. Strobilanthes

 

Subfam. 1. THUNBERGIOIDEAE

 

山牵牛亚科

 

                Scandent. Calyx minute, annular or 10--15-toothed. Corolla lobes twisted in bud. Stamens 4, all fertile; anther cells 2, basally spurred or not; pollen grains spiraperturate. Staminodes absent. Disk cushion-shaped. Ovary 2-celled; ovules several. Capsule with a long oblong beak. Seeds 2 per cell, ovoid or abaxially compressed, retinacula absent.

 

1. THUNBERGIA Retzius, Physiogr. Sälsk. Handl. 1(3): 163. 1780. nom. cons.

 

山牵牛属 shan qian niu shu

 

                Climbing and twining herbs or erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, subequal, petiolate; leaf blade ovate, lanceolate, cordate, or hastate, veins pinnate, palmate, or sometimes 3, apex acute, acuminate, or sometimes round. Flower terminal or axillary simple (1- or 2-nate) or racemose; subtended by 2 large ± ovate or lanceolate foliaceous bracts. Bracteoles 2, large, coherent at least when young or spathelike, persistent. Calyx small, annular, 10--16-toothed, or obscure. Corolla large funnel-shaped or somewhat campanulate; tube ventricose, curved; limb oblique; lobes 5, rounded, twisted to left in bud. Stamen 4, didynamous, inserted near base of tube; anther cells 2, parallel, obliquely spurred or not at base; pollen grains spheroid to subspheroid, spiraperturate. Disc cushion-shaped. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 per cell, collateral. Style; stigma 2-lobed or subentire. Capsule globose, seed bearing at base, extending into a barren sword-shaped beak, loculicidal. Seed 2 per cell, ovoid or abaxially compressed, retinacula absent.

 

                About 90--100 species: C and S Africa, tropical Asia, Australia; 6 species (none endemic) in China.

 

                Thunbergia ?? are cultivated in ?? China.

 

1a. Leaves penninerve ..................................................................................................................................................  5. T. lutea

1b. Leaves palminerve.

2a. Calyx 10--16-toothed; flower 1 or 2, axillary ..................................................................................................  6. T. fragrans

2b. Calyx annular; inflorescence usually racemose.

3a. Usually with black glands below stem node, above pedical and bracteoles.

4a. With, yellow hairy on shoot ..................................................................................................................................  2. T. lacei

4b. Without, yellow hairy on shoot ................................................................................................................  3. T. grandiflora

3b. Without black glands below stem node, above pedical and bracteoles.

5a. Inflorescence erect, leaves glabrous, lobes of limb redish yellow .........................................................  4. T. eberhartii

5b. Inflorescence pendullous, leaves without hairs. ........................................................................................ . 1. T. coccinea

 

1. Thunbergia coccinea Wallich, Tent. Fl. Napal. 1: 49, 58. 1824.

 

红花山牵牛 hong hua shan qian niu

 

                Hexacentris coccinea (Wallich) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 78. 1832.

 

                Climbers, large, woody. Stems or shoots obscurely 9-angled, hairy at nodes when young but glabrescent or nearly so. Petiole 2--7 cm, grooved; leaf blade broadly ovate, ovate, or lanceolate, 8--15 X 3.5--11 cm, both surfaces pubescent, palmately 3--5-veined, base round to cordate, margin obscurely repand toothed or 3-angled, apex acuminate. Racemes terminal or axillary, to 35 cm, pendent; bracts subpersistent, lanceolate, basal ones subsessile. Peduncles, pedicels, and bracteoles pubescent. Pedicel 3--4 cm; bracteoles oblong, 2.2--2.6 X 1.1--1.5 cm, apex acute. Calyx a minute rim. Corolla red; tube 5--6 mm, constricted between tube and throat; lobes of limb nearly round, ca. 7 mm. Filaments linear, ca. 1.4 cm and ca. 1.2 cm, glabrous but with a tuft of hairs at base; anther cells 2, parallel, unequal, one spurred and slightly extended; cells of longer anther ca. 5.5 mm with ca. 1 mm spur and ca. 4.8 mm with ca. 2 mm spur; cells of shorter anther ca. 4.5 mm with ca. 2 mm spur and ca. 3.8 mm with ca. 3 mm spur. Ovary and style glabrous. Stigma 2-cleft, extended? 柱头露出. Capsule part with seeds 1--1.2 X 1.5--2 cm, glabrous; beak 1.5--2.3 X 0.5--0.8 mm. Fl. ??, fr. ??

 

                Forests on mountains slopes; 900--1000 m. SE Xizang, SC Yunnan [India, N Indo-China??].

 

2. Thunbergia lacei Gamble, Kew Bull. 1913: 116. 1913.

 

长黄毛山牵牛 chang huang mao shan qian niu

 

                Thunbergia adenophora W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 74. 1917.

 

                Climbers, to 17 m tall but often 7--8 m tall. Stems stout, woody, with dense yellow multicelled hairs, with nectarylike glands under nodes. Petiole 2--5 cm, canaliculate, with yellow hairs; leaf blade ovate, ?? X ??, papery, both surfaces hirsutus but abaxially denser, palmately 3--7-veins, base cordate, margins 2- or 3-angular on each side of midvein, repand, or rarely entire, apex acuminate. Racemes terminal or axillary, 5--15 cm, pendent; bracts leaflike, ovate, 1--3 cm, apex acuminate. Peduncles, pedicels, and bracteoles with yellow hairs and black nestlike glands. Bracteoles 2, ovate-oblong, 2.5--3 cm, coherent at margin when young then open and spathelike. Flowers simple or paired, axillary or opposite. Calyx annular, entire. Corolla purple to pale blue; tube ca. 3.5 mm; throat ca. 2 mm, base hairy; lobes of limb round, 2--3 cm in diam. Stamens 4; filaments ca. 8 mm and ca. 10 mm, glabrous, enlarged towards base; anthers elliptic, ca. 9 mm, included, beard between 2 anthers, long and curved spurred at base; longer spur ca. 3 mm; shorter spur ca. 2 mm. Ovary and style glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule part with seeds ca. 1.2 X. 1.8 cm, compressed; beak ca. 2.5 cm, pubescent, with nectarlike glands. Fl. ??, fr. ??

 

                Thickets; 400--1500 m. S Yunnan [Myanmar].

 

3. Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxburgh ex Rottler) Roxburgh, Hort. Bengal. 45. 1814.

 

山牵牛 shan qian niu

 

                Flemingia grandiflora Roxburgh ex Rottler, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 4: 202. 1803; Thunbergia chinensis Merrill.

 

                Climber, large. Stems woody; young shoots pubescent, slightly 4-angular. Petiole nearly to 8 cm, pubescence; leaf blade ovate, broad ovate, or cordate, 4--9(15) X 3--7.5 cm, both surfaces with brown hairs when dry, palmately 5--7-veined, often 2(--4)--6(--8) angularly lobed, margins toothed. Flowers axillary and solitary or in a terminal raceme. Racemes usually stout, somewhat densely flowered, angular, pubescent; bracts 2, small, ovate, apex mucronate. Pedicel 2--4 ??, opposite or fascicled, pubescent, with nectarylike glands under bracteoles and on apical rachis; bracteoles 2, oblong-ovate, 1.5--3 X 1--2 cm, pubescent, often coherent on one margin, apex acuminate. Calyx subentire. Corolla white; tube 5--7 cm; throat 2.2--2.5 cm, expanded from top?? of tube; limb bluish purple; lobes round to broadly ovate, 2.1--3 mm, apex emarginate. Stamen 4; filaments 8--10 mm, glabrous, basally widened; anthers subsimilar, 7--9 mm, included, beared??, cells parallel with a fine linear basal, with a 2.5--3 mm spur, connective mucronate; pollen grains 86 µm in diam. Ovary nearly glabrous. Style 1.7--2.4 cm, glabrous; stigma very large, funnel-shaped; stigma lobes 2, rounded, folded, lower one clasped upper, not extended. Capsule part with seeds ca. 1.8 X 1.3 cm, pubescent or glabrous; beak ca. 2 X 0.7 cm. Fl. ??, fr. ??

 

                Thickets; ?? m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [India, Indo-China peninsula??].

 

                Cultivated as an ornamental in tropics.

 

4. Thunbergia eberhardtii Benoist, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 27: 543. 1921.

 

二色山牵牛 er se shan qian niu

 

                Herbs, twining. Young shoots 4-angular, pubescent, glabrescent but pilose at node. Petiole 3--4 cm; leaf blade broad ovate to ovate, ca. 10 X 5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, palmately 5--7-veined, base cordate, margins remotely dentate or sometimes entire, apex acuminate to acute. Raceme terminal or axillary, erect; peduncle pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 1--3-veined, margin dentate, apex acute. Bracteole ovate-lanceolate, 1--1.4 cm, tomentose, apex shortly acuminate. Calyx cup-shaped, entire. Corolla tube yellowish brown, slightly ample??, oblique; limb 5-lobed; lobes subequal, broadly elliptic, ca. 1.1 cm, abaxial lobe red, adaxial lobe yellow. Stamen 4; anther apices acute, abaxial pair with long spurs (bicalcaratus), adaxial pair with one spur. Ovary villous. Style extended, slightly pilose. Seeds semiglobose. Fl. ??, fr. ??

 

                Dense forests; ?? elev. Hainan [N Vietnam].

 

5. Thunbergia lutea T. T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 448. 1867.

 

羽脉山牵牛 yu mai shan qian niu

 

                Thunbergia salweenensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 12: 224. 1920.

 

                Herbs, twining (scandent), often reach 5 m. Tuberous roots spindle-form, ca. 3 cm in diam. Stems canaliculate, glabrous except node with a rim of hairs. Pedicel 5--7.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate, long ovate, or rarely ovate-lanceolate, 4--13 X 2--6 cm, abaxially subglabrous, adaxially pubescent or setaceous, base decurrent, margins obscurely toothed or sometimes irregularly denticulate, apex acuminate, round, or nearly cuneate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Bracteoles elliptic, 2.1--2.4 X 1.5--1.7 cm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially with minutely capitate or clavate glands, with 7-veins, apex mucronate. Calyx minute, 10 toothed. Corolla tube ca. 7 mm; throat ca. 3.5 cm; lobes pink or white, round, equal, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. Filament ca. 1 cm, glabrous; anther ca. 7 mm, barbate, base spurred, spurs hairlike. Ovary and style glabrous. Style ca. 2.5 cm; stigma 2-cleft, branches short, subequal, and erect. Capsule part with seeds ca. 1 X 1.8 cm, glabrous; beak ca. 1.8 X 0.8 cm. Seeds reniform, ca. 8 X 5 mm, abaxial round, adaxial convex. Fl. ?? fr. ??

 

                Forests, thicket; 1000--2500 m. E Xizang, S and W Yunnan [E Himalayas??, Sikkim].

 

6. Thunbergia fragrans Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 1: 47. 1795.

 

碗花草 wan hua cao

 

                Herbs, perennial, scandent. Roots tuberous. Stems slender, restrose hispidulous or glabrous. Petiole 0.8--4.5 cm, slender, restrose villous; leaf blade broadly ovate to lanceolate, 4--14 X 3--7 cm, pubescent but glabrescent and hairy only on veins, 5-veined, base round, cordate, hastate, sagittate bilateral, or 2 or 3 angularly lobed, apex acuminate. Flowers usually solitary, axillary. Pedicel 1.5--8.5 cm, restrose villous. Calyx unequally 13-toothed, glabrous. Corolla white; tube 4--7 mm; throat 1.8--2.3 cm; lobes of limb obovate, ca. 2.6 X 2.2 cm, apex truncate or ± 3-dentate. Filaments reach 9--15 mm and 4--11 mm, glabrous; anthers lanceolate, 4--5 mm, one longer, base divided, connective mucronate; pollen grains spheroid, 45 µm in diam., bacula of exine 7 µm high. Ovary glabrous. Style 2.5--3 cm, glabrous; stigma funnel-shaped, excluded??. Capsule part with seeds ca. 7 X 10 mm, glabrous; beak ca. 15 X 4.5 mm. Seeds adaxially smooth, hilum large. Fl. ??, fr. ??

 

                Mountain slopes, marine areas, bamboo forests, thickets; near sea level to 2300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan. [India, Indo-China peninsula?, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka].

 

 

1a. Leaf blade broadly ovate, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, base round, cordate, hastate, saggittal bilateral, or 2 or 3 angularly lobed ........................................................................................................................................  6a subsp. fragans

1b. Leaf blade long ovate to oblong-lanceolate, base slightly hastate, margin entire or crisped.

2a. Leaf blade lanceolate but lower leaf blades broadly long ovate, base margin entire ..............  6b. subsp. lanceolata

2b. Leaf blade oblong ovate to long lanceolate, margin crispus, base slightly hastate .............  6c. subsp. hainanensis

 

6a. Thunbergia fragrans subsp. fragans

 

碗花草 wan hua cao

 

                Thunbergia bodinieri H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 21. 1913.

 

                Leaf blade broadly ovate, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, base round, cordate, hastate, sagittate bilateral, or 2 or 3 angularly lobed.

 

                Mountain slopes, thickets; 1100--2300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan. [India, Indo-China peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka].

 

6b. Thunbergia fragrans subsp. lanceolata H. P. Tsui, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 30. 2002. (This subspecies is not validly published here)

 

滇南山牵牛 dian nan shan qian niu

 

                Leaf blade lanceolate but basally on stem broadly long ovate, margin entire.

 

                Bamboo forests, thickets; 800--1800 m. S Yunnan.

 

6c. Thunbergia fragrans subsp. hainanensis (C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo) H. P. Tsui, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 31. 2002.

 

海南山牵牛 hai nan shan qian niu

 

                Thunbergia hainanensis C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 591. 1974.

 

                Leaf blade oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, base sometimes slightly hastate, margin often waved (crisped), apex obtuse with a rounded tip.

 

                Marine areas; near sea level?. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan.

 

Subfam. 2. NELSONIOIDEAE

 

瘤子草亚科

 

                Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped or nearly 5-lobed; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamen 2 or 4; anthers 2-celled; pollen grains “spaltenpollen”. Staminodes 2 or absent. Ovules many, superimposed in two rows per cell. Capsule beaked or apically acute, retinaculum papiliform. Seeds small, seated on minute papillae, not on hard retinacula. Herbs without cystolith.

 

2. STAUROGYNE Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 80. 1831.

 

叉柱花属 cha zhu hua shu

 

                Ebermaiera Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 75, 79. 1832.

 

                Herbs, annual or perennial. Stem usually single, decumbent from base or procumbent, ascending from roots, sometimes nearly erect or erect, shrubby at base. Leaves opposite or apically on stem alternate, usually petiolate; leaf blade pinnately veined, margin usually entire. Inflorescences racemes or spikes, terminal or axillary; peduncle sometimes 1 or 2 branched or much branched ± forming a panicle, rarely capitate; bracts at base of pedicel spirally arranged, leaflike, overtopping flowers or small and inconspicuous. Bracteoles 2, inserted near base of calyx, similar to calyx segments or smaller and narrower than bracts, 1-veined. Calyx deeply 5-parted into base; segments equal or unequal, occasionally adaxial one larger and broader. Corolla tube short; throat narrow, nearly campanulate, longer than tube; lobes of limb equal, sometimes slightly 2-lipped. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments spreadingly hairy, hirsute towards apex or rarely glabrous; anther cells globose or nearly so, base with an appendage, connective short, enlarged, and abaxially hirsute; pollen grains spherical, small, 3-colporate. Staminodes unequal, filamentous, sometimes absent. Disc inconspicuous. Ovary 2-celled, with 12--60 ovules in 2(or 4) columns. Style glabrous; stigma 2-cleft, clefts equal or not. Capsule oblong, with 12--60 seeds, valves compressed, apex acute to slightly obtuse. Seed globose, ultimately nearly smooth or with obscure shallow pits.

 

                About 80--140 species: America, Africa. Tropic Asia;14 species (eight endemic) in China.

 

                Greatest diversity in W Malaysia.

 

1a. Stem short, leaves rosulate.

2a. Leaf blade spatulate-oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, calyx apex white (yellowish white or pale), corolla red .  10. S. concinnula

2b. Leaf blade and calyx apex not as above mentioned.

3a. Leaf blade base cordate; calyx segments spatulate, apex round ..........................................................  5. S. chapaensis

3b. Leaf blade base not cordate, calyx segments linear or linear-lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate.

4a. Adaxial surface of laef blade pubescent ............................................................................................................  6. S. sinica

4b. Adaxial surface of leaf blade strigose ...........................................................................................................  12. S. strigosa

1b. Stem with long internode, usually erect, sometimes decumbent.

5a. Flowers subsessile, spiciform.

6a. Stem erect, branched at each axil; inflorences ca. 1 cm .........................................................................  7. S. potingensis

6b. Stem decumbent, rooting at node of stem below, branchless, or only branched. below ......................  8. S. rivularis

5b. Flowers pedicellate, raceme.

7a. Leaf blade linear ........................................................................................................................................  13. S. stenophylla

7b.Leaf blade not linear.

8a. Leaf blade lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate

9a. Calyx segments small and unequal, abaxial segment linear and ca. 2.5 mm, adaxial segment subulate-angular and ca. 1 mm ............................................................................................................................................................  14. S. yunnanensis

9b. Calyx segments equal.

10a. Bracts linear, 2.3mm, thick, subterete, bracteoles linear ca. 2.1 X 0.1 mm ....................................  9. S. brachystachya

10b. Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, 4--6 X 1--1.2 mm................................................................................. 3. S. sichuanica

8b. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate or elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate.

11a. Calyx segments above to 2 cm .................................................................................................................  4. S. sesamoides

11b. Calyx segments less than 1 cm.

12a. Inflorences axillary in each leaf axil; flowers dense; stem stout, ca. 5 mm in diam.; leav blade secondary veins 11--17 on each side of mivein ................................................................................................................................  2. S. longicuneata

12b. Inflorences usually terminal or ternate; leaf blade secondary veins 10 on each side of midvein.

13a. Stem decumbent, subglabrous, to 1 m tall, leaf blade larger, to 15 cm, usually over 10 cm, apex acute  1. S. hypoleuca

13b. Stem erect, pubescent, to 30 cm high; leaf blade smaller, less than 10 cm, usually ca. 5 cm, apex round ........  11. S. hainanensis

 

1. Staurogyne hypoleuca Benoist, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 2: 338. 1911.

 

灰背叉柱花 hui bei cha zhu hua

 

                Ophiorrhiziphyllon hypoleucum (Benoist) Benoist in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 637. 1935.

 

                Herbs, 1 m tall. Stems and shoots longitudinal striate angular, lenticellate, glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole 3--6 cm; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, 13--17 X 4.5--7 cm, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially glaucous, adaxially green, secondary veins 8--11 on each side of midvein, base cuneate and slightly decurrent, margin entire or subrepand, apex acuminate to sometimes acute. Racemes terminal or apically axillary, ca. 15 cm, unbranched or 2-branched; peduncle glandular hairy; bracts linear, 4--4.5 X ca. 0.8 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, alternate, remote; pedicel 2--3.5 mm; bracteoles linear, ca. 2 mm. Calyx ca. 5 mm, outside pubescent and glandular; segments 5, long triangular, ca. 4 X 1 mm but lateral segment smaller, margin ciliate and glandular hairy. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, ca. 7 mm; lobes 5, nearly round, slightly unequal, ca. 1.5 X 1.3 mm. Fertile stamen 4, almost didynamous, inserted at throat; filaments attached top of anther, ca. 3 mm but other 2 shorter, glabrous; anther cells 2, oblong, ca. 1 mm. Ovary elliptic, ca. 2 X 1 mm, 2-celled; ovules in 2 rows per cell, 12 in each row. Style ca. 3 mm, glabrous; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule barrel-shaped, 5--7 mm, loculicidally dehiscent into 2 valves. Fl. ??, fr. ??

 

                Moist valleys, forests; 300--1800 m. S Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

2. Staurogyne longicuneata H. S. Lo, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(1): 2. 1988.

 

楔叶叉柱花 xie ye cha zhu hua

 

                Herbs. Stems ca. 5 mm in diam., 4-angular, brown hairy. Leaves opposite; petiole 2--5 cm, brown hairy, glabrescent; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 10--20 X 5--7 cm, with brown or white hairs, abaxially pale, secondary veins 11--17 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin entire and often decurrent, apex acute to often obtuse. Racemes axillary, to 16 cm; basal leaves 2 pairs, sessile or subsessile, 9--10 X ca. 1.5 mm, with brown hair, 1-veined, apex round; peduncle rachis with brown hairs and glandular hairs; bracts attached at base of pedicels, linear, 3--5 mm. Pedicel 2--5 mm, with brown hairs; bracteoles attached at pedicel apex, linear, 3--4 mm. Calyx ca. 1 cm; segments 5, linear, subequal, ca. 9 X 1 mm, outside with brown hairs, apex acuminate. Corolla tube ca. 1.5 cm, pubescent; lobes 5, oblong, nearly equal, ca. 2 X 1.5 mm. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments pubescent, base villous; anther cells 2, oblong, ca. 1 mm, attached laterally on wide and short connective, connective with two yellow hooklike appendages. Style glabrous; stigma 3-parted. Capsule black, elliptic, pubescent. Fl. ??, fr. ??.

 

                * Habitat??; ?? m. S Yunnan.

 

3. Staurogyne sichuanica H. S. Lo, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(1): 2. 1988.

 

金长莲jin chang lian

 

                Herbs, 10--25 cm tall. Stems purplish black, terete, striate, pubescent. Leaves opposite; petiole purple, 1--2 cm, puberulous; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 4--9 cm X 1.3--3 mm, both surfaces sparsely strigose and villous, secondary veins 6--11 on each side of midvein, abaxially inconspicuous, and adaxially convex, base cuneate to broadly cuneate and somewhat oblique, apex acuminate. Racemes terminal or axillary on short shoots, 3.5--6 cm, 2--5-flowerd; peduncle slightly puberulous; bracts at base of pedicels. Bract and bracteole similar, linear, ca. 5.5 mm, 1-veined, nearly glabrous, margin ciliate. Flowers alternate, remote. Pedicel 4--7 mm, slightly puberulous; bracteole ca. 1.6 mm toward?? flowers. Calyx ca. 1.1 cm, 5-parted toward base, both surfaces glabrous, margin ciliate; segments linear; abaxial and adaxial segments 9--11 X ca. 1.2 mm; lateral segments ca. 10 X 0.6 mm. Corolla not seen. Immature capsule ca. 5 mm.

 

                * Bamboo forests. 500--600 m. Sichuan. (Changning Xian).

 

                Similar to Staurogyne filipes E. Hossain (in Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 31: 383. 1972) from ?? but calyx of later narrower, plants villous??.

 

4. Staurogyne sesamoides (Handel-Mazzetti) B. L. Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 311. 1958.

 

大花叉柱花 da hua cha zhu hua

 

                Loxostigma sesamoides Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 85: 217. 1936; Staurogyne dolichocalyx E. Hossain, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31: 380. 1972.

 

                Herbs, erect, ca. 35 cm tall. Stems unbranched, striate, tomentose, glabrescent. Leaves opposite; petiole 1.5--4 cm, tomentose; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, 5--13 X 2--5.5 cm, herbaceous, midvein abaxially pubescent, secondary veins 5--11 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin entire or sometimes irregular repand, apex acuminate to sometimes acute. Racemes terminal or axillary, pendent, unbranched, elongated after flowering, with dense flowers; peduncle villous; bracts lanceolate 6--6.5 X 2--2.2 mm, 3-veined, villous. Pedicel 0.8--1 mm, to 5 mm in fruit, villous??, tomentose??; bracteoles attached at pedicel apex, lanceolate, 8--8.5 X 2 ca. mm, villous. Calyx 5-parted; segments nearly equal, lanceolate, villous, apex long acuminate; abaxial segments 1.8--2.1 cm X 1.8--2 mm; adaxial segments 1.8--2.2 cm X ca. 2 mm; lateral segments 1.6--2 cm X ca. 1.2 mm. Corolla white or pinkish white, 3--4 cm; lobes 5, nearly round, subequal, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at throat; filaments ca. 1.7 cm and ca. 1.3 cm, capitate glandular hairy apically densely so; anthers ovate, ca. 2.5 X 1.5 mm, hispidulous at edge of dehiscent portion, with appendage. Ovary glabrous; ovules 60, in two rows. Style ca. 2 cm, slightly pubescent; stigma triangular, 2-parted, abaxially one ca. 4 X 4 mm, adaxial one elliptic and ca. 3 X 2 mm, margin ciliate. Capsule narrowly elliptic, apex acute. Seeds small; seed coats honeycomblike.

 

                Wet valleys, forests; below 800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi [Vietnam].

 

5. Staurogyne chapaensis Benoist, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. sér 2, 5: 172. 1933.

 

弯花叉柱花 wan hua cha zhu hua

 

                Herbs. Stems short. Leaves opposite, fasciculate, or rosette; petiole brownish red when dry, to 11 cm, brown long hairy; leaf blade ovate, long ovate, oblong, or narrowly oblong, 2.5--14.5 X 2--6 cm, abaxially pale and glabrous, adaxially green with slightly long hair, secondary veins pinnate, 7--9 on each side of midvein, and brownish red when dry, base cordate, margin entire or inconspicuous repand, apex often obtuse. Racemes terminal or axillary, equal length, many-flowered, rachis of villous; peduncle ca. 4 cm; bracts alternate, obovate, or linear-spatulate, 5.5--3.5 cm, abaxially villous, adaxially glabrous. Pedicel ca. 3 mm, villous; bracteoles linear-spatulate, ca. 5.1 X 1.6 mm, apex obtusely round, abaxially villous, adaxially glabrous, margin ciliate. Calyx unequally 5-parted; adaxial segments spatulate, ca. 8 X 2 mm; lateral 2 segments linear, ca. 5 X 0.5 mm, with hairs??. Corolla pale bluish purple; lobes of limb 5, rounded, nearly equal. Fertile stamens 4, glabrous; apical pair of filaments ca. 2 mm; basal pair of filaments ca. 1.1 mm; anthers subequal, base of each with a rectangular appendage, connective broadly elliptic. Ovary long ellipsoidal, ca. 2 X 1 mm, glabrous. Style ca. 5.5 mm, glabrous. Capsule not seen.

 

                Forests; 1000--2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, SE Yunnan [N Vietnam].

 

6. Staurogyne sinica C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 590. 1974.

 

中华叉柱花 zhong hua cha zhu hua

 

                Herbs, annual. Stems very short, with dense long hair. Leaves in rosettes; petioles 0.5--3 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong, 4--9 X 1--4.5 cm, papery, abaxial pale and villous on veins, adaxial surface green and villous, secondary veins 5--7 on each side of midvein, base round to broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex round. Racemes terminal or axillary, 3--12 cm, loosely flowered; peduncle with long or short hard hairs; bracts inserted at base of pedicel, linearly spatulate, 3--4 mm, with hairs on both surface, 3-veined, apex round. Pedicel 4--5 mm, with long or short hard hairs; bracteoles inserted at upper and middle of pedicel, similar to bracts. Calyx outside slightly villous; segments linearly to lanceolate, 3-veined, margin ciliate, apex acuminate; abaxial and adaxial segments ca. 8 mm; lateral segments smaller. Corolla whitish purple, tubular, ca. 2 cm; throat campanulate, ca. 8 mm; lobes slightly unequal, round??, ca. 1.5 mm in diam.; middle or adaxial lobes oblong, ca. 2.5 X 1.8 mm. Fertile stamen 4, didynamous, inserted at throat; filaments glabrous, one pair ca. 7 mm and other pair ca. 6 mm; anther ovate, ca. 1.8 mm. Staminode ca. 1 mm. Ovary elliptic, ca. 1.8 mm, glabrous. Style ca. 8 mm, glabrous. Capsule ovate-oblong barrel-shaped, ca. 6 mm, glabrous.

 

                * Dense forests; 500--2000 m. Hainan.

 

7. Staurogyne paotingensis C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 589. 1974.

 

保亭叉柱花 bao ting cha zhu hua

 

                Herbs, annual, 12--20 cm tall. Stems erect, pubescent. Leaves opposite; petioles of lower leaves ca. 4 cm; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or sometimes nearly ovate, 2.5--6 X 1--2 cm, papery glabrous, abaxially pubescent on midvein, adaxially pale, secondary veins 6--9 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtusely round. Leaf blade on short shoots similar but smaller than on long shoots, maximum to 3 cm. Spike terminal or axillary on short shoots, ca. 1 cm, with dense flowers, rachis pubescent; peduncle pubescent. Bracts elliptic to spatulate-elliptic, 6--7 X ca. 3.5 mm, abaxially and margin pubescent, pinnately veined, apex obtuse. Pedicel short; bracteoles linear-oblong, ca. 6 mm, indumentum similar to bract, 1-veined, apex acute. Calyx with 5 unequal segments, outside pubescent, margin ciliate; abaxial segments linear, ca. 8 mm; adaxial segments ca. 9 mm; lateral smaller. Corolla purple, ca. 9 mm, outside pubescent and inside at base; tube ca. 2 mm; throat ca. 5 mm; lobes 5, slightly unequal, nearly round, 1.7--2 mm in diam. Fertile stamen 4, didynamous, inserted at throat; filaments band-shaped, ciliate, one pair ca. 5 mm and other pair shorter; anther attached at top of filament, ovate, ca. 1 mm, with appendage at base. Staminode ca. 1 mm. Ovary oblong, glabrous, 2-celled; ovules in two rows per cell, 12 per row. Style ca. 3 mm; stigma 2-lobed, adaxial lobe 2-dentate. Capsule ovate-oblong, ca. 6 mm. Seeds round, ca. 0.2 mm in diam.

 

                * Wet fields; ?? m. Hainan (Baoting Xian).

 

8. Staurogyne rivularis Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci., C 7: 247. 1912.

 

瘦叉柱花 shou cha zhu hua

 

                Herb, 1 m tall. Stems glabrous, longitudinal striate and lenticellate. Leaves opposite; petiole 3--6 cm; leaf blade elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, 13--17 X 4.5--7 cm, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially pale, secondary veins 8--11 on each side of midvein, base cuneate and slightly decurrent, margin entire or repand, apex acuminate to sometimes acute. Raceme terminal or axillary on upper shoot, ca. 15 cm, simple or 2-branched, rachis with glandular hairs; bracts linear, 4--4.5 X ca. 0.8 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers alternate, remote, simple. Pedicels 2--3.5 mm; bracteoles linear, ca. 2 mm. Calyx ca. 5 mm, outside pubescent and glandular. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, ca. 7 mm; lobes 5, subround, nearly unequal, ca. 1.5 X 1.3 mm. Fertile stamen 4, nearly didynamous, inserted at base of throat; filaments glabrous, one pair ca. 3 mm and other pair shorter; anther 2-celled, oblong, ca. 1 mm, attached on top of filament. Ovary elliptic, ca. 2 X 1 mm, glabrous, 2-celled; ovules in 2 rows per cell, 12 per row. Style ca. 3 cm, glabrous; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule barrel-shaped, 5--7 mm, dehiscent into 2 valves.

 

                Wet valleys, forests; ?? m. Hainan, S Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

9. Staurogyne brachystachya Benoist, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. sér. 2, 5: 174. 1933.

 

短穗叉柱花 duan sui cha zhu hua

 

                Herb, ca. 80 cm tall. Stems erect, subterete, with 2 opposite impressed grooves, covered with brown hairs, woody at base. Leaves opposite; petioles 0.5--2 cm, slender; leaf blade lanceolate, sometimes long ovate or?? acute at both ends, 3--8 X 1--1.6 cm, abaxial pale brown when dry, adaxial surface green and glabrous, secondary veins 8--10 on each side of midvein, margin irregularly repand, apex obtuse. Raceme axillary or terminal, with 3--5-flowers, 2--4 cm; peduncle and rachis glabrous; bracts attached on base of pedicel, linear, 2.3--5 mm, thickened subterete, glabrous, 1-veined. Pedicels 1.2--1.6 cm, glabrous; bracteoles linear, 2.3--3 mm, 1-veined, glabrous. Calyx deeply 5-parted to base; segments linear, subequal, 7.8--9 mm, glabrous both surface, margin slightly ciliate with capitate glandular hairs, apex acuminate. Corolla white, glabrous, 1--1.4 cm; lobes 5, round, ca. 2 mm in diam. Stamens 4, didynamous; filament basally glabrous but with hairs at base, apically pubescent; abaxial filaments 7--9 mm, adaxial filaments 6--8 mm; anther ovate, with a long tie-shaped appendage, apically slightly hirsute. Staminode small. Ovary glabrous. Style ca. 1 cm, glabrous, 2-lobed at tip. Fruit not seen.

 

                Forests; 800--1200 m. Yunnan (Hekou Xian, Pingbian Xian, Wenshan Xian) [Vietnam].

 

10. Staurogyne concinnula (Hance) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 497. 1891.

 

叉柱花 cha zhu hua

 

                Ebermaiera concinnula Hance, J. Bot. 6: 300. 1868.

 

                Herbs. Stems very short, densely pubescent. Leaves in rosettes; petiole 0.3--2.3 cm, pubescent; leaf blade spatulate, oblong, or lanceolate, 1.2--7 X 0.4--1.8 cm, pubescent??, abaxially pale, adaxially punctate and pubescent, midvein hairy, secondary veins abaxially conspicuous and villous and adaxially inconspicuous, base cuneate, margins entire or slightly repand, apex round to obtuse. Raceme terminal or axillary apically on stem, 4--15 cm, remotely flowered; peduncle slender, pubescent; bracts spatulate-linear, 3--4 mm. Pedicel ca. 2 mm, slender, pubescent; bracteole attached on apex of pedicel, linear, subequal to bract, pubescent??, adaxially glabrous, 1-veined. Calyx 5-parted into base; segments linear, subequal; lateral segments shorter, apically yellow or white. Corolla red, fragrant, ca. 1 cm; lobes 5, nearly round abaxially ones oblong, all ca. 3 X 1.3 mm. Abaxial pair of stamen ca. 7 mm, slightly exerted from throat; adaxial pair of stamens ca. 5 mm; filaments glabrous; anthers ovate, ca. 1 X 1.3 mm, both?? coherent. Ovary oblong, glabrous. Style ca. 8 mm; stigma ca. 2 mm, unequally 2-lobed.

 

                Forests; low elevations. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan. [Japan (Ryukyu Islands)].

 

11. Staurogyne hainanensis C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3. 589. 1974.

 

海南叉柱花 hai nan cha zhu hua

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 30 cm tall. Stems erect, terete, villous. Leaves fascicled at shoot apex; petiole 1--3 cm, densely villous; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3--10 X 1.3--3 cm, subleathery, abaxially appressed villous, adaxially glabrous except slightly villous on midvein, secondary veins 6--10 on each side of midvein, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margins entire or irregularly undulate, apex usually round. Raceme terminal or axillary, to 16 cm, pubescent, remotely flowered; bracts alternate, linearly spatulate to linear, ca. 2.5 mm, 1-veined. Pedicel ca. 3 mm; bracteole attached on middle of pedicel, subequal to bract. Calyx segments linear, 5--6 mm, nearly glabrous, 3-veined, apex acuminate; two lateral segments shorter. Corolla purple, ca. 8 mm; lobes ovate-oblong, 1.2--1.4 mm, apex round. Filaments glabrous; anthers of abaxial stamens unequal; anthers of adaxial stamens equal. Staminode ca. 0.7 mm. Ovary ovate, ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Style ca. 6 mm. Capsule ovate-oblong, ca. 5 mm, glabrous.

 

                * Habitat?; ?? m. SW and W Hainan.

 

12. Staurogyne strigosa C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 590.1974.

 

琼海叉柱花 qiong hai cha zhu hua

 

               Herbs, annual. Stems very short, villous. Leaves in rosettes; petiole 0.5--2.2 cm; leaf blade elliptic, oblong, ovate, or oblong-obovate, 1--1.5 X 0.8--2.5 cm, papery, abaxially villous, adaxially long strigose but hairs deciduous leaving a ball-shaped base, secondary veins 5--7 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate to round, margins entire, apex round to obtuse. Raceme terminal or axillary, to 6 cm, simple or rarely branched, remotely flowered; peduncle multicelled villous; bracts attached at base of pedicel, spatulate-linear, ca. 6 mm, villous, apex obtusely round to acute. Pedicel 1--3 mm, multicelled villous; bracteoles attached upper part of pedicel, similar to bracts. Calyx segments linear, outside villous, 3-veined, apex acuminate; abaxial and adaxial segments ca. 6 mm, acute; lateral segments ca. 5.5 mm. Corolla ca. 5.5 mm; lobes round, ca. 1 mm in diam. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at base of throat; filaments glabrous; anther of abaxial stamen pair ca. 0.7 mm; anther of adaxial stamen pair ca. 0.2 mm. Staminode ca. 1 mm. Ovary glabrous; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate-oblong, ca. 6 mm, glabrous.

 

                * Forests; to 100 m. Hainan (Qionghai Xian).

 

13. Staurogyne stenophylla Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 322. 1935.

 

狭叶叉柱花 xia ye cha zhu hua

 

                Herbs, perennial. Stems short, erect, densely villous. Leaves opposite, usually fascicled at shoot apex; petiole ca. 1 cm, pubescent; leaf blade linear to lanceolate-linear, 6--12 cm X 5--9 mm, papery, adaxially dark green, densely white alveolatus? (papillosus ?)密被白色微小凸起, subglabrous, and slightly pubescent on midvein, abaxially pale, sparsely villous but denser on veins, secondary veins 8--13 on each side of midvein, base acuminate, margin entire or undulate, apex obtuse. Raceme axillary, single or 1- or 2-branched at base, 5--10 cm; peduncle and rachis villous; bracts linear, 3.8--4.5 mm, abaxially pubescent, 1-veined. Flowers single, alternate, remote, extended to 4 mm after flowering; pedicels 2--3.5 mm, 1.5--2.5 mm in diam.; bracteoles linear, ca. 3.7 mm, abaxially pubescent. Calyx outside often slightly villous; segments linear-triangular, ca. 5.1 X 0.6 mm, margin ciliate; lateral segments ca. 4.5 mm. Corolla pink, ca. 8 mm; tube ca. 1.5 mm; throat gradually expanded, convex one side; lobes of limb unequal, adaxial and middle subrotund, ca. 2.5 X 2 mm, others round, ca. 2.3 mm. Staminode ca. 0.7 mm. Ovary elliptic, ca. 2 X 1 mm, glabrous. Style unequally 3-lobed. Capsule ovate-oblong, ca. 3 mm.

 

                * Dense forests; 1000--2000 m. S and SE Hainan.

 

14. Staurogyne yunnanensis H. S. Lo, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(1): 3. 1988.

 

云南叉柱花 yun nan cha zhu hua

 

                Herbs, ca. 0.7 m tall. Stems densely pubescent. Leaves opposite; petiole 1.5--2 cm; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, elliptical-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 4.5--10.5 X 2--3.5 cm, abaxially villous on veins, adaxially glabrous, midvein and secondary veins abaxially compressed and adaxially inconspicuous, secondary veins 9--14 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin repand or inconspicuous dentate, apex obtuse. Racemes terminal when fruit, to 8--15 cm, rachis slender; peduncle slender, densely hirsute; bracts linear, 2.5--3 X ca. 0.5 mm, densely pubescent, 1-veined, apex acuminate to acute. Pedicels 2--3 mm in fruit; bracteoles linear, ca. 1.2 mm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Calyx segments 5, extremely unequal, glabrous; abaxial segment long triangular, 2.5--3 X ca. 0.5 mm, apex acuminate; adaxial and lateral segments subtriangular, ca. 1 mm. Capsule 3.5--4 mm. Seeds pale brown.

 

                * Forest; ?? m. S Yunnan (Hekou Xian).

 

 

3. OPHIORRHIZIPHYLLON Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 40: 476. 1871.

 

蛇根叶属 she gen ye shu

 

                Herbs, erect. Leaves opposite; leaf blade long elliptic, long ovate, or lanceolate, glabrous except on veins, abaxially pale, adaxially green, pinnately veined, base acute to sometimes rounded and sometimes decurrent, margin entire, apex acute. Racemes terminal, single or 1- or 2-branched at base, two small leaves and two bracts at base; peduncle and rachis pubescent or glandular hairy; bracts at base of pedicel, subulate but apically linear. Bracts, bracteoles, and calyx segments pubescent and glandular hairy. Calyx 5-parted toward base; segments subequal. Corolla with an annulus hairs at base of tube, 2-lipped; abaxial lip 2-lobed; adaxial lip 3-lobed. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous; filaments ??; anthers elliptic or oblong, erect, exserted or not, cells divaricate. Ovary ovate. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule 2-valved, with 2 row of seeds per valve and each row with many seeds.

 

                About 5 species: Myanmar, Indo-China peninsula??; one species in China.

 

1. Ophiorrhiziphyllon macrobotryum Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 40: 76. 1871.

 

蛇根叶 she gen ye

 

                Herbs, erect, to 1 m tall. Stems terete, apically 4-angular and brown pubescent. Leaves opposite; petiole 3--8 cm; leaf blade long ovate, long elliptic, or lanceolate, (8--)15--17 X (2--)5--7 cm, glabrous except on abaxial veins, abaxially pale, adaxially green, secondary veins 7--10 on each side of midvein, base acute to nearly round and sometimes decurrent, margin entire, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal, single raceme or branched at basal part; peduncle 1--3??; bracts 2 at base of peduncle, leaflike, often long ovate, small, base subtruncate, apex acute. Pedicel short, 1--2 mm; bracteoles at base of pedicel, narrowly triangular, ca. 4 mm, apically on inflorescences linear and ca. 1 mm. Peduncles, rachises, and bracteoles brown pubescent or glandular hairy. Calyx ca. 5.5 mm, 5-parted; segments narrowly triangular, equal, divided to 3/5 of calyx length, ciliate and glandular hairy. Corolla yellowish white, ca. 7 mm, with a ring white hairs at 2/5 of tube where filaments inserted, 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed; adaxial lip 2-lobed; lobes nearly round, middle lobe of abaxial lip larger. Fertile stamens 2; filaments, ca. 8 mm, glabrous, attached at base of anther??; anther 2-celled, erect, exserted, apically divergent. Staminode often inserted at base of corolla lobes. Ovary oblong, glabrous, 2-celled; ovules 2 rows per cell. Style ca. 8 mm, glabrous; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule oblong, 2-valvate dehiscent, with 2 rows of seeds per valve.

 

                Along steams, dense forests; wet places; ?? m. S Yunnan [Vietnam].

 

4. NELSONIA R. Brown, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 480. 1810.

 

瘤子草属 liu zi cao shu

 

                Herbs, diffuse, softly villous. Leaves opposite; petiole short; leaf blade pinnately veined. Inflorescences a spike, branched or with short shoots, axillary or terminal, with pair reduced small leaves at base, bracteate. Pedicel without bracteoles. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 2-lipped; tube slender, apically curved. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at contracted point of corolla tube, included. Ovary cone-shaped, with 8 ovules per cell. Capsule cone-shaped, 2-celled. Seeds 4--8, small, seated on minute papillae not on hard retinacula. (Retinacula absent)

 

                One species; wide spread in tropical Africa , Asia, and Australia; one species in China.

 

1. Nelsonia canescens (Lamarck) Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 1: 42. 1825.

 

瘤子草 liu zi cao

 

                Justicia canescens Lamarck, Tabl. Encycl. 1: 41. 1791.

 

                Herbs, 10--15 cm tall. Stems subterete. Petioles to 4 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 1--12 X 0.4--0.5 cm, at first villous then sparsely villous, secondary veins of small leaves 3 or 4(--7) on each side of midvein, both ends acute. Inflorescences sessile, 1.5--4 cm, terete; bracts elliptic, 6--7.5 X 3--4 mm, 5--7-veined. Pedicel less than 1 mm. Calyx segments 4; adaxial segments ca. 3 X 1 mm, apex acute; abaxial segments ca. 2 X 0.6 mm, apex 2-lobed; lateral segments ca. 2 X 0.5 mm. Corolla pale bluish purple, outside glabrous, barbate at throat; tube ca. 1.5 mm, contracted at top; throat length equal to tube; abaxial lip ca. 2.3 mm, 3-lobed; adaxial lip ca. 2 mm, 2-lobed. Stamens inserted at contracted point of corolla; filaments glabrous, ca. 0.5 mm; anthers mucronate at base. Ovary conical, glabrous. Capsule ca. 5 X 2 mm, 2-valved, 4--8 seeds on each valve. Seeds elliptic, with granulations? 有小突起。

 

                Moist places, open forests; 400--2000 m. SW Guangxi, S Yunnan [tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia].

 

Subfam. 3. ACANTHOIDEAE

 

亚科III. 老鼠勒亚科

 

                花萼4--5裂; 冠管极短, 几球形或很狭长圆柱形.上唇缺, 下唇3--5裂; 雄蕊4, 花药1室, 花粉粒具裂缝式纹饰spaltenpollen;胚珠每室2粒。蒴果具珠柄钩。

 

族1. 老鼠勒族 ---- Trib. 1. Acantheae Nees

 

                花萼4深裂, 裂片不等, 侧裂片狭, 稀5深裂, 侧裂片稍狭。花冠单唇, 冠管基部软骨质.雄蕊4, 二强。花药1室或2室, 具纤毛和髯毛。蒴果自基部具4种子。

 

5. ACANTHUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 639. 1753.

 

老鼠勒属 lao shu le shu

 

                Shrubs or herbs, erect or twining, occasionally fleshy. Leaves opposite, pinnatifid, margin toothed, spinous or rarely entire. Spike terminal or pseudoaxillary, densely strobiliform or interrupted. Bracts ovate, large, often spinescent. Bracteoles smaller than bracts or absent. Calyx segments 4; 2 outer segments large, base often cartilaginous; 2 inner segments smaller. Corolla 2-lipped; tube short, cartilaginous; abaxial lip elongate obovate, shortly obtusely 3-lobed; adaxial lip obsolete. Stamens 4, subequal or didynamous, inserted at throat; filaments stout, adaxial pair narrowed curved below anther, not excurrent?? near apex, forming an S-shape; anthers oblong, 1-celled, beared??. Disc absent. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules per cell. Style very short, 2-cleft. Capsule ellipsoid, compressed, shining chestnut brown, 4-seeded. Seeds compressed orbicular or broadly ovate, seated on retinaculum.

 

                About 30 species: tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia, Mediterranean region; three species (none? endemic) in China.

 

                Acanthus mollis Linnaeus? is widely cultivated.

 

1a. Flowers without bracteole. 3.Leaf apex truncate, margin pinnate toothed, secondary veins thick, straightly attended teeth apex ...................................................................................................................................................  3. A. ebracteatus

1b. Flowers supported by two bracteoles; leaf blade apex acute.

2a. Leaf blades subcoriceous, 3--5-lobed, lobes triangular, midvein (costa) spinous,(aristatus ?)convex, glabrous; bracts margin aspinecent .........................................................................................................................................  1. A. ilicifolius

2b. Leaf blades rigidly papery, 3--5-lobed, lobes rounded or triangular, midvein not spinous, not convex, brown pubescent; bracts margin spinecent ......................................................................................................................  2. A. leucostachyus

 

 

1. Acanthus ilicifolius Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 639. 1753.

 

老鼠勒 lao shu le

 

                Dilivaria ilicifolia (Linnaeus) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 98. 1832.

 

                Shrubs, erect, to 2 m tall. Stem ca. 9 mm in diam., terete, branched above, glabrous. Stipule rigid, spinous. Petiole 3--6 mm; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 6--14 X 2--5 cm, subleathery, glabrous, midvein and secondary veins abaxially convex, midvein adaxially concave, secondary veins 4 or 5 on each side of midvein and spinous at tip, base cuneate, margin 4- or 5-pinnatifid, apex acute. Spike terminal; bracts opposite, broadly ovate, 7--8 mm, spineless, caducous. Bracteoles ovate, ca. 5 mm, leathery. Calyx 4-parted; outer pair broadly ovate, 1--1.3 cm, margins membranous, sometimes crisped, and ciliate, apex emarginate; inner pair ovate, ca. 10 cm, margin entire. Corolla white, 3--4 cm; tube ca. 6 mm; abaxial lip obovate, ca. 3 cm, leathery, outside pubescent, inside with a 3--4 mm wide bilateral hairy band, apically 3-lobed; adaxial lip obsolete. Stamens 4, subequal; filaments stout, ca. 1.5 cm, cartilaginous; anthers 1-celled, longitudinal split, barbate on both side. Ovary apically cartilaginous. Style striate, ca. 2.2 cm; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule elliptic, 2.5--3 cm, 4 -seeded. Seeds pale yellow, compressed, round reniform.

 

                Along sea coast, marine areas, mangrove forests; near sea level. ??

 

                An important element of mangrove forests. According to specimen collected records, its root is medicine herb.

 

2. Acanthus leucostachyus Wallich ex Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 98. 1832.

 

刺苞老鼠勒 ci bao lao shu le

 

                Herb, erect, ca. 1 m tall. Stem stout, ca. 6 mm in diam., brown hairy, often branchless. Stipules absent. Petiole 0.8--3 cm; leaf blade elliptic, long elliptic, or elliptical lanceolate, 9--23 X 2.5--4.5 cm, abaxially brown hairy on veins conspicuously so on midvein, adaxially glabrous, both ends acute to round, margin 4 or 5 slightly dentate, spinous but sometimes inconspicuous so, and occasionally entire. Inflorescences a spike, to 16 cm, mostly terminal, 4-farious, with a pair reduced leaves at base; bracts ovate, ca. 15 X 8 mm, abaxially pubescent, base round, margin spinous or toothed, apex acute. Bracteoles lanceolate, ca. 13 X 2 mm, pubescent and ciliate. Calyx segments 5, unequal, pubescent, margins ciliate; abaxial 2 segments apically coherent, ca. 1.7 X 0.4 cm; lateral segments lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2.5 mm; adaxial segments oblong-lanceolate, ca. 20 X 5 mm. Corolla white, ca. 2.1 cm, villous, 5-lobed; abaxial lobes 2, subrounded, ca. 2 mm in diam.; adaxial lobes 3, round, ca. 5 mm in diam., middle one larger, apex emarginate. Stamens 4; filaments ca. 8 mm, glabrous, adaxial pair S-shaped; anther elliptic, ca. 4.5 mm. Ovary elliptic, ca. 3 mm. Style ca. 1.1 cm; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit not seen.

 

                Moist places, dense forests; 600--1200 m. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Zhou). [Indo-China Peninsula?, India].

 

3. Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 75. 1791.

 

小花老鼠勒 xiao hua lao shu le

 

                Description??

 

                Marine areas, along sea coast, mangrove swamps or forests; near sea level. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan [India, Indo-China peninsula??, Indonesia].

 

Key??

1a. ?? ..............................................................................................................................................................  3a. var. ebracteatus

1b. Leaf apex acute, margin pinnate repand, secondary veins thin, not straightly attendedt he teeth apex .......  3b. var. xiamenensis

 

 

3a. Acanthus ebracteatus var. ebracteatus

 

                Shrubs, erect, to 1.5 m tall. Stem stout, terete, glabrous. Stipules spinous. Petiole 1--4 cm; leaf blade oblong to obovate-oblong, 5--12 X 3--5 cm, subleathery, glabrous, midvein compressed?? or adaxially slightly convex, secondary veins 3 or 4 on each side of midvein and spinous at tip, base cuneate, margin 3 or 4 toothed or irregular pinnatifid and rigid, apex truncate to slightly mucronate and obtuse. Spikes terminal; bracts broadly ovate, 6--7 X 4--5 mm. Bracteole absent. Calyx segments 4; abaxial 2 segments broadly ovate, 8--12 X 5--9 mm; adaxial 2 segments elliptic, ca. 1 cm. Corolla white, ca. 2.5 cm; tube ca. 2.5 mm in diam.; abaxial lip oblong, ca. 2.2 mm, 3-cleft, with a band of bilateral hairs; adaxial lip obsolete. Stamens 4, subequal; filaments stout, ca. 9 mm; anthers 1-celled, oblong, ca. 8 mm, longitudinal dehiscent, inside with a row of barbs. Ovary elliptic. Style linear; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule elliptic, ca. 1.8 cm, with 4 seeds.

 

                Marine areas, along sea coast; near sea level. Guangdong, Hainan [India, Indo-China peninsula??, Indonesia].

 

3b. Acanthus ebracteatus var. xiamenensis (R. T. Zhang) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 47. 2002.

 

厦门老鼠勒 xia men lao shu le

 

                Acanthus xiamenensis R. T. Zhang, Wuyi Sci. J. 5: 237. 1985.

 

                Shrub, erect, 1--2 m tall. Stems green, caespitose, terete, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole short, thick, with a pair rigid spines at base; leaf blade long elliptic, 7--15 X 2.5--5.5 cm, subleathery, glabrous, abaxially pale green, adaxially green, secondary veins 5--9 on each side of midvein, spines not reached end of tooth??, base cuneate, margin spine-toothed, apex acute. Spike terminal, to 14 cm, with a flower every 3.5--3.8 mm; bracts 2, opposite, broadly ovate to subround, 7--9 mm. Bracteole absent. Calyx segments 4; abaxial 2 segments subround, 1.2--1.4 cm, margin thin, often crisp, and ciliate, apex 2- or 3-cleft; adaxial 2 segments smaller, narrow ovate, apex obtuse. Corolla pale bluish purple; tube ca. 7 mm; abaxial lip pale, large, extended, broadly obovate, 3-lobed, with a bilateral ca. 4 mm wide band of hairs; adaxial lip obsolete. Stamens 4, equal; filaments stout, subcartilaginous, each with white hairs at base; anthers 1-celled, oblong, barbate. Ovary, 2-celled, with 2 ovule per cell, apex subcatilaginous. Capsule oblong, ca. 3 X 1.5 cm, with retinacula, 4 seeded. Seeds grayish white, bilaterally compressed, reniform, ca. 1.1 cm; seed coats somewhat rugose. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                * Mangrove swamps or forests; near sea level. Fujiang, Guangdong.

 

6. BLEPHARIS Jussieu, Gen. Pl. 103. 1789.

 

百簕花属 bei le hua shu

 

                Herbs or shrublets, harsh?? often rigid or prickly. Leaves opposite or 4 in a whorl; leaf blade margin entire, toothed, or prickly. Flowers simple axillary or many in a terminal dense spike. Bracts and bracteoles apically spinous. Calyx segments 4 in opposite pairs; abaxial 2 segments large; adaxial 2 segments smaller. Corolla tube ovoid, cartilaginous; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip broad and large, spreading, 3-lobed; adaxial lip subobsolete. Stamen 4, didynamous or subequal, inserted at throat; filaments thick, rigid, abaxial produced above insertion of anthers; anthers oblong, 1-celled, longitudinal split, densely bearded along margin of split. Disc annular. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules per cell, glabrous. Style linear; stigma very shortly 2-cleft. Capsule oblong to ellipsoid, shiny. Seeds compressed, orbicular, echinate, seated on thickened retinaculum.

 

                About 80--100 species; tropical S Africa, Asia, Madagascar, E Mediterranean region; one species in China.

 

1. Blepharis maderaspatensis (Linnaeus) Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 320. 1821.

 

百勒花 bei le hua

 

                Acanthus maderaspatensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 639. 1753.

 

                Herbs, prostrate. Stems scabrous or puberulous. Leaves usually 4 in a whorl; petiole ca. 2 mm, puberulous; leaf blade elliptic to obovate-lanceolate, 2.5--5 X 1--2 cm, puberulous, secondary veins 3--5 on each side of midvein, mid and secondary veins abaxially slightly convex, base cuneate, margin repand toothed, apex acute. Flowers axillary, single or in a few-flowered peduncled spike. Bracts 3 pairs, obovate, imbricate with outermost larger and decreased in size towards inside, smallest ca. 0.3 cm, largest ca. 0.9 mm, margin bristle ciliate. Bacteoles 2, spatulate, ca. 0.9 cm, margin bristle ciliate. Calyx segments 4, puberulous; outer 2 segments oblong, ca. 1.1--1.3 cm, smaller one apically emarginate; inner 2 segments lanceolate, ca. 0.7 cm. Corolla pink, purple, or nearly white, ca. 1.6--1.7 cm; tube ovoid, ca. 0.4 mm; limb 1-lipped; abaxial lip spreading, obovate, large, puberulous, apically 3-lobed; adaxial lip obsolete. Stamens 4; filaments thick, ca. 0.5 cm, abaxial produced?? above insertion of anthers; anthers 1-celled, oblong, densely whitely bearded on split margin. Ovary glabrous, with 4 ovules. Style linear; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule shining chestnut brown, ellipsoid, compressed, ca. 0.8 cm, glabrous. Seeds orbicular, slightly compressed, scabrous.

 

                Limestone cliffs, rocks; ca. 800 m. Hainan [India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; Tropical S Africa,].

 

*Characters similar to genus Acanthus, differs from which is abaxial produced above insertion of anthers.

 

Subfam. 4. RUELLIOIDEAE

 

亚科IV. 爵床亚科

 

                花萼5裂, 花冠5浅或深裂, 或2唇形, 冠管直立或扭转, 雄蕊4, 二强, 花丝成对相连或联成一体, 花药2室, 平行, 花粉多样性, 为孔沟或明显具孔。子房2室, 每室具2-多粒胚珠。蒴果具2--4-多粒种子。

 

族1. 芦莉花族 Trib. 1. Ruellieae Nees

 

                花萼5裂, 花冠裂片旋转排列, 5浅或深裂, 或2唇形, 冠管直立或扭弯, 雄蕊4, 二强, 花丝成对相连, 花药2室, 药室平行, 有些基部具距; 柱头2裂, 其中1枚常压抑, 子房2室, 每室具2-多粒胚珠。蒴果具2--4-多粒种子, 少种子者, 基部收缩而不育。种子圆形, 大。花序多样, 通常腋生, 无梗或聚伞花序, 或总状花序顶生, 稀穗状花序和具大苞片, 花大而美丽, 蓝色稀红色或白色。

 

Subtrib. RUELLIINAE Bremekamp.

 

亚族1. 芦莉花亚族

 

                花萼5浅裂。花冠裂片近整齐, 辐射对称或左右对称, 不为明显2唇形, 筒状, 漏斗状或近钟形, 冠管多少伸长。雄蕊4, 二强, 长者不相异, 稀2枚不育。花丝基部多少联合成对。花药2室, 药室通常平行相等, 有些一室稍高于另一室。花粉粒为圆球形, 网状纹饰, 通长赤道具3孔。蒴果具2--4-多粒种子。常常在基部不育和变狭。聚伞花序或总状花序腋生或顶生, 通常具2小苞片。总状花序偏向一侧。---- 泛热带分布。

 

7. DIPTERACANTHUS Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 75, 81. 1832.

 

楠草属 nan cao shu

 

                Ruellia L. sect. Dipteracanthus (Nees) C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 411. 1884.

 

                Herbs, prostrate, rooting at nodes or diffuse. Leaf blade margin often entire. Flowers axillary, solitary or sometimes in 3-flowered cluster, sessile or short pedicellate. Bracts absent. Bracteole leaflike. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, segments equal. Corolla tubular ventricose, expanded at throat; throat longer than tube; limb 5-lobed; lobes spreading, convoluted, subequal, often ovate to nearly rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous with filament of abaxial pair longer; anther cells oblong, base sagittate, connective blunt but often with a square appendage; pollen grains spherical, pantoporate??, surface alveolate or tuberculate. Ovary with 3--8 ovules per cell. Style hairy, soon glabrous; stigma abaxial lip reduced, adaxial lip? dorsi-ventral?? flat. Capsule clavate, base solid. Seeds 3--8 per cell, glabrous or scarcely hairy, margin thick and densely elastically hairy, retinacula hooked, apex 2-toothed.

 

                About 4 species (or 10--15 species): E Africa, SE Asia, Australia; one species in China.

 

                This genus is often included in Ruellia.

 

1. Dipteracanthus repens (Linnaeus) Hasskarl, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10: 129. 1843.

 

楠草 nan cao

 

                Ruellia repens Linnaeus, Mant. 89. 1767; Dipteracanthus lanceolatus Nees.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 15--50 cm tall. Stem geniculate, basally prostrate, much branched, pubescent when young or glabrous. Petiole 3--5 mm; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, 1.5 or more X 0.2--2 cm, thinly papery, both surfaces with transparent white hairs when dry, midvein convex on abaxial surface, secondary veins slender, 4 or 5 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate to nearly round, margin entire and with short and dense cilia, apex acuminate, shortly acuminate, or sometimes obtuse. Flowers single, axillary; pedicel ca. 1 mm; bracteoles leaflike. Calyx lobes ca. 5 mm, subglabrous. Corolla purple or adaxial lobe dark purple, ca. 2 cm, pubescent; tube campanulate, short, expanded at throat; lobes equal. Stamens included; adaxial anthers smaller than abaxial. Capsule pale brownish yellow, spindle-shaped, ca. 1.2 cm. Seeds 6 per cell, overlap each other, nearly spheroid, ca. 3 mm in diam., densely appressed hairy, margin thickened. Fl. Spring.

 

                Road sides, grassland; low elevations. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, W Malaysia to?? Philippine].

 

8. PARARUELLIA Bremekamp & N. Bremekamp, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 45(1): 25. 1948.

 

地皮消属 di pi xiao shu

 

                Ruellia sect. Schizothecium Baillon; Aporuellia C. B. Clarke, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 649. 1905.

 

                Herbs, perennial. Stems short. Leaves opposite, rosette, petiolate; leaf blade margin erose, regular or irregularly crenate or somewhat crisped, or sparsely?? subentire. Scape often with 2 or more nodes; bracts foliose. Flowers solitary on opposite bracts axil or cymes in a terminal or axillary head; bracteoles linear. Calyx segments 5, equal. Corolla white, pale blue, or pink, cylindric tubular, expanded gradually at throat; limb 5-lobed; lobes subequal, contorted, apex round or emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at throat base; anthers inserted on both ends of papilionaceus??, connective fanlike; pollen grains spheroid, 3-porate, alveolate. Ovary elliptic, glabrous; ovules 4--8 per cell. Seeds lentiform, with annular hairs.

 

                About 5 or 6 species (10 species recorded); E and S Asia, Indo-China? to Malaysia; four species (? endemic) in China.

 

1a. Scape with 1 or 2 nodes, branchless even on well developed plants .................................................  4. P. delavayana

1b. Scape with often over 4 nodes, branched; leaves below middle.

2a. Internodes zig-zag on scape, winged under node; corolla contracted at top ...............................................  1. P. alata

2b. Internodes not zig-zag on scape, not winged under node; corolla not contracted at top.

3a. Bracts of inflorences oblong, elliptic or ovate, more than one flowers within .....................................  2. P. cavaleriei

3b. Bracts on inflorences cordate or subround, only one flowers within ...............................................  3. P. hainanensis

 

                According to floristic studies of C. Y. Wu: Four species of China might be conspecific, which is a similar allies disjunct with species of Mulucca. rule of distribution similar to that of Leptosiphonium F. Muell. Chinese species is a relict (survivor species) of ancient southern continent.

 

1. Pararuellia alata H. P. Tsui, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. Vol. 70: 346. 2002. f

 

节翅地皮消 jie chi di pi xiao

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 27 cm tall. Stems very short, hispidulous. Leaves rosette; petiole 2.5--3.5 cm; basal leaf blades long elliptic, ca. 8.5 cm, base broadly cuneate, apex round; stem leaf blades oblanceolate, with conspicuous cystoliths, both surfaces glabrous and slightly scabrous, midvein and secondary veins raised, secondary veins 7--10 on each side of midvein, base acuminate, margin entire but slightly erose, apex acute. Scape glabrous, with 4--6 nodes, internode often zigzag and winged. Bracts and bracteole glabrous. Bracts?? ovate, ca. 6 cm, similar to stem leaves; bracts on 1st branch with ca. 2 cm petiole, ca. 6 X 3 mm, base round, apex acute; bracts on 2nd and 3rd branches subsessile, elliptic, ca. 1.2 X 0.8 cm; bracts at base of flowers sessile, ca. 4.5 X 2.5 mm, pinnately veined, base round, margin serrate and incurved ciliate, apex acute. Bracteole sessile, lanceolate, ca. 5 X 2.5 mm, pinnately veined, margin serrate and incurved ciliate. Flowers shortly pedicellate. Calyx segments 5, equal, linear-triangular, ca. 6 X 1.5 mm, glabrous. Corolla pink, ca. 9.5 mm, glabrous; tube cylindric, ca. 5 X 2 mm, apically contracted then veins expanded towards throat, ca. 2.5 mm??; limb 5-lobed; lobes equal, slightly square, ca. 2 X 2 mm, apex emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, didynamous; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers elliptic, ca. 1 mm, connective broad; pollen grains spheroid, 3-pororate, alveolate. Ovary oblong, ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Style linear, ca. 7 mm, laxly pubescent; stigma unequally 2-lobed, longer lobe curved. Capsule terete, ca. 15 X 2.7 mm, 2-valved, glabrous, both ends acute.

 

                Sandy areas along rivers, forests; 700--800 m. Chongqing (Wushan Xian), Hubei (Ychang Xian), Yunnan (Shuangjiang Xian).

 

                 author (Cui Hongping) didn’t see type specimen of Pararuellia flagelliformis (Roxb.) Bremek., but read C.E.B.Bremekamp’s description for specimen from Moluccas in ditail, considered that it is impossible Chinese plants to be that species, probably which could be misidentified for Pararuellia alata H. P. Tsui and Pararuellia cavaleriei (H. Léveillé) E. Hossain

 

2. Pararuellia cavaleriei (H. Léveillé) E. Hossain, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32: 409. 1973.

 

罗甸地皮消 luo dian di pi xiao

 

Ruellia cavaleriei H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 21. 1913.

 

               Herbs, perennial. Stems ca. 1.5 cm. Leaves opposite, rosette; petiole 0.7--2.7 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate to spatulate, 4--12 X 1--3 cm, both surfaces slightly strigose and with dense cystoliths conspicuous on veins, secondary veins 4--6 on each side of midvein, base gradually narrowed and decurrent, margin erose, apex round to acute. Flowers in a compound cymes forming a head. Scape with 2 nodes, strigose? hispid?. Bracts on scape leaflike, with ca. 2 mm petiole, elliptic, 3--4 X ca. 1.5 cm, secondary veins 4--6 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate, apex acute. Bracts basal to flowers ovate, ca. 5 X 2 mm, penninerved, glabrous, cystoliths conspicuous. Bracteoles triangular-lanceolate, ca. 3.5 X 1 mm. Calyx ca. 5 mm, with capitate glandular hairs except at base; segments equal, triangular-lanceolate, ca. 3 X 0.7 mm. Corolla purple, pale blue, yellow, or white, outside pubescent, soom?? limb and throat glabrous; tube ca. 1 cm; throat ca. 4 mm; limb 5-lobed; lobes equal, nearly square, ca. 6 X 6 mm, apex emarginate. Stamens 4, inserted at lower part of throat; longer filaments ca. 3 mm; shorter filaments ca. 1.5 mm; filaments and anthers glabrous; pollen grains spheroid, alveolate. Ovary narrowly ovate, ca, 3 X 1 mm, glabrous. Style ca. 1 cm, with white hairs; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule cylindric, ca. 15 X 3 mm, glabrous, with 8--12 seeds. Seeds broadly ovate, ca. 1.4 X 1 mm, covered with dense long hairs.

 

                * Forests, grassland; 100--1400 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.

 

                 author (Cui Hong Ping) hadn’t seen type specimen, but observed specimen collected from Guizhou Luodian, and compared with short description of Leveille, it should be this species. E. Hossain accepted this species and reduced Pararuellia esquirolii H. Léveillé to Pararuellia delavayana (Baill.) E. Hossain．If so, this species is indepandent one, it should be another new combination.#

 

3. Pararuellia hainanensis C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 593. 1974.

 

海南地皮消 hai nan di pi xiao

 

                Herbs, perennial. Stem very short. Leaves rosette; petiole 0.5--1.5 cm; leaf blade obovate to oblanceolate, ca. 4.5 X 2.5--4.3 cm, abaxially pubescent on veins, adaxially slightly strigose, secondary veins 6 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin crisped and ciliate, apex round, sometimes obtuse, or rarely acute. Scape with 2--6 nodes. Involucral bracts cordate-ovate to round, 0.5--3(--6.5) X 0.5--1.8(--6.5) cm, abaxially strigose, adaxially glabrous, pinnately veined. Bracteole lanceolate, 2.5--3 X ca. 0.6 mm. Calyx segments 5, linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, outside slightly strigose. Corolla white or blue, ca. 1.2 cm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous; tube cylindric, ca. 7 X 1 mm; throat ca. 2.3 X 4 mm; limb 2-lipped; lobes subequal, ca. 2.5 X 2 mm. Fertile stamens 4; filaments glabrous; longer filaments ca. 1.9 mm, white pubescent; shorter filaments ca. 1 mm, inserted at base of throat. Ovary ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Style ca. 1.6 cm, white pubescent; stigma unequally 2-lobed, lobes curved裂片下弯. Capsule terete, ca. 1.4 cm, glabrous. Seeds obovate, bilaterally compressed, ca. 1 mm.

 

                Habitat?; ?? m. Hainan (Ledong Xian).

 

                This species probably is conspecific with Ruellia lyi H. Léveillé from Guizhou (in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 21. 1913.), but author had not seen type specimen. Plants in this genus wild spread in China, their mophorlogy is quiet similar, so it is difficult to say variation of each species, author (Cui hong-ping) would like to make a new combination here templarly here, further investigation is needed.

 

4. Pararuellia delavayana (Baillon) E. Hossain, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32: 409. 1973.

 

地皮消 di pi xiao

 

Ruellia delavayana Baillon, Hist. Pl. 10: 408. 1891; Hemigraphis drymophila Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 161. 1912; Pararuellia drymophila (Diels) C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo; R. drymophila (Diels) Handel-Mazzetti, Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 61: 169. 1924; R. esquirolli H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 21. 1913.

 

                Herbs, perennial. Stems 1--2 cm. Leaves opposite, rosette; petiole 0.5--2 cm; leaf blade often oblong to long elliptic, sometimes obovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 4--12 X 2.5--4 cm, cystoliths conspicuous, abaxially lax??, adaxially long strigose to strigose, secondary veins 8 or 9 on each side of midvein, base cuneate to broadly elliptic and decurrent, margin wavy crenate, apex acute, obtuse, or round. Scape with 1-3 nodes. Inflorescence a capitate compound cyme. Bracts on scape linear, ca. 11 X 1.5 mm, apex ciliate. Involucral bracts sessile, elliptic to ovate, 2--4.7 X 1--2.5 cm, both surfaces slightly strigose, base round, margin ciliate, apex acute to obtuse. Bracts basal to flowers leaflike, elliptic to ovate, ca. 9 X 4.5 mm, base decurrent towards petioles and winged, other characters same scape bracts. Bracteoles linear, ca. 7 X 1 mm. Calyx 5-parted; segments triangular-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1 mm, margin ciliate at apex. Corolla white, pale blue, or pink; tube ca. 4 mm; throat expanded, ca. 5 mm; limb 5-lobed; lobes subequal, round, ca. 4 mm in diam., apex emarginate. Filaments glabrous; filaments of longer stamens ca. 3.5 mm, inserted at middle of throat; filaments of shorter stamens ca. 1.5 mm, inserted at base of throat; pollen grains spheroid, 3-porate (according G. Forrest 2774, Yunnan Lijiang云南丽江; Zhong Guanguang 2421, Yunnan Yangbi云南漾濞). Ovary elliptic, glabrous. Style slender, ca. 1.4 cm, white pubescent; stigma white pubescent, 2-lobed, lobes unequal. Capsule terete, to 2 cm X 2 mm, 2-valved, with 8 seeds in rows per valve. Seeds black, subround, bilaterally compressed, ca. 1.7 X 1.5 mm, with long soft hairs; hairs spreading when wetted.

 

                Open woodlands, grassland on mountainous slopes; 700--3000 m. Guizhou, S Sichuan, C and N Yunnan.

 

9. LEPTOSIPHONIUM F. Mueller, Descr. Notes Papuan Pl. 7: 32. 1886.

 

拟地皮消属 nie di pi xiao shu

 

Ruellia Linnaeus sect. Leptosiphonium (F. Mueller) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 309. 1895.

 

                Herbs, solitary or branchless. Stem sympodial, erect. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade apex acuminate. Flowers opposite bilateral leaf axils on terminal stem, forming a racemelike or spikelike inflorescence. Bracts and bracteoles narrow, shorter than calyx. Calyx 5-parted towards base; segments long, narrow, persistent, apex acute. Corolla often pale yellow, yellow, or orange, rarely white or pale violet, hypocrateriform; tube very long and narrow; throat funnel-shaped, short, incurved, expanded; lobes subequal, elliptic or obovate, apex round. Stamens inserted at base of middle plicate of corolla; abaxial stamens longer; anthers nearly erect, linear-oblong, base sagittate, apically extended beyond connective, apex obtuse; pollen grains spheroid, alveolate. Staminodes absent. Ovary terete, often 10--20 seeds per cell. Stigma adaxial lobe shorter in half than anticus??, abaxial-adaxial?? compressed. Capsule terete, bearing seeds from base.

 

                About 10 species; mainly in New Guinea and neighboring islands; one endemic species to China.

 

1. Leptosiphonium venustum (Hance) E. Hossain, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32: 408. 1973.

 

拟地皮消 nie di pi xiao

 

                Ruellia venusta Hance, J. Bot. 6: 92. 1868; R. seclusa S. Moore, J. Bot. 14: 208. 1876.

 

                Herbs. Stem erect, branched or branchless, to 60 cm tall. Leaves petiolate; leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, 5--12 X 1.5--3 cm, base cuneate and decurrent, margin repand to crenate, apex acute. Flowers solitary, axillary or clustered on stem terminal. Bracts lanceolate, 5--7 mm. Calyx 7--8 mm, 5-parted towards middle or basally; segments lanceolate. Corolla pale purple, hypocrateriform, 4--5 cm; tube very long and narrow, 2.2--3.5 cm; limb 5-lobed; lobes subequal, 0.7--1.7 cm, apex repand. Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers longitudinal split, connective hatchet-shaped. Ovary glabrous. Style slightly pubescent; stigma 2-lobed.

 

                * Forests, grassland slopes; ?? m. Fujian, N and NE Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi.

 

                In China, species is only, very special in Asia continent, scattered in Fujian, N & NE Guangdong, Guangxi, and Jiangxi. It might be a relict, according to distribution status.

 

10. ERANTHEMUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 9. 1753.

 

喜花草属 xihua cao shu

 

                Daedalacanthus T. Anderson.

 

                Shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, margin entire, repand, or crenate. Spike usually terminal. Bracts usually ± large, longer than calyx, pinnately veined. Bracteoles shorter than calyx. Calyx 5-parted; segments triangular. Corolla hypocrateriform; tube thin and long; throat short; limb 5-lobed; lobes spreading, subequal, subround to obovate. Stamens 4; abaxial 2 stamens fertile, inserted at basal parts of throat, plicate toward base of tube, exerted or not; inner 2 stamens reduced to staminodes, clavate or linear; anthers oblong; pollen spheroid, 3-porate, reticulate, columella in lumina??. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules per cell. Style glabrous or hairy; stigma adaxial lobes shorter than abaxial lobes, abaxial-adaxial?? compressed. Capsule clavate, with 2 seeds per cell, retinaculate. Seeds bilaterally compressed, densely elastically hairy when wet.

 

                About 30 species: tropical and subtropical zones of Asia, India, Sri Lanka, eastward to Sunda Ketjil Is?; three species in China.

 

                Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews is cultivated as a garden ornamental in S and SW China.

 

1a. Leaf blades elliptic, rarely ovate .............................................................................................................  3. E. pubipetalum

1b. Leaf blades elliptic or longly ovate to lanceolate.

2a. Leaf blades ovate to lanceolate; bracts capitate glandular .....................................................................  2. E. splendens

2b. Leaf blades ovate ....................................................................................................................................  1. E. austrosinense

 

1. Eranthemum austrosinensis H. S. Lo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 85. 1979.

 

华南可爱花 hua nan ke ai hua

 

                Herbs, erect. Stems 4-sided, swollen at nodes, pubescent. Petiole 0.7--2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to elliptical ovate, 2--9 X 1--4 cm but only ca. 2.5 cm on lateral branches, thickly papery, with conspicuous subulate cystoliths, pubescent on mid ribs and secondary veins, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 4 or 5 on each side of midvein and abaxially ??, base broadly cuneate to subround and often decurrent, apex shortly acuminate to acute. Spike terminal or axillary, 5--10 cm; peduncle 1.5--2 cm; bracts decussate, imbricate, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 1.2--2 cm, whitish or brownish with midvein, secondary, and tertiary veins green, adaxially pubescent, margin long ciliate and exserted??. Bracteoles triangular-ovate, ca. 6 mm, margin shortly ciliate, apex acuminate. Calyx ca. 6.5 mm, parted to middle, outside pubescent; segment apices acuminate. Corolla purplish red, hypocrateriform, glabrous; tube 2.4--2.5 cm, thin; throat slightly expanded, somewhat curved; limb extented??, 5-lobed; lobes equal, broadly cuneate??, ca. 6 X 5 mm, apex unequally 2-lobed. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at throat; filaments ca. 3 mm, stout; anthers incurved. Staminodes 2, very small, inserted at base of fertile stamen. Capsule ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous, with 4 seeds. Seeds black, broadly ovate to subelliptic, ca. 4 X 3 mm, with appressed hairs.

 

                * Habitat?; ?? m. Guangdong (Gaoyao Xian), Guangxi (Longlin Xian, Tian'e Xian) , Guizhou (Anlong Xian, Luodian Xian), Yunnan (Hekou Xian, Mengla Xian, Xishuangbanna Zhou).

 

2. Eranthemum splendens (T. Anderson) Hort. ex Siebert & Voss in Vilmorin, Blumengartn. ed. 3. 1: 806. 1894.

 

云南可爱花 yun nan ke ai hua

 

                Daedalacanthus splendens T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 486. 1867; C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 418. 1884.

 

                Herbs, erect, ca. 40 cm tall. Stem slightly 4-sided, swollen at nodes, pubescent when young but glabrescent. Petiole 0.3--3 cm; Leaf blades long ovate to lanceolate, 5.5--13 X 4.5 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially slightly scabrous, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, base cuneate to broadly cuneate and often decurrent, margin entire or sometimes slightly repand, apex acuminate and sometimes falcately curved. Spike terminal or axillary, branched or not; peduncle 3--5 cm, stout, densely villous; bracts green or sometimes slightly white, shortly petiolate, obovate to elliptic, both surfaces white hairy, with capitate glandular hairs on veins, margin glandular pubescent with spreading capitate glandular hairs, apex usually round to sometimes obtusely acute. Bracteoles narrowly lanceolate, ca. 9 X 1.1 mm, abaxially pubescent with hairs on mid rib more dense, adaxially glabrous, margin shortly ciliate, apex acuminate. Calyx ca. 1.3 cm, 5-parted for apical 2/3, outside very loosely pubescent, inside glabrous; segments lanceolate; abaxial 2 segments ca. 9 X 0.8 mm; lateral 2 segments ca. 9.3 X 1 mm; adaxial segment ca. 9.8 X 1 mm. Corolla purple; tube terete, ca. 3 cm X 2 mm, glabrous; throat ca. 5 mm; limb 5-lobed; lobes nearly round, ca. 8 mm, both surfaces glabrous, apex emarginate. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at throat; filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers linear, ca. 3.3 X 1 mm. Staminodes 2, inserted behind fertile stamens, clavate, ca. 0.5 mm, plicate toward base of tube, glabrous; pollen grains spheroid, 3-porate, alveolate sculpture, with small process in lumina. Ovary clavate, ca. 3 X 0.7 mm, with shortly stock, basally appressed hairy, apically curved tomentose. Style ca. 3.5 cm, pubescent; stigma compressed, ca. 2 mm, pubescent, apex acuminate. Capsule terete, ca. 13 X 3 mm, basic stock?? ca. 4 mm, thinly capitate glandular pubescent, with 4 seeds, tip beaked. Seeds compressed, ovate, ca. 3 X 2 mm, sericeous 被贴伏长毛, extented?? when wet. Aerole ca. 0.7 mm.

 

                Forests, thickets; 500--600 m. S Yunnan (Menglun勐仑??). [Tropic Himalayas??].

 

                In T. Anderson’s original description, "foliis . ovatis acutis, . subtus hirsutis; bracteis pulcherrime venosis, magnis, late ovatis, breviter cuspidatis; corolla rosea ", it seems different to this, his description according to specimen collected from "tropicis Himalayae Sikkim, alt. 1000--2000 pad. Griffith! J. D. Hooker & Thoms.! T. Anderson".

In C. B. Clarke’s decription (in Fl. Brit. Ind 4: 418. 1884.), it seems same species with ours except he quoted "Sikkim, alt. 1000--3000 ft. Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6129) "

 

                According to mention above, T.Anderson and C. B. Clarke decriped probably not same one, even both of them used first specimen (it should be lectotype) was collected by Griffith. probloms is that they may be two distint species, it could be distinguished after further investigation on whole genus.

 

3. Eranthemum pubipetalum S. Z. Huang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 347. 2002.

 

毛冠可爱花 mao guan ke ai hua

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 70 cm tall. Young stems 4-sided, densely pubescent, nodes enlarged. Petiole ca. 1 cm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to rarely ovate, 4.5--10 X 2--3.5 cm, papery, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Spike terminal or axillary, 3--11 cm; peduncles 4-sided, ca. 3 cm, densely pubescent; bracts usually subtending 1 flower, yellowish white with green veins, ovate to elliptic, 1.5--2 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, margin ciliate, apex green. Bracteoles ca. 5 X 1.5 mm. Calyx ca. 5 X 1 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous, 5-parted toward middle, segments lanceolate. Corolla bluish purple, usually pubescent; tube ca. 3 mm; throat ca. 4 mm; limb 5-lobed; lobes obovate ca. 8 X 8 mm, apex emarginate. Fertile stamens 2, exerted; filaments ca. 5.5 mm, inserted at base of throat; anthers linear, ca. 3.5 mm. Staminodes 2, clavate, ca. 1.7 mm, apically slightly enlarged, inserted behind fertile stamens, plicate downwards to base of corolla. Ovary ca. 2.5 X 1 mm, glabrous. Style pubescent toward middle; stigma solid, lanceolate. Capsule ca. 1 cm, glabrous, with 4 seeds. Seeds compressed orbicular, covered with densely strigose hairs.

 

                Shaded places in forests, thickets along rivers; 100--700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.

 

Subtrib. 2. BARLERINAE Bremekamp

 

亚族2. 假杜鹃亚族

 

                花萼不等,或为4深裂,其上方和下方一枚较大,中央的和两侧的较小,或为2--5-深裂或2唇形。花冠左右对称, 漏斗形或2唇形, 冠管较冠檐裂片短; 喉部多少膨大; 裂片稍不等, 双盖覆瓦状卷迭式, 或交互对生。雄蕊4, 着生于冠管近基部, 完全离生, 二强, 其中2枚极短小, 不育。花药2室, 药室狭, 平行。花粉粒圆球形或长球形, 有时三角形, 网状纹饰。蒴果自基部具4种子。花腋生聚伞花序, 具苞片, 偏向一侧。 ---- 泛热带分布。

 

11. BARLERIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 636. 1753.

 

假杜鹃属 jia du juan shu

 

                Undershrubs or herbs, spinescent or unarmed. Leaves opposite, larger on long shoots, often caducous, smaller on axillary short shoots. Flowers showy, large, usually axillary on short shoots, solitary or in spike, sessile or with short pedicel. Bracts small or absent. Bracteoles sometimes becoming 2 hard divaricate spines. Calyx 4-parted; segments in 2 opposite pairs, outer pair very much larger, abaxially often emarginate, 2-cleft or deeply 2-lobed. Corolla tube usually elongated, sometimes very??, funnel-shaped upwards; throat expanded, erect or curved; limb 5-lobed, quincuncial in bud, nearly equal or slightly 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4 or 2, included or slightly exserted; anthers 2-celled, usually coherent at top; pollen grains spheroid, triangular in polar view, reticulate sculpture, lumina poly-angular, here?? within columelle or not. Staminodes 1 or 3. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules per cell. Style linear; stigma 2-lobed or entire. Capsule ovate to oblong, sometimes with a hard beak, with 1 or 2 seeds per cell. Seeds ovate to subround, compressed, usually with wavy closely addressed hairs which becoming a member?? when wetted.

 

About 230--250 species: mainly in Africa, tropic and subtropical Asia, rare in America and Europe; four species (two endemic) in China.

 

                Many species are xerophytes.

 

                Barleria lupulina Lindley is cultivated in Guangdong and Guangxi as medicinal herb.

 

1a. Calyx toothed and spinose, flowers on leaf axil of short shoots.

2a. Flowers blueish purple, capsule apex outside beak, bracteoles not becoming divaricate spines .........  1. B. cristata

2b. Flowers yellow, capsule with a solid beak on tip when fruiting ...........................................................  4. B. prionitis L.

1b. Calyx entire, flowers solitary, axillary.

3a. Calyx green; corolla shorter than throat, and half long length of throat; bracteoles equal to or longer than large lobe of calyx .........................................................................................................................................................  2. B. integrisepala

3b. Calyx purple, corolla longer than throat, ca. three times to throat, small lobe less than half length of large lobe of calyx ...............................................................................................................................................................  3. B. purpureosepala

 

1. Barleria cristata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 636. 1753.

 

假杜鹃 jia du juan

 

                (Need to incorporate description for var. mairei) Undershrubs, to 2 m tall. Stems and branches addressed hairy. Leaves on long shoots caducous; petiole 3--6 mm; leaf blade elliptic, long elliptic, or ovate, 3--10 X 1.3--4 cm, papery, both surfaces covered with long hairs but denser on veins, secondary veins 4- or 5(--7) on each side of midvein, base cuneate and decurrent, margin entire, apex acute to sometimes acuminate. Leaves on axillary short branches petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 2--4 X 1.5--2.3 cm. Flowers usually 2 in leaf axil or?? clustered on branched short shoots. Bracts foliose, sessile. Bracteoles lanceolate to linear, 10--15 X ca. 1.5 mm, secondary veins 3- or 5- or 7 on each side of midvein, midvein conspicuous, margin spinescent toothed, margin?? softly hairy or strigose or sometimes toothed and subspinescent. Sometimes flower sterile, only 2 unfertile bracteoles. Two outer calyx segments ovate to lanceolate, 1.2--2 cm; abaxial segments shorter than adaxial segments, conspicuously veined, base round, margin toothed and spinescent, apex acute and with a spinose tip; adaxial 2 segments linear to lanceolate, 6--7 mm, 1-veined, margin ciliate. Corolla purple or white, usually 3.5--5(--7.5) cm, 2-lipped; tube cylindric, expanded at throat; limb 5-lobed, lobes subequal, oblong. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at base of throat; filaments pubescent, basally more densely so; anthers of long stamens 2-celled, parallel, that of short stamens coherent at tip, basally divaricate. Staminode 1. Disk annular. Ovary compressed, long elliptic, glabrous. Style linear, glabrous; stigma enlarged. Capsule oblong, 1.2--1.8 cm, glabrous, both ends acute. Fl. Nov--Dec.

 

                Mountain slopes, roadsides, on rocks, shade place in open forests, dry grassland; 400--2400 m?. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan. [Indo-China?, India; Islands of Indian Ocean].

 

1a. Leaves large, 3--10 X 1.3--4 cm; corolla, 3.5--5 cm; bracteoles not becoming divaricate spines .......  1a. var. cristata

1b. Leaves small, 2--3 X 1--1.7 cm; corolla short, ca. 2.4 cm; bracteoles becoming divaricate spines ......  1b. var. mairei

 

1a. Barleria cristata var. cristata

 

假杜鹃 (原变种)

 

                Barleria cavaleriei H. Léveillé; B. ciliata Roxburgh; B. dichotoma Roxburgh; B. lacinliata Nees; B. napalensis Nees.

 

                (Need to just give description for var. cristata) Undershrubs, to 2 m tall. Stems and branches addressed hairy. Leaves on long shoots caducous; petiole 3--6 mm; leaf blade elliptic, long elliptic, or ovate, 3--10 X 1.3--4 cm, papery, both surfaces covered with long hairs but denser on veins, secondary veins 4- or 5(--7) on each side of midvein, base cuneate and decurrent, margin entire, apex acute to sometimes acuminate. Leaves on axillary short branches petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 2--4 X 1.5--2.3 cm. Flowers usually 2 in leaf axil or?? clustered on branched short shoots. Bracts foliose, sessile. Bracteoles lanceolate to linear, 10--15 X ca. 1.5 mm, secondary veins 3- or 5- or 7 on each side of midvein, midvein conspicuous, margin spinescent toothed, margin?? softly hairy or strigose or sometimes toothed and subspinescent. Sometimes flower sterile, only 2 unfertile bracteoles. Two outer calyx segments ovate to lanceolate, 1.2--2 cm; abaxial segments shorter than adaxial segments, conspicuously veined, base round, margin toothed and spinescent, apex acute and with a spinose tip; adaxial 2 segments linear to lanceolate, 6--7 mm, 1-veined, margin ciliate. Corolla purple or white, usually 3.5--5(--7.5) cm, 2-lipped; tube cylindric, expanded at throat; limb 5-lobed, lobes subequal, oblong. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at base of throat; filaments pubescent, basally more densely so; anthers of long stamens 2-celled, parallel, that of short stamens coherent at tip, basally divaricate. Staminode 1. Disk annular. Ovary compressed, long elliptic, glabrous. Style linear, glabrous; stigma enlarged. Capsule oblong, 1.2--1.8 cm, glabrous, both ends acute. Fl. Nov--Dec.

 

                Mountain slopes, roadsides, on rocks, shade place in open forests, dry grassland; ?? m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Indo-China?, India; Islands of Indian Ocean].

 

                A escape species from tropic area, and cultivated as ornament plant. Cultivated as a medicinal herb.

 

1b. var. mairei H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 285. 1913.

 

禄劝假杜鹃 lu quan jia du juan

 

                Stems terete, much branched, pubescent. Leaf blades elliptic, papery, pubescent both surface but abaxially denser, secondary veins 4 on each side of midvein, base acute and decurrent, margin entire, apex acute. Leaves on long shoots with petiole 7--8 mm; leaf blade 2--3 X 1--1.7 cm. Leaves on short shoots with leaf blade 3--6 X 2--3 cm. Bracts subround, foliose, ca. 1.5 X 1.5 mm, without veins. Bracteoles 2, spinescent, divaricate, abaxially pilose, adaxially pubescent, veins convex. Calyx abaxial segments oblong ca. 1.3 X 0.7 cm, spinescent, margin toothed, apex acute. Calyx adaxial segments long elliptic, ca. 1.9 X 0.7 cm, spinescent, strigose, margin entire, apex acuminate; outer?? pair larger, outside pilose; lateral pair linear, ca. 7 X 2 mm, outside pilose, inside glabrous, apex obtuse. Corolla purple, ca. 2.4 cm; tube ca. 5 mm, glabrous; throat expanded, ca. 1 cm; limb 2-lipped; middle lobe of abaxial lip broader, compressed, ca. 9 X 10 mm; other 4 lobes nearly equal, broadly elliptic; lobes of abaxial lip narrower, outside with hairs on limb, inside slightly pubescent on limb but more densely pubescent in throat??. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous. Larger pair of stamens with filaments ca. 1.6 cm, slightly pubescent towards base, inserted at upper part of corolla tube; anthers of with thecae parallel. Smaller pair of stamens with filaments ca. 3.5 mm, base pubescent, inserted at base of throat; anthers apically coherent, basally divaricate or erect. Staminode ca. 1.5 mm. Disk annular. Ovary oblong, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous. Style linear, ca. 2.2 cm, glabrous; stigma compressed, unequally 2 lobed. Fruits not seen.

 

                Habitat ??; 400--2400 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian), NE Yunnan (Dongchuan Xian, Luquan Xian).

 

                This variety has been quoted as a synonym of B. cristata L. By E. Hossain, so it was misrecord for a long time, Hand.-Mazz. had seen type specimen and pointed out, it has xerophtic morphology, leaves and bracts smaller, bracteoles spinoscent, as discribed above.

 

2. Barleria integrisepala H. P. Tsui, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 12: 270. 1990.

 

全缘萼假杜鹃 quan yuan e jia du juan

 

                Shrubs, evergreen, to 1 m tall. Branches strigose, glabrescent, sparsely lenticellate. Leaves opposite, clustered at shoots terminal; petiole 3--5 cm, strigose; leaf blade ovate, narrow ovate, or nearly lanceolate, (3--)3.5--4.5 X 0.7--1.5(--1.8) cm, papery, abaxially pale green and strigose with hairs denser on veins, adaxially green and pilose but strigose on veins, secondary veins 4--6 on each side of midvein and adaxially conspicuous, base cuneate and decurrent, apex acute to obtuse and apiculate. Flowers in leaf axil on one side, shortly pedicellate. Bracteoles linear, ca. 14 X 1 mm, slightly pilose. Calyx segments 4; larger segment elliptic ca. 1.3 X 0.7 cm, outside slightly strigose, inside pilose, veins parallel, base gradually narrowed, margin strigose ciliate, apex acute; smaller segment lanceolate, ca. 5 X 1 mm, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Corolla bluish purple with darker veins, funnel-shaped, ca. 3.5 cm; tube ca. 7 mm; throat ca. 1.5 cm; limb slightly 2-lipped; lobes subequal, subround, ca. 1.4 cm in diam. Fertile stamens 4, 2 larger and 2 smaller, inserted at hairy base of throat; larger stamen with filaments ca. 1.3 cm, anthers ca. 5 mm, parallel, and basally divaricated; smaller stamens with filaments ca. 3 mm, anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Staminode ca. 2 mm. Ovary elliptic, ca. 4 X 2 mm, glabrous. Disk annular. Ovary?? ?? in half way of ovary, with two ovules. Style linear, ca. 2.5 cm, glabrous; stigma enlarged. Capsule black, compressed-elliptic, ca. 17 X 2 mm, contracted at tip forming a beak, with 2 seeds. Seeds compressed, ca. 5 mm in diam., covered with a membrane.

 

                * Thicket along rivers; 1900--2000 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian).

 

3. Barleria purpureosepala H. P. Tsui, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 348. 2002.

 

紫萼假杜鹃 zi e jia du juan

 

                Undershrubs, ca. 30 cm tall. Stems cylindric, brown retrosed pilose. Leaves opposite; petiole 0.7--1.3(--1.5) cm, brown yellowish strigose; leaf blade elliptic or sparsely?? ovate, 5.5--12(--15) X 2.2--4.2(--5.5) cm, papery, very laxly brown yellowish strigose more densely so on veins, secondary veins 7 on each side of midvein, base acute, apex acute. Flower solitary, axillary; pedicel ca. 2 mm, strigose; bracteoles long elliptic, ca. 1.2 cm, 1-veined, base acute, margin ciliate, apex acute. Larger calyx segment purple, ovate, ca. 3.2 X 1.8 cm, base round, margin nearly entire but?? inconspicuously toothed and spinulate, apex acute. Smaller calyx segment lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2.3 mm, both surfaces brown yellowish strigose, base and apex acute. Corolla purplish red, 5--6 cm; tube cylindric, ca. 3.7 cm X 3 mm; throat ca. 1.2 cm; limb 2-lipped, 5 lobes subequal. Fertile stamens 4, 2 larger and 2 small. Larger stamens with filaments ca. 1.7 cm, inserted at half way of corolla; anthers of parallel. Smaller stamens with anthers basally divaricate, apically coherent. Staminode ca. 1.7 mm; filaments ca. 4 mm, basally pubescent. Disk annular. Ovary round, ca. 3 X 3 mm. Fruit not seen.

 

                * Dense forests; ca. 900 m. Yunnan (Mengla Xian).

 

4. Barleria prionitis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 636. 1753.

 

黄花假杜鹃 huang hua jia du juan

 

                Shrubs, to 1.2 m tall, branched. Shoots and branches cylindric, smooth, lenticellate, glabrous. Leaf blade elliptic to sometimes ovate, papery, base acute and decurrent, apex acute. Leaves on longer shoots petiolate; leaf blade usually ca. 5(--8.5) X 2.6(--5) cm. Leaves on short shoots with petiole 1--1.5 cm; leaf blade 1.2--2.5 X 1--1.5 cm, pubescent both surface when young but glabrescent, sparsely strigose on mid rib, margin sparsely strigose. Flowers axillary, densely clustered on short shoots, uppermost spiked. Bracts on long shoots and lower short shoots foliose, with one flower axillary. Bracts?? linear, ca. 1 cm, no longer spinescent??. Bracteoles becoming divaricate hard spines, persistent after flowering and fruiting. Large calyx segment ovate, ca. 1.4 cm, cartilaginous and bristle, apex acuminate. Inner?? segments?? ca. 1.3 cm. Small segment?? ovate, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow, ca. 2.4 cm; tube slightly shorter than throat; middle lobe of abaxial lip broad and short, ca. 8 X 7 mm; 2 lateral lobes of abaxial lip similar to those of adaxial lip, ca. 10 X 6 mm. Stamens inserted at base of throat. Filaments of large stamens ca. 1.1 cm; anthers of ca. 3.2 mm. Filaments of small stamens ca. 1.5 cm; anthers ca. 1 mm. Ovary ovate. Style linear; stigma slightly enlarged, 2-slited??, exerted. Capsule ovate, ca. 1.8 X 0.2 cm, with 2 seeds, apically contracted gradually at tip forming a beak. Seed subovate, compressed, ca. 7 X 5 mm, addressed and curved hairy, becoming membranous?? when wet.

 

                Roadsides, bright? thickets, dry places in evergreen forests; ca. 600 m. S Yunnan (Simao Xian) [India, Indo-china Pennisula??].

 

Subtrib. 3. HYGROPHYLINAE Bremekamp

 

亚族3. 水蓑衣亚族

 

                花萼5齿裂, 花冠2唇形, 张开。雄蕊4, 二强, 花丝下部连成一体, 稀2枚退化成小附属物。花药2室, 药室平行, 基部叉开, 花粉粒圆球形或近圆球形, 通常具4 相等或等距的带条, 稀3孔沟。花柱不靠在花冠上2列或2束毛之间, 柱头前裂片丝状。蒴果狭, 自基部具多种子, 仅一属在中部具少数种子, 但基部不收缩。 ---- 代表属泛热带分布, 其他属离散生旧大陆。

 

12. HYGROPHILA R. Brown, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 479. 1810.

 

水蓑衣属 shui suo yi shu

 

                Hemiadelphis Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 75. 1832.

 

                Shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite. Leaf blade margin entire or inconspicuously toothed. Flowers sessile, in terminal heads or in axillary whorls. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft to middle, segments equal or subequal. Corolla tubular, apically ventricose; limb deeply 2-lipped; abaxial lip nearly erect or slightly extended, palate, 3-lobed, with lobes convolute; adaxial lip erect, 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments often decurrent with membrance??; anthers 2-celled, cells equal, parallel, and divaricate from middle to base, appendage absent or sometimes mucronate at base. Ovary with 4-many ovules per cell. Style linear; stigma 2-lobed, adaxial lobes usually reduced. Capsule tubular or oblong, 2-celled, with 4-many seeds from base per cell. Seeds broadly ovoid or subround, compressed, elastically white hairy when wetted. Retinacula hardened, curved, acute.

 

                About 25 (100) species: widely distributed on tropic and subtropics wetland or marshes; 6 species (? endemic) in China.

 

1a. Leaves hairy; anthers of adaxial stamens smaller than abaxial; capsule longer than persistent calyx.

2a. Flowers larger, whorls axillary; calyx ca. 1.1 cm; corolla 1.8--2.2 cm. ...................................................  4. H. phlomiodes

2b. Flowers smaller, calyx ca. 0.7 cm; corolla ca. 1.5 cm ........................................................................................  2. H. erecta

1b. Leaves glabrous or subglabrous; anthers of adaxial stamens half smaller than abaxial, corolla 1--1.2 cm; capsule 1/4--1/3 longer than persistent calyx.

3a. Short spike terminal ....................................................................................................................................  6. H. polysperma

3b. Flowers in whorls axillary.

4a. Flowers large, ca. 2.5 cm, 1--3 flowers in leaf axil ...................................................................................  3. H. megalantha

4b. Flowers small usually 1.2 cm, 2 to multiflowers in leaf axil.

5a. Bracts barbate ...........................................................................................................................................  5. H. pogonocalyx

5b. Bracts outside pubescent ............................................................................................................................  1. H. salicifolia

 

1. Hygrophila salicifolia (Vahl) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 81. 1832.

 

水蓑衣 shui suo yi

 

Need species description and distribution etc.

 

1a. Bracts outside pubescent ..........................................................................................................................  1. var. salicifolia

1b. Persistent bracteoles and calyx lobes brown hirsute ......................................................................  1a. var. longihirsuta

 

1a. var. salicifolia

 

水蓑衣 shui suo yi (原变种)

 

                Hygrophila lancea (Thunberg) Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 123. 1865; Justicia lancea Thunberg, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 338. May 1794; Ruellia salicifolia Vahl, Sym. Bot. 3: 84. 1794.

 

                Herbs, ca. 80 cm tall. Stems 4-sided; young shoots white pilose, glabrescent or nearly so. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade long elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic-linear, 4--11.5 X 0.8--1.5 cm, papery, both surfaces white hirsute but denser on veins, secondary veins inconspicuous, both ends acute. Flowers clustered axillary, sessile. Bracts lanceolate, ca. 10 X 6.5 mm, abaxially pubescent, base round. Bracteoles slender, linear, abaxially pilose, adaxially glabrous. Calyx tubular, ca. 6--8 mm, strigose, divided halfway down; segments slightly unequal, often curved hirsute, apex acuminate. Corolla pale purple to pink, 1--1.2 cm, pilose; tube slightly longer than lobes; abaxial lip oblong, laxly villous on palate; adaxial lip triangular. Anthers of adaxial stamen half longer than those of abaxial. Capsule 1/4--1/3 longer than persistent calyx, pale brown when dry, glabrous. Fl. autumn.

 

                By steams, low moist places; ?? m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan?, Nepal?].

 

                According to Flora Hainan records: whole herbs as medicine, benefit to stomach, and so on.

 

                *In Flora Taiwan vol. 4: 660. (2nd ed. 1998.), Hygrophila lancea (Thunb.) Miq. and Hygrophila salicifolia (Vahl) Nees were discribed as two different species. former palate glabrous, later palate barbate, it is incorrect, as matter of fact, H.Hara & al. (In Enumeration of Flora Plant of Nepal. vol. 3: 141. 1982)

had already reduced H.lance to H. salicifolia, and many Japanense Taxonmists treated as same, i.e. T.Makino discribed all plants present from south of Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu and our country Taiwan in H. Salicifolia (Vahl) Nee., but he didn’t mention barbate on calyx.

 

1b. var. longihirsuta H. S. Lo & D. Fang, Guihaia 17: 41. 1997.

 

贵港水蓑衣 gui gang shui suo yi

 

                Stems stout. Capsule 1.5--1.7 cm.

 

                Near to H. megalantha Merrill, but differs from H. salicifolia (Vahl) Nee and H. megalantha Merrill with 锈色hirsute on persistent bracteoles and calyx segments.

 

                By steams. Guangxi (Guixian Xian).

 

2. Hygrophila erecta (N. L. Burman) Hochreutiner, Candollea 5: 230, 1934.

 

小叶水蓑衣 xiao ye shui suo yi

 

                Ruellia erecta N. L. Burman, Fl. Ind. 135. 1768; Hygrophila phlomoides Nees var. roxburghii C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 408. 1884;

 

                Herbs, perennial, creeping, sometimes woody at base. Stems and branches often white spreading hirsute, apically much more densely so. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade usually obovate, sometimes elliptic to oblong, 1--5 cm, papery, both surfaces distant?? white hirsute, cystoliths conspicuous, secondary veins thin, base cuneate, apex obtuse to round. Flowers axillary, sessile, whorls of flowers dense on branches. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, ca. 8 mm, densely white hirsute. Calyx ca. 7 mm, segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla purple, ca. 1.5 cm. Capsule subequal or slightly longer than persistent calyx. Fl. spring.

 

                Fields; ?? m. Guangxi (Hexian Xian), Hainan (Ding'an Xian), Yunnan (Jinghong Xian, Mengla Xian, Puer Xian) [SE India, Myanmar].

 

                H. S. Lo identified specemen collected form Hainan Dingan(定安) by X.Q.Liu (刘心祈) 23138 to be Hygrophila phlomoides Nees in Flora Hainan, but author noticed that specimen with same numbered at Arnod Arbretum Herbarum was identified to be Hygrophila phlomoides Nees by B. Hansen at 1982.12.8.

 

3. Hygrophila megalantha Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci., C 12: 110. 1917.

 

大花水蓑衣 da hua shui suo yi

 

                Herbs, 30--60 cm tall, erect. Stems 4-sided; branches?? glabrous. Leaf blade narrowly oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, 4--8 cm X 8--15 mm, secondary veins thin and inconspicuous, base acuminate, margin entire, apex round to obtuse. Flowers 1--3, axillary. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, apex obtuse. Bracteoles narrowly oblong, ca. 6 mm. Calyx 1.2--1.4 cm; segments narrowly linear-lanceolate, as long as calyx tube, apex caudate acuminate. Corolla purplish blue, to 2.5 cm, outside slightly pilose; tube basally terete, apically bugle??; abaxial lip 3-lobed; adaxial lip obtuse. Capsule long terete, 1--1.5 cm. Fl. winter.

 

                * Along rivers, moist places; ?? m. Fujian (Xiamen Shi), Guangdong.

 

                Near to H. salicifolia Nees, but plant larger, someone considered it should be reduced.

 

4. Hygrophila phlomiodes Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 80. 1832.

 

毛水蓑衣 mao shui suo yi

 

                Herbs, erect, ca. 1 m tall. Stems and branched 4-sided, canaliculate, with multicellular long hairy, brown when dry. Leaves shortly petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade elliptic, obovate, or oblong, 2--9 X 1--3 cm, papery, both surfaces hirsute, cystoliths dense, secondary veins ca. (8--)10(--15) on each side of midvein, dense, and abaxially slightly convex, base usually decurrent, margin entire or repand, apex nearly triangular, acute, or sometimes obtuse. Flowers clustered axillary or in whorls upperwards??. Bract foliaceous, ovate, lanceolate. or elliptic, as long or longer than calyx. Bracteoles linearly oblong, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, hirsute. Calyx ca. 1.1 cm, divided more than halfway to base; segments linear, white hirsute. Corolla 1.8--2.2 cm, pubescent; abaxial lip oblong, sparely pilose, palate convex; adaxial lip long triangular. Adaxial anthers smaller. Ovary glabrous. Style pubescent. Capsule not seen but according to record slightly longer than persistent calyx. Fl. Oct.

 

                Grassland near valleys; ?? m. Hainan (Ding'an Xian), Yunnan (Jingdong Xian, Jinghong Xian) [India, Indonisia, Philippines, Indo-Chine penisula?, Pakistan].

 

5. Hygrophila pogonocalyx Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 21. 1921.

 

大安水蓑衣 da an shui suo yi

 

                Herbs, annual, erect. Internodes subglabrous; nodes densely hirsute. Leaves sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, ca. 9 X 12 cm, papery, both surfaces scabrous and hirsute, base broadly attenuate, margins subentire, apex obtuse. Flowers sessile, fasciculate on leaf axils capitate??. Bracts ovate to lanceolate, ca. 1.5 X 0.4--0.6 cm, outside strigose, inside glabrous, apex caudate-acuminate. Calyx subcylindric, ca. 1.5 cm, usually 5-divided to middle; segments subequal, linear, apex acuminate. Corolla tube expanded, ca. 2.5 X 0.5 cm; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip ± spreading, apically 3-lobed, lobes equal, middle lobe oblong, ca. 3 X 2 mm, inside barbate, and apex obtuse; adaxial lip erect, ca. 1 cm, apically 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers oblong, ca. 3 X 1.5 mm, glabrous, base sagittate, apex obtuse. Style glabrous. Disk花盘垫状. Ovary conicylindric??, ca. 2.5 X 1 mm, glabrous.

 

                * Habitat?; ?? m. Taiwan (Taizhong Xian).

 

                According to original record: it similar to Hygrophila salicifolia Nees, differs from it, bracts much barbate, and leaves much scabra and hispidus.

 

6. Hygrophila polysperma (Roxburgh) T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 456. 1867.

 

小狮子草 xiao shi zi cao

 

                Justicia polysperma Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1 :120. 1820; Hemiadelphis polysperma (Roxburgh) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 80. 1832.

 

                Herbs, annual. Stems procumbent, to 8 cm tall or more, much branched, spreading, usually puberulous-hirsute, glabrescent, ciliate?? and geniculate??. Leaf blade of cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, over 2.5 cm, soon withered, upwards and downwards 2--2.2 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, all linear, gradually narrow towards petioles, glabrous, dark green, margin inconspicuous crenate (This leaf description is very confusing). Spike terminal on branches and branchlets, ca. 1.3 cm; bracts imbricate, usually obovate and ovate, herbaceous, pubescent or hirsute, apex?? obtuse. Flowers sessile; bracteoles usually lanceolate, longer than calyx, margin ciliate. Calyx tubular at base, 5-divided to middle; segments unequal, linear, pubescent, apex acuminate. Corolla purple?, 4--4.5 cm, pubescent; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes subequal and round; adaxial lip 2-toothed. Stamens inserted at lower part of corolla tube; filaments bilateral coherent into membrane at basal part; anthers oblong, subequal, base slightly divaricate; adaxial stamens reduced to teeth. Stigma single, acute. Capsule lanceolate, compressed, ca. 8.5 cm, glabrous, with 6 cannels, with 24--30 seeds from base. Seeds ovate, convex on both side. Retinacula shortly hooked at tip.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangdong (Dinghu Shan, Meixian Xian), Guangxi (Yan Shan), Yunnan (Xishuangbanna??) [NE India, Malaysia].

 

13. GYMNOSTACHYUM Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 76, 106. 1832.

 

裸柱草属 luo zhu cao shau

 

                Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves cauline or subradical. Cymes axillary or in a terminal panicle, often spicate or racemose, sometimes small and axillary. Bracts and bracteoles very small. Calyx small, 5-parted; segments subequal, linear-lanceolate. Corolla 2-lipped; tube cylindric, slender; limb small, 2-lipped, 5 lobes imbricate; abaxial lip 3-toothed; adaxial lip narrowly 2-toothed. Stamens 2, inserted at middle and below, nearly as long as corolla, included; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel and 1 or 2 mucronate at base, anthers without mucro soon becoming 1-celled. Staminode absent. Ovary 2-celled, 3 to many ovules per cell. Stigma 2-lobed, lobes compressed. Capsule linear, with many seeds. Seeds compressed, ovoid, hairy, hairs white, very shortly spreading when moistened.

 

                About 30 species: tropical Asia; four endemic species in China.

 

need to key out G.. sanguinolentum

1a. Suffruticent herbs, ca. 1 m tall ..........................................................................................................................  3. G. sinense

1b. Stem very short or rosette herb.

2a. Corolla tube 2 X as long as to limb; leaf blade apex rounded ............................................................ 1. G. subrosulatum

2b. Corolla tube 2 X as long as limb; leaf blade apex acute .....................................................................  2. G. kwangsiense

 

1. Gymnostachyum subrosulatum H. S. Lo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 86. 1979.

 

矮裸柱草 ai luo zhu cao

 

                Herbs. Stems short, multinode?? and branchless, rosette. Leaves black when dry, dense; petiole 2--9(--14) cm; leaf blade nearly round to broadly ovate round, 5--16 X 3.5--11 cm, papery, hirsute on middle and secondary veins, margin slightly repand, abaxially subglabrous, adaxially slightly scabrous, veins all abaxially convex and conspicuous, midvein stout, secondary veins 7 on each side of midvein and reaching margin, base slightly cordate to round, apex round. Inflorescences racemose, composed of cymes, 12--19 cm, unbranched or only with a pair short branches; peduncle long and rect. Bracts and bracteoles all subulate, ca. 2.5 mm, apex acute. Flowers usually 3 per bract. Calyx 2.5--3 mm, 5-parted towards base; segments subulate. Corolla tubular, ca. 1.5 cm, expanded at throat, curved; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip spreading, 3 lobes divided towards middle; adaxial lip erect, nearly triangular, ca. 5 mm, apically shortly 2-lobed. Stamens 2, inserted near base of throat; filaments ca. 8 mm; anthers cells 2, linear, parallel. Ovary 2-celled, 4 ovules per cell. Style ca. 1.9 cm. Capsule linear, ca. 1.3--1.6 cm, valves curved. Seeds 8.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangxi (Longzhou Xian).

 

                Flowers on influences of this species all opposite, differ from these species of Vietnam, Laos, flowers in one side on influence. Similar to species from Burma and India Karsia mountains, Gymnostachyum venustum (Wallich) T. Anders. with short stem, rosette leaves, symatric inflorence and tubular corolla etc., but its leaves ovate, inflorence much branching, corolla ca. 2.5 cm, difference is distinct.

 

2. Gymnostachyum kwangsiense H. S. Lo, Acta Phytotax. Sin 17(4): 86. 1979.

 

广西裸柱草 guang xi luo zhu cao

 

                Herbs, rosette. Stem very short, without branches, nodiferous and with convex leaf trace. Leaves black when dry; petioles stout, 3--11 cm; leaf blade broad ovate, 8--16 X 6--11 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous or adaxially slightly scabrous, midvein stout, secondary veins 7--9 on each side of midvein, abaxially convex, and slightly broad and compressed ? toward margin, base?? obtuse, margin entire or inconspicuously repand, apex shortly acute to mucronate. Racemose terminal or axillary near top??, 8--15 cm, not branching or only with a pair very short branches; peduncle very. Bracts and bracteoles subulate, ca. 1 mm, pulverulent-pubescent. Calyx ca. 3 mm, 5-parted; segments subulate, pulverulent-pubescent. Corolla 1.3--1.5 cm; tube 9--10 X ca. 2 mm; throat expanded; abaxial lip spreading, 3-lobed, lobes ca. 3 mm and apically obtusely round; adaxial lip erect, broadly triangular, 2-lobed. Stamens 2, inserted near base??; filaments 7--8 mm; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel. Ovary with 4 ovules per cell. Style 1--1.1 cm; stigma small. Fruit not seen.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangxi (Longzhou Xian).

 

                According to original article: this species “similar to Gymnostchyum subrosulatum H. S. Lo, for example, both are resette, flowers opposite on inflorence, leaves large etc, differs from this species, i.e. corolla small, tube shorter (9--10 mm cm long??), twice to limb, corolla of G.. subosulatum longer (ca. 1.5 cm), 3 times to limb, leaf apex acute.

 

3. Gymnopstachyum sinense (H. S. Lo) H. Chu, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 11(1): 48. 1991.

 

华裸柱草 hua luo zhu cao

 

                Andrographis sinensis H. S. Lo, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(4): 103. 1981.

 

                Herbs or suffrutescent herbs, ca. 1 m tall. Stem purplish black, terete, glabrous; young shoots with 4 straight angular??, conspicuously convex and pubescent at node. Petiole 2--4 mm, adaxially canaliculate; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 X 1--1.8 cm, thickly papery, both surfaces glabrous both, slightly shiny, cystoliths white, very small, and shortly linear, secondary veins 6 on each side of midvein and convex on both surface, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base?? often slightly obtuse, margin entire or nearly entire, apex acute to sometimes cuspidate. Peduncle ± 1 cm, subglabrous, usually with 2 flowers; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.5--2 mm. Flowers opposite at shoot apex; bracteoles similar to bracts but shorter, close to calyx. Calyx 5-parted to base; segments lanceolate-linear, ca. 7 mm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Corolla white, ca. 1 cm; limb 2-lobed; adaxial lip nearly triangular, ca. 3.5 mm, apically 2-lobed, lobes ca. 0.5 mm and slightly divaricate. Stamens 2, inserted at corolla tube ca. 2.5 mm from base; filaments ca. 2.4 mm, glabrous; anthers linear ca. 3 mm, spurlike, glabrous, base mucronate. Ovary linear, ca. 3.2 mm, with 5 or 6 ovules per cell. Style ca. 7 mm. Fruit not seen.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangxi (Lingyun Xian).

 

                 characters of this species, such as: influences short, leaves small, filaments glabrous, not enlarged, anthers glabrous, with spurs at base, should belong to genera-- Gymnostachyum, and it differs from Andrographis laxiflora (Blume) Lindau conspiceusly by narrow corolla tube.

 

4. Gymnostachyum sanguinolentum (Vahl) T. Anderson in Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 232. 1864.

 

裸柱草 luo zhu cao

 

                Justicia sanguinolenta Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 10. 1791; Cryptophragmum sanguinolentum (Vahl) Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 96. 1847.

 

                Herb, perennial, usually whole plant purple, dwarf. Shoots nearly glabrous. Petiole 0.8--1.2 cm; leaf blade ca. 9 X 4 cm, adaxially punctate or minutely lineolate and sometimes obscurely scaberulous, margin entire, undulate, or irregularly subdentate. Cymes 0.8--2.4 cm in diam.; peduncle 3--12 mm, nearly glabrous; bracts linear, 3--4 mm. Pedicel 0--3 mm. Calyx ca. 4 mm, linear, pubescent. Corolla tube short, pubescent. Capsule ca. 1.8 cm.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Yunnan.

 

                 The author has not seen type specimen. early original description was very simple, and its characters were very difficult to aware. author read a record from “Index Florae Yunnanensis” tomus II: 1676. 1984. specimen collected by Le kai-li (乐开礼) 82 at He Kou河口, altitude 400 m., and labeled “ it might be Gymnostachyum kwangsiense H. S. Lo”. pity is that even this specimen author had not seen, so further investigation needed.

 

Subtrib. 4. PETALIDINAE Lindau

 

亚族4. 肾苞草亚族

 

                花萼不等4-5裂。花冠相等5裂, 几左右对称, 无两列支撑花柱的毛。雄蕊4, 花丝成对连合, 2枚发育不全或全育, 无不育雄蕊, 药室钝或尖。柱头前裂片背腹扁。种子每室2粒, 稀多数。蒴果隔膜自爿片分开。草本或灌木, 具大苞片或一枚萼较大成苞片状。 -- 东西印度、中美洲、哥伦比亚、热带和南部非洲、马达加斯加。

 

14. PHAULOPSIS Willdenow, Sp. Pl., ed. 5, 3: 4, 342. 1799-Jan. 1800 nom. cons.

 

肾苞草属 shen bao cao shu

 

                Herbs, perennial, prostrate. Leaves opposite, petiolate; leaf blade ovate, margin entire or obscurely crenate. Spikes terminal or axillary, 1-sided; bracts orbicular, closely imbricate, each usually subtending 3 flowers. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 5-parted, one segment ovate, nervose, others linear and like bracts. Corolla small; tube slender, cylindric; lobes 5, slightly unequal, nearly 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes contorted in bud and spreading in flower; adaxial lip 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anthers subsimilar, 2-celled, cells parallel, oblong, and base minutely mucronate. Ovary cells 2-ovular. Style hairy; stigma simple linear. Capsule clavate, compressed parallel to septum, 4-seeded; placentae dehiscing elastically from base of capsule, raising seeds with them. Seeds flat, discoid, densely elastically white hairy when wet.

 

                About 20 Species: Tropical Africa, Mascarere Is., Arabia, India, Himalaya and Indo-China penisula??; one naturalized species in China.

 

1. Phaulopsis oppositifolia (J. C.Wendland) Lindau in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzfam. Nachtr. 1: 305. 1897.

 

肾苞草 shen bao cao

 

                Aetheilema reniforme Nees; Micranthus oppositifolius J. C.Wendland, Bot. Beob. 39. 1798; Phaulopsis dorsiflora (Retzius) Santapau; P. imbricata (Forsskal) Sweet; P. parviflora Willdenow; Ruellia dorsiflora Retzius.

 

                Herbs, 30--50 cm tall. Stems 4-sided, with brown retrorse hairs on angles. Leaves slightly unequal; petiole 4--6 cm; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 7.5--11 X 3.5--5 cm, papery, abaxially only hairy on veins, adaxially hirsute, secondary veins 6 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, bilaterally unequal, and slightly oblique, apex long acuminate. Spikes terminal, sometimes axillary on branches; bracts orbicular to reniform, ca. 1 X 1.4 cm, with white multicellular hairy or capitate glandular hairs. Flower several, subtended by a broad ovate bract??, 1-side??. Bracteoles glabrous. Calyx 5-parted; segments glandular hairy, 4 linear and ca. 6 mm, one ovately elliptic and to 1 cm. Corolla white, ca. 6 mm; limb 2-lipped; adaxial lip narrow, 2-lobed. Stamens didynamous, inserted at throat, included; pollen grains nearly orbicular, small, 3-porate, pore situated among three of (21?) bands (According to C. Bremekamp 1961: 67). Ovary thinly glandular hairy at tip. Style pubescent; stigma unequally 2-lobed. Capsule ca. 6 mm, glandular hairs at tip; placentae dehiscing elastically from base of capsule, valves raising seeds with them. Seeds 4, pale yellow, elliptical ovate, densely elastically white hairy when wet; areole distant.

 

                Roadside weed. Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Zhou, Yingjiang Xian) [Indo-China pen.??, India, Himalaya??, Mascarene Is. to tropic Africa also?].

 

15. DYSCHORISTE Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 75, 81. 1832.

 

安龙花属 an long hua shu

 

                Herbs or shrubs. Flower axillary, simple, clustered or cymes. Calyx 5-parted, divided to middle. Corolla tube straight or incurved, tubular, expanded at throat; limb spreading, actinomorphic or 2-lipped; lobes 5, contorted in bud, subequal or 2 adaxial somewhat coherent. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments coherent into pairs with 1 long and 1 short at low part??, adnate with tube; anther 2-celled, thecae parallel, base usually with a mucron, rarely mucron absent; pollen grains prolate or subprolate, 3-colporate. Ovary with (1 or)2 ovules per cell. Stigma abaxial lobe slightly flat, adaxial lobe small or absent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved, 1 or 2 seeds per cell. Seeds flat, orbicular, with spreading white hairs and viscous when wet.

 

                About 65 species: pantropical and into subtropical; one endemic species in China.

 

                Mainly centered in N Africa, South America, Madagascar, and E India. Few in E Asia.

 

                According to geographic distribution, it seems to be an ancient genus. In China, it solitarly occurs in western and southern Guizhou province; western Sichuan and North-west Hunan, it isolated from another species of this genus geographically, and differs with many morphological characters, it might be an ancient and relict species, with many ancient and relic characters。

 

1. Dyschoriste sinica H. S. Lo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 85. 1979.

 

安龙花

 

                Herbs, ca. 10 cm tall, prostrate, branching, rooting at nodes near base. Young shoots square, glabrous, nodes closed, internode usually less than 1 cm. Petiole short; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 0.7--3 X 3--7 cm, hardly papery, black when dry, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins ca. 3 on each side of midvein, base cuneate to?? acute, margin entire or apically inconspicuously serrate, apex obtuse. Bracts similar to leaves but small. Flower solitary, axillary near shoot apex; bracteoles 2, linear-spatulate, 4.5--5 mm, obtuse at apex. Calyx 5.5--6 mm, 5-parted towards base; segments lanceolate, ca. 0.6 mm width, slightly pubescent. Corolla purple, ca. 1.1 cm; tube ca. 4 mm; throat ca. 4.5 mm; limb 5-lobed; lobes subequal, obcordate, 2--2.5 mm. Stamens 4, glabrous; longer filaments ca. 3.5 mm; shorter filaments ca. 1.2 mm; anthers parallel. Ovary glabrous, 2 ovules per cell. Style ca. 8 mm, slightly hairy. Capsule ca. 6.5 mm. Seeds 4.

 

* Habitat ?, ?? m. Guizhou (Anlong Xian), Hubei (Baojing保靖?).

 

                According to Hsien Shu Lo’s paper: there are two species in Indo-China penisula, i.e.Dyschoriste depressa (Wallich) Nees (Type) (Dyschoriste erecta auct.) and Dyschoriste principis R. Ben., their flowers are fasiculed, corolla of former as long as calyx, flowers of later almost twice length of this species, it is impossible to be misidentified.” author noticed three specimens identified by H. S. Lo as unpublished new species, 1.) S.W.Teng 1698. From Da-Wha-De, Ba-S-Dan, Kwanlin, Guizhou 30/1/1935; 2.) Ding-Yi, Peng 45312. From Sichuan, Tienchuan. 3/7/1982. 3.) Ding-Yi, Peng 45243. From Sichuan, Tienchuan city area. 18/6/1982. author has no time to observe anatomic flower precisely, so it should be further studied.

 

16. BLECHUM P. Brown, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica. 261. 1756.

 

赛山蓝属 sai shan lan shu

 

                Herbs, perennial, glabrous or hairy. Leaf blade margin entire or repand-toothed. Spike terminal, ± coarse to coarse; bracts broad, herbaceous, imbricate in 4-fariam??, margin ciliate. Bracteoles small, similar to calyx segments. Flowers small, solitary, 3 or in pairs in axils of large leaflike bracts, arranged in dense terminal spikes. Calyx 5-parted; segments linear-subulate, rarely unequal. Corolla funnel-shaped; tube slender, straight or curved, resupinate, apically ± enlarged; limb short, 5-lobed; lobes patend, equal, round, contorted in bud. Stamens 4, included, didynamous, inserted at middle of tube; anthers cells 2, oblong, parallel, subequal, apex obtuse. Ovary 2-celled, with 3 to many ovules per cell. Style apex subulate. Capsule ovoid or orbicular, base shortly contracted, after dehiscence placentae rising elastically from base of capsule; retinacula hooked. Seeds usually many, orbicular, compressed.

 

                6(10) species: usually in tropical America, some in E India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Madagascar; one species naturalized in China.

1. Blechum pyramidatum (Lamark) Urban, Repert. Nov. Spec. Regni Veg.. 15: 323. 1918.

 

赛山蓝 sai shan lan

 

                Barleria pyramidata Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 380. 1785; B. brownei Jussieu; Ruellia blechum Linnaeus.

 

                Herbs, erect or ascending, 50 cm tall. Stems terete or slightly 4-sided, often prostrate and rooting at lower nodes, sparsely hairy or subglabrous. Petiole to 2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, 3--6 X 2--4 cm, thin, abaxially nearly glabrous, adaxially sparsely strigose, base obtuse to rounded, margins entire or rarely 3- or 4-toothed, apex acute. Spikes terminal, subsessile, to 6 cm; bracts ovate, ca. 1.5 cm, leaflike, margins conspicuously ciliate. Bracteoles 2, linear. Calyx 5-parted; segments linear, abaxially pilose. Corolla white, scarcely longer than bract; lobes glabrous(?) or outside puberulent. Stamens inserted above middle of corolla tube. Style ca. 2 mm, slightly hirtellous. Capsule ovoid, ca. 5 mm, puberulent. Seeds orbicular, ca. 1.5 mm in diam.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. Naturalized in Taiwan [Tropical America].

 

                Also naturalized in Philippines and Pacific Islands.

 

                It was said species to be naturalized, but without actually evidence, possibly to be isolated during division from both side of Pacific Ocean in early time.

 

17. ECHINACANTHUS Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 75, 90. 1832.

 

恋岩花属 nian yan hua shu

 

                Herbs or undershrubs, erect. Leaves opposite, isophyllous or anisophyllous; leaf blade margin ± toothed. Flowers in cymes or axillary in pairs, with upper internode forming a terminal panicle; bracts narrow. Bracteoles absent. Flowers medium sized??, with glandular hairy. Calyx 5-parted; segments subequal, erected during fruiting. Corolla purple or rarely yellow, funnel-shaped; tube cylindric and campanulate, expanded at throat; limb actinomorphic, 5-lobed; lobes subequal, contorted in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments coherent into pairs at base; anthers dorsifixed, base aristately spurred or unspurred, 2-celled, cells oblong, parallel, hirsute, and apically broadly round, connective hairy; pollen grains prorate, 3-porate, “rippenpollen”, multi-ridge. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 4--8 per cell. Style linear; stigma 2-lobed, adaxial lobe reduced. Capsule terete, with seeds from base, septum complete, adnated??. Seeds supported by cordately round compressed retinaculum.

 

                About 10 species: herewith? 6 species distributes in eastern Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim) to India, Thailand, Indonesia; three endemic species in China.

 

1a. Anthers with 1 aristate spur at base; corolla yellow, outside pubescent; leaf blade secondary veins axils fasicular-barbate beneath ...........................................................................................................................  3. E. lofouensis

1b. Anthers with 2 aristate spurs at base; corolla purple, outside glabrous or subglabrous.

2a. Herbs; reticulate veins conspiceously convex beneath; leaves usually oblong to lanceolate, strigose above, rarely subglabrous, strigose on veins at least beneath; petiole usually half longer than blade ...................  1. E. longipes

2b. Shrubs; reticulate veins inconspiceous; leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic, glabrous both surface, petiole half shorter than blade .......................................................................................................................................................  2. E. longzhouensis

 

1. Echinacanthus longipes H. S. Lo & D. Fang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 7: 138. 1985.

 

长柄恋岩花 chang bing nian yan hua

 

                Herbs, perennial, prostrate. Stemless or stem distinct, to 30 cm tall. Petiole stout, 1.8--4.5(--5.5) cm, densely hirsute; leaf blade oblong to lanceolately oblong, rarely subovate or oblanceolate, 3--7(--11) X 1.5--3(--4) cm, papery, abaxially hirsute or sometimes only midveins and secondary veins hairy, adaxially dark grayish brown to brown and strigose rarely glabrous, secondary veins 5 or 7(or 9) and convex on both surface, reticulate veins abaxially conspicuously convex, base usually oblique and round to broadly cuneate, margin entire or inconspicuously undulate, apex acute to round. Cymes axillary or 2--4-flowered, rarely 1 or 5; peduncle ca. 2--10 cm, longer than petiole, occasionally longer than leaves, hirsute; apical pair of bract 8--10 mm, leaflike. Calyx 5-parted, divided towards base; segments narrowly linear, 1--1.2 cm, to 1.7 cm in fruit, outside glandular hirsute, inside hirtellous. Corolla purple, ca. 4 cm, outside subglabrous; tube tubular, 1.3--1.5 X ca. 2.5 cm; throat expanded, campanulate, ventricose; limb 5-lobed; lobes depressed orbicular, ca. 8 mm. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at lower part of throat; filaments 5--6 mm, dilated in membrance?? decurrent and coherent into pairs at base; anthers dorsifixed, base with 2 aristate spurs, 2-celled, cells slightly unequal, ovate, and ca. 3 mm, connective narrow and long ciliate; pollen grains prolate, ca. 43 µm X ca. 36 µm, 3-porate, pore 5.7 µm in diam., plusvirgate (multi-ridge)??. Ovary densely pubescent. Style ca. 3.2 cm, loosely pilose; stigma 2-lobed, adaxial lobe obsolete. Capsule linear-oblong, usually ca. 1.1 cm, densely pubescent, with 12--16 seeds. Seeds broadly ovate, compressed, ca. 1.5 mm, margin white.

 

                * Mountain tops, on rocks, forests; 1200--1300 m. Guangxi (Napo Xian).

 

2. Echinacanthus longzhouensis H. S. Lo, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 7: 140. 1985.

 

龙州恋岩花 long zhou nian yan hua

 

                Shrubs, ca. 3 m tall. Shoots woody, grayish brown, subterete, lenticellate and tuberculate; young shoots 4-sided, pilose. Petiole 1--2(--3.5) cm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 4.5--8.5 X 1.5--4.5 cm, leathery, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 6 or 7 on each side of midvein, slender, and abaxially slightly convex, reticulate veins indistinct, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acute. Inflorescences axillary, cymes 3-flowered, rarely 1--3-flowered on each branch??; peduncle 1.5--3 cm, stout, 2- or 3-chotomus, pubescent; bracts leaflike, narrowly lanceolate 1--1.5 cm, pubescent. Calyx segments linear, ca. 1.1 cm, outside glandular hirsute, inside hirtellous, apex acuminate. Corolla purple, outside glabrous. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments pilose, coherent into pairs at base; anthers with 2 basal aristate spurs, connective villous ciliate. Ovary and style pubescent; ovules 4(or 5) per cell. Capsule linear-oblong, 1.3--1.4 cm, densely pubescent, with 8 seeds from base.

 

                * Limestone mountains, bamboo forests; 300--400 m. Guangxi (Longzhou Xian).

 

3. Echinacanthus lofouensis (H. Léveillé) J. R. I. Wood, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 186. 1994.

 

黄花恋岩花 huang hua nian yan hua

 

Strobilanthus lofouensis H. Léveillé, Repert. Nov. Spec. Regni Veg. 12: 99. 1913; Echinacanthus flaviflorus H. S. Lo & D. Fang.

 

                Shrubs, ca. 1--3 m tall. Shoots 4-sided, densely tuberculate along 4 farium??, subglabrous, pale grayish brown; young shoots blackened when dry. Petiole 0.5--2 cm, shortly hirsute; leaf blade subovate, lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, (1.5--)6--12 X (0.8--)1.5--3 cm, papery, tea brown abaxially but both surfaces?? becoming black when dry, abaxially fascicular barbate-villosa on veins axils and usually barbate on mid rib, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins slender, all veins abaxially convex, base broadly cuneate to obtusely round, margin entire, apex caudate-acuminate. Cymes axillary, usually (1 or)3-flowered; peduncle usually slightly longer or rarely shorter than petiole, pubescent; bracts leaflike, 1--1.5 cm, caducous. Calyx 1.2--1.4 cm, to 1.8 cm in fruit; segments linear, densely addressed incanus both surface, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow, ca. 4 cm, outside pubescent; tube ca. 10 X 3 mm; throat expanded, campanulate, ventricose; limb semiorbiculate, ca. 5 mm. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at throat base; filaments 1--1.3 cm, densely barbate-villous; anthers 2-celled, theaca ovate, ca. 3 mm, and uniaristate-calcarate at base, connective mostly?? densely barbate-villous and apex submucronate. Ovary densely addressed incanous. Style pilose. Capsule linear-oblong, ca. 1.5 cm, densely pubescent, with 8--12 seeds.

 

                * Rocky mountains, forests; ?? m. Guangxi (Du'an Xian, Nandan Xian), Guizhou (Du Shan, Libo Xian, Luodian Xian). Check spelling Lipo荔波

 

 

 

STROBILANTHINAE (Genera 18--40 in a separate file)

 

 

 

41. LEPIDAGATHIS Willdenow, Sp. Pl., ed. 5, 3(1): 400. 1800.

 

鳞花草属 lin hua cao shu

 

                Herbs or undershrubs. Leaf blade margin entire or crenate-serrate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, usually a capitate head but sometimes flowers 2?? and opposite or solitary, dense or rarely lax; bracts usually larger than calyx segments, leathery. Flowers usually sessile; bracteoles narrower than bracts. Calyx deeply 5-lobed; segments unequal, abaxial ones?? ± connate. Corolla small, tubular, suddenly ventricose in middle, 2-lipped; abaxial lip usually spotted, spreading, 3-lobed; lobes quincuncialis?? and nearly equal or middle one slightly larger; adaxial lip erect or slightly spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted in corolla throat; filaments short; anther cells 2, oblong, spurless, parallel or basal one somewhat divergent. Ovary with 2 ovules per cell. Style linear; stigma capitellate, entire of minutely 2-cleft. Capsule oblong, with (1 or)2 seeds per cell. Seeds nearly orbicular, compressed, supported by a retinaculum.

 

                About 100 species: mostly in tropics to subtropics of eastern hemisphere, several in tropical America; seven species (four endemic) in China.

 

1a. Inflorescences short globose or ovoid heads; leaves sessile or subsessile, usually less than 2 cm ..  6. L. secunda

1b. Inflorescences oblong, erect, secund spikes; leaves petiolate, usually more than 3 cm.

2a. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate .............................................................................................................  7. L. stenophylla

2b. Leaves long ovate or ovate.

3a. Leaves ovate, base rounded or truncate; bracts and bracteoles glanduar hairy ................................  4. L. inaequalis

3b. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate.

4a. Leaves margin conspiceously crenate-serrate .........................................................................................  1. L. fasciculata

4b. Leaves margin entire.

5a. Bracts and bracteoles hairy (pubescent) .................................................................................................  2. L. formosensis

5b. Bracts and bracteoles long and glanduar hairy.

6a. Adaxial segment of calyx connected at middle; leaves subequal or slightly unequal at same node .....  5. L. incurva

6b. Adaxial segment of calyx divided toward base; leaves quite unequal at same node ......................  3. L. hainanensis

 

 

1. Lepidagathis fasciculata (Retzius) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 95. 1832.

 

齿叶鳞花草 chi ye lin hua cao

 

                Ruellia fasciculata Retzius, Obsserv. Bot. 4: 28. 1786.

 

                Herbs. Stems procumbent, villous, glandular. Petiole to 1.5--3.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-ovate, 1.5--12 X 2--4(--7) cm, hirsute, both surfaces pubescent, cystoliths linearly, dense, and conspicuous, secondary veins 6 or 7 on each side of midvein, base acuminate, margin crenate-serrate from middle to apex, apex acuminate. Spike axillary, nearly globose??, usually elongate??, ca. 2.5 cm, often 4th branched??, pedunculate or not. Bracts and bracteoles and calyx segments spinescent at tip. Abaxial bracts elliptic, 3-veined, glandular pubescent, apex acute. Bracteoles falcate-oblong, nearly unequal, one longer than calyx, another shorter than calyx. Calyx segments lanceolate??, 3-veined, apex acuminate; abaxial pair linear; medium pair subsetaceous. Corolla purple, ca. 4.5 cm, resupinate, with white hairs.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. Hainan (Jianfenglin??), Yunnan (Funing Xian) [Bangladesh, Himalayas??, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand].

 

2. Lepidagathis formosensis C. B. Clarke ex Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 213. 1911.

 

台湾鳞球花 tai wan lin qiu hua

 

                Suffruticose herbs or erect shrubs, 45 cm tall or more. Stems 4-sided, with slightly narrow wing, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Petiole 0.5--2 cm; leaf blade oblong ovate or ovate, 7.5--8 X 2--2.5 cm, herbaceous, loosely hairy, abaxially grayish white, adaxially dark brown, midvein yellowish brown hairy, midvein and secondary veins slightly convex, secondary veins 4 on each side of midvein and connected near margin, base obtuse but gradually narrowed and decurrent to petiole, margin crenate to repand, apex long acute. Spike terminal or axillary, sessile, solitary or 3--5 fascicled, oblong-ovate; bracts lanceolate, 5--6 mm, imbricate, abaxially hirsute. Flowers dense, secund. Calyx ca. 6 mm, deeply 5-parted; segments unequally lanceolate, 1-ribbed, margin yellow, apex long acuminate and?? long aristate; abaxial segment widest; lateral 2 segments narrower; adaxial segment longest. Corolla 8--9 mm; tube campanulate, ca. 3.5 cm, outside puberulent; throat inside barbate; lobes 4, oblong; abaxial lobe longer, apex obtuse and 2-lobed. Ovary ovate, hirsute. Style slightly hirsute; stigma oblong, capitellate, with slightly 5-lobed, annular disk??.

 

                * Habitat ??; low elevations. Guangdong, Taiwan.

 

3. Lepidagathis hainanensis H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 598. 1974.

 

海南鳞花草 hai nan lin hua cao

 

                Herbs, perennial, erect, 25--30 cm tall. Stems and branches 4-sided, subglabrous or slightly pubescent. Petiole to 1.5 cm or sometimes leaves sessile; leaf blade long elliptic to oblong-elliptic, larger ones 5--12 X 2--3.5 cm, smaller usually 1--2 X rarely?? 5--6 mm, thinly leathery, base narrowly cuneate, decurrent, and unequal at same node, apex obtuse to round. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, spiciform heads, ca. 6 cm; peduncle usually very short; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 8--10 mm, abaxially glandular hairy, veins 5 or 7, apex aristate. Bracteoles slightly narrower than bracts. Calyx deeply 5-parted to base, glandular hairy; abaxial segments largest, lanceolate, 8--10 mm; lateral segments most?? small, nearly linear, ca. 8 mm; adaxial pair of segments linear-lanceolate, ca. 8 mm. Corolla white, 9--10 mm. Stamens 4; anther cells equal. Capsule oblong-ovate, ca. 6 mm, with 2-seeded per cell. Fl. spring.

 

* Forest margins; ?? m. Hainan (Dongfang Xian, Yaxian Xian); Guangxi (Longlin Xian).

 

4. Lepidagathis inaequalis C. B. Clarke ex Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 5: 1695. 1913.

 

卵叶鳞花草 luan ye lin hua cao

 

                Herbs, 10--20 cm tall. Stems 4-sided, glabrous. Petiole 0.5--1.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate, 2--4 X 1.5--2.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 3--5 on each side of midvein, base rounded, margin entire or repand, apex acuminate. Inflorescences a terminal or axillary spike, ca. 2 X 5--6 cm; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, abaxially glandular hairy, apex aristate. Calyx segments unequal; abaxial 2 segments linear-lanceolate, glabrous; adaxial 3 segments lanceolate, glandular hairy. Corolla white, 4--5 mm, abaxially glabrous; throat inside reflexed barbate; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip 2-lobed, lobes elliptic and ca. 2 mm; adaxial lip elliptic, ca. 2 mm, apex round. Capsule coniform, ca. 5 mm, apically slightly hairy. Seeds round, ca. 2 mm in diameter, with long hairs.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. Taiwan (Lanyu Dao) [Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Philippines]

 

5. Lepidagathis incurva Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 119. 1825.

 

鳞花草

 

                The first part of the description seems to be missing. This?? second or axillary, ovate, 1--2 cm. Bracts, bracteoles, and calyx segments abaxially and margins with long hairs. Bracts oblong-ovate, ca. 7 mm, apex mucronate. Bracteoles slightly narrow. Calyx uppermost?? segment larger, lanceolate-ovate, ca. 7 mm; adaxial segments?? connected at middle. Corolla white, ca. 7 mm; throat inside with reflexed white long softly hairs; abaxial lip nearly round; adaxial lip erect, broadly ovate, inconspicuously 2-lobed. Anthers 2-celled, cells parallel; pollen grains prolate, 42(40--45) X 28(26--29) µm, 3-colpate, ornamentation reticulate. Style glabrous. Capsule oblong, ca. 6 mm, glabrous, with 2 seeds per cell. Fl. early spring.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangdong, Guangxi (Lingyun Xian, Nanning Shi, Wuzhou Xian), Hainan, S Yunnan.

 

                Usage: According to Flora Hainanensis, a medacine herbs, 治眼病, 蛇伤, 伤口感染, 皮肤湿疹。

 

6. Lepidagathis secunda (Blanco) Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 259. 1847.

 

小琉球鳞花草 xiao lu qiu lin hua cao

 

                Ruellia secunda Blanco, Fl. Filip. 495. 1837.

 

                Herbs, erect or spreading. Stems 4-sided, glabrous. Leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5--2 X 0.7--1 cm, abaxially hirsute, adaxially slightly coarse?? hairy, base round and abruptly narrowed to petioles, margin cuneate??, apex acute. Spike terminal, rarely axillary, or fascicled??, sericeus-hirsutus; involucral bracts non glandular, ca. 1 cm; fertile bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, apex with a short mucro. Calyx deeply 5-parted; segment apices acute to obtuse and mucroless; larger segment?? lanceolate, herbaceous. Corolla ca. 6 mm; throat outside and inside barbate; limb externally minutely puberulent. Stamens included; anthers ca. 1 mm, apex pilose. Disk herbaceous. Ovary oblong. Style sparingly hirsute. Capsule to 4 mm, conical. Seeds orbicular.

 

                Habitat ?; ?? m. Taiwan (Lanyu Dao, Pingdong Xian) [Philippines].

 

                 author has seen specimen of T.C.Wang & M.T.Kao 5220. 1969.8.29. collected from South Peak, Orchid Island at MO (herbarium of Missouri Botanic Garden), but in Flora of Taiwan 2nd ed. introduced as Lepidagathis inaequalis Clarke ex Elmer.

 

                It might be misidentified or two names could be one species, it would be decided after observing type specimen and more speciemen from Taiwan.

 

7. Lepidagathis stenophylla C. B. Clarke ex Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 214. 1911.

 

柳叶鳞花草 liu ye lin hua cao

 

                Herbs, suffrutescent, to 40 cm tall. Stems ascending, striate or zigzag, 4-sided, apically nearly winged and slightly hairy. Leaves nearly sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade narrowly linear, ca. 7 X 0.3 cm, slightly falcately curved or nearly straight, herbaceous, abaxially grayish white, both surfaces short hairy, secondary veins spreading at 90° angle from midvein and convex on both surfaces, base gradually narrowed for ca. 3 mm onto petiole??, margin undulate, apex obtuse. Spike terminal or axillary, ovate to long ovate, ca. 1.3 cm; bracts lanceolate, ca. 5 X 1.5 mm, densely imbricate, abaxially barbate, vein 1, margin ciliate, apex aristate. Flowers sessile. Calyx tubular, ca. 6 mm, 5-parted, outside appressed barbate, inside glabrous; segments 1-veined, aristate, margin ciliate; abaxial segment longest; lateral segments narrowest and shortest; adaxial pair of segments broadly lanceolate. Corolla tubular campanulate, no longer than calyx; tube ca. 1.5 mm, contracted at throat, nearly globose, glabrous; limb campanulate, outside reflexed hairy, inside glabrous, base barbate, slightly 4-lobed; lobes orbicular ovate; adaxial lobe apically 2-toothed. Stamen 4, inserted at base of limb; anther cells distinct. Disk annular, minutely 5-lobed. Ovary ovate, hirsute. Style minutely hirsute; stigma capitately globose.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Taiwan (Pingdong Xian).

 

42. CHROESTHES Benoist, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 33: 107. 1927.

 

色萼花属 se e hua shu

 

                Shrubs. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, somewhat anisophyllous or subequal, margin entire. Inflorescences ± interrupted short-branched thyrses. Bracts and bracteoles greenish, often bluish tinted. Calyx segments unequal, connate at base; abaxial 2 segments usually slightly larger than narrow lateral ones; adaxial segment largest. Corolla cylindrical at basal 1/4--1/3, apically obliquely funnel-shaped, lobes imbricate; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip more incised than adaxial lip. Stamens 4, free, inserted at base of widened part of tube; adaxial pairs slightly shorter than abaxial pair; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, inserted at different levels, abaxially pubescent, and both with an acute basal spur. Ovary with 4 ovules. Style basally pubescent. Capsule box-shaped, with locules almost reaching uncontracted base. Seeds complanate, brownish puberulous all over.

 

                Once species: SE Asia; 1 species in China.

 

1. Chroesthes lanceolata (T. Anderson) B. Hansen, Nord. J. Bot. 3: 209. 1983.

 

色萼花 se e hua

 

                Asystasia lanceolata T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 524. 1867; A. kerri Craib; A. silvicola W. W. Smith; Chroesthes pubiflora Benoist; C. racemiflora Bremekamp; C. silvicola (W. W. Smith) E. Hassain.

 

                Shrub 0.5--3 m tall. Stems slender, less branched??, terete, glabrescent, internodes elongated. Leaves in unequal pairs; petiole 0.5--2 cm; blade elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, 10--16 X 3--4 cm, abaxially glabrous or pubescent on veins, secondary veins 6--9 on each side of midvein, base attenuate to cuneate. Thyrses spiciform, terminal, ca. 3 cm; bracts oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 3--9 cm X 1--3 mm, glandular pubescent, midvein and secondary veins distinct, apex shortly acuminate. Flowers opposite or 2- or 3-flowered gathered forming a cyme; pedicels 1--5 mm; bracteoles similar to bracts but smaller, 4--9 cm X 0.8--1.2 mm. Calyx ca. 1--1.6 cm, outside glandular pubescent, inside pubescent; segments subequal; abaxial segments slightly broader, ca. 1--1.5 mm broad, distinct veined, segments sometimes united for ± 2/3 of length; adaxial pair of segments linear, apex acuminate. Corolla white, spotted pink to purple, ca. 2.5--3 cm, 2-lipped, outside pubescent; tube narrow part ca. 9 mm, inflated part 1.5 cm, inside glabrous; 3 abaxial lobes free; 2 adaxial lobes united at half length from base. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at base of corolla inflated part; filaments 1--1.2 cm, glabrous; anthers slightly white, shortly hairy along its edges and apex, bicalcarate at base. Ovary apex hairy. Style ca. 2.5 cm, pubescent from base. Capsule oblong, 1.2--1.6 cm, minutely pubescent at apex only or glabrous. Seeds 4, flattened, orbicular, very shortly hairy.

 

                Forests; (200--)800--1400 m. Guangxi (Huangxiang Xian), S Yunnan [N Laos, Myanmar, N Thailand, N Vietnam].

 

43. ANDROGRAPHIS Wallich ex Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 77, 116. 1832.

 

穿心莲属 chuan xin lian shu

 

                Haphlanthoides H. W. Li.

 

                Annual herbs or subshrubs, erect or procumbent. Leaf blade margin entire. Racemes axillary or terminal, lax, often compound subpanicled, dense or subcapitate, sometimes reduced and 1-flowered, frequently 1-sided; bracts small. Bracteoles minute or absent. Calyx deeply 5-parted; segments narrow, equal. Corolla small, tubular or turgid, 2-lipped or slightly 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes imbricate; adaxial lip 2-lobed. Stamens 2, exserted or included; filaments linear or flattened, ciliate or setulose; anther cells 2, exserted, oblong, subequal, parallel, spurless, base bearded. Ovary 3 to many ovules per cell, thinly hairy. Style slender, apex minutely 2-cleft. Capsule linear-oblong or linear-elliptic, compressed contrary to septum, 6--12 seeded. Seeds bony, subquadrate or oblong, not compressed, rugosely pitted, glabrous.

 

                About 20 species: tropical Asia and Australia; two species in China.

 

                Center of distribution is India.

 

1a. Leaves ovate; racemes not assembling a large panicles; corolla slightly 2-lipped; stamens included, filament curved or slightly enlarged at middle ............................................................................................................................  1. A. laxiflora

1b. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; racemes assembling a large panicles; corolla distinctly 2-lipped; stamens exerted out of corolla, filament not enlarged at middle .........................................................................  2. A. paniculata

 

 

1. Andrographis laxiflora (Blume) Lindau, Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 323. 1895.

 

疏花穿心莲

 

                Herbs, annual. Stems erect or procumbent. Young branches and peduncles 4-sided, pubescent or glabrescent. Petiole 3--10 cm; leaf blade minutely?? unequal, usually ovate, 1.5--9 X 1.5--3(--5.5) cm, herbaceous to nearly membranous, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, base slightly decurrent, apex acuminate to shortly acuminate. Racemes terminal or axillary, axis slender, often curved, usually branchless, nearly glabrous; bracts 1, lanceolate, ca. 1 cm. Flowers solitary or opposite; pedicel ca. 1 mm; bracteoles 2, subulate. Calyx glabrous, 5-parted; segments linear, ca. 1.5 mm. Corolla white, ca. 1 cm; tube turgid, incurved; limb slightly 2-lipped, lobes linear, adaxial one smaller. Stamens included; filaments broadly flattened, softly hairy; anthers equal. Capsule linear-oblong, compressed contrary to septum, ca. 2 cm X 2 mm. Fl. early winter.

 

                Forest margins, bamboo forests; 200--1500 m. Guizhou (Fengzhen ??, Luodian Xian), Hainan (Baoting Xian), S Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Indo-Chinese Peninsula??, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand].

 

1a. Calyx and Capsule glabrous; rameces usually extended .........................................................................  1. var. laxiflora

1b. Calyx and capsule glandular hairy; racemes aggregated nearly capitate ..................................  1a. var. glomerulifera

 

1a. Andrographis laxiflora var. laxiflora

 

                Justicia laxiflora Blume, Bijdr. 789. 1826; Andrographis tenera (Nees) Kuntze; A. tenuiflora T. Anderson; Haplanthus tenera Nees.

 

                Calyx and Capsule glabrous; racemes usually extended.

 

                Forest margins; 200--1500 m. Guizhou (Fengzhen?, Luodian Xian), Hainan (Baoting Xian), S Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Indo-Chinese Peninsula?, Malaysia, Myanmar].

 

1b. Andrographis laxiflora var. glomerulifera (Bremekamp) H. Chu, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin. 11(1): 46. 1983.

 

腺毛疏花穿心莲 xian mao shu hua chuang xin lian

 

                Andrographis glomeruliflora Bremekamp, Dansk. Bot. Ark. 23: 208. 1965; A. monglunensis Hung T. Chang & H. Chu; Haplanthoides yunnanensis H. W. Li.

 

                This variety differs from species Andrographis laxiflora (which has great variation on leaf form, size, inflorescences, and has been identified into several species, further to new genera, but they would be verities infra species) : thyrse axillary, with 3--7 flowers, contracted forming a pseudoumbrellate cyme, peduncle 3--7 mm, pubescent. Bracts and bracteoles densely glandular hairy. Peduncle ca. 1.5 mm, glandular hairy. Calyx small, campanulate, ca. 4 mm, outside glandular hairy, inside glabrous. Corolla white; abaxial lip with glandular scalelike hairs on lower at throat; adaxial lip pink to pale purple, outside glandular hairy, soft hairy in middle and ventricose part of tube. Capsule outside glandular hairy. Fl. Jan--Feb, fr. Feb--Mar.

 

                Bamboo forests; ?? m. S Yunnan [Thailand].

 

2. Andrographis paniculata (N. L. Burman) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 116. 1832.

 

穿心莲 shuang xin lian

 

                Justicia paniculata N. L. Burman, Fl. Indica 9. 1768.

 

                Herbs, annual. Stems 50--80 m tall, 4-sided, branched at basal part, nodes swollen. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4--8 X 1--2.5 cm, apex slightly obtuse. Racemes terminal or axillary, or forming a large panicle; peduncle leaves smaller than those on branches. Bracts and bracteoles ca. 1 mm. Calyx segment triangular lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, glandular and hairy. Corolla white, with rose purplish spotted on adaxial lip, ca. 1.2 cm, outside glandular and shortly hairy, 2-lipped; tube as long as lobes; abaxial lip 3-cleft; adaxial lip 2-cleft. Stamens 2, softly hairy along one side of filament and base of anther cell; anthers 2-celled. Capsule compressed with a canal at middle, ca. 1 cm, loosely glandular. Seed 12, subquadrate, rugose.

 

                *? Habitat ??; ?? m. Yunnan.

               

                Often cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces, also introduced to Jiangsu, Shanxi; original might be endemic in Yunnan. Also cultivated at Australia.

 

                Usage: Stems and leaves as medicine, very bitter for detoxification.

 

44. PHLOGACANTHUS Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 76, 99. 1832.

 

火焰花属 ho yan hua shu

 

                Shrubs or tall herbs. Leaves large; leaf blade with cystoliths large and convex slightly on adaxial surface, margin entire or obscurely crenate. Inflorescences terminal, thyrses or narrow panicles, rarely racemes or cymes axillary??; bracts small. Flowers orange red or pink, pedunculate?? (should this be pedicellate?); bracteoles absent. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, segments very narrow. Corolla tubular, curved upwards; limb on one side or (not very deeply) 2-lipped, 5-lobed; lobes connivent, spreading, or recurved, imbricate in bud, nearly ovate to oblong. Stamens 2, inserted at middle or basal portion of tube, sometimes 2 small rudiments added, included or sometimes slightly exerted; anther cells oblong, equal, parallel, glabrous, spurless, base divaricate. Ovary usually glabrous, 5--8 ovules per cell. Style filiform, subsimple at tip. Capsule elongate, subtetragonous, 5--8 seeds per cell from base. Seeds lenticular, ovate in outline, glabrous or densely shortly hairy.

 

                About 15--17 species: SE Asia; five species (?? endemic) in China.

 

1a. Cymes, axillary, flowers orange ................................................................................................................  5. P. pubinervius

1b. Cymes composing a spike or racemes, flower purplish red or white.

2a. Racemes, leaves secondary veins 6--8 ....................................................................................................  6. P. pyramidalis

2b. Inflorescences spiciform.

3a. Leaf blade secondary veins usually 6 on each side of midvein ..........................................................  1. P. abbreviatus

3b. leaf blade secondary veins usually more than 9 on each side of midvein.

4a. Stamens exserted (slightly longer than) corolla in length, corolla to 6 cm; inflorescences dense, not interrupted; capsule to 16 mm, oblanceolate ..............................................................................................................................  4. P. curviflorus

4b. Stamens as long as corolla in length, corolla ca. 1 cm, corolla curved at throat with 90° angle.

5a. Leaf blade secondary veins 8--9(--11) on each side of midvein; pedicel ca. 2 mm, inflorescences lax, slender, thyrae branchless ........................................................................................................................................................  2. P. vitellina

5b. Leaf blade secondary veins 12--17 on each side of midvein; thyrae panicle-spike??, terminal, rhachis single, slender, thyrae often branched ...................................................................................................................................  3. P. colaniae

 

1. Phlogacanthus abbreviatus (Craib) Bremoist in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 712. 1935.

 

缩序火焰花 su xu huo yan hua

 

                Cystacanthus abbreviatus Craib, Kew Bull. 1911: 438. 1911.

 

                Shrubs, to 1 m tall, stoloniferous. Young branches green, terete then 4-sided, stramineous??, slightly scabrous, slightly hairy. Petiole ca. 3.5 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, ca. 15 X 5 cm, papery, adaxially glabrous but slightly hairy on veins, secondary veins usually 6 and adaxially minutely convex, tertiary veins abaxially convex, base angustate??, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate to obtuse. Panicle terminal, narrow, erect, abbreviated; bracts minute, caducous. Pedicel ca. 3 mm. Calyx segments linear-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1.5 mm, loosely capitate glandular ciliate, outside appressed strigose, apex nearly obtuse. Corolla purple, indumentum same with Cystacanthus paniculatus except abaxially loosely hairy??.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. distribution ??

 

(Type specimen had not seen).

 

                According to original description and photo of type specimens, this species differs from Phlogacanthus asperulus Nees, chiefly panicle abbreviated very much. Leaves rather small, ca. 15 X 5 cm, secondary veins 6 on each side of midvein, from photo, flowers are similar to later. so called panicle means many cymes opposite on inflorescence axis, all these types of inflorescence in this genus are just same, if pedicels of cymes are very short or none, it would be spike; if pedicels of cymes specially peduncles very, it would be panicle, just so. From specimen from Yunnan, for example, specimen from Hekou (Hu, ye-yin; Wen, shao-keng 58208) almost agreed with original description, leaves rather broader only of one sheet, rest (as Cai, ke-hua 888; 729; 153; Sino-USSR exp. 2296) their inflorescences 8--12 cm, (Benoist had not mentioned that) agreed with length from photo. They might be conspecific, should be reduced. If reduced, it name should be “ Phlogacanthus abbreviatus (Craib) R. Ben.”. It would be probably better after further study in deteil and observation of type specimen.

 

2. Phlogacanthus vitellinus (Roxburgh) T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 507. 1867.

 

糙叶火焰花 cao ye hou yan hua

 

                Justicia vitellina Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 115. 1820; Endopogon vitellina Nees; Phlogacanthus asperulus Nees.

 

                Suffrutescent herbs, to 1.5 m. Leaf blade broadly ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 10--30 X 6--11 cm, both surfaces with punctate cystoliths, secondary veins (5--)9--11 on each side of midvein, margin slightly undulate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences spiciform, 10--20 cm, pair abbreviated cyme opposite at each node, bracts minute. Calyx segments 5, linear-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm, pubescent. Corolla purplish red or sometimes white, 1.2--1.8 cm, outside pubescent, lower part tubular, abruptly curved and inflated resupinate upwards; limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, lobes ca. 1/4 length of corolla. Stamens 2, inserted at tube base, as long as corolla; anthers 2-celled, 2 small rudiments added near base of filament. Capsule ca. 2 cm, with 8 seeds.

 

                Forests; 200--1100 m. S Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Sikkim].

 

                In T.Anders’ article (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 507.) 1867. “ synonymy shows that this species has been twice described by Nees, first as Phlogacanthu asperulus, and again in supplementary of 11th volume of DeCandolle’s Prodromus as Endopogon vitellinus. There is an excellent drawing of Justicia vitellina among Roxburgh’s colored figures of Indian plant in Library of Botanical Gardens. living plats in garden are still known to native gardeners as Justicia asperula, name taught them by Wallich. There can be no doubt about identity of Roxburgh’s Justicia viellina and Walllich’s J. Asperula.”

 

                There were records of Spinctacanths (S.H.Fu 傅书遐in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 2 (4): 378. 1952.) and Spinctacanthus siamensis C.B.Clare ex Hosseus C. Y. Wu & T. Y. Ding (Seed Plants of China—Adata Base Disc) in China. In B. Hansen’s paper (Nord. Journ. Bot. 5: 225--228. 1985.), he reported 8 species in this genus, but he considered Spinctacanthus siamensis Hossens (1907) from China, with 2 staminoid and over 2 seeds, should be synonmy of Phlogacanthus vitellinus (Roxb.) T.Anders, which type specimen collected from Thailand. records of that genus in China probably might be a mistake from this.

 

3. Phlogacanthus colaniae Benoist, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 5: 109. 1936.

 

广西火焰花 guang xi huo yan hua

 

                Young shoots terete, soon glabrous. Leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 12--26 X 8--12 cm, abaxially?? slightly pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base shortly acuminate to acute, margin entire or slightly crenate, apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescence axis rarely simple, usually branched, short cymes, rachis pubescent; bracts triangular, ca. 2 mm, pubescent. Flowers opposite on inflorescence axis; bracteoles 2, linear, ca. 1 mm, pubescent. Calyx 5-cleft, connected at base; segments linear, ca. 3 mm, pubescent. Corolla ca. 1.2 cm, outside slightly pubescent; tube 1/2 length of corolla, upper half ventricose; throat oblique; lobes unequal, upper 2 connected 1/3 from base. Stamens 2; filaments glabrous, inserted at middle of corolla. Staminodes 2, very short, filiform. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Capsule 1.8--2 cm, glabrous.

 

                On limestone; ca. 200 m. Guangxi (Daxin Xian, Jinxiu Xian, Longzhou Xian), Hainan (Lingshui Xian), Yunnan (Cangyuan Xian, Yunlong Xian) [N Vietnam].

 

4. Phlogacanthus curviflorus (Wallich) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 99. 1832.

 

火焰花 huo yan hua

 

                Justicia curviflora Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 9. 1831.

 

                Shrubs, to 3 m tall. Petiole 1.5--5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 12--30 X 9--15 cm, glabrous, both surfaces with punctulate cystoliths, abaxially sometimes puberulous on veins, secondary veins 12--17 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate and decurrent to petiolate, apex acute to acuminate. Thyrses spiciform, terminal, 14--18 X 6--8 cm. Bracts and bracteoles minute. Pedicel 5--8 mm, densely tomentose. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, connected at base; segments triangular lanceolate, 5--7 mm, densely puberulous. Corolla brick orangish red to orange, ca. 5 cm, with densely yellow brown reflexed and glandular hairs; tube ca. 4.2 cm, curved; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip deeply 3-cleft; adaxial lip 2-cleft. Stamens 2, inserted at tube base, slightly exerted; anthers 2-celled, abaxial??, elliptic. Staminodes 2, rudimentary, at base of filaments. Capsule terete, ca. 3.5 cm, with 10-seeds.

 

                Forests; 400--1600 m. S Yunnan [NE India, Vietnam].

 

5. Phlogacanthus pubinervius T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 508. 1867.

 

毛脉火焰花

 

                Aeschynanthus dunnii H. Léveillé, Repert. Nov. Spec. Regni Veg. 9: 453. 1911; Lonicera menelii H. Léveillé, Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 63. 1914.

 

                Shrubs much branched or small tree, to 5 m tall. Bark minutely?? red, cleft?? or caducous. Leaf blade elliptic-oblong to oblong, (5--)8--18 X (1--)3.5--5 cm, herbaceous, abaxially laxly pubescent on veins, adaxially puberulous, secondary veins 5--7 on each side of midvein, margin repand, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Leaves on short branches smaller, at basal portion?? caducous. Cymes axillary, 1--4-flowered; peduncle 4-sided, ca. 8--16 cm, pubescent; bracts small, caducous. Pedicel slender, terete, elongate; bracteoles 2, at base of pedicel, subulate. Calyx 5-parted, spited towards base, segments unequal, linear-lanceolate, 7--8 mm, with 1 distinct midvein, outside pubescent, inside gray tomentose. Corolla orange, ca. 1.8 cm, outside pubescent, slightly 2-lipped; tube ca. 1.3 cm, minutely curved; abaxial lip deeply 3-cleft, outside densely pubescent; adaxial lip 2-cleft. Stamens 2, inserted near tube base, filaments ligulate, glabrous, ca. 2.5 cm, much exerted from tube, anthers 2-celled, oblong, parallel, longitudinal dehiscence, abaxial?, elliptic, 2 rudiments present at filaments base. Style terete; stigma extended. Capsule elongated, clavate, 2.5--3 cm, glabrous, 8-seeded, apex?? obtuse.

 

                Forests, thickets; 900--1500 m. Guangxi (Debao Xian, Jingxi Xian), Guizhou (Luodian Xian), Yunnan [NE India, Sikkim].

 

6. Phlogacanthus pyramidalis Benoist in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 711. 1935.

 

金塔火焰花 jin ta huo yan hua

 

                Herbs, stout, to 1 m tall. Young branches and rachis 4-sided, glabrous. Petiole ca. 2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic ovate, ca. 23 X 8.5 cm, papery, glabrous or abaxially pubescent on veins, midvein stout, secondary veins 8--10 on each side of midvein, base nearly acute to shortly acuminate and decurrent, margin entire, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Racemes terminal, elongate to 26 cm in fruit, pubescent, cymes with 3 flowers; peduncle 1--3 mm; basal bracts 3 pairs, 2--3 cm, foliaceous; apical bracts small, ovate to lanceolate, 5--6 mm. Pedicel 3--5 mm; bracteoles ca. 1 mm. Calyx 5-parted, free to base; segments equal, linear, ca. 3.5 mm, apex acuminate to acute. Corolla pale purplish red. Capsule clavate, obtusely 4-angular, ca. 2.2 cm, apex obtuse. Seeds 4 per locule, orbicular, compressed. Fl. Apr.

 

                Forests; low to middle elevation. Hainan (Baoting Xian, Wanning Xian) [N Vietnam].

 

45. CYSTACANTHUS T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 457. 1867.

 

鳔冠花属 biao guan hua shu

 

                Shrubs or tall herbs. Leaf blade entire or obscurely crenate. Inflorescences a narrow panicle or rarely axillary cyme or racemes; bracts 2, small, opposite, remote from calyx and bracteoles. Flowers orange or pink. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; segments linear, with long and dense glandular hairs. Corolla turgid, campanulately funnel-shaped, slightly curved; tube short; limb contracted at top; lobes equal, apex shortly rounded or acute. Stamens 2, included; filaments glabrous, base barbate; anther cells 2, oblong, equal, parallel, hirsute, base spurless, connective mucronate. Staminodes 2. Ovary ovate, long hirsute. Style terete; stigma shortly 2-cleft. Capsule elongate, with 12 seeds, valves compressed, and canaled??, apex obtuse at tip. Seeds ovate, compressed, tomentose; reticulum incurved, subulate, acute.

 

                About eight: SE Asia; 4 species (3 endemic) in China.

 

Note: someone (as Imlay 1920; Mabberlay 1997) reduced this genus to Phlogacanthus Nees.

 

1a. Inflorescences terminal with rare flowers, only 3- or 4-flowered; calyx large, to 2.5 cm. ...........................  1. C. affinis

1b.Inflorescences narrow thyrse.

2a. Flowers purple; leaves oblong or long lanceolate ................................................................................  2. C. paniculatus

2b. Flowers pale blue, whiteness at base; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate.

3a. Young shoots yellowish brown villous .................................................................................................  3. C. yunnanensis

3b. Young shoots and inflorescence slightly pubescent ................................................................  4. C. yangzekiangensis

 

 

1. Cystacanthus affinis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 103. 1916.

 

丽江鳔冠花 li jiang Biao guan hua

 

                Shrubs, to 2 m tall. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade oblong to long ovate, 2.5--6 X 1.5--3 cm, both surfaces pubescent, abaxially with subulate cystoliths, adaxially dark green adaxial, midvein and secondary veins distinctly white, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal with 3- or 4-flowers. Calyx 1.5--2 cm, outside hairy, segments persistent. Corolla 3.5--4 cm, outside yellow, inside pale yellow with purplish striae, ca. 2 cm wide at middle of tube; lobes to 1.5 cm. Stamens 2, included; anthers to 9 mm. Ovary ca. 5 mm. Style slightly over 2 cm, glabrous. Capsule pale yellow, ca. 2 cm, with 3-seeds per locule.

 

                * Valleys, along roads; 1700--2200 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian), Yunnan (Lijiang Xian), Xizang (Nyalam Xian).

 

                This species is similar to Cystacanthus yunnanensis W. W. Sm. just same in branchlet, leaves, instruments, glandular calyx, but differs from inflorescence only 3- or 4-flowered, calyx larger, corolla larger with different color and style glabrous and reflexed.

 

2. Cystacanthus paniculatus T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 458. 1867.

 

鳔冠花 biao guan hua

 

                Phlogacanthus paniculatus (T. Anderson) Imlay, Kew Bull. 1939: 128. 1939.

 

                Shrubs, to 2 m tall. Stems 4-sided, glabrous. Young branches winged. Petiole 1--1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 10--12 X 2.5--4 cm, abaxially hairy on veins abaxial, adaxially glabrous, base decurrent, margin repand-crenate, apex acuminate. Panicles terminal, aggregated as racemiformis??, to 18 cm, densely villous and glandular on rachis. Bracts and bracteoles oblong-lanceolate, shorter than calyx, caducous. Calyx 5-parted; segments broadly lanceolate, 1.2--1.4 cm. Corolla pale purple, nearly campanulate, 2--2.4 cm, outside glandular, inside glabrous; tube basal half ventricose; limb 5-lobed; lobes spreading, subequal, apex obtusely rounded. Stamens 2, included; filaments barbate at base. Staminodes 2 , very small. Ovary hairy; ovules 4 per cell. Capsule grayish brown, clavate, ca. 2.3 cm, viscous hairy, with calyx persistent, valves distinct canalled??. Seeds remoted??.

 

                Shrub forests; 300--2100 m. SW Yunnan [Myanmar].

 

3. Cystacanthus yangtsekiangensis (H. Léveillé) Rehder, J. Arnold. Arbor. 16: 315. 1935.

 

金江鳔冠花 jin jiang biao guan hua

 

                Strobilanthes yangtsekiangensis H. Léveillé, Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan: 6. 1915.

 

                Shrubs, whole plant pubescent. Stem bark fissured, deciduous?. Branches nearly terete, with parallel striate. Leaf blade ovate, ca. 3.5 X 1.5 cm (only seen on upper branches), glaucous? farinose?, secondary veins 10--12 on each side of midvein, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex obtusely acute. Calyx 5-parted, connected only at base; segments linear, 0.7--1 cm, densely and yellowish pubescent. Corolla blue or red, campanulate, ca. 2.5 X 1.2--1.3 cm; lower?? tube short, ca. 0.5 cm wide; limb 5-lobed; lobes broadly triangular, ventricose and curved, apex obtuse. Racemes terminal and axillary, forming a panicle, 1-sided. Stamens 2, included, inserted at base of inflated tube; anthers long ovate, connective barbate, with yellowish brown hairs.

 

                * Along rivers; 400--500 m. Yunnan (Jinsha Jiang).

 

                This species is very near to Cystacanthus yunnanensis W. W. Sm., but is easily distinguished by closer and finer pubescent of young branchlets, inflorescence and calyx, and by numerous lateral 2--6-flowered inflorescences along last year’s branches.

 

4. Cystacanthus yunnanensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 104. 1916.

 

滇鳔冠花 dian biao guan hua

 

                Shrubs, erect, 1--1.5 m tall. Bark becoming gray (cinereous?), deciduous. Stems primary terete, densely incanous or yellowish brown villous, then slightly 4-sided. Petiole 0.5--1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5--10 X 3--4 cm, papery, green, abaxially white villous near midvein, adaxially densely yellowish villous near midvein, secondary veins 6 on each side of midvein and abaxially distinct, base attenuate, margin entire, apex shortly and obtusely acuminate to acute. Inflorescence narrow, thyrsoid-paniculate, to 15 cm; bracts 5--10 mm, linear-lanceolate, densely glandular villous. Calyx 1.5 cm or more, deeply 5-cleft, outside densely glandular villous, inside slightly villous; segments subequal, linear, ca. 2 mm wide, apex acute. Corolla white or sky blue (coerulea) but base slightly white, 3--3.5 cm, with longitudinal striate, outside capitate glandular along veins, villous; tube very short, ventricose, incurved, ca. 1.5 cm wide at middle; lobes orbicular, ca. 1 cm, anticaeus one longer. Stamens 2; filaments ca. 1.5 cm, basally pilose; anthers oblong, ca. 6 mm. Ovary ca. 4 mm, villous. Style ca. 2 mm, minutely 2-dentate, sparse villous; ovules 6 per cell. Capsule ca. 3.5 X 0.5 cm, subdensely glandular villous, valves distinct canalled; reticulum ca. 3 mm. Seeds disciform, 2--3 mm in diam., minutely (under microscope) puberulous.

 

                * Shrub forests; 800--1600 m. Yunnan.

 

46. ASYSTASIA Blume, Bijdr. 796. 1826.

 

十万错属 shi Wan cuo shu

 

                Herbs or shrubs, lax, diffuse, stoloniferous. Leaf blade blue or color varies between blue and yellowish brown, margin entire or slightly toothed. Inflorescences terminal racemes or panicles. Bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx 5-divided in base, segments equal. Corolla usually campanulate, nearly funnel-shaped; lobes 5, equal; adaxial lobe thin, apex slightly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filament base connected into pairs; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, approximate, and base minutely spurred or appendaged. Ovary with 2 ovules per cell. Style capitate, 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Capsule long elliptic, base compressed, contracted, and seedless, apical part slightly 4-sided, 2-celled, and with seeds 4.

 

                About 70 species: tropical and subtropical Asia; 3 species (one endemic) in China.

 

1a. Leaves broader, ovate, longly ovate, to 14 X 6 cm, petiolate, villous on midvein adaxial (above), scabrous on midvein abaxial (beneath) ..........................................................................................................................................  2. A. gangetica

1b. Leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate.

2a. Leaves narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 18 X 4 cm, pubescent on midvein above, scabraous on midvein beneath ......................................................................................................................................................................  1. A. chelonoides

2b. Leaves lanceolate, to 18 X 2.8 cm, scabrous hairy on midvein abaxial (beneath), villous? nn midvein adaxial (above) ..........................................................................................................................................................................  3. A. salicifolia

 

 

Asystasia chelonoides Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 89. 1832.

 

十万错 shi wan cuo

 

                Asystasia violacea Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke.

 

                Herbs, perennial, to 1 m tall. Stems dichotomous, minutely hairy. Leaf blade narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 6--12(--18) cm, cystoliths distinct, white, and large, adaxially minutely hairy or glabrous, base acute, margin undulate to crenate, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Bracts, bracteoles, and calyx laxly villous and glandular. Calyx segments 5, lanceolate 5--6 mm. Corolla reddish to purplish white, 2-lipped; tube campanulate, ca. 2.2 cm, shortly hairy and glandular; lobes 5, slightly unequal, 3--4 times shorter than tube. Stamens didynamous; anthers 2, unequal, with white mucrons?? at base. Ovary and lower part of style shortly hairy. Capsule 1.8--2.2 cm, base solid and stalklike, apically with 4 seeded.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Yunnan (Wenshan Xian).

 

                Used as medicine herbs for detoxify (relieve interal heat or fever).

 

2. Asystasia gangetica (Linnaeus) T. Anderson in Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 235. 1860.

 

宽叶十万错 kuan ye shi wan cuo

 

                Justicia gangetica Linnaeus, Amoen. Acad. 4: 299. 1759; Ruellia coromandeliana Nees.

 

                Herbs, perennial, decumbent. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade oblong, 3--12 X 1--4(--6) cm, both surfaces minutely and shortly hairy both, adaxially with punctate cystoliths, base obtuse to cordate, margin near entire, apex acute. Racemes terminal, secund; rachis 4-sided, distinct hairy; bracts opposite, triangular, ca. 5 mm, minutely short hairy. Pedicel ca. 3 mm, glabrous; bracteoles 2, similar to bracts, inserted at base of pedicel, ca. 2 mm. Calyx ca. 7 mm, 5 deeply parted, basally slightly connate; segments lanceolate to linear, 5--6 mm, glandular hairy. Corolla short, ca. 2.5 cm, slightly 2-lipped, outside slightly pubescent; tube base terete, ca. 1.2 cm; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes long ovate to elliptic, middle lobe ca. 9 mm, lateral lobes ca. 7 mm; plicae 2, on middle lobe of abaxial lip into basal part of tube, densely white villous, with purplish red dots; adaxial lip 2-lobed, lobes triangular-ovate, ca. 5 mm, and apex slightly acute. Stamens 4; filament unequal in length, a long and a short coherent into pairs at base, glabrous; anthers purple, oblong, dorsifixed, 2 cells unequal in height, with mucrons at base. Disk cup-shaped, 5-lobed, ± obtuse. Ovary ca. 3 mm, densely long villous. Style ca. 1.2 cm, long villous at base. Capsule ca. 3 cm, sterile base cylindrical, solid, and ca. 1.5 cm, apical part with 4 seeds.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. Yunnan (Mengla Xian); Guangdong (Guangzhou Shi) [India, Thailand, Indo-China peninsula?? to?? Malaysia].

 

                Faliage edible. Now a wildweed in tropic area. (According to D.J.Mabberlay).

 

                These two species-- Asystasia chelonoides Nees and Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders. in China are similar very much, leaves of former narrow ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rather narrow, later broader, elliptic, acute, obtuse, round or cordate at base, it is probably conspecific, specimens of Yunnan most are Aystasia chelonoides Nees, Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders. rarely. More specimens are needed for studying in detail, it would be resonable to decide wheather one species or two.

 

3. Asystasia salicifolia Craib, Kew Bull. 1918: 367. 1918.

 

囊管花 nang guan hua

 

                Asyatasia henryi C. B. Clarke ex C. Y. Wu, Index Fl. Yunnan.(云南种子植物名录下册)vol. 2: 1669. 1984, nom. seminud. (This is still an ined. name)

 

                Herbs, ca. 60 cm tall. Stems 4-sided, grooved, nodes swollen and geniculate??, laxly pubescent. Leaves isophyllous, opposite, petiolate or sessile; petiole multicellular villous; leaf blade lanceolate, 13--16 X 1.8--2.8 cm, both surfaces slightly pubescent but more densely hairy on abaxial veins, base broadly cuneate and decurrent, margin entire and minutely short ciliate, apex long acuminate. Inflorescences terminal. Bracts and bracteoles small, ca. 2 mm. Flowers opposite at nodes of rachis, one fertile other sterile, all secund. Calyx 5 deeply parted to base; segments lanceolate, ca. 8 mm, hairy on margin and midvein. Corolla ca. 2.5 cm, expanded at 1/3 of tube; limb 5-lobed; lobes 1/3 of corolla. Style slender; stigma 2-cleft.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. Yunnan (Mengzi Xian) [N Thailand].

 

                 The author saw a specimen at herbarum of Harvard University, which was identified by B. Hanson Asystasi salicifolia Crais, it seems near to specimen of A. Henry 13395.

 

47. ASYSTASIELLA Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 326. 1895.

 

白接骨属 bei jie gu shu

 

                Herbs or shrubs, isophyllous. Leaves petiolate, opposite. Racemes terminal, elongate or paniculate. Bracts and bracteoles small, shorter than calyx. Flowers solitary, opposite, sessile. Calyx segments 5, nearly free, equal. Corolla tube very long and narrow, widened at throat, ventricose; lobes 5, spreading, imbricate in bud, subequal. Stamens 4, inserted at widened part of corolla tube, didynamous, included; filaments basally pairwise connate; anthers oblong, cells at same or slightly unequal levels, apex obtuse; pollen grains echinate, polyporate. Ovary with 4-ovules. Stigma subcapitate. Capsule clavate, base contracted and solid, apically with 4 seeds. Seeds orbicular, compressed, tuberculate-rugose.

 

                About three species: tropical regions of Old World; one species in China.

 

                This genus differs from Asystasia with corolla tube very long and narrow; pollen grains ornamention echinate.

 

1. Asystasiella neesiana (Wallich) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 326. 1895.

 

白接骨 bei jie guo

 

                Ruellia neesiana Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 73. 83. 1831; Asystasia chinensis S. Moore; A. neesiana (Wallich) Nees; Asystasiella chinensis (S. Moore) E. Hossain.

 

                Herbs, white viscid. Rhizomes bamboo-node-shaped. Stems to 1 m tall, slightly 4-sided. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic-oblong, 5--20 cm, papery, slightly pubescent, secondary veins 6 or 7 on each side of midvein and convex on both surfaces, base decurrent to petiole, margin slightly undulate to obscurely crenate, apex acute to acuminate. Racemes terminal, elongate or branched at base, 6--12 cm; bracts 2, small, 1--2 mm. Flowers solitary or opposite. Calyx segments 5, ca. 6 mm, slightly glandular pubescent on main rachis?? and calyx. Corolla pale purplish pink, funnel-shaped, outside slightly glandular hairy; tube 3.5--4 cm, very narrow; lobes 5, subequal, ca. 1.5 cm. Stamens didynamous, inserted at throat; longer filament ca. 3.5 mm; shorter filament ca. 2 mm; anther cells 2, at subequal levels. Capsule 1.8--2.2 cm, basally contracted into a solid stalk, apically with 4 seeds.

 

                Forests, along steams. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang etc.??[India (Eastern Himalayas), Vietnam to Myanmar also spread??].

 

                Usage: Leaves and rhizome used as medicine.

 

                Two names Asystasiella chinensis (S. Moore) E. Hossain and Asystasiella neesiana (Wallich) Lindau have been used in China, plants in Eastern, Southern and middle southern China used former, plants in northwest, middle south, and southern China used later, although some difference between two species, such as size of leaf, margin obscurely undulate or not, but it still is very difficult to divide them.

 

 

48. PSEUDERANTHEMUM L. Radlkofer, Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München 13: 282. 1883.

 

山壳骨属 shan qiao gu shu

 

                Herbs or subshrubs. Leaf blade margin entire or obtusely toothed. Panicles terminal or axillary, narrow or reduced to spikes. Bracts and bracteoles often small, linear. Flowers opposite, sessile or with short pedicel. Calyx deeply 5-divided; segments linear, equal. Corolla tube slender, terete, slightly dilated at throat; limb spreading, 5-lobed; lobes imbricate, abaxial one slightly larger and sometimes palate. Stamens 2, inserted at throat, included or exserted; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled, cells equal, parallel and at equal level, and without appendages at base. Staminodes 2 or absent. Ovary with 2 ovules per cell. Stigma obtuse or inconspicuously 2-lobed. Capsule clavate, with 2 seeds per locule. Seeds ovoid, flat, surface corrugate.

 

                60--100 species: pantropical and extending into subtropics; eight species (two endemic) in China.

 

                Eight species in China provisionally, its relationship between tropical Asia and China would be acknowledged after studying all species of Eastern Himalaya, Indo-China peninsula and Indo-Malaya.

 

Many species of this genus cultivated in greenhouse, as ornament plants.

 

1a. Inflorensces aggregate or dense, 1--3-flowered cymes forming a spike.

2a. Rhachis covered by yellowish brown hairs.

3a. Bracts and calyx segments densely hairy, calyx segments without glandular hairs .....................  3. P. graciliflorum

3b. Bracts plus or minus pilose .......................................................................................................................  6. P. shweliensis

2b. Rhachis without yellowish brown hairs; bracts and calyx pubescent? villous?; calyx segments glandular hairy  5. P. polyanthum

1b. Spike lax.

4a. Inflorescences secund ................................................................................................................................  7. P. tapingense

4b. Internodes of inflorescences distinct, 1--2 cm at lower portion.

5a. Racmes terminal or axillary; flowers opposite on rhachis, interrupted; calyx segments slightly unequal  8. P. teysmanni

5b. Inflorescences terminal, erect.

6a. Leaves elliptic .................................................................................................................................................  4. P. latifolium

6b. Leaves elliptic ovate, rarely lanceolate elliptic.

7a. Leaves length 4 times or more than width; filaments of fertile stamens and staminodes connected into pairs at base; bracts at lower folious ...................................................................................................................................  1. P. couderci

7b. Leaves length 2.5 times or less than width; filaments of fertile stamens and staminod all free ...  2. P. haikangense

 

1. Pseuderanthemum couderci Benoist, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 5: 111. 1936.

 

狭叶钩粉草 xia ye gou fen cao

 

                Subshrubs or perennial herbs, erect, 30--50 cm tall. Young shoots 4-sided and pubescent, becoming terete and glabrous. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade oblong, lanceolate, or linear, 3--11 X 0.2--2.5 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 6--12 on each side of midvein but often more than 8, base nearly acute, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex acuminate to often obtuse or rarely acute. Inflorescence rachis, bracts, bracteoles, and calyx segments villous. Spikes terminal, ca. 20 cm, shortly pubescent; bracts at lower portion of inflorescence 1--3 pairs, large, foliaceous, longer than calyx but smaller than ordinary leaves; bracts at upper portion of inflorescence linear, shorter than or nearly equal to calyx length. Flowers singular or in opposite bracts axil of branches terminal. Calyx 5-divided; segments nearly equal, linear, 5--6 mm. Corolla pale purplish red, slightly pubescent; tube ca. 3 cm; limb spreading; abaxial lip?? ovate to ovate-elliptic, ca. 1.2 cm; adaxial lip?? smaller, oblong, connected at 1/4??. Fertile stamens 2; filaments connected at base. Staminodes 2, very short. Capsule ca. 1.8 cm, pubescent. Fl. Jun.

 

                Forests, along streams; middle elevation. Hainan [Cambodia].

 

                Identification on this species is not perfect, for author had not seen type specimen from Cambodia. By way, specimen from Guangdong, China — Fortune 19, which has been taken a photo no. 10608 from Kew by R.C.Ching, and cited by Forbes. & Hemsl. in Ind. Fl. Sin., has been labeled to be “Eranthemum bicolor Shrank. (i.e. Pseudoeranthemum bicolor (Shrank) Radlk. Since type specimen was not aviable, so reliable identification needs further studies.

 

                According to R.Benoist (in Not. Sys.5: 111. 1935), this species near to Pseuderanthemum crenulatum Lindl., its lower bracts folious. According to Fl. Hainan, H. S. Lo followed R.Ben’s treatment on basis of photo of three specimens, collected by A. Henry 8111, 8611, 8749 and identified plants of Hainan to be Pseuderanthemum couderci R. Ben. author observed specimen A.Henry 8111, and considered that it seems near Pseuderanthemum haikangense C. Y. Wu & Lo, regretly A.Henry’s specimens 8749, 8611 or their photo were neither avaible. So accepted Lo’s treatment temporally, but destribution of these two species similar very much, sometimes overlaped each other, and their difference just limited on leaves morpholgical characters, they might be conspecific or variety of same species. It would be more reliabe after doing some population study on them. author had seen a specimen of herbarum of New York Botanical Garden, S.K.Liu 1869, collected from Hainan Chanjiang 海南昌江县, 近七叉村峨高山, with a handwritting naked, leaves is most narrow, it might be extreme type of this species.

 

2. Pseuderanthemum haikangense C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan 3: 595. 1974.

 

海康钩粉草 hai kan gou feng cao

 

                Shrubs, 0.4--1 m tall, glabrous except for glandular hairy inflorescences and flowers. Shoots terete, bark straminous??. Petiole 0.5--1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic-orbicular, oblong, ovate, or rarely lanceolate-elliptic, 5--11.5 X 2--3.5 cm, papery, gray with purplish when dry, abaxially pale green abaxial, adaxially dark green, midvein abaxially convex and adaxially depressed, secondary veins 5--7 on each side of midvein, slender, and curvedly ascendant, tertiary veins inconspicuous, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin entire or inconspicuously undulate, apex shortly acuminate to caudate. Spikes terminal, rarely on axil of upper leaves, 1--3 flowered; rachis becoming black when dry, to 30 cm, branchless, rarely branched; bracts opposite, narrow triangular, 2--3 mm. Bracteoles small, 1--2 mm. Calyx ca. 5 mm; segments linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate. Corolla white or pink, ca. 4 cm; tube ca. 3 cm X 1.5 mm, throat slightly inflated; abaxial lobes elliptic, with red spots, ca. 1 X 0.6 cm, apex obtuse; other lobes?? narrowly elliptic, ca. 4 mm wide. Filaments of fertile stamens ca. 2 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1.5 mm. Staminodes ca. 1.3 mm, disconnected with filaments of fertile stamens. Ovary slightly pubescent. Style ca. 3 cm, slightly pubescent. Capsule clavate, 1.9--2 cm, pubescent. Seeds 4, broadly ovate, compressed, ca. 3.5 mm, surface tuberculate punctate.

 

                * Forests; low elevations. Guangdong (Haikang Xian, Xuwen Xian), Hainan, Yunnan (Mengla Xian).

 

                 The author had not seen type specimen from Hainan, quoted by F.Hance & Forbes in note of Journ. Bot. Brit. 17: 13. 1879., niether specimen from Jiangxi, Jiujiang (江西九江), quoted by Forbes & Hemsl.(in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 243. 1890), this species is probably a conspecifi with Pseuderanthemum crenulatum (Lindl.) Radlk. Without examining and correcting them, so used this name temporarly

 

3. Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum (Nees) Ridley, Fl. Malay. Penin. 2: 591. 1923.

 

云南山壳骨 yun nan shan qiao gu

 

                Eranthemum graciliflorum Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 107. 1832; E. crenulatum Nees; E. malaccense C. B. Clarke; Pseuderanthemum malaccense (C. B. Clarke) Lindau.

 

                Subshrubs to shrubs, to 3 m tall. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 5--15 X 3--5.5 cm, papery, abaxially pale green and slightly pubescent but distinct more densely pale brown, hairy on veins, adaxially with punctate?? cystoliths, secondary veins 7 on each side of midvein and abaxially conspicuously convex, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Rachis of inflorescences, bracts, and bracteoles densely pubescent. Inflorescences spiciform, rather aggregated, 3--10 cm, branched or shortly branched at base, abbreviated cymes at each node. Bracts and bracteoles subulate, with brown hairs. Bracts ca. 7 mm. Bracteoles 3--4 mm. Calyx deeply 5-divided; segments linear-lanceolate, 4--5 mm. Corolla white or pale purplish, hypocrateriform, outside finely sparingly glandular; tube 2.5--3.5 cm; lobes 5, ca. 1 cm, adaxial 2 connate at middle and basal portion. Stamens 2, inserted at throat. Staminodes 2. Style terete, basally faintly white hairy; stigma exerted, orbicular. Capsule ca. 2.5 cm, basal part solid and stalklike, apical part with 4 seeds and equal length to basal part.

 

                Forests, thickets; ?? m. Guizhou (Luodian Xian), S Yunnan [India (Himalaya), Indo-China pennisula to Malaysia??].

 

                Under delimitation of B. Hansen (1989), many specimens in Chinese herbaria were be identified P. malaccense i.e. this species. But author observed specimen 73222 collected by C.W.Wang from Yunnan Changyuan （云南沧源)at herbarium of Harvard University was identified to be P. parishii (T.Anders) Lindau. Which one is correct? Since author has not seen type of later, neither reliable identification, could not make a resonable comparition, just made a note here temporally.

 

4. Pseuderanthemum latifolium (Vahl) B. Hansen, Nord. J. Bot. 9: 213. 1989.

 

山壳骨 san qiao gu

 

                Justicia latifolium Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 4 1791; Antheliacanthus micranthus Ridley; Eranthemum palatiferium (Wallich ex Nees) Nees; Justicia palatifera Wallich ex Nees; Pseuderanthemum palatiferus (Wallich ex Nees) Radlkofer ex Lindau.

 

                Herbs, perennial, to 1 m tall. Apical stems pubescent. Petiole 1--2.5 mm; leaf blade elliptic, 11.5--12 X 3.5--6 cm, base acuminate, abaxially villous on midvein but glabrescent, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein and abaxially convex, margin nearly entire and slightly undulate-crenate, apex acuminate. Racemes to 30 cm, often clustered spiciform, internode of rachis distinct, lower ca. 1--2 cm??; bracts triangular, sublinear, 3--4 mm. Calyx deeply 5-divided; segments linear, ca. 5 mm. Corolla pale purple, hypocrateriform, ca. 2 cm; tube linear, ca. 1.5 cm, obscurely 2-lipped; lobes 3--4 X ca. 3 mm; middle lobe of abaxial lip with purplish yellow spots. Ovary pubescent. Capsule ca. 2.5 cm, pubescent. Seeds ca. 4 mm in diam., reticulate rugose, glabrous.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangdong (Xuwen Xian), Guangxi (Longzhou Xian), Hainan (Baoting Xian, Danxian Xian), Yunnan (Xishuangbanna??) [Cambodia, Eastern Himalaya??, Indo-China pennisula??, India to Malaysia??].

 

                This species differs from Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum (Nees) Ridley with corolla (at least upper half) hairy, sometimes rarely glandular hairy; single flower or rarely 2 or 3 fls on bracts axil. Specimen Morea 619 collected from Guangxi Longzhou has a naked name by C. B. Clarke.

 

5. Pseuderanthemum polyanthum (C. B. Clarke ex Oliver) Merrill, Brittonia 4: 175. 1941.

 

多花山壳骨 duo hua shan qiao gu

 

                Eranthemum polyanthum C. B. Clarke ex Oliver, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 20: t. 2000. 1891.

 

                Herbs. Leaves opposite; petiole ca. 2.5 cm; leaf blade broad ovate to oblong, glabrous, 7--17 X (3--)4--9 cm, secondary veins 7--9 on each side of midvein, base cuneate and decurrent, margin entire, apex acute. Spikes composing of cymes; bracts triangular, 3.5--4 X ca. 1.5 mm. Bracteoles ca. 2 X 0.5 mm. Calyx ca. 1 cm, 5-divided; segments lanceolate. Corolla bluish purple, 2-lipped; tube 3--3.5 cm; lobes of abaxial lip 3, oblong, ca. 1.5 X 0.6 cm; lobes of adaxial lip narrow, ca. 11 X 3 mm. Stamens 2; filaments free, short, inserted at throat; anthers parallel, equal level, apex obtuse.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangxi (Longzhou Xian), S Yunnan [Widely distributed in India- Western Malaya??].

 

6. Pseuderanthemum shweliense (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 226. 2002.

 

瑞丽山壳骨 rui li shan qiao gu

 

                Eranthemum shweliensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 176. 1918.

 

                Plants in 1--2 m tall. Upper stems woody, grayish, hispid when young. Leaves fallen before flowering (not seen)??; petiole 3--5 mm, densely yellow hirsute; leaf blade lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or nearly elliptic, 2.5--5.5 X 1--2 cm, membranous, both surfaces minutely papillate, abaxially opaco-olivacea??, adaxially dark green above, (unclear which surface for the next three phrases) "sparely pilose on veins, on veins densely brown hairy, remains sparsely pilose or glabrous," base cuneate and ± decurrent toward petiole, margin entire, apex nearly obtuse, acute, or sometimes abruptly contracted to a mucro. Inflorescences terminal, spiciform, ± aggregate, 7--15 cm; rachis densely yellowish pilose; bracts ca. 3 mm, linear to linear-lanceolate, pilosulose. Flowers fasciculate. Calyx ca. 5 mm; segment 5, divided to base, linear-oblong, ± pilose, apex acute. Corolla white; tube ca. 2.2 cm, cylindric, apical part completely unexpanded, outside minute pilosulate, inside white pilose; lobes 5, ovate, 1.8--1.9 cm wide, 2 with violate spots. Stamens 2, slightly exserted from tube. Ovary glabrous. Style filiform, basally often sparsely pilose.

 

                * Habitat ??; 1200--1800 m. Yunnan (Ruili Xian, Mengzi Xian).

 

                (Type specimen A. Henry 9859, Syntype A. Henry 11010)

 

7. Pseuderanthemum tapingense (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo ex C. C. Hu, F. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70. 226. 2002.

 

太平山壳骨 tai ping shan qiao gu

 

                Eranthemum tapinense W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 177. 1918.

 

                Plants ca. 1 m tall, erect or suberect. Stems woody, glabrous or subglabrous; bark on main stems blackish, on internode soon peeling off (decorticante) and straw yellow (stramineous) but at node persistent and blackish. Petiole 2--3.5 mm, slightly pubescent to glabrous; leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, ca. 17 X 3--5(--7) cm, membranous, abaxially palely (pallidus) glabrous or nearly glabrous, minutely lineolate??, adaxially dark green and glabrous or glabrescent, secondary veins 8--12 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin undulate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 7--20 cm, ± secund terminal racemes or flowers single and axillary; peduncle sparsely pilose or glabrescent; bracts 2--3 mm, pilose or glabrous. Pedicel 2--3 mm. Calyx ca. 1 cm, subtubulose at middle or divided toward middle; segments unequal, narrowly triangular, fissus?? blackish red, glabrous, apex acute. Corolla pale rose, ca. 2.5 cm or more, slightly curved; tube ca. 2 cm, outside slightly puberulous, basal part cylindric, apical part ventricose; lobe of abaxial lip subrotund, margin often irregularly toothed; lobes of adaxial lip 2. Stamens 2; filaments flattened, sparsely pilose; anthers ca. 4 mm, 2-celled. Ovary glabrous. Style filiform, minutely pubescent; stigma shortly 2-cleft.

 

                Rainforest understory; ca. 600 m. Yunnan [Myanmar]

 

                Valley, upper Burma (Type location) to Yunnan China boundary.

 

8. Pseuderanthemum teysmanni (C. B. Clarke) Ridley, Fl. Malay. Penin. 2: 592. 1923.

 

红河山壳骨 hong he shan jiao gu

 

                Eranthemum teysmanni C. B. Clarke in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 679. 1904.

 

                Shrubs. Stems reddish brown, 4-sided, glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole ca. 2.5 cm; leaf blade becoming black when dry, ovate, 3.5--9.5 X 1.5--4.5 cm, abaxially pubescent on veins, cystoliths dense and distinct, midvein abaxially sparsely pubescent, secondary veins 8--10 on each side of midvein and straight, base broad, abruptly contracted, and decurrently?? cuneate, margin subentire, apex long acuminate. Racemes terminal or axillary. Flowers opposite on rachis, interrupted, interruptation?? 0.5--1.5 cm; rachis yellowish brown hairy; bracts long triangular, 2--3 mm, margin ciliate. Bracteoles similar to bracts but slightly shorter. Calyx 5-parted; segments linear, slightly unequal, ca. 5 mm, hairy. Corolla pale purple, hypocrateriform, ca. 3.5 cm; tube ca. 2.5 cm; limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped; lobes of abaxial lip 3; lobes of adaxial lip 2. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; anthers oblong, as long as filaments. Style ca. 2 cm, slightly white villous; stigma 2-cleft.

 

                Habitat ??; 100--300 m. SE Yunnan (Hekou Xian, Hong He) [Malaysia].

 

                 auther noticed specimen (Cai ke-hua 蔡克华no 20, from Hekou, Meneo 河口曼峨) is affinity to photo of specimen of A.Henry 13766 from Honghe Mengban（红河勐板), to which C. B. Clarke named “Eranthemum teysmannioides”. Since type specimen and original description were not available to auther at moment, and name “Pseuderanthemum teysmannioides (C. B. Clarke) Merrill (1941?)” in Index of Florae Yunnanensis (vol. 2: 1681, 1984.) is different from Pseuderanthemum teysmanni Ridl. (In Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 592. 1923). former name might be also a conjecture.

 

49. CODONACANTHUS Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 103. 1847.

 

钟花草属

 

                Herbs. Leaves opposite; leaf blade margin entire. Flowers small, pedicellate, alternate on rachis (at nodes one flower opposite with a sterile bracts) forming a terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Bracts and bracteoles small, subulate. Calyx deeply 5-divided; segments short, equal. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed; tube broad, short, incurved; limb spreading; lobes subequal, imbricate. Fertile stamens 2, inserted below middle of tube, included; anther cells 2, ovate, slightly unequal, unspurred. Staminodes 2, clavate. Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules per cell. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled from middle upward. Seeds 2 or 1 per cell, subrotund, compressed, slightly shining, supported by retinaculum.

 

                One species: E and SE Asia; one species in China.

 

1. Codonacanthus pauciflorus (Nees) Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 103. 1847.

 

钟花草 zhong hua cao

 

                Asystasia pauciflora Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 90. 1832; Codonacanthus acuminatus Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 103. 1847.

 

                Herbs, slender. Stems erect or prostrate near base, often much branched, pubescent. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade elliptic-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 6--9 or more X 2--4.5 cm, thinly papery, both surfaces pubescent, secondary veins 5--7 on each side of midvein, margin entire or sometimes inconspicuously undulate, apex acute to acuminate. Flowers in lax inflorescence, alternate on basal part (1-flowered and a sterile bract at same node), opposite apical portion; pedicels 1--3 mm. Calyx ca. 2 mm. Corolla white or pale purple, 7--8 mm, glabrous; tube shorter than limb lobes, oblique at lower portion; lobes 5, ovate or long ovate, adaxial lobe smaller. Stamens 2; filaments very short, included. Staminodes 2. Capsule ca. 1.5 cm, base solid and stalklike. Fl. Oct.

 

                Dense forests, moist valleys; 800--1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, NE India, Japan??, SW Vietnam].

 

50. LEPTOSTACHYA Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 76, 105. 1832.

 

纤穗爵床属 xian sui jue chuang shu

 

                Spike slender. Flowers opposite, aggregated in head or single, apically often turned to 1 side. Bracts and bracteoles similar, small, subulate. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, segment equal. Corolla spreading; tube short; abaxial lip 3-lobed, curved; adaxial lip broad, hood?-shaped. Stamens 2, inserted in throat base; anthers cells 2, parallel, attached at same or slightly different levels, spurless, dehiscent margin undulate. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule larger than flowers, basally compressed and seedless, valve planate, apically with 4 seeds, adnate to connective??. Seeds scabrous, on divaricate retinaculum.

 

                Seven species: E, S, and SE Asia; two species (one endemic) in China.

 

                Two species, spread from S India (Type location), NE India, Thailand, indo-China pennisula and Philippine. In China, scattered in W Guangxi, NE Guangdong, NE Hainan. One of survival genera (relict genera). NW Guangxi probably has second species.*

 

1a. Leaves papery or thin papery, inflorescence 5--15(--30) cm, rhachis and calyx segments ± glandular pubescent, bracts papery, corolla 5.5--8.5 mm ...........................................................................................................................  1. L. wallichii

1b. Leaves papery or thick papery, spike axillary, 1--3 cm, interrupted, rhacis 2-ranked (farious) puberulous, bracts leathery, corolla ca. 11 mm.(According to Luo and Feng’s description) .........................................................  2. L. caudatifolia

 

 

1. Leptostachya wallichii Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 105. 1832.

 

纤穗爵床 xian sui jue chuang

 

                Codonacanthus spicatus Handel-Mazzetti.

 

                Herbs, to 1 m tall, procumbent near base, soon ascendant. Stems basally subterete, fine striate, often becoming subquadrangular and puberulous along two opposite lines or more densely pubescent. Petiole 1--2 cm (1/4 leaf blade length), slender Leaves opposite; leaf blade ovate, 7--11 X 2.5--3 cm, (width 1/3 of length), membranous, abaxially pale green, cystoliths striate on veins striate and punctate on surface, base subround, margin undulate-crenate, apex falcate acuminate. Leaves on rachis small and with short petiole. Panicle terminal, ca. 16 cm, nearly dichotomous, rachis slightly elongate, shortly hairy. Flowers sessile, many flowers arranged in a lax spike. Inflorescence single, basalmost flowers opposite, without pedicel. Bracteoles in pair, ca. 1 cm, narrowly ovate, acute, lowest and outmost slightly longer. Calyx 2--3 mm, divided to base; segments 5, lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex acute. Corolla pure white (according to record), ca. 8 mm, outside spreading hairy; tube campanulate, short; limb 5-lobed; lobes subequal, triangular-ovate, basally imbricate, apex obtuse. Stamens 2; filaments retrorse hairy; anthers 2-celled, elliptic; pollen grains spheroid, subprolate, with coarsely reticulate LO-pattern (after B. Hansen 1985). Staminodes absent. Ovary 2-celled, with 4 ovules, apically hairy. Style basally pubescent; stigma clavate. Capsule unknown.

 

                Rainforests, montane forests; 900--1600 m. Guangdong (Wengyuan Xian), Guangxi (Beise??), Hainan (Wenchangj Xian) [India, Indo-China??, Thailand]

 

                * author noticed specimens of R.C.Ching 7425 from Guangxi Ba-jiao-shan both at harbarium of IBSC and Botanic Institude of Jiangsu Province, as type of Codonacanthus spicatus Handel-Mazzetti, Sinensia 5: 13. 1934. And at herbarium of Harvard university saw specimens, Fung H. 20379 from Hainan Wenchang and two copies of Leu S.K. 2304 from Guangdong Wenyuan, which were identified by B. Hansen as Leptostachy wallichii Nees. Regretly, Justicia wallichii T. Anders. (Wallich Cat. 2411, collected from Nilgiri er Kurg, India; Dianthera leptostachy C. B. Clarke collected from mountainous area of Deccan Peninsula, India; Odontonemella leptostchya (C. B. Clarke) Lindau also collected from E.India, all these specimens mentioned above, auther had not seen, just followed identification of B. Hansen and considered that he might have good study on these specimens of those area. Since time was limited, author neither made revision in detail on species of Guangxi (only seen photo of it), it seems there is some difference (according to Lo and Fang’s decription), but these variation might be within some ecological circumstances, so made a record here temporally. And by way, type location of both species is Guangxi, Beise (广西百色), wheather they are conspecific or two different species realy needs compare to specimens.

 

2. Leptostachya caudatifolia H. S. Lo & D. Fang, Guihaia 17: 45. 1997.

 

尾叶纤穗爵床 wei ye xian sui jue chuang

 

                Herbs, to ca. 1 m tall, glabrous except inflorescences, rooting at nodes of low stems. Stems terete, stemlet obtusely 4-angular, grooved. Leaves subequal or slightly unequal, petiolate; petiole 2--15 mm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 3--10 X 1.2--4.2 cm, papery to thick papery, yellowish green when dry, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin subentire, apex shortly caudate with a ca. 1 cm cauda. Spike axillary, 1--3 cm, interrupted; rachis grooved, puberulous in grooves; peduncle 5--15 mm; bracts opposite but one sterile, linear-triangular, sometime foliaceous at inflorescence base, 3--4(--10) mm, leathery, with bracteles?? ciliate. Bracteoles ovate, 2.5--3 mm. Calyx 5-divided toward base; segment narrowly triangular, ca. 2.5 mm. Corolla white, ca. 1.1 cm, outside slightly retrosed hairy; abaxial lip 3-lobed, with lobes ca. 2.5 mm; adaxial lip ca. 5 mm. Stamens 2, inserted in throat; filaments ca. 3 mm, glabrous; anthers unequal in different level, spurless. Ovary glabrous, with 2 ovules per cell. Style ca. 5 mm, glabrous.

 

                * Limestone rock surfaces on hilltops, forests. Guangxi (Lingyun Xian).

 

51. KUDOACANTHUS Hosokawa, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan. 23: 94. 1933.

 

银脉爵床属 yin mai jue chuang shu

 

                Herbs, ascending, often rooting at basal nodes. Leaves opposite, small. Inflorescences a terminal spike or panicle, few-flowered; bracts linear. Bracteoles 2. Calyx 5-parted; segments linear, subequal. Corolla tube short, slightly enlarged above; limb 4-lobed; adaxial lobe erect, concave, emarginate or deeply divided; abaxial 3 lobes subequal, spreading. Stamens 2, inserted slightly above throat; anther cells 2, subequal, parallel, base spurless. Staminodes absent. Disc without a ring. Ovary 2-celled, with 3 ovules per cell. Style filiform; stigma minutely 2-cleft.

 

                Monotypic; endemic to China.

 

1. Kudoacanthus albonervosa Hosokawa, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Form. 23: 94. 1933.

 

银脉爵床 yin mai jue chuang

 

                Herbs, ascending. Stems hirsute. Leaf blade ovate to orbicular-ovate, 0.7--2.2 X 0.7--1.7 cm, membranous, abaxially slightly pale, adaxially green, both surfaces pilose and prominently white reticulate, base broadly cuneate, margins remotely undulate to entire, apex obtuse. Flowers sessile. Bracts, bracteoles, and calyx segments outside glandular pilose, inside glandular punctate inside. Bracts oblanceolate, 2--3 cm. Bracteoles linear, ca. 2 mm. Calyx 5-divided; segments 3--3.5 mm, pubescent and ciliate. Corolla ca. 5 mm, outside glabrous; tube 2.5--3 mm; throat inside slightly puberulous; abaxial lobes obovate elliptic, spreading, 2.5--3 mm, apex obtuse at top. Filaments glabrous, ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 0.8 mm; pollen grains 3-porate, subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view, 50--60 µm, finely reticulate. Ovary to 1.5 mm, glabrous. Style filiform, ca. 4 mm, glabrous.

 

                * Forests; low elevations. E Taiwan.

 

52. ISOGLOSSA Oersted, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk. Naturhist. Foren Kjřbenhavn 1854: 155. 1854 nom. cons.

 

叉序草属 cha shu cao shu

 

                Chingiacanthus Handel-Mazzetti, Sinensia 5: 11. 1934.

 

                Herbs or shrubs. Stems terete, ascending, glabrous or puberulous, apical stem somewhat 4-sided. Leaves isophyllous or slightly anisophyllous, opposite; petiole longest on basal leaves, glabrous or puberulous; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, glabrous or puberulous especially along veins and margin, often with scattered multicellular hairs between veins, cystoliths linear, secondary veins 4--10 on each side of midvein, base cuneate to rounded and abruptly cuneate into petiole, apex acuminate to attenuate. Inflorescence terminal and sometimes also axillary on apical leaf axils, paniculate or thyrsoid; rachis glabrous or puberulous to pubescent, often glandular. Bracts and bracteoles small, triangular, elliptic, lanceolate to linear or subulate, glabrous or puberulous, often glandular. Calyx 5-divided near base; segments equal, narrow. Corolla tube basally cylindrical, apically widen, funnel-shaped; limb 2-lipped, resupinate, shorter than tube; abaxial lip 3-lobed; adaxial lip shortly 2-lobed. Stamens 2, included; filaments glabrous, inserted on tube; connective elongated; anthers cells 2, oblong, parallel or slightly separated, attached at slightly different level or basal one smaller, base spurless, apex obtuse; pollen grains 2-porate or 3-corporate, gurtepollen or spangenpollen. Disc flatten (complanate) or cup-shaped. Ovary glabrous, 2 ovules per cell. Style glabrous, filiform; stigma orbicular. Capsule oblong, clavate, basally solid and sterile, 2 ovules per cell in apical part, placents not rising??. Seeds 4, flat, lens-shaped, variously corrugated by short ridges or warts.

 

                50 species: Africa, Asia; two species (one endemic) in China.

 

                50 species (According to D.J.Mabberley). According to B. Hansen(1985)8 species in SE Asia. (Wialgorskaja record), 1 species in tropic Africa to S. Africa, 7 species in tropic S.E.Asia, i.e. Sikkim, NE India, China, Indo-Chinese Peninsula, W Malesia to Indonisia Ceram, not recorded from Borneo. 2 species in China, in Hunan,jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Tebit provinces.

 

                属名模式: Isoglossa origanoides (Nees) S. Moore (Rhytiglossa ciliata Nees)

 

1a. Cymes usually dichotomously branched for many times, to 5--10 X 3--8 cm, rarely reduced to be a racemose .  1. I. collina

1b. Panicles composing from interrupted cymes, terminal, to 10 X 2 cm, rhachis glabrous, cylindric ...........  2. I. glabra

 

1. Isoglossa collina (T. Anderson) B. Hansen, Nord. J. Bot. 5: 12. 1985.

 

叉序草 cha hua cao

 

                Justicia collina T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 515. 1867; Chingiacanthus patulus Handel-Mazzetti; Dianthera collina (T. Anderson) C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 543. 1885; D. sinensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 12: 204. 1920.

 

                Herbs. Stems dark green, to 1 m tall, terete, prostrate and rooting at base than erect, slender, glabrous at basal part, slightly pubescent apically. Petiole 1--3 cm, brownish pubescent both surface; leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, 3.5--11 X 2--4.8 cm, secondary veins 6 or 7 on each side of midvein, base cuneate but apical leaves rounded at base, margin nearly entire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary in axils of apical leaves, often cymose, dichotomous for many times, to 5--10 X 3--8 cm, some times reduced to a raceme; rachis glandular or rarely stipeless glandular hair to glabrous; inflorescence branches minutely compressed; bracts lanceolate. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 5-divided; segments lanceolate to nearly subulate, 4--7 mm. Corolla pink to pale??, 2--3 cm; tube basally cylindrical, apically widen and narrowly funnel-shaped, outside glabrous; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes 3--6 mm, lateral 2 lobes narrower; adaxial lip emarginate. Stamens 2, included, inserted at enlarged?? over middle of corolla tube; filament 4--10 mm, glabrous; anthers 2, to 4.5 mm, equal, parallel or slightly half overlapped. Ovary glabrous, surrounded by cup-shaped disc, 4-ovuled. Style glabrous. Capsule 1.2--1.4 cm, with solid, sterile basal part, 4 ovules in cells of apical part. Seeds rough with irregular corrugated by short ridges or warts.

 

                Broadleaved evergreen? forests, wetland along steams; ca. 2200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi (Dayu Xian, Yunfeng Shan), Xizang (Mędog Xian), Yunnan (Jingdong Xian, Mengla Xian, Tengchong Xian) [Bhudan, Sikkim].

 

2. Isoglossa glabra (Handel-Mazzetti) B. Hansen, Nord. J. Bot. 5: 12. 1985.

 

光叉序草 guang cha shu cao

 

                Chingiacanthus glaber Handel-Mazzetti, Sinensia 5: 12. 1934.

 

                Herbs, erect, to 1 m. tall. Stems cylindric, glabrous. Petiole 0.8--1.5 cm, minutely pubescent; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, 5.8--7.5 X 3--3.5 cm, glabrous except margin and midvein pubescent, secondary veins 6 or 7 on each side of midvein, base rounded, obtuse, or abruptly cuneate into petiole, apex obtusely angustate??. Inflorescences terminal, panicle composing from interrupted cymes, to 10 X 2 cm; rachis glabrous, cylindrical; bracts triangular, ca. 1.2 X 1 mm, glabrous. Calyx ca. 4.5 mm; segments spatulate, acute, glabrous. Corolla ca. 3.5 cm, cylindric from 1/3 to base, expanded upward to narrowly funnel-shaped, outside glabrous, inside minutely pubescent; lobes of abaxial lip 3, ca. 3 mm; lobes of adaxial lip 2. Stamens inserted at place?? from expanded middle to apical part; filaments 4--6 mm, glabrous; anthers ca. 2.5 mm, cells parallel and slightly overlapped each other or not, lower cell smaller; pollen grains 2-pororate, ornamentation ribbed or banded. Ovary glabrous. Fruit unknown.

 

                * Forests; ?? m. Guangxi (Lingyun Xian).

 

53. DICLIPTERA Jussieu, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 9: 267. 1807 nom. cons.

 

狗肝菜属 gou gan cai shu

 

                Herbs, diffuse. Leaf blade ovate, margin entire or obscurely undulate, apex acute. Inflorescences axillary, rarely terminal, cymose, clustered, or panicle, capitulate inflorescence pedunculate; involucral bracts 2, foliose, opposite, some or rare flowers included, often 1 flower fertile, remained reduced to a rudimentary calyx or bracteoles (this is confusing). Flowers sessile; bracteoles small, linear or linear-lanceolate. Calyx 5-parted; segments linear-lanceolate, equal. Corolla pink; tube slender, resupinate and slightly widen at throat; limb deeply 2-lipped; abaxial lip slightly recurved, 3-lobed or rarely entire, lobes imbricate; adaxial lip erect, entire or emarginate. Stamens 2, inserted at throat, shorter than adaxial lip; anther cells 2, ovoid, overlapping, spurless. Ovary with 2-ovulate per cell. Style filiform; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule clavate, stalk solid; placentae with retinaculum rising elastically from base of valves. Seeds 2 per cell, ovoid, compressed, verrucose or glandular subpapillose.

 

                About 150 species (Wialgorskaja: species 250) tropics and subtropics; five species (two endemic) in China.

 

                Another species D. longiflora Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 215. 1930 was reported in Taiwan, which corolla ca. 4.5 cm, probably belongs to Peristrophe, but there were no mentioned in Fl. Taiwan 1st & 2nd , and specimens are not aviable to us, so just made a note here.

 

1a. Involucral bracts broad, elliptic or subrotund or broadly ovate.

2a. Involucral bracts elliptic, ovate or obovate to narrowly elliptic to ovate ..............................................  2. D. chinensis

2b. Involucral bracts subrotund or broadly ovate ..............................................................................................  3. D. elegans

1b. Involucral bracts narrow, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate.

3a. Involucral bracts apex obtuse, often emarginate, ciliate ...............................................................................  5. D. riparia

3b. Involucral bracts apex acute, acuminate.

4a. Involucral bracts oblong lanceolate, apex acuminate to narrowly acuminate, obtuse base slightly acuminate, hairless, plant without brown hairs ....................................................................................................................  1. D. bupleuroides

4b. Involucral bracts oblanceolate, apex acute, base cuneate, hairy both surface, plants with

brown hairs .................................................................................................................................................................  4. D. induta

 

1. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 111. 1832.

 

印度狗肝菜 yin du gou gna cai

 

                Dicliptera bupleuoides var. roxburghiana G. Panigrahi & A. K. Dubey, Taxon 32: 288. 1983. D. roxburghiana Nees var. bupleuroides (Nees) C. B. Clarke.

 

                Herbs, erect, ca. 50 cm tall. Stems 4-sided. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade ovate, 3.5--7 X 1.8--2.8 cm, glabrous or slightly with 2-celled articulate hairs, secondary veins 4 or 5 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin subentire, apex acuminate. Flowers axillary in leaves axil, clustered; peduncle 3--5 mm; involucral bracts narrow, lanceolate, 2--3 mm; bracts 2, linear to linear-oblong, unequal, larger ca. 10 X 2 mm, smaller 6--7 X 1--2 mm, villous, pubescent, or glandular, apex mucronate. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, ca. 2 cm; abaxial lip spreading, ca. 6 mm; adaxial lip ca. 7 mm. Stamens 2, exserted; anthers oblong, overlapping.

 

                Roadsides, forests, shady places; 800--1200 m. Yunnan (Lancang Xian, Lüchun Xian, Pingbian Xian), Guizhou (Luodian Xian) [Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Himalayas??, India, Thailand, Indo-Chinese Peninsula etc??].

 

2. Dicliptera chinensis (Linnaeus) Jussieu, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 9: 268. 1807.

 

狗肝菜 gou gan cai

 

                Justicia chinensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 16. 1753; Dicliptera burmanni Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 112. 1832; D. roxburghiana Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 111. 1832.

 

                Herbs, decumbent or ascending, 30--80 cm tall. Stems subhexagonal and shallowly grooved, often turgid at nodes, geniculate, subglabrous or slightly pubescent at nodes. Petiole 0.5--2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, 2--7 X 1.5--3.5 cm, papery, dark green, both surfaces subglabrous or abaxially slightly pubescent on veins, base broadly cuneate to slightly decurrent, apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, composing of 3 or 4 cymes, each cyme with 1 to several flowers; peduncles 3--5 mm; involucral bracts 2, broadly obovate, suborbicular, or rarely lanceolate, unequal, 6--12 X 3--7 mm, nervulose?, villous?, apex cuspidate. Bracteoles linear-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Calyx 5-parted; segments subulate, ca. 4 mm. Corolla pale purplish red, 1--1.2 cm, outside slightly hairy, 2-lipped; abaxial lip oblong, 3-lobed; adaxial lip with purplish red spots, broadly ovate-suborbicular?, margin entire. Stamens 2; filaments villous; anthers 2-celled, ovate, overlapping in different level. Capsule ca. 6 mm, villous, placentae rising elastically from dehiscent valves. Seeds 4.

 

                Sparse forests, along steams, roadsides; below 1800 m. Fujian (Longyan Xian), Guangdong, Guangxi (Guilin Shi, Longzhou Xian), Guizhou (Qiannan Zhou), Hainan (Baoting Xian, Chengmai Xian, Yanxian Xian), Sichuan (Ebian Xian, Emei Shan), Taiwan, Yunnan (Menglun??, Xiaomengyang??, Yimen Xian) [Bangladesh, NE India, Indo-Chinese Peninsula??].

 

                Medicine. Used for heat-clearing and detoxicating drugs.

 

3. Dicliptera elegans W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 174. 1918.

 

优雅狗肝菜 you ya gou gan cai

 

                Subshrubs, 60--120 cm tall. Stems erect, slender, sparsely pubescent, grooved (white tomentose in furrow). Leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 7--8 X ca. 4 cm, membranous, abaxially pale gray and pubescent, adaxially green adaxial, sparely pilosulose, and densely yellow brown pilose on veins (unclear if this all refers to adaxial surface), base broadly cuneate, decurrent, or subrounded, margin entire, apex acuminate. Panicles large; primary peduncle axillary on upper branches, to 7 cm, white tomentose; bracts on peduncles linear-subulate, to 1 cm; secondary peduncle 3--6-arised?, 5--10 mm, white tomentose or densely yellow pilose; bracts unequal, suborbiculate obovate, ca. 1.5 X 1.3 cm, including 3 or 4 flowers and bracteoles, membranous, green, abaxially pilosulose and parallel linear cystoliths, adaxially linear parallel striate, base rounded, apex long mucronate. Bracteoles linear lanceolate, 5--7 mm, minute puberulous to white pilose, apex long acuminate. Calyx 6--7 mm; segments linear-lanceolate, minute puberulous, apex acuminate. Corolla pale rose, ca. 1.8 cm; tube slender, outside ± white pilose; limb 2-lipped. Stamens 2, exserted; anthers cells 2, attached at slightly different levels. Ovary slightly pilose. Style filiform. Capsule ca. 6 mm, outside pale yellow pilose. Seeds pale brown, orbicular, compressed, membranous.

 

                * Margin of dense forests; 1500--2000 m. Sichuan (Ebian Xian, Emei Shan, Muli Xian, Yuanyuan Xian), Yunnan (Lijiang Xian).

 

                This species near to Dicliptera chinensis Nees, but its bracts suborbicular, peduncles and pedicels densely white tomentose, it is easy to be distingulished.

 

4. Dicliptera induta W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 175. 1918.

 

毛狗肝菜 mao gou gan cai

 

                Diclepera mairei Benoist, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. sér. 2, 2: 150. 1930.

 

                Young shoots densely yellow hirsute, soon hirsute. Petiole ca. 1 cm, yellow tomentose or yellow hirsute; leaf blade ovate, 3--4 X 1.5--2.5 cm, both surfaces yellow pilose on middle and secondary veins otherwise sparsely pilose, base broadly cuneate to subrotundate, margin entire membranous, apex ± acute. Inflorescences cymoid, with short peduncle cymes axillary; primary and secondary branches of peduncle 2--3 mm; apical pedicel (peduncle?) yellow hirsute; basal bracts linear-subulate, ca. 5 mm, pilosulate; floral bracts unequal, oblanceolate, 1--1.4 cm, rigidly subpapery, dark green, both surfaces pilosulose, base cuneate, apex acute and mucronate. Bracteoles linear lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, pilose, apex acuminate longest??. Calyx ca. 5 mm; segments 5, puberulous, apex extremely acute. Corolla pink; tube to 1.5 cm, slender, white pilose. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled. Ovary minutely piosulose??.

 

                * Plains; 400--700 m. Yunnan [Qiaojia Xian].

 

                Known only from the type specimen. This species near to Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees, but differs from other species with its shoots with yellow hirsute, bracts rigid papery.

 

5. Dicliptera riparia Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 112. 1832.

 

河畔狗肝菜 he pan gou gan cai

 

5a. Dicliptera riparia var. riparia

 

                Dicliptera roxburghiana Nees var. riparia (Nees) Benoist in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 768. 1935.

 

                Herbs, perennial, prostrate, rooting at node. Branches, inflorescences and leaves all glabrous. Branches 6-sided, terete??. Leaf blade ovate, midvein scabrous, base acute, apex acuminate. Bracts sessile, small, hirsute. Nodes of floral stems hirsute or pubescent. Flowers verticillate, capitate; each axillary head with 2 or 3 flowers, sessile. Involucral bracts 2, often one of pair flower fertile, foliose, hirsute, base cuneate. Bracteoles linear, longer than calyx, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Calyx segments subulate, unequal, slightly pubescent. Corolla purple, ca. 1.3 cm (?), slightly pubescent. Capsule 4-sided, pubescent, 4-seeded, compressed toward base, basally clawlike, apically nearly clavate; placenta rising elastically with two valves from base when dehiscent.

 

                Myanmar, Thailand. No distribution in China.

 

5b. Dicliptera riparia var. yunnanensis Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 898. 1936.

 

                滇中狗肝菜 dian zhong gou gan cai

 

                This species differs with hairs thicker, shorter and curved, often leaves smaller and looser, to 5.5 X 2.5 cm, margin crenate.

 

                Thickets; 1800--2300 m. C Yunnan.

 

 

54. PERISTROPHE Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 77, 112. 1832.

 

观音草属 guan yin cao shu

 

                Herbs or shrubs, erect, spreading. Leaf blade margin entire or slightly toothed. Flower cluster (cymes composed of 2 to several heads or umbrella) axillary or terminal, often panicled by reduction of floral leaves; heads pedunculate; peduncle single or sometime clustered; involucral bracts 2(--4), opposite, usually larger than calyx, 3 to several flowers included, only one fertile, remained reduced to be calyx and bracteoles. Calyx small, 5-parted; segments equal, linear or lanceolate. Corolla rose or purple, usually large, resupinate; tube slender, cylindric; throat short, slightly enlarged, incurved; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip erect, very shortly 3-lobed; adaxial lip spreading, subentire or emarginate. Stamens 2, inserted at throat bilateral, often shorter than limb; filament basally pubescent; anthers cells 2, linear to rarely ovate or incurved, half length of one below other, spurless. Ovary with 2 ovules per cell. Style filiform; stigma minutely enlarged or 2-cleft. Capsule ellipsoid, stalked, none of placentae with retinaculum rising elastically from base of valves. Seeds ovoid or suborbicular, compressed, minutely glandular papillose, scarcely verrucose.

 

                About 15--40 species: tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia; 11 species (?? endemic) in China.

 

                This genus affinity with Dicliptera Juss., differs from which placentae with retinaculum not rising elastically from base of capsule valves when dehisent, secondary, anthers linear, these characters are helpful when identification.

 

1a. Flowers axillary and terminal, with leaves composing a large, lax panicle, rhachis hairy.

2a. Pedicel 1--1.2 cm; bracts 2, subulate, longer ca. 1 cm, linear, 1-veined, acute mucronate; shorter 6 mm, as long as calyx segments, inserted at base of pedicels; pedicel ca. 1--1.6 cm; bracteoles 2, narrowly linear, a long and a short  2. P. bicalyculata

2b. Pedicel ??; outmost bract of inflorescences ca. 3 mm, linear, inserted at base; floral bracts often 4, linear-lanceolate, acute, 6--7 mm, outside densely gray white hairy, margin ± membranous; bracteoles 2, similar to bracts, 5--6 mm; flower often single within head composing of bracts ..................................................................................  11. P. yunnanensis

1b. Capitate cymes axillary or terminal, not with leaves composing a large, lax panicle.

3a. Involucral bracts as long as calyx segments; leaves densely strigose .....................................................  9. P. strigosa

3b. Involucral bracts one time or more longer than calyx segments; leaves pubescent or glabrous.

4a. Involucral bracts ovate or lanceolate, sometimes elliptic or broadly ovate, length 2--3 times or more longer than width.

5a. Corolla and capsule hairy; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate

6a. Young branches shortly hirsute. Cymes terminal or nearly axillary; involucres and bracts small, narrowly lanceolate, 3.5--6 mm, puberulose; calyx deeply 5-divided toward base, segments ca. 2.5 mm, villous ........  10. P. tienmuensis

6b. Branches villous.

7a. Nodes and internodes of branchlets all densely pubescent, corolla rather.

8a. Corolla pink to pale purple, 2.5--3 cm ............................................................................................................  6. P. japonica

8b. Corolla pink, 3--4.5 cm, retrosed pubescent or shortly pubescent, ca. 1.5 mm wide, throat slightly incurved, adaxial lip broadly ovate-elliptic and emarginate, abaxial lip oblong, 3-lobed.

9a. Petioles short, less than 1 cm; leaves becoming black when dry ..............................................................  1. P. baphica

9b. Petioles, more than 1 cm; leaves becoming yellowish brown when dry ..........................................................  3. P. fera

?? 3b. P. fera var. intermedia

7b. Only nodes of branchlets pubescent, corolla tube ca. 1 mm wide; leaves green whenn dry.

10a. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, to 9 X 3.5 cm; involucral ovate or lanceolate large, apex acuminte; corolla retrosed villous .........................................................................................................................................................................  4. P. floribunda

10b. Leaves oblong, 5--12 X 2.5--4 cm, apex acuminate or caudate, base obtuse or acute; involucral bracts narrowly ovate, 7--12 mm, apex acute or slightly obtuse ..............................................................................................  5. P. guangxiensis

5b. Corolla and capsule glabrous; leaves narrowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate, rarely subovate ......  8. P. montana

4b. Involucral bracts ensiform or linear-lanceolate, length 4--5 times longer than width

11a. Corolla and capsule pubescent ..............................................................................................................  7. P. lanceolaria

11b. Corolla and capsule glabrous ......................................................................................................................  8. P. montana

 

1. Peristrophe baphica (Sprengel) Bremekamp, Nova Guinea n. ser. 8: 149. 1957.

 

观音草 guan yin cao

 

                Justicia baphica Sprengel, Neue Entdeck. 3: 82. 1820?; Hypoestes bodinieri H. Léveillé; Justicia roxburghiana Roemer & Schultz; J. tinctoria Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 124. 1820, non. Loureiro (1790); Peristrophe bivalvis (Linnaeus) Merrill, Interpr. Herb. Amboin. 476. 1917, based on Justicia bivalvis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2:850. 1759. (There seems to be a priority problem here); P. roxburghiana (Schultz) Bremekamp; P. tinctoria (Roxburgh) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 113. 1832

 

                Herbs, perennial, erect, to 1 m tall, much branched. Branches decussate. Stems 5- or 6-sided and grooved; branchlet dusky puberulous; mature branches with pale brown lenticels. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade ovate to sometimes lanceolate-ovate, 3--5(--7.5) X 1.5--2(--3) cm, papery, dark purple when dry, dusky puberulous when young, subglabrous when mature, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate to acute. Cymes axillary or terminal, composed of 2 or 3 heads; peduncles 3--5 mm, dusky puberulous; involucral bracts 2--4, dark purple, broadly ovate, ovate, or elliptic, unequal, larger (1.8--)2.3--2.5 cm?? X 8--15 mm, smaller 2--3 cm??, dusky puberulous, somewhat nervose, base cuneate, apex acute. Calyx 4.5--5 mm; segments lanceolate, puberulous. Corolla pink, 3--3.5 cm, retrorsed puberulous; tube ca. 1.5 mm in diam., striate, throat slightly incurved; abaxial lip oblong, 3-lobed; adaxial lip broadly ovate-elliptic, apex emarginate. Stamens exserted; filament puberulous; anther cells linear, one overlapping half its length, lower smaller. Style glabrous; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule unknown, (according to records) shortly stalked, ca. 1.5 cm, pubescent. Fl. winter to spring.

 

                Forest; 500--1000 m. Fujian (Zhong Xin xuan 2927??), Guangdong, Guangxi (Beihai Shi), Guizhou, Hainan (Haikou Shi, Chengmai Xian, Qionghai Xian), Hunan (Endu??, Luotian??, Tengxian??, Yangxin??, Yicheng??), Jiangxi (Jiujiang Xian), Shanghai (Carles??), Yunnan [India, Sri Lanka, Indo-china peninsula??, Malaya to New Cladonia??].

 

                Original in tropic S.E.Asia to Qingling China.

 

                Usage: use for dye.

 

According to Flora Hainanensis: leaves and shoots of this species, contain dye component for orange yellow to orange red, it has long been cultivated in India, but in Hainan plants of this species is not available. It was reported in Haikou and Jiaji (海口和嘉积reference to Jour. Bot.17: 19. 1879. and Lingnan Sci.Journ. 5: 170.1927). authors saw a floral specimen from Chengmai Gudongcun 澄迈古东村, from collection record notes, it grew beside hedges of countryside. Since no record reported species has been mass cultivated in China, it is diffcult to make sure wheather plants were cultivated or wide.

 

                In areas of Guangzhou and Hong Kong, Macco, a so called medicine herbs Hong Si xian (红丝线cultivated by peasents, origin unknown) acuturely is this species, it isn’t Hypoestes purpurea (L.) Schult. (According to Flora Guangzhouensis p. 616. 1956), its usage was reported in ‘Linnan Medicine’: “meat from pigs leg boiling with water, soup could be used as drugs for heating clearing and fire purging, antitussives and hemostatics(治痰火, 咳嗽吐血).”

 

2. Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retzius) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 113. 1832.

 

双萼观音草 shuang e guan yin cao

 

                Dianthera bicalyculata Retzius, Vet. Acad. Handl. ??: 297. 1775; Justicia bicalyculata Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 13. 1791. (both basionym citation and homonym problems)

 

                Herbs, erect, 60--120 cm tall. Young shoots usually 4-sided; adult shoots 6-sided, white spreading hirsute. Leaves opposite, equal and unequal??; petiole 3--5 mm; leaf blade ovate, smaller ones 0.8--1.2 X 3--5 mm, larger ones 3--4.5 X 1.5--2 cm, abaxially hairy more densely hairy and conspicuously so on veins, adaxially minute pubescent, cystoliths striate, base broadly cuneate, margin remotely toothed and slightly ciliate, apex cordate-acuminate. Flowers terminal or axillary, with leaves forming a large lax panicle; rachis hairy; pedicel (peduncle?) 1--1.2 cm; bracts subulate, unequal; longer bracts linear, ca. 1 cm, 1-veined, apex acute and mucronate; shorter bracts at base or pedicel, ca. 6 mm, as long as calyx segments. Pedicel ca. 1--1.6 cm; bracteoles 2, narrowly linear, unequal in length. Calyx 5-parted; segments lanceolate, green in center, white bilateral, hairy, apex long acuminate. Corolla ca. 1 cm, 2-lipped, outside pubescent; tube cylindric; abaxial lip spreading; adaxial lip erect. Stamens 2; filaments distinct, ca. 5 mm, white hairy; anther cells ovoid, overlapping, remote, spurless.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. Sichuan (Jinyang Xian, Huili Xian), Yunnan (Jinxia Jiang) [India, Myanmar, Thailand; Africa]

 

                Very common and wide spread, a harmful weed.

 

3. Peristrophe fera C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 556. 1885.

 

野山蓝 ye shan lan

 

3a. Peristrophe fera var. fera

 

                Herbs, erect, to 1 m tall. Branchlets pubescent. Petiole compressed, usually 0.5--1(--2) cm, striate, hairy; leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5--10 X 2--4.3 cm, thinly papery, becoming brownish yellow when dry, both surfaces pubescent but abaxially more densely so, with multicelled hairs basally white, base broadly cuneate, margin subentire or inconspicuously crenate on apical half, apex acuminate. Cymes terminal and axillary on shoots top, densely hairy; bracts 2(or 3), ovate to oblong, unequal, larger ones ca. 1.5 X 0.8--1 cm and smaller ones 1/6--1/5 as large, slightly villous and ciliate, base subcordate, apex acuminate. Bracteoles 2.2--2.5 mm. Calyx 4--5 mm; segments 3--3.5 mm, pubescent, apex acuminate. Corolla 3.8--4.5 cm, retrorse hairy; tube ca. 1.5 in diameter; abaxial lip narrow oblong; adaxial lip broadly elliptic. Filaments villous?. Capsule ca. 1.4 cm, villous. Seeds unknown. Fl. Jul--Aug.

 

                Dense forests; ?? m. Guizhou (Weng'an Xian), Hainan, Yunnan (Lushui Xian) [India (Assam)].

 

                According to Flora Hainanensis: in C. B. Clarke’s description, this species closed to Peristrophe tinctoria (Roxb.) Nees （now Peristrophe baphica (Spreng.) Bremek.), later might be wide. Since auther hasn’t seen any species of India, specimens from Hainan agree to original description very much in may characters except leaves smaller. So templary used this name.

 

3b. Peristrophe fera var. intermedia C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 557. 1884.

 

大叶观音草 da Ye guan yin cao

 

                Peristrophe jalappaefolia Nees ex C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 556. 1884.

 

                Bracts only 6--7 mm, hairs denser. Flowers smaller.

 

                Forests; 1300 m. Yunnan (Simao Xian, Xishuangbanna Zhou) [Bangladesh, Myanmar]

 

4. Peristrophe floribunda (Hemsley) C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 595. 1974.

 

海南山蓝 hai nan shan lan

 

                Dicliptera crinita (Thunberg) Nees var. floribunda Hemsley, J. Linn Soc., Bot. 26: 248. 1890.

 

                Herbs, perennial, erect. Stems stout, pseudodichotomous, loosely pubescent on nodes of branchlets. Petiole 0.5--2 cm, tomentose; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate 2--9 X 1.5--3.5 cm, papery, green when dry, both surfaces pubescent on midvein and secondary veins, secondary veins 4--6 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin entire and sometimes inconspicuously shortly and hardly ciliate, apex acuminate to acute-acuminate. Cymes terminal or axillary; involucral bracts 2, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, unequal, larger ones 1.5--2 X 6--10 mm and ones ca. 1/5--1/6 of larger ones, green or transparent when dry, both surfaces pubescent and slightly denser ciliate??, base cuneate, rotund, or sometimes cordate, apex acuminate. Bracteoles shorter than calyx. Calyx ca. 4.5 mm; segments ca. 3.5 mm, pubescent. Corolla pale purple to pink, retrorse hairy; tube slender, ca. 1 mm in diam.; throat abruptly incurved; abaxial lip oblong, minutely emarginate, 3-lobed; adaxial lip ovate-elliptic, apex obtuse. Capsule 1.2--1.3 cm, densely pubescent. Seed rotund, ca. 2.5 mm in diam. Fl. Jun--Sep.

 

                * Forests, valleys; lower elevations. Chongqing (Fengjie Xian, Nanchuan Xian), Fujian (Chongan, Nanjing, Jianyang, Taining), Guangdong (Xuwen, Yangchun), Guizhou (Biji, Puan, Xishui), Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu (Yixing), Jiangxi (Guixi, Zixi), Yunnan (Linchang, Simao, Jingdong, Xichou).

 

5. Peristrophe guangxiensis H. S. Lo & D. Fang, Guihaia 17: 44. 1997

 

广西山蓝 guang xi shan lan

 

                Herbs, ca. 30 cm in tall. Petiole pubescent; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 1.5--5 X 0.5--1.1 cm, both surfaces pilosulate on both surface, pubescent along midvein and secondary veins, base attenuate, subundulate or inconspicuous and minutely crenulate ciliolate??, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal on branchlets, 2-flowered; peduncle 3--15 mm, pubescent; bracts involucral, minutely unequal, narrowly ovate, 7--12 X 3--5 mm, apex acute or subobtuse. Calyx ca. 3.5 mm, 5-parted; segments narrowly triangular. Corolla rose, ca. 2.1 cm; tube middle and margin of adaxial lip glabrous, remained part pubescent; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes ca. 1 mm; adaxial lip ca. 1 cm. Stamens 2, inserted in throat; filaments ca. 6 mm, sparsely pubescent; anther cells linear, unequal, ca. 1 and ca. 1.5 mm, spurless. Ovary and style glabrous.

 

                * Guangxi (Shanglin Xian, Xiyan??).

 

                According to original paper: this species near to Peristrophe floribunda (Hemsl.) C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, but leaves of later ovate or lanceolate, to 9 cm; involucral bracts ovate or lanceolate, larger, acuminate at apex; corolla retrorsed hairy.

 

6. Peristrophe japonica (Thunberg) Bremekamp, Boissiera 7: 194. 1943.

 

九头狮子草 jiu tou xi zi cao

 

                Dianthera japonica Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 64. 1784; Dicliptera buergeriana Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 125. 1865--1866; D. crinita Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 485. 1847; D. japonica (Thunberg) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 90. 1903; D. uraiensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 85. 1920; Justicia crinita Thunberg, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 338. 1794; Peristrophe chinensis Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 494. 1847.

 

                Herbs, 20--50 cm tall. Leaf blade ovate oblong, 5--12 X 2.5--4 cm, base obtuse or acute, apex acuminate to caudate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary on upper leaf axis, composing of 2--8(--10) cymes; involucral bracts 2 at base of each cyme, unequal in size, ovate to nearly obovate, 1.5--2.5 X 0.5--1.2 cm, subglabrous, pinnate veins distinct, 1- or rare ??-flowered inside, base cuneate to truncate, margin entire, apex acute. Calyx segments 5, subulate, ca. 3 mm. Corolla pink to pale purple, 2.5--3 cm, outside loosely pubescent, 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed. Stamens 2; filament slender, exserted; anthers 2-celled, overlapping, linear, hirsute, longitudinal dehiscent. Capsule 1--1.2 cm, sparsely and shortly pubescent, basal solid stalked, apical part 4-seeded; placentae with retinaculum not rising elastically from base of valves. Seeds verruculose.

 

                Roadsides, grassland, forests; low elevations. Anhui, Chongqing (Nanchuan Xian), Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou (Bijie Xian, Xishui Xian, Zunyi Xian), Henan (Funiu Shan), Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan (Hong He, Wen Shan), Zhejiang [Japan].

 

                Usage: Medicine, as drugs for treating exterior syndromes.

 

7. Peristrophe lanceolaria (Roxburgh) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 114. 1832.

 

五指山蓝 wu zhi shan lan

 

                Justicia lanceolata Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 122. 1820.

 

                Herbs, erect, 30--50 cm tall. Branches stout, glabrous, distinctly contracted above nodes. Leaf blade lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 6--12 X 1--4 cm, papery, often pubescent on veins, cystoliths lineolate??, obscurely??, sometimes granular convex adaxial when dry, midvein slightly broad and abaxially flat when dry, secondary veins 6 or 7 on each side of midvein and convex on both surfaces, base slightly oblique and narrowly cuneate, margin entire, apex caudate-acuminate; petioles 1.5--3 cm. Heads often 2 or 3 gathering on terminal or axillary peduncle, glandular pubescent; involucral bracts 2, ensiform to linear-lanceolate, 10--14 X 1.5--3 mm, 2 X as long as calyx segments. Calyx ca. 5 mm; segments ca. 4 mm. Corolla pink, ca. 4.3 cm, pubescent; tube narrow, both tube and lips half of corolla length. Stamens 2, exserted; anthers oblong, overlapping. Stigma slightly enlarged. Capsule ca. 1.4 cm, viscous pubescent.

 

                Moist places; ca. 600 m. Hainan (Qiongzhong Xian, Wuzhi Shan), Yunnan (Jinghong Xian, Mengla Xian) [Laos, Myanmar, Thailand].

 

8. Peristrophe montana Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 113. 1832.

 

岩观音草 yan guan yin cao

 

                Herbs, erect, ca. 1 m tall, glabrous. Petiole 1.5--4.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly oblong, lanceolate, or rarely ovate, 4--9(--20) X 3--5 cm, thinly papery to nearly membranous, cystoliths slender and adaxially inconspicuous, lateral 6--8 on each side of midvein and convex on both surface, margin entire. Cymes terminal or axillary; peduncles 1.5--1.7 cm; bracts various, broadly ovate to linear lanceolate, 1--1.8 X 0.2--1 cm, veins pinnate, base rounded to truncate, apex obtuse and often apiculate. Bracteoles 3--4 mm. Calyx ca. 5 mm; segments ca. 4 mm. Corolla rose to pink, 4.5--6 cm, glabrous; abaxial lip oblong, 3-lobed; adaxial lip elliptic, apex emarginate. Filaments pubescent. Capsule ca. 2 cm, glabrous, shining. Seeds suborbicular, ca. 3 mm.

 

                Moist shady cliffs; middle elevations. Hainan [S India, Sri Lanka].

 

9. Peristrophe strigosa C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 596. 1974.

 

糙叶山蓝 cao ye shan lan

 

                Herbs, annual, erect, 0.4--1 m tall. Stems 6-sided, slightly purple when dry, pubescent. Petiole 1.5--2.5 cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate ovate, 7--13 X 3--5.5 cm, papery, green when dry, both surfaces densely strigose with articulate hairs (multicelled, basally bulliformis hairs), midvein adaxially slightly raised and abaxially depressed when dry, secondary veins 6--8 on each side of midvein, at an angle of ca. 45°, and arcuate ascendant near margin, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate to shortly caudate-acuminate. Cymes or umbels terminal or axillary, 3(or 5)-chotomae??, composing of 3--5 heads; peduncle ca. 4 mm, densely pubescent; heads pedunculate; involucral bracts 2, ovate, ca. 5 mm, concave, apex aristate with a ca. 2 mm awn. Bracteoles subulate, ca. 2.5 mm. Calyx ca. 5 mm; segments linear lanceolate, apex acuminate. Corolla purple, ca. 4.2 cm during patented??, outside pubescent; tube slender, cylindric, ca. 2.4 cm X 1 mm; throat ca. 2 mm, sparsely enlarged and inflexed; limb ca. 1.6 cm; abaxial lip oblong, erect, apex sparsely?? narrowed, 3-lobed, lobes nearly oblong and ca. 1 mm; adaxial lip spreading, elliptical obovate, ca. 6 mm wide, apex obtuse to retuse. Stamens 2; filaments banded, ca. 1 cm, fasciculate pilose; anther cells linear, incumbent, inserted on connective in different level. Ovary oblong, ca. 2 mm, pubescent. Style filiform, glabrous, ca. 3.5 cm. Capsule clavate, ca. 1.7 cm, densely strigose pubescent. Seeds 4, broad ovoid, often compressed, ca. 2.5 mm, tuberculate punctate.

 

                * Dense forests; middle elevations. Hainan (Dongfang Xian).

 

10. Peristrophe tianmuensis H. S. Lo, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(1): 4. 1988.

 

天目山蓝 tian mu shan lan

 

                Herbs, 30--35 cm tall. Stems 6-sided, hirsutulate on young branches. Petiole 3--10 mm; leaf blade broadly ovate, 1.5--6 X 1--4 cm, papery, both surfaces subglabrous or abaxially shortly pilose on middle and secondary veins, cystoliths subdensely, secondary veins 3--6 on each side of midvein, slender, and slightly convex on both surface, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, apex cuspidate to acute. Cymes terminal or pseudoaxillary. Involucral bracts and bracteoles small, narrowly lanceolate, 3.5--6 mm, pubescent. Calyx 5-parted to base; segments ca. 2.5 mm, pubescent. Corolla pale purple, ca. 2 cm; tube slender; limb 2-lipped, sparsely resupinate at throat; abaxial lip oblong-spatulate, minute 3-lobed; adaxial lip oblong-elliptic, ca. 1 cm, apex obtuse and 2-dentate. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; filaments 7.5--8 cm, hirsute; anthers cells 2, linear, overlapping, spurless. Capsule (immature) 8--9 mm, hirsute. Seeds 2 in each ovary cell.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Zhejiang (Tianmu Shan).

 

11. Peristrophe yunnanensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 187. 1918.

 

滇观音草 dian guan yin cao

 

                Herbs, 1--2 m tall. Stems straw-colored, grooved, slender, flexuous, glabrous; young branches densely grayish hairy. Leaves just seen on apical parts; petiole 1--3 mm, minute pubescent; lanceolate to ovate, 2.5--3 X ca. 1 cm, tender?? membranous when dry, abaxially primary?? pubescent, adaxially sparsely puberulous (denser pubescent on veins) but glabrescent, base mostly cuneate, margin entire, apex long acuminate. Lax and large panicles composing of cymes; outmost bracts of cymes linear, ca. 3 mm, inserted at base of cymes. Flowers solitary in heads composing of bracts; bracteoles 2, similar to bracts, 5--6 mm. Calyx ca. 5 mm, slipped?? into base; segments 5, linear, glabrous or subglabrous, apex acute. Corolla rose to (pale blue, minute grayish) violet, ca. 1.8 cm, outside slight pubescent. Stamens 2; filaments basally pubescent, apically glabrous; anthers dorsifixed, recurved, cells oblong, parallel, and basally divaricate. Style slender. Mature seeds not seen.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m. Sichuan (Lushan Xian, Miyi Xian, Xichang Xian), Yunnan.

 

                This species allied to Peristrophe speciosa Nees, but bracts are quite different, flowers are half in size than other speceis in this genus, bracts belong to type of Peristrophe bicalyculata.

 

55. HYPOESTES Solander ex R. Brown, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 474. 1810.

 

枪刀药属 qiang dao yao shu

 

                Herbs or shrubs, erect branched. Leaf blade margin entire or toothed. Spike axillary, composing of several or many sessile heads; bracts 2--4 together, free or united at base to be an obconic or cylindric involucral bracts, enclosing 3 to many flowers, usually reduced or obsolete but one fertile. Flowers on clustered spike, capitellate or rarely solitary; bracteoles small and narrow, usually longer than calyx. Calyx deeply 5-parted, scarious or membranous; segment linear or linear-lanceolate. Corolla pale pink (or purple) or white, resupinate by torsion of tube; tube narrow, cylindric; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip (turned upward) broad, spreading or excurved??, very shortly 3-lobed into middle; adaxial lip (turned downward), subentire or minutely 2-lobed; lobes imbricate. Stamens 2, inserted at throat, shorter than limb; anther cell 1, dorsifixed, spurless. Disc cupular. Ovary 2-celled; 2 ovules per cell. Style filiform; stigma entire or scarcely 2-cleft at tip. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid, 2-seeded per cell; retinacula subulate; placentae not rising elastically when dehiscent. Seeds ovoid, compressed, smooth or pustulately tubercled.

 

                About 40 species: eastern hemisphere tropics; three species (one endemic) in China.

 

Introduced H. phyllostachys Baker = H. sanguinolenta Hooker, and cultivated from SE China to SW China for ornaments and medicine anticancer.

 

1a. Involucral bracts narrow ...........................................................................................................................  3. H. cumingiana

1b. Involucral bracts obconic or cylindric, united.

2a. Involucral bracts 4, 2 rings, opposite, outer pair obconical cohaerent ......................................................  2. H. triflora

2b. Each cyme with involucral bracts 4, two pairs opposite, obconical cohaerent ....................................  1. H. purpurea

 

1. Hypoestes purpurea (Linnaeus) R. Brown, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 1: 474. 1810.

 

枪刀药 qiang dao yao

 

                Justicia purpurea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 16. 1753; Hypoestes sinica Miquel, J. Bot. Neerl. 1: 117. 1861; Peristrophe purpurea (Linnaeus) Hochreutiner, Candollea 5: 234. 1934.

 

                Subshrubs or perennial herbs, to 0.5 m tall. Stems stout, erect or decumbent, puberulous, basally geniculately curved, apically 4-sided and shallowly grooved. Petiole 5--20 cm; leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4--8 X 1.5--3 cm, papery, both surfaces minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous, midvein adaxially convex adaxial, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, base narrow and cuneate, margin entire or undulate, apex acuminate to acute. Flowers numerous, often in secund spikes 1--2 cm, axillary, erect, often crowded in large panicles, these forming a large, lax thyrse to 20 X 15 cm, with leafy bracts under heads; peduncle to 7 cm.  Involucral bracts 4, two pairs opposite, obconical, ca. 8 mm, shortly 2-lobed at tip; outer pair of involucral bracts separate, subulate, ca. 2.5 mm, abaxial surface sparsely puberulent; inner pair of involucral bracts smaller, lanceolate, abaxially adnate to involucral bracts, usually 1-flowered inside. Calyx ca. 5 mm, 4-parted; segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla purplish blue, 2--2.5 cm, outside puberulent, 2-lipped; abaxial lip obovate, apically 3-lobed; adaxial lip linear, apex slightly acute. Stamens much exserted; filaments flat, to 1.2 cm, glabrous. Style glabrous; stigma shortly 2-lobed. Capsule oblong-ovoid, ca. 1 cm, glabrous, base included within involucre tube. Seeds 4 or fewer, elliptic, tuberculate.

 

                Roadsides, valleys; low elevations. Guangdong, Guangxi (Lingyun Xian), Hainan, Taiwan [Philippines].

 

                Usage: Whole plants medicine, drugs for expectorants and removing blood stasis, hemostatics and antitussives, good for hematemesis tuberculosis, bronchitis, diabetes; 外敷跌打损伤。

 

1. Hypoestes triflora (Forsskĺl) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1: 141. 1817.

 

三花刀枪药 san hua dao qiang yao

 

                Justicia triflora Forsskĺl, Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 4. 1775; Dicliptera riparia Nees var. yunnanensis Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 898. 1936.

 

                Herbs, perennial, to 1.5 m tall. Stems much branched, geniculate, internodes elongated. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 3--10 cm, both surfaces sparsely hairy, margin minutely crenate or denticulate, apex acuminate. Cymes 1--5, alternate on branches or axillary on upper leaf axis, subsessile, often 3-flowered. Bracts unequal; outer pair of bracts abaxially adnate to involucre obconical??, oblanceolate oblong to obovate oblong, base cuneate, green and nearly fleshy, apically pubescent; remained 4--6 bracts smaller, linear-lanceolate, basally connected, apex acute, membranous and colorless(not green) when dry. Calyx segments 4, linear-lanceolate ca. 5 mm. Corolla ca. 1.5 cm, outside pubescent, 2-lipped; abaxial lip apically 3-lobed. Stamens 2; anthers 1-celled. Capsule ca. 9 mm, basal solid, apical part with 4 seeds. Seeds verrucose.

 

                Roadsides, forests; 300--2200 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim; NE Africa].

 

3. Hypoestes cumingiana (Nees) Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 2: 1122. 1873.

 

枪刀菜 qiang dao cai

 

                Peristropha cummingiana Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 498. 1847.

 

                Herbs, suffrutescent, to 1 m tall. Stems ascending or decumbent, subterete, apical portion minutely pubescent. Petiole to 2 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 4--14 X 2--4 cm, both surfaces glabrous both, base obtuse to cuneate, margin slightly undulate, apex acuminate to acute. Panicles terminal or axillary, lax, to 40 cm, branches usually subtend by small leaf blades; bracts subtending flowers, linear-lanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm. Flower 1 or 2, crowed at tips of branches. Calyx deeply 5-parted; segments linear, puberulent with ordinary and glandular hairs. Corolla reddish purple, to 2 cm, outside puberulent, 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed; adaxial lip elliptic, ca. 8 X 7 mm, apex rounded. Stamens exserted ca. 8 mm beyond mouth of corolla tube. Style ca. 2 cm, sparsely strigose; stigma shortly 2-lobed. Capsule oblong-ovate, ca. 1.3 cm, densely puberulent. Seeds 4 or few, elliptic, verrucose.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Taiwan (Gaoxiong Xian, Pingdong Xian, Taidong Xian).

 

56. CLINACANTHUS Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 511. 1847.

 

鳄嘴花属 e sui hua shu

 

                Herb, tall. Leaf blade margin entire or toothed. Bracts small, linear-lanceolate. Flowers large and beautiful??, with short pedicel composing of pendulant cymes in large terminal cluster on ends of branches. Calyx deeply 5-parted; segments subequal. Corolla tube narrow, incurved near base, funnel-shaped; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip slightly spreading, 3-lobed, lobes imbricate; adaxial lip erect, narrow, 2-lobed. Stamens 2, inserted at throat, as long or shorter than limb; anther cell 1, narrowly oblong, spurless, base round. Capsule clavate, stalked, 2-seeds supported by retinaculum per cell.

 

                Two species: China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, ??; one species in China.

 

属名模式: Clinacanthus nutans (N. L. Burman) Lindau = Clinacanthus burmanni Nees nom. illeg.

 

1. Clinacanthus nutans (N. L. Burman) Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 63. 1894.

 

鳄嘴花 e zhui hua

 

               Herbs, tall, erect, sometimes rambling shrubs. Stems cylindric, yellow when dry, densely striate, subglabrous. Petiole 5--7 cm or more; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5--11 X 1--4 cm, papery, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein and convex on both surface when dry, base oblique, margin subentire, apex caudate-acuminate. Inflorescences ca. 1.5 cm, glandular; bracts linear, ca. 8 mm, apex acute. Calyx segments ca. 8 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla dark red, 4 or 6 cm, pubescent. Stamens and pistil glabrous. Capsule not seen.

 

                Forests, thickets; low elevations. Guangdong (Dianhu??, Guangzhou Shi, Jiulong??), Guangxi (Longzhou), Hainan, Yunnan (Jinghong), etc.?? [Cambudia, Indonesia, Laos, Malacca??, Malaysia, Veitnam].

 

1a. Corolla ca. 4 cm ................................................................................................................................................  1a. var. nutans

1b. Corolla ca. 6 cm. .........................................................................................................................................  1b. var. robinsoni

 

1a. var. nutans

 

鳄嘴花

 

                Justicia nutans N. L. Burman, Fl. Ind. 10. 1768; Clinacanthus burmanni Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 511. 1847 nom. illeg.

 

                Corolla ca. 4 cm.

 

                Forests, thickets; low elevations. Guangdong (Dianhu??, Guangzhou Shi, Jiulong??), Guangxi (Longzhou), Hainan, Yunnan (Jinghong), etc.?? [Cambudia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Veitnam].

 

                Usage: whole plant medicine, efficiency of 有调经regulating menstrual function、消肿subsidence of a swelling, detumescence、去瘀removing blood stasis、止痛relieving pain、接骨setting a broken bone(set a frcture)之效, therapeutic effect (treat) 可治跌打injuries from falls, fractures, contusion and strains、贫血anaemia、黄疸jaundice、风湿rheumatism等。

 

1b. var. robinsoni Benoist, Notul. Syst. (Paris) ??: ??. 1935.

 

大花鳄嘴花 da hua e zui hua

 

                Plants stout. Flowers, to 6 cm.

 

                Habitat ??; ?? m; Hainan [Indonesia, Malacca??].

 

                According to R. Ben.(in H. Lecomte Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4:764. 1935.): spread in Malacca, Java, Boreno and Hainan, China. But auther hasn’t seen any specimen in China.

 

57. RHAPHIDOSPORA Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 77, 115. 1832.

 

针子草属 zhen zi cao shu

 

                Robust shrubs or stout herbs, lax, diffuse. Stems and branches articulate, subterete. Leaves opposite, unequal; leaf blade with lineolate cystoliths on both surfaces, base broad and contracted into petioles, margin entire or minutely toothed. Panicles composing of trichotomous cymes, axillary and sometimes terminal, primary branches of rachis unequal in length, becoming pseudodichotomous, one sterile branch reduced or two lateral reduced becoming single. Bracts and bracteoles small and narrow, subulate or setiform (setosus). Calyx short and small, deeply 5-parted; segments unequal. Corolla white or dilute?? colored and with red spots, small or median size; tube terete; throat expanded, funnel-shaped; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed toward middle or near base, resupinate; adaxial lip erect, rugulose, pilose, apex emarginate. Stamens 2, exserted or included; filaments filiform or flat; anther cells 2, one overlapping, more apical cell shorter, basal cell spurred and sometimes barbate; pollen grains barrel-shaped, 3-pores, with a relief consisting of bands flanking pores and of oblong shields alternating with pairs of band. Staminodes absent. Ovary glabrous or subglabrous, with 2 ovules per cell. Style glabrous or subglabrous; stigma increased, 2-lobed. Capsule unguiculate, with 4 seeds in upper part, septum perfect. Seeds flattened, hirsute, hanging on retinaculum.

 

                About 12 species: tropical E, S, and SE Asia, Madagascar, Mauritius; one species in China.

 

                Spread in Himalaya, E. India, Sri Lanka, Indo-China Peninsula, Indonisia (Java), Philippine Peninsula, Mauritius and Madagascar.

 

1. Rhaphidospora vagabunda (Benoist) C. Y. Wu ex C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 253. 2002.

 

针子草 zhen zi cao

 

                Justicia vagabunda Benoist, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 4: 114. 1936.

 

                Shrubs, climbing. Stems terete, without striate, slightly zigzag (flexuous), glabrous. Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, usually sickle-shaped (falcate) curved, 6--14 X 2--5 cm, abaxialy pale green, adaxially dark green, minute pubescent on midvein, veins convex on both surfaces, base oblique, margin entire or minutely repand, apex acuminate. Trichotomous cymes axillary, ca. 2 cm; peduncles very short, 4--6 mm, densely hairy; bracts subulate, 1--2 mm, densely hairy. Bracteoles 2--5 mm. Calyx segments 5, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 3.5 mm, densely hairy. Corolla white with blue striate, 1--1.1 cm, outside pubescent, 2-lipped; tube as long as limb; abaxial lip 3-lobed, middle lobe broader than others; adaxial lip triangular, apex emarginate. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; anthers cells 2 attached at different level, basal cell spurred. Ovary apically pubescent. Style basally pubescent.

 

                Forests, thickets, along steams; ?? m. S Yunnan (Xishuanbanna Zhou) [Vietnam].

 

58. RUNGIA Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 77, 109. 1832.

 

孩儿草属 hai er cao shu

 

                Herbs, erect or diffuse. Leaf blad margin entire. Bracts dimorphic, (2 or)4-farious, 2-farious fertile, 2-farious often flowerless, full or partial bracts membranous margined. Flowers sessile, clustered in terminal or axillary spikes. Bracteoles similar to, equal to, or smaller than bracts. Calyx deeply 5-parted; segments equal or slightly unequal. Corolla tube striate and short, minutely expanded at throat, 2-lipped; abaxial lip spreading, longer than adaxial lip, 3-lobed, lobes imbricate; adaxial lip erect, minutely emarginate, entire or 2-lobed. Stamens 2, inserted at throat, shorter than adaxial lip; anther cells 2, subequal, overlapping, lower one often white tailed. Ovary with 2 ovules per cell. Stigma entire or inconspicuously 2-lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, placenta with retinaculum rising from base of valve, and spreading seeds out; 2 seeds per cell, orbicular, compressed, verrucose.

 

                About 50 species: tropical Africa, tropical to subtropical Asia, New Guinea; 15 species (13 endemic) in China.

 

                Notes: specimens from Yunnan Hekou 云南河口 (Xuan shu ji 宣淑洁0076, from Mahuangbao采自蚂蝗堡); H. S. Lo 罗献瑞 1398 from Mahuangbao; Sino- U.S.S.R exp. 3402 from Nanxi Xiaonanxi南溪小南溪; Cai ke hua 蔡克华563 from Bazhhu八字胡 and from Maguan Gulinqing八字胡 (Xu zhao ren许兆然 GS86-8072) might be species Justicia burmanica C. B. Clarke (in Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 527. 1885.which type speciemen collected from Burma) and quoted in Seed Plants of China Data Base Disk. By C. Y. Wu & T. Y. Ding , 1999. By way, author noticed a specimen (H. S. Lo 1398) in herbarium of Botanical Institute of Southern China, which identified and named as Rungia burmanica (C. B. Clarke) H. S. Lo by H. S. Lo, Justicia burmanica C. B. Clarke as synoname. Since author had not seen type specimen -- (Griffith （Kew Distrib. n. 6184.) and any other specimens from Burma, just saw a photo of specimen Wilson Veitch Exp. 2769, （Card no.10637), kept in Kew, similar to which, and all these specimens were fruit specimens, without flowers, structure of flower was unkown, and bracts green, glabrous, without membranceous margin when dry, so it is difficult to treat species into Justicia or Rungia at moment, until more flowers specimens are availabele, further studies should be necessilary.

 

1a. Inflorescences not secund.

2a. Flowers sessile, single on leaves axil of branches terminal .....................................................................  1. R. axilliflora

2b. Flowers in terminal and axillary spike.

3a. Inflorescences to 3 cm, flowers dense, peduncles short; bracts 4-farious, all fertile, monomorphic, often spatulate or sometimes obovate, 7--11 X 1.5--3 mm, apex round or obtuse, 3-veined, without scarious margined, ciliate, denser at upper portion ................................................................................................................................................  4. R. densiflora

3b. Bracts obovate, spatulate, apex round, pubescent, ca. 4 X 3 mm, with distinct membranous margined  13. R. stolonifera

1b. Inflorescences secund.

4a. Bracts margin without ciliate; branches becoming dark purple ........................................................  5. R. guangxiensis

4b. Bracts somewhat ciliate; branches not becoming dark purple. .

5a. Bracts dimorphic, sterile and fertile quite different and dimorphic.

6a. Spike dense.

7a. Inflorescences 1--3 cm; bracts 4-farious, only 2-farious flowered, fertile subround or broadly ovate, ca. 4 mm, villous abaxial, membranous margin ca. 0.5 mm wide, 1-sided or sometimes 2-sided having narrow membranous margin and ciliate .............................................................................................................................................................  10. R. pectinata

7b. Inflorescences sphariod or ovate, 5--10 mm, without peduncles; bracts all fertile, obovate or spatulately obovate, 3.8--4 mm, apex obtusely round, sometimes mucronate?; with scarious margin; bracteoles 2, scarious, deeply concave, boat-shaped, ca. 3 mm, margin with articulate long hairs ...............................................................................  8. R. mina

6b. Spike slightly lax; corolla ca. 1.6 cm; leaves broad and large, to 4 cm width.

8a. Bracts lanceolate-linear or oblong-lanceolate.

9a. Bracts margin narrow, scabrous and ciliate, 10--14 X 2--2.5 mm; bracteoles oblong-lanceolate, ca. 6 X 2 mm, subtransparent, margin ciliate ..........................................................................................................................  6. R. hirpex

9b. Scarious margin narrow, ciliate; leaves membranous, blade ovate-oblong or oblong-lancelate, 2.5--8 X 1--3.5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate or acuminate, margin waved (repands?), glabrous both surface ........  14. R. taiwanensis

8b. Bracts oblong-elliptic or longly elliptic to ovate.

10a. Bracts apex acute, ciliate; leaves papery, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 3--10 X 1--4 cm, pubescent along veins abaxial, secondary veins 4--7 on each side of midvein; petioles shortly pubescent bilateral .......................  9. R. napoensis

10b. Sterile (flowerless) bracts ovate, 10--12 X 5--6 mm, apex acuminate, scarious margin broad; scabrious ........  15. R. yunnanensis

5b. Bracts monomorphic or nearly monmorphic, sterile and fertile bracts having same forms .

11a. Bracts apex acute.

12a. Bracts oblong to elliptic oblong, ca. 15 X 4--5 mm, margin very narrow, scarious, and without ciliate, apex shortly acute ...................................................................................................................................................................  11. R. pinpienensis

12b. Bracts broadly elliptic, 7.5--8 mm, abaxially and on margin glandular pubescent and pubescent ...  12. R. pungens

11b. Bracts abaxially without glandular hairs, apex obtuse or round.

13a. Bracts elliptic to obovate-elliptic or ovate.

14a. Leaves small, to ca. 4 cm wide, margin entire or repands; bracts 5--6 mm, distinct ciliate .................  3. R. chinensis

14b. Leaves large, ca. 8.5 cm wide, margin repandly shallowly toothed; bracts 10--12 mm, ciliate inconspiciously  7. R. longipes

13b. Bracts obovate, corolla ca. 1.8 cm, 2 papilliferous sacs within tube ....................................................  2. R. bisaccata

 

1. Rungia axilliflora H. S. Lo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 92. 1978.

 

腋花孩儿草 ye hua hai er cao

 

                Herbs, 10--20 cm tall, many-branched. Branches slender, with 2-farious retrorse hairy. Petiole 2--7 cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, 0.5--2 X 0.4--1.4 cm, membranous when dry, secondary veins 4 on each side of midvein and inconspicuous, base broadly cuneate to round, margin entire or inconspicuously undulate, apex obtuse to round. Bracts green, similar to leaves on stems but 3--10 mm. Flowers sessile, single in leaf axis on nearly terminal branches; bracteoles 2, broadly ovate, 4--4.5 X 2.5 mm, transparent, margin membranous, 0.1--0.2 mm wide, and ciliate. Calyx 3--3.5 mm, scarious, deeply 5-parted; segments lanceolate, glabrous, apex acuminate. Corolla pale purplish blue, 1.1--1.2 cm, glabrous; tube straight, ca. 6 mm; abaxial lip spreading, as long as tube, apically 3-lobed, lobes rounded and ca. 1.5 mm in diam., middle lobe larger and emarginate; adaxial lip erect, long triangulate, shorter than tube, 2 toothed at top. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; filament ca. 5 mm, connective broad; anther cells 2, ovate, overlapping, lower often spurred. Ovary glabrous, 2-celled, with 2 ovules per cell. Style 8.5--9 mm; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule not seen.

 

                * Along steams; 400--500 m. Guangxi (Leye Xian), Guizhou (Guanling Xian).

 

                 flowers single in leaves axis on branches top, and flowering leaves smaller than ordinary leaves on stems, but colored, similar to them on form and texture, obvisously it isn’t rear inflorescence. This character is very special in genus. Rungia stolonifera C. B. Clarke is closely similar to this species, but former has rear inflorescence, and corolla tube is twice in length to limb, bracteoles oblong, it is easy to idnetified.

 

2. Rungia bisaccata D. Fang & H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 48. 1997.

 

囊花孩儿草 nang hua hai er cao

 

                Herbs, over 25 cm tall. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic, 5--13 X 2.3--5.7 cm, secondary veins 5--7 on each side of midvein. Spikes on leaves axil near of branches top, secund; bracts 4-ranked, fertile and sterile all obovate, 7--11 X 4--8 mm, margin slightly ciliate, apex round. Bracteoles oblong-elliptic, ca. 1 cm. Calyx segments ca. 7 mm. Corolla whitish rose, ca. 1.8 cm, both surfaces slightly glandular puberulous, tube inside saccate papilliferous; abaxial lip spreading, apically 3-lobed, middle lobe broader; adaxial lip ca. 5 mm. Stamens 2; lower anther cell spurred. Ovary and style glabrous.

 

                * Rocky mountains; low elevations. Guangxi (Ningming Xian).

 

                Differs from Rungia densiflora H. S. Lo, later bracts all fertile, 0.5--3 mm wide, 3-veined, bracteoles obovate, ca. 6 mm, calyx ca. 4 mm, corolla blue, middle lobe of abaxial lip hairy outside, remained glabrous, un-saccate papilliferus inside tube.

 

3. Rungia chinensis Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 266. 1861.

 

中华孩儿草 zhong hua hai er cao

 

               Herbs, repent near base, to 70 cm tall. Stems slender, 4-sided, grooved. Petiole 0.5--1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, or elliptic-oblong, 2.5--9 X 1.8--3 cm, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate, apex acute to nearly acuminate. Spikes lax, 1--3(--7) X ca. 1.5 cm, terminal or in leaf axil on upper branches; peduncle 1--2 cm; spikelets alternate on peduncles, dense; bracts elliptic to spatulate, 7--8 mm, sparsely pubescent, imbricate. Bracteoles 2, elliptic, ca. 5 mm, margin membranous and ciliate. Calyx 5-parted; segments linear-lanceolate, 3--4 mm. Corolla pale purplish blue, ca. 1.5 cm, 2-lipped; abaxial lip outside white hairy, apically 3-lobed; adaxial lip triangular. Stamens 2; anther cells in different level, lower one slightly spurred. Capsule ca. 6 mm, placentae rising elastically from capsule base when dehiscence, 4-seeded.

 

                * Roadside, along steams; ?? m. Anhui (Qimen Xian), Fujian (Changting Xian, Jianning Xian), Guangdong, Guangxi (Jingxi Xian, Jinxiu Xian), Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang (Changhua??, Longquan Xian).

 

4. Rungia densiflora H. S. Lo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 94. 1978.

 

密花孩儿草 mi hua hai er cao

 

                Herbs. Stems stout, 2-farious opposite retrorse hairy; internodes 3--7 cm; branchlets covered white curved hairs. Leaves elliptic-ovate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2--8.5 X 1--3 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous or minute hirsute, secondary veins 6--8 on each side of midvein and distinct, base cuneate to minutely decurrent, apex acuminate to slightly obtuse. Spikes terminal and axillary, to 3 cm; bracts 4-ranked, all fertile (with flowers), monomorphic, denser at apical portion of inflorescence, usually spatulate to sometimes obovate, 7--11 X 1.5--3 mm, 3-veined, margin ciliate but not scarious, apex round to obtuse. Flowers dense; pedicels short; bracteoles 2, obovate, ca. 6 X 2--3 mm, margin scarious. Calyx ca. 4 cm, deeply 5-parted to base, segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla 11--17 cm; tube 6--9 mm; abaxial lip oblong, 5--8 mm, outside hairy, apically 3-lobed, middle lobe smaller; adaxial lip erect, long triangular, 5--8 mm, shortly 2-lobed. Stamens 2; filaments 5--7 mm, glabrous; lower anther cells with white spurs. Capsule ca. 6 mm.

 

                * Forests in moist valleys; 400--800 m. Anhui (Jingde Xian, Qimen Xian), Guangdong (Lianping Xian), Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

 

                Its inflorescence similar to Rungia stolonifera C. B. Clarke; differs from which by bracteoles as long as bracts; capsule smaller, 3--4 mm long only, besides its distribution area in Myanmar and Southern Yunnan, China.

 

                It distinctly differs from Rungia taiwanensis Yamazaki, by bracts of later aristate, margin undulately toothed.

 

5. Rungia guangxiensis H. S. Lo & D. Fang, Guihaia 17: 46. 1997.

 

广西孩儿草 guang xi hai er cao

 

                Herbs, erect, to 70 cm tall. Branches dark purplish. Leaf blade elliptic to nearly ovate, 9--17 cm, abaxially puberulous abaxial, secondary veins 7 on each side of midvein, margin entire. Spikes terminal on lateral branches; bracts 4-ranked, glabrous, apex round; fertile bracts suboblong, ca. 7 mm; sterile bracts 7--8 mm. Calyx ca. 2.5 mm. Corolla red, ca. 1.7 cm, outside glabrous; abaxial lip 3-lobed; lobes of adaxial lip obtuse. Stamens 2; basal anther cells spurred.

 

                * Dense forests; near sea level. Guangxi (Fancheng Xian)

 

                According to original paper: this species near to Rungia naoensis B. Hansen, lateral bracts orbicular, glandular with calyx, barrow bracts ovate; calyx 5--6 mm, corolla white, ca. 1.3 cm, outside pubescent.

 

6. Rungia hirpex Benoist, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. sér 2, 2: 149. 1930.

 

金沙鼠尾黄 jin sha shu wei huang

 

                Herbs, diffuse. Stems glabrous except internodes with 2 opposite retrorse hairy??. Leaf blade ovate to oblong, 2.5--9 X 1.5--4.5 cm, slightly pubescent on veins, base acute and decurrent towards petiole, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Spikes terminal on stems and branches; bracts opposite, 4-ranked, one pair sterile and another fertile, lanceolate-linear, 10--14 X 2--2.5 mm, margin narrowly scarious and ciliate, apex obtuse. Bracteoles oblong-lanceolate, ca. 6 X 2 mm, subtransparent, margin ciliate. Calyx nearly divided into base, glabrous; segments linear, ca. 5 X 2 mm, apex acute. Corolla ca. 1.4 cm; tube cylindric; abaxial lip 3-lobed, apex subtruncate. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; filaments inserted at limb base, white, glabrous, purplish black??; anther cell overlapping, lower spurred at base. Ovary glabrous. Capsule 7--8 mm, glabrous. (has not seen type specimen).

 

                * Valleys; 500--600 m. Yunnan (Daguan Xian, Yanjin Xian).

 

7. Rungia longipes D. Fang & H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 49. 1997.

 

长柄孩儿草 chang bing hai er cao

 

                Herbs, to 0.5 m. Petiole (1--)4--4.5 cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 10.5--17 X 4--8.5 cm, thin papery to papery, abaxially shortly pubescent on veins, secondary veins 6 or 7 on each side of midvein, margin undulately toothed. Spike axillary, 2.5--11 cm, secund; bracts 4-ranked, inconspicuously ciliate; sterile bracts elliptic to ovate-elliptic, (6--)10--12 cm; fertile bracts obovate-elliptic, ca. 1.2 cm. Bracteoles same as fertile bracts. Calyx persistent; segments subulate, 6--9 mm. Corolla unknown. Immature capsule ca. 1 cm, outside pubescent.

 

                * Forest in valleys; ?? m. Guangxi (Longzhou Xian).

 

8. Rungia mina H. S. Lo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 93. 1978.

 

矮孩儿草 ai hai er cao

 

                Herbs, 6--10 cm tall. Stems ca. 1 mm in diameter as base, branchless?? or branchlet, with white glandular retrorse hairy, upper most dense (this is not very clear). Leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, 0.5--2 X 0.4--1 cm, both surfaces slightly pubescent, slightly pubescent on veins, base broadly cuneate, margin entire and ciliate, apex obtuse. Spikes terminal and axillary, contracted, globose or ovate, 5--10 mm; peduncle absent; bracts all fertile, obovate to spatulate-obovate, 3.8--4 mm, margin scarious, apex obtusely rounded and sometimes mucronate?. Bracteoles 2, boat-shaped, deeply concave, ca. 3 mm, margin scariouis and with articulate long hairs. Calyx deeply 5-parted; segments linear lanceolate, 1.5--1.7 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla purple, ca. 3.8 mm; tube ca. 1 mm; abaxial lip spreading, ca. 1.8 mm, 3 lobes, lobes subrotund and ca. 0.5 mm in diameter, outside of middle lobe slightly pubescent; adaxial lip erect, broadly triangular, ca. 1.5 mm. Filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anther cells ovate, lower ones with white spurs at base. Capsule ca. 2.7 mm, beaked often with persistent style, glabrous.

 

                * Moist areas in forests; ca. 1400 m. Yunnan (Jinghong Xian, Simao Xian).

 

                It is easy to be mixed with Rungia pectinata (Linnaeus) Nees, but as mater of fact, inflorescences of these two species is quite different, inflorescens of later in 4-ranked bracts, two ranks sterile, and secund.

 

9. Rungia napoensis D. Fang & H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 46. 1997.

 

那坡孩儿草 na po hai er cao

 

                Herbs, 70--90 cm tall. Petiole bilaterally?? pubescent; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, ca. 3--10 X 1--4 cm, papery, abaxially shortly pubescent on veins, secondary veins 4--7 on each side of midvein. Spike often single on leaf of terminal branches, secund; bracts 4-farious, margin ciliae, apex acute; sterile bracts sublanceolate-elliptic, ca. 4 mm; fertile bracts elliptic, ca. 9 mm. Calyx segments ca. 6 mm. Corolla white, ca. 1.6 cm, outside sparsely pubescent; abaxial lip 3-lobed, middle lobe broader; adaxial lip ca. 6 mm. Stamens 2; basal anther cells spurred. Style subglabrous. (Saw photo of type specimen)

 

                * Limestone hills, valleys, along steams. Guangxi (Napo Xian).

 

                This species near to Rungia pinpienensis Lo, but leaves of later submembranous, elliptic or broadly elliptic, secondary veins 9--10, monomorphic between barrow and fertile bracts, equal, ca. 1.5 cm, without ciliate, apex shortly acuminate.

 

10. Rungia pectinata (Linnaeus) Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 470. 1847.

 

孩儿草 hai er cao

 

                Justicia pectinata Linnaeus, Cent. Pl. II 3. 1756; Rungia parviflora Nees var. pectinata (Linnaeus) C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 550. 1885; R. pectinata (Linnaeus) Nees var. clarkeana Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 898. 1936.

 

                Herb, weedy, small, much branched. Branches yellow when dry, cylindric, glabrous. Petiole 3--4 cm or more; leaf blade of basal leaves long ovate, ca. 6 X 4 cm, thinly papery, both surfaces pilose both, secondary veins 6 on each side of midvein abd inconspicuous, base narrow or nearly acute, apex obtuse. Spikes terminal or axillary, clustered, 1--3 cm; bracts dimorphic, 4-farious; 2 fertile bracts nearly round to broadly ovate, ca. 4 mm, glabrous??, abaxially villous, margin ca. 0.5 mm wide, scarious, and ciliate; sterile bracts oblong lanceolate, ca. 6.5 mm, 1-sided or sometimes 2-sided narrow margined and ciliate, apex with a hard mucro. Bracteoles smaller than bracts. Calyx segments linear, equal, ca. 3 mm. Corolla bluish or white, ca. 5 mm, glabrous except abaxial lip; adaxial lip apically contracted, 3-lobed, lobes nearly triangular. Capsule ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Fl. early spring.

 

                Grassland; ?? m. Guangdong (Guangzhou Shi, Yunfu Xian), Hainan, Guangxi (Baise??, Longzhou Xian, Yulin Xian), Yunnan [India, Indo-China Peninsula??, Sri Lanka, Thailand]

 

                A common weed.

 

                Usage: According to “Flora Guangzhouensis”, A Chinese medicinal herbs for

removing food stagnation, heat-clearing and fire-purging drugs.

 

11. Rungia pinpienensis H. S. Lo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 91. 1978.

 

屏边孩儿草 ping bian hai er cao

 

                Herbs, erect, ca. 1 m tall. Branches subcylindric; young branches 4-sided, subglabrous. Petiole 2--5 cm, near glabrous; leaf blade elliptic to broad elliptic, 13--15 X 6--8 cm, submembranous when dry, glabrous or shortly pubescent along midvein and secondary veins, cystoliths white and slightly convex, midvein and secondary veins adaxially smooth? adaxial and abaxially flat abaxial, secondary veins 9--10 on each side of midvein and connected to each other near margin, base broadly cuneate, margin subundulate, apex cuspidate with a ca. 1 cm awn. Spikes terminal, ca. 9 cm; peduncle ca. 1 cm; bracts 4-farious with 2 fertile, oblong to elliptic oblong, ca. 15 X 4--5 mm, margin narrowly scarious and without cilia, apex shortly acute. Flowers not seen. Capsule ca. 1.2 cm, glabrous; persistent calyx scarious, deeply 5-parted; segments linear, ca. 5 mm. Seeds 4, blackish brown, ovate, slightly compressed, densely verrucose.

 

                * By cultivated fields in valleys; ?? m. Yunnan (Malipo Xian, Pinbian Xian).

 

                 species with scarious margin narrower, similar to R.hirpex R. Ben., but differs from bracts of later narrower, lanceolate-linear, ciliate at margin; leaves ovate or oblong, 2.5--9 X 1.5--4.5 cm. Capsule 7--8 mm. Also similar to R.yunnanensis, but bracts of later dimorphic between fertile and barren, leaves ovate, it could n’t be mixed.

 

                 auther identified spciemens from Yunnan (Shimao, Xishuangbanna, Jinping, Hekou, Xichou) with named Rungia robusta C. B. Clarke, their morphological characters are same with this species, although it was also recorded in Index of Flora Yunnanensis 2; 1684, 1984, but it was a nake name from C. B. Clarke irregularly published. Since auther has not compared charater of bracts, scarious margin and indumentum of them with type specimen , it might be new species of Lo. After comparing specimens of location mentioned above with type specimen, it could be decided wheather they are conspeciefic or not.

 

12. Rungia pungens D. Fang & H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 47. 1997.

 

尖苞孩儿草 jian bao hai er cao

 

                Herbs, ca. 1.5 m tall. Petiole 0.4--5.5 cm, glabrous. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2.5--16 X 0.9--5.5 cm, lateral veins often 4--9 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate. Spike terminal or axillary, 2--5 cm, often secund, with dense flowers; bracts in 4-ranked, margin glandular puberulous; sterile bracts broadly elliptic, 7.5--8 X 4--6 mm, apically with a sharp hard sharp point; fertile bracts elliptic, 6.5--7.5 mm. Calyx segment margins glandular puberulous. Corolla ca. 1.5 cm, outside pale yellowish green, glandular pubescent and pubescent; abaxial lip 3-lobed, middle lobe broader; adaxial lip ca. 6 mm, emarginate. Stamens 2; filaments .5?? mm, glabrous; anther cells ca. 1.5 mm, basal one basally spurred.

 

                * Limestone hills, forest in valleys; 900--1000 m. Guangxi (Napo Xian).

 

                At corrding to original description: “this species similar to Rungia pinpianensis H. S. Lo, but secondary veins of lateral leaves 9 or 10 pairs; bracts all oblong or elliptical oblong, ca. 1.5 cm; capsule ca. 1.2 cm, glabrous, persistent calyx segments ca. 5 mm.

 

                C. B. Clarke named a specimen, A.Henry 11784, collected from Yunnan Simao in Nanshan forest, Rungia henryi C. B. Clarke, that is Nan shu eri huang (reference to Index of Flora Yunnanensis vol. 2: 1684), which is very similar to this species, but auther just saw photo of type, couldn’t compared it with specimen of Guangsi and Yunnan, and distribution of these two species very similar, so they might be conspecific or not, more observation and comparation between them were necessary.

 

13. Rungia stolonifera C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 547. 1885.

 

匍匐鼠尾黄 pu fu shu wei huang

 

                Justicia stolonifera (C. B. Clarke) B. Hansen, Nordic J. Bot. 9: 210. 1989.

 

                Herbs, erect, 30--60 cm tall, branched, rooting at low nodes. Stems 4-sided, bilateral internodes grooved, pubescent in furrow, linear cystoliths longitudinal arranged. Petioles 0.5--1 cm; leaf blade ovate, 2.5--7.5 X 1.8--3.8 cm, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, secondary veins 5 on each side of midvein, base acute, margin undulate, nearly entire, and slightly pubescent, apex acute. Spikes terminal and quasi-axillary; bracts obovate to spatulate, ca. 4 X 3 mm, margin scarious, apex round, minutely pubescent. Bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, nearly as long as bracts. Calyx glabrous, ca. 1.3 cm, deeply 5-parted; segments narrowly lanceolate, margin scarious. Corolla 1.2--1.6 cm; tube narrowly cylindric, straight, ca. 8 X 2--3 mm; limb ca. 4 mm, 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed, pendent; adaxial lip triangular, erect, subentire. Filaments inserted at limb base, white, glabrous; anther cells purplish black, overlapping, lower one white spurred. Style; stigma orbicular, exserted. Capsule 3--4 mm, nearly glabrous; placenta rising elastically from base. Seeds minutely glandular papillose, glabrate when fully ripe.

 

                Forests, roadsides; 200--2300 m. Yunnan [Bangladesh, NE India].

 

14. Rungia taiwanensis T. Yamazaki, J. Jap. Bot. 43: 61. 1968.

 

台湾明萼草 tai wan ming e cao

 

                Herbs, to 40 cm tall or more. Stems slender, prostrate, often rooting at lower nodes, with 2-rows hirsute on internode. Petiole long; leaf blade oblong to oblong lanceolate, 2.5--8 X 2.1--3.5 cm, membranous, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate to attenuate, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex acuminate. Spikes terminal or axillary, often solitary, to 4 mm; peduncle 1--2 cm; fertile bracts oblong-lanceolate, 8--9 X 2--3 mm, margin narrowly scabrous?? and ciliate. Bracteoles ovate, ca. 6 mm. Corolla bluish, ca. 1.5 cm, outside slightly glandular punctate; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed; adaxial lip broad, apex shallowly dentate. Stamens exserted; throat?? ca. 3 mm; filaments glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Style ca. 1 cm, glabrous. Capsule ovoid, ca. 6 mm. Seeds suborbicular, ca. 1.5 mm wide, minutely tuberculate.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Taiwan.

 

                According to orginal description, it is very difficult to identify this species from Rungia pectinata, it might be reduced former to later species, but author didn’t see type species and other specimens from Taiwan, ferther study is nesseccary.

 

15. Rungia yunnanensis H. S. Lo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 92. 1978.

 

云南孩儿草 yun nan hai er cao

 

                Herbs. Stems stout, cylindric, retrorse pubescent, swollen (turgid) at nodes. Petiole 1.5--2 cm, pubescent; leaf blade broadly ovate, 6--10 X ?? cm, papery, pubescent??, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 10--12 on each side of midvein, slightly dense and curved, and connected near margin, base slightly decurrent, apex acuminate. Spikes terminal or axillary, to 8 cm, often secund; bracts 4-rowed, scabrous, margin scarious; sterile bracts ovate, 1--1.2 X 0.5--0.6 cm, apex acuminate; fertile bracts long elliptic, ca. 9 X 3 mm. Bracteoles 2, elliptic, ca. 6.5 X 3 mm, subscarious. Calyx ca. 7 mm, 5-parted, divided into base; segments slightly scabrous, apex acuminate. Corolla ca. 1 cm, farinosus-villous?. Stamens 2; filaments glabrous; anther cells 2, at different level, all nearly ovate, lower one slightly spurred. Style glabrous. Capsule ca. 9 mm, farinose-tomentose.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Yunnan (Chengjiang Xian).

 

                This species near to R.chinensis Benth and R.hirpex R. Ben. species, differs from them, leaves larger, inflorescences longer, often turned towards same side (secund), bracts in 4-ranks, 2 fertile, and 2 sterile, in different forms. bracts of former apex obtuse, ciliate longly, fimbriatus, capsule rather smaller (ca 6.5 mm long), leaves secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein. bracts of later lanceolate, 2--2.5 mm wide only, apex obtuse, membranous margin narrow, capsule glabrous, it is distinct to identify these two species.

 

59. RHINACANTHUS Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 76, 108. 1832.

 

灵枝草属 ling zhi cao shu

 

                Shrublets or erect herbs, sometimes scandent. Leaf blade margin entire or slightly undulate. Panicle divaricate or dense. Bracts and bracteoles small, subulate, shorter than calyx segments. Flowers larger, sessile, solitary or in minute cymes. Calyx 5-parted; segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla hypocrateriform; tube very long narrowly cylindric, scarcely widened at throat; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip broad, extented, 3-lobed, lobes imbricate; adaxial lip lanceolate, recurved or twisted, entire or shortly 2-lobed, apex acuminate. Stamens 2, inserted near throat, shorter than corolla lobes; anther cells 2, overlapping, spurless; pollen grains ellipsoid, triangular in polar view. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary with 2-ovules per cell. Style filiform; stigma entire or minutely 2-cleft at tip. Capsule clavate, 2-seeded per cell, stalk long solid cylindric. Seeds ovoid, moderately compressed, glabrous, obscurely rugose or tuberculate.

 

                7--25 species; tropical Africa, SE Asia, Madagascar; three species in China.

 

                1 species cultivated in Hainan.

 

1a. Leaf blade ca. 4.5(--10) X 1.7(--4) cm; flowers small, corolla tube ca. 2 cm, lobes ca. 5 X 4 cm ..............  3. R. nasutus

1b. Leaf blade ca. 20--24 X 6--8 cm, glabrous or nearly so; flowers large, corolla tube 3--4 cm, lobes 1.2--2.5 cm.

2a. Petiole very short or sessile; flowers large, corolla very much expanded, tube ca. 4 cm. ...................  1. R. beesianus

2b. Petiole to 3.8 cm; flowers small, corolla hypocrateriform, tube slender and ca. 3 cm .........................  2. R. calcaratus

 

1. Rhinacanthus beesianus Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 164. 1912.

 

滇灵枝草 dian ling zhi cao

 

                Stems 0.9--1.5 m, subglabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade narrow ovate to oblanceolate, 20--24 X 6--8 cm, membranous-herbaceous, abaxially glabrous, adaxially slightly pubescent, secondary veins 8--10 on each side of midvein, inconspicuous, both ends narrow, margin inconspicuously undulate or subentire. Panicle terminal, crowed (subconferted), 12--15 X 8--9 cm, with 25--30 flowers. Flowers pedicellate. Calyx 5-parted; segments unequal, linear, ca. 10 X 1.5 mm, pubescent, with midvein, apex acute. Corolla white, fragrant, enlarged, outside glandular-pubescent; tube ca. 4 cm; lobes of abaxial lip elliptic, 2--2.5 cm; adaxial lip pale green, ca. 2 cm, very shortly 2-lobed, resupinate. Stamens ca. 1 cm.

 

                * Open dry situations on mountainous slopes; 2100--2400 m. W Yunnan.

 

2. Rhinacanthus calcaratus (Wallich) Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 109. 1832.

 

滑液灵枝草 hua ye ling zhi cao

 

                Justicia calcarata Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 9. 1832.

 

                Herbs, unbranched. Stems erect, stout, ca. 3 mm in diam., 4-sided, glabrous, full of pith, lax, upper nodes swollen. Stem base without leaf, cymes at middle or upper. Petiole 0.5--3.5 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to obelliptic??, (3.5--)6--10(--13) X (1.6--)4.5--6 cm, both surfaces glabrous, densely tuberculate or punctate, adaxially shining green, base decurrent, margin entire or obscurely undulate, apex acuminate. Panicles terminal or axillary, ca. 15 cm, stout, glandular pubescent; shoot and peduncles opposite, 4-sided; dichotomous at middle, others trichotomous; bracts on basal branches small, triangular undulate, extented, as well as bracteoles; peduncle 2.5--4 cm. calyx 6--8 cm, glandular pubescent; segments lanceolate, apex acute. Corolla white, hypocrateriform; tube slender and very??, ca. 3 cm, outside scarcely pubescent; limb ± 2-lipped; abaxial lip thick, 3-lobed, lobes subequal, ovate, and obscure; adaxial lip longer than abaxial lip, linear-subulate, from broad base long acuminate, apically 2-cleft. Capsule not seen.

 

                Habitat ??; 600--1300 m. Yunnan (Mengla Xian) [India, N Veitnam]

 

3. Rhinacanthus nasutus (Linnaeus) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 39: 79. 1870.

 

灵枝草 ling zhi cao

 

                Justicia nasuta Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 16. 1753; Rhinacanthus communis Nees; R. nasutus (Linnaeus) Lindau.

 

                Subshrubs or perennial herbs. Stems yellowish green when dry, stout, densely pubescent. Leaves on main branches larger and smaller on branchlets; petiole 0.5--1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or rarely lanceolate, 2--7(--11) X 8--30 mm, papery, abaxially densely pubescent, adaxially sparsely pubescent or subglabrous, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, obliquely ascendant, but not reaching margin, base cuneate, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex shortly acuminate, acute, or sometimes slightly obscure??. Panicles terminal or axillary, composed of cymes; peduncle trichotomous or sometimes dichotomous, densely pubescent. Bracts and bracteoles ca. 1 mm. Calyx outside and inside dusky pubescent; segments ca. 2 mm. Corolla white, 2.5 cm or more, pubescent; abaxial lip 3-parted to middle, lobes obovate and subequal; adaxial lip linear lanceolate, shorter than abaxial lip, apex recurved. Filament glabrous; pollen grains ellipsoid, obtusely triangular in polar view. Style and ovary sparsely pubescent. Capsule not seen.

 

                Thickets, open forests; ca. 700 m. Yunnan (Gengma Xian, Jingdong Xian) [Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Veitnam, Philippines].

 

                Cultivated in Guangdong and Hainan.

 

                Usage: According to Flora of Hainanensis, this species often cultivated for medicine herbs. And reference to some records, its carnous roots and leaves striked with lemonade jouice could be treated for scabies dermatomycosis and orther skin disease; its seeds were said having same usage. liquid from its striked leaves is also good for treating ward; its roots could be treated for antipoison from snake; rescently it is used for tubeculosis, cough, high blood pressure.

 

60. COSMIANTHEMUM Bremekamp, Blumea 10:166. 1960.

 

秋英爵床属 qiu yin jue chuang shu

 

                Herbs or shrubs. Stems often prostrate then ascending, rarely erect. Leaves opposite, equal; leaf blade usually and abruptly contracted to be round at petiole, fold together lengthwise (conduplicate), rarely becoming petile??, cystoliths on adaxial surface larger densely striated and parallel, margin entire. Raceme terminal, sometimes on lower and short branches; bracts small. Flowers small, usually solitary on bracts axil , often 2 or 3 overlapping on lower nodes; bracteoles inserted at base of pedicel, smaller than bracts. Calyx usually split into base; segments subequal or slightly unequal, narrow, apex acute; abaxial segment sometimes shorter. Corolla white or green, hypocrateriform, inside glabrous; tube near erect or incurved, throatless; limb 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed; adaxial lip emarginate or 2-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 fertile shorter than 2 staminodes; filaments of fertile stamens compressed, dorsifixed at middle; anther cells equal or slightly unequal, inner one smaller; pollen grains spheroid, 3-colporate. Staminodes inserted at base of adaxial lip, connected with filaments of fertile stamens, filiform, erect or incurved. Disk annular, glabrous. Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules per cell. Stigma 2-cleft, extented?? with stamens. Capsule large, with solid stalk, stalk as long as parts with seeds. Seeds 4, ± contracted at both end, acute at top, smooth and subglabrous, cell wall of seed coat thickened.

 

                About eight to nine species; tropical E Asia; four species (three endemic) in China.

 

                 characteristic of this genera: throat short, stamens composing of 2 fertile and 2 very short staminodes, pollen grains spheroid, with 3-colporate, colpi reach polar, similar with Pseuderanthemum, flowers small, corolla 2-lipped; adaxial lip 2-lobed or emarginate, seed coat slightly lucid, it is easy to be distinguished.

 

1a. Shrubs ..........................................................................................................................................................  3. C. knoxifolium

1b. Herbs.

2a. Leaf blade ovate or ovate-elliptic.

3a. Leaf blade ovate or broadly ovate, to 9 cm wide; infloriscences solitary, rhachis and calyx glandular-pubescent; lowest pair of bracts not folious; filaments slightly villous .......................................................................  4. C. viriduliflorum

3b. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 6.5--10.5 cm; inflorescences ofter 3, rarely 2 or 1 on leaf axil of branches terminal, ramece, composing of 6--1 cymes, rhachis pubescent; lowest pair of bracts folious ................................  1. C. guangxiense

2b. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic, rarely ovate, 2--13.5 cm; inflorescences on leaf axil of branches terminal, ramece, 2--3 cm, rhachis slightly pubescent; bracts 1.5--2 mm, with calyx ouside slightly pubescent ....................  2. C. longiflorum

 

1. Cosmianthemum guangxiense H. S. Lo & D. Fang, Guihaia 17: 42. 1997.

 

广西秋英爵床 guang xi qiu yin jue chuang

 

                Herbs, ca. 70 m tall. Leaf blade narrowly ovate-elliptic, 6.5--10.5 X 2--4 cm, base rotund or obtuse, apex acuminate. Inflorescences (1--)3 in leaf axil, racemose, composing of 6--1 cymes; rachis pubescent; lowest pair of bracts foliaceous, others subulate to triangular, 0.2--2.3 cm. Calyx 5-parted, subglabrous. Corolla purplish white, 1.2--1.3 cm, outside sparsely pubescent; abaxial lip 3-lobed into middle; adaxial lip ca. 7 mm, 2-cleft. Stamens 2; filament glabrous; anther cells without basal spur base, more apical one extending ca. 0.5 mm beyond connective. Staminodes 2, inserted near fertile base, filiform, glabrous.

 

                * Hilltops, forests; near sea level. Guangxi (Dongxing ??).

 

                Near to C. viriduliflorum (C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo) H. S. Lo, but leaves of later ovate or broad ovate, to 9 cm wide; infloresence solitary, axis and calyx glandular pubescent; lowest bracts not folious; filament sparcely pubescent, it is easy to be distinguished.

 

2. Cosmianthemum longiflorum D. Fang & H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 43. 1997.

 

长花秋英爵床 chang hua qiu yin jue chuang

 

                Herbs, ca. 20--30 cm tall. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic, rarely subovate, 2--13.5 X 1.4--2.9 cm, secondary veins (3- or)4--6 on each side of midvein, base cuneate to obtuse, apex acuminate. Inflorescence in leaf axil of terminal shoot, racemose, 2--3 cm, cymes composing of 6--1 flowers; rachis pubescent; bracts 1.5--2 mm, pubescent on bracts and calyx segments outside. Calyx 5-parted, segments ca. 2.5 mm. Corolla pale green outside, ca. 1.4 cm, sparsely pubescent and glandular pubescent; abaxial lip 3-lobed into middle, lobes ca. 1 mm; adaxial lip ca. 6 mm, 2-cleft. Stamens 2; anther cells without basal spur. Staminodes 2, filiform.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangxi (Dongxing ??).

 

                Near to species of Thailand and Malaya Pen. C. knoxiifolium (C. B. Clarke) B. Hansen, but later shrubs; leaves larger, to 20 X 7.3 cm, secondary veins 8--10 on each side of midvein; inflorescence 20--60 cm, axis sparcely stolked glandular hairy; bracts and calyx glandular pubescent.

 

3. Cosmianthemum knoxifolium (C. B. Clarke) B. Hansen, Nordic. J. Bot. 5: 195. 1985.

 

节叶秋英爵床 jie ye qiu yin jue chuang

 

                Gymnostachyum knoxiifolium C. B. Clarke, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 663. 1908.

 

                Shrubs, 2 m tall. Leaves opposite; petiole 1--1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, 8--12.5 cm, leathery, abaxially puberulous, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin remote serrate to subentire, apex acuminate to attenuate. Inflorescences terminal, thyrsoid, 5.5 cm; rachis brownish, densely pubescent; bracts subulate, 2--3 mm. Flowers opposite above, in 3-flowered cymes below; pedicel 1--2 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 2, 1--2 mm. Calyx 5-parted towards base; segments lanceolate, 4--5 mm, outside scaly hairy. Corolla white, ca. 1.5 cm, 2-lipped; tube ca. 5 mm, narrowed at throat; abaxial lip with purple spots, deeply 3-lobed, outside pubescent; adaxial lip erect, 2-lobed or apically emarginate. Fertile stamen 2, inserted in throat, exserted; filament 6--7 mm; anther cells 2, parallel, attached at same level, spurless but basally divaricate. Staminodes 2.

 

                Dense forest, in fertile soil in mountains; ca. 500 m. Hainan [N Vietnam].

 

4. Cosmianthemum viriduliflorum (C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo) H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17(1): 42. 1997.

 

海南秋英爵床 hai nan qiu yin jue chuang

 

                Graptophyllum viriduliflorum C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 594. 1974.

 

                Herbs, perennial, erect. Stems cylindric, glabrous, enlarged at nodes; young shoot straw yellow, irregular longitudinally rugose, pubescent. Petiole thickened, 1--2.5 cm, adaxially canaliculate, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, 7--15 X 4--9 cm, thin papery, both surface grayish when dry, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, lucid (according to collection note), glabrous, midvein abaxially convex and adaxially concave, secondary veins 5--7 on each side of midvein, in 80ş angle with midvein, and connected near margin, base acutissma??, broadly cuneate, or subrotund, margin entire or inconspicuously undulate, apex abruptly narrowed caudate acuminate to sometimes acute. Inflorescences terminal, racemose, composing of 4--12 cymes, cymelet opposite, with 3-flowers or only 1-flowered on upper shoot, and with a 2--2.5 mm peduncle; rachis pubescent; peduncles 1--4 cm; bracts at peduncle base, linear, 1--1.5 mm. Pedicel 1--2 mm; bracteoles 2, linear, ca. 1 mm. Calyx ca. 5 mm, glandular; segments linear lanceolate, apex acuminate. Corolla pale green, extented 1.2 cm, outside and inside pubescent; limb 2-lipped; lobes of abaxial lip 3, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 3 X 0.6 mm, apex subacute; adaxial lip erect, boat-shaped, apically 2-cleft. Filament of fertile stamens ca. 4 mm, pubescent; anther cells ca. 2 mm. Filaments of staminode ca. 2 mm, filiform, sparsely pubescent. Ovary glabrous. Style ca. 6 mm, sparsely pubescent. Capsule clavate, ca. 2 cm. Seeds not seen. Fl. summer.

 

                * Forests; middle elevations. Hainan (Baoting Xian).

 

61. CYRTANTHERA Nees, C.f.P. Martius, Fl. Brasil. 9: 99. 1847.

 

(Cyrtanthera carnea only in China as a cultivated plants so should not be included in the FOC except as a comment.)

 

62. CALLIASPIDIA Bremekamp, in Verh. Ned. Akad. Wet. Afd. Nat. Sect. 2. 45(2): 54. 1948.

 

(Calliaspidia guttata only in China as a cultivated plants so should not be included in the FOC except as a comment..)

 

63. SANCHEZIA Ruiz & Pavon. Prod. 5. t. 32 1794.

 

(Sanchezia nobilis only in China as a cultivated plants so should not be included in the FOC except as a comment..)

 

64. ADHATODA Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4, 39. 1754.

 

鸭嘴花属 ya zui hua shu

 

                Shrubs or arborescent. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade margin entire. Spikes axillary, dense, 2-flowered per node; peduncle stout; bracts in pairs that alternately cross each other at right angles thus making four rows (decussatus), imbricate, large, margin sometimes scarious. Flowers sessile. Calyx small, 5-parted; segments lanceolate linear, equal. Corolla white or pale yellow, 1.2--3.8 cm; tube short ovoid, enlarged at middle, broaden below throat, both ends attenuate; limb 2-lipped; adaxial limb erect, boat-shaped, apically 2-lobed; abaxial lip spreading, broad, palate, apically 3-lobed, lobes imbricate, middle lobe nearly rotund, lateral lobes ovate. Stamens 2; filaments stout, base white tomentose hairy; anthers 2-celled, equal or one larger than other, overlapping, one higher than another, base with or without appendages. Ovary with 2 ovules per cell. Stigma single. Capsule clavate, pubescent or not, 4-seeded. Seeds orbicular, compressed or slightly compressed, tubercular verrucose or smooth.

 

                About 5 species: Africa, S and SE Asia; one species in China, cultivated or semiwild.

 

1. Adhatoda vasica Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 103. 1832.

 

鸭嘴花 Ya zui hua

 

                Justicia adhatoda Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 15. 1753.

 

                Shrubs, to 1--3 m tall, with a special?? smell when stems or leaves crushed. Branches cylindric, gray, lenticellate, densely whitish gray hairy on young shoots. ; Petiole 1.5--2 cm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic ovate, 15--20 X 4.5--7.5 cm, papery, abaxially slightly pubescent, adaxially glabrous, midvein adaxially grooved, secondary veins ca. 12 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate to sometimes caudate. Spike ovoid to elongate; bracts ovate to broadly ovate, 1--3 cm X 8--15 mm, pubescent. Pedicels 5--10 cm; bracteoles lanceolate, shorter than bracts. Calyx segments 5, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 8 mm. Corolla white with purplish striate or pink, 2.5--3 cm, pubescent; tube ovate, ca. 6 mm. Anthers elliptic, base often with ball-shaped appendages inconspicuously. Capsule subwoody, ca. 0.5 cm, basally a short solid stalk, apically with 4 seeds.

 

                Cultivated or escaping. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [S and SE Asia, original distribution uncertain].

 

                Usage: medicine for setting broken bones, relieving pain, resolving phlegm.

 

65. CALOPHANOIDES Ridley, Fl. Malay. Penin. 2: 592. 1923.

 

杜根藤属 du gen teng shu

 

                Herbs or subshrubs. Leaf blade margin often entire or sometimes slightly undulate. Bracts often orbicular or spatulate. Flowers with short pedicel, axillary, solitary or clustered, sometimes in flowerless?? cymes; bracteoles small or absent. Calyx deeply 5-parted; segments equal, narrow, apex acute. Corolla white or slightly greenish; tube short, funnel-shaped, throat enlarged; limb as long as corolla tube, 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed, palate, lobes imbricate; adaxial lip triangular, with style groove, apex emarginate. Stamens 2; filaments glabrous or basally slightly hairy; anthers cells 2, overlapping, lower one caudately spurred at base; pollen grains barrel-shaped, both ends attenuate, middle broadest, compressed; pollen 2-porate, with a row knobs in each side of pores. Staminodes absent. Ovary with 2 ovules per cell. Style linear, glabrous or hirsute; stigma slightly thicker than style, 2-cleft. Capsule clavate, with 2-seeds per cell. Seeds compressed, verrucose tubercled. Retinaculum flatted, obtuse.

 

                ?? species: Australia, E, S, and SE Asia; 17 species (13 endemic) in China.

 

1a. Stems prostrate.

2a. Stems miuntely white crisped pilose. Leaves suborbivular or broadly ovate pilosulose on veins both surface  14. C. xerobatica

2b. Stems grayish tomentose, soon glabrous, leaves ovate or lanceolate, spacely or subdensely appressed pilosea  11. C. siccanea

1b. Stems erect or slightly decumbent, or basal repens, erect above.

3a. Leaf blade leathery or thickly papery.

4a. Plants glabrous, leaves coriaceus.

5a. Leaf blade large, ovate, apex acuminate, sometimes caudate, base broadly cuneate, 2--9 cm, margin entire .....  7. C. kwangsiensis

5b. Leaf blade small, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, obtusely round both ends, 0.5--1 cm,margin entire, glabrous, secondary veins not distinct ...............................................................................................  3. Calophanoides buxifolia

4b. Plants hairy, leaves thickly papery

6a. Leaf blade ovate or lanceolate-ovate, shortly hirsute both surface, becoming black adaxial when dry, yellowish brown abaxial, less than 3 cm .............................................................................................................................  5. C. hainanensis

6b. Leaf blade linear, spatulate or oblanceolate, glabrous both surfaces ..................................................  9. C. multinodis

3b. Leaf blade papery or membraneous.

7a. Corolla yellow or grayish yellow, greenish yellow.

8a. Flowers large, to 2 cm, bracts many, involucrelike, flowers pink when dry ..............................................  12. C. wardii

8b. Flowers 0.8--1 cm, bracts rare, not involucrelike.

9a. Branches whitish slightly yellow crispate pilose; leaf blade lanceolate or oblanceolate ............  17. C. yunnanensis

9b. Branches pilose, not crispate pilose.

10a. Plants covered white long hairs (villous) ...............................................................................................  1. C. albovelata

10b. Plants not covered densely white villous ...............................................................................................  16. C. xylopoda

7b. Corolla white.

11a. Leaf blade linear to lanceolate, becoming blackish green when dry ...........................................................  8. C. loheri

11b. Leaf blade not linear.

12a. Leaves large, 3--10 cm.

13a. Flowers on leaf axil of branchlets, leaves ovate, sometimes lanceolate, becoming dark gray when dry ..........  2. C. alboviridis

13b. Flowers single or clustered.

14a. Flowers 1--5 clustered on leaf axils; bracts obcordate-spatulate, emarginate;

leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate ............................................................................................................  10. C. quadrifaria

14b. Flowers single or 3-flowered cymes; bracts obovate to orbicular, apex obtusely round, base broadly cuneate; leaves oblong, longly rhombic, apex longly acuminate, subcaudate, base cuneate, decurrent becoming petioles, margin entire,sparely undulately teethed on upper half of leaf, membranceous, petioles with narrow wings ..............  6. C. kouytchensis

12b. Leaf blade small, often less than 3 cm.

15a. Leaf blade ovate to oblong, largest to 3.8 cm, often less than 2.5 cm ..................................................  4. C. chinensis

15b. Leaf blade lanceolate or oblanceolate (narrowly ovate to obovate).

16a. Leaf blade narrowly ovate; branchlets primary with scaly hairs ...................................................  13. C. xantholeuca

16b. Leaf blade lanceolate or oblanceolate; stems ca. 10 cm tall, slender and curved very much .........  15. C. xerophila

 

1. Calophanoides albovelata (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu ex C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 279. 2002.

 

绵毛杜根藤 mian mao du gen teng

 

                Justicia albovelata W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 182. 1918.

 

                Herbs, perennial. Stems stout, much branched, basally woody; annual branches high up 25--40 cm, zigzag. Young shoot and abaxial surface of young leaves densely white long hairy. Petiole 3--5 mm, pubescent; leaf blade lanceolate to rarely subelliptic, ca. 4.5 X 1.5 cm, membranous, abaxially densely??, adaxially white long hairy, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse. Bracts orbicular-spatulate or obovate, 5--10 mm. Flowers axillary, usually 4-flowered in cluster; pedicel very short; bracteoles small, oblanceolate or linear. Calyx grayish green, 5--6 mm, sliped?? into base; segments linear-lanceolate, densely white hair on veins, apex acuminate. Corolla whitish yellow to yellow, ca. 9 mm; tube outside pilose, slightly longer than limb; abaxial lip 3-lobed, middle lobe large; lobes of adaxial lip very short, deeply 2-lobed??. Stamens 2; filaments basally with long hairs; basal anther cell longer, with white, clavate spur. Mature ovary glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds slightly verrucose tubercled.

 

                * Thickets, along steams; ca. 2700 m. Yunnan (Dongchuan Shi, Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

 

                Near to Calophanoides quadrifaria (Wallich) Ridley but stems longly and densely villous, it is easy to be distingruished from other species.

 

2. Calophanoides alboviridis (Benoist) C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Flora Hainan. 4: 597. 1974.

 

大叶赛爵床 da ye sai jue chuang

 

                Justicia alboviridis Benoist, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 5: 115. 1936.

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 50 cm tall. Stems erect or slightly decumbent; young branches 4-sided, grooved and striate, pubescent within 2 grooves; mature branches cylindric, glabrous. Petiole 3--8 mm; leaf blade ovate to sometimes lanceolate, 3--9 X 1.5--4 cm, papery, dark gray when dry, both surfaces glabrous, midvein adaxilly grooved, secondary veins 4 or 5 on each side of midvein, arched, and ascendant, base slightly oblique and cuneate to subrounded, margin nearly entire, apex shortly acuminate. Flowers axillary or sometimes clustered, usually on short and slightly branched flowering branches, often 1--2 cm with 1 or 2 nodes; bracts (0.1--)0.3--2.5 cm, opposite or with a solitary flower or cluster. Calyx segments lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, abaxially with needle-shaped cystoliths, pubescent only on midvein. Corolla white or greenish white, 8--9 cm, pubescent; abaxial lip broad, apically 3-lobed, lobes obtuse; adaxial lip long triangular, 2-lobed. Ovary apex shortly hirsute. Capsule ca. 7 cm, glabrous. Seed pale yellow, papilliferous. Fl. summer to autumn

 

                Moist valleys; middle elevations. Hainan (Baoting Xian, Qiongzhong Xian, Yaxian Xian) [N Vietnam].

 

3. Calophanoides buxifolia (H. S. Lo & D. Fang) C. Y. Wu ex C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 280. 2002.

 

黄杨叶赛爵床 huang yang ye sai jue chuang

 

                Justicia buxifolia H. S. Lo & D. Feng, Guihaia 17: 51. 1997.

 

                Subshrub. Stems and branches dull reddish brown; young branches obtusely 4-sided. Leaf blade thickly broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 5--10 mm, leathery, glabrous, secondary veins indistinctly, both ends obtusely rotunded, margin entire. Bracts suborbicular, 1--3.5 mm in diameter, glabrous. Flowers axillary, several. Calyx 5--6 mm, 5-parted; segments lanceolate-linear. Corolla ca. 8 cm; tube as long as limb; adaxial lip long triangular, lower palate??. Stamens 2; anther cells 1 lower than other, spurred. (Not seen type specimen and other specimen from type location, only according to original description).

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangxi (Fuzhong ??).

 

                Near to Calophanoides kwangsiensis H. S. Lo, but differ from which with laeves small, glabrous, secondary veins inconspiceous.

 

4. Calophanoides chinensis (Bentham) C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 596. 1974.

 

圆苞杜根藤 yuan bao du gen teng

 

                Adhatoda chinensis Bentham, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5: 134. 1853; Dicliptera cyclostegia Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 235. 1925; Justicia championi T. Anderson in Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 264. 1861; J. chinensis (Bentham) Druce, Bot. Exch. Club Soc. Brit. Isles 3: 413. 1914, not Linnaeus (1753) nor Vahl (1791).

 

                Herbs, erect or diffuse, to 50 cm tall. Leaf blade elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 2--12 X 1--3 cm, apex spacely?? obtuse to acuminate. Flowers axillary, 1 to several in a condensed cyme, nearly clustered. Bracts orbicular-obspatulate, with a 6--8 mm petiole, foliaceous, pinnately veined. Bracteoles small or absent, subulate to triangular, yellowish pubescent. Calyx segments 5, lanceolate, ca. 7 mm, puberulous to minutely strigose. Corolla white, 0.8--1.2 cm, outside pubescent, 2-lipped; abaxial lip 3-lobed. Stamens 2; anther cells in different level, lower one with white clavate spurs. Capsule ca. 8 mm, basal portion solid, apical part with 4 seeds. Seeds verrucose tubercled.

 

                * Thickets, forests, mountain slopes; 700--2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi (Qiujiang??), Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

 

                According to T. Anders.’ note（in Journ. Linn. Soc. 9：514. 1867.) : “ This species much resembles Justicia champion T. Anders., in Bentham’s ‘Flora of Hongkong’ p. 264; indeed they differ only in form of leaves, which in Chinese plant are oblong or ovate, and obtuse.” name -- J.champion T.Aderson, occurred in H. S. Lo & D. Fang’ key （in Guihaia 17: 50. 1997), if it is conspecific, so it should be a synoname of C. chinensis (Champ.) C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo ex Y. C. Tang, because name Justicia salicifolia T. Anders. (1867) occurred later than basonymum --Adhatoda champion (1853), and Justicia championi T. Anders.(1861), should be refused. authors had not seen types or other related specimen, further studies in detail is necessary.

 

5. Calophanoides hainanensis C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 597. 1974.

 

海南赛爵床 hai nan sai jue chuang

 

                Herbs, annual, erect, to 1 m tall. Stems subterete, densely hispidulous, became black when dry; internodes elongate, grooved. Branches alternate, rarely opposite, usually diverge with 30--45° angle from stems; short branches 1--2 cm on stems upper part and branches lower part. Petiole 2--5 mm; leaf blade ovate to sometimes lanceolate-ovate, thick papery, both surfaces hispidulous, adaxially became black when dry, abaxially dull yellow with a mixture or gray and brown, midvein abaxially convex and adaxially slightly elevated, secondary veins 3--5 on each side of midvein and arcuate ascendant, base broadly cuneate to subrotund, margin entire, apex acuminate to slightly obtuse; leaf blade of stem leaves 1.5--3 X 0.5--1.8 cm; leaf blade of branch leaves 5--15 X 3--9 mm, on short branches often less than 5 mm. Bracts orbicular to suborbicular, 2--5 mm in diameter, petiolate. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, or 2- or 3-flowered fascicle, subsessile; bracteoles small or none. Calyx ca. 4.5 mm, hispidulous, deeply 5-parted; segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla white, ca. 6 mm, outside densely pubescent; tube slightly enlarged; limb 2-lipped; adaxial lip erect, triangular, concave, 3-lobed, apically contracted and retuse. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; filaments ca. 2.5 mm, exserted; anther cells 2 in different level, basal one spurred at base. Ovary subovate, ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Style ca. 3 mm. Capsule subovate, ca. 6 mm, glabrous. Seed 4, broadly ovate, compressed, ca. 0.6 mm, tuberculate punctate. Fl. Jul--Nov.

 

                * Dense forests; middle elevations. Hainan (Dongfang Xian, Ledong Xian).

 

6. Calophanoides kouytcheensis (H. Léveillé) H. S. Lo, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(1): 5. 1988.

 

贵州赛爵床 gui zhou sai jue chuang

 

                Ruellia repens Linnaeus var. kouytcheensis H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 175. 1914; Justicia kouytcheensis (H. Léveillé) E. Hossain, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32: 407. 1973.

 

                Herbs. Stems basally procumbent, rooting at node, geniculate, and swollen. Petiole with a 1--2.5 mm wide wing; leaf blade oblong to long rhombic, 5.5--11.5 X 3.5--5.5 cm, membranous, both surfaces pubescent on both surface but abaxially more densely pubescent on veins, secondary veins 6 or 7 on each side of midvein, base cuneate and decurrent, margin entire but apical half sparely undulately toothed, apex long acuminate to subcaudate. Flowers solitary or in ate cymes, axillary; bracts obovate to orbicular, 7--8 mm, with 1--2 mm petiole, pinnate (3)??, base broadly cuneate, apex obtusely rotund. Bracteoles subulate, 1--2 mm. Calyx deeply 5-parted to base; segments white but green on midvein, lanceolate, subequal, ca. 1 cm, pubescent. Corolla white, ca. 1.4 cm, 2-lipped; abaxial lip spreading, 3-lobed; adaxial lip erect, 2-lobed. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; filaments ca. 5 mm, glabrous; anther cells oblong, overlapping, lower one smaller and with a basal white spur. Ovary and style glabrous. Style ca. 9 mm; stigma capitate slightly enlarged. (No type and specimen from type location were available, only according to original description)

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Guizhou (Anshun Xian, Xinyi??), Yunnan (Qiubei Xian, Yanshan Xian).

 

7. Calophanoides kwangsiensis H. S. Lo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 86. 1979.

 

广西赛爵床 guang xi sai jue chuang

 

                Justicia kwangsiensis (H. S. Lo) H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 51. 1997.

 

                Shrubs, erect, glabrous. Branchlets, leaves, bracts, and calyx segments with densely punctate grayish white cystoliths. Branches stout, subterete, nodes enlarged, internodes with 2 opposite straight grooves. Petiole less than 1 cm; leaf blade ovate, 2--9 X 1--4 cm, leathery, secondary veins 5 on each side of midvein and abaxially conspicuously convex, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate to sometimes shortly caudate. Flowers axillary or on a short densely scaly axillary branch, 1--3; bracts suborbicular, ca. 4--5 mm in diameter. Calyx 5--5.5 mm, deeply 5-parted to base; segments narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate. Corolla white, ca. 7 mm; abaxial lip 3-lobed; adaxial lip triangular, 2-toothed. Stamens 2; filaments glabrous; basal anther cell spurred. Capsule fusiform, ca. 8 mm, glabrous. Seeds 4, yellowish brown, tuberculate.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangdong (Yangchun Xian), Guangxi (Tian'e Xian).

 

                Near to Calophanoides quadrifaria (Nees) T. Anders., with larger leaves, but differs: later leaves papery, elliptic, pubescent on viens abaxial (beneath); cystolithes needle-shaped; flowers and capsule hairy.

 

8. Calophanoides loheri (C. B. Clarke) Bremekamp, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 45(2): 58. 1948.

 

狭叶赛爵床 xia ye sai jue chuang

 

                Justicia loheri C. B. Clarke, Philipp. Gov. Lab. Publ. 35: 91. 1906.

 

                Subshrubs. Stems near base slightly woody, decumbent, often rooting at node, much branched apical portion; annual branches became blackish brown when dry, terete, striate or slightly angular, pubescent, nodes remote or sometimes slightly dense, internode usually more than 1 cm, rarely several mm. Leaves petiolate or sessile; leaf blade linear to lanceolate-linear, 1.5--3.5 X 0.2--0.8 cm, papery, both surfaces slightly hispidulous or abaxially only hairy on midvein and secondary veins, midvein slightly slender, secondary veins 4 on each side of midvein and abaxially conspicuous, base acuminate, margin entire and slightly revolute when dry, apex acuminate to slightly obtuse. Bracts lanceolate to subspatulate, 4--6 mm. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2- or 3-flowered fascicle; pedicel short; bracteoles subulate, ca. 1 mm. Calyx segments lanceolate-linear, ca. 5 mm, margin semitransparent, midvein abaxially pubescent. Corolla white, ca. 8 mm, shortly pubescent; lobes of abaxial lip triangular, apex acute; adaxial lip triangular, apically 2-lobed. Stamens 2; anther cells overlapping, lower one with a white spur. Capsule ca. 5 mm. Fl. summer.

 

                On rock, along steams; ?? m. Hainan (Baisha Xian) [Philippines].

 

9. Calophanoides multinodis (Benoist) C. Y. Wu & H. S. Lo, Fl. Hainan. 3: 596. 1974.

 

白节赛爵床 bai ji sai jue chuang

 

                Justicia multinodis Benoist, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 5: 114. 1936.

 

                Subshrubs. Stems short, nodes often verruciform, much branched, fasciculate or slightly diffuse, apically leaves dense, without leaves or leafless at basal portion, nodes close?? very much, fasciculate hairs on nodes, internodes short, 2 to several mm, 1--2.5 cm at lower portion. Petioles very short to leaves subsessile; eaf blade linear, spatulate, or sometimes obovate, 0.8--2.5(--4.3) cm X 2--3(--5) mm, thickly papery, becoming brownish yellow whey dry, both surfaces glabrous, midvein shout, flattened, and abaxially banded when dry, secondary veins inconspicuous both surface but 2 or 3 abaxially visible, base gradually narrowed, margin revolute and becoming thick, apex obtuse, round, or sometimes shortly acuminate. Bracts spatulate, ca. 4 mm. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2- or 3-flowered fascicle forming cymes; pedicel short; bracteoles linear, ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Calyx segments linear, 4--5 mm, slightly thick. Corolla white, ca. 7 mm, shortly pubescent; adaxial lip triangular, apically contracted and shallow 2-lobed; abaxial lip broad, base contracted and clawlike, apically 3-lobed, middle lobes larger and suborbicular, lateral lobes small and oblong. Filaments basally pubescent. Capsule ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Flowering: Summer.

 

                On rocks along streams; usually low elevations. Hainan (Baoting Xian, Qiongzhong Xian, Yaxian Xian) [Laos, Vietnam].

 

10. Calophanoides quadrifaria (Nees) Ridley, Fl. Malay. Penin. 2: 593. 1923.

 

杜根藤 du geng teng

 

                Adhatoda quadrifaria Nees, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 396. 1847; A. zollingeriana Nees; Gendarussa quadrifaria Nees in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 105. 1832; Justicia quadrifaria (Nees) T. Anderson.

 

                Herbs. Stems stoloniform, basally often rooting then erect, subquadrangular, with 2 opposite grooves, pubescent when young, soon subterete and glabrous. Petioles 0.4--1.5(--2) cm; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, 2.5--8(--10) X 1--3.5 cm, yellowish brown when dry, abaxially glabrous or pubescent on veins, base acute, margin usually remote toothed, apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescences axillary; bracts ovate to obovate, ca. 8 X 5 mm, with a 3--4 mm petiole, pinnate veins, spacey??, shortly pubescent. Bracteoles linear, ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Calyx segments linear-lanceolate, 5--6 mm, puberulous. Corolla white with red spots, laxly pubescent; abaxial lip spreading, deeply 3-lobed; adaxial lip erect, 2-lobed. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled, overlapping, basal ones spurred. Capsule ca. 8 mm, glabrous. Seeds glabrous, verruculose.

 

                Habitat ??; 800--1600 m. Guangdong (Lufu Shan), Guangxi (Tian'e Xian), Hainan (Baoting Xian), Hubei (Yichang Xian), Sichuan (Wu Shan), Yunnan [NE India, Indonesia (Java), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

 

11. Calophanoides siccanea (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu ex C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 285. 2002.

 

旱杜根藤 han du gen teng

 

                Justicia siccanea W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 43. 1917.

 

                Shrubs, prostrate, to 60 cm tall. Stems basally stout, woody, flexuose, grayish tomentose, soon glabrous; bark rugose, verruculose. Petiole 3--8 cm, villous; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, 1.5--4 X 1--2 cm, membranous when dry, both surfaces spacey?? to subdensely appressed pilose, base cuneate, apex rounded, obtuse, or subacute. Pedicels, bracts, and bracteoles grayish pubescent. Bracts 2--3 mm. Flowers axillary, usually solitary or bipanicle?? or spike, less than 1.5 cm; pedicels ca. 3 mm. Calyx ca. 7 mm, 5-divided; segments sublinear, pubescent. Corolla white tinged red, ca. 1.3 cm; tube outside pubescent; lobes subequal, erect, enlarged at base; abaxial lip very short, 3-lobed, rotund; adaxial lip shorter, 2-lobed. Stamens 2; filaments apically glabrous, whitish villous at place of insertion; anthers cell spurred. Ovary glabrous. Style included, white villous. Seeds flattened (immature).

 

                * Hot dry valleys, on rocks by roadsides, open places, open mountain slopes; ?? m. Yunnan (Daba ??, Lijiang Xian, Ninglang Xian), Sichuan (Muli Xian).

 

12. Calophanoides wardii (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu ex C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 286. 2002.

 

高山杜根藤 gao shan du gen teng

 

                Justicia wardii W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 184. 1918.

 

Shrubs, diffuse, to 60 cm tall. Stems straw-colored, much branched, flexuose, primary densely grayish tomentose, soon glabrous. Petiole ca. 5 mm, pilosulose; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, oblanceolate, or sometimes obovate, to 4.5 X 2 cm (only apical leaves seen), softly papery, both surfaces sparsely pilose, whitish tomentose when young, base cuneate, margin slightly undulate, apex shortly acuminate, acute, or rarely rotund. Inforescences clustered in leaf axil, not terminal, nearly spiciform, 4--6-flowered; involucre with numberous bracts;  bracts linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, densely villous. Bracts and bracteoles grayish pubescent. Flowers to 2 cm; pedicels 2--3 mm or absent. Calyx to 8 mm, 5-divided; segments sublinear-oblong, densely villous, apex acute. Corolla ca. 2 cm, outside white villous; tube longer than limb, basally cylindric, apically enlarged; lobes red when dry; abaxial lip 3-lobed toward middle, lobes oblong; adaxial lip 7--8 mm, shallowly 2-lobed. Stamens 2; filaments whitish villous at place of insertion, apically glabrous; anther-cell spurred at base. Ovary glabrous. Style included, white villous.

 

                * Habitat ??; 900--1000 m. Yunnan (Jinsha Jiang).

 

                 original report: near to Calophanoides siccana (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu, flowers clustered, bracts twice to other spieces, it is easy to be distinguished in this genus.

 

13. Calophanoides xantholeuca (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu ex C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 286. 2002.

 

黄白杜根藤 huang bai du gen teng

 

                Justicia xantholeuca W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 212. 1919.

 

                Shrubs, ca. 30 cm tall. Stems erect or suberect, much branched, patent, primary?? slightly pilose or subscabrid pilose, then minute lineolate. Petiole 2--5 mm, pilosulose; leaf blade lanceolate, 2--3 X 0.7--1 cm, papery, both surfaces pilose or glabrous but midvein minutely and addressed pilose, base cuneate, margin entire, apex minutely?? acuminate. Flowers all axillary, 4- or 5-flowered in clusters; bracts narrowly oblanceolate, lanceolate, or ovate, ca. 5 mm or more. Pedicel very short; bracteoles subulate, narrowly lanceolate, or ovate, small. Calyx grayish white, ca. 5 mm, 5-divided into base; segments linear-lanceolate, midvein white pilose. Corolla white (according to collector's notes), pale yellow when dry, ca. 8 cm, outside sparsely pilose; structure of corolla and stamens just same with Calophanoides yunnanensis (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu. Capsule glabrous, with 4 seeds. Seeds straw-colored, tuberculate verrucose.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Yunnan (Dongchuan Xian).

 

14. Calophanoides xerobatica (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu ex C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 287. 2002.

 

滇东杜根藤 dian dong du gen teng

 

                Justicia xerobatica W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 213. 1919.

 

                Plants prostrate, to 30 cm long(tall). Stems woody at base, slender and flexuose, often rooting at nodes, ascending apically, minutely white crisped pilose. Petiole 2--3 cm, pilose; leaf blade suborbicular, broadly obovate, or rarely narrowly lanceolate, 1--2 X 0.5--0.8 m, soft membranous, both surfaces pilose on veins, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded to obtuse. Inflorescences axillary, 1--3-flowered clusters; bracts broadly obovate to foliously?? suborbiculate, 3--4 mm, clothed with leaves??. Pedicel absent; bracteoles ovate to nearly subulate-lanceolate, small. Calyx green, ca. 5 mm; segments linear-lanceolate, midvein pilose, margins scarious, apex acuminate. Corolla white (from collected notes), yellow when dry, ca. 9 cm, outside sparsely pilose, structure of corolla and gynoecium same with C. yunnanensis C. Y. Wu (=Justicia yunnanensis W. W. Smith). Mature capsule not seen.

 

                * Grassland on limestone; 1300--1400 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian), Yunnan (Dongchuan Xian, Mengzi Xian).

 

15. Calophanoides xerophila (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu ex C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 287. 2002.

 

干地杜根藤 gan du du gen teng

 

                Justicia xerophila W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 214. 1919.

 

                Plants suberect, ca. 10 cm tall. Stems basally semiwoody; branchlets slender, flexuose, yellow pilose. Petiole 1--3 mm, pilose; leaf blade lanceolate to oblanceolate, ca. 1 X 0.4 mm, soft papery, both surfaces slightly pilose, remained?? pilose, base cuneate, margin subentire or apically 2 or 3 repand toothed and slightly ciliate, apex acute to obtuse. Inflorescences axillary, 1- or 2-nate; bracts broadly obovate to folious?? Suborbiculate, 3--5 mm. Bracteoles sublinear, ca. 2 mm. Calyx green, ca. 5 mm, divided into base; segments sublinear, slightly pilose to subglabrous, apex acuminate. Corolla white (from collected notes), yellow when dry, ca. 7--8 mm, outside subglabrous, structure of corolla and gynoecium same with C. yunnanensis C. Y. Wu (=Justicia yunnanensis W. W. Smith). Capsule glabrous. Seeds 4, tuberculate scabrous.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Yunnan (Dongchuan Shi, Zhongdian Xian).

 

16. Calophanoides xylopoda (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu ex C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 288. 2002.

 

木柄杜根藤 mu bing du gen teng

 

                Justicia xylopoda W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 214. 1919.

 

                Shrubs, 10--13 cm tall. Stems very short, much branched. Branches erect or decumbent, apically ascendant, often cylindric toward basal portion, grayish or whitish pubescent, internodes grooved. Petiole 1--3 cm, white pubescent; leaf blade ovate to narrowly ovate, 1--2.4 X 0.7--1.2 cm, papery, abaxially minutely and sparsely pilosulose on veins, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 3 on each side of midvein, base cuneate and decurrent, apex minutely obtuse. Bracts ovate, ca. 1 cm, indumentum same as leaves. Flowers axillary, usually in 3-flowered clusters; pedicels short; bracteoles sublinear, ca. 1.5 mm. Calyx green, ca. 6 mm, divided into base; segments 5, linear-lanceolate, subequal, membranous, margin white, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow with purplish spots, ca. 1 cm, outside white pilose; tube tubular, 2-lipped; abaxial lip broad, 3-lobed, middle lobe larger; adaxial lip triangular, 2-lobed. Stamens 2, inserted at upper part of corolla tube, pilose around inserted place; anthers 2-celled, overlapping, lower one with white spur. Ovary ovate, glabrous. Capsule not seen. (neither seen Type specimen)

 

                * Thicket on mountainous slopes; 2300--2400 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian), Yunnan (Lijiang Xian).

 

                 original paper: “ near to C.yunnanensis (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu, but plants fruticosa basal, dwarf, much branched (ramous), leaves small is easy to be distinguished.

 

17. Calophanoides yunnanensis (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu ex H. P. Tsui, Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mount. 2: 1877. 1994.

 

滇杜根藤 dian du gen teng

 

                Justicia yunnanensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 215. 1919.

 

                Shrubs, to 45 cm tall. Stem single at base, suberect, apically ascending, whitish capitate pilose. Petiole 2--5(--7) mm, pilose; leaf blade lanceolate to oblanceolate, ca. 2.5 X 1 cm, papery, both surfaces pilose, base narrowly cuneate toward petioles, margin entire, apex minutely?? obtuse. Bracts orbicularly spatulate to obovate, 5--10 mm, surrounded by leaves. Flowers axillary, usually in 4- or 5-flowered clusters; pedicel short; bracteoles linear to oblanceolate. Calyx grayish white green, ca. 5 mm, divided into base; segments linear-lanceolate, midvein shallowly whitish yellow, apex acuminate. Corolla pale whitish yellow, ca. 8 mm, outside minutely pilose, corolla forms??; lobes, stamens and ovary same with species mentioned above. Capsule glabrous. Seeds 4, verrucose.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Yunnan (Yongsheng Xian).

 

                W.W.Smith described 5 new species (in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10--11: 43; 184; 212--215. 1917; 1918; 1919.): i.e. (11). Calophanoides siccanea (W. W. Smith) C.W.Wu; (13). Calophanoides xantholeuca (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu; (14). Calophanoides xerobatia (W.W.Sm) C. Y. Wu; (15). Calophanoides xerophila (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu; (16). Calophanoides xylopoda (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu, habitat and morphology are very closed, it is not easy to be distinguished, author consided that they probably conspecific, since some type specimen or other specimen from type location were not available at moment, so further studies are quite necessary.

 

66. MANANTHES Bremekamp, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 45(2): 58. 1948.

 

野靛棵属 ye dian ke shu

 

                Herbs. Leaves large, (isophyllous) equal, opposite. Inflorescences terminal, spiciform, usually elongate and slightly branched. Flowers axillary on bracts axil or solitary or densely glomerate. Bracts and bracteoles small, shorter than calyx, apex acute. Bracteoles inserted at base of pedicel. Calyx 5-divided; segments subequal, narrow, apex acute. Corolla whitish; tube enlarged at throat, as long as enlarged part; abaxial lip 3-cleft, palate; adaxial lip rugose, apex emarginate. Stamens 2; filaments glabrous; anthers cells 2, overlapping, one overlapped another by half, short one with an obtuse spur, connective obliquely butterflylike and apically apiculate; pollen grains barrel-shaped, 2-pororate, sparsely complanate, 2 rows of insular along pores bilateral. Disk urceolar. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovule per cell. Style subglabrous; stigma didymous, unthickened. Capsule stipe??. Seeds complanate, minutely rugose.

 

                About 22 species: E and SE Asia; sixteen species (?? endemic) in China.

               

                According to Wielgorskaja, genus only 5 species, In disk of Kew Index there are 13 species (excluded 7 species from China), so probably 22 species in this genus. 15 species in China.

 

                It belongs to Paleotropical genus, originaly included under Justicia, but main distinguished characteristics of this genus are inflorenscences slightly branched or elongated spiciform; bracts small; pollen grains barrel-shaped, 2-pororate.

 

1a. Inflorescences branched

2a. Spike terminal or on leaf axils apically, single or with 1 or 2 pair branches, 5--12 cm, flowers single, opposite on each node, rhachises 4-sided, a row yellow hairs between each angle ..................................................  14. M. patentiflora

2b. Spike terminal.

3a. Flowers clustered, opposite on nodes of rhachis .............................................................................  10. M. leptostachya

3b. Flowers opposite on rhachis secondary branches ................................................................................  16. M. vasculosa

1b. Inflorescences not branched.

4a. Bracts folious or subfolious, longer than calyx conspiciously.

5a. Inflorescences interrupted; flowers yellow ....................................................................................  15. M. pseudospicata

5b. Inflorescence continuous; flowers not yellow.

6a. Bracts apex abruptly 1--3 mucronate; leaves often toothed ...........................................................  4. M. austrosinensis

6b. Bracts apex not abruptly 1--3 mucronate; apically purplish when dry; leaves margin entire, base decurrent ..  9. M. latiflora

4b. Bracts small, often shorter than calyx

7a. Stem short; leaves often rosette arranged .................................................................................  3. M. austroguanxiensis

7b. Stems shortly elongate; leaves remote, never rosette arranged.

8a. Flowers often single on bract axil.

9a. Leaves base shallowly cordate, sometimes truncate .........................................................................  11. M. lianshanica

9b. Leaves base not shallowly cordate or truncate.

10a. Calyx segments elliptic, apex obtuse ................................................................................................  2. M. amblyosepala

10b. Calyx segments narrowly triangular to lanceolate, apex acute.

11a. Calyx segments inside tomentulose

12a. Corolla pale greenish yellow, 2--2.2 cm, abaxial lip as long as adaxial lip and 3-lobed, middle lobe rather broader, adaxial lip ca. 9 mm and apex obtuse; stems 4-sided .......................................................................................  1. M. acutangula

12b. Corolla white with purplish red spots, tube ca. 1.5 cm and abruptly curved above base, abaxial lip inside 2-plicate and unequally 3-lobed, lobes spreading and orbicular, adaxial lip subround, nearly half as long as abaxial lip, and edge revurved; stems cylindric, nodes swollen .........................................................................................  14. M. patentiflora

11b. Calyx segments inside glabrous; flowers smaller, corolla less than 1.5 cm; stems not angular.

13a. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, ca. 3--10.5 cm wide ..............................................................................  16. M. vasculosa

13b. Leaves narrowly elliptic, ca. 1--5 cm wide ..........................................................................................  8. M. kampotensis

8b. Flowers often several glomerate on bract axil.

14a. Leaves base cordate or somewhat auriculate.

15a. Leaves with long petiole, base cordate, rarely orbiculate, not amplexicaul ..................................  5. M. cardiophylla

15b. Leaves without petiole, basally somewhat auriculate, slightly amplexicaul.

16a. Leaves rusty red abaxial; stems dark purple when dry; spike 1.5--5 cm ............................................  7. M. ferruginea

16b. Leaves not rusty red abaxial; stems not dark purple when dry; spike 7--14 cm ......................  13. M. panduriformis

14b. Leaves base neither cordate nor auriculate.

17a. Peduncles short, densely aggregate. Rhachis densely pilose, cymes composing of 2--4 flowers, opposite on peduncles, bracts and bracteoles linear-lanceolate ..............................................................................................  12. M. microdonta

17b. Peduncles, lax.

18a. Flowers sessile, calyx segments 2--3 mm .........................................................................................  10. M. leptostachya

18b. Flowers with pedicels at low portion; calyx segments ca. 5 mm .....................................................  6. M. damingensis

 

1. Mananthes acutangula (H. S. Lo & D. Fang) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu in C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sinicae 70: 291. 2002.

 

棱茎野靛棵 ling jing ye dian ke

 

                Justicia acutangula H. S. Lo & D. Fang, Guihaia 17: 56. 1997.

 

                Herbs, ca. 1 m tall. Stems sharply 4-angular, rarely with ca. 1 mm wide wing and 4 grooves. Leaves elliptic, rarely broadly elliptic, 8.5--28 X 5--12.5 cm, secondary veins 13 or 14 on each side of midvein. Spike terminal or axillary on apical leaves axils, 3.5--14 cm, interrupted. Bracts triangular, 2--3 mm, 1-flowered. Bracteoles ca. 2.5 mm. Calyx ca. 5 mm, 5-divided, segments subequal, linear-triangular, densely (tomentose) pilosulose marginal inside. Corolla pale greenish yellow, 2--2.2 cm; abaxial lip as long as adaxial lip, 3-lobed, lobes ca. 2 mm, middle lobe broader; adaxial lip ca. 9 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 2, lower anther cell with minute spur. Style ca. 2 cm.

 

                * Forests in limestone mountains; 500--600. Guangxi (Mashan Xian).

 

                Close to Mananthes patentifolia (Hemsl.) Bremek. (=Justicia patentiflora Hemsl. by tomentosa marginal inside, but differs with stems sharply 4-angular; secondary veins 13--14 on each side of midvein; calyx ca. 5 mm; corolla tube 2--2.2 cm; abaxial and adaxial lips of equal length. Style ca. 2 cm.

 

2. Mananthes amblyosepala (D. Fang & H. S. Lo) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu in C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 291. 2002.

 

钝萼野靛棵 dun e ye dian ke

 

                Justicia amblyosepala D. Fang & H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 55. 1997.

 

                Shrubs, 30--50 cm tall. Stems terete, glabrous, cystoliths linear and granulate. Leaves petiolate, blade papery, ovate to elliptic, 9--17 X 4.5--8 cm, glabrous, acute both end, base attenuate or rotund, subintegrate??, cystoliths dense white, granulate sometimes lineolate on upper surface, secondary veins 5--7 on each side of midvein, costa and veins slightly raised (prominulus). Inflorescences terminal or axillary, spiciform, 2--23 cm, interrupted, simple or branched; rachis grooved, puberulous in grooves; peduncle 1.5--5 cm. Bracts opposite, triangular, rarely narrowly triangular, 1.5--3 mm, subglabrous, 1-flowered. Bracteoles narrowly triangular, ca. 2 mm, ciliolate. Calyx ca. 5 mm, 5-divided, segments oblong, ca. 3 mm, apex obtuse, usually sessile glandular and sparsely tomentose or subglabrous on both surface. Corolla pale yellow, ca. 1.3 cm, outside retrorse puberulous, from base gradually enlarge; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes ca. 1.5 mm and apex rotund; adaxial lip erect, ovate-triangular, ca. 5 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; filament glabrous; anther cells elliptic, ca. 1.5 mm, unequal, basal one with a spur at base. Style 8--11 mm, sparse puberulous. Capsule claviform, ca. 1.5 cm, lower part solid, outside pubescent. Seeds 4, verrucose.

 

                * Forests, on limestone slopes. Guangxi (Napo Xian).

 

                According to original article: “This species is closed to Thailand species Justicia decumbens Craib, but leaves of later oblong, bracts and bracteoles linear, calyx linear-lanceolate, apex acute; corolla white, it is easy to be distinguished.

 

3. Mananthes austroguanxiensis (H. S. Lo & D. Fang) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu in C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 292. 2002.

 

桂南野靛棵 gui nan ye dian ke

 

                Justicia austroguangxiensis H. S. Lo & D. Fang, Guihaia 17: 54. 1997; J. austroguangxiensis f. albinervia D. Fang & H. S. Lo; Mananthes austroguangxiensis f. albinervia (H. S. Lo & D. Fang) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu.

 

                Herbs, 15--30 cm tall. Stems short, sometimes woody, branchless, with dense nodes, internode 4--7(--55) mm. Leaves often congested somewhat rosularly oriented, blade papery or thickly papery, obovate to obovate-elliptic, rarely elliptic, (6--)10--15 X (2.5--)4--7(--9) cm, apex acute rarely obtuse, base angustate?? rarely shortly acuminate, decurrent, margin entire, green, glabrous, minute papillose and midvein (costa) impressed adaxial; complanate, yellow green abaxial, secondary veins 7 or 8 on each side of midvein, arcuate towards margin; petioles thick. Spikes often axillary on apical stems, 5--35 cm, interrupted; rhachid puberulose. Bracts and bracteoles triangular, rarely longly triangular, 1--1.5--2 mm??. Calyx 1.5--2 mm, 5-divided, segments subulate. Corolla pale yellowish green, 8--9 mm, outside puberulose; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes 4--4.5 mm and revolute, middle lobe broader than lateral ones; adaxial lip erect, triangular, 3.5--4 mm, apex emarginate. Stamens 2; filaments ca. 3 mm, glabrous; anther cells unequal, basal one with a spur at base. Style 4.5--5 mm, puberulose low portion. Capsule clavate, 1.3--1.5 cm, lower portion solid, stipe; seed 4, tuberculate.

 

                * Dense forests, on limestone. 300--400 m. Guangxi.

               

                Plants cultivated in Guangxi with midvein and secondary veins whitish, become somewhat purplish both surface when dry, have been given the name Mananthes austroguangxiensis f. albinervia (C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 292. 2002).

 

4. Mananthes austrosinensis (H. S. Lo) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu, in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 292. 2002.

 

华南野靛棵 hua nan ye dian ke

 

                Justicia austrosinensis H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 52. 1997.

 

                Herbs, usually 40--70 cm tall. stems repens at low portion, 4-sided and grooved, cripe??-pubescent in grooves. Leaves submembranous or papery, ovate, broadly ovate or subelliptic, rarely oblong-lanceolate, 5--10(--15) cm, apex acute, base broad cuneate, minutely decurrent, margin coarsely dentate or entire, green, sparsely hirsute adaxial, hirsute on midvein and secondary veins abaxial, secondary veins 5 on each side of midvein. Spikes axillary and terminal, with dense flowers or sometimes interrupted, 3--9(--15) cm; peduncles 1--3 cm, recto-bigrooved and pubescent in groove. Bracts fan-shaped, sometimes broadly ovate, 5--7 X 6--9 mm, apex with 1--3-mucro (cuspidate), sometimes rotund, base constricted, long ciliate, (1- or)2-flowered. Bracteoles subulate, 2--3 mm. Calyx 5-divided into base, segments subulate, 3.5--4 mm. Corolla pale yellowish green, ca. 1 cm, outside pubescent; abaxial lip spreading, 3-lobed, with palate (rugiform-rugulo); adaxial lip suberect, ovate-triangular, apex emarginate. Stamens 2; anther cells 2, oblique and overlapping, basal one with a spur at base. Capsule clavate, ca. 1.2 cm, lower portion solid, stipe, outside pubescent; seed 4.

 

                * Dense forests, forest in valleys, in mountains along rivers; 1200--1300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi (Jinxiu Xian, Longsheng Xian, Napo Xian), Guizhou (Anlong Xian, Duyun Xian), Jiangxi (Quannan Xian), Yunnan.

 

5. Mananthes cardiophylla (D. Fang & H. S. Lo) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu in C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 293. 2002.

 

心叶野靛棵 xin ye ye dian ke

 

                Justicia cardiophlla D. Fang & H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 57. 1997.

 

                Herbs, ca. 20--50 cm tall. Stems terete, sometimes flexuous and branched, erect or low portion repens, base sometimes woody. Leaves opposite at low portion, subequal, glabrous, petiolate, blade papery or softly papery, cordate rarely broadly ovate, 3.5--12 X 2--9.2 cm, apex acute rarely shortly acuminate, base cordate or sparsely rotund, margin subentire, cystoliths densely and minutely granulate, secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein, petioles 3.5--11 mm, shorter at upper portion, longer at lower portion, glabrous or somewhat glanduloso-puberulose. Inflorescences terminal, spiciform, continuous, 3.5--11 cm, solitary or 1-branched, rachis densely pubescent, peduncles 7.5--20.5 cm, with 2 grooves, somewhat pubescent in grooves. Bracts opposite, triangular, 1.5--2 X ca. 1 mm, with 6--1-flowered, with bracteoles, calyx segments outside and on margin puberulous. Bracteoles subtriangular, ca. 1.5 mm. Calyx 5-divided into base, segments narrowly triangular, ca. 1.5 X 0.6 mm. Corolla greenish yellow, ca. 7 X 1.5 mm, outside pubescent; abaxial lip spreading, 3-lobed, lobes ca. 1 mm, apex of middle lobe rotund; adaxial lip suberect, subtriangular, ca. 3.5 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; filaments ca. 2 mm, glabrous; anther cells linear, ca. 1 mm, unequal, basal one with a spur at base. Disk ca. 0.5 mm high. Style ca. 3.5 mm, basally sparsely puberulous. Capsule claviform, ca. 1.5 cm, pubescent, lower portion solid, stipe. Seed 4, semicompressed, verrucose.

 

                * Forests, on rocks in limestone mountains; ca. 600 m. Guangxi (Daxin Xian).

 

                According to original article: near to Justicia glomerulata R. Ben., but differs from later, which leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, base angustate and rotunded, sometimes cordate; bracts linear, 2.5--3 mm, 1--3-flowered; calyx segments 2.5--3 mm, it is easy to be distingushed.

 

6. Mananthes damingensis H. S. Lo, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(4): 106. 1981.

 

大明野靛棵 da ming ye dian ke

 

                Justicia damingensis (H. S. Lo) H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 58. 1997.

 

                Herbs, 15--30 cm tall. Stems basal repens and apically ascendant, subterete, 2 grooves on internodes and pubescent in groove. Leaves thin papery, ovate, 4--9 X 2.5--4.5 cm, apex acute, base narrowly cuneate, margin shallowly undulate, glabrous adaxial, on midvein and secondary veins pubescent abaxial, cystoliths slender on adaxial surface, secondary veins slender, 5 on each side of midvein, slightly convex abaxial; petioles 0.5--1.5 mm, ciliate pubescent. Inflorescences terminal, spiciform, including 5.5--10 cm peduncles 17--18 cm, branchless or a pair forked (trifurcate). Bracts subulate, 1.5--2 mm. Flowers in inflorescences apically sessile, single; basal with pedicels, 3-flowered clustered or forming a cyme. Calyx 5-divided into base, segments narrowly triangular, ca. 5 X 0.6 mm, margin ciliate, acuminate, with 3 brown tinged, outside with band shaped stripes when dry. Corolla yellow, ca. 1 cm, outside puberulous; tube slightly enlarged, 2-lipped; abaxial lip spreading, ca. 3.2 mm, apically 3-lobed; adaxial lip subdeltoid, ca. 2.5 mm. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; filaments glabrous; anther cells 2, elliptic-ovoid, basal one with a spur at base, connective broad. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules per cell. Style glabrous, obtuse at top, slightly 2-lobed. Capsule unknown.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Guangxi (Daming Shan).

 

                According to original article: “this species differs from Mananthes leptostachya (Hemsl.) H. S. Lo by leaves with fewer veins (ca pairs), and differs from Mananthes lianshanica H. S. Lo by leaves base cuneate, corolla, calyx and bracts subglabrous or puberulose; from both basal flowers of inflorescences often pedicelled”.

 

7. Mananthes ferruginea (H. S. Lo & D. Fang) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu in C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 294. 2002.

 

锈背野靛棵 xiu bei ye dian ke

 

                Justicia ferruginea H. S. Lo & D. Fang, Guihaia 17: 58. 1997.

 

                Herbs, over 20 cm tall. Stems terete, dark purple, sparsely tuberculate, younger 4-sided, grooved, glabrous. Leaves opposite, subequal, sessile, blade papery, oblanceolate, 8--17 X 2.5--6.5 cm, apex obtuse (?), base auriculate, somewhat amplexicaul, margin entire, glabrous and cystoliths densely and minutely granulate both surface, ferrugineous abaxial when dry, secondary veins ca. 10--13 on each side of midvein, with midvein raised (prominulus) abaxial. Inflorescences 1.5--5 cm, spiciform, interrupted, axillary, 2(or 4)-furcate, rachis 2-fariam?? puberulous, peduncles 1.5--3.5 cm, glabrous. Bracts opposite, 5--1-flowered, bracts and bracteoles triangular, less than 1 mm, subglabrous. Calyx 5-parted, segments narrowly triangular, 1--1.5 mm, subglabrous. Corolla white, 6.5--7 mm, outside puberulous; tube ca. 1.5 in diameter at middle; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes ca. 1 mm and apex rotund; adaxial lip erect, ovate-triangular, ca. 3 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 2; inserted at throat; filaments ca. 2 mm; anther cells ca. 1 mm, unequal, basal one with a spur at base. Ovary glabrous. Style subglabrous. Capsule not seen.

 

                * Forests, limestone hills; ?? m. Guangxi (Longzhou Xian).

 

                Near to Justicia panduriformis R. Ben., but leaves of later large, 15--26 X 7.5--15 cm, not ferrugineous abaxial(beneath), secondary veins 8--10 on each side of midvein; spike ca. 7--14 cm; peduncles ca. 15 cm.

 

8. Mananthes kampotiana (Benoist) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu in C. C. Hu, in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 294. 2002.

 

那坡野靛棵 na po ye dian ke

 

                Justicia kampotiana Benoist, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 5: 118. 1936.

 

                Shrubs. Young stems subquadrangular, glabrous, grooved, soon subterete. Leaves shortly petiolate, lanceolate, base acute, apex shortly acuminate, entire, 9--16 X 4.3--5 cm, blade glabrous both surface, secondary veins 8 on each side of midvein. Inflorescences axillary or terminal. Flowers in inflorescences 3-nate, rachis subglabrous, 4-sided, enlarged at flowers attracted. Bracts and bracteoles narrowly triangular, ca. 1.5 mm, opposite; pedicels none. Calyx 5-divided , segments subequal, linear, acute, ca. 3 mm, pubescent. Corolla tube longer than limb, slightly enlarged below throat; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes subequal; adaxial lip erect, subtriangular, apex truncate. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; filaments glabrous; anther cells unequal, basal one with a spur at base. Ovary and style glabrous. Capsule glabrous, low half narrow and sterile.

 

                Forests, rocky mountains; 500--600 m. Guangxi (Napo Xian) [Cambodia].

 

9. Mananthes latiflora (Hemsley) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu in C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 295. 2002.

 

紫苞野靛棵 zi bao ye dian ke

 

                Justicia latiflora Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 245. 1890.

 

                Herbs erect or shrubs(?). Stems simple or branchless, slightly tortuous ascendant, 4-sided, punctate cystoliths inconspicuously, sparsely pubescent. Leaves with long petioles, blade nearly membranous, lanceolate, ovate or nearly orbicular, ca. 7.5 cm include petioles, apex long acuminate, base cuneate, sometimes attenuate, hispidulous on costa and veins of both surface, secondary veins 8--10 on each side of midvein, distinctly arcuate. Petioles slender, 5--6.5 cm. Flowers beautiful, on terminal, ca. 5 cm, dense spike, peduncles with bracts very short. Bracts colored, puberulous, large and broad, ovate or elliptic, abruptly and shortly acuminate. Calyx shorter than bracts, only half in bracts length, subunequally 5-cleft, segments lanceolate, acute, 7.5--10 mm. Corolla pale white, less than 2 cm in wide, striate, ribbed and plicate, outside pubescent; abaxial lip spreading, with conspicuous raised veins, broadly 3-toothed, lobes round, 2 lateral lobes narrower; adaxial lip broadly rotund, concave. Stamens 2, exserted. Ovary glabrous, 2-celled. Capsule unknown.

 

                Forests on mountainous slops, valley, roadside, at altitude 600--1800 m. Hubei (Yichang Xian); Hunan (Sangzhi); Guizhou (Lipo, Xingren); Sichuan (Huayingshan, Ynliang??).

 

10. Mananthes leptostachya (Hemsley) H. S. Lo, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(4): 104. 1981.

 

南岭野靛棵 nan ling ye dian ke

 

                Justicia leptostachya Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 245. 1890.

 

                Herbs erect, nearly glabrous. Young stems 4-sided, 2-fariam pubescent decussatus on bilateral internodes. Leaves large, 10.5--12.5(--18) X 5--6.5(--8) cm, conspicuously slender petiolate, blade papery, ovate -lanceolate, apex long acuminate, base broadly cuneate, entire, inconspicuously undulate, sparsely strigose adaxial, pale abaxial, strigose on midvein and secondary veins, primary secondary veins few and distinct arcuate. Flowers small, 4--5 mm, sessile, remote and slender panicle composing of small and dense, opposite clusters, inflorescences branchless, slender and hispid. Bracts and bracteoles small, shorter than calyx. Calyx segments subequal, narrowly lanceolate or nearly linear, acutissma??, half sized to corolla. Corolla pubescent, erect; tube slightly broad, lobes nearly equal; adaxial lip erect or incurved, surrounding stamens, oblong, entire, apex rotund; abaxial lip spreading and incurved, striate, 3-lobed, lobes equal, rotund. Stamens 2; filaments glabrous; basal anther cell with a spur at base. Ovary glabrous. Style filiform, included, glabrous. Capsule clavate, puberulous, ca. 1.2 cm, 4-seeded. Seeds dark brown, slightly muricate.

 

                Guangdong (Lechang, Ruyuan, Liangxian, Changdong); Guangxi (Longzhou, Beice, Hexian, Fangcheng); Hunan (Yichang).

 

Type specimen collected from Guangdong (with locality).(only seen photo of type.)

 

11. Mananthes lianshanica H. S. Lo, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(4): 105. 1981.

 

广东野靛棵 guang dong ye dian ke

 

                Justicia lianshanica (H. S. Lo) H. S. Lo, Guihaia 17: 55. 1997.

 

                Herbs. Stems basal repens and rooting at nodes, apically ascending, usually branchless, 2-grooved opposite on internodes, pubescent in grooves, thereafter glabrous. Leaves thin papery, ovate, 3.5--14 X 2--6 cm, apex obtuse, base shallowly cordate or nearly truncate, margin subundulate or nearly entire, glabrous both surface or sparsely hairy on veins abaxial, cystoliths dense, shortly lanceolate, secondary veins 7 or 8 on each side of midvein, slightly convex abaxial, secondary veins connected near leaves margin; petioles 1.5--3.5 cm, pubescent. Spike terminal, not branched, densely pubescent, usually 1-flowered on bracts axil, rarely 2-flowered. Bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, 2--3 mm, pubescent. Calyx deeply 5-divided towards base, segments sublanceolate, ca. 3.5 X 0.7 mm, glandules pubescent. Corolla yellow, with purplish spotted (maculate), outside glandular pubescent; tube slightly widened upward, 2-lipped; abaxial lip spreading, 3.3--3.5 mm, broader than adaxial lip, lobe apices rotund; adaxial lip erect, triangular, ca. 2.2 mm. Stamens 2, inserted at throat; filaments ca. 3 mm, glabrous; anther cells 2, ovoid, attached at different levels, basal one with a spur at base. Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules per cell. Style ca. 9 mm; stigma obtuse slightly 2-lobate. Capsule not seen.

 

                Forests, on rocks; 500--600 m. Guangdong (Fengchuan ??, Liangshan ??), Guangdi (Cangwu Xian, Jinxiu Xian).

 

                 species related to Mananthes leptostachya (Hemsl.) H. S. Lo, but differs by its unbranched inflorescences with opposite bracts, each subtending a single flower, its leaves base cordate, its calyx segments glandular pubescent.

 

12. Mananthes microdonta (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu in C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 296. 2002.

 

小齿野靛棵 xiao chi ye dian ke

 

                Justicia microdonta W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 183. 1918.

 

                Shrubs, to 2 m tall, much branched. Young shoots 4- or 6-sided, sparsely pilose, becoming red when dry. Leaves with 1--2 cm petioles, blade unequal, ovate, apex shortly acuminate, obtuse, base broad cuneate, decurrent along petioles, entire, large leaves ca. 5.5 X 2.5 cm; small ca. 3 X 1.5 cm, papery, green adaxial, on veins and edges pilose, otherwise pubescent; nearly pale green abaxial, on midvein pilose. Inflorescences spiciform, 5--7(--10) cm on branches terminal, interrupted. Peduncles short, rachis densely pilose. Flowers 2--4 composing cymes, opposite on peduncle. Bracts and bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 3--5 cm. Calyx ca. 7 mm, 5-divided into base, segments linear-lanceolate, 5--6 mm, costa(midvein) pilose. Corolla 1--1.3 cm, pale white, outside somewhat hairy, then glabrous; tube short; limb 2-lipped, longer than tube; abaxial lip 4--5 mm, 3-lobed, lobes inside pilose and margin ciliate; adaxial lip shortly 2-lobed. Stamens 2; filaments pilose, basally flattened; anthers cells 2, parallel, basal one with a white spur at base. Ovary glabrous. Style densely pilose. Mature capsule ca. 2 cm, with 4 seeds. Seeds complanate, reddish brown, rugose-verruculose, 3--4 mm in diam.

 

                * Habitat ??; ?? m. Sichuan (Jinyang Xian), Yunnan (Dęqęn Xian, Luquan Xian, Pudu valley??, Zhongdian Xian).

 

13. Mananthes panduriformis (Benoist) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu in C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sinicae 70: 297. 2002.

 

琴叶野靛棵 qin ye ye dian ke

 

                Justicia panduriformis Benoist, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 5: 116. 1936.

 

                Shrubs, to 2 m tall. Young shoots 4-sided, glabrous. Leaves sessile, obovate, apex shortly acuminate, base round and attenuate toward base, margin entire or slightly undulate, somewhat fiddle-shaped, 15--26 X 7.5--15 cm, blade glabrous both surface. Inflorescences terminal, elongated, rachis branchless, densely pubescent. Flowers sessile, opposite on lanceolate-linear, acute bracts axil. Bracts 2--3 mm, densely arranged capitate. Bracteoles similar to bracts. Calyx ca. 3 mm, 5-divided into base, segments linear, acute, narrow and small, puberulous. Corolla 8 mm, white; tube as long as limb. Stamens 2, inserted on 1/3 portion of corolla tube; filaments glabrous; anther cells unequal, basal one with spur at base. Ovary and style basal slightly pubescent. Capsule unknown.

 

                Forests in limestone mountains. Guangxi (Longzhou Xian), Yunnan (Maguan Xian) [N Vietnam].

 

14. Mananthes patentiflora (Hemsley) Bremekamp, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 45(2): 59. 1948.

 

野靛棵 ye dian ke

 

                Justicia patentiflora Hemsley, Hook. Icon. Pl. 28: t. 2792. 1903.

 

                Herbs, perennial, erect, to 2 m tall. Stems simple, terete, swollen (turgid) at nodes. Leaves with 2--6 cm petioles, blade ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 16--26 X 7.5--9.5 cm, membranous, apex acuminate, base acute, attenuate towards base, secondary veins 8 or 9 on each side of midvein, midvein immersed? adaxial. Spike terminal or axillary on leaves axil of apically shoots, solitary or 1 or 2 pairs branched, 5--12 cm, at each node 1 pairs flowers, rachis 4-sided, a row of yellowish hairs on center between two angles?. Flowers red, bract and bracteoles scale like or triangular lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, shorter than calyx. Calyx ca. 1.2 cm, puberulous, unequally 5-toothed, segments acute. Corolla white with purplish spots (macular); tube ca. 1.5 cm, abruptly recurved above base, outside puberulous, 2-lipped; abaxial lip inside 2-plicate, unequally 3-lobed, lobes spreading and orbicular; adaxial lip nearly round, 1/2 shorter than abaxial lip, margin recurved?. Stamens 2, inserted at middle of tube, included or shortly exserted; filaments filiform, glabrous; anther cells 2, oblique, basal one with a spur at base. Ovary glabrous. Style sparsely puberulous. Capsule oblanceolate, ca. 0.5 cm, with 4 seeds apically (at upper portion), basal (low portion) solid, stripe, ca. 1.5 cm. Seeds complanate-orbicular, pale yellow, verrucate.

 

                * Forests; along steams in valleys; 500--800(--2400) m. Yunnan.

 

15. Mananthes pseudospicata (H. S. Lo & D. Fang) C. Y. Wu & C. C. Hu in C. C. Hu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 298. 2002.

 

黄花野靛棵 huang hua ye dian ke

 

                Justicia pseudospicata</