猪屎豆科 zhu shi dou ke
Wei Zhi (韦直)1; R. M. Polhill2, Michael G. Gilbert3
Shrubs or herbs. Leaves generally digitately 3(7)-foliolate, sometimes 1-foliolate or simple, usually pulvinate; stipels absent. Inflorescences terminal, ± leaf-opposed, or less often axillary, racemes or heads, sometimes flowers solitary or aggregated into leafy pseudoracemes. Calyx generally with 5 subequal lobes. Corolla papilionaceous; standard sometimes with basal calluslike appendages. Stamens all connate into a sheath split above; anthers generally dimorphic, alternately basifixed and dorsifixed. Ovary 2- to many ovuled; style bearded lengthwise or minutely ciliate on adaxial side. Pods usually turgid or inflated, rarely compressed, 2-valved, continuous within. Seeds estrophiolate.
Eleven genera and slightly more than 1200 species: most diverse in southern Africa where all but one N African genus occur, two genera extending east to China and one pantropical (Crotalaria); three genera and 44 species (nine endemic) in China.
Some species of Crotalaria are grown as fiber crops, fodder, and green manure, others are used medicinally and as ornamentals. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are present in some species which in livestock can cause acute or more often chronic poisoning known as crotalism.
1a.... Stamens all similar; pod compressed, narrowly oblong, 3.55.5 Χ ca. 0.2 cm ..................................... 165. Rothia
1b.... Stamens dimorphic, 5 shorter with oblong basifixed anthers alternating with 5 longer with ovoid dorsifixed anthers; pod usually conspicuously inflated or if not then less than 1.5 cm and/or more than 0.4 cm wide.
2b.... Calyx-lobes distinct or sometimes 2 adaxial ones connate; pod usually conspicuously inflated (but flat in Crotalaria psoralioides) ................................................................................................................................... 163. Crotalaria
2a.... Calyx with 4 adaxial lobes connate in pairs; pod only slightly inflated ................................... 164. Lotononis
猪屎豆属 zhu shi dou shu
Goniogyna Candolle; Heylandia Candolle; Priotropis Wight & Arnott.
Herbs or shrubs, often short-lived, rarely small trees. Stems terete or angled. Stipules filiform to foliaceous or lacking. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate, usually petiolate. Inflorescences terminal, leaf-opposed, or occasionally axillary, racemose, occasionally condensed and headlike; bracts usually present. Flowers usually pedicellate; bracteoles 2, rarely lacking. Calyx subcampanulate, with 5 subequal lobes or 2-lipped with 3 narrow abaxial lobes and 2 broader adaxial lobes often connate or partly connate. Corolla usually yellow, less often white, purplish red, or dark purplish blue; standard usually orbicular or oblong, outside glabrous or with trichomes, basally almost always with 2 appendages inside; wings oblong or narrowly elliptic; keel rounded to angled, generally extended into a well developed beak. Stamens monadelphous, dimorphic, 5 usually shorter with oblong and basifixed anthers alternating with 5 longer with ovoid and dorsifixed anthers. Ovary stipitate or sessile, with or without trichomes, with 2-many ovules. Style long, basally curved or geniculate, almost always with 1 or 2 lines of trichomes on apical part; stigma minute, oblique, rarely 2-lobed. Pod subsessile to long-stipitate, oblong, cylindric, ovoid-globose, or rarely rhombic, usually conspicuously inflated, rarely compressed, 2- to many-seeded, with or without a stipe. Seeds obliquely cordate to oblong-reniform, with a definite hilar sinus.
About 690 species throughout tropics and extending into subtropics, most numerous in E and S tropical Africa; 42 species (six naturalized and nine endemic) in China.
The indumentum of many species of Crotalaria darkens significantly in herbarium collections and is often variously described as yellow or brown but in living material it may often be ± colorless rather than as indicated in many descriptions.
Some species of Crotalaria are grown as fiber crops, fodder, and green manure, others are used medicinally and as ornamentals. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are present in some species which in livestock can cause acute or more often chronic poisoning known as crotalism.
1a.... Leaves 3-foliolate; calyx subcampanulate.
2a.... Pod 0.30.5 cm, 2-seeded.
3a.... Leaflet blades elliptic, 23 Χ 11.5 cm; pod ca. 5 mm in diam.; corolla keel without twisted beak 5. C. uncinella
3b.... Leaflet blades obovate to oblanceolate, 12 Χ 0.30.8 cm; pod 34 mm in diam.; corolla keel with twisted beak 39. C. medicaginea
2b.... Pod 24 cm, (4)2030-seeded.
4a.... Pod densely pubescent, not glabrescent; corolla only slightly longer than calyx.
5a.... Leaflet
blades suborbicular to elliptic-obovate, 24 Χ 12 cm; stems spreading pilose
........................................................................................................................................................ 1.
C. incana
5b.... Leaflet blades elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 57 Χ 24 cm; stems appressed pilosulose
6a.... Corolla 1015 mm; pod 2.54 Χ 11.5 cm ........................................................................... 2. C. micans
6b.... Corolla 59 mm; pod ca. 2 Χ 0.51 cm.
7a.... Leaflet blades elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 35 Χ 22.5 cm, apex obtuse; pod stipe ca. 4 mm 3. C. jianfengensis
7b.... Leaflet blades narrowly elliptic, 57 Χ 2.54 cm, apex acuminate; pod stipe absent 4. C. bracteata
4b.... Pod thinly pubescent when young, later glabrous; corolla ca. 2 Χ as long as calyx.
8a.... Calyx with trichomes.
9a.... Pod compressed, 48-seeded .................................................................................... 6. C. psoralioides
9b.... Pod inflated, 20- or more seeded.
10a.. Leaflet blades oblong to elliptic, 36 Χ 24 cm ........................................................... 7. C. pallida
10b.. Leaflet blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 59(12) Χ 0.51 cm .......................... 8. C. lanceolata
8b.... Calyx glabrous.
11a.. Leaflet
blades oblong to narrowly elliptic, 23 cm wide; corolla standard orbicular
............................................................................................................................................ 9.
C. trichotoma
11b.. Leaflet
blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 0.51 cm wide; corolla standard oblong
......................................................................................................................................... 10.
C. ochroleuca
1b.... Leaves simple; calyx subcampanulate or 2-lipped.
12a.. Stipules lanceolate-lunate; corolla blue, pale yellow, or white ............................................... 11. C. verrucosa
12b.. Stipules not lanceolate-lunate, sometimes absent; corolla red, purple, purplish blue, yellow, or rarely pale yellow or white.
13a.. Corolla purplish red to purple or purplish blue.
14a.. Flowers in a
condensed headlike raceme; corolla deep purple or purplish blue
....................................................................................................................................................... 24.
C. mairei
14b.. Flowers in an elongated raceme or rarely solitary; corolla purplish red to purple.
15a.. Plant prostrate; leaf blade obovate to obovate-elliptic, less than 2 Χ as long as wide; pod with trichomes 21. C. hainanensis
15b.. Plant erect; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to elliptic-oblanceolate, more than 2.5 Χ as long as wide; pod glabrous.
16a.. Leaf blade
24 Χ 0.60.8 cm, adaxially with trichomes; plants ca. 0.6 m tall
...................................................................................................................................... 22.
C. chiayiana
16b.. Leaf blade 58 Χ ca. 2 cm wide, adaxially glabrous; plants 11.5 m tall ................ 24. C. occulta
13b.. Corolla usually yellow, rarely pale yellow or white.
17a.. Stipules winglike, decurrent along stem .................................................................................. 12. C. alata
17b.. Stipules not winglike, sometimes absent.
18a.. Plant ca. 9 cm tall, erect; leaf blade 0.51 cm.
19a.. Calyx subcampanulate, 56 mm, lobes all similar; corolla standard without glandular trichomes 41. C. tiantaiensis
19b.. Calyx 2-lipped, ca. 7 mm, adaxial 2 lobes distinctly wider than abaxial 3 lobes; corolla standard with glandular trichomes along margin near base ..................................................................... 42. C. anningensis
18b.. Plant 20150 cm tall or prostrate; leaf blade 1.520(25) cm.
20a.. Pod ovoid-globose, 0.40.7 cm, 612-seeded.
21a.. Bracts ovate-triangular, 67 mm; calyx 810 mm, divided for ca. 1/2 its length 35. C. dubia
21b.. Bracts lanceolate or linear, 1.53(4) mm; calyx 47 mm, deeply divided.
22a.. Leaf blade
broadly ovate-elliptic to suborbicular, apex not mucronate
............................................................................................................................. 36.
C. humifusa
22b.. Leaf blade narrowly linear, oblanceolate, or oblong, apex mucronate.
23a.. Leaf blade oblanceolate to oblong; plants 50100 cm tall; inflorescences elongated, 1020 cm 37. C. linifolia
23b.. Leaf blade narrowly linear; plants to 30 cm tall; inflorescences very short and headlike 38. C. nana
20b.. Pod cylindric, 14(6) cm, 1030-seeded.
24a.. Pod 11.5 cm, 1015(30)-seeded; herbs.
25a.. Stipules present but sometimes caducous.
26a.. Stipules needlelike, ca. 1 mm.
27a.. Racemes terminal or axillary, 2030-flowered ................................... 30. C. albida
27b.. Racemes axillary, (1- or)2-flowered ............................................... 31. C. uliginosa
26b.. Stipules linear, 26 mm.
28a.. Leaf blade rounded to elliptic; corolla 46 mm ......................... 28. C. acicularis
28b.. Leaf blade linear, linear-lanceolate, or elliptic-oblanceolate; corolla 812 mm.
29a.. Leaf blade linear-elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, ca. 2 cm wide 24. C. occulta
29b.. Leaf blade
linear to linear-lanceolate, 0.51 cm wide
..................................................................................................... 26.
C. sessiliflora
25b.. Stipules absent.
30a.. Leaf blade
38 Χ 24 mm, elliptic to ovate, adaxially glabrous
....................................................................................................................... 34.
C. similis
30b.. Leaf blade 1060 Χ 425 mm, elliptic to linear, adaxially usually with trichomes (sometimes glabrous in C. chinensis).
31a.. Corolla standard 45 mm; calyx 34 mm ...................................... 33. C. prostrata
31b.. Corolla standard 611 mm; calyx 510 mm.
32a.. Leaf blade
oblong-linear to linear; racemes 15-flowered
....................................................................................................... 29.
C. chinensis
32b.. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic; racemes 520-flowered 32. C. yunnanensis
24b.. Pod 24(6) cm, (10)2030-seeded; herbs or shrublets.
33a.. Calyx 23 cm, black when mature .................................................................. 25. C. calycina
33b.. Calyx less than 1.5 cm, brownish yellow when mature.
34a.. Stems 3- or 4-angled.
35a.. Stems 4-angled; leaf blade 1020(25) cm; racemes 610-flowered; pod 45 cm 18. C. tetragona
35b.. Stems 3-angled; leaf blade 23 cm; racemes 13-flowered; pod ca. 2 cm 40. C. triquetra
34b.. Stems terete.
36a.. Stipules 530 mm.
37a.. Stipules foliaceous, broadly lanceolate, 1030 mm ................. 13. C. mysorensis
37b.. Stipules ovate-triangular, lanceolate, or triangular-lanceolate, 510 mm.
38a.. Stems and leaf blade adaxially glabrous; leaf blade 715 cm; stipules ovate-triangular, ca. 10 mm ............................................................................................. 14. C. spectabilis
36b.. Stipules 13 mm.
39a.. Leaf blade obovate to obovate-elliptic, 13 cm; corolla yellow or purplish red 23. C. hainanensis
39b.. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or linear, 512 cm; corolla always yellow.
40a.. Corolla 11.2(1.5) cm, equal to or only slightly exserted beyond calyx.
41a.. Leaf blade linear to oblong-linear, 47 Χ 0.41 cm; pod 34 cm, densely brown silky-pubescent ............................................................. 19. C. yaihsienensis
41b.. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 611 Χ 23 cm; pod 12.5 cm, glabrous 20. C. kurzii
40b.. Corolla 1.52.5 cm, clearly exserted beyond calyx.
42a.. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate to oblong-linear, 0.52 cm wide 17. C. juncea
42b.. Leaf blade oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 24 cm wide.
43a.. Leaf blade
apex obtuse to acuminate, mucronate; pod 46 cm
............................................................................................. 15.
C. assamica
43b.. Leaf blade
apex emarginate, not mucronate; pod 2.53 cm
.................................................................................................. 16.
C. retusa
圆叶猪屎豆 yuan ye zhu shi dou
Crotalaria incana subsp. purpurascens (Lamarck) Milne-Redhead; C. purpurascens Lamarck; C. schimperi A. Richard.
Herbs or shrublets, to 1 m tall. Stems brownish yellow spreading pubescent. Stipules acicular, 23 mm, tardily caducous. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 35 cm; petiolules 13 mm; leaflet blades elliptic-obovate, obovate, or suborbicular, 24 Χ 12 cm, terminal one larger than lateral ones, thin, abaxially pubescent to nearly glabrous, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 610 each side of midvein, secondary and tertiary veins abaxially distinct and adaxially inconspicuous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, 1020 cm, 515-flowered; bracts 110 mm, caducous. Pedicel 34 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts, 23 mm. Calyx subcampanulate, 68 mm, 5-lobed, pubescent; lobes lanceolate, longer than tube. Corolla yellow, exserted beyond calyx; standard elliptic, 810 mm, base with appendages, apically usually pilose; wings oblong, 810 mm; keel ± as long as wings, abruptly rounded below middle, beak well-developed and incurved. Pod clavate, 23 Χ 0.71 cm, apically slightly oblique, 2030-seeded, densely rusty pilose, stipe ca. 2 mm. Fl. OctDec, fr. JanFeb.
Sparse grasslands, along trails; below 100 to 2000 m. Cultivated or naturalized in Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Pantropical, origin obscure].
三尖叶猪屎豆 san jian ye zhu shi dou
Crotalaria anagyroides Kunth.
Herbs or shrublets, to 2 m tall. Stems terete, thick, densely rusty appressed pubescent. Stipules acicular, very minute, persistent or caducous. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 25 cm; petiolules ca. 2 mm; leaflet blades elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 47(10) Χ 23 cm, terminal one larger than lateral ones, thin, veins distinct on both surfaces, midvein abaxially sparsely pilose and adaxially pilose, secondary veins 815 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, apex acuminate and mucronate. Racemes terminal, 1030 cm, 2030-flowered; bracts linear, 0.71.3 cm, caducous. Pedicel 57 mm; bracteoles similar to bracts but smaller. Calyx subcampanulate, 710 mm, 5-lobed, densely rusty silky pilose; lobes broadly lanceolate, ± as long as tube. Corolla yellow, exserted beyond calyx; standard orbicular, ca. 1.4 cm in diam., base with 2 appendages, apex obtuse to retuse; wings oblong, ca. 1.3 cm; keel ca. 1 cm, abruptly rounded slightly below middle, beak slightly incurved. Pod oblong, 2.54 Χ 11.5 cm, 2030-seeded, densely pilose when young, glabrescent; stipe 24 mm. Seeds black when mature, obliquely cordate, nearly smooth. Fl. MaySep, fr. AugDec.
Grasslands, slopes, along trails; below 100 to 2400 m. Cultivated or naturalized in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, and Yunnan [native in South America and Mexico].
尖峰猪屎豆 jian feng zhu shi dou
Herbs or shrublets, 60120 cm tall. Stems terete, ribbed, densely brownish yellow pubescent. Stipules acicular, ca. 2 mm, caducous. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 35 cm; petiolules ca. 1.5 mm; leaflet blades elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 35 Χ 22.5 cm, terminal one larger than lateral ones, thin, abaxially slightly pubescent to subglabrous, adaxially glabrous, veins distinct on both surfaces, secondary veins 810 on each side of midvein, base narrow, apex obtuse to retuse and mucronate. Racemes terminal or axillary, ca. 40 cm, 5080-flowered; bracts linear, 35 mm, caducous. Pedicel 0.81.2 cm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts but shorter. Calyx subcampanulate, 810 mm, 5-lobed, brownish yellow appressed pubescent; lobes lanceolate, subequal in length. Corolla yellow, included in calyx; standard obovate, 58 mm; wings oblong, 46 mm; keel ovate, ± as long as standard, narrowed apically from middle. Pod cylindric, many-seeded, densely appressed pubescent; stipe 34 mm. Fl. Feb.
Sandy areas, grassy slopes along rivers; ca. 600 m. Hainan.
毛果猪屎豆 mao guo zhu shi dou
Herbs or shrublets, 60120 cm tall. Stems terete, appressed pubescent. Stipules acicular, 34 mm. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 35 cm; petiolules 11.5 mm; leaflet blades narrowly elliptic, 57(9) Χ 2.54 cm, terminal one larger than ones, thin, abaxially sparsely pilose, adaxially glabrous, veins distinct on both surfaces, secondary veins 818 on each side of midvein, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Racemes leaf-opposed or rarely terminal, 1015 cm, 1030-flowered; bracts acicular, ca. 1 mm. Pedicel 37 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Calyx subcampanulate, 56 mm, 5-lobed, pilose; lobes lanceolate, ± as long as tube. Corolla yellow, exserted from calyx; standard oblong, ca. 9 mm, base with 2 appendages; wings oblong, ca. 8 mm; keel ± as long as wing, curved, beak narrow and slightly incurved. Ovary subsessile. Pod ellipsoid-fusiform, ca. 2 Χ 0.51 cm, 7- or 8-seeded, densely rusty pubescent; style persistent. Fl. AugSep, fr. OctDec.
Along trails, riverbanks, forests; 7001000 m. Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Zhou) [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
球果猪屎豆 qiu guo zhu shi dou
Crotalaria elliptica Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., 1832 ed. 3: 279. 1832; C. splendens Vogel.
Herbs, to 2 m, sometimes trailing or scandent. Stems terete, glabrescent. Stipules ovate-triangular, 11.5 mm. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiolules ca. 1 mm; leaflet blades elliptic, 13 Χ 0.81.5 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, midvein abaxially raised, base cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate or sometimes retuse. Inflorescences terminal or leaf-opposed, racemes, 1030-flowered or more; bracts ovate-triangular, ca. 1 mm. Pedicel 23 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx subcampanulate, 34 mm, 5-lobed, densely pubescent; lobes broadly lanceolate, ± as long as tube. Corolla yellow, exserted beyond calyx; standard suborbicular to elliptic, ca. 5 mm; wings oblong, ± as long as standard; keel 56 mm, longer than standard, strongly rounded, apex with a short straight beak. Ovary subsessile. Pod ovoid, 67 mm, 2-seeded, pubescent. Seeds brownish. Fl. AugOct, fr. NovDec.
Mountains along trails; below 100 to 1100 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [India, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].
Crotalaria uncinella subsp. uncinella is found in Africa and the Mascarenes and has larger flowers, keel 0.91.1 cm, and pods, 811 mm.
黄雀儿 huang que er
Crotalaria cytisoides Roxburgh ex Candolle (mid Nov. 1825); C. szemaoensis Gagnepain; Priotropis cytisoides (Roxburgh ex Candolle) Wight & Arnott.
Shrubs, 50100 cm tall. Stems and branches terete, appressed brownish pubescence when young, glabrescent. Stipule subulate, often caducous. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 24 cm; petiolules less than 1 mm; leaflet blades elliptic to oblong, 57 Χ 1.55 cm, with middle one longer than lateral ones, thin, abaxially slightly appressed pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base tapered, apex acuminate and mucronate. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, 1030-flowered; bracts linear, 24 mm. Pedicel 68 mm; bracteoles 2, basal to calyx tube and at middle or apical part of pedicel, lanceolate-triangular. Calyx subcampanulate, 57 mm, pubescent, 5-lobed; lobes lanceolate, ± as long as calyx tube, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow turning red when old, exserted from calyx; standard oblong, 710 mm; wings obovate-oblong, broader at base; keel strongly rounded around middle through almost at 90°, beak not twisted. Pod ellipsoid, ca. 3 cm, compressed, with trichomes when young, glabrescent when mature; stipe 45 mm. Seeds 48, smooth. Fl. and fr. AprDec.
Trailsides on mountain slopes; 8001500 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, N India, N Myanmar, Nepal, N Thailand].
Crotalaria psoralioides belongs to the same section as C. bracteata and C. uncinella but has been placed in the genus Priotropis on the basis of its compressed pods. Such pods are found in other, unrelated, species of Crotalaria and do not justify the recognition of a distinct genus.
猪屎豆 zhu shi dou
Crotalaria mucronata Desvaux; C. obovata G. Don; C. pallida var. obovata (G. Don) Polhill; C. striata Candolle.
Herbs, perennial. Branches terete, ribbed, densely appressed pubescent. Stipules acicular, very minute, caducous. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 24 cm; petiolules 12 mm; leaflet blades oblong to elliptic, 36 Χ 1.53 cm, abaxially sparsely silky-pubescent, adaxially glabrous, veins distinct on both surfaces, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse to retuse. Racemes terminal, ca. 25 cm, 1040-flowered; bracts linear, ca. 4 mm, caducous. Pedicel 35 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts, ca. 2 mm. Calyx subcampanulate, 46 mm, 5-lobed, densely pubescent; lobes triangular, ± as long as tube. Corolla yellow, exserted beyond calyx; standard orbicular to elliptic, ca. 1 cm in diam., base with 2 appendages; wings oblong, ca. 8 mm, marginally pilose on basal part; keel ca. 1.2 cm, rather shallowly rounded, marginally pilose at base, beak narrow and ± projecting. Ovary subsessile. Pod oblong, 34 Χ 0.50.8 cm, 2030-seeded, pilose when young but glabrescent. Fl. SepOct, fr. NovDec.
Grasslands, disturbed sandy areas; 1001100 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, tropical America].
Crotalaria pallida is a very weedy species that is adventive throughout the tropics. It is suspected of being poisonous to livestock.
长果猪屎豆 chang guo zhu shi dou
Herbs, 50100 cm tall. Branches terete, pilose when young but glabrescent. Stipules absent. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 36 cm; petiolules 12 mm; leaflet blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 59(12) Χ 0.51 cm, both surfaces sparsely pilose or glabrous, base cuneate, apex acuminate and mucronate. Racemes terminal, to 20 cm, 1040-flowered; bracts subulate to filiform, 0.53 mm, expanded at base. Pedicel 35 mm; bracteoles normally inserted at base of calyx or rarely on pedicel, narrow, 0.31 mm. Calyx subcampanulate, ca. 3 mm, 5-lobed, pubescent; lobes triangular, shorter than tube. Corolla yellow, exserted beyond calyx; standard broadly elliptic to orbicular, ca. 1 cm in diam., base with 2 appendages; wings oblong, ca. 1 cm, marginally pilose at base; keel ± as long as wings, apical half rounded, marginally pubescent at base, beak long. Ovary subsessile. Pod oblong, 23 Χ 0.51 cm, many-seeded, glabrous. Seeds obliquely cordate. Fl. JunAug, fr. SepNov.
Grasslands, along trails; to ca. 900 m. Cultivated or naturalized in Fujian, Taiwan, andYunnan [native in Africa and Madagascar].
This species is adventive in North and South Americas.
光萼猪屎豆 guang e zhu shi dou
Crotalaria usaramoensis E. G. Baker; C. zanzibarica Bentham.
Herbs or shrublets, to 2 m tall. Branches terete, ribbed, pubescent. Stipules subulate, ca. 1 mm. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 35 cm; petiolules ca. 2 mm; leaflet blades narrowly elliptic, 610 Χ 12(3) cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, apex acuminate and mucronate. Racemes terminal, ca. 20 cm, 1020-flowered; bracts linear, 23 mm. Pedicel 36 mm; bracteoles inserted on apical half of pedicel, similar to bracts in shape but shorter. Calyx subcampanulate, 45 mm, 5-lobed; lobes triangular, ± as long as tube, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Corolla yellow, exserted beyond calyx; standard orbicular, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., base with 2 appendages, apex awned; wings oblong, ± as long as standard; keel ca. 1.5 cm, slightly rounded, narrowed apically from middle, marginally pubescent at base, beak rather long. Ovary subsessile. Pod cylindric, 34 Χ 0.71.2 cm, 5070-seeded, glabrescent; style and calyx persistent. Seeds orangish buff to terra cotta-colored, reniform, smooth. Fl. AprAug, fr. SepDec.
Grasslands, along trails; 1002000 m. Cultivated or naturalized in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, and Yunnan [introduced to Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Australia; native in E Africa].
狭叶猪屎豆 xia ye zhu shi dou
Herbs or shrublets, erect, to 1.5 m tall. Branches ribbed, pubescent when young but glabrescent. Stipules absent. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 13 cm; petiolules ca. 1 mm; leaflet blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 59(12) Χ 0.51 cm, abaxially sparsely pilose, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate and mucronate. Racemes terminal, 1015 cm, 1015-flowered, lax; bracts minute. Pedicel 35 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx subcampanulate, ca. 4 mm, 5-lobed, glabrous; lobes triangular. Corolla pale yellow or white, exserted far beyond calyx; standard oblong, 0.81.2 cm, base with 2 appendages; wings obovate, ca. 1.3 cm; keel 1.72.3 cm, longer then wings, shortly rounded, beak rather long and projecting. Ovary subsessile. Pod oblong, 47 Χ 1.52 cm, 2030[100]-seeded, sparsely pubescent. Seeds pale yellow to orange, reniform, smooth. Fl. AugOct, fr. NovDec.
Shaded places in thin soil. Cultivated or naturalized in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan [native in Africa, introduced to Australia, Papua New Guinea, North America, and Brazil].
多疣猪屎豆 duo you zhu shi dou
Crotalaria acuminata G. Don; C. angulosa Lamarck; C. mollis Weinmann.
Herbs, erect, 50100 cm tall. Branches 4-angled, glabrescent. Stipules foliaceous, ovate-falcate, 58 mm. Leaves simple; petiole 35 mm; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 1015 Χ 35 cm, thinly membranous, abaxially densely pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate. Racemes terminal, 1020-flowered; bracts linear, ca. 1 mm. Pedicel 34 mm; bracteoles inserted apically from middle of pedicel. Calyx subcampanulate, 810 mm, 5-lobed; lobes lanceolate, slightly longer than tube. Corolla pale yellow, white, or often tinged blue; standard orbicular to obovate, 11.8 cm, base with 2 appendages; wings oblong, 11.6 cm; keel ± as long as wings, exserted beyond calyx, rounded with an incurved fairly shortly twisted beak. Ovary subsessile, pilose on apical part. Pod oblong, 24 cm, 1012-seeded, pubescent. Seeds nearly smooth to papillose, shiny. Fl. AugOct, fr. NovDec.
Grasslands, sparse forests; 100200 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan [Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australasia, introduced in Africa and Americas].
Crotalaria verrucosa is now quite a common weed throughout the tropics.
翅托叶猪屎豆 chi tuo ye zhu shi dou
Crotalaria bialata Roxburgh, 1832, not Schrank, 1819; C. bidiei Gamble.
Herbs or shrublets, erect, 5100 cm tall. Branches zigzag, silky pilose. Stipules decurrent on stem as a wide wing. Leaves simple, nearly sessile; leaf blade elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 38 Χ 15 cm, both surfaces with trichomes but abaxially slightly denser, base attenuate to cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, 2- or 3-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Pedicel 35 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, 610 mm; lobes lanceolate, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow; standard obovate-orbicular, 58 mm, abaxially bearded at apex; wings oblong, shorter than standard; keel ovate, apically with a long twisted beak. Ovary glabrous. Pod oblong, 34 cm, 3040-seeded, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, apex with a slightly curved beak; neck ca. 3 mm. Seeds obliquely cordate, smooth. Fl. JunAug, fr. SepDec.
Montane grasslands; 1002000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; cultivated and naturalized in Africa and Madagascar].
Crotalaria alata has been used for erosion control and soil improvement.
褐毛猪屎豆 he mao zhu shi dou
Crotalaria decasperma Naik; C. stipulacea Roxburgh.
Herbs, erect, 50100 cm tall. Branches terete, densely rusty spreading pilose. Stipules broadly lanceolate, 13 Χ 0.30.5 cm. Leaves simple, nearly sessile; leaf blade lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 57(8) Χ 0.51.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely pilose, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Racemes terminal, 69-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 58 mm. Pedicel 23 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts, 610 mm. Calyx 2-lipped, 0.81.5 cm, parted to base. Corolla yellow; standard narrowly elliptic, 1.21.5 cm, base with 2 appendages, apical half pilose; wings lanceolate-oblong, 1.21.4 cm; keel slightly longer than wings, narrowed apical from middle and extended into a long suberect twisted beak. Pod broadly oblong, 23 Χ 1.21.5 cm, 2030-seeded. Fl. Aug.
Near sea level. Guangdong (coastal islands) [Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines?, Sri Lanka].
大托叶猪屎豆 da tuo ye zhu shi dou
Crotalaria leschenaultii Candolle; C. sericea Retzius (1788), not N. L. Burman (1768).
Herbs, erect, 0.61.5 m tall. Branches terete, glabrous. Stipules ovate-triangular, ca. 1 cm. Leaves simple; petiole 28 mm; leaf blade oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 715 Χ 25 cm, thin, abaxially appressed silky-pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Inflorescences terminal, racemes, 2030-flowered; bracts ovate-triangular, 710 mm. Pedicel 11.5 cm; bracteoles inserted at or apical to middle of pedicel, linear, ca. 1 mm. Calyx 2-lipped, 1.21.5 cm, glabrous; lobes broadly lanceolate-triangular, longer than tube. Corolla pale yellow; standard veined purplish red, suborbicular to oblong, 12 cm, base with 2 appendages, apex obtuse to retuse; wings obovate, ca. 2 cm; keel rounded about middle, with a fairly short and slightly incurved twisted beak exserted beyond calyx. Pod broadly oblong, 2.53 Χ 1.52 cm, 2030-seeded, shortly stipitate, glabrous. Seeds smooth. Fl. AugOct, fr. OctDec.
Montane grasslands, along trails; 1001500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines?, Thailand].
Cultivated and naturalized in Africa and Madagascar.
大猪屎豆 da zhu shi dou
Herbs, erect, to 1.5 m tall. Branches terete, sericeous. Stipules linear, minute. Leaves simple; petiole 23 mm; leaf blade oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 515 Χ 24 cm, thin, abaxially sericeous, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, to 30 cm, 2030-flowered; bracts linear, 12 mm. Bracteoles similar to bracts but shorter. Calyx 2-lipped, 11.5 cm, pubescent; lobes lanceolate-triangular, ± as long as tube. Corolla deep golden yellow; standard suborbicular to elliptic, 1.52 cm, base with 2 appendages, apex retuse; wings 1.51.8 cm; keel rounded through 90°, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long twisted beak exserted beyond calyx. Ovary glabrous. Pod oblong, 46 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, 2030-seeded; stipe ca. 5 mm. Fl. MaySep, fr. AugDec.
Montane grasslands, along trails; below 100 to 3000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
Baker (Fl. Brit. India 2: 75.1876) suggested that Crotalaria sericea N. L. Burman, Fl. Indica 156, f. 1. 1768, might be conspecific with this species. If this was the case then Burmans name would have priority, but there seems to be too much doubt as to the exact identity of Burmans species to justify displacing a well-established name. Some authors have cited Burmans name as a synonym of C. assamica in the apparent belief that C. sericeus N. L. Burman was a later homonym of C. sericea Retzius (1788), following Candolle who published the replacement name C. burmanii Candolle, but this is not correct as Burmans name has priority.
吊裙草 diao qun cao
Lupinus cochinchinensis Loureiro.
Herbs, erect, 60120 cm tall. Branches terete, pubescent. Stipules subulate, ca. 1 mm. Leaves simple; petiole 24 mm; leaf blade oblong to oblanceolate, 38 Χ 13.5 cm, abaxially slightly pubescent, adaxially glabrous, veins distinct on both surfaces, base cuneate, apex retuse. Racemes terminal, 1020-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 23 mm. Pedicel 35 mm; bracteoles inserted on apical part of pedicel, filiform, very minute. Calyx 2-lipped, 11.2 cm, sparsely pubescent; lobes broadly lanceolate. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular to elliptic, 11.5 cm, base with 2 appendages; wings oblong, 11.5 cm; keel ± as long as wings, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long twisted beak exserted beyond calyx. Pod oblong, 34 Χ 11.8 cm, 1020-seeded, glabrous; stipe ca. 2 mm. Fl. OctDec, fr. JanApr.
Montane grasslands, sandy seashore areas. Guangdong, Hainan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, tropical America, SW Asia, Pacific Islands].
This species is cultivated in Hunan. It is toxic to livestock.
菽麻 shu ma
Crotalaria benghalensis Lamarck; C. sericeus Willdenow (1800), not N. L. Burman (1768); C. tenuifolia Roxburgh ex Hornemann.
Herbs, erect, 50100 cm tall. Branches terete, ribbed, appressed silky-pubescent. Stipules linear, ca. 2 mm, caducous. Leaves simple; petiole 35 mm; leaf blade oblong to linear-lanceolate, 612 Χ 0.52 cm, both surfaces pilose but abaxially more densely so, base attenuate, apex acuminate and mucronate. Racemes terminal, 1020-flowered; bracts linear, 34 mm. Pedicel 58 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, shorter than bracts, densely pubescent. Calyx 2-lipped, 11.5 cm, parted almost to base, densely rusty pilose; lobes lanceolate, curved. Corolla yellow; standard oblong, 1.52.5 cm, base with 2 appendages; wings obovate-oblong, 1.52 cm; keel subangular, slightly longer than wings, apex with a long slightly incurved twisted beak exserted beyond calyx. Pod subsessile, cylindric, 24 Χ 1.21.7 cm, 1015-seeded, rusty pubescent. Seeds smooth to papillose around hilum. Fl. AugDec, fr. JanMay.
Sparse forests, along trails; below 100 to 2000 m. Cultivated or naturalized in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
Crotalaria juncea is cultivated as a fiber crop (Sunn Hemp) and as a green manure. It is widely naturalized in Africa, Asia, tropical and subtropical America, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. Its original distribution is is probably S Asia.
四棱猪屎豆 si ling zhu shi dou
Crotalaria esquirolii H. Lιveillι.
Herbs, erect, to 2 m tall. Branches 4-angled, silky-pubescent. Stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, 45 mm. Leaves simple; petiole ca. 4 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 1020(25) Χ 12.5 cm, both surfaces finely appressed pubescent, midvein abaxially pale and prominent, base broadly cuneate to obtuse, apex acute to slightly acuminate. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, 610-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 46 mm. Pedicel 11.5 cm; bracteoles inserted at apex of pedicel, linear, 34 mm. Calyx 2-lipped, 1.52.5 cm, divided to near base, densely brown pilose; abaxial lobes narrowly triangular-lanceolate, connate for ca. 1/4 length, 45 mm wide at base; adaxial lobes similar, divided to near base. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular to oblong, ca. 2.5 cm, base with 2 appendages; wings narrowly elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 2 cm; keel ± as long as wings, broad and rounded, abaxial margin woolly, beak long, twisted, and exserted beyond calyx. Pod oblong, 45 cm, 1020-seeded, [dark brown tomentose or] densely brownish yellow pubescent. Fl. SepNov, fr. DecFeb.
Sparse forests, along trails; 5001600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines?, Thailand, Vietnam].
崖州猪屎豆 ya zhou zhu shi dou
Herbs, to 1 m tall. Branches terete, ribbed, appressed silky-pubescent. Stipules filiform, less than 1 mm, caducous. Leaves simple; petiole 23 mm; leaf blade linear, 47 Χ 0.41 cm, both surfaces silky pilose but abaxially more densely so, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially sulcate, secondary veins 1215 on each side of midvein, base slightly cuneate, apex obtuse. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, 1020 cm, 812-flowered, lax; bracts ovate-triangular, ca. 1.5 mm. Bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube. Calyx 2-lipped, ca. 1 cm; abaxial 3 lobes linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm; adaxially 2 lobes lanceolate, ca. 9 mm. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular, ca. 7 mm; keel ± as long as standard, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long beak included in calyx. Ovary subsessile, with trichomes. Pod oblong, 2.53 cm, 1020-seeded, densely brown silky-pubescent. Fl. SepNov, fr. DecJan.
Seashore, montane grasslands. Hainan (Yaxian Xian).
薄叶猪屎豆 bo ye zhu shi dou
Crotalaria peguana Bentham ex Baker; C. peguana var. qiubeiensis (C. Y. Yang) C. Chen & J. Q. Li; C. qiubeiensis C. Y. Yang, Bull. Bot. Lab. N.-E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 7: 115. 1980.
Herbs or shrublets, erect, 0.61.5 m tall. Branches terete, appressed pubescent. Stipules acicular, very minute. Leaves simple; petiole 12 mm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 611 Χ 23 cm, thinly to thickly papery, abaxially silky-pubescent, adaxially glabrous or pilose, veins abaxially raised, base attenuate to slightly cuneate, apex acuminate. Racemes terminal, to 20 cm, many-flowered; bracts linear, 24 mm. Pedicel 35 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube or on middle of pedicel, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, 0.81.2 cm, parted nearly to base, pubescent; lobes linear, linear-lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow, included in or ± as long as calyx; standard oblong to ovate-oblong, 0.81.2 cm, base with 2 appendages, apically barbate; wings oblong, 810 mm, apex obtuse; keel ca. 9 mm, rounded, apex with a long twisted beak. Ovary subsessile. Pod oblong, 12(2.5) Χ 0.51 cm, 815-seeded, glabrous. Fl. JunOct, fr. SepDec.
Thickets, open woods; 8001500 m. Guangxi, Yunnan [Bangladesh, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
Collections with more broadly lanceolate calyx lobes have been treated Crotalaria peguana var. qiubeiensis..
假地蓝 jia di lan
Crotalaria bodinieri H. Lιveillι; C. ferruginea var. pilosissima Bentham ex Baker; C. lonchophylla Handel-Mazzetti; C. pilosissima Miquel; C. rufescens Franchet.
Herbs, erect to ascending, 2060(120) cm tall. Branches brownish yellow spreading pilose. Stipules lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, 58 mm. Leaves simple; leaf blade elliptic, 26 Χ 13 cm, both surfaces pilose but abaxially more densely so, base slightly cuneate, apex obtuse to acuminate. Racemes terminal, 26-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 24 mm. Pedicel 35 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube. Calyx 2-lipped, 11.2 cm, parted to base, densely pilose; lobes lanceolate. Corolla yellow; standard narrowly elliptic, 810 mm; wings oblong, ca. 8 mm; keel ± as long as wings, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long twisted beak included in or exserted slightly beyond calyx. Ovary subsessile. Pod oblong, 23 cm, 2030-seeded, glabrous. Fl. JunOct, fr. SepDec.
Open forests, montane grasslands; 4002200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
紅花假地藍 hong hua jia di lan
Crotalaria ferruginea Graham ex Bentham var. chiayiana (Y. C. Liu & F. Y. Lu) S. S. Ying.
Herbs, erect, to 60 cm tall. Branches terete, densely pubescent. Leaves simple; stipules triangular-lanceolate, spreading, longer than petiole, persistent; petiole very short; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 24 Χ 0.60.8 cm, both surfaces hirsute, apex acuminate. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, 14-flowered. Calyx campanulate, sericeous; lobes linear lanceolate, much longer than tube. Corolla purplish red/purple, ± as long as calyx. Pod ellipsoidal, glabrous.
Wasteland, open roadsides; 14001600 m. Taiwan.
This species is known to us only from the protolog but seems to be easily identifiable by the unusual corolla color.
海南猪屎豆 hai nan zhu shi dou
Herbs, prostrate; branches sparsely hirsutulous. Stipules subulate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm. Leaves simple; petiole short; leaf blade obovate to obovate-elliptic, 13 Χ 12 cm, both surfaces glabrescent, veins abaxially raised, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Racemes terminal, 13-flowered; bracts ovate-triangular, ca. 3 mm. Pedicel 26 mm; bracteoles inserted on pedicel at or below middle, linear, ca. 1 mm. Calyx 2-lipped, 810 mm, parted, pubescent; lobes lanceolate. Corolla yellow or purplish red; standard rhombic to suborbicular, 0.81.2 cm, glabrous, base with 2 appendages; wings oblong, 810 mm; keel ± as long as standard, narrowed basally from middle, apically extended into a long twisted beak. Ovary subsessile. Pod oblong, 23 cm, 1015-seeded, densely rusty pilose. Seeds brown, reniform, glabrous. Fl. AugOct, fr. SepDec.
Dry grasslands, open sands. Hainan (Changjiang Xian).
紫花猪屎豆 zi hua zhu shi dou
Herbs, 11.5 m tall; branches terete, densely pilose. Stipules linear to filiform, 58 mm, persistent. Leaves simple; petiole very short; leaf blade linear-oblong to elliptic-oblanceolate, 58 Χ ca. 2 cm, abaxially sparsely pilose, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, to 15 cm, 120-flowered; bracts linear, ca. 1 cm. Bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, 1.51.8 cm, densely rusty pilose; abaxial lobes narrow, 23 mm wide; adaxial lobes 56 mm wide. Corolla yellow or purplish blue, included in calyx; standard obovate, 11.2 cm, base with 2 appendages; wings oblong, ± as long as standard; keel rounded with a long twisted beak. Pod cylindric, ca. 1.5 cm, included or ± as long as calyx, 1015-seeded, glabrous. Fl. AugOct, fr. NovFeb.
Sparse forests, along trails; 8001000 m. Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, N Laos].
Indian collections note that the flowers open at dusk and to have a sweet scent similar to that of Viola odorata.
长萼猪屎豆 chang e zhu shi dou
Crotalaria roxburghiana Candolle.
Herbs, annual or shortly lived perennial, erect, 3080 cm tall. Branches terete, densely coarsely pilose. Stipules filiform, ca. 1 mm, persistent or caducous. Leaves simple, subsessile; leaf blade oblong-linear to linear-lanceolate, 312 Χ 0.51.5 cm, abaxially densely brownish pilose, adaxially pilose on midvein, base narrow, apex acute. Racemes terminal, usually condensed or headlike, 312-flowered, often with solitary axillary flowers below; bracts lanceolate, slightly ovate-falcate, 12 cm. Pedicel 24 mm, thick; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube or on middle or apical part of pedicel, similar as bracts but shorter. Calyx 2-lipped, 23 cm, parted to base, abaxially brownish pilose; lobes lanceolate. Corolla yellow, included in calyx; standard obovate to suborbicular, 1.52.5 cm, base with 2 appendages, apically pubescent; wings narrowly elliptic, ± as long as standard; keel with a long straight shortly twisted beak. Pod black when mature, subcylindric, 22.5 cm, 2030-seeded, glabrous. Fl. JunSep, fr. OctDec.
Open forests, along trails; below 100 to 2400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia, Pacific Islands].
野百合 ye bai he
Crotalaria brevipes Champion ex Bentham.
Herbs, annual or shortly lived perennial, erect, 30100 cm tall. Stems often branching from lower parts, terete, densely coarsely hirsute. Stipules linear, 23 mm, persistent or caducous. Leaves simple; petiole nearly absent; leaf blade variable in shape, usually linear to linear-lanceolate, 38 Χ 0.51 cm, abaxially densely silky-pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed racemes or densely congested and headlike on branch apices, few to many-flowered or flowers solitary in axils; bracts linear-lanceolate, 46 mm. Pedicel ca. 2 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, 11.5 cm, conspicuously long brownish pilose; abaxial lobes lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, to 2.5 mm wide, connate for ca. 1/4 length; adaxial lobes ca. 4 mm wide, joined for ca. 1/3 length, apices long-acuminate. Corolla blue to purplish blue or pale yellow, slightly shorter than calyx; standard oblong, 710 Χ 47 mm, abaxially sparsely strigose along midvein, base with 2 appendages, apex obtuse to retuse; wings oblong to linear-oblong, shorter than standard; keel ± as long as standard, bent sharply below middle, adaxial margin proximally woolly, apex extended into straight twisted beak. Ovary subsessile. Pod dark with age, cylindric, ca. 1 cm, ± included in calyx, 1015-seeded, glabrous. Fl. MayNov, fr. OctFeb.
Valley grasslands, along trails; below 100 to 1600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific islands].
头花猪屎豆 tou hua zhu shi dou
Herbs, perennial, ascending to erect, 1060 cm tall. Stems many from base, terete, densely silky pilose. Stipules acicular, 12 mm, persistent or caducous. Leaves simple; petiole 14 mm; leaf blade lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or rarely oblanceolate, 1.53 Χ 0.51.5 cm, abaxially densely brown pilose, adaxially glabrous or very sparsely pilose, base cuneate, apex shortly acuminate to rounded and cuspidate. Racemes terminal, headlike, less than 5 cm, 1020-flowered; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 48 mm. Pedicel ca. 2 mm or ca. 5 mm when flowers arranged laxly on branch tip and not headlike; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, 11.3 cm, deeply divided, densely brown pilose or pubescent; lobe apices long-acuminate; abaxial lobes lanceolate; adaxial lobes oblong-ovate, ca. 3 mm wide, . Corolla deep purple or purplish blue, ± as long as calyx; standard ovate to suborbicular, 0.81.3 cm, abaxially pilose near tip, base with 2 appendages, apex obtuse to retuse; wings oblong, 0.81.3 cm; keel ovate, ± sharply angled near base, margins proximally woolly, apex extended into a long straight twisted beak. Ovary subsessile. Pod cylindric, ca. 1 cm, included in or slightly exserted beyond calyx, 1015-seeded, glabrous. Fl. SepNov, fr. DecFeb.
Montane grasslands; 3003000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka].
1a.... Calyx densely brown pilose; pod included within calyx .................................................................. 24a.var. mairei
1b.... Calyx pubescent; pod exserted slightly beyond calyx ............................................................. 24b.var. pubescens
头花猪屎豆(原变种) tou hua zhu shi dou (yuan bian zhong)
Crotalaria capitata Baker, 1876, not Lamarck, 1786.
Calyx densely brown pilose. Pod included within calyx.
Montane grasslands; 3003000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka].
短毛头花猪屎豆 duan mao tou hua zhu shi dou
Calyx pubescent. Pod exserted slightly beyond calyx.
Montane grasslands; 10002400 m. Yunnan.
针状猪屎豆 zhen zhuang zhu shi dou
Herbs, ascending, 2080 cm tall, branches densely brown spreading silky-pilose. Stipules linear, 24 mm. Leaves simple; petiole short; leaf blade suborbicular to oblong, 12(3) Χ 11.5 cm, membranous to papery, both surfaces sparsely white spreading silky-pilose, base narrow to slightly cordate, apex obtuse to acuminate. Racemes terminal, 530-flowered; bracts lanceolate to acicular, 23 mm. Pedicel 35 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube or on apical part of pedicel, acicular. Calyx 2-lipped, 46 mm, parted to base, densely brown silky pilose; lobes lanceolate, Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular to obovate, 45 mm; wings narrowly elliptic, slightly shorter than standard; keel suborbicular, apex with a long twisted beak. Ovary subsessile. Pod cylindric, ca. 1 cm, 1012-seeded, glabrous. Fl. AugNov, fr. DecFeb.
Along trails, thickets on slopes; 1001700 m. Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
中国猪屎豆 zhong guo zhu shi dou
Crotalaria akoensis Hayata; C. kawakamii Hayata; C. sinensis J. F. Gmelin.
Herbs, 1560 cm tall, brownish yellow pilose except for pods. Stems terete, branched at base. Stipules absent. Leaves simple, subsessile; leaf blade variable in shape, usually lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, linear, or oblong-linear, 23.5 Χ 0.41 cm, abaxially densely brown coarsely pilose but more densely so on veins and along margin, adaxially glabrous or sparsely pilose, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Racemes congested on branch apices, 15-flowered or with 1 or 2 flowers in axils; bracts lanceolate, 35 mm. Pedicel 24 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, 810 mm, parted to base; abaxial 3 lobes linear to linear-lanceolate; adaxial 2 lobes broadly lanceolate. Corolla pale yellow, included in or ± as long as calyx; standard ovate to orbicular, 79 mm, base with 2 appendages; wings oblong, 79 mm; keel narrowed apically from middle and extended into a twisted beak. Ovary subsessile. Pod cylindric, 0.81.2 cm, included in or exserted from calyx, 1520-seeded. Seeds cordate, ca. 2.5 mm, smooth. Fl. JunOct, fr. SepDec.
Montane grasslands; below 100 to 1000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Papua New Guinea].
响铃豆 xiang ling dou
Herbs, short-lived or perennial, erect to ascending, 1080 cm tall. Stems sometimes branched above base, occasionally branched only at base, appressed pubescent to spreading pilose. Stipules acicular, minute, caducous, sometimes apparently absent. Leaves simple, subsessile; leaf blade oblanceolate, elliptic, or obovate, 12.5 Χ 0.41.2 cm, abaxially strigose, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Racemes terminal, often on lateral branches, rarely leaf-opposed, to 20 cm, 2030-flowered; bracts filiform, ca. 1 mm. Pedicel 35 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, 48 mm, parted; abaxial 3 lobes lanceolate; adaxial 2 lobes broader, falcate, apices slightly obtuse to acuminate. Corolla pale yellow; standard elliptic, 58 mm, base with appendages, apex barbate; wings oblong, ± as long as standard; keel rounded, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a twisted beak. Ovary subsessile. Pod cylindric, ca. 1 cm, slightly exserted beyond calyx, 612-seeded, glabrous. Fl. MaySep, fr. SepDec.
Open montane forests, grassy slopes, along trails; 2002800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea; Pacific Islands].
1a.... Leaf blade usually oblanceolate; adaxial calyx lobes slightly obtuse at apex ............................. 27a. var. albida
1b.... Leaf lade elliptic; adaxial calyx lobes acuminate at apex ..................................................... 27b. var. gengmaensis
响铃豆 (原变种) xiang ling dou (yuan bian zhong)
Crotalaria formosana Itτ & Matsumura.
Leaf blade usually oblanceolate. Calyx with adaxial lobes slightly obtuse at apex. Pod 612-seeded.
Open montane forests, along trails; 2002800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea; Pacific Islands].
Many collections are of relatively robust plants branching mainly well above the base and probably relatively short-lived. Some collections from Xizang are of much smaller plants, many-branched from base, and probably longer lived.
耿马猪屎豆 geng ma zhu shi dou
Crotalaria gengmaensis Z. Wei & C. Y. Yang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 479. 1982.
Leaf blade elliptic. Calyx with adaxial lobes acuminate at apex. Pod 68-seeded.
Grassy slopes; 16001700 m. Yunnan (Gengma Xian).
湿生猪屎豆 shi sheng zhu shi dou
Herbs, to 20 cm tall. Stems branched at base, glabrescent. Stipules acicular, ca. 1 mm. Leaves simple; petiole to ca. 0.5 mm; leaf blade on basal part of branches oblong-oblanceolate to oblong-elliptic but linear-elliptic towards tips of branches, 715 Χ 35 mm, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent, adaxially glabrous, midvein abaxially raised, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex obtuse to rarely truncate and mucronate. Racemes leaf-opposed, (1- or )2- or 3-flowered. Pedicel 23 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, linear, ca. 0.5 mm. Calyx 2-lipped, 45 mm; lobes lanceolate, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow; standard broadly obovate, 45 Χ 34 mm, base with 2 appendages, apex obtuse; wings oblong, ca. 4 mm; keel slightly longer than wings, rounded to 90°, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long twisted beak. Ovary subsessile. Styles ca. 2.5 mm. Pod cylindric, 1015 Χ ca. 5 mm, 715-seeded, glabrous, base with persistent calyx and filaments. Seeds brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, shiny.
By streams. Yunnan (Yanshan Xian).
云南猪屎豆 yun nan zhu shi dou
Herbs, perennial, erect, 1570 cm tall. Stems little-branched, coarsely speading pilose. Stipules absent. Leaves simple; petiole ca. 1.5 mm; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, 26 Χ 0.52.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely brown pilose but abaxially more densely so on midvein, veins abaxially raised, base slightly cuneate, apex obtuse to acuminate and mucronate. Racemes terminal, 520 cm, 530-flowered; bracts linear, 29 mm. Pedicel ± as long as or shorter than bract; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, pilose. Calyx 2-lipped, 510 mm, densely brown pilose; lobes lanceolate. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular, 0.91.1 cm in diam., base with 2 appendages; wings obovate-oblong, 710 mm; keel ± as long as wings, rounded, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long twisted beak. Pod cylindric, ca. 1 cm, glabrous. Fl. MayAug, fr. AugOct.
Open grasslands, thickets, Pinus-Quercus forests; 1003000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
1a.... Bracts 24 mm, ± as long as pedicel ........................................................................................ 29a.var. yunnanensis
1b.... Bracts 69 mm, longer than pedicel .......................................................................................... 29b.var. heqingensis
云南猪屎豆 (原变种) yun nan zhu shi dou (yuan bian zhong)
Bracts 24 mm, ± as long as pedicel.
Open grasslands, thickets; 1003000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
鹤庆猪屎豆 he qing zhu shi dou
Crotalaria heqingensis C. Y. Yang, Bull. Bot. Lab. N.-E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 7: 112. 1980.
Bracts 69 mm, longer than pedicel.
Pinus-Quercus forests; 17001900 m. Yunnan (Heqing Xian).
俯伏猪屎豆 fu fu zhu shi dou
Crotalaria jinpingensis C. Y. Yang; C. prostrata var. jinpingensis (C. Y. Yang) C. Y. Yang.
Herbs, prostrate. Branches slender, densely spreading pubescent to white appressed pilose. Stipules absent. Leaves simple; petiole very short; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-oblong, 13 Χ 0.51 cm, both surfaces with trichomes, base oblique, apex obtuse. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, 28-flowered; bracts subulate. Pedicel 12 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts, densely brown pilose. Calyx 2-lipped, 34 mm, parted to base; lobes lanceolate. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular to elliptic, 45 mm, apex obtuse to retuse; wings oblong, ± as long as standard; keel narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long beak included in calyx. Ovary subsessile. Pod cylindric, ca. 1 cm, 1015-seeded. Fl. MayAug, fr. AugDec.
Montane grassy wetlands, grassy slopes; 1001300 m. Yunnan [Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
屏东猪屎豆 ping dong zhu shi dou
Herbs, prostrate, 520 cm, densely silky pilose. Stipules absent. Leaves simple; petiole very short; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 38 Χ 24 mm, abaxially densely pilose, adaxially glabrous, base obtuse, apex acute. Racemes terminal, short, (1)35-flowered; bracts lanceolate. Pedicel 35 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, ca. 6 mm, very densely silky pilose; abaxial 3 lobes lanceolate; adaxial 2 lobes broadly lanceolate. Corolla bright yellow; standard oblong to suborbicular, ca. 6 mm, apex barbate; wings oblong, ± as long as standard; keel slightly longer than standard, upcurved, beak rather blunt. Ovary subsessile. Pod cylindric, ca. 1 cm, 1020-seeded. Fl. May.
Sandy soil near coast; near sea level. Taiwan.
卵苞猪屎豆 luan bao zhu shi dou
Herbs, annual, 11.5 m tall. Stems terete, densely pubescent. Stipules filiform, caducous. Leaves simple; petiole short; leaf blade obovate to ovate-oblong, 35 Χ 1.53 cm, thickly papery, both surfaces densely rusty pilose, veins abaxially raised, base cuneate, apex obtuse to acuminate and mucronate. Racemes terminal, congested and headlike, many-flowered; bracts ovate-triangular, 67 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, 810 mm, divided for ca. 1/2 its length; lobes lanceolate. Corolla yellow; standard oblong, ca. 5 mm, base with 2 appendages, apex obtuse to retuse; wings narrowly elliptic, ± as long as standard; keel slightly rounded, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long beak. Pod ovoid, 57 mm in diam., included in calyx, 68-seeded, glabrous. Fl. OctNov, fr. DecFeb.
By streams, wetlands; ca. 1000 m. Yunnan [Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, N Thailand].
匍地猪屎豆 pu di zhu shi dou
Herbs, annual or shortly lived perennial, prostrate, to 20 cm, most parts adpressed pilose. Stems terete, densely pubescent. Stipules linear, to 4 Χ 1.8 mm, somewhat persistent. Leaves simple; petiole shorter than stipules, to 2 mm; leaf bade broadly elliptic-ovate, often slightly oblique, 1.23.6 Χ 12.4 cm, both surfaces silky pilose but more densely so abaxially, abaxially grayish green, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex rounded and not mucronate. Racemes leaf-opposed or terminal on short flowering branches, ascending, very lax, 28-flowered; bracts linear, ca. 1.5 mm. Pedicel to 4 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx, similar to bracts. Calyx ± 2-lipped, 46 mm, deeply divided; abaxial 3 lobes linear-lanceolate, falcate, 2--3.5 mm; adaxial lobes connate, slightly wider, apex attenuate. Corolla yellow; standard oblong-orbicular, 5.56.5 mm, middle line abaxially with trichomes; keel slightly longer than standard, ± sharply angled near base, apex extended into a straight slightly twisted beak. Pod cylindric-ovoid 68 mm, ca. 12-seeded, glabrous. Seed very pale brown, ± D-shaped, ca. 1.3 mm, glossy.
Disturbed areas including sandy river margins; 18001900 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand; Australia, Papua New Guinea].
线叶猪屎豆 xian ye zhu shi dou
Herbs, annual or shortly lived perennial, erect to ascending, 0.51 m tall. Stems terete, densely silky-pubescent. Stipules minute, caducous. Leaves simple; petiole short; leaf blade linear to oblong, 25 Χ 0.51.5 cm, both surfaces silky pilose, adaxially sometimes only along midvein, base cuneate to rounded, apex acuminate to obtuse and mucronate. Racemes terminal, lax, 1020 cm, many-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 23 mm. Pedicel to 2.5 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, 67 mm, deeply divided, densely rusty pilose; abaxial lobes lanceolate; adaxial lobes slightly longer and broader. Corolla yellow with darker veins; standard oblong to suborbicular, 57 mm, margin pilose at base and with 2 appendages, apex retuse; wings oblong, 67 mm; keel ca. 8 mm, ± sharply angled near base, margins minutely woolly, apex extended into a long straight twisted beak. Pod ovoid, 56 mm, 810-seeded, glabrous; stipe almost absent. Fl. AugOct, fr. NovDec.
Slopes, seashore sandy areas, along trails; 4002500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Myanmar, Sri Lanka].
1a. Leaf blade oblanceolate to oblong, 515 mm wide, base narrow, apex acuminate; pod rhombic 35a.var. linifolia
1b.... Leaf blade linear to linear-oblong, 34 mm wide, base round, apex obtuse; pod rhombic to ovoid 35b.var. stenophylla
线叶猪屎豆 (原变种) xian ye zhu shi dou (yuan bian zhong)
Crotalaria linifolia var. pygmaea Yamamoto.
Leaf blade oblanceolate to oblong, 25 Χ 0.51.5 cm, base narrow, apex acuminate. Pod rhombic.
Slopes, along trails; 5002500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Myanmar, Sri Lanka].
狭叶猪屎豆 xia ye zhu shi dou
Crotalaria stenophylla Vogel (1843) not Ecklon & Zeyher (1836).
Leaf blade linear to linear-oblong, 2.53.5 Χ 0.30.4 cm, base round, apex obtuse. Pod rhombic to ovoid.
Sandy seashore areas, along trails. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Taiwan.
座地猪屎豆 zuo di zhu shi dou
Herbs, annual, prostrate to erect. Stems terete, branched at base, densely yellow silky-pubescent. Stipules absent. Leaves simple, subsessile; leaf blade linear, 1.53 Χ 0.20.4 cm, both surfaces silky pilose but more densely so abaxially, base slightly cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Racemes terminal, headlike 26-flowered; bracts linear, 23 mm. Pedicel short; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx, subulate, ca. 3 mm, silky pilose. Calyx 2-lipped, 45 mm; abaxial 3 lobes lanceolate-triangular; adaxial 2 lobes connate, oblong, apex obtuse. Corolla yellow, slightly shorter than and included in calyx. Ovary subsessile. Pod ovoid to globose, 45 mm, 612-seeded.
Sandy soil; below 100 to 1900 m. Hainan [India, Myanmar, Nepal].
Crotalaria nana var. nana has wider leaves, coarser trichomes on calyx, and is recorded from W India and Sri Lanka.
假苜蓿 jia mu shu
Herbs, shrublets, or shrub, prostrate to erect, to 1 m tall. Stems slender, branched, appressed silky-pubescent. Stipules filiform, 23 mm. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 0.22 cm; petiolules ca. 1 mm; leaflet blades oblanceolate, obovate-oblong, or ovate-oblong, (1)23 Χ 0.31.2 cm, abaxially densely silky-pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, apex obtuse, truncate, or retuse. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, many-flowered; bracts minute. Pedicel 23 mm. Calyx subcampanulate, 24 mm, 5-lobed; lobes broadly lanceolate. Corolla yellow; standard elliptic to ovate-oblong, 35 mm, base with 2 appendages, apex pilosulose; wings oblong to obovate, 34 mm; keel ± as long as wings, rounded and narrowed apically from middle, beak long and twisted. Ovary sessile. Pod globose, 35 mm in diam., included in or slightly exserted beyond calyx, pubescent, 2-seeded, apex shortly beaked. Fl. AugOct, fr. NovDec.
Seashore sandy areas, grassy slopes, along trails; below 100 to 2800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
1b.... Petiole 12 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong, 1012 mm wide .......................................................... 39b.var. luxurians
假苜蓿 (原变种) jia mu shu (yuan bian zhong)
Crotalaria neglecta Wight & Arnott; C. yuanjiangensis C. Y. Yang; Indigofera capitata Graham.
Petiole 0.21 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate to obovate, 12 Χ 0.30.8 cm.
Seashore sandy areas, along trails; below 100 to 1400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan (Yuanjiang Xian) [Bangladesh, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
This species was misidentified as Crotalaria trifoliastrum Willdenow by Bentham.
大叶假苜蓿 da ye jia mu shu
Crotalaria luxurians Bentham, London J. Bot. 2: 578. 1843.
Petiole 12 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong, 12.5 Χ 11.2 cm.
Grassy slopes; 700900 m. Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Zhou) [Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka].
砂地野百合 sha di ye bai he
Crotalaria triquetra var. garambiensis Y. C. Liu & F. Y. Lu.
Herbs, annual, erect to ascending, to 50 cm tall. Branches 3-angled, pubescent. Stipules linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, caducous. Leaves simple; petiole ca. 1 mm; leaf-blade elliptic-oblong, 23 Χ 0.71 cm, adaxial surface pellucid-punctate, secondary veins 7 or 8 on each side of midvein, base rounded, apex obtuse. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, 13-flowered. Pedicel ± as long as calyx. Calyx ± 2-lipped, divided to ca. 1/2 its length, pubescent; lobes triangular-lanceolate. Corolla pale yellow, 11.2 cm, longer than calyx; standard ovate, base with 2 appendages; wings oblong, slightly shorter than standard; keel ± as long as wings, angled near base, beak straight and twisted. Pod cylindric, ca. 2 cm, ca. 16-seeded, pubescent.
Open grassland, wasteland; below 300 m. S Taiwan [India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka].
天台猪屎豆 tian tai zhu shi dou
Herbs, perennial, 612 cm tall, with appressed rubiginous trichomes. Stipules absent. Leaves simple; petiole ca. 1 mm; leaf blade narrowly oblong, 410 Χ 12 mm, with dense white papillae and appressed rubiginous trichomes. Racemes terminal, 1.53.5 cm, 37-flowered; bracts linear, ca. 1 mm. Pedicel 1.52 mm; bracteoles linear, ca. 1.5 mm. Calyx subcampanulate, 56 mm, deeply 5-lobed, with appressed trichomes and ciliate margins; lobes narrowly lanceolate, 45 mm, all similar. Corolla pale yellow when dry, exserted from calyx; standard ovate, ca. 5 Χ 3 mm, middle line abaxially with trichomes, base with claw ca. 0.5 mm, with 2 pulvinate callosities, apex rounded; wings oblong, ca. 4 Χ 1.5 mm; keel ± as long as standard, incurved above middle, beak not twisted. Ovary sessile, glabrous. Pod ellipsoidal, 68 Χ 44.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Sep.
Zhejiang.
Crotalaria tiantaiensis is known to us only from the protolog based on a single collection. Apparently very similar vegetatively to the preceding species.
安宁猪屎豆 an ning zhu shi dou
Herbs, perennial, ca. 9 cm tall, with appressed ferrugineous trichomes. Stipules absent. Leaves simple; petiole ca. 1 mm; Leaf blade elliptical, 57 Χ 23 mm, abaxially with appressed trichomes, adaxially green, with dense white papillae, base cuneate, apex acute, Racemes terminal, 36 cm, 615-flowered; bracts linear, ca. 2 mm. Pedicel 24 mm; bracteoles similar to bracts, ca. 2 mm. Calyx 2-lipped, ca. 7 mm, deeply (4- or)5-lobed, with appressed trichomes; abaxial 3 lobes linear 56 mm; adaxial 2 lobes ovate-lanceolate. Corolla yellow, exserted from calyx; standard suborbicular, ca. 6 Χ 5 mm margins proximally with glandular trichomes, basal claw ca. 1 mm, with 2 pulvinate callosities, apex rounded; wings oblong, 46 Χ 23 mm, keel ± as long as standard, incurved above middle, beak not twisted. Ovary sessile, ?glabrous. Pod not seen. Fl. Mar.
Yunnan (Anning Xian).
Crotalaria anningensis is known to us only from the protolog. The glandular trichomes on the margins of the standard are atypical for Crotalaria and coupled with the absence of fruits throws some doubt on the generic placement of this taxon. In the protolog is states that the ovary is pilose, but the in the illustration accompanying the protolog the ovary is shown as glabrous.
羅頓豆 luo dun dou
Ononis Linnaeus sect. Lotononis Candolle, Prodr 2: 166. 1825.
Herbs [or shrublets], annual or perennial. Stipules distinct. Leaves digitally 3-foliolate, usually petiolate. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, umbellate [or racemose], long pedunculate. Calyx cuplike, abaxial most tooth narrowly triangular and longest but other 4 teeth ± joined in pairs. Corolla standard ovate or obovate, glabrous, claw short; wings sometimes much shorter than standard; keel rounded at apex. Stamens 10, connate into a dorsally split sheath; anthers dimorphic, 4 longer and basifixed, 6 shorter and dorsifixed. Ovary sessile, ovules many. Style incurved; stigma terminal. Pod subsessile, slightly inflated, usually many seeded. Seeds without an aril; funicle threadlike.
About 100 species: Africa, S Europe, S Asia; one species introduced in China.
羅頓豆 luo dun dou
Herbs, perennial, prostrate, mat-forming, 0.31.8 m wide. Stems slender, decumbent, branching and rooting at nodes, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Stipules ovate, 410 mm, one smaller than other, base auriculate, apex acute. Leaves 3-foliolate, apical one larger; petiole 67.5 mm; leaflet blades linear-elliptic to lanceolate, 1.54 Χ 0.61 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, base cuneate, apex rounded and mucronate. Inflorescences umbellate heads, 812 flowered; bracts and bracteoles minute, inconspicuous; peduncle to 25 cm. Flowers sessile. Calyx 34 mm. Corolla bright yellow, ca. 1 cm; standard orbicular to oblong, long clawed; wings obliquely ovate to oblong; keel 89 mm incurved and obtuse, longer than standard. Pod linear, 712 Χ 23 mm, white villous, with a curved beak. Seeds ca. 1 mm in diam.
Cultivated in Taiwan [native in Southern Africa].
Lotononis bainesii is widely grown as a fodder crop. It is particularly suitable for red lateritic soils.
落地豆属 luo di dou shu
Herbs, annual, ± prostrate. Stipules distinct, sometimes solitary. Leaves digitally 3-foliolate, usually petiolate. Inflorescences terminal or leaf-opposed but often appearing axillary, racemose, few-flowered, shortly pedunculate to almost sessile; bracts and bracteoles inconspicuous. Calyx cuplike, tube membranous; lobes 5, subequal, with the dorsal pair somewhat curved. Corolla shorter than calyx; standard ovate or oblong, with a linear claw; wings and keel ± as long as standard; keel rounded at apex. Stamens 10, connate into a dorsally split sheath; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, ovules many; style straight. Pod subsessile, ± oblong or linear, ± inflated or slightly compressed, many seeded. Seeds strongly curved; funicle ± as long as seed.
Two species: one in Asia, one in the drier regions of Africa; one species in China.
落地豆 luo di dou
Trigonella indica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 778. 1753; Dillwynia trifoliata Roth; Rothia trifoliata (Roth) Persoon.
Herbs, annual, ascending, to 25 cm. Stems adpressed-pilose. Stipules lanceolate, ca. 4 Χ 1.5 mm. Petiole ca. 7 mm; petiolules to 1 mm; leaflet blades oblanceolate, 12.2 Χ 0.40.8 cm, both surfaces adpressed pilose, base cuneate, apex rounded to broadly acute. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or extra-axillary, 13-flowered, congested; bracts filiform, ca. 1.5 mm; peduncle 02.5 mm. Pedicel ca. 1.5 mm. Calyx obconical, 46 mm, divided to slightly below middle; lobes triangular, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow, exserted from calyx; standard oblong-orbicular, 5.56.5 mm, abaxially pilose along midline; wings oblong, slightly shorter than standard; keel ± as long as standard. Pod narrowly oblong, 3.55.5 Χ ca. 0.2 cm, straight, slightly compressed, more than 20-seeded, adpressed pubescent. Seeds brown, D-shaped, ca. 1.3 mm, smooth. Fl. and fr. MarJun.
Sandy areas; near sea level. Guangdong, Hainan [India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia].