FABACEAE Tribe AESCHYNOMENEAE (Bentham) Hutchinson [Draft]
合萌族 he meng zu
Sha Ren (莎仁)[1]; Alfonso Delgado-Salinas[2]
Herbs, shrublets, or shrubs, annuals or perennials. Roots usually with a branched taproots or fibrous root systems; lateral roots with distinctive nitrogen fixing nodules. Stems herbaceous or woody, usually striate. Foliage commonly covered with an assortment of simple unicellular trichomes, bristle-like trichomes, tuberculate-based trichomes, and pellucid or black punctuate glands. Stipules spurred below point of insertion, peltate or unilaterally auriculate or not spurred, free or largely or partly adnate to petiole (pseudopetiole), striate, usually persistent. Leaves alternate or subfasciculate on short lateral branches, even- or odd-pinnate, sometimes reduced to 2 leaflets and digitate, often sensitive; stipels absent; leaflets usually opposite, sometimes subopposite or alternate, usually subsessile; leaflet blades elliptic to oblong, membranous, scarious, or papery, with 1 or several primary veins, margin entire, base asymmetric, apex usually mucronate. Inflorescences usually axillary, racemose, loosely paniculate, spicate, or helicoid cymose, congested or lax; bracts short, similar to stipules or large and circular, often enclosing flowers and fruit, persistent or caducous. Flowers papilionaceous, usually with a short to long hypanthium. Bracteoles calyxlike and semipersitent, sometimes wanting. Calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed, usually scarious, often becoming larger in fruit. Corolla ochroleucous, orangish yellow, yellow, white, blue, or purple, sometimes with red striations; petals all clawed; standard orbicular to obovate; wings usually auriculate; keel rarely beaked. Stamens usually monadelphous, if diadelphous then with two phalanges of 5 stamens each; anthers alternate, uniform or dimorphic, subbasifixed and dorsifixed. Intrastaminal disk rare. Ovary usually linear, usually stipitate, with few to numerous ovules; style filiform, glabrous, rarely persistent to fruit; stigma terminal, small. Legume usually loments (all except Arachis), stipitate or sessile, globose, compressed or subterete, usually membranous, with 1-many seeds, sometimes plicate, with reticulate or longitudinally parallel veins, enclosed in calyx, usually breaking into 1-seeded articles; articles oblong, quadrate, apical one usually with a beak; legumes sometimes not a loment (Arachis), subterranean, oblong, terete, subtorulose, unjointed, not breaking into segments, usually indehiscent, not enclosed in calyx, with reticulate veins, apex without a beak. Seeds oblong or ovoid; hilum short, lateral, eccentric, often with a conspicuous radicle lobe.
About 25 genera and ca. 530 species: worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and warm-temperate areas, sometimes growing in wet or moist environments in loamy to sandy soils; seven genera (none endemic, three introduced) and 14 species (none endemic, five introduced) in China.
None of these genera are listed for Central Asia (G. P. Yakovlev. Leguminosae. In: V. I. Grubov ed., Pl. Central Asia 8a: 4--139. 2002).
The circumscription adopted here follows V. E. Rudd revision of Tribe Aeschynomeneae (V. E. Rudd. In: R. M. Polhill & P. H. Raven, Adv. Leg. Syst. I: 347--354. 1981). Recently, all members of Aeschynomeneae have been included in an enlarged Tribe Dalbergieae sens. lat. (M. Lavin & B. B. Klitgaard. In: G. Lewis et al. eds., Legumes World: 307--335. 2005).
The Aeschynomeneae contains members of economic importance. Notable among them is the world-wide crop, Arachis hypogea (peanut). Cultivars of two additional species of Arachis and two of Stylosanthes have been introduced and grown as fodder plants in China.
1a. Stipules not spurred, free or largely or partly adnate to petiole.
2a. Stipules free, not adnate to petiole; leaflets 9--17 per leaf; flowers pedicellate, with a short hypanthium; calyx subequally 5-toothed; legume walls longitudinally parallel-veined .............................................. 4. Ormocarpum
2b. Stipules largely or partly adnate to petiole (pseudopetiole); leaflets 3 or 4 per leaf; flowers sessile, with a long hypanthium; calyx usually 2-lipped; legume walls reticulate-veined.
3a. Leaflets 4 per leaf; legume not a loment, geocarpic, subterete, apex not beaked ........................... 2. Arachis
3b. Leaflets 3 per leaf; legume a loment, not geocarpic, compressed, apex of apical article beaked ................. 6. Stylosanthes
1b. Stipules spurred below point of insertion, peltate or bilaterally auriculate.
4a. Leaflets 8-many per leaf; bracts small, shorter than flowers, not enclosing the flowers and fruit; bracteoles present.
5a. Inflorescences racemose, lax; bracts membranous, usually persistent; fruit with articles flattened, not plicate, not enclosed in calyx ................................................................................................... 1. Aeschynomene
5b. Inflorescences usually scorpioid-cymose, congested; bracts scarious, caducous; fruit with articles folded, plicate, enclosed in calyx .......................................................................................................... 5. Smithia
4b. Leaflets usually 2 or 4 per leaf; bracts enlarged, usually enclosing flowers and often fruit; bracteoles absent.
6a. Leaves pinnate, with 4-leaflets; leaflet blades black punctuate; leaf rachis swollen to shortly winged; bracts suborbicular to obliquely reniform; fruit with 1 or 2 articles. .......................................... 3. Geissaspis
6b. Leaves digitate, with 2-leaflets; leaflet blades pellucid punctuate; leaf rachis not fleshy; bracts usually peltate, longer than broader; fruit with 2--7 articles ............................................................................ 7. Zornia
1. AESCHYNOMENE Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 713. 1753.
合萌属 he meng shu
Herbs or shrublets. Vegetative and reproductive parts covered usually with viscid tubercular-based trichomes. Stems erect or creeping, often hollow. Stipules spurred below point of insertion, peltate or unilaterally auriculate, caducous. Leaves even-pinnate, with 20-many leaflets, often sensitive; leaflets opposite, subsessile, with 1 midvein or 2 to several primary veins. Inflorescences usually axillary, usually racemose, with several flowers; bracts paired, stipule-shaped, not spurred, persistent or caducous, margin denticulate. Flower small to medium size. Bracteoles present. Hypanthium short. Calyx membranous, usually 2-lipped, abaxial lip 3-lobed, adaxial lip 2-lobed. Corolla usually yellow; standard orbicular, large; wings without an auricle; keels curved, with a small beak. Stamens diadelphous (5+5) or basally connate; anthers uniform. Ovary linear, with numerous ovules; style filiform, inflexed; stigma terminal. Legume a loment, compressed, stipitate, divided into 4--8 articles, surface often muricate. Seed 1 per article.
About 150 species: tropics and subtropics worldwide; two species (neither endemic, one introduced) in China.
1a. Stems viscid; leaflets with 2 to several primary veins; legume oblong, slightly curved, abaxial suture undulate and indented; articles rounded .................................................................................................................. 1. A. americana
1b. Stems not viscid; leaflets with 1 midvein; legume linear-oblong, straight, abaxial suture straight and slightly indented; articles quadrate ........................................................................................................................ 2. A. indica
1. Aeschynomene americana Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 713, 1753.
敏感合萌 min gan he meng
Herbs or shrublets, (0.4--)1.5--2.0 m tall. Stems erect, many-branched, glabrous, viscid. Stipules lanceolate, 10--12 X 1--3 mm, membranous, base auriculate, apex acute. Leaves with 30--40 leaflets; leaflets blades linear-oblong, 8--10 X 2--4 mm, papery, primary veins 2--4, base oblique, apex obtuse and mucronate. Inflorescences axillary, racemes, laxly-branched, 2--4-flowered; bracts cordate, membranous. Bracteoles linear-ovate, striate. Calyx deeply 2-lobed. Corolla yellow, ca. 7 mm. Legume oblong, 2.5--3 cm X 2.5--3 mm, herbaceous to leathery, slightly curved, abaxial suture undulate and indented; articles 4--7, rounded, slightly muricate. Seeds brown, reniform. Fl. and fr. Oct--Nov.
Roadsides. Naturalized in Taiwan [native in tropical America].
2. Aeschynomene indica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 713. 1753.
合萌 he meng
Shrublets or annual herbs, (15--)30--100(--150) cm tall. Stems erect, many-branched, cylindric, hollow, glabrous, corky at base, often with nodule-bearing adventitious roots. Stipules elliptic to lanceolate, 4--11 X 1--2 cm, membranous, caducous, base auriculate, apex acuminate. Leaves with 20--60 leaflets, often sensitive; petiole 2--4 mm; rachis with tuberculate-based trichomes; leaflet blades linear-oblong, 3--13 X 1--3 mm, papery, base oblique, apex obtuse and mucronate. Inflorescences axillary, racemes, sometimes short or reduced to a single flower; peduncle 4--7 mm, with tuberculate-based trichomes; bracts ovate, caducous, margin often denticulate. Bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, persistent. Calyx 3--4 mm, membranous, glabrous. Corolla pale yellow with purplish longitudinal striations. Legume linear-oblong, 2.2--3.4 cm X 3--5 mm, straight, herbaceous to leathery, abaxial suture straight, slightly indented; articles 2--8, quadrate, slightly muricate and with tuberculate-based trichomes. Seeds blackish brown, reniform, ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Jul--Oct. 2n = 40.
Field margins, ditches, grassland, trail sides and river margins in sunny places; 100--1300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Africa, W Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands, South America].
The species is used for green fertilizer, medicinal purposes, and as an industrial raw material.
2. ARACHIS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 741. 1753.
落花生属 luau hue sheen shu
Herbs, annual. Stipules large, partly adnate with petiole, not spurred. Leaves even-pinnate; leaflets opposite, subsessile. Inflorescences axillary, usually reduced to a single flower or in a clustered. Hypanthium long. Calyx membranous; tube slender, elongating with flower development, 5-lobed, adaxial 4 lobes connate. Corolla yellow; standard almost orbicular, without an auricle; wings oblong, auriculate; keel apex slightly beaked. Stamens monadelphous, 10 but usually one absent; anthers dimorphic, long and short ones alternate, long ones almost dorsifixed, short ones basifixed. Ovary subsessile, base elongated and curved after fertilization, with 2 or 3(--6) ovules; style filiform; stigma terminal. Legume oblong, subtorulose, with thick walls, reticulated, 1--5(--6) seeded, not breaking into segments, indehiscent, apex not beaked.
About 22 species: tropics of America; one species (introduced) in China.
Two other species, Arachis glabrata Bentham and A. pintoi Krapovickas & W. C. Gregory, have been experimentally introduced for fodder in S China.
1. Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 741. 1753.
落花生 luo hua sheng
Herbs, annual, erect to decumbent. Stems erect or procumbent, (6--)30--80 cm tall, yellowish pubescences, glabrescent. Stipules 2--4 cm, pilose. Leaves usually with 4 leaflets; petiole 3.7--10 cm, covered with long flexuous trichomes, basally adnate to stipule; petiolules 1--10 mm, velutinous; leaflets ovate-oblong to obovate, 1.1--5.9 X 0.5--3.4 cm, papery, both surface with long trichomes, veins ca. 10 on each side of midvein, base almost rounded, margin ciliate, apex obtuse or emarginate and mucronate. Bracts lanceolate, apex acuminate. Flowers 8--10 mm, sessile; bracteoles lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, velutinous. Calyx tube 4--6 mm, thin. Corolla yellow to golden yellow; standard spreading, apex emarginate; wings distinct, oblong to obliquely ovate, slender; keels distinct, long ovate, shorter than wings, inflexed, apex acuminate to beaked. Ovary oblong; style longer than calyx; stigma terminal, small, sparsely pubescent. Legume geocarpic, oblong, inflated, 2--5 X 1--1.3 cm, thick-walled, reticulate-veined, with 1--4(--6) seeds. Seeds light brown, oblong, 5--10 mm in diam. Fl. May--Aug, fr. Jul--Sep. 4n = 40.
Grown in sandy warm areas. Cultivated in Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang [native to tropical South America].
Peanuts are grown over much of China except for Heilongjiang, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and Xinjiang. In addition to being used for food it is used as a source of oil, soap, cosmetics, green fertilizer, fodder, and paper.
3. GEISSASPIS Wight & Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 217. 1834.
睫苞豆属 jie bao dou shu
Herbs. Stipules membranous, spurred below point of insertion. Leaves even-pinnate, with 4 leaflets; leaflets opposite, subsessile. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, racemes; peduncle long; bracts large, reniform, imbricate, membranous, striate, persistent, margin ciliate. Flowers small. Bracteoles absent. Hypanthium short. Calyx tubular, membranous, deeply 2-lipped, abaxial lip with inconspicuous lobes, adaxial lip entire and often cucullate. Corolla purple or yellow, 2--3 X as longer than calyx; standard almost orbicular, nearly fattened, without an auricle; wings shorter than standard, obliquely obovate, without an auricle; keel short. Stamens monadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, with 1 or 2 ovules; style inflexed; stigma small, capitate. Legume a loment, small, inflated, shortly stipitate, indehiscent, reticulate-veined, margin conspicuously flattened, with 1 or 2 articles. Seeds 1 per article.
Three species: tropical Asia and Africa; one species (not endemic) in China.
1. Geissaspis cristata Wight & Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 218. 1834.
睫苞豆 jie bao dou
Herbs, annual, 15--60 cm tall. Stems becoming somewhat woody at base, procumbent, many-branched at base, with above-ground adventitious roots; branchlets sparse, slender. Stipules lanceolate, 3--4 mm, membranous, apically striate, margin long ciliate. Leaves with 4 leaflets; petiole 3--4 mm; rachis swollen to shortly winged; leaflets subsessile; leaflet blades obcordate to obovate, 4--7 X 3--4 mm, secondary veins 3--5 on each side of midvein, base cuneate and oblique, apex acute to slightly emarginated and mucronate. Racemes axillary, congested, 1.5--1.6 cm; peduncle ca. 1.2 cm; bracts 6--12, almost orbicular to obliquely reniform, 0.7--1 X ca. 1.5 cm, with yellow setaceous cilia. Calyx 1.2--1.5 mm. Corolla yellow or purple; standard ca. 5 mm wide, creamy outside, with two purple-red spots inside near base; wings obovate, small; keels purplish black, small. Ovary linear; style filiform; stigma terminal. Legume oblong, ca. 4 mm, with conspicuous margin, with 1 or 2 articles, apex shortly-beaked. Seeds chestnut brown, reniform, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. May--Jan.
Beaches, sandy wetlands; below 100 m. Guangdong (near Guangzhou) [Cambodia, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
4. ORMOCARPUM P. Beauvois, Fl. Oware 1: 95. 1806, nom. cons.
链荚木属 lian jia mu shu
Shrubs. Stipules triangular-spiculiform, free, not spurred, slightly connate at base, persistent. Leaves subfasciculate on short lateral branches, odd-pinnate; leaflets alternate, subsessile. Inflorescences sparse racemes or reduced to 1 or 2 flowers on lateral shoots; bracts paired, persistent. Flowers large. Bracteoles similar to bracts. Hypanthium short. Calyx campanulate, membranous, 5-lobed, abaxially 3 lobes lanceolate and ± as long as tube, adaxial 2 lobes triangular and short. Corolla yellow, longer than calyx; standard suborbicular, with 2 appendages at base, without auricles; keels conspicuously inflexed, without a beak. Stamens diadelphous (5+5); anthers all of one type. Ovary linear, with many ovules; style filiform, inflexed; stigma terminal, small. Legume a loment (but articulations developing late), linear to oblong, inflated, shortly stipitate, rugose, glabrous or with coarse soft prickles, divided into several articles, indehiscent. Seeds 1 per article.
About 20 species: tropics of eastern hemisphere; one species (introduced) in China.
1. Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Loureiro) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 5: 76. 1910.
链荚木 lian jia mu
Diphaca cochichinense Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 454. 1790; Hedysarum sennoides Willdenow; Ormocarpum sennoides (Willdenow) Candolle.
Shrubs, 2--3 m tall, evergreen. Stems and branchlets fissured at maturity, corky. Stipules lanceolate, 2--3 mm. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, with 9--17 leaflets; petiole 1.5--2.5 cm; rachis viscid, lustrous pitchy when dry; leaflets blades elliptic, obovate, or oblong, 1.2--2.5 X 0.5--1 cm, papery, stained purple when dry, venation reticulate, midvein thick and raised, secondary veins 3 or 4 on each side, base rounded, apex obtuse and mucronate. Racemes axillary, ca. 3 cm, 2--6-flowered; peduncle 7--8 mm, viscid, lustrous and sticky when dry; bracts triangular, small, spreading. Flowers 1.5--2 cm. Pedicel ca. 2 cm; bracteoles lanceolate, ca. 1 mm, persistent. Hypanthium 5--6 mm. Calyx ca. 1 cm, membranous, abaxial lobes ca. 5 mm. Corolla yellow or white. Ovary linear to slightly curved, sparsely pubescent; style filiform, glabrous; stigma terminal. Legume a loment, oblong, slightly falcate, 10--12 cm X 5--6 mm, inflated, shortly stipitate, with longitudinal parallel veins, veins slightly raised, divided into 4 or 5 articles. Seeds brown, oblong, ca. 6 X 2.5 mm, compressed; hilum eccentric. Fl. Jun--Sep, fr. Sep--Oct. 2n = 24.
Cultivated and naturalized in Guangdong, Hainan, and Taiwan [native and/or naturalized in India, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific Islands].
Introduced species and often naturalized in many tropical areas.
5. SMITHIA Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 1, 3: 496, t. 13. 1789, nom. cons.
坡油甘属 po you gan shu
Herbs or shrublets. Stems herbaceous or often slightly woody, bristly to glabrescent. Stipules spurred below point of insertion, scarious, persistent, basal portion 1 or 2 auriculate. Leaves opposite, even-pinnate, subsessile, with few to 12 leaflets, sensitive; rachis often ending in a spine; leaflet blades usually linear-oblong, bristly on abaxial side and margins, apex mucronate. Inflorescences axillary, dense racemes or ± scorpioid-cymes, sometimes reduced to a single flower; bracts stipule-shaped, scarious, striate, caducous. Flowers small. Bracteoles scarious, persistent. Hypanthium short, much reduced. Calyx membranous or scarious, persistent and often accrescent at fruit, 2-lipped, lips usually entire. Corolla white, purple, yellow, or blue, longer than calyx; standard orbicular to oblong; wings and keel almost as long as standard; keel inflexed, lateral appendages nearly as long as claws, apex blunt. Stamens usually diadelphous (5+5); anthers uniform. Intrastaminal disk present. Ovary linear, with numerous ovules; style filiform, inflexed, persistent to fruit; stigma terminal, small. Legume a loment, plicate within calyx, shortly stipitate, with few to many articles. Seeds orbicular or reniform, compressed; hilum eccentric.
About 20 species: tropics of Asia and Africa; five species (none endemic) in China.
1a. Shrublets ................................................................................................................................................................. 1. S. blanda
1b. Annual herbs.
2a. Calyx lips membranous, with reticulate veins.
3a. Leaflet blades 0.6--1.2 cm; inflorescences often with more than 12 flowers; corolla slightly longer than calyx; fruit divided into 6--8 articles .................................................................................................. 2. S. ciliata
3b. Leaflet blades 1.5--2 cm; inflorescences with 5 or 6 flowers; corolla ca. 1.5 X as long as calyx; fruit divided into 10--12 articles ......................................................................................................................... 4. S. salsuginea
2b. Calyx lips scarious, with parallel veins.
4a. Floral nodes congested apically on inflorescence axis; scorpioid-cymes and leaves clustered at branch tips ....................................................................................................................................................... 3. S. conferta
4b. Floral nodes not congested apically on inflorescence axis; racemes and leaves not clustered at branch tips ...................................................................................................................................................... 5. S. sensitiva
1. Smithia blanda Wallich ex Wight & Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 221. 1834.
黄花合叶豆 huang hua he ye dou
Smithia blanda var. paniculata (Arnott) Baker; S. blanda var. racemosa (Wight & Arnott) Baker; S. paniculata Arnott; S. racemosa Wight & Arnott; S. bodinieri H. Léveillé; S. yunnanensis Franchet.
Shrublets, 40--60 cm tall. Stems densely golden setose. Stipules lanceolate, villous. Leaves with 4--10 leaflets; petiolules less than 1 mm; leaflet blades oblong to obovate-lanceolate, 6--12 X 2.5--3 mm, papery, midvein setose, base oblique, margin setose, apex obtuse to rounded and with a spinelike mucro. Inflorescences axillary, scorpioid cymes, with flowers usually clustered at apical part; peduncle 1.5--4 cm, setose; bracts ovate-orbicular. Flowers ca. 1 cm. Pedicel 1--3 mm; bracteoles suborbicular, 2.5--3.5 mm, membranous. Corolla yellow; standard orbicular, with short claw, base acuminate, apex cuneate to slightly emarginate; wings smaller than standard, with an auricle; keels ± as long as wings, with an auricle. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary with trichomes; style filiform; stigma terminal. Legume a plicate loment, 2.5--3 mm wide, shortly stipitate, divided into 5 or 6 articles; articles with reticulate veins. Seeds not seen. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Sep--Oct.
Mountains, plains; 1000--2100 m. Guizhou, SW Sichuan, Yunnan [Laos, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand].
2. Smithia ciliata Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. t. 35. 1834.
缘毛合叶豆 yuan mao he ye dou
Smithia nagasawai Hayata; S. japonica Maximowicz.
Herbs, annual, 15--60 cm tall. Stems and branchlets slender, glabrous. Stipules, lanceolate, ca. 8 mm, membranous, glabrous. Leaves with 10--14 leaflets; petioles 1.5--2 cm, glabrous; rachis 1.5--3 cm; petiolules less than 1 mm, glabrous; leaflet blades oblanceolate to linear-oblong, 6--12 X 2--4 mm, midvein and margin bristly, apex obtuse to rounded. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, scorpioid-cymes, often with 12 or more flowers in cluster; peduncle 1--2 mm; bracts stipule-shaped, almost as long as calyx, margin ciliate. Bracteoles lanceolate, 4--5 mm, with trichomes. Calyx 4--8 mm, membranous, with reticulate veins, margin densely setose. Corolla yellow or white, slightly longer than calyx; standard obovate, ca. 5 mm wide; wings and keels small, straight, auriculate. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary with a short stipe, with trichomes. Legume a plicate loment, shortly stipitate, divided into 6--8 articles; articles almost globose, 1--1.5 mm, densely papillate. Seeds not seen. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Oct--Nov.
Roadsides, mountains, wetlands; 100--2800 m. Fujian, N Guangdong, N Guangxi, SW Guizhou, Hunan, S Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].
The species has been reported to have staminodes alternate with stamens (P.K. Basu, Current Science 47(3):94. 1978).
3. Smithia conferta Smith, Cycl. 33: Smithia n. 2. 1816.
密节坡油甘 mi jie po you gan
Smithia conferta var. geminiflora (Roth) Cooke; S. geminiflora Roth; S. geminiflora var. conferta (Smith) Baker.
Herbs, annual, 15--90 cm tall. Stems slender, many-branched, glabrous; nodes congested apically on stems. Stipules lanceolate, ca. 1 cm. Leaves with 6--12 leaflets; petiole 2--4 mm; rachis sparse long hirsute; leaflets subsessile; leaflet blades linear-oblong, 6--12 X 2--3 mm, thickly papery, abaxially hirsute, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 5 on each side of midvein, apex obtuse-rounded. Inflorescences axillary, scorpioid-cymes, many-flowered in a cluster; peduncle short; bracts ovate, 5--8 mm, membranous. Flowers 6--8 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 cm; bracteoles ovate, membranous. Calyx 6--8 mm, thickly papery, bristly, with parallel veins. Corolla yellow, ± as long as calyx; standard oblong-obovate; wings and keels ± equal, smaller than standard. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary with a short stipe, pubescent. Legume a plicate loment, inflated, shortly stipitate, divided into 4--6 articles; articles papillate. Seeds not seen. Fl. Jul--Aug, fr. Sep--Dec. 2n = 38.
Sandy areas, trail sides, mountain valleys; 200--400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi [India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; N Australia].
4. Smithia salsuginea Hance, J. Bot. 7: 164. 1869.
盐碱土坡油甘 yan jian tu po you gan
Smithia dichotoma Dalzell ex Baker.
Herbs, annual, 30--45 cm tall. Stems slender, rarely branched, sparsely setose. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Leaves with 2 or 4 leaflets; petiole ca. 1 mm; rachis 1--1.5 cm; leaflet blades oblong-oblanceolate, 1.5--2 X 0.6--0.7 cm, membranous, both surfaces glabrous, apex obtuse. Inflorescences shortly scorpioid cymes, with 5 or 6 flowers; peduncle upward spreading, 3--7 mm; bracts ovate-lanceolate. Bracteoles linear, 1/4--1/3 as long as calyx, membranous. Calyx 1--1.2 cm, membranous, dry, almost glabrous, with reticulate veins, abaxial lip apex acute, adaxial lip longer and apex acute to slightly emarginate. Corolla yellow, ca. 1.5 X as long calyx. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary with a short stipe. Legume a plicate loment, shortly stipitate, divided into 10--12 articles; articles globose, outside smooth or papillate. Seeds not seen. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.
Beaches. Guangdong [India].
5. Smithia sensitiva Aiton, Hort. Kew. 3: 496. 1789.
坡油甘 po you gan
Smithia javanica Bentham.
Herbs, annual, 15--100 cm tall, ascending to decumbent. Stems slender, many-branched, glabrous; nodes congested apically on stems. Stipules membranous, dry, glabrous. Leaves with 6--20 leaflets, sensitive; rachis 1--3 cm, with small spinelike trichomes; petiolules ca. 1 mm, glabrous; leaflet blades oblong, 4--10 X 1.5--3 mm, thinly papery, secondary veins 5 on each side of midvein, apex obtuse to rounded and with a spinelike mucro. Inflorescences axillary, racemes, with 1--6 or more flowers clustered near apex; peduncle short; bracts stipule-shaped, caducous. Flowers 8--10 mm. Pedicel 2--3 mm; bracteoles 2, ovate, ca. 1/3 as long as calyx, adnate to calyx, persistent, margin ciliate. Calyx 5--8 mm, thickly papery, sparsely setose, with parallel veins. Corolla yellow, slightly longer than calyx; standard obovate, ca. 5 mm wide, claw short, apex slightly emarginate; wings oblong, shorter than standard; keels ± as long as wings. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary linear, with numerous ovules. Legume a plicate loment, shortly stipitate, divided into 4--6 articles; articles densely papillate. Seeds not seen. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Sep--Nov. 2n = 38.
Field margins, wetlands; near sea level to 1000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Kashmir, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, N Australia].
Probably introduced in some regions of its stated range.
The species is used for medicinal purposes and fodder.
6. STYLOSANTHES Swartz, Prodr. 7: 108. 1788.
笔花豆属 bi hua dou shu
Shrublets or perennial herbs. Stems erect or spreading, with sparse glandular trichomes. Stipules sheathlike, adnate to petiole, not spurred, persistent. Leaves pinnately 3-foliate; leaflets subsessile. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, spikes, with small clustered flowers; bracts membranous, persistent. Bracteoles lanceolate, membranous, persistent. Hypanthium long. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, abaxial lobe narrow and distinct, adaxial 4 lobes connate. Corolla yellowish orange; standard orbicular, broadly ovate, or obovate, without an auricle, base narrowly cuneate, apex emarginate; wings oblong to obovate, shorter than standard, distinct, auriculate; keels similar to wings. Stamens 10, monadelphous, basal part closed or tubular; anthers dimorphic, alternate with longer 5 almost basifixed and shorter 5 dorsifixed. Ovary linear, sessile, with 2 or 3 ovules; style thin and straight; stigma terminal, calyptriform, extremely small. Legume a loment, oblong to ellipsoid, small, depressed, without a stipe, with coarse reticulate veins, often tuberculate, with 1 or 2 articles, indehiscent, apex with a beak. Seeds ovoid or reniform; hilum usually oblique, with a prominent radicle lobe.
About 25 species: tropical and subtropical Africa, America, and Asia; two species (introduced) in China.
1a. Inflorescences with each flower not subtended by a rudimentary axis; legume ovoid, 2--3 X ca. 1.8 mm, glabrous or near apex pubescent, with 1 article; beak 0.1--0.5 mm, inflexed .................................................... 1. S. guianensis
1b. Inflorescences with each flower subtended by a rudimentary axis; legume quadrate, 2--3.5 X ca. 2 mm, commonly pubescent, with 2 articles; beak 3--3.5 mm, uncinate ......................................................................... .. 2. S. hamata
1. Stylosanthes guianensis (Aublet) Swartz, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 10: 301. 1789.
圭亚那笔花豆 gui ya na bi hua dou
Trifolium guianense Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 776. 1775; Stylosanthes gracilis Kunth.
Herbs or shrublets, 60--100 cm tall, erect or rarely climbing. Stems glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Stipules sheathing, 0.4--2.5 cm. Leaves 3-foliate; petiole short; petiolules ca. 1 mm; leaflet blades ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 0.5--3(--4.5 ) X 0.2--1(--2) cm, glabrous, sparsely villous, or setose, base cuneate, margin sometimes sinuate, apex acute to cuspidate. Inflorescences 1--1.5 cm, with 2--40 clustered flowers, each flower without a rudimentary axis; primary bracts 1--2.2 cm, densely long spreading setose; secondary bracts 2.5--5.5 X ca. 0.8 mm. Bracteoles 2--4.5 mm. Hypanthium 4--8 mm. Calyx tube ellipsoid to oblong, 3--5 X 1--1.5 mm. Corolla orangish yellow, with red slender striations; standard 4--8 X 3--5 mm. Legume ovoid, 2--3 X ca. 1.8 mm, glabrous or near apex pubescent, with 1 article, beak 0.1--0.5 mm and inflexed. Seeds grayish brown, oblate-ellipsoid, ca. 2.2 X 1.5 mm. 2n = 20.
Cultivated and naturalized in Guangdong and Taiwan [native from Mexico to N Argentina].
The species is grown for fodder and for green fertilizer and is naturalized in additional areas of SE Asia.
2. Stylosanthes hamata (Linnaeus) Taubert, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32(1): 22. 1890.
Hedysarum amatum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2: 1170. 1759.
Herbs or shrublets, 10--50 cm tall, prostrate or ascending. Stems sparsely pubescent. Stipules sheathing, 4--12 mm. Leaves 3-foliate; petiole short; petiolules 0.5 mm; leaflet blades ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 8--14 X 3--5 mm, commonly glabrous, base cuneate, margin setose, apex acute and mucronate. Inflorescences 1--1.5 cm, with 2--10 clustered flowers, each flower subtended by a rudimentary axis; primary bracts 1--1.2 cm, spreading setose; secondary bracts 2--3.5 X ca. 0.5 mm. Bracteoles ca. 2 mm. Hypanthium 2--2.5 mm. Calyx tube oblong, ca. 2 X 1 mm. Corolla yellow, with red slender striations; standard ca. 4 X 3 mm. Legume quadrate, 2--3.5 X ca. 2 mm, commonly pubescent, with 2 articles, beak 3--3.5 mm and uncinate. Seeds light brown, ellipsoid, ca. 2 X 1.0 mm. 2n = 20.
Reported as cultivated in Hainan [native to Caribbean, Central America, SE North America, and South America].
No material of this species has been seen by the present authors.
The species is cultivated for fodder.
7. ZORNIA J. F. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 2: 1076, 1096. 1792.
丁癸草属 ding gui cao shu
Herbs, annual or perennial, usually prostrate or decumbent. Stems slender. Stipules foliaceous, spurred basal to point of insertion, basal portion usually divided. Leaves even-pinnate, with 2[--4] leaflets; leaflets opposite, subsessile; leaflet blades usually pellucid punctate. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, a sparse spike; bracts usually peltate, stipulelike. Flowers small, usually enclosed in a pair of bracts. Bracteoles absent. Hypanthium short. Calyx small, 2-lipped, adaxial lobes short. Corolla usually yellow; petals ± equal. Stamens monadelphous; anthers dimorphic. Ovary linear, undulate, with 5--8 ovules; style filiform; stigma terminal. Legume a loment, compressed, not stipitate, smooth or surface echinate setose, indehiscent, divided into few to many subglobose-oblate articles, abaxial suture straight, adaxial suture sinuate, apex usually without a beak. Seeds 1-several, ovoid or reniform, compressed.
About 75 species: tropics and temperate regions worldwide; two species (not endemic) in China.
1a. Leaflet blades ovate-oblong, obovate, or lanceolate, abaxially with brown and black glands; fruit surface echinate setose ......................................................................................................................................................... 1. Z. gibbosa
1b. Leaflet blades ovate-lanceolate, abaxially withoug brown and black glands; fruit surface smooth 2. Z. intecta
1. Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe, Linnaea 15: 192. 1841.
丁癸草 ding gui cao
Zornia cantoniensis Mohlenbrock; Z. gibbosa var. cantoniensis (Mohlenbrock) H. Ohashi; Z. graminea Spanoghe.
Herbs, perennial, 20--50 cm tall, sometimes with a thick tuber. Stems slender, many-branched, glabrous. Stipules lanceolate, ca. 1 mm, glabrous, with a long auricle at base. Leaves with 2 leaflets; leaflet blades ovate-oblong, obovate, or lanceolate, 0.8--2.5 X 0.3--0.9 cm, glabrous but abaxially with brown and black glands, base oblique, apex acute and mucronate. Inflorescences axillary, spikes, 2--6 cm, sparsely 3--6(--10)-flowered; bracts 2, ovate, 6--7(--10) mm, peltately inserted, margin ciliate. Calyx ca. 3 mm. Corolla yellow; standard with longitudinal striations; wings and keels small. Legume usually longer to rarely shorter than bracts, divided into 2--7 articles; articles subglobose, 2--4 X 2--4 mm, echinate setose, with conspicuous reticulate veins. Seeds not seen. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jul--Sep.
Sandy sites, floodplains; 100--1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Australia].
The species is used for medicinal purposes.
2. Zornia intecta Mohlenbrock, Webbia 16: 84. 1961.
台东癸草 tai dong gui cao
Zornia diphylla (Linnaeus) Persoon var. ciliaris Ohwi.
Herbs, perennial, to 40 cm tall, erect. Stems glabrous or pubescent. Stipules glabrous, 5-veined. Leaves with 2 leaflets; petiole and petiolules pubescent; leaflet blades ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.4--2 X 0.4--0.6 cm, not glandular punctuate, secondary veins 5--9 on either side of midvein, apex acute and mucronate. Inflorescences spikes, many-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 8 X 5 mm, apex abruptly acute. Calyx ca. 3.5 mm, strigose. Corolla pale yellow, ca. 1 cm. Legume divided into 5 or 6 articles; articles 2--2.2 X 2--2.2 mm, surface smooth. Seeds not seen.
Sunny place in mountains; 500--1500 m. Taiwan [India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].