FABACEAE Tribe DALBERGIEAE Bronn ex de Candolle, Prodr. 2: 415. 1825. [Draft]

黄檀族  huang tan zu

Chen Dezhao (Chen Te-chao)[1], Zhang Dianxiang[2]; Kai Larsen[3]

Trees, shrubs, or climbers. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 5 to numerous, alternate to subalternate, entire; stipels absent. Panicles numerous flowered; flowers small; bracts and bracteoles usually small, caducous, rarely persistent. Calyx 5-toothed, upper pair of teeth usually ± connate. Stamens 10 or 9; anthers dorsifixed, dehiscent by slits or by subpores. Fruit an indehiscent pod, flattened, usually reticulate opposite seeds, 1–3-seeded; seeds compressed, radicle short, straight or reflexed.

Nineteen genera: tropical regions; two genera and 31 species in China.

Chen Techao. 1994. Leguminosae Tribe Dalbergieae. In: Wei Zhi, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 40: 9–122.

Type genus: Dalbergia Linnaeus f.

1a.     Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers; corolla usually white, sometimes light green, light yellow, or purple; pod oblong, ligulate, elliptic, or strap-shaped, rarely half-moon shaped .........................  7. Dalbergia

1b.     Trees; corolla yellow; pod orbicular, compressed, broadly winged around margin  8. Pterocarpus

 

7. DALBERGIA Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 52. 1782, nom. cons.

黄檀属  huang tan shu

Chen Dezhao (Chen Te-chao); Kai Larsen

Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate; stipules often small and early caducous; leaflets alternate, rarely opposite; stipels absent. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemes or panicles, usually numerous flowered; bracts and bracteoles usually small, caducous, rarely persistent. Flowers small. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; teeth unequal, rarely subequal, lowest tooth usually largest, upper pair usually wider than others amd partially connate. Corolla white, pale green, or rarely purple; petals clawed; standard ovate, oblong, or orbicular; wings with base cuneate, truncate, or sagittate; keel often boat-shaped, ± united above. Stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous, usually united in an open sheath, or diadelphous and then either in 2 bundles of 5, or 9 united and 1 free; anthers erect, small, dehiscent by short apical slits. Ovary funiculate, few ovuled; style usually incurved, long or short; stigma terminal, small. Fruit an indehiscent pod, types: a) strongly flattened, translucent, raised over seeds (‘samaroid’), b) thicker, ± leathery, often with lenticels; c) thick, ± woody, b+c) when more than 1 seed develops, pod lomented; seeds of b/c usually not visible from outside; seeds reniform, compressed, radicle inflexed.

About 100–120 species; tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America, Africa, and Asia; 31 species in China (30 endemic).

??Dalbergia delavayi Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 186. 1889.

??Dalbergia esquirolii H. Lιveillι, Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 230. 1914-15.

??Dalbergia volubilis Roxb., Pl. Coast. Corom. 2: 48, t. 191. 1798: see Li S.J. & H. Wu. 2007. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 15(2): 171-172.

1a.     Stamens 10, filaments connate at base, irregularly separated to incompletely 3–5-adelphous on upper part; leaflets (7 or)9(or 11–13), ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–4 Χ 0.8–1.6 cm ...  28. D. polyadelpha

1b.     Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous or diadelphous.

2a.    Stamens 10, diadelphous, in two lateral bundles of 5 each.

3a.     Leaflets numerous (13–21); stipules large, leaflike, ovate-lanceolate or falcate-lanceolate; inflorescence densely brown villous, pubescent, or silky pubescent.

4a.     Pod 2.5–5 Χ 0.6–1 cm; blade of leaflets abaxially densely pubescent ....  25. D. sericea

4b.     Pod 5–11 Χ 1.2–3.2 cm; blade of leaflets sparsely adpressed puberulous, gradually glabrous.

5a.    Length of leaflets blade nearly 3 Χ width; pod wider, apex obtuse or broadly cuneate, base rounded or broadly cuneate ...................................................................  23. D. stipulacea

5b.    Length of leaflets blade 1.5–2 Χ width; pod narrower, apex acute, base attenuate to cuneate        24. D. assamica

3b.     Leaflets fewer (7–17); stipules small, not leaflike; inflorescence sparsely puberulous.

6a.     Leaflets shortly acuminate, never emarginate at apex; standard obovate-oblong; corolla pink            26. D. hainanensis

6b.     Leaflets rounded, obtuse, or slightly emarginate at apex; standard orbicular; corolla white or light purple.

7a.    Leaflets 7–11, wider (2.5–4 cm); upper 2 calyx teeth broad and round, lateral 2 ovate; standard without appendages at base; pod 1.3–1.5 cm wide .......................  27. D. hupeana

7b.    Leaflets 13–15, narrower (ca. 2 cm); upper and lateral teeth of calyx triangular; standard with 2 small appendages at base of blade; pod 2–2.5 cm wide ................  28. D. balansae

2b.    Stamens 9, occasionally 10, monadelphous.

8a.     Leaflets less than 2 cm, numerous, usually more than 21 (21–41) (except D. tsoi occasionally with 17 leaflets).

9a.     Pod reddish brown when dry, strongly reticulate throughout; leaflets 17–27 ..  1. D. tsoi

9b.     Pod not reddish brown, finely reticulate everywhere or opposite the seeds; leaflets linear-oblong or narrowly oblong, 2.5–3 Χ as long as wide.

10a.   Leaflets trapezoid-oblong, two sides of base asymmetrical, one side rounded, other side cuneate; petals long clawed; inflorescence densely rusty puberulous; pod brown and shiny when dry          2. D. pinnata

10b.   Leaflets symmetrical at base (except D. millettii with leaflets slightly asymmetrical); petals shortly clawed; inflorescence somewhat hairy or glabrous; pod dull colored, not shiny when dry.

11a.   Leaflets membranous, oblong, 8–15 mm, adpressed brown, silky pubescent on both surfaces; standard transverse elliptic ...................................................  3. D. peishaensis

11b.   Leaflets papery, linear-oblong or narrowly oblong, glabrous on both surfaces or hairy when young, glabrous when old; standard oblong-obovate, broadly obovate, or orbicular.

12a.   Leaflets 31–41, obtuse or rounded at both ends; pod ca. 7.5 mm wide  4. D. stenophylla

12b.   Leaflets 21–35, truncate, emarginate at apex, cuneate or broadly cuneate at base; pod 10–20 mm wide.

13a.   Bracteoles deciduous; standard oblong-obovate; pod reticulate opposite the seeds          5. D. mimosoides

13b.   Bracteoles persistent; standard orbicular; pod veined throughout  6. D. millettii

8b.     Leaflets more than 2 cm (except D. hancei with leaflets 7–13, 1–2 cm).

14a.   Leaflets 3–5.

15a. Leaflets suborbicular or obcordate, length and width of blade subequal, apex rounded and shortly caudate, both surfaces glabrous and adaxially shiny when old; teeth of calyx unequal, lowest lanceolate, longer than others; pod faintly reticulate opposite the seeds  7. D. sissoo

15b. Leaflets ovate, longer than wide, obtuse, slightly emarginate at apex, abaxially densely rusty pubescent; teeth of calyx subequal, triangular; pod distinctly reticulate throughout  8. D. henryana

14b.   Leaflets 5–15.

16a.   Pod half-moon shaped, less than 2.5 cm when 1-seeded; inflorescence subsessile; woody climbers growing in littoral region .......................................................  9. D. candenatensis

16b.   Pod oblong, ligulate-oblong, or strap-shaped, longer than 3 cm; inflorescence with peduncle; plants not of littoral region.

17a.   Teeth of calyx subequal in length, triangular, broadly triangular, ovate-triangular, or ovate (D. mengsuoensis with lowest tooth of calyx lanceolate, but subequal in length to others).

18a.   Standard not reflexed, obovate or elliptic; ovary shortly funiculate.

19a.   Leaflets 7–13, 10–20 Χ 5–10 mm; inflorescence axillary .....  10. D. hancei

19b.   Leaflets 5–7, 1.5–7.5 Χ 1–3.3 cm; inflorescence terminal  11. D. mengsuoensis

18b.   Standard reflexed, orbicular or elliptic; ovary long funiculate.

20a.   Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 7–10 cm, apex acute ..............  12. D. kingiana

20b.   Leaflets ovate, elliptic, or oblong, 3.5–6 cm, apex obtuse, rounded, or emarginate.

21a.   Climbers; leaflets 5–7, base cuneate; standard elliptic, base shortly auriculate            13. D. benthami

21b.   Trees; leaflets 9-13, base rounded; standard orbicular, base not auriculate     14. D. burmanica

17b.   Teeth of calyx unequal in length, lowest teeth lanceolate or oblong.

22a.   Leaflets less than 4 cm (1–4 Χ 0.8–2 cm).

23a.   Climbers or shrubs; standard oblong, obovate-oblong, or suborbicular.

24a.   Large climbers; leaflets thinly leathery, glabrous, shiny adaxially, veinlets finely and closely reticulate, conspicuously prominent on both surfaces  15. D. dyeriana

24b.   Shrubs; leaflets papery, adpressed sparsely grayish white pubescent and veins slightly impressed adaxially ...............................................  16. D. jingxiensis

23b.   Trees; standard obovate or obcordate.

25a.   Leaflets (7–)11–13, leathery, ovate-elliptic or oblong, adaxially glabrous, terminal and lateral leaflets subequal in length .................................  17. D. cultrata

25b.   Leaflets 7–9, thickly papery, elliptic or obovate, adaxially appressed pubescent, terminal and lateral leaflets very unequal in length (terminal leaflet often more than 4 Χ as large as lowest) ...........................................................  18. D. ximengensis

22b.   Leaflets exceeding 4 cm (4–14 Χ 2–8 cm).

26a.   Leaflets rounded at both ends, slightly emarginate at apex.

27a.   Leaflets 2.5–5(–7.5) Χ 1.2–2(–3.3) cm, length usually 2 Χ width, both surfaces adpressed puberulous, more densely so on midvein abaxially; standard obovate-oblong ..........................................................................  18. D. yunnanensis

27b.   Leaflets 5–14 Χ 4.5–8 cm, length and width subequal or length slightly exceeding width, both surfaces glabrous; standard oblong ..................  20. D. obtusifolia

26b.   Leaflets acuminate or acute at apex.

28a.   Leaflets glabrous on both surfaces; pod inconspicuously reticulate and raised opposite the seeds like pieces of Chinese chess .....................  21. D. odorifera

28b.   Leaflets sparsely hairy; pod reticulate throughout, conspicuously and slightly prominent opposite the seeds .......................................................  22. D. rimosa

 

Due to insufficient data, Dalbergia sacerdotum Prain and D. tonkinensis Prain are not included in the key.

 

1. Dalbergia tsoi Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 244. 1935.

红果黄檀  hong guo huang tan

Woody climbers. Leaves 8–10 cm; rachis pubescent; leaflets 17–27; petiolules ca. 1 cm; blades elliptic to oblong, 10–17(–30) Χ 5–8(–14) cm, both surfaces appressed pubescent, veins and veinlets obscure, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex rounded, emarginate. Panicles axillary, branches few, corymbose. Flowers minute, ca. 3.5 mm. Pedicels 1–1.5 mm, puberulous as are the calyx and bracteoles; basal bracteoles orbicular; epicalycine bracteoles suborbicular, persistent. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, teeth all ciliate, lowest cuculate-lanceolate, longer than elliptic, apex rounded or obtuse. Corolla ca. 3 mm; standard transverse elliptic, emarginate, cuneate, base attenuate to a short, broad claw, wings and keel oblong, all auriculate, with claw narrow, ca. 0.8 mm. Stamens 9, monadelphous. Ovary oblong, glabrous except on long funicle and along lower suture; stigma capitate. Pod oblong or linear, compressed, 5–7 Χ 1.2–2 cm, with rounded, apiculate tip, distinctly and strongly reticulate throughout or opposite seeds, usually reddish brown when dry, 1- or rarely 2-seeded; seeds reniform,compressed, ca. 9 Χ 5 mm. Fl. Apr, fr. Jul–Dec.

* Dense forests, ravines; 100–900 m. Hainan.

2. Dalbergia pinnata (Loureiro) Prain, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 10: 48. 1904.

斜叶黄 檀  xie ye huang tan

Derris pinnata Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 432. 1790; Dalbergia tamarindifolia Roxburgh.

Trees or sometimes shrubby climbers. Branches long, flexuose; young branchlets puberulous. Leaves 12–15 cm; rachis and petioles densely puberulous as are the short petiolules; stipules lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, puberulous; leaflets 21–42, trapezoid-oblong, small, 12–18 Χ 5–7.5 mm, firmly papery, both surfaces puberulous, at length abaxially glaucous, adaxially glabrescent, base asymmetrical, apex rounded, slightly emarginate. Panicles axillary, congested, with corymblike branches, 1.5–5 Χ 1.2–2.5 cm; peduncles short, as are the branches and pedicels densely puberulous; bracts and bracteoles persistent, ovate, puberulous. Flowers small, ca. 6 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 3 mm, outside puberulous or glabrescent; teeth ovate, upper 2 subconnate. Corolla white; petals long clawed; standard reflexed, ovate; wings with sagittate base; keel united above, blade hastate on upper side below. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous. Ovary funiculate, glabrous; ovules 2 or 3. Pod brown and shiny when dry, oblong-ligulate, thin, 2.5–6 Χ 1–1.4 cm, glabrous, uniformly finely reticulate, base attenuate to long, slender funicle, acute, 1–4-seeded; seeds narrow, ca. 18 Χ 4 mm. Fl. Jan–Apr, fr. May–Jul.

Dense forests; below 1400 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan [Indonesia (Java), Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].

3. Dalbergia peishaensis W. Y. Chun & T. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7: 24. 1958.

白沙黄檀  bai sha huang tan

Woody climbers. Stems glabrous; young shoots sparsely puberulous. Leaves 10–14 cm; petiole puberulous; leaflets 21–31; petiolules ca. 1 mm, puberulous; blades oblong, small, 8–15 Χ 3–6 mm, membranous, both surfaces appressed silky pubescent, base rounded or cuneate, somewhat slightly oblique, apex obtuse to rounded, cuspidate. Panicles axillary, 3–5 Χ 3–4 cm, rusty pubescent; peduncles 1–2 cm. Flowers minute, 2.5–3 mm, aggregated at apices of few branches of inflorescence; bracts ovate, minute, ca. 0.8 mm, apex acute; bracteoles oblong, larger than basal two. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx shallowly campanulate, ca. 1 mm, 5-toothed; teeth unequal, lowest broadly ovate, upper pair half-orbicular, larger than lateral ones, lateral two ovate. Corolla white; petals subequal in length, shortly clawed; standard transversely elliptic, base subhastate, apex emarginate; wings obovate-oblong; keel broadly elliptic, base of blade auriculate. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary funiculate, oblanceolate, glabrous except on lower suture, 3-ovuled; style short. Pod oblong, finely reticulate throughout. Fl. Apr, fr. Jun.

* Dense forests. Hainan.

4. Dalbergia stenophylla Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 70: 56. 1901.

狭叶黄檀  xia ye huang tan

Dalbergia cavaleriei H. Lιveillι.

Woody climbers. Branchlets dark brown or nearly blackish when dry, glabrous or sparsely puberulous. Leaves 4–6(–10) cm; rachis and petiole sparsely puberulous; stipules caducous, ovate; leaflets 31–41; petiolules short, subglabrous; blades narrowly linear-oblong, ca. 12 Χ 3 mm, both surfaces appressed sparsely puberulous when young, soon glabrous except abaxially on midvein, apex obtuse or rounded. Panicles axillary, 4–6 cm; peduncles, rachis, branches, and pedicels puberulous. Flowers small, 3–4 mm; bracteoles puberulous, basal persistent, lanceolate, bracteoles embracing lower 1/3 of calyx tube, deciduous. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm, sparsely puberulous; teeth short, upper pair obtuse, lateral acute, lowest longer than others, broadly lanceolate. Corolla white or pale yellow; petals shortly clawed; standard broadly ovate to suborbicular, emarginate; wings oblong; keel obovate, blade hastate on upper side below. Stamens 9, monadelphous; filaments alternately shorter and longer. Ovary long funiculate, sparsely pubescent along sutures, 3-ovuled; style short; stigma small. Pod ligulate to strap-shaped, 2.5–5 Χ ca. 0.75 cm, base attenuate to distinct funicle, apex subacute, 1- or 2-seeded; seeds reniform, compressed. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Nov.

Among bushes in wet ravines. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan [Vietnam].

5. Dalbergia mimosoides Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 1: 187. 1889.

象鼻藤  xiang bi teng

Dalbergia millettii Bentham var. mimosoides (Franchet) Thothathri.

Shrubs, 4–6 m tall. Branches many, spreading; young shoots densely brown tomentose. Leaves 6–8(–10) cm; rachis, petiole, and petiolules densely pubescent initially, gradually glabrescent; stipules caducous, ovate, membranous; leaflets 21–35, linear-oblong, small, 6–12(–18) Χ 5–6 mm, both surfaces finely rusty pubescent especially abaxially on midvein when young, glabrous or nearly so when old, finely reticulate veinlets blackish when dry, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin of young leaflets of flowering branches obscurely undulate, apex truncate, obtuse, or emarginate. Panicles axillary, shorter than leaves, 1–1.5 cm, with corymbose branches; peduncles, rachis, branches, and pedicels appressed pubescent. Flowers small, ca. 5 mm, slightly compact; bracteoles deciduous, ovate, pubescent. Calyx campanuate, sparsely puberuous; teeth ciliate, ovate except lowest lanceolate. Corolla white or pale yellow; petals shortly clawed; standard oblong-obovate, emarginate; wings obovate-oblong; keel elliptic. Stamens 9, occasionally 10, monadelphous; filaments alternately longer and shorter. Ovary funiculate, glabrous except lower suture sparsely pilose, 2- or 3-ovuled; style short; stigma small. Pod funiculate, oblong to strap-shaped, 3–6 Χ 1–2 cm, leathery, glabrous, reticulate opposite the 1 seed, rarely 2-seeded, base obtuse or cuneate, apex acute; seeds reniform, compressed, ca. 10 Χ 6 mm. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Aug.

* Open forests, ravines, among bushes on mountain slopes; 800–2000 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

6. Dalbergia millettii Bentham, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4(Suppl.): 34. 1860.

香港黄檀  xiang gang huang tan

Woody climbers. Branches sometimes hooked, blackish when dry, glabrous. Leaves 4–5 cm; stipules caducous, narrowly lanceolate, 2–3 mm; petiole and petiolules glabrous; leaflets 23–35, small, closely set, linear or narrowly oblong, (4–)10–15 Χ (2–)3–5 mm, both surfaces glabrous, base rounded or obtuse, somewhat unequal on two sides, apex truncate, sometimes emarginate; distal ones often obovate or obovate-oblong. Panicles axillary, compact, 1–1.5 cm; peduncles, rachis, and branches very sparsely puberulous. Pedicel very short. Flowers minute, 2.5–3 mm; bracts persistent; bracteoles deciduous, ovate, ciliate, embracing lower 1/3 of calyx tube. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1 mm, nearly glabrous; teeth short, subequal in length, lateral ovate, upper 2 rounded, subconnate, obtuse except for lowest, lowest triangular, acute. Corolla white; petals shortly clawed; standard orbicular, emarginate; wings ovate-oblong; keel oblong. Stamens 9, monadelphous. Ovary funiculate, sparsely pilose, 2- or 3-ovuled; style short; stigma small. Pod funiculate, oblong to linear, compressed, 4–6 Χ 1.2–1.6 cm, glabrous, leathery, reticulate veined throughout, but more conspicuously so opposite the 1 seed, rarely 2-seeded, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse or rounded; seeds reform, compressed, 8–12 Χ ca. 6 mm. Fl. May, fr. Aug.

* Sparse or dense forests, ravines; 300–800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang.

7. Dalbergia sissoo Roxburgh ex de Candolle, Prodr. 2: 416. 1825.

印度黄檀  yin du huang tan

Trees, with rough, gray bark. Branches numerous, horizontally spreading; young shoots puberulous. Leaves 12–15 cm; stipules caducous, lanceolate; leaflets 3–5; petiolules 8–10 mm, initially puberulous, ultimately glabrous; blades green when young, shiny when old, suborbicular, occasionally rhombic-obovate, 3.5–6 cm, puberulous when young, glabrous when old, apex rounded, shortly caudate. Panicles axillary, short, ca. 7 cm; rachis and bracteoles puberulous. Flowers nearly sessile, fragrant; bracts caducous, lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, 6–7 mm, enclosed within 2 large, broadly ovate, membranous, very caducous bracteoles, outside puberulous, 5-toothed; teeth shorter than tube, upper pair rounded, lateral 2 subacute, shorter than lowest, lowest rather narrowly lanceolate. Corolla yellowish white; petals rather long clawed; standard broadly obovate, emarginate; wings and keel oblanceolate, base without auricles, cuneate, attenuate to claw. Stamens 9, monadelphous. Ovary oblong, pubescent, with rather long funicle ca. 4.5 mm, 4–6-ovuled; style very short; stigma capitate. Pod pale brown when dry, linear-oblong to strap-shaped, 4–8 Χ 0.6–1.2 cm, leathery, glabrous, faintly veined opposite the 1 or 2(or 3) seeds; seeds reniform, compressed. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jun–Nov.

* Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Zhejiang.

8. Dalbergia henryana Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 70: 46. 1901.

蒙自黄檀  meng zi huang tan

Woody climbers, large. Young shoots densely rusty pubescent. Leaves 12–22 cm; rachis, petiole, and petiolules densely rusty pubescent; leaflets 4 or 5, ovate, 6–8.5 Χ 3.5–4 cm, leathery, abaxially densely rusty pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate or rounded, apex obtuse, sometimes emarginate, acute when young; terminal leaflets largest. Panicles axillary, lax, (3.5–)6–8.5 cm; peduncles short, ca. 1 cm, rusty pubescent as are the rachis, branches, and pedicels. Flowers 5–6 mm; bracts and bracteoles deciduous, ovate, puberulous, obtuse. Calyx campanulate, 3–4 mm, outside rusty tomentose, 5-toothed; lowest tooth longest, lanceolate, others subequal, triangular, obtuse, upper 2 subconnate. Corolla white; petals long clawed; standard reflexed, suborbicular, slightly emarginate, wings and keel auriculate at base; wings oblong. Stamens 9, monadelphous; filaments free upper 1/4 and alternately shorter and longer. Ovary long funiculate, puberulous as is funicle, 2-ovuled; style subulate, slender; stigma minute. Pod yellowish brown when dry, ligulate to strap-shaped, thinly leathery, finely reticulate throughout, somewhat shiny, 1- or 2-seeded. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jun–Aug.

* Dense forests on mountain slopes, in bushes at bases of mountains; 700–1300 m.Guizhou, SE Yunnan.

9. Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennstedt) Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 70: 49. 1901.

弯枝黄檀  wan zhi huang tan

Cassia candenatensis Dennstedt in Schlόssel, Hortus Malab. 32. 1818; Dalbergia monosperma Dalzell; D. torta Graham, nom. nud.

Woody climbers. Branches blackish when dry, glabrous, apex often twisting and spirally hooked. Leaves 6–7.5 cm; leaflets (3–)5–7; petiolules ca. 1.5 mm, slightly puberulous or subglabrous; blade abaxially glaucous, adaxially dark green, obovate-oblong, 1.5–3 Χ 1–2 cm, abaxially very sparsely appressed puberulous, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, sometimes subrounded, apex rounded or obtuse, sometimes emarginate. Panicles axillary, 2.5–5 cm, subsessile or with very short peduncles; branches slightly puberulous; bracts ovate-lanceolate; bracteoles larger than bracts, broadly ovate, embracing lower 1/3 of calyx tube. Calyx broadly campanulate, subglabrous; teeth subequal, broadly triangular to ovate, obtuse, upper pair of teeth subconnate. Corolla white; petals long clawed; standard reflexed, oblong; wings obovate-oblong, sagittate on upper side; keel oblong, united above, auriculate on upper side below. Stamens 9(or 10), monadelphous. Ovary funiculate, oblong, glabrous, 1(or 2)-ovuled; style subulate, slender; stigma small. Pod shortly funiculate, half-moon-shaped, compressed, 2–2.4 cm when 1-seeded, 3.5–4 cm when 2-seeded, 1–1.2 cm wide, firmly leathery, ventral suture straight, dorsal suture arcuate, faintly reticulate throughtout, not prominent opposite seeds; seeds reniform, compressed, ca. 6 Χ 3 mm. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jun–Nov.

Coastal areas, climbing on trees in forests; sea level to 150 m. SE and SW Guangdong, SE Guangxi [Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].

10. Dalbergia hancei Bentham, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4(Suppl.): 44. 1860.

藤黄檀  teng huang tan

Woody climbers. Branches slender; young shoots slightly pubescent; branchlets sometimes hooked or twisted. Leaves 5–8 cm; stipules caducous, lanceolate, membranous; leaflets 7–13, narrowly oblong or obovate-oblong, 10–20 Χ 5–10 mm, both surfaces initially sparsely appressed pubescent, soon glabrous adaxially, persistently pubescent abaxially, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex obtuse or rounded, emarginate. Flowers small, in axillary, compact, short panicles; bracts early deciduous, scaly, boat-shaped, imbricate, enclosing young inflorescence. Pedicel 1–2 mm; bracteoles deciduous, rusty puberulous, the basal minute, lanceolate, the epicalycine pair ovate, enclosing base of calyx tube. Calyx broadly campanulate, ca. 3 mm, outside rusty puberulous; teeth broadly triangular, very short, ciliate, obtuse or rounded except for lowest, lowest rather longer, acute. Corolla greenish white, fragrant, ca. 6 mm, rather long clawed; standard elliptic, emarginate, base of blade truncate, auriculate, attenuate to broad claw; wings and keel oblong. Stamens 9 or sometimes 10, monadelphous, sometimes with a free vexillary stamen. Ovary shortly funiculate, linear, glabrous except for ciliate ventral suture; style short; stigma small. Pod distinctly funiculate, oblong or strap-shaped, compressed, 3–7 Χ 0.8–1.4 cm, glabrous, 1-seeded, rarely 2–4-seeded; seeds reniform, compressed, ca. 8 Χ 5 mm. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Jun–Nov.

* In bushes on mountain slopes, by streams along valleys; 200–1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.

11. Dalbergia mengsuoensis Y. Y. Qian, J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 10: 37. 2002.

勐梭黄檀  meng suo huang tan

Shrubs or climbers. Branches dark brown, lenticellate, glabrous; branchlets green, brownish when dry, pubescent. Leaves 5–15 cm; rachis and petiole yellow pubescent; leaflets 5–7, abaxially grayish green, adaxially deep green or green, papery, terminal one narrowly obovate, lateral ones oblong, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly ovate, 1.5–7.5 Χ 1–3.3 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially pubescent on midvein, base cuneate or obtuse, apex obtuse, cuspidate, rarely emarginate. Panicles terminal, 2–6 Χ 1.5–5 cm; peduncles 1–13 mm, yellow pubescent. Flowers 3.5–4 mm; bracteoles 2, oblong, pubescent, apex obtuse, caducous. Calyx campanulate, 1.5–2 mm, outside pubescent; teeth subequal in length, lowest one lanceolate, others ovate, apex obtuse, upper pair broader than lateral 2. Corolla white; petals shortly clawed; standard obovate, 3–3.5 mm, apex emarginate, not reflexed, base of blade auriculate; wings oblong, ca. 3 mm, auriculate on 1 side; keel elliptic, 2.8–3 mm, auriculate on upper side. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous. Ovary funiculate, pubescent on ventral suture, 2-ovuled; style subulate; stigma capitate. Pod ligulate-oblong, 8–11 Χ 3–3.3 cm, leathery, strongly reticulate, base cuneate or attenuate, apex acuminate, 1-seeded; seeds subreniform, compressed, ca. 17 Χ 11 mm. Fl. Apr–May.

* Forests; ca. 1200 m. Yunnan (Mengsuo).

12. Dalbergia kingiana Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 67: 289. 1898.

滇南黄檀  dian nan huang tan

Shrubs. Branches puberulous, soon glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves 17–20 cm; rachis and petiole initially puberulous, later glabrous; leaflets 7–9; petiolules initially finely puberulous, ultimately glabrescent; blade abaxially pale green, ovate-lanceolate, 7–10 Χ 3–4 cm, lowest rather smaller than others, leathery, abaxially sparsely puberulous when young, soon glabrous, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, apex acute. Panicles axillary, short, 5–7 Χ ca. 5 cm; branches broadly spreading; peduncles, rachis, branches, and short pedicels rusty tomentose; bracts deciduous, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; bracteoles spatulate-lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, extremely rusty tomentose; teeth subequal, triangular, upper 2 subconnate, broader. Corolla white; petals long clawed; standard reflexed, orbicular; keel half-moon-shaped, auriculate as are the elliptic wings. Stamens 9, monadelphous. Ovary long funiculate, oblong, glabrous, 2-ovuled; style subulate, slender; stigma minute. Pod unknown.

* Mountain slopes; ca. 1300 m. Yunnan (Szemao).

13. Dalbergia benthami Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 67: 289. 1898.

两粤黄檀  liang yue huang tan

Climbing shrubs, large, occasionally erect. Branches black, long, glabrous. Leaves 12–17 cm; rachis and petioles appressed puberulous; leaflets 5–7, ovate or elliptic, 3.6–6 Χ 1.5–3 cm, subleathery, abaxially glaucous and minutely appressed puberulous, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, apex obtuse, emarginate. Panicles axillary, ca. 4 Χ 2.5 cm; short peduncle and slender pedicels ca. 2.5 mm, rusty tomentose. Flowers ca. 8 mm, fragrant; bracts deciduous, oblong; bracteoles persistent, lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, outside rusty tomentose; teeth subequal, ovate-triangular, obtuse. Corolla white; petals long clawed; standard reflexed, elliptic, base shortly auriculate, emarginate; wings obovate-oblong, incurved auriculate on upper side below as is the half-moon-shaped keel; keel with claws ca. as long as calyx. Stamens 9, monadelphous. Ovary long funiculate, glabrous, 2- or 3-ovuled; style subulate. Pod ligulate-oblong, 5–7.5 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, thinly leathery, 1- or 2-seeded; seeds reniform, compressed, ca. 11 Χ 5 mm. Fl. Mar–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.

Sparse forests, in bushes, climbing on trees; 100–700 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan [Vietnam].

14. Dalbergia burmanica Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 66: 448. 1897.

缅甸黄檀  mian dian huang tan

Trees, 7–10 m tall, with spreading branches, or occasionally climbers. Branches densely rusty puberulous. Leaves 12–17 cm; stipules very caducous, lanceolate, small; leaflets 9–13; petiolules 2–3 mm; blades narrowly ovate and acute when young, oblong and obtuse when mature, (2.5–)4–6 Χ 1.5–2 cm, lowest rather smaller than others, membranous, both surfaces initially silky pubescent, ultimately subglabrous adaxially, sparsely pubescent abaxially, base slightly unequal, apex rounded or emarginate. Panicles lateral, with corymbose branches, appearing shortly before the leaves; peduncles, branches, rachis, and the 2 mm pedicels densely rusty pubescent. Flowers 6–8 mm; basal and epicalycine bracteoles lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, ca. 3 mm, outside rusty pubescent; teeth subequal, acute, upper pair rather wider than lower 3. Corolla purple or white (according to field notes); petals long clawed; standard orbicular, emarginate, reflexed; wings and keel with downward auricles on upper side below. Stamens 9, monadelphous. Ovary long funiculate, glabrous, 1–3-ovuled; style slender; stigma small. Pod distinctly funiculate, yellowish brown, ligulate-oblong, thin, (5–)7–9 Χ 1.5–2 cm, glabrous, acute and with an apiculate tip at apex when young, rounded at both ends when mature, reticulate throughout, 1- or 2-seeded; seeds narrowly oblong, compressed, 10–12 Χ 6–7 mm. Fl. Apr, fr. Jun.

Mountain slopes, broad-leaved forests, by streams; 600–1700 m. Guizhou, Yunnan [Myanmar].

15. Dalbergia dyeriana Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 70: 44. 1901.

大金刚藤  da jin gang teng

Woody climbers, large. Branchlets rather slender, glabrous. Leaves 7–13 cm; leaflets (7–)9–15; petiolules 2–2.5 mm; blade adaxially shiny, obovate-oblong or oblong, 2.5–4(–5) Χ 1–2(–2.5) cm, thinly leathery, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent, adaxially glabrous, veinlets finely, closely reticulate, prominent on both surfaces, apex rounded or retuse, occasionally emarginate. Panicles axillary, lax, few flowered, 3–5 Χ ca. 3 cm; peduncles, branches, and pedicels puberulous. Pedicel 1.5–3 mm; bracts and bracteoles deciduous, oblong and lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, puberulous, soon glabrous; teeth triangular, obtuse, upper 2 widest, lowest longer than others, subacute. Corolla yellowish white; petals slightly long clawed; standard oblong, emarginate; wings ovate-oblong, without auricles; keel narrowly oblong, shortly auriculate on upper side below. Stamens 9, monadelphous; filaments free in upper 1/4. Ovary shortly funiculate, puberulous or subglabrous, 1–3-ovuled; style short, glabrous; stigma small. Pod distinctly funiculate, oblong or strap-shaped, compressed, 5–6(–9) Χ 1.2–2 cm, thinly leathery, finely but distinctly reticulate opposite the 1(or 2) seeds, base cuneate, apex rounded, obtuse, or acute, with apiculate tip; seeds oblong-reniform, ca. 10 Χ 5 mm. Fl. May.

* Mountain slopes, in bushes and thickets, along valleys; 700–1500 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

16. Dalbergia jingxiensis S. Y. Liu, J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 12: 575. 2004.

靖西黄檀  jing xi huang tan

Shrubs, 2–3 m tall. Branches spreading; branchlets grayish black, densely yellowish brown pubescent, glabrescent, lenticellate. Leaves 4–11 cm; petiole 8–12 mm, puberulous as is the rachis; leaflets 5–15, abaxially light green, adaxially green, oblong, 1–3.5 Χ 0.8–1.5 cm, abaxially sparsely appressed light brown pubescent and veins prominent, adaxially sparsely appressed grayish white pubescent and veins slightly impressed adaxially, base broadly cuneate or subrounded, margin revolute, apex rounded, obtuse, or emarginate, cuspidate; petiolules ca. 2 mm, densely light brown pubescent; terminal leaflet obovate-oblong. Panicles terminal and axillary, few branched, 2–5 Χ 1–3.5 cm, densely dirty brown pubescent. Flowers small, compact. Pedicel 1–2 mm. Calyx campanulate, 5–6 mm, densely blackish brown appressed hispidulous; tube ca. 4 mm, 5-toothed; teeth triangular or triangular-oblong, ca. 1 mm, lowest one longer than others, ca. 1.5 mm, inside densely pubescent, apex acuminate, rounded, or obtuse. Corolla white; petals subequal in length, clawed, claw 2–3 mm; standard obovate, orbicular, or suborbicular, sometimes cucullate, 3–4 Χ 2–2.5 mm, slightly unequally sided, apex rounded, obtuse, or emarginate; wings oblong; keel obovate-oblong, as are the wings ca. 4 mm and auriculate on upper side below. Stamens 9, monadelphous, 4–5 mm; filaments alternately longer and shorter, occasionally among them 1 or 2 reduced and enlarged to petaloid. Ovary long funiculate, oblong, 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, 2- or 3-ovuled; style slender, ca. 2 mm; stigma small. Pod unknown. Fl. Jan–Feb.

* Rocky hills, thickets. Guangxi (Jingxi).

17. Dalbergia cultrata Graham ex Bentham in Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 2: 254. 1852.

黑黄檀  hei huang tan

Dalbergia fusca Pierre; D. fusca var. enneandra Zou & Liu.

Trees; wood red. Branches slender, slightly finely appressed puberulous, glabrescent, lenticellate. Leaves 10–15 cm; stipules caducous; leaflets (7–)11–13, ovate or elliptic, 2–4 Χ 1.2–2 cm, leathery, abaxially appresed pubescent, at length glabrescent, adaxially glabrous, apex rounded or emarginate, cuspidate. Panicles axillary and infra-axillary, 4–5 cm; branches 2–3 cm, pubescent; bracteoles linear, ca. 1 mm, acute. Pedicel ca. 2 mm, slender, puberulous. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; upper 2 teeth conical, subconnate, lateral 2 broadly triangular, acute, lowest tooth ½ longer than others. Corolla white; petals rather long clawed; standard broadly obovate or subreniform; wings elliptic; keel arcuate. Stamens (9 or)10, monadelphous. Ovary funiculate, glabrous, 3-ovuled. Pod funiculate, oblong to strap-shaped, 6–10 Χ 0.9–1.5 cm, thinly leathery, finely reticulate opposite the 1 or 2 seeds, both ends obotuse; seeds reniform, compressed, ca. 10 Χ 6 mm. Fl. Feb, fr. Apr–Sep.

Mixed forests, mountain slopes, ca. 1700 m. Yunnan (Szemao) [Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam].

18. Dalbergia ximengensis Y. Y. Qian, J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 7: 151. 1999.

西盟黄檀  xi meng huang tan

Trees, ca. 8 m tall. Branchlets lenticellate, pubescent. Leaves 10–14 cm; stipules caducous; leaflets 7–9, elliptic or obovate, 1.3–5.5 Χ 0.7–3.5 cm, thickly papery, both surfaces appressed pubescent, densely so on midvein abaxially, base rounded or cuneate, rarely subcordate, apex emarginate, rarely rounded and cuspidate. Panicles terminal, 5–7 cm, pubescent; branches 2–4 cm; bracteoles ovate, 0.8–1 mm, apex obtuse. Pedicel 0.5–1 mm, pubescent. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2 mm, outside pubescent, 5-toothed; upper 2 ovate, ca. 1 mm, lateral 2 oblong, 0.8–0.9 mm, apex obtuse, lowest one lanceolate, ca. 1.3 mm. Corolla white; petals clawed; standard obcordate, 3.3–3.5 mm; wings oblong-obovate, 2.7–2.9 mm; keel obliquely elliptic, 2.4–2.6 mm. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary funiculate, pubescent on ventral suture, 2-ovuled. Pod oblong, 5.5–9.5 Χ 1.5–2.2 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, apex obtuse, cuspidate, valves thinly leathery, reticulate, 1- or 2-seeded; seeds reniform, compressed, 8–13 Χ 5–9 mm. Fl. Apr, fr. Jul–Oct.

* Forests; ca. 1200 m. Yunnan (Ximeng).

19. Dalbergia yunnanensis Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 1: 187. 1889.

滇黔黄檀  dian qian huang tan

Woody climbers, large, sometimes erect shrubs or small trees. Stems subsarmentose; branches numerous, spreading, some occasionally reduced to spiral-hooked. Leaves 20–30 cm; rachis puberulous; stipules caducous; leaflets (13–)15–19; petiolules ca. 5 mm, pubescent; blades oblong or elliptic-oblong or ovate, 2.5–5(–7.5) Χ 1–2(–3.3) cm, subleathery or membranous, both surfaces finely appressed pubescent, more densely so on midvein abaxially, both ends rounded, occasionally apex obtuse, emarginate. Panicles terminal, often extending into axils of upper leaves, compact, cymose; peduncles and branches puberulous. Flowers shortly pedicellate; bracteoles deciduous, ovate, membranous. Calyx campanulate, outside sparsely pubescent, 5-toothed; teeth with ciliate margins, lowest oblong, apex rounded, longer than others, others subequal and ca. as long as tube, upper 2 subconnate. Corolla white; standard broadly obovate-oblong, emarginate, cuneate base attenuate to short, broad claw; wings obovate-oblong; keel half-moon-shaped, shortly auriculate on upper side below, long, narrowly clawed as are the wings. Stamens 9, monadelphous; filaments free on upper side, alternately shorter and longer. Ovary long funiculate, glabrous or puberulous along suture, 2- or 3-ovuled; style short; stigma capitate. Pod oblong or elliptic, 3.5–6.5 Χ 2–2.5 cm, leathery, glabrous, distinctly reticulate opposite the 1 seed or occasionally 2 or 3 seeds; seeds orbicular-reniform, compressed, ca. 12 Χ 7 mm. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.

Thickets, thin forests, mountain slopes; 1400–2200 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar].

1a.. Leaflets subleathery, oblong or elliptic-oblong, 2.5–5(–7.5) Χ 1.2–2(–3.3) cm; inflorescence ca. 15 Χ 7.5 cm; pod acute or acute or obtuse at apex  19a................................................. var. yunnanensis

1b.. Leaflets membranous, ovate, apex rounded or ovate-lanceolate, apex obtuse, 2.5–3.5 Χ 1–1.2 cm; inflorescence ca. 10 Χ 5 cm; pod with sharp tip at apex .......................................................  19b. var. collettii

 

19a. Dalbergia yunnanensis var. yunnanensis

滇黔黄檀(原变种)  dian qian huang tan (yuan bian zhong)

Leaflets oblong or elliptic-oblong, 2.5–5(–7) Χ 1.2–2(–3.3) cm, subleathery. Inflorescence in axis of upper leaves, ca. 15 Χ 7.5 cm. Pod acute or obtuse at apex, 1(–3)-seeded. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.

Thickets, thin forests, mountain slopes; 1400–2200 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar].

19b. Dalbergia yunnanensis var. collettii (Prain) Thothathri, Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 25: 171. 1983, publ. 1985.

高原黄檀  gao yuan huang tan

Dalbergia collettii Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 66: 445. 1897.

Leaflets ovate, membranous, apex rounded, or leaflets ovate-lanceolate, apex obtuse, 2.5–3.5 Χ 1–1.2 cm. Inflorescence terminal or in axils of upper leaves, ca. 10 Χ 5 cm. Pod 1-seeded.

Forests, mountain slopes; 1300–1700 m. Yunnan [Myanmar].

20. Dalbergia obtusifolia (Baker) Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 70: 42. 1901.

钝叶黄檀  dun ye huang tan

Dalbergia ovata Graham ex Bentham var. obtusifolia Baker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 231. 1876; D. glauca Kurz.

Trees, 13–17 m tall. Branches spreading; young shoots pendulous, glabrous. Leaves 20–30 cm; stipules early caducous; leaflets 5–7; petiolules ca. 5 mm; blades elliptic or obovate, sometimes the basal suborbicular, subleathery, terminal one largest, 5–14 Χ 4.5–8 cm, both surfaces glabrous, both ends rounded or sometimes apex emarginate and base broadly cuneate. Panicles terminal or axillary, 15–20 Χ 12–15 cm; peduncles and pedicels yellowish puberulous; bracts and bracteoles ovate, puberulous; bracteoles ca. ½ as long as calyx, caducous. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; teeth ovate, shorter than tube, obtuse, lowest tooth slightly longer than others. Corolla pale yellow; petals slightly long clawed; standard oblong, emarginate; wings and keel with downward short auricles on upper side below. Stamens 10, monadelphous; filaments alternately shorter and longer. Ovary long funiculate, elliptic, glabrous, 3-ovuled; style long; stigma small. Pod oblong to strap-shaped, 4–8 Χ 1–1.5 cm, leathery, distinctly reticulate opposite the 1 or 2 seeds; seeds reniform, ca. 10 Χ 6 mm, seed coat brown, smooth. Fl. Mar, fr. Jun–Aug.

* Open forests, mountain slopes, in bushes at riversides; 800–1300 m. Guizhou, S Yunnan.

21. Dalbergia odorifera T. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 351. 1963.

降香  jiang xiang   [??xiang xiang huang tan]

Trees, 10–15 m tall, glabrous except for young shoots; inflorescence and ovary puberulous. Bark brown or pale brown, rough, longitudinally splitting; branchlets with small, dense lenticels. Leaves 12–25 cm; stipules caducous; petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaflets (7–)9–11(–13); petiolules 3–5 mm; blades ovate or elliptic, (2.5–)4–7(–9) Χ 2–3.5 cm, distal longest, basal pair ca. 1/3 as long as distal, subleathery, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, or acute, obtuse. Panicles axillary, 8–10 Χ 6–7 cm; peduncles 3–5 cm. Flowers ca. 5 mm, initially aggregated at apices of corymbose branches of inflorescence, lax afterward; bracts subtriangular, ca. 0.5 mm; bracteoles broadly ovate, ca. as long as ca. 1 mm pedicels. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2 mm, 5-toothed; lowest tooth lanceolate, longer than others, other teeth broadly ovate, acute. Corolla creamy white or pale yellowish; petals subequal in length, clawed; standard obcordate, ca. 5 mm including claw, ca. 3 mm wide, apex truncate, emarginate; wings oblong, keel half-moon-shaped, arcuate on lower side. Stamens 9, monadelphous. Ovary narrowly elliptic, 1- or 2-ovuled, with long funicle ca. 2.5 mm. Pod ligulate-oblong, 4.5–8 Χ 1.5–1.8 cm, leathery, apex obtuse or acute, base abruptly narrowed to slender, 5–10 mm funicle; reticulation distinctly prominent opposite the 1(or 2) seeds; seeds reniform, compressed. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Dec.

* Open forests, mountain slopes, margins of forests or waste lands, beside villages; 100–500 m. Fujian, Hainan, Zhejiang.

22. Dalbergia rimosa Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 233. 1832.

多裂黄檀  duolie huang tan

Dalbergia discolor Blume ex Miquel.

Woody climbers, sometimes erect shrubs or small trees, 4–6(–10) m tall. Leaves 10–20 cm; rachis and petioles puberulous; leaflets 5–9; petiolules puberulous; blade ovate, obovate, or elliptic, (3–)5–8 Χ (2–)2.5–5 cm, firmly papery, abaxially sparsely puberulous, adaxially glabrous and with dense, prominent veinlets, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex acute, obtuse, or emarginate, cuspidate. Panicles terminal or sometimes extending into axils of uppermost leaves, 5–25 Χ 4–12 cm, with cymose, dichotomous branches. Flowers minute, ca. 3 mm; bracts and bracteoles persistent, ovate-lanceolate, ca. ½ as long as calyx tube. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; teeth subequal, rounded or obtuse except lowest rather longer and lanceolate. Corolla white or yellowish green; petals shortly clawed; standard obovate-oblong, emarginate; wings obovate or elliptic; keel half-moon shaped. Stamens 9(or 10), monadelphous. Ovary funiculate, oblong, puberulous, 1- or 2-ovuled; style short. Pod oblong or sometimes elliptic, 5–8 Χ 2–4 cm, leathery, glabrous, reticulate throughout but strongly so opposite the 1, rarely 2 seeds, base broadly cuneate, apex acute or obtuse; seeds reniform, much compressed, ca. 12 Χ 6 mm, seed coat brown, shiny. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Dec.

Open forests, mountain slopes, ravines, riversides; 800–1700 m. Yunnan [NE India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

23. Dalbergia stipulacea Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 233. 1832.

托叶黄檀  tuo ye huang tran

Woody climbers, large, sometimes small trees. Bark brown; branches spreading. Leaves 15–20 cm; stipules early caducous, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, membranous; leaflets 17–21; petiolules 1.5–2 mm; blades oblong to obovate-oblong, 2.8–3.5 Χ 1–1.2(–2) cm, lowest sometimes elliptic, 1.2–1.5 Χ ca. 1 cm, thinly papery, abaxially sparsely appressed puberulous, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate or rounded, apex acute, ultimately rounded or obtuse, sometimes emarginate. Panicles in axils of leaves, which at apex of branchlets rise among clustered, scalelike, early deciduous bracts; peduncle, rachis, branches, and bracts appressed brown pubescent, lower part of inflorescence with many scattered, ovate, membranous, empty bracts; bracts of flowers smaller than inflorescence bracts; bracteoles obovate, enclosing 2/3 of calyx. Calyx campanulate, puberulous; teeth ovate, shorter than tube except lowest ca. as long as tube. Corolla pale blue or pale purplish red; petals distinctly clawed; standard orbicular, slightly emarginate; wings with downward auricles on upper side below. Stamens 10, in 2 lateral bundles of 5 each. Ovary glabrous except for pubescent long funicle, 1(or 2)-ovuled; style slender; stigma small. Pod broadly ligulate to ovoid or elliptic, (6.5–)9–11 Χ 3.2(–4) cm, firmly leathery, glabrous, not veined except sometimes opposite the seed where mesocarp is much suberosely thickened, base cuneate or rounded, apex obtuse or rounded, 1-seeded, very rarely 2-seeded; seeds reniform, ca. 15 Χ 8 mm. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Jan of next year.

Open forests, ravines to mountain summits; 700–1700 m. Yunnan [Cambodia, NE India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

24. Dalbergia assamica Bentham in Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 1: 256. 1852.

秧青  yang qing

Dalbergia lanceolaria Linnaeus f. var. assamica (Bentham) Thothathri; D. szemaoensis Prain.

Trees, 7–10 m tall. Branches horizontally spreading. Leaves 25–30 cm; stipules caducous, large, leaflike, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 6 mm; leaflets 13–21; petiolules ca. 5 mm, puberulous, soon glabrous; blade oblong or oblong-elliptic, 3–5(–6) Χ 1.5–2.5(–3) cm, papery, both surfaces sparsely appressed puberulous, but soon glabrous adaxially, with close, finely, slightly prominent reticulate veinlets on both surfaces, base rounded or cuneate, apex obtuse, rounded or emarginate. Panicles axillary, lax, 10–15 Χ 7.5–10 cm; peduncles, branches, and pedicels densely rusty puberulous; bracts and bracteoles deciduous, ovate, puberulous. Flowers 6–8 mm. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; lowest tooth longer than tube and ca. 2 Χ as long as triangular, acute others, upper 2 teeth subconnate. Corolla white, with purple stripes inside; petals long clawed; standard reflexed, orbicular, emarginate, base slightly thickened; wings broadly ovate; keel half-moon shaped, with downward auricles on upper side below as are the wings. Stamens 10, in 2 bundles of 5 each; filaments free in upper 1/3, alternately shorter and longer. Ovary funiculate, pubescent, 1–4-ovuled; style subulate, slender; stigma minute. Pod broadly ligulate or oblong to strap-shaped, 5–9 Χ 1.2–1.8(–2.5) cm, leathery, base attenuate, cuneate, apex acute, inconspicuously reticulate opposite the 1 or 2(–4) seeds; seeds reniform, compressed, ca. 6 Χ 2.5 mm. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Sep–Dec.

Open forests on mountain slopes, riversides, wastelands beside villages; 600–1700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [E Himalayas: India (Sikkim), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

25. Dalbergia sericea G. Don, Gen. Hist. 2: 375. 1832.

毛叶黄檀  mao ye huang tan

Dalbergia hircine Buchanan-Hamilton ex Bentham.

Trees, 5–6 m tall. Young shoots silky puberulous, gradually glabrous. Leaves 15–25 cm; stipules caducous, subfalcate-lanceolate, silky puberulous; leaflets 17–21, ovate or oblong, 2.5–5 Χ 2–2.5 cm, papery, abaxially rather densely puberulous, adaxially appressed puberulous, base rounded or cuneate, apex slightly obtuse. Panicles axillary, rather shorter than leaves, 2.5–5 Χ 1.2–2 cm; peduncles, branches, and pedicels densely silky puberulous. Calyx campanulate, densely puberulous, 5-toothed; teeth obtuse, shorter than tube except lowest lanceolate and ca. as long as tube. Corolla white; petals rather long clawed; standard suborbicular, emarginate. Stamens 10, in 2 bundles of 5 each. Ovary shortly funiculate, pubescent, 4- or 5-ovuled; style slender; stigma small. Pod narrowly ligulate, 2.5–5 Χ 0.6–1 cm, leathery, reticulate opposite the 1–3 seeds, base attenuate to short funicle, apex acute; seeds reniform, compressed, ca. 5 Χ 2.5 mm. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Sep.

Mountain slopes, roadsides; 900–1600 m. Xizang (Cha-yu) [Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, Nepal, N Vietnam].

26. Dalbergia hainanensis Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 32. 1934.

海南黄檀  hai nan huang tan

Trees, 9–16 m tall. Bark dull gray, furrowed; young shoots slightly puberulous. Leaves 15–18 cm; rachis and petioles brown puberulous; leaflets (7–)9–11; petiolules 3–4 mm, brown puberulous; blades ovate or elliptic, 3–5.5 Χ 2–2.5 cm, papery, both surfaces yellowish brown appressed puberulous when young, subglabrous when old, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex shortly acuminate, obtuse at tip. Panicles axillary, 4–9(–13) Χ 4–10 cm, slightly brown puberulous. Flowers small, initially orbicular; bracteoles ovate to suborbicular. Calyx ca. 5 mm, brown puberulous as are the pedicels, 5-toothed; teeth unequal. Corolla pale pink; petals each with long claw 2–2.5 mm; standard obovate-oblong, ca. 9 Χ 5 mm; wings rhombic-oblong, 9–10 Χ ca. 3 mm, with downward auricles on upper side as is the shorter keel. Stamens 10, in 2 lateral bundles of 5 each. Ovary shortly funiculate, linear, densely puberulous except on style, 1–3-ovuled. Pod straight or slightly curved, oblong, oblanceolate, or strap-shaped, 5–9 Χ 1.5–1.8 cm, brown puberulous, obscurely prominent and reticulate opposite the 1(or 2) seeds, base cuneate, attenuate to a short funicle, apex acute; seeds reniform, compressed. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. May–Jul.

* Sparse or dense forests, mountain slopes; sea level to 700 m. Hainan.

27. Dalbergia hupeana Hance, J. Bot. 20: 5. 1882.

黄檀  huang tan

?Dalbergia hupeana var. bauhiniifolia Pampanini, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 17: 394. 1910.

Trees, 10–20 m tall. Bark dull gray; young shoots pale green, glabrous. Leaves 15–25 cm; leaflets 7–11, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 3.5–6 Χ 2.5–4 cm, subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, shiny adaxially, veinlets prominent, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex obtuse or slightly emarginate. Panicles terminal or extending into axils of uppermost leaves, 15–20 Χ 10–20 cm, sparsely rusty puberulous. Flowers 6–7 mm. Pedicel ca. 5 mm, sparsely rusty puberulous as is calyx; bracts and bracteoles deciduous, ovate, pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 2–3 mm, 5-toothed; upper pair of teeth rounded, subconnate; lateral 2 smaller, ovate; lowest tooth lanceolate, ca. 2 Χ as long as others. Corolla white or light purple; petals clawed; standard orbicular, emarginate; wings obovate and half-moon shaped; keel auriculate on upper side below. Stamens 10, in 2 lateral bundles of 5 each. Ovary shortly funiculate, glabrous except at base and funicle, 2- or 3-ovuled; style slender; stigma capitate, small. Pod oblong or broadly ligulate, 4–7 Χ 1.3–1.5 cm, thinly leathery, reticulate opposite the 1 or 2(or 3) seeds, base attenuate to funicle, apex acute; seeds reniform, 7–14 Χ 5–9 mm. Fl. May–Jul.

* Forests, among bushes on mountain slopes, ravines, by streams, woodland slopes; 800–1400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

28. Dalbergia balansae Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 70: 54. 1901.

南岭黄檀  nan ling huang tan

Trees, 6–15 m tall. Bark grayish black, rough, with longitudinal fissures. Leaves 10–15 cm; rachis and petioles puberulous; stipules lanceolate; leaflets 13–15, oblong or obovate-oblong, 2–3(–4) Χ ca. 2 cm, firmly papery, initially rusty puberulous, later glabrous, base broadly cuneate or rounded, apex rounded, sometimes subtruncate, often emarginate. Panicles axillary, lax, 5–10 Χ ca 5 cm; peduncles, branches, and rachis sparsely puberulous or subglabrous. Flowers ca. 1 cm; bract ovate-lanceolate; bracteoles very caducous, lanceolate. Pedicel 1–2 mm, rusty puberulous as is calyx. Calyx campanulate, ca. 3 mm, 5-toothed; lowest tooth lanceolate, longer than others, acute; other teeth triangular and obtuse, upper pair subconnate. Corolla white, 6–7 mm; petals rather long clawed; standard orbicular, 2-callose at base of blade, apex slightly emarginate; wings obovate; keel half-moon shaped. Stamens 10, in lateral 2 bundles of 5 each. Ovary funiculate, densely puberulous; ovules (1–)3(–5). Pod ligulate or oblong, 5–6 Χ 2–2.5 cm, distinctely reticulate opposite the 1 seed, or 2 or 3 seeds, tapering to both ends; seeds subreniform, compressed. Fl. Jun, fr. Sep–Dec.

Mountain slopes, mixed forests, in bushes; 300–900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].

Although this species is regarded as a synonym in the Fl. Cambodge, Laos, and Vietnam, one of us (Chen) prefers to treat it as a good species. This species is most plentiful in S and SE China. From Dalbergia assamica Bentham, it is clearly distinguished by its smaller, 10–15 cm leaves (vs. 25–30 cm); lanceolate stipules (vs. leaflike, ovate); smaller, 5–10 cm panicles (vs. 10–15 cm); larger flowers ca. 1 cm (vs. 6–8 mm); purely white corolla (vs. white with purple stripes inside); broader, 2–2.5 Χ as long as broad pods (vs. 4 Χ as long as broad).

29. Dalbergia polyadelpha Prain, Ann. Roy Bot Gard. (Calcutta) 10: 84. 1904.

多体蕊黄檀duo ti rui huang tan

Trees, 4–10 m tall. Leaves 10–20 cm; rachis and petioles densely rusty tomentose; stipules very caducous, ovate-lanceolate; leaflets (7 or)9(or 11–13); petiolules ca. 3 mm, densely rusty tomentose, blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–4(–7) Χ 0.8–1.6(–2.8) cm, firmly papery, abaxially glabrescent or sparsely appressed puberulous, adaxially glabrous except for puberulous midvein, base cuneate or rounded, apex acuminate or obtuse, sometimes mucronate. Panicles axillary or infra-axillary, rather compact, ca. 6 Χ 5.5 cm; peduncles slightly stout, glabrous. Pedicel ca. 5 mm; bracts ovate; bracteoles deciduous, lanceolate, sparsely pubescent. Calyx campanulate, ca. 5 mm; tube outside glabrous below, sparsely puberulous above, 5-toothed; teeth ciliate, unequal, lowest lanceolate, ca. as long as tube and longer than others, lateral 2 triangular; upper pair ovate, subconnate. Corolla white; petals distinctly striate; standard broadly ovate, base attenuate to short, broad claw, oblong wings and half-moon shaped keel with downward broad auricles on upper side below. Stamens 10; filaments connate at base, irregularly separated to incompletely 3–5-adelphous on upper part. Ovary glabrous except for pubescent long funicle, 3- or 4-ovuled; style subulate-conical; stigma minute. Pod oblong to strap-shaped, (4–)7–9.5 Χ 1.5–2.8 cm, leathery, glabrous except for short funicle, distinctly reticulate opposite the 1 or 2 seeds; seeds reniform to subreniform-oblong, compressed, ca. 9 Χ 4 mm, seed coat black, shiny. Fl. Mar, fr. Apr–May.

Mountain slopes, thickets, bushes; 1000–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [N Vietnam].

30. Dalbergia sacerdotum Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 70: 42. 1901.

上海黄檀  shang hai huang tan

Trees. Young shoots blackish, soft, faintly puberulous. Leaves ca. 20 cm; rachis ca. 15 cm, faintly puberulous; leaflets 9–11, ovate, membranous, both surfaces sparsely appressed puberulous, base cuneate, apex obtuse, emarginate. Panicles thyrsoid, terminal, ca. 8 Χ 6 cm; peduncles, branches, and slender pedicels rusty puberulous; bracteoles deciduous, lanceolate, membranous, obtuse. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; teeth obtuse, lowest ca. as long as tube and longer than others, upper 2 somewhat connate. Petals shortly clawed; standard orbicular, faintly thickened at base. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary shortly funiculate, glabrous except for funicle, 4-ovuled. Pod narrowly ligulate, ca. 9 Χ 1 cm, thinly leathery, glabrous, base attenuate to funicle, apex acute, 3-seeded.

* Jiangsu (Shanghai).

31. Dalbergia tonkinensis Prain, J. Asiat. Soc.Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 70: 42. 1901.

越南黄檀 yue nan huang tan

Trees, 5–13 m tall. Leaves 9–20 cm; rachis glabrous; stipules caducous, small, tawny puberulous; leaflets (7–)9–11; petiolules glabrous; blades ovate, 4–9 Χ (1.8–) 3–5 cm, subleathery, sparsely puberulous when young, soon glabrous, base rounded, apex shortly acuminate. Panicles corymbose, axillary, ca. 5 Χ 3.8 cm. Flowers white, fragrant. Pod distinctly funiculate, ovoid or oblong, 5–7.5 Χ ca. 2 cm, reticulate opposite seeds, base cuneate, apex subacute; seeds reniform, compressed, ca. 9 Χ 5 mm.

Hainan [N Vietnam].

8. PTEROCARPUS Jacq. Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. 283. 1763, nom. cons. [but see other treatment by Zhang Dianxiang??]

紫檀属 zi tan shu

Chen Dezhao; Kai Larsen

Trees. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets alternate; stipules small, caducous; stipels absent. Flowers yellow, in terminal or axillary panicles; bracts and bracteoles small, caducous. Pedicel conspicuously articulate. Calyx obconical, slightly curved; teeth short, upper 2 subconnate. Corolla exserted beyond calyx; petals long clawed; standard orbicular, as are the keel-petals crisped on margin. Stamens 10, monadelphous, occasionally in 2 lateral bundles of 5 each (diadelphous), or 9 in a sheath below with a free vexillary stamen in 9 + 1 diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary funiculate or sessile, 2–6-ovuled; style filiform, incurved, not bearded; stigma terminal, small. Pod orbicular, compressed, broadly hardened winged around margin, usually 1-seeded; persistent style incurved toward funicle; seeds oblong or subreniform, hilum small.

About 30 species: tropical regions; one species in China.

Type species: Pterocarpus officinalis Jacquin.

1. Pterocarpus indicus Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 904. 1802.

紫檀  zi tan

Trees, 15–25 m tall. Bark grayish. Leaves 15–30 cm; leaflets 7–11, ovate, 6–11 Χ 4–5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, veins slender, base rounded, apex acuminate. Panicles terminal or axillary, multi-flowered, brown pubescent. Pedicel 7–10 mm; bracteoles 2, filiform, inserted at apex of pedicels, caducous. Calyx campanulate, ca. 5 mm, appressed brown silky; teeth broadly triangular, ca. 1 mm. Corolla yellow; petals long clawed; standard 10–13 mm wide. Stamens diadelphous, in 2 lateral bundles of 5 each. Ovary shortly funiculate, densely pubescent. Pod ca. 5 cm in diam., slightly hairy and reticulate opposite seed, broadly winged around margin, wing to 2 cm wide, 1- or 2-seeded. Fl. Feb–May, fr. Jun–Dec.

Open forests on mountain slopes, cultivated in gardens. Guangdong, Taiwan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia (to the Solomon Islands and New Hebrides), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].

8. PTEROCARPUS Jacquin, Sel. Stirp. Amer. Hist. 283. 1763, nom. cons.[but see other treatment by Chen Dezhao??]

紫檀属  zi tan shu

Zhang Dianxiang; Kai Larsen

Trees, tall, mostly deciduous. Branches spreading, glabrous to pubescent. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, stipulate; leaflets 5 or more, rarely 3, mostly alternate, rarely subopposite, estipellate, leathery, glabrous to pubescent, base narrow to rounded, margin entire, apex retuse to acuminate. Inflorescence a simple raceme to a lax, terminal or axillary panicle. Pedicel articulate. Flowers yellow; bract and bracteoles minute, caducous. Calyx often incurved, turbinate, 5-toothed; teeth short, upper 2 ± connate. Corolla papilionaceous; standard ovate to orbicular, distinctly clawed, crisped; wings and keel obliquely oblong to oblong, clawed. Stamens 10, monadelphous to diadelphous (5+5 or 9+1), staminal sheath split open dorsally; anthers versatile. Ovary shortly funiculate; ovules 2–6; style incurved, glabrous; stigma terminal. Pod indehiscent, ovoid to orbicular; persistent style turned laterally; 1- or 2-seeded.

About 30 species: pantropical with the exception of Australia, with the greatest diversity in Africa.

1. Pterocarpus indicus Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 904. 1802.

紫檀  zi tan

Pterocarpus wallichii Wight & Arnott; P. zollingeri Miquel.

Trees, to 15–25 m tall. Leaves 15–30 cm; stipules early caducous; leaflets 5–7, rarely 9–11, alternate, occasionally subopposite; petiolules 4–7 mm; rachis and petiolule glabrous; blade ovate-elliptic, 5–11 Χ 3.5–5.5 cm, thinly papery, glabrous, lateral veins 6-8 pairs, base truncate, margin entire, apex shortly blunt-acuminate. Inflorescence a raceme or panicle, mostly axillary, rarely terminal, 10–18 cm, puberulous. Pedicel 7–9 mm, slender. Flowers 1–1.5 cm; bract small; bracteoles 2, linear-oblong, at base of calyx. Calyx turbinate, 4–6 mm, distinctly 5-toothed; teeth rounded, posterior 2 larger than others. Standard ovate-orbicular to oblong, distinctly clawed, veined, crisped at margin; wings oblong, ca. as long as standard, clawed; keel narrowly oblong, smaller than wings, clawed. Stamens diadelphous (9+1), sheath 8–9 mm, vexillary filament free to base, filaments of varying heights; anthers versatile. Ovary shortly funiculate, oblong, 7–8 mm, pubescent; ovules 2; style curved; stigma minute. Pod orbicular, 4–4.5 Χ 3.5–4.5 cm, shortly stalked, flat, prominently winged, 1-seeded. Seed brownish, reniform, narrow and oblique. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Apr–May.

Open forests on slopes, or cultivated in villages and gardens. Guangdong, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia (to the Solomon Islands and New Hebrides), Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

 


[1] 557 Pleasant Street, Apartment # 430, Malden, Massachusetts 02148 U.S.A.

[2] Herbarium, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People's Republic of China.

[3] University of Aarhus, Department of Systematic Botany, Building 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.