罂粟科 ying su ke
Zhang Mingli (张明理)[1]; Magnus Lidιn[2], Christopher Grey-Wilson[3]
Herbs, annual, biennial, monocarpic perennial, or perennial. Laticifers or elongated idioblasts present. Leaves alternate or in a basal rosette, rarely opposite, usually without stipules; leaf blade entire to compound. Inflorescences racemes, panicles, dichasia, or solitary flowers. Flowers actinomorphic, bisymmetric, or zygomorphic, always bisexual, usually 2-merous, rarely 3- or 4-merous. Calyx caducous, green or petaloid. Corolla choripetalous or quasi-sympetalous, very rarely absent. Anthers opening by slits. Ovary superior, syncarpous with 2 to several carpels; placentation parietal.
Forty genera and ca. 800 species: mainly in the northern hemisphere of both the Old and New Worlds, extending into Central and South America, a few in Africa; 17 genera (1 endemic, 2 introduced) and 442 species (319 endemic, 3 introduced) in China.
Many species are used medicinally due to the high content of alkaloids.
The two subfamilies recognized here are often treated as separate families.
Wu Chengyi, Chuang Hsuan, Su Ziyun & Sun Bishin. 1999. Papaveraceae. In: Wu Chengyi, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 32: 1483.
1a. Laticifers present; sap watery or milky; sepals green, entire, enclosing corolla in bud, imbricate or (in Eschscholzia) fused into a caducous hood; corolla actinomorphic, with (0)48 (rarely more) petals; petals all similar, flat, imbricate and crumbled in bud; stamens several with thin filaments; nectaries absent 1. Subfam. Papaveroideae
1b. Laticifers lacking; sap watery, but sometimes colored; sepals 2, usually petaloid, not enclosing petals in bud; corolla bisymmetric or zygomorphic; petals 4 in 2 very dissimilar whorls, with wings, crests, and/or spurs, pairwise valvate in bud; androecium of 8 thecae distributed on 2, 4, or 6 stamens with broad hyaline filaments; nectaries usually present ................................................................ 2. Subfam. Fumarioideae
罂粟?科 ying su ya ke
Zhang Mingli (张明理); Christopher Grey-Wilson
Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, with milky or watery latex. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite. Stipules absent. Inflorescences solitary flowers, or racemes, corymbs, panicles, or umbels. Flowers actinomorphic. Sepals in 1 whorl of 2 or 3(or 4), free, caducous. Petals 410, in 2 whorls, usually caducous, rarely absent. Stamens many, free. Ovule anatropous to subcampylotropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate. Fruit syncarpous, multicarpellate, many seeded. Base chromosome number = ??.
Eight genera and ca. 175 species: mainly of the northern hemisphere, extending into Central and South America, a few in Africa; 12 genera (one endemic, 2 introduced) and 67 species (29 endemic, 2 introduced) in China.
1a. Perianth trimerous; pistils at least 3-carpellate; flowers simple, terminal, rarely cymose; follicles or capsules divided at apex; seeds not cristately carunculate, rarely with very small caruncles; stem and leaf lobes apically spiny; capsules with 46 valves slightly divided at apex, sparsely with sclerospines 1. Argemone
1b. Perianth dimerous or petals absent; pistils 2-carpellate, rarely more.
2a. Flowers small, apetalous, in large panicles; stems hollow;
leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, base cordate; capsules narrowly obovoid
or suborbicular
.................................................................................................................. 12.
Macleaya
2b. Flowers medium to large, with 4 petals or more.
3a. Inflorescences usually corymbs or panicles; seeds cristately carunculate.
4a. Stems scape-form; leaves all basal, blade cordate, margin repand .......... 11. Eomecon
4b. Stems not scape-form; leaves cauline and basal, blade not cordate, margin with teeth to pinnatifid.
5a. Cauline leaves alternate; stems cymosely branched; fruit nearly moniliform 10. Chelidonium
5b. Leaves nearly opposite on stem apices; stems simple; fruit not moniliform.
6a. Flowers bracteate; ovary shortly pubescent; capsules 24-valvate from apex to base 8. Stylophorum
6b. Flowers ebracteate; ovary glabrous; capsules 2-valvate from base to apex 9. Hylomecon
3b. Inflorescences simple or forming racemes; seeds without cristate caruncle.
7a. Pistils 3- to poly-carpellate; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, flowers sometimes solitary.
8a. Styles generally obvious, stigmas claviform or capitate, free or united, actinomorphic, decurrent; plant yellow lactiferous ................................................................ 2. Meconopsis
8b. Flowers astylous, stigmas actinomorphic, united to compressed- or steepled disks; plant white lactiferous ........................................................................................ 3. Papaver
7b. Pistils 2-carpellate (rarely 4-carpellate); flowers simple, terminal; capsules 24-valvate.
9a. Petals purple or red; capsules (2)4-valvate ...................................... 7. Roemeria
9b. Petals yellow or orange, rarely red; capsules 2-valvate.
10a. Anthers linear, longer than filaments; cauline leaves and basal leaves alike, both stipulate, blade ternate, polypinnately lobed, lobes linear; receptacles expanding cuplike; sepals caplike united before flowering; capsules divided from base to apex .............. 4. Eschscholtzia
10b. Anthers not linear, shorter than filaments; basal leaves many, pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite, lobes with teeth and petiolules; cauline leaves fewer, obviously smaller than basal leaves, sessile.
11a. Ovary 1-loculed; seeds ovoid and tessellate; plant frequently yellow lactiferous 5. Dicranostigma
11b. Ovary with 2 false locules caused by septas forming spongy cells; seeds ovoid, reniform, alveolate; plant orange- or red-lactiferous ................................ 6. Glaucium
蓟罂粟属 ji ying su shu
Zhang Mingli (张明理); Christopher Grey-Wilson
Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, usually stout, mostly branched, spiny, bitter yellow lactiferous. Stems mostly erect. Leaves pinnate, lobes repand-dentate, teeth apically spiny. Flowers simple, terminal or arranged in cyme, trimerous; receptacles narrowly conical. Flower buds erect. Sepals (2 or)3, caducous, apex with horned appendices. Petals (4)6, in 2 whorls, contorted or imbricate in bud, orange, yellow, yellow-white, or white, occasionally pink or mauve. Stamens many, free; filaments filiform or slightly ampliate below middle, apically subulate; anthers linear, nearly basal, bifid, extrorse, curved after dehiscence. Ovary ovoid, conical-ovoid, or nearly elliptic; carpels (3 or)46, united; ovules many; styles very short or absent; stigmas as many as carpels, actinomorphic, living?? to placentas. Capsule spiny, rarely not spiny, apex divided for a short distance into 36 valves, rarely parting nearly to base. Seeds many, spheroidal; caruncle very small or absent, seed coat tessellate.
Twenty nine species: mainly in North America from C Mexico to SW, S, and SE North America, and the West Indies, six in South America, three in Chile, one in Hawaii, and the others scattered along the northwestern and western coasts; one introduced into courtyards of S China, naturalized in Taiwan, Fujian, the Guangdong coast, and Yunnan (Xishuangbanna and Jinshajiang valleys).
蓟罂粟 ji ying su
Herbs, annual or occasionally short-lived perennial, 30100 cm tall, usually stout. Stems mostly short, branched, with sparse, explanate fulvous spines. Basal leaves dense; petiole 510 mm; blade glaucous with blue-green markings on veins, paler abaxially, broadly oblanceolate or obovate to elliptic, 520(25) Χ 2.57.5(8) cm, glabrous, sparsely sharply spiny on veins, base cuneate, margin pinnatipartite, apex acute; lobes undulate teeth, teeth apically spiny. Cauline leaves alternate, similar to basal leaves, but upper leaves smaller and sessile, often subamplexicaul. Flowers simple, sometimes in few-flowered cymes. Pedicel very short. Flower buds ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm. Sepals 2(or 3), cymbiform, ca. 1 cm, apex spurred, spurs to sharp spines, glabrous or sparsely spiny, desquamate when flowering. Petals 6, yellow or orange, broadly obovate, 1.73 cm, base broadly cuneate, apex rounded. Filaments ca. 7 mm; anthers narrowly oblong, 1.52 mm, coiling after dehiscence. Ovary elliptic or oblong, 710 mm, with explanate fulvous spines; styles very short; stigmas dark red, 46-lobed. Capsule oblong to broadly elliptic, 2.55 Χ 1.53 cm, sparsely fulvous spiny, 46-valved dehiscing from apex to 1/41/3 of length. Seeds spherical, 1.52 mm in diam., obviously tessellate. Fl. and fr. MarOct. 2n = 28.
Naturalized along coasts of Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan, and (?)Yunnan; introduced into many provinces in China [Native to C and tropical America].
This is a widely cultivated plant which has become a naturalized weed in many parts of the world, particularly in subtropical regions.
绿绒蒿属 lu rong hao shu
Zhang Mingli (张明理); Christopher Grey-Wilson
Herbs, monocarpic or perennial, yellow lactiferous. Taproot distinct, plump extended or napiform thickened, accompanied by fibrous roots. Stems, when present, branched or not, bristly, setose, pubescent, or glabrous. Leaves cauline or all basal and forming a rosette; rosette leaves persistent in winter or dying away to a resting bud or buds; blade entire, serrate, or pinnatifid to pinnate, glabrous to bristly; basal leaves and lower cauline leaves usually petiolate; upper cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sessile, sometimes amplexicaul. Inflorescence a raceme or panicle with uppermost flower opening first, or flowers solitary, then often on basal scapes. Flowers large, often bowl- or saucer-shaped. Sepals 2, very rarely 3 or 4 in terminal flowers, caducous. Petals 410, blue, purple, pink, red, or yellow, rarely white. Stamens numerous; filaments mostly linear, rarely dilated in lower part. Ovary nearly spherical, ovoid, or obovoid to narrowly terete, 1-loculed, with 3 or more carpels, containing numerous ovules; styles distinct, usually short, sometimes almost absent, regularly stout or basally expanding into a disk covering top of ovary; stigmas free or united, capitate or clavate. Capsule nearly spherical, ovoid, obovoid, or elliptic to cylindrical, spiny, setose, pubescent, or glabrous, 312(18)-valvate; segments slightly lobed or divided to 1/3 length or more from apex to base. Seeds many, ovoid, reniform, falcate-oblong, or oblong, smooth or longitudinally concave, without a caruncle.
About 54 species: one in W Europe, others in the Sino-Himalayan region; 43 species in China, mostly in the West and Southwest (23 endemic).
1a. Styles abruptly expanded (ampliate) at base and disk-like, covering top of ovary and often projecting beyond its edge.
2a. Styles almost obsolete; petals sparsely setose outside ................................. 43. M. torquata
2b. Styles distinct, 37 mm; petals glabrous.
3a. Stylar disk pentagonal in outline, shallowly lobed, not projecting beyond ovary edge; petals maroon; stigmas capitate; stem leafy up to inflorescence ..................................... 42. M. tibetana
3b. Stylar disk sinuate, 8-angled, lobed or fringed at margin, projecting beyond ovary edge; petals pale yellow or bluish purple to deep purple, rarely red; stigmas clavate.
4a. Leaf blade pinnatipartite or pinnatilobate for full length; stems leafy (excluding leaf-like bracts) 40. M. pinnatifolia
4b. Leaf blade 35-toothed at apex, rarely subentire or entire ................ 41. M. discigera
1b. Styles equally thick or basally expanded, but never extended and disk-like.
6a. Leaves basal and cauline; inflorescence compound, cymose or racemose panicles or bracteate racemes.
7a. Inflorescence branched, with many flowers in cymose or racemose panicles; petals 4, mostly yellow; leaf blade pinnate or pinnately lobed.
8a. Roots large, fibrous; cymose panicles; herbaceous perennial.
9a. Ovary narrowly oblong or subterete, glabrous; capsules subterete 1. M. oliveriana
9b. Ovary elliptic, glabrous or very sparsely pilose; capsules elliptic 2. M. chelidonifolia
8b. Taproot present, plump, extended or napiform; inflorescence paniculate, racemose toward top; plant monocarpic.
10a. Petals wine-red, wine-crimson, or purple ........................................ 5. M. wilsonii
10b. Petals yellow.
11a. Flowering stems early sparsely setose and later glabrous; capsules densely setose, slightly 47-valvate from apex; petals ca. 3 cm ......................................... 3. M. gracilipes
11b. Flowering stems villous and densely barbellate-tomentose; capsules densely barbellate-tomentose and villous, slightly 612-valvate from apex; petals ca. 5 cm ... 4. M. paniculata
7b. Inflorescence simple; flowers forming bracteate racemes; petals 48, yellow, blue, or purple, rarely white; leaf blade entire or lobed.
12a. Roots fibrous, not swollen or tuber-like; stem base with persistent leaf bases, setose.
13a. Cauline leaves alternate, blade trifoliate ....................................... 6. M. smithiana
13b. Uppermost cauline leaves in a whorl, pseudoverticillate, all leaves entire.
14a. Flowers yellow.
15a. Leaves 3-veined for at least 2/3 of their length; flowers ascending to erect at anthesis; stigmas sessile or almost so ............................................. 7. M. integrifolia
15b. Leaves pinnately veined, sometimes 3-veined at base; flowers nodding to half-nodding at anthesis; styles present, at least 5 mm ................... 8. M. pseudointegrifolia
14b. Flowers purple or blue.
16a. Base of leaves truncate or cordate; flowers usually 36 .. 9. M. betonicifolia
16b. Base of leaves cuneate; flowers usually 13 ........................ 10. M. grandis
12b. Taproot radish-like; stem bases with or without persistent leaf bases, glabrous.
17a. Plant with stiff spiny hairs (bristles).
18a. Leaf blade pinnatipartite.
19a. Styles broad; ovary densely rubiginous setose ..................... 21. M. speciosa
19b. Styles narrow; ovary with golden fulvous to stramineous prickles 22. M. aculeata
18b. Leaf blade entire to somewhat shallowly and irregularly lobed or toothed.
20a. Leaves broad, irregularly toothed or lobed, glaucous, with dark base to sparse bristles; stigmas protruding, elongate ................................................................ 19. M. rudis
20b. Leaves narrow, not toothed nor glaucous, usually rather densely bristly, without dark base to rather dense bristles.
21a. Capsule with spreading bristles; tall plant usually to 1 m tall in flower; stigmas included within boss of stamens, pale green or yellowish .................. 20. M. prattii
21b. Capsule with appressed to ascending bristles; plant to 50 cm tall in flower; stigmas slightly protruding beyond boss of stamens, whitish ................... 18. M. racemosa
17b. Plant glabrous or pubescent.
22a. Plant with large evergreen leaf rosettes in years before flowering.
23a. Flowers white; leaves entire ............................................... 11. M. superba
23b. Flowers bluish violet; leaves pinnate to pinnatifid ................. 17. M. violacea
22b. Plant with overwintering buds; leaves withering in autumn.
24a. Petals blue or purple.
25a. Flowers 15 from upper cauline axils, often only 1 open; capsules narrowly oblong or subterete .......................................................................... 14. M. lyrata
25b. Flowers usually 3 from axillary pedicels, all open; capsules narrowly obovoid to narrowly elliptic ........................................................................ 15. M. primulina
24b. Petals white or yellow.
26a. At least some leaves pinnate; petals white ............ 16. M. argemonantha
26b. All leaves entire, sometimes toothed at margin; petals yellow.
27a. Taproot narrow and elongate; capsules with spreading spines . 12. M. georgei
27b. Taproot napiform; capsules glabrous or sparsely setose . 13. M. florindae
6b. Leaves all basal, cauline leaves absent; flowers several, forming ebracteate racemes or simple on basal scapes.
28a. Flowers several, forming ebracteate racemes; petals 48, blue or purple.
29a. Flowers on upper flowering stems, without mixed basal scapes; capsules narrowly cylindrical; styles absent or nearly so .......................................................................... 23. M. forrestii
29b. Flowers on upper and lower flowering stems, often with mixed basal scapes; capsules elliptic or narrowly obovoid; styles distinct ..................................................... 24. M. lancifolia
28b. Flowers simple on basal scapes; petals 410, blue, purple, or red.
30a. Fibrous roots fibriform; plant base with persistent leaf bases, setose.
31a. Petals red; filaments strap-like ..................................................... 25. M. punicea
31b. Petals blue or purple; filaments linear.
32a. Capsule 2.55 cm, sparsely usually deflexed setose; flowers 58 cm in diam., with 58 petals; ovary narrowly elliptic or oblong-elliptic ............................. 26. M. simplicifolia
32b. Capsule 1.52.5 cm, densely adpressed setose or glabrous; flowers 2.55 cm in diam., with 46 petals; ovary spheroidal, ovoid, or oblong ...................... 27. M. quintuplinervia
30b. Taproot distinct.
33a. Taproot radish-like; stems bases with persistent leaf bases or not, glabrous.
34a. Filaments clearly dilated in lower 1/2.
35a. Flowers broadly saucer-shaped with spreading petals; petals unblotched at base 28. M. henrici
35b. Flowers deeply cup-shaped, with erect petals; petals dark blotched at base 29. M. sinomaculata
34b. Filaments all linear, not dilated.
36a. Plant with persistent leaf bases; leaf blade entire or repand, bilaterally setose; ovary setose, setose bases several inversely branched ............................ 30. M. barbiseta
36b. Plant without persistent leaf bases; leaf blade lobed, bilaterally glabrous; ovary simple hirsute.
37a. Leaf blade pinnate or bipinnate, small, subfleshy; petals 11.5 cm 31. M. concinna
37b. Leaf blade lobed, large, thin; petals ca. 3 cm ........... 32. M. wumungensis
33b. Taproot plump, napiform, sometimes shortly branched and rhizome-like; plant with persistent leaf bases or not, glabrous.
38a. Leaf blade with firm spines or bristles.
39a. Plant dwarfish, ca. 9 cm tall; taproot broad, ca. 5 cm in diam.; leaf blade ovate or narrowly ovate, margin pinnately lobed ................................ 37. M. pseudohorridula
39b. Plant 1520 cm tall; taproot plump and extended, 11.5 cm in diam.; leaf blade lanceolate, margin entire or undulate.
40a. Plant with dense, sharp bristles; ovary conical, with compressed or inclined firm spines .................................................................................. 38. M. horridula
40b. Plant with stiff hairs; ovary elliptic to narrowly obovoid, adpressed setose 39. M. impedita
38b. Leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces, rarely somewhat setose or pubescent.
41a. Rootstock at apex branched (plant perennial); each branch with 1 rosette leaf fascicle bearing a single basal scape ........................................................... 33. M. delavayi
41b. Rootstock at apex simple (plant monocarpic); scapes 1 or several, occasionally many, arising from leaf fascicles.
42a. Leaf blades entire ................................................. 34. M. zangnanensis
42b. Leaf blades usually pinnately lobed, rarely entire on same plant.
43a. Capsule oval to narrowly elliptic, 410 Χ longer than wide; petals usually more than 4 ...................................................................... 35. M. pseudovenusta
43b. Capsule narrowly oblong or subterete, scarcely 4 Χ longer than wide; petals 4 36. M. venusta
锥花绿绒蒿组 zhui hua lu rong hao zu
柱果绿绒蒿 zhu guo lu rong hao
Herbs, perennial, 50100 cm tall in flower, colorless hyaline lactiferous. Roots many, slender; rootstock with persistent leaf bases, densely yellow-brown barbellate-setose. Stems erect, branched, obviously channelled, near base sparsely setose. Cauline leaves glaucous abaxially, dark green adaxially, ovate or narrowly ovate, 510 Χ 35 cm, both surfaces sparsely yellow-brown hirsute, near base pinnatisect, near apex pinnatilobate; lobes 35, distant, petiolulate to almost sessile, pinnatifid; lobules ovate to obovate, base broadly cuneate, truncate, or slightly cordate, apex obtuse; lower cauline leaves like basal leaves, petiolate, but upper ones smaller, sessile or nearly so, slightly amplexicaul. Flowers 1 or 2, at uppermost leaf axils, forming cymose panicles, ascending to half-nodding. Pedicel 510 cm, slender. Flower buds spherical or ovoid. Sepals 2, elliptic, 710 mm, glabrous. Petals 4, yellow, broadly ovate to orbicular, 11.5(2) Χ 0.81.5(2) cm. Filaments filiform, 47 mm; anthers yellow, narrowly ovoid, ca. 1 mm. Ovary narrowly oblong or almost terete, ca. 8 mm, ca. 1 mm in diam., glabrous; styles very short; stigmas 4- or 5-lobed, lobes slightly decurrent. Capsule narrowly oblong or almost cylindrical, 2.44.5 cm, 3.55 mm in diam., glabrous, gibbous costate, 4- or 5-valvate, slightly divided downward from apex. Seeds many, brown, shiny, elliptic-ovoid, ca. 1 mm, seed coat distinctly longitudinally striate and clathrate impressed. Fl. MayAug.
* Forest understories on slopes, among shrubs; 15002400 m. Chongqing, Henan, W Hubei (Badong, Shennongjia), S Shaanxi, ?E Sichuan.
The type is from Chengkou.
椭果绿绒蒿 tuo guo lu rong hao
Herbs, perennial, 50150 cm tall in flower. Roots long, slender, 35 mm in diam., much branched, fibrous; rootstock with persistent leaf bases, densely barbellate-setose. Stems erect, greenish purple, branched, longitudinally channelled, near base shortly barbellate-setose. Basal and lower cauline leaves: petiole densely yellow-brown setose; blade abaxially glaucous, ovate-oblong or broadly ovate, 78 Χ 6.57 cm, pinnatisect in lower part, apically pinnatilobate; lobes 35, distant, pinnatipartite or pinnatilobate again; lobules ovate, both surfaces sparsely hirsute, apex obtuse or subrounded; upper cauline leaves sessile or nearly so, small; blade broadly ovate, slightly pilose, 3-pinnatisect or 3-pinnatipartite. Flowers 1 or 2 in uppermost leaf axils, forming cymose panicles, ascending to half-nodding. Pedicel slender, glabrous. Flower buds spherical. Sepals 2, suborbicular, ca. 1 cm, glabrous, with one margin membranous. Petals 4, yellow, obovate to suborbicular, 1.52.3 cm. Filaments filiform, ca. 7 mm; anthers yellow, narrowly oblong, 34 mm. Ovary elliptic, 56 mm, 45 mm in diam., glabrous or near base slightly hispid; styles short; stigmas capitate. Capsule elliptic, 11.5 cm, 710 mm in diam., glabrous, 4(6)-valvate for a short distance from apex. Seeds falciform-oblong, less than 1 mm; seed coat with shallow impressions forming longitudinal stripes. Fl. MayAug.
* Shade of forest understories, creek sides, roadsides; 14002700 m. N, NW, and W Sichuan, NE Yunnan (Daguan, Yongshan).
The type is from W Sichuan.
细梗绿绒蒿 xi geng lu rong hao
Plants monocarpic, 4060 cm tall. Stems branched, yellow-brown barbellate-setose, later glabrous or only with remaining scabrous firm bases. Basal laves absent at flowering time, pinnate with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral lobes; lobules alternate to subopposite, ovate to oblong, 1.55 Χ 1.42.5 cm, end lobe larger than lateral ones, both surfaces and margin sparsely yellow-brown shortly barbellate-setose, later glabrous or only with remaining scabrous firm bases, base auriculate, margin pinnately lobate, apex obtuse to rounded. Upper cauline leaves lanceolate, 512 Χ 23 cm, merging with bracts, often auriculate at base. Inflorescence many flowered, paniculate below, racemose above, lower branches usually 3-flowered, upper ones 1-flowered; peduncles 48.5 cm, pubescent like stems. Pedicel 45.8 cm, slender, pubescent like stems, but apically more densely so. Petals 4, pale yellow, obovate or suborbicular, 1.83.1 Χ 1.62.8 cm. Filaments filiform; anthers orange to black-brown. Ovary spherical to elliptic, 1.51.8 cm, 810 mm in diam., densely adpressed or inclined setose; styles distinct, 78 mm; stigmas capitate. Capsule elliptic or oblong-elliptic, sparsely setose, or only with remaining scabrous firm bases, 47-valvate for a short distance from apex. Seeds black, reniform, ca. 0.5 mm.
33004800 m. S Xizang (Nielamu) [C Nepal].
The type is from C Nepal.
锥花绿绒蒿 zhui hua lu rong hao
Papaver paniculatum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal 197. 1825, nom. illegit.[??]; Meconopsis paniculata var. elata Prain; Stylophorum nepalense (de Candolle) Sprengel.
Herbs, monocarpic, to 2.5 m tall in flower. Taproot radish-like, or long and narrow, to 18 cm, to 2 cm in diam. Stems terete, branched, yellow or rufous barbellate-pubescent, with a sparse underlay of similar but much shorter hairs. Basal leaves in a dense evergreen rosette; petiole to 28 cm; blade variously shaped, lanceolate, oblong, or oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, 2549 Χ 6.512 cm, usually near base pinnatisect, near apex pinnatifid; lobes 610 pairs, lanceolate, oblong, or deltoid, margin entire or lobed, apex acute or rounded; lower lobes distant, both surfaces densely yellow barbellate-setose, with an underlay of similar but much shorter hairs. Lower cauline leaves similar to basal leaves but shortly petiolate; upper cauline leaves sessile, lanceolate, pilose like basal leaves, base amplexicaul or auriculate, apex obtuse or rounded. Inflorescence paniculate below, racemose above, with lowermost peduncles 39-flowered; flowers cup- to saucer-shaped, horizontal to nodding; peduncles 1119 cm, pubescent like stems. Pedicel 4.713.5 cm (to 20 cm in fruit), slender, pubescent like stems, densely so apically. Petals 4, rarely 5, cream to yellow, obovate to suborbicular, 3.25.7 Χ 34.8 cm. Filaments similar in color to petals, filiform; anthers yellow to orange. Ovary spherical or nearly so, golden barbellate-tomentose; styles distinct, 69 mm (to 13 mm in fruit), near base obviously thickened; stigmas purple or reddish purple, 612-lobed. Capsule ellipsoid to ellipsoid-oblong, 1.54 cm, 1.11.5 cm in diam., densely golden barbellate-tomentose, sometimes becoming subglabrescent, 612-valvate a short distance from top. Seeds reniform, shorter than 1 mm, adaxially alveolate when dried. Fl. JunAug.
Grassy slopes, forest understories and margins, channel sides, roadsides, shrubberies; 30004400 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, NE India (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim), Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
尼泊尔绿绒蒿 ni bo er lu rong hao
Herbs, monocarpic, 70150 cm tall, throughout with stiff, barbellate, grayish hairs, with an underlay of similar shorter or substellate hairs. Taproot dauciform. Stem erect, present in flowering specimens, terete, to 15 mm in diam. at base, slightly ridged above. Leaf rosette dense, spreading, evergreen, bluish green, to 70 cm in diam.; basal leaves long petiolate, withered or partly withered at flowering time; blade lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, to 26 Χ 10 cm, pinnatisect to subentire, with obtuse lobes, both surfaces with rather sparse gray, stiff, barbellate hairs, midvein distinct, lateral veins less obvious. Lower cauline leaves similar to basal ones but shorter petiolate; middle and upper cauline leaves gradually smaller upward on stem; uppermost sessile and semi-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, with fewer lobes than lower ones. Inflorescence a fastigiate or semi-fastigiate panicle, racemose above, many flowered; lowermost flowers in lateral cymules of 15, uppermost solitary; bracts similar to uppermost leaves, decreasing in size upward on inflorescence; peduncles erect to obliquely ascending, 0.63.8 cm (to 10.4 cm in fruiting specimens), stout, pubescent like stem. Pedicel 0.41.8 cm (to 5 cm in fruit). Flowers semi-nutant; buds nutant, narrowly ovoid, with ascending to appressed barbellate hairs. Sepals pale gray-green, oval. Petals 4, purple to wine-purple, deep wine-crimson, or light maroon, occasionally white flushed with wine-purple, obovate to ± orbicular, 2.24.2 Χ 2.24.2 cm, generally rather crimped. Stamens numerous; filaments same color as petals; anthers orange to orange-yellow. Ovary ovoid, with ascending to appressed barbellate bristles; styles 47 mm; stigmas purple, capitate. Capsule ovoid to ellipsoid, 1420 Χ 814 mm, generally 5-valved, covered in ascending barbellate bristles; style persistent, 68 mm. Fl. JunSep.
Forest margins, moist shrubberies, open stony places, grassy slopes, cliff ledges; 27004000 m. W Sichuan, NW and W Yunnan [N Myanmar].
1a.. Basal and lower leaves with 68 pairs of primary segments, middle and upper cauline leaves and bracts deeply divided with 68 pairs of segments; peduncle and pedicel hairs ascending to subappressed 5a. subsp. wilsonii
1b.. Basal and lower leaves with 4 or 5 pairs of primary segments, middle and upper cauline leaves and bracts shallowly divided, with 35 pairs of segments; peduncle and pedicel hairs spreading 5b. subsp. australis
尼泊尔绿绒蒿 (原亚种) ni bo er lu rong hao (yuan ya zhong)
Meconopsis napaulensis sensu Taylor pro parte, Gen. Meconopsis 44. 1934.
Basal and lower leaves with 68 pairs of primary segments, middle and upper cauline leaves and bracts deeply divided with 68 pairs of segments. Peduncle and pedicel hairs ascending to subappressed.
* Grassy places, open scrub; 33004000 m. W Sichuan (Baoxing, Mianning).
The type is from W Sichuan.
??vernacular name
Basal and lower leaves with 4 or 5 pairs of primary segments, middle and upper cauline leaves and bracts shallowly divided, with 35 pairs of segments. Peduncle and pedicel hairs spreading.
Rocky and stony places, cliffs, forests and scrub margins, shrubberies; 27003700 m. NW and W Yunnan [N Myanmar].
The type is from NW Yunnan.
贡山绿绒蒿 gong shan lu rong hao
Cathcartia smithiana Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. 60: 182. 1923 [1924].
Herbs, perennial, 3090 cm tall in flower. Rootstock short, plump, with persistent leaf bases, densely caespitose, brown, usually shortly branched hirsute. Stems simple, distantly compressed- or slightly deflexed, barbellate-hirsute, becoming glabrescent, invested at base with dead leaf remains. Cauline leaves distant, lowermost petiolate; petiole 2.54 cm, compressed- or slightly deflexed hirsute; blade trifoliate, ca. 8 Χ 78 cm, both surfaces sparsely adpressed barbellate-hirsute; terminal leaflet broadly ovate or suborbicular, often 7-lobed; lateral leaflets 12 cm or more distant from terminal leaflet, usually 3-lobed, petiolules ca. 1 cm or absent; upper leaves sessile or with petiole to 1 cm; blade broadly ovate, pinnatilobate, upward gradually smaller and fewer lobed. Flowers ca. 4, forming racemes, bracteate. Sepals pilose. Petals 4, yellow, broadly obovate, ca. 18 Χ 1.8 mm, apically slightly incised. Ovary spheroidal, densely adpressed brown hirsute; styles very short or absent; stigmas 5-lobed. Capsule obconical, ca. 1.5 cm, apex ca. 1 cm, sparsely brown villous, 7-valvate from apex for 1/3 capsule length. Seeds elliptic, with raised longitudinal stripes. Fl. JunAug.
Moist forests, forest margins, moist grasslands on slopes; 31003400 m. NW Yunnan (Gongshan) [NE Myanmar].
The type is from NW Yunnan (Gongshan).
全缘叶绿绒蒿 quan yuan ye lu rong hao
Herbs, monocarpic, to 1 m tall in flower, throughout with long barbellate hairs, underlain with often dense, long, rufous or golden, barbellate hairs. Stem erect, to 2 cm in diam. near base, simple, longitudinally striate, pilose when young but nearly glabrous when old, base with persistent leaf bases densely shortly branched villous. Basal leaves in a deciduous rosette, among often mixed scale-like leaves; blade oblanceolate, obovate, elliptic, or nearly spatulate, 837 (including petiole) Χ 15 cm, both surfaces pilose, usually with 3(5) or more longitudinal veins, base attenuate, not decurrent into petiole, margin entire and densely pilose, apex rounded or acute. Lower cauline leaves similar to basal leaves but gradually smaller; upper ones almost sessile, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, smaller than lower ones; uppermost leaves bract-like, forming a whorl beneath flowers, narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate to linear, 511 Χ 0.51 cm. Flowers usually 35, rarely to 10-flowered, to 20 cm in diam., erect to suberect at maturity, arising from axils of uppermost leaves, occasionally with a few smaller flowers alternatively from stem below whorl of leaves. Pedicel (3)637(52 in fruit) cm. Flower buds broadly ovoid, spreading hairy. Sepals cymbiform, ca. 3 cm, adaxially pilose, glabrous within, with many distinct longitudinal veins. Petals 68, mid- to deep yellow, suborbicular to obovate, 49.5 Χ 35 cm, often markedly incurved. Filaments of same color as petals, golden-brown at maturity, filiform; anthers yellow or yellowish brown, ovoid to oblong, 12(4) mm. Ovary broadly elliptic-oblong or ovoid to narrowly ellipsoidal, densely adpressed golden hirsute; styles obsolete or very short to 4 mm, glabrous; stigmas capitate, 47-lobed, decurrent and slightly actinomorphic at apex of ovary. Capsule broadly elliptic or oblong to elliptic, 23 Χ 11.2 cm, ascending to adpressed golden or brown hirsute, 47-valvate for 1/3 distance from apex. Fl. MayAug.
Grassy slopes, mountain moorlands, shrubberies, stabilized moraines; 27005100 m. SW Gansu (Huichuan, Xiahe), E and S Qinghai, NW, SW, and W Sichuan, E and S Xizang, NE and NW Yunnan [NE Myanmar].
1a.. Stem with scattered leaves and superfluous flowers below leaf whorl; petals mid to deep yellow, incurved; stigmas sessile, 1012 mm in diam. ......................................................... 7a. subsp. integrifolia
1b.. Stem leafless below whorl or with 1 or 2 leaves but no superfluous flowers; petals lemon-yellow, often very pale, not incurved; stigmas 57 mm in diam, styles very short (24 mm) ... 7b. subsp. lijiangensis
全缘叶绿绒蒿 (原亚种) quan yuan ye lu rong hao (yuan ya zhong)
Cathcartia integrifolia Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pιtersbourg, Sιr. 3, 23: 310. 1877; Meconopsis brevistyla (Hort.) Kingdon Ward; M. integrifolia var. souliei Fedde[??listed twice].
Plants mostly 50100 cm tall, with a prominent stem bearing several alternate leaves and often superfluous flowers below whorl of leaf-like bracts. Flowers several, mid-yellow to deep gamboge, deeply cup- or goblet-shaped. Petals often markedly incurved. Ovary barrel-shaped, densely hairy; stigmas sessile, with 46 broad radiating arms, forming a cap usually 1012 mm in diam.
Grassy and rocky slopes, forest understories, open shrubberies; 27005100 m. SW Gansu (Huichuan, Xiahe), E and S Qinghai, NW and W Sichuan, E and S Xizang, NE and NW Yunnan [NE Myanmar].
The type is from Gansu.
??vernacular name
Meconopsis integrifolia var. souliei Fedde[??listed twice].
Plants mostly 4575 cm tall, with a well-defined stem but few cauline leaves except for whorl beneath flowers. Flowers pale to mid-lemon-yellow, cup-shaped. Petals not markedly incurved. Ovary narrowly obconical, densely hairy; styles short but distinct, 24 mm, glabrous; stigmas 57 mm in diam, with 47 rays.
* Mountain moorlands, open shrubberies. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
The type is from NW Yunnan (Yulongxueshan).
??vernacular name
Herbs, monocarpic, 25120 cm tall, covered for most part in soft golden or rufous hairs, overwintering as a large bud at ground level. Stem usually present, erect, or flowers scapose; when present with a whorl of bract-like leaves subtending flowers. Leaves mostly aggregated into a basal rosette, elliptic to oblanceolate, 1440 Χ 25 cm, pinnately veined for most part, although base generally 3-veined, sometimes becoming glabrescent above, base narrowed into petiole, margin entire; middle and upper leaves similar to basal ones but generally smaller and shortly petiolate or sessile. Pedicel (or scape) to 45 cm, lengthening in fruit, spreading pubescent to subglabrous. Flowers often 69 (occasionally to 18), nodding to half-nodding (becoming gradually erect as flowers fade). Sepals oval, spreading pubescent. Petals 68, generally spreading widely apart, pale lemon- or sulphur-yellow, oval to elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 5.510.5 cm. Stamens numerous; filaments of same color as petals, filiform; anthers yellow to orange-yellow. Ovary obovoid to ellipsoidal, densely to sparsely appressed hairy; styles distinct, 311 mm; stigmas rather narrow, stigmatic rays usually 710. Capsule obovoid to ellipsoidal, 2.53.5 Χ 0.81.2 cm, densely hairy to almost glabrous, 710-valvate. Fl. JunAug.
Open woodlands, woodland margins, ravines, margins of swamps, grassy slopes, open shrubberies, Rhododendron moorlands; 27004200 m. SW Sichuan, S and SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [NE Myanmar].
The type is from Gansu.
Both this species and Meconopsis integrifolia vary greatly in height. Plants can be robust and bear a number of flowers or they can be dwarf and few flowered, sometimes reduced to a single flower per plant. High altitude forms, particularly those from the bleaker exposed habitats of the Tibetan Plateau can be very dwarf, sometimes as little as 15 cm, and bear a solitary flower; however, they appear to be linked by intermediates to more robust plants at lower elevations and are probably best considered to be ecotypes (there is some evidence, for instance, that this dwarf habit is to some extent maintained in cultivation). Dwarf plants of this kind have been described as M. integrifolia var. uniflora C. Y. Wu & H. Chuang, described from NW Yunnan (Zhongdian), but similar plants are certainly to be found in W Sichuan and S and SE Xizang.
1a.. Small, densely sericeous plant, not more than 25 cm tall; flowers erect to suberect 8c. subsp. daliensis
1b.. Larger plant, mostly 30120 cm tall, hairy or bristly but not sericeous; flowers nodding or half-nodding.
2a. Flowers appearing to be scapose and solitary; ovary densely hairy, styles bristly ... 8a. subsp. pseudointegrifolia
2b. Flowers several, often more than 3, on top of a distinct stem, often with several leaves and 1 or 2 superfluous flowers below bracts; ovary sparsely hairy, styles glabrous .................. 8b. subsp. robusta
??vernacular name (原亚种) ?? (yuan ya zhong)
Plants seldom more than 50 cm tall, with leaf-like bracts held close to basal leaf rosette. Flowers appearing to be scapose, nodding to half-nodding, pale sulfur-yellow. Ovary densely hairy; styles and stigmatic rays shortly bristly; styles 36 mm. Capsule densely hairy.
* Mountain moorlands, scree, woodland margins; 27004200 m. SE Xizang (W as far as Temo La), NW Yunnan.
??vernacular name
Plants rather robust, 50120 cm tall, always with a well-developed and stout stem, often with several alternate leaves and superfluous flowers below whorl of leaf-like bracts. Flowers nodding to half-nodding, pale lemon or sulphur-yellow, to 20 cm in diam. Petals spreading widely apart. Ovary sparsely hairy; styles 711 mm, glabrous. Capsule glabrous or subglabrous.
Rhododendron moorlands and woodlands, margins of swamps, rocky slopes, stabilized moraines; ca. 3400 m. SW Sichuan, S and SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [NE Myanmar].
The type is from NW Yunnan (Judian).
??vernacular name
Plants not more than 25 cm tall, densely sericeous on stems, leaves, and pedicels. Stem short, not exceeding 10 cm. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, 3-veined only at base, otherwise pinnately veined. Bracts like leaves, in a single whorl just above basal leaf rosette. Flowers erect, yellow, to 9 cm in diam. Ovary densely sericeous; styles short but distinct, 25 mm. Capsule barrel-shaped, densely hairy.
* Rocky slopes, mountain moorlands. NW Yunnan.
The type is from NW Yunnan (Cangshan).
藿香叶绿绒蒿 huo xiang ye lu rong hao
Cathcartia betonicifolia (Franchet) Prain.
Herbs, perennial, occasionally biennial. Rootstock short, plump, with persistent petiolar bases, densely shortly branched rubiginous villous. Stems erect, 3090(150) cm tall, stout, to 1.3 cm in diam. at base, simple, glabrous or sparsely rubiginous barbellate-villous. Basal leaves slightly glaucous abaxially, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 515 cm, base 47 cm wide, both surfaces shortly branched sparsely barbellate-villous, margin and abaxially more densely so, abaxially midvein prominent, with several transverse bifurcate lateral veins, base cordate or truncate, often decurrent onto petiole, base ampliate to sheath, margin broadly incised-toothed, apex rounded to acute. Lower cauline leaves similar to basal, often more oblong; middle and upper cauline leaves similar but gradually smaller, sessile, auriculate-amplexicaul; uppermost 3 or 4 often aggregated into a false whorl. Inflorescence subumbellate, 36-flowered, often with several flowers at leaf axil below whorl, more rarely from lower cauline leaf axils. Flowers nodding to half-nodding, saucer-shaped. Pedicel erect, to 28 cm (elongating in fruit). Flower buds broadly ovoid, 68 cm in diam., sparsely rubiginous barbellate-villous. Petals 4, or in terminal flowers 5 or 6, blue or purple, rarely white, broadly ovate, orbicular, or obovate, 35 Χ 23.5 cm, obtuse to subacute. Filaments white, filiform, 510 mm; anthers orange or golden, oblong, ca. 1 mm. Ovary elliptic-oblong, glabrous or rarely rubiginous barbellate-villous to subglabrous; styles clavate, 26 mm; stigmas virescent, 4- or 5(7) lobed, decurrent to styles. Capsule oblong-elliptic, 2.54.5 Χ 0.81 cm, rufous-barbellate to glabrous, slightly 4-7-valvate for 1/3 from top. Seeds reniform, ca. 1 mm, longitudinally striate, with alveolate folveolae. Fl. JunAug.
Forest understories, grassy slopes; 30004000 m, SE Xizang (Cuona, Linzhi, Milin), NW Yunnan [N Myanmar]
The type is from NW Yunnan.
大花绿绒蒿 da hua lu rong hao
Herbs, perennial. Taproot narrowly radish-like or fibrous; rootstock shortly branched, rubiginous villous. Stems erect, 40120 cm tall, stout, sparsely extended or slightly deflexed setose. Basal leaves: petiole 1017 cm, sparsely brown barbellate-villous, basally with ampliate sheath; blade pale green abaxially, green adaxially, narrowly oblanceolate to lanceolate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 1526 Χ 58.4 cm, both surfaces brown barbellate-pilose, midvein broad, lateral veins distinct, base attenuate into petiole, margin distantly irregularly serrate or broadly crenate, apex acute or nearly acute. Lower cauline leaves similar to basal leaves, but upper cauline leaves increasingly smaller, uppermost 35-pseudoverticillate, sessile. Flowers rarely more than 3, from upper leaf whorl, very rarely from lower cauline axils. Pedicel to 45 cm at fruiting. Flowers nutant, large. Petals 4, rarely 5, blue, purple, or lilac-purple, nearly orbicular or broadly obovate, 6.28 Χ 4.87.6 cm. Filaments white, filiform, 715 mm; anthers orange or yellow, oblong, 12 mm. Ovary green, ovoid or oblong, glabrous or densely pilose; styles 710 mm; stigmas green, clavate, 46-lobed. Capsule elliptic-oblong, 2.84.4 cm, 1.21.5 cm diam, 46-valvate from apex for a short distance. Seeds reniform, seed coat longitudinally shallowly pitted. Fl. JunAug.
Understories of Picea forests, forest margins, among shrubs on slopes; 30004100 m. SC Xizang [Bhutan, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim), E and W Nepal].
高茎绿绒蒿 gao jing lu rong hao
Herbs, monocarpic, to 1 m tall in flower, throughout adpressed, usually silvery white barbellate-pilose. Taproot napiform. Basal leaves in a large, dense, evergreen rosette; petiole 715 cm; blade oblanceolate, oblanceolate-oblong, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, ca. 35 Χ 9 cm, sericeous and barbellate-villous when young, base attenuate, margin serrulate, apex acute. Lower cauline leaves similar to basal leaves, but petioles shorter; upper cauline leaves sessile, base auriculate. Inflorescence racemose. Flowers nodding or half-nodding. Pedicel to 12 cm (to 25 cm in fruit), stout, densely adpressed barbellate-tomentose. Petals 4, 6 in terminal flowers, white, obovate to suborbicular, ca. 6 Χ 6 cm. Filaments white, filiform; anthers deep yellow. Ovary spheroidal to narrowly elliptic, adpressed barbellate-tomentose; styles distinct, 911 mm; stigmas deep purple, obviously lobed. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid-oblong, 711-valvate from apex for a short distance. Seeds reniform, seed coat densely papillate.
41004300 m. SC Xizang [W Bhutan].
The type is from SC Xizang (Chumbi).
黄花绿绒蒿 huang hua lu rong hao
Herbs, monocarpic, to 33 cm tall in flower. Taproot ca. 7.5 cm, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. Leaves aggregated near base of plant with a few higher up on stem; petiole linear, ca. 5 cm; blade oblanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 1.8 cm, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely setose, abaxially glaucous, base tapered into petiole, attenuate to sheath, margin entire or repand, apex acute or rounded. Inflorescence racemose, with up to 10 flowers, nearly glabrous or densely spreading setose, only lowermost bracteate. Pedicel ca. 20 cm, usually setose. Petals 58, yellow, obovate, ca. 3.8 Χ 2.5 cm, apex obtuse, acute, or serrulate. Filaments filiform; anthers orange, to black on aging. Ovary elliptic to narrowly elliptic, usually densely extended yellowish setose; styles ca. 7 mm; stigmas capitate. Capsule narrowly elliptic, spreading setose, 35-valvate for a short distance from apex. Seeds falciform-elliptic, seed coat irregularly rugate or inconspicuously pitted.
* 36004300 m. NW Yunnan (Weixi).
The type is from NW Yunnan (Fuchuanshan, Weixi).
西藏绿绒蒿 xi zang lu rong hao
Herbs, monocarpic, with a slender stem to 45 cm tall. Taproot radish-like, ca. 3.7 cm. Stems tenuous, glabrous, rarely sparsely villous. Basal leaves few, soon withering; petiole ca. 2.5 cm, lower part ampliate; blade oblanceolate, ca. 3.7 Χ 1.2 cm, both surfaces glabrous or slightly tomentose, abaxially glaucous, base attenuate and extending into petiole, margin entire, deeply undulate, broadly crenate, bipinnatilobate, or bipinnatisect, apex acute or rounded. Lower cauline leaves similar to basal leaves; upper cauline leaves with margin serrate, basally slightly amplexicaul, or like basal leaves. Flowers 26 from upper cauline leaf axils, semi-nutant. Pedicel ca. 13 cm at fruiting, only apically sparsely setose. Petals usually 57, rarely 4, lemon-yellow, ovate or obovate, ca. 1.3 Χ 1 cm, apex acute or rounded, usually irregularly serrulate. Filaments filiform; anthers pale orange. Ovary ovoid to elliptic-oblong, glabrous or sparsely setose; styles distinct, ca. 6 mm; stigmas yellow, almost clavate or with separate lobes. Capsule elliptic-oblong, glabrous or sparsely setose, 35(or 6)-valvate for 1/3 from apex.
* Woodlands; 33003900 m. SE Xizang.
The type is from SE Xizang (Tra La).
琴叶绿绒蒿 qin ye lu rong hao
Cathcartia lyrata H. A. Cummins & Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64: 325. 1896; C. polygonoides Prain; Meconopsis compta Prain; M. polygonoides (Prain) Prain.
Herbs, monocarpic, 550 cm tall. Taproot usually narrowly ovoid, ca. 1 cm, sometimes long and narrow. Stems tenuous, thin, curved or compressed- yellow-brown pubescent, sometimes glabrous. Basal leaves few, soon withering; petiole 1.54 cm; blade pale green abaxially, green adaxially, ovate, oblong-ovate, spatulate, or oblanceolate, 1.54 Χ 0.52 cm, both surfaces sparsely yellow-brown pilose or glabrous, base cuneate or slightly cordate, margin entire, lobed, pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite, apex rounded or acute. Cauline leaves similar to basal but lower ones with petiole ca. 6 cm, upper ones shortly petiolate. Flowers opening in succession, 15 in axils of upper cauline leaves, usually only terminal flowers open, half nutant, 1.52.5 cm in diam. Sepals glabrous. Petals 4, rarely 5 or 6, pale blue or rarely pink, pale rose, or white, ovate, broadly ovate, or sometimes broadly lanceolate, 1.21.9 Χ 0.41.5 cm, apex rounded or acute. Stamens 2436; filaments of same color as petals, filiform, 58 mm; anthers golden, oblong to suborbicular, ca. 1 mm. Ovary oblong or elliptic-oblong to narrowly oblong, ca. 5 Χ 2 mm, glabrous; styles very short; stigmas green. Capsule narrowly oblong or nearly cylindrical, ca. 4 cm, 3- or 4-valvate for 1/3 of its length from apex. Seeds falcate-elliptic, seed coat rugate. Fl. and fr. MaySep.
Grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 34004200(4800) m. S Xizang (Chunpi of Yadong, Jilong), NW Yunnan (Dκqκn, Gongshan) [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal].
The type is from Sikkim.
报春绿绒蒿 bao chun lu rong hao
Herbs, monocarpic, to 20 cm tall. Taproot radish-like or long and narrow, ca. 7.5 cm, ca. 7.5 mm in diam.; rootstock napiform, with a dense tuft of fibrous leaf base remains. Stems short, slender. Basal leaves spatulate, 12 cm, soon withering, with only densely caespitose persistent membranous leaf bases when flowering. Cauline leaves near stem base; blade oblanceolate to elliptic, ca. 4 Χ 1 cm, both surfaces glabrous or densely setose, entire; petiole ca. 3.7 cm; upper leaves sessile. Flowers usually 3, rarely solitary, simple, from leaf axils, ca. 25 cm in diam., glabrous to sparsely reflexed setose. Sepals glabrous. Petals 48, blue, narrowly ovate, ca. 2.5 Χ 1 cm. Stamens many; filaments same color as petals, filiform, longer than ovary; anthers golden. Ovary narrowly ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous; styles ca. 5 mm; stigmas almost clavate, 4-lobed, lobes ± nutant. Capsule narrowly obovoid to narrowly elliptic, 4-valvate at top, glabrous or slightly setose.
39004500 m. SC Xizang [W Bhutan].
The type is from the boundary between Bhutan and Xizang.
白花绿绒蒿 bai hua lu rong hao
Herbs, monocarpic. Taproot napiform to cylindrical, swollen, with a few fibers at top. Stem very short, sometimes extending to 13 cm. Basal leaves few; petiole long, 25.5 cm; blade glaucous abaxially, narrowly oblong to elliptic-oblong, 1.56.2 Χ 0.81.4 cm, both surfaces subglabrous or sparsely setose, base narrowed into petiole, margin entire to slightly lobed. Middle and upper leaves: petiole ca. 2.5 cm; blade generally larger, 4.57 Χ 1.62 cm, pinnately lobed, with up to 5 pairs of pinnae lobes; lobes acute to rounded, apically undulate. Flowers solitary at leaf axils, half-nodding. Pedicel 6.725 cm, sparsely setose or glabrous. Sepals oval, sparsely setose to glabrous. Petals 48, white, ovate to orbicular, 1828 Χ 2.22.8 cm, apex rounded, fluted, with an undulate margin. Filaments white, linear; anthers yellow or orange. Ovary elliptic, densely adpressed setose; styles 35 mm. Capsule cylindric-fusiform, 1525 Χ 67 mm, with sparse ascending stiff hairs; styles 45 mm, stigmas capitate. Fl. JulAug.
* Moist mossy banks, cliff ledges, open leafy banks; 37004600 m. SE Xizang (Bimbi La, Tsangpo, Tsari).
The type is from SE Xizang (Mipak).
紫花绿绒蒿 zi hua lu rong hao
Herbs, monocarpic, to 2 m tall in flower. Taproot radish-like. Basal leaves in a dense, evergreen, sea-green rosette; petiole ca. 7.5 cm; blade elliptic-oblong, ca. 16 Χ 4 cm, both surfaces especially midvein and margin villous and mixed barbellate-pubescent, pinnatisect or pinnatipartite; lobes oblong or lanceolate-oblong, margin entire or irregularly lobed, apex acute. Lower cauline leaves similar to basal ones but shorter petiolate; upper cauline leaves sessile, basally auriculate-amplexicaul, pinnatifid. Inflorescence racemose, barbellate-tomentose. Flowers nutant, bracteate. Pedicel ca. 6.2 cm, to 13 cm at fruiting, slender, apically densely pilose. Petals 4(rarely to 6), pale blue, bluish violet, or sometimes purple, obovate to suborbicular, ca. 3.7 Χ 2.5 cm. Filaments of same color as petals but white at base, filiform; anthers bright orange. Ovary elliptic to elliptic-oblong, densely adpressed or inclined slightly golden pubescent; styles distinct, to 79 mm, usually slender; stigmas virescent, nearly clavate or sometimes with separate lobes. Capsule elliptic-oblong, 3.53.7 Χ 1.41.5 cm, densely ascending pubescent or basally setose, 79-valvate for a short distance from apex. Seeds elliptic-oblong to reniform, seed coat densely papillose. Fl. JunJul.
Steep alpine meadows, gravelly slopes; 30003900 m. SE Xizang [N Myanmar].
The type is from the boundary between SE Xizang and N Myanmar.
总状绿绒蒿 zong zhuang lu rong hao
Herbs, monocarpic, 2050 cm tall, throughout with fulvous or yellowish, firm spines. Taproot terete, ca. 20 cm, above 0.51.5 cm in diam., downward attenuate. Stem erect, terete, 510 mm in diam. near base, basally with smooth persistent leaf bases. Basal leaves: petiole 38 cm, narrowly winged; blade green on both surfaces, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate, or rarely narrowly ovate, 520 Χ 0.74.2 cm, both surfaces with fulvous or yellowish, pale spreading spines, midvein ridged abaxially, lateral veins obscure on both surfaces, base narrowly cuneate, decurrent into petiole, margin entire or undulate, rarely irregularly crenate or shallowly lobed, apex acute or obtuse. Lower cauline leaves few, shortly petiolate, like basal leaves, decreasing in size upward on stem and merging with bracts; uppermost leaves sessile. Inflorescence a simple raceme with up to 14 flowers, sometimes with additional, solitary scapose flowers in axils of basal leaves. Pedicel 25 cm. Flower buds nodding, suborbicular or ovoid, ca. 1 cm in diam. Sepals oblong-ovate, adaxially spiny-hairy. Petals 58, blue or blue-purple, sometimes wine-purple or reddish, obovate-oblong, 23 Χ 12 cm, glabrous. Filaments of same color as petals, often rather darker, ca. 1 cm; anthers yellow or cream, oblong, 1.251.5 mm. Ovary ovoid, 58 mm, densely spiny-hairy; styles conical, 24 mm, ridged, glabrous, protruding from boss of stamens; stigmas whitish, oblong, 12 mm. Capsule ovoid or narrowly ovoid, 0.515 cm, 0.41 cm in diam., with dense, spreading bristles, 46-valvate to 1/3 length of capsule from apex; persistent styles 710 mm. Seeds oblong, 12 mm, seed coat clathrate-tessellate. Fl. MayAug.
* Grassy slopes, stony slopes; 30004600(4900) m. S Gansu, E and S Qinghai, NW and W Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan.
1a.. Petals without spines on both sides .............................................................. 16a. var. racemosa
1b.. Petals: medial and lower with sparse slender spines on both sides ................ 16b. var. spinulifera
总状绿绒蒿 (原变种) zong zhuang lu rong hao (yuan bian zhong)
Meconopsis horridula J. D. Hooker & Thomson var. racemosa (Maximowicz) Prain; M. horridula var. rudis Prain; M. prattii (Prain) Prain; M. rudis Prain; M. sinuata Prain var. prattii Prain.
Petals without spines on both sides.
* Grassy slopes, stony slopes, sometimes in forest understories; 30004600(4900) m. S Gansu, E and S Qinghai, NW and W Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan.
The type is from the boundary between N Sichuan and Qinghai.
刺瓣绿绒蒿 ci ban lu rong hao
Meconopsis horridula var. spinulifera L. H. Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 113. 1979.
Petals sparsely thinly spiny below middle on both sides. Filaments narrowly linear. Styles with 4 ridges, membranous winged, ca. 1.5 mm wide.
* About 4000 m. S Qinghai (Yushu).
The type is from S Qinghai.
One of us (Grey-Wilson) has not seen authenticated material of this taxon (var. spinulifera) and is unable to evaluate its status.
??vernacular name
Meconopsis horridula J. D. Hooker & Thomson var. rudis Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 64: 314. 1896.
Herbs, monocarpic, to 90 cm tall in flower, often 2045 cm. Stem terete, 510 mm in diam., sparsely to moderately densely stiffly hairy. Leaves all in a basal rosette; petiole narrowly winged, 2.210.5 cm; blade pale abaxially, glaucous adaxially, elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, 614 Χ 1.54.2 cm, adaxially with sparse, purple-black-based bristles, midvein abaxially ridged, lateral veins rather obscure on both surfaces, base attenuate into petiole, margin shallowly lobed and somewhat undulate, apex acute to subacute. Inflorescence racemose, with up to 15 flowers, only lowermost bracteate. Flowers nodding to lateral-facing, 4.48.4 cm in diam.; sometimes with an additional solitary scapose flower, from axils of basal leaves. Pedicel 0.78.5(11.5) cm (to 18 cm in fruit), with sparse, stiff, spreading bristles. Sepals oblong-ovate, abaxially bristly, bristles with a purple-black base. Petals 57(or 8), blue, purple, or violet-blue, occasionally pale blue or pinkish purple, obovate to ovate, 23.8 Χ 1.83.2 cm, glabrous. Filaments of same color as petals, often darker; anthers gray or yellowish gray, 0.51.25 mm. Ovary ovoid, densely bristly; styles narrowly conical, 13 mm; stigmas yellowish, 1.52 mm, protruding beyond boss of stamens. Capsule ovoid, 815 Χ 714 mm, with stiff, erect bristles, 46-valvate for a short distance from top; persistent styles 67 mm. Fl. JunSep.
* Grassy slopes, stony pastures, rocky places, scree, cliff ledges; 34004800 m. SW and W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
The type is from NW Yunnan (Lijiang).
??vernacular name
Meconopsis sinuata Prain var. prattii Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64(2): 314. 1896.
Herbs, monocarpic, 3092 cm tall in flower. Stem stiffly erect, 1015 mm in diam. at base, spreading bristly, pale overall. Basal leaves in a spreading rosette; petiole to 6.5 cm; blade pale green abaxially, mid-green adaxially, elliptic-oblanceolate to oblanceolate, 820 Χ 1.43.6 cm, both surfaces with spreading, pale, stiff, bristle-like hairs to 6 mm, base attenuate into petiole, margin undulate, entire to shallowly and unevenly lobed, apex acute to subacute. Lower cauline leaves similar to basal leaves, decreasing in size upward on stem and merging with lower bracts, but most of inflorescence ebracteate. Inflorescence a simple raceme with up to 32 flowers, sometimes with several solitary, scapose, depauperate flowers from axils of basal leaves. Pedicel 0.87.2 cm, with stiff bristle-like hairs. Flowers lateral-facing to half-nodding, 3.87 cm in diam., fragrant. Sepals oblong to oblong-ovate, adaxially with spreading pale bristles. Petals 5 or 6, blue, purple, blue-purple, or lavender, occasionally wine-purple or whitish, obovate to oblong, 1.83.6 Χ 1.53 cm, glabrous. Filaments of same color as petals, often darker; anthers white to orange-yellow or yellowish gray, 11.5 mm. Ovary ovoid, spiny; styles narrowly conical, 24 mm, glabrous; stigmas pale green or cream, 23 mm, included within boss of stamens. Capsule ovoid to ovoid-elliptic, 1.72 Χ 0.81 cm, with rather sparse, spreading, pale colored bristles, 57-valvate. Fl. JunSep.
Open stony pastures and meadows, cliffs, scree, roadside embankments, margins of pine woodlands, forest understories; 34003900 m. SW and W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [N Myanmar].
The type is from W Sichuan (Kangding).
The position of Meconopsis prainiana Kingdon Ward (described from Kongbo, SE Xizang), requires further investigation. The plants are very similar to M. prattii in general characteristics and proportions but the flowers are consistently 4-petalled and these can be blue or pale yellow.
美丽绿绒蒿 mei li lu rong hao
Meconopsis cawdoriana Kingdon Ward; M. ouvrardiana Handel-Mazzetti.
Herbs, monocarpic, 1560 cm tall, throughout rubiginous or yellowish bristly. Taproot long and stout, ca. 30 cm, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Stems erect, terete, rubiginous or yellowish bristly, basally with persistent leaf bases. Basal leaves: petiole 211 cm, including wings 26 mm wide; blade lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 513 Χ 2.54 cm, midvein broad, shallowly channelled, lateral veins slender, basally attenuate into petiole, margin pinnatipartite, apex rounded or acute; lobes oblong, apex rounded, rarely acute, usually rounded-incised. Cauline leaves alike basal leaves but smaller, shortly petiolate or sessile to subsessile. Inflorescence racemose; flowers 620, very fragrant, only lowermost bracteate, sometimes accompanied by solitary flowered basal scapes, rarely basal scape bases agglomerated on short stems. Pedicel erect, 28 cm. Flower buds spheroidal, 12 cm in diam. Sepals adaxially fulvous spreading bristly. Petals 48, blue to fleshy-mauve, obovate to suborbicular, 24.5 Χ 24 cm, apex rounded. Filaments of same color as petals but more deeply colored, filiform, ca. 1 cm; anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm. Ovary spheroidal to ovoid, ca. 5 mm. densely rubiginous spiny-hairy; styles 24 mm, ridged, sometimes near base spiny-hairy; stigmas oblong, 23 mm. Capsule elliptic, 1.52.5 cm, 0.51.2 cm in diam., densely rubiginous but base purple or fulvous spiny-hairy; styles stout, extended to 1 cm, 48-valvate for 1/3 of its length from apex. Seeds reniform, seed coat longitudinally pitted. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
* Among alpine shrubs, grasslands, rocky slopes, cliff ledges and crevices, alpine scree; 37004400 m. W Sichuan (Kangding), SE Xizang (Motuo), NW Yunnan (Dκqκn, Gongshan, Weixi).
The type is from Dκqκn.
皮刺绿绒蒿 pi ci lu rong hao
Meconopsis aculeata var. typica Prain, nom. invalid!!.
Herbs, monocarpic, 3060 cm tall in flower. Taproot long and narrow, or napiform, to 13 cm. Basal leaves in a deciduous rosette; petiole 1015 cm, basally expanded and sheathing stem; blade variously shaped, oblong or cordate to deltoid, 1020 Χ 3.55 cm, pinnatifid or irregularly pinnatisect, rarely bipinnatifid, usually broadly incised among lower lobes, both surfaces with rather sparse, simple bristle-like hairs, apex obtuse or rounded to acute. Lower cauline leaves similar to basal ones but upper cauline leaves sessile, smaller and with fewer divisions. Inflorescence a raceme with up to 20 flowers, all but uppermost bracteate or in axils of leaves. Flowers shallowly cup-shaped, lateral-facing to semi-nutant. Pedicel erect, 2.513.5 cm. Petals usually 4, rarely 5 or 6, sky blue or rarely blue-purple or red, obovate or suborbicular, ca. 3.7 Χ 3.7 cm. Filaments filiform, of same color as petals but deeper; anthers golden. Ovary globose to elliptic, densely golden fulvous to bristly, bristles at first adpressed, later ascending to subspreading; styles distinct, ca. 1.2 cm, basally thickened in fruiting; stigma lobes free or connate, oblong or spherical. Capsule spheroidal to elliptic-oblong, densely bristly, 46(rarely 38)-valvate for a short distance from apex. Seeds reniform. Fl. JunAug. 2n = 56.
Rocky habitats, scree, stream margins; 24004200 m. SW Xizang [NW India, Pakistan].
The type is from NW India.
丽江绿绒蒿 li jiang lu rong hao
Herbs, monocarpic, to 40 cm tall in flower (to 60 cm in fruit). Taproot conical or radish-like, 210 Χ 11.5 cm, with fibrous slender roots. Leaves usually all basal, deciduous; petiole 2.53.2 cm; blade oblanceolate to elliptic-oblong or broadly linear, 520 Χ 0.52 cm, both surfaces sparsely adpressed bright brown hirsute, midvein prominent abaxially, distinct adaxially, apex rounded or triangular, basally attenuate to wing, wing base slightly ampliate to membranous-sheathed, margin entire or somewhat repand. Inflorescence simple scapose, erect, scape with straw-colored, soft, deflexed bristles. Flowers 37, on upper part of scape, ebracteate, 34.8 cm in diam. Pedicel nutant when young, later spreading, 13 cm, extended to 9 cm at fruiting, bright brown compressed-hirsute. Flower buds obovoid or globose, 12 Χ 0.71.3 cm. Sepals adaxially brown soft-bristly. Petals usually 4, rarely 5, slightly blue or pale indigo, occasionally whitish with a bluish base, ovate or broadly ovate, 1.42.5 Χ 1.22 cm. Filaments purplish, filiform, 510 mm; anthers golden-yellow, oblong, ca. 1 mm. Ovary elliptic-oblong, glabrous or sparsely hirsute; styles very short or absent; stigmas 24-lobed. Capsule erect, nearly narrowly cylindrical, 3.96.3 cm, 4.57 mm in diam., glabrous or sparsely hirsute, 24-valvate to 1/3 length of capsule from apex. Seeds falcate-elliptic, seed coat inconspicuously pitted. Fl. MayJul.
* Grassy slopes, rocky places, woodland margins, banks; (3100)34004300 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan (Lijiang, Yangbi, Zhongdian).
The type is from Lijiang.
长叶绿绒蒿 chang ye lu rong hao
Cathcartia lancifolia Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 391. 1886; Meconopsis eximia Prain; M. lancifolia var. solitariifolia Fedde; M. lepida Prain.
Herbs, monocarpic, 835 cm tall in flower, extremely variable. Taproot radish-like, 38 cm, 510 mm in diam. Stems erect, with fulvous, compressed or deflexed, soft bristles, or ± glabrous. Leaves mostly or all basal; petiole 27 cm; blade paler abaxially, green or gray-green adaxially, oblanceolate, spatulate, obovate, or elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, 115 Χ 0.51.7 cm, both surfaces glabrous or with fulvous deflexed or curved soft bristles, midvein distinct, lateral veins slender, base cuneate, decurrent to wings, margin usually entire, often somewhat undulate, apex rounded or acute. Inflorescence racemose, with 313 ebracteate flowers, each 2.95 cm in diam., scape variable in thickness, sometimes, in addition, simple on basal scapes, setose to subglabrous. Pedicel 0.53 cm, sparsely to densely setose. Flower buds suborbicular or oblong, 510 mm in diam. Sepals adaxially sparsely rubiginous setose. Petals 48, satiny purple or blue, sometimes pale purple-blue or ruddy purple, obovate, suborbicular, or oval, 13 Χ 0.73 cm, apex rounded or acute, sometimes serrulate. Filaments of same color as petals, filiform, 510 mm; anthers yellow to black-brown, gray, or grayish white, oblong, 11.5 mm. Ovary oblong, elliptic-oblong, or elliptic, with sparse fulvous compressed bristly hairs, rarely glabrous; styles 12 mm; stigmas yellowish, capitate, (2- or)36-lobed. Capsule green, brown when mature, with styles and fruit ribs deep purple, narrowly obovoid, oblong-elliptic, narrowly oblong, or rarely subterete, 1.52.2 cm, 58 mm in diam., glabrous or sparsely spreading fulvous setose, 36-valvate for ca. 1/3 length from top. Seeds reniform or falcate-elliptic. Fl. JunAug.
Forest understories and margins, alpine meadows, rocky places; 33004800 m. SW Gansu, NW and W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [NE Myanmar].
The syntypes are from Dali, Heqing, and Eryuan, Yunnan.
红花绿绒蒿 hong hua lu rong hao
Cathcartia punicea Maximowicz, nom. confusum; Meconopsis punicea f. albiflora L. H. Zhou; M. punicea var. elliptica Z. J. Cui & Y. S. Lian; M. punicea var. glabra M. Z. Lu & Y. S. Lian.
Herbs, perennial or monocarpic, 3075 cm tall in flower, base with persistent leaf bases, armed with dense shortly branched yellowish or brown setae. Roots fibrous. Leaves all basal, forming a rosette, deciduous; petiole 634 cm, basally slightly ampliate sheathed; blade oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, 318 Χ 14 cm, both surfaces with dense, shortly branched, yellowish or brown, barbellate setae, obviously longitudinally veined, basally attenuate and decurrent into petiole, margin entire, apex acute. Scapes 16 from rosette leaf cluster, usually costate, fulvous barbellate-setose, ribbed. Flowers simple on basal scapes, nutant. Flower buds ovoid. Sepals ovate, 1.54 cm, adaxially densely yellowish or brown barbellate-setose. Petals 4, rarely 6, intense carmine, rarely white, elliptic, 610 Χ 2.35 cm, apex acute or rounded. Filaments reddish, linear, 13 cm, flat; anthers yellow or brownish yellow, oblong, 34 mm. Ovary broadly oblong or ovate, 13 cm, densely yellowish barbellate-setose; styles very short or obsolete; stigmas 46-lobed. Capsule elliptic-oblong, 1.82.5 Χ 11.4 cm, glabrous or densely yellowish barbellate-setose, 46-valvate for a short distance from apex. Seeds densely papillose. Fl. JunSep.
* Grassy slopes, open shrubberies, mountain heaths and moorlands; 28004300 m. SW Gansu, SE Qinghai, NW Sichuan, NE Xizang.
The type is from nearby NW Sichuan and NE Xizang.