木兰科 mu lan ke
Xia Nianhe (夏念和)[1], Liu Yuhu (刘玉壶 Law Yuh Wu)1; Hans P. Nooteboom[2]
Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, usually with perfect flowers, rarely dioecious, monoecious, or andro-dioecious, usually with trichomes or rarely glabrous. Vegetative buds enclosed by hooded stipules. Stipules 2, connate and adnate to or free from petiole, splitting and caducous but with a remaining annular scar on twig or if adnate to petiole with scar on petiole. Leaves simple, spirally arranged, rarely distichous, sometimes fascicled on twig apex and becoming pseudoverticillate, petiolate; leaf blade pinnately veined, margin entire or rarely lobed. Flowers terminal or terminal on axillary brachyblasts, solitary, large, insect-pollinated. Spathaceous bracts 1 to several, basal to tepals. Tepals 6–9(–45), in 2 to many whorls, 3(–6) per whorl, usually fleshy, sometimes outer ones (perules) nearly leathery or reduced and sepal-like. Carpels and stamens many, distinct, spirally arranged on an elongated torus. Androecium usually at basal part of torus; filaments thick and short, sometimes elongated; connective usually exserted and forming a long or short tip; anthers linear, with 2 thecae, introrsely, laterally, or rarely extrorsely longitudinally dehiscing. Gynoecium at apical part of torus, sessile or with a gynophore; carpels folded, usually distinct, sometimes connate at base or rarely completely connate; ovules 2–14 per carpel, in 2 series on ventral sutures. Fruit apocarpous or sometimes syncarpous; mature carpels usually dehiscing along dorsal and/or ventral sutures, rarely connate and irregularly dehiscing or (in Liriodendron) indehiscent, samaroid, and adnate to seed endotesta. Seeds 1–12 per fruiting carpel, pendulous on a filiform elastic funiculus, exserted from mature carpels; testa fleshy, red; endotesta bony; embryo minute; endosperm copious, oily.
Seventeen (or two) genera and ca. 300 species: mainly in SE Asia and in Central America, E and S North America, including Mexico and Antilles, and N South America; 13 genera and 112 or 108 species including eight hybrid species (66 or 62 endemic, three exotic) in China.
Several species in subfamily Magnolioideae are grown for their dried flower buds, known as xinyi (辛夷), that are used medicinally. In addition Rytidospermum officinale (Magnolia officinalis) is extensively grown for its medicinal bark. All species in the family are ornamental, and many are grown in public and private gardens throughout much of China and in other parts of the world.
One of the co-authors (Nooteboom) considers the family Magnoliaceae to include two mono-generic subfamilies with subfamily Magnolioideae containing the genus Magnolia and subfamily Liriodendroideae containing the genus Liriodendron. The reduction of the former genera of Magnolioideae to a single genus is based on DNA analysis (S. Kim et al., Amer. J. Bot. 88: 717–728. 2001; H. Azuma et al., J. Plant Res. 112: 291–306. 1999; H. Azuma et al., Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1988 219–227. 2000; H. Azuma et al., Amer. J. Bot. 88: 2275–2285. 2001; W. S. Judd et al., Pl. Syst. Phylogenet. Approach 222–224. 1999) and morphology (R. B. Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1988 14–25. 2000; R. B. Figlar & H. P. Nooteboom, Blumea 49: 87–100. 2004). In the present treatment, not only are previously recognized genera still included but additional new and/or reinstated segregate genera of Magnolioideae are recognized.
Nooteboom observes problems in the present treatment of segregate genera. An example of morphological similarity, that is strengthened by DNA results, is the similar fruit of Michelia species and Yulania (Magnolia) stellata. The present treatment distinguishes Michelia and Yulania on the basis of pseudoaxillary flowers in Michelia, but Y. stellata also has pseudoaxillary flowers. Furthermore, the emphasis given to fruit characters in order to separate genera is inconsistent, which renders the key to genera unworkable for specimens that lack fruit. Michelia (Magnolia) baillonii has fruit with connate carpels and is regarded as a Michelia species, although, even with fruit, it cannot be determined to Michelia and instead keys out as Talauma. The same character, fruit with connate carpels, is used to distinguish T. (Magnolia) hodgsonii from Lirianthe, even though, in the absence of fruit, it can hardly or not at all be distinguished from L. (Magnolia) henryi.
The following checklist is provided for the benefit of those who prefer to recognize subfamily Magnolioideae to include only the genus Magnolia. All the names of subfamily Magnolioideae accepted in the present treatment (in italics) are cross-referenced to the corresponding names in Magnolia (in boldface), with the latter followed by full bibliographic references. Except for treating all subfamily Magnolioideae as monogeneric, the taxonomy at the specific and infraspecific level of this checklist differs from the text only in that one co-author (Nooteboom) considers that Magnolia fordiana var. calcarea, M. fordiana var. forrestii, M. figo var. crassipes, and M. figo var. skinneriana should be recognized rather than treating these four taxa as species.
Alcimandra cathcartii = Magnolia cathcartii
Lirianthe albosericea = Magnolia albosericea
Lirianthe championii = Magnolia championii
Lirianthe coco = Magnolia coco
Lirianthe delavayi = Magnolia delavayi
Lirianthe fistulosa = Magnolia fistulosa
Lirianthe fujianensis = Magnolia xiaensis
Lirianthe henryi = Magnolia henryi
Lirianthe odoratissima = Magnolia odoratissima
Magnolia ×alba (Candolle) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998. 21. 2000.
Magnolia albosericea Chun & C. H. Tsoong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 118. 1964.
Magnolia amoena W. C. Cheng, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China Bot. 9: 280. 1934.
Magnolia angustioblonga (Y. W. Law & Y. F. Wu) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 21. 2000.
Magnolia aromatica (Dandy) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 183. 2006.
Magnolia baillonii Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 2. 1879.
Magnolia balansae Aug. Candolle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 4: 294. 1904.
Magnolia biondii Pampanini, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. 17: 275. 1910.
Magnolia campbellii J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 77. 1855.
Magnolia cathcartii (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Nooteboom, Blumea 31: 88. 1985.
Magnolia cavaleriei (Finet & Gagnepain) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 21. 2000.
Magnolia cavaleriei var. platypetala (Handel-Mazzetti) Nooteboom, comb. nov., based on Michelia platypetala Handel-Mazzetti, Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 18: 89. 1921.
Magnolia caveana (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) D. C. S. Raju & M. P. Nayar, Indian J. Bot. 3: 171. 1980.
Magnolia champaca (Linnaeus) Baillon ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 536. 1880.
Magnolia champaca (Linnaeus) Baillon ex Pierre var. pubinervia (Blume) Figlar & Nooteboom, Blumea 49: 96. 2004.
Magnolia championii Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 8. 1861.
Magnolia changhungtaensis Nooteboom, nom. nov., based on Manglietia pachyphylla Hung T. Chang, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyats. 1: 53. 1961, not Magnolia pachyphylla Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 186. 1928.
Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima, Yunnan Forest. Sci. Technol. 2001(2): 29. 2001.
Magnolia chevalieri (Dandy) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 183. 2006.
Magnolia coco (Loureiro) Candolle, Syst. Nat. 1: 459. 1817.
Magnolia compressa Maximovicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 17: 417. 1872
Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 183. 2006.
Magnolia coriacea (Hung T. Chang & B. L. Chen) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 21. 2000.
Magnolia crassipes (Y.W. Law) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.
Magnolia cylindrica E. H. Wilson, J. Arnold Arbor. 8: 109. 1927.
Magnolia dandyi Gagnepain, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 8: 63. 1939.
Magnolia dawsoniana Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 397. 1913.
Magnolia decidua (Q. Y. Zheng) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006
Magnolia delavayi Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 1: 33. 1889.
Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux in Lamarck. Encycl. 3(2): 675. 1792
Magnolia doltsopa (Buchanan-Hamilton ex Candolle) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 21. 2000.
Magnolia duclouxii (Finet & Gagnepain) Hu in Hu & Chun, Icon. Pl. Sin. 2: 18. 1929.
Magnolia ×elegantifolia Nooteboom, nom. nov., based on Michelia ×elegans Y. W. Law & Y. F. Wu, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(3): 71. 1988, not Magnolia elegans (Blume) H. Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1978.
Magnolia elliptigemmata C. L. Guo & L. L. Huang, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 10: 325. 1992.
Magnolia ernestii Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 21. 2000.
Magnolia ernestii subsp. szechuanica (Dandy) Sima & Figlar, Yunnan Forest. Sci. Technol. 2001(2): 31. 2001.
Magnolia figlarii V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.
Magnolia figo (Loureiro) Candolle, Syst. Nat. 1: 460. 1817.
Magnolia figo var. crassipes (Y. W. Law) Figlar & Nooteboom, Blumea 49: 96. 2004.
Magnolia figo var. skinneriana (Dunn) Nooteboom, stat. & comb. nov., based on Michelia skinneriana Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 354. 1908.
Magnolia fistulosa (Finet & Gagnepain) Dandy, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 16: 124. 1928.
Magnolia flaviflora (Law & Y. F. Wu) Figlar, Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 21. 2000.
Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnepain) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 21. 2000.
Magnolia fordiana (Oliver) Hu, J. Arnold Arbor. 5: 228. 1924.
Magnolia fordiana var. calcarea V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.
Magnolia fordiana var. forrestii (W. W. Smith) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.
Magnolia fordiana var. hainanesis (Dandy) Nooteboom, stat. & comb. nov., based on Manglietia hainanensis Dandy, J. Bot. 68: 204. 1930.
Magnolia foveolata (Merrill ex Dandy) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 21. 2000.
Magnolia fujianensis (Q. F. Zheng) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 22. 2000.
Magnolia fulva (Hung T. Chang & B. L. Chen) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 22. 2000.
Magnolia garrettii (Craib) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.
Magnolia gioii (A. Chevalier) Nooteboom, comb. nov., based on Talauma gioii A. Chevalier, Bull. Econ. Indochine 20: 790. 1918.
Magnolia glaucifolia (Y. W. Law & Y. F. Wu) Nooteboom, comb nov., based on Manglietia glaucifolia Y. W. Law & Y. F. Wu, Guihaia 6: 263. 1986.
Magnolia globosa J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 77. 1855.
Magnolia grandiflora Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2: 1802. 1759.
Magnolia grandis (Hu & W. C. Cheng) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.
Magnolia guangdongensis (Y. H. Yan et al.) Nooteboom, comb. nov., based on Michelia guangdongensis Y. H. Yan et al., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 41: 491. 2004.
Magnolia guangxiensis (Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou) Sima, Yunnan Forest. Sci. Technol. 2001(2): 32. 2001.
Magnolia henryi Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 484. 1903.
Magnolia hodgsonii (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) H. Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1976.
Magnolia hongheensis (Y. M. Shui & W. H. Chen) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.
Magnolia hookeri ( Cubitt & W. W. Smith) D. C. S. Raju & N. P. Nayar, Indian J. Bot. 3: 171. 1980.
Magnolia insignis Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. Illustr. 1: 3. 1824.
Magnolia iteophylla (C. Y. Wu ex Y. W. Law & Y. F. Wu) Nooteboom, comb. nov., based on Michelia iteophylla C. Y. Wu ex Y. W. Law & Y. F. Wu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10: 337. 1988.
Magnolia ×jigongshanensis T. B. Chao et al., J. Henan Univ., Nat. Sci. 26: 62. 2000.
Magnolia kachirachirai (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 264. 1927.
Magnolia kisopa (Buchanan-Hamilton ex Candolle) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 22. 2000.
Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Nooteboom, Blumea 49: 96. 2004.
Magnolia kwangtungensis Merrill, J. Arnold. Arbor. 8: 5. 1927.
Magnolia lacei (W. W. Smith) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 22. 2000.
Magnolia laevifolia (Y. W. Law & Y. F. Wu) Nooteboom, Blumea 52: 562. 2007.
Magnolia lanuginosa (Wallich) Figlar & Nooteboom, Blumea 49: 96. 2004.
Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 22. 2000.
Magnolia liliiflora Desrousseaux in Lamarck, Encycl. 3(2): 675. 1791.
Magnolia longipedunculata (Q. W. Zeng & Y. W. Law) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.
Magnolia lotungensis Chun & C. H. Tsoong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 225. 1963
Magnolia lucida (B. L. Chen & S. C. Yang) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.
Magnolia macclurei (Dandy) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 22. 2000.
Magnolia martinii H. Léveillé, Bull. Soc. Agric. Sarthe 39: 321. 1904.
Magnolia masticata (Dandy) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 23. 2000.
Magnolia maudiae (Dunn) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 23. 2000.
Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 23. 2000.
Magnolia ×mirifolia (D. L. Fu et al.) Nooteboom, comb. nov., based on Yulania ×mirifolia D. L. Fu et al., Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 24: 261. 2004.
Magnolia ×multiflora M. C. Wang & C. L. Min, Acta Bot. Bor.-Occid. Sin. 12: 85. 1992.
Magnolia nitida W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 12: 212. 1920.
Magnolia obovalifolia (C. Y. Wu & Y. W. Law) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 185. 2006.
Magnolia obovata Thunberg, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 336. 1794.
Magnolia odora (Chun) Figlar & Nooteboom, Blumea 49: 97. 2004.
Magnolia odoratissima Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 6(2): 139. 1986.
Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 391. 1913.
Magnolia omeiensis (Hu & W. C. Cheng) Dandy in S. Nilsson, World Pollen Spore Fl. 3(Magnoliaceae): 5. 1974.
Magnolia opipara (Hung T. Chang & B. L. Chen) Sima, Yunnan Forest. Sci. Technol. 2001(2): 34. 2001.
Magnolia ovoidea (Hung T. Chang & B. L. Chen) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 185. 2006.
Magnolia patungensis (Hu) Nooteboom, comb. nov., based on Manglietia patungensis Hu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 335. 1951.
Magnolia ×pilocarpa Z. Z. Zhao & Z. W. Xie, Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 22: 777. 1987.
Magnolia rostrata W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 12: 213. 1920.
Magnolia rufibarbata Dandy, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 16: 128. 1928.
Magnolia sargentiana Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 398. 1913.
Magnolia shiluensis (Chun & Y. F. Wu) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 23. 2000.
Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch, Hort. Dendr. 4: 11. 1853.
Magnolia sinensis (Rehder & E. H. Wilson) Stapf, Bot. Mag. 149: t. 9004. 1924.
Magnolia sinica (W. W. Law) Nooteboom Blumea 31: 91. 1985.
Magnolia ×soulangeana Soulange-Bodin, Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 269. 1826
Magnolia sphaerantha (C. Y. Wu ex Z. S. Yue ) Sima, Yunnan Forest. Sci. Technol. 2001(2): 34. 2001.
Magnolia sprengeri Pampanini, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s. 22: 295. 1915.
Magnolia stellata Maximowicz, , Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. 17: 418. 1872.
Magnolia ventii (N. V. Tiep) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 185. 2006.
Magnolia ×viridula (D. L. Fu et al.) Nooteboom, comb. nov., based on Yulania ×viridula D. L. Fu et al., Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 24: 263. 2004.
Magnolia wilsonii (Finet & Gagnepain) Rehder in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 395. 1913.
Magnolia xanthantha (C. Y. Wu ex Law & Y. F. Wu) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 23. 2000.
Magnolia xiaensis Nooteboom, nom. nov., based on Magnolia fujianensis R. Z. Zhou, J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 12: 473. 2004, not Magnolia fujianensis (Q. F. Zheng) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 22. 2000 (after N. H. Xia).
Magnolia xinganensis Nooteboom, nom. nov., based on Manglietia oblonga Y. W. Law et al., Ann. Bot. Fen. 43: 64. 2006, not Magnolia oblonga (Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Figlar, Proc. Internat. Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 21. 2000.
Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) Nooteboom, Blumea 31(1): 88. 1985.
Magnolia zenii W. C. Cheng, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China Bot. 8: 291. 1933.
Magnolia zhengyiana (N. H. Xia) Nooteboom, comb.nov., based on Manglietia zhengyiana N. H. Xia, Fl. China 7: ?? ????.
Manglietia aromatica = Magnolia aromatica
Manglietia calcarea = Magnolia fordiana var. calcarea
Manglietia caveana = Magnolia caveana
Manglietia chevalieri = Magnolia chevalieri
Manglietia conifera = Magnolia conifera
Manglietia crassipes = Magnolia crassipes
Manglietia dandyi = Magnolia dandyi
Manglietia decidua = Magnolia decidua
Manglietia duclouxii = Magnolia duclouxii
Manglietia fordiana = Magnolia fordiana
Manglietia fordiana var. hainanensis = Magnolia fordiana var. hainanesis
Manglietia forrestii = Magnolia fordiana var. forrestii
Manglietia garretii = Magnolia garrettii
Manglietia glaucifolia = Magnolia glaucifolia
Manglietia grandis = Magnolia grandis
Manglietia hongheensis = Magnolia hongheensis
Manglietia hookeri = Magnolia hookeri
Manglietia insignis = Magnolia insignis
Manglietia kwangtungensis = Magnolia kwangtungensis
Manglietia longipedunculata = Magnolia longipedunculata
Manglietia lucida = Magnolia lucida
Manglietia oblonga = Magnolia xinganensis
Manglietia obovalifolia = Magnolia obovalifolia
Manglietia ovoidea = Magnolia ovoidea
Manglietia pachyphylla = Magnolia changhungtaensis
Manglietia patungensis = Magnolia patungensis
Manglietia rufibarbata Dandy = Magnolia rufibarbata
Manglietia szechuanica = Magnolia figlarii
Manglietia ventii = Magnolia ventii
Manglietia zhengyiana = Magnolia zhengyiana
Michelia ×alba = Magnolia ×alba
Michelia angustioblonga = Magnolia angustioblonga
Michelia baillonii = Magnolia baillonii
Michelia balansae = Magnolia balansae
Michelia cavaleriei = Magnolia cavaleriei
Michelia cavaleriei var. platypetala = Magnolia cavaleriei var. platypetala
Michelia champaca = Magnolia champaca
Michelia champaca var. pubinervia = Magnolia champaca var. pubinervia
Michelia chapensis = Magnolia chapensis
Michelia compressa = Magnolia compressa
Michelia coriacea = Magnolia coriacea
Michelia crassipes = Magnolia figo var. crassipes
Michelia doltsopa = Magnolia doltsopa
Michelia ×elegans = Magnolia ×elegantifolia
Michelia figo = Magnolia figo
Michelia flaviflora = Magnolia flaviflora
Michelia floribunda = Magnolia floribunda
Michelia foveolata = Magnolia foveolata
Michelia fujianensis = Magnolia fujianensis
Michelia fulva = Magnolia fulva
Michelia gioii = Magnolia gioii
Michelia guangdongensis = Magnolia guangdongensis
Michelia guangxiensis = Magnolia guangxiensis
Michelia iteophylla = Magnolia iteophylla
Michelia kisopa = Magnolia kisopa
Michelia lacei = Magnolia lacei
Michelia leveilleana = Magnolia leveilleana
Michelia macclurei = Magnolia macclurei
Michelia martinii = Magnolia martinii
Michelia masticata = Magnolia masticata
Michelia maudiae = Magnolia maudiae
Michelia mediocris = Magnolia mediocris
Michelia odora = Magnolia odora
Michelia opipara = Magnolia opipara
Michelia shiluensis = Magnolia shiluensis
Michelia skinneriana = Magnolia figo var. skinneriana
Michelia sphaerantha = Magnolia sphaerantha
Michelia velutina = Magnolia lanuginosa
Michelia wilsonii = Magnolia ernestii
Michelia wilsonii subsp. szechuanica = Magnolia ernestii subsp. szechuanica
Michelia xanthantha = Magnolia xanthantha
Michelia yunnanensis = Magnolia laevifolia
Oyama globosa = Magnolia globosa
Oyama sieboldii = Magnolia sieboldii
Oyama sinensis = Magnolia sinensis
Oyama wilsonii = Magnolia wilsonii
Pachylarnax sinica = Magnolia sinica
Parakmeria kachirachirai = Magnolia kachirachirai
Parakmeria lotungensis = Magnolia lotungensis
Parakmeria nitida = Magnolia nitida
Parakmeria omeiensis Cheng = Magnolia omeiensis
Parakmeria yunnanensis Hu = Magnolia yunnanensis
Rytidospermum obovatum = Magnolia obovata
Rytidospermum officinale = Magnolia officinalis
Rytidospermum rostratum = Magnolia rostrata
Talauma hodgsonii = Magnolia hodgsonii
Woonyoungia septentrionalis = Magnolia kwangsiensis
Yulania amoena = Magnolia amoena
Yulania biondii = Magnolia biondii
Yulania campbellii = Magnolia campbellii
Yulania cylindrica = Magnolia cylindrica
Yulania dawsoniana = Magnolia dawsoniana
Yulania denudata = Magnolia denudata
Yulania elliptigemmata = Magnolia elliptigemmata
Yulania ×jigongshanensis = Magnolia ×jigongshanensis
Yulania liliiflora = Magnolia liliiflora
Yulania ×mirifolia = Magnolia ×mirifolia
Yulania ×multiflora = Magnolia ×multiflora
Yulania ×pilocarpa = Magnolia ×pilocarpa
Yulania sargentiana = Magnolia sargentiana
Yulania stellata = Magnolia stellata
Yulania ×soulangiana = Magnolia ×soulangeana
Yulania sprengeri = Magnolia sprengeri
Yulania ×viridula = Magnolia ×viridula
Yulania zenii = Magnolia zenii
Law Yuwu. 1996. Magnoliaceae (excluding Illicieae and Schisandreae). In: Law Yuwu, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 82–198, 270–271.
1a. Leaf blade 4–10-lobed; anthers dehiscent extrorsely; matured carpels samaroid, indehiscent, deciduous, fruit axis persistent; testa thin and dry, adnate to endocarp (subfam. Liriodendroideae) 13. Liriodendron
1b. Leaf blade unlobed or rarely 2-lobed at apex; anthers dehiscent introrsely or latrorsely; mature carpels not samaroid but in various shapes such as globose, ovoid, ellipsoid, or terete, usually twisted because of abortion of some carpels, dehiscent or circumscissile; testa fleshy, free from fruit segments (subfam. Magnolioideae).
2a. Fruit cylindric or terete; torus elongated in fruit.
3a. Flowers terminal on axillary brachyblasts ........................................................ 12. Michelia
3b. Flowers terminal.
4a. Plants evergreen; perules absent; anthers dehiscing introrsely ................... 10. Alcimandra
4b. Plants deciduous; perules present; anthers dehiscing
introrse-latrorsely
..................................................................................................................... 11.
Yulania
2b. Fruit globose, ovoid, or ellipsoid; torus not elongated in fruit.
5a. Young leaves open in bud.
6a. Mature carpels dehiscing along ventral sutures ......................................... 8. Pachylarnax
6b. Mature carpels dehiscing along dorsal sutures ........................................... 9. Parakmeria
5b. Young leaves folded in bud
7a. Mature carpels circumscissile ........................................................................ 5. Talauma
7b. Mature carpels dehiscing along ventral or dorsal sutures.
8a. Flowers unisexual ............................................................................... 7. Woonyoungia
8b. Flowers bisexual.
9a. Ovules 4 to many per carpel ................................................................. 1. Manglietia
9b. Ovules 2 per carpel.
10a. Flowers terminal; peduncle slender; leaves distichously arranged ................ 6. Oyama
10b. Flowers terminal on terminal brachyblasts; peduncle with internodes of brachyblasts; leaves spirally arranged, ± fascicled, or pseudowhorled.
11a. Leaves pseudoverticillate .......................................................... 4. Rytidospermum
11b. Leaves spirally arranged or fascicled.
12a. Fruit ovoid ....................................................................................... 2. Magnolia
12b. Fruit ellipsoid ................................................................................... 3. Lirianthe
木莲属 mu lian shu
Paramanglietia Hu & W. C. Cheng; Sinomanglietia Z. X. Yu & Q. Y. Zheng.
Trees, evergreen or rarely deciduous (only Manglietia decidua). Stipules adnate to petiole, leaving long or short scar on petiole. Leaves folded in bud; leaf blade leathery, margin entire. Flowers terminal or terminal on terminal brachyblasts, bisexual. Tepals usually 9–13, 3 per whorl, greenish or red, subequal, subleathery but 3 of outer whorl usually thinner. Filaments short and inconspicuous; connective exserted and mucronate; anthers linear, dehiscing introrsely. Gynoecium sessile; carpels numerous, spirally arranged, distinct, abaxially usually with 1 or several furrows at base, adaxially completely connate to torus; ovules 4 or more per carpel. Fruit apocarpous, globose, ovoid, terete, or ellipsoid-ovoid, torus not elongated between carpels; matured carpels subwoody or thickly woody, persistent, dehiscing along dorsal suture or sometimes also along ventral suture, apex usually beaked. Seeds 1 to more than 10 per fruit.
About 40 species: tropical and subtropical Asia; 29 or 27 species (17 or 15 endemic) in China.
“Manglietia fadouensis Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou,” “M. guangnanica D. X. Li & R. Z. Zhou,” “M. pingjiangensis Y. W. Law & D. X. Li,” “M. microflora Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou,” and “M. tianchiensis D. X. Li & Y. W. Law” (in Y. H. Liu, Magnolias China 136, 148, 186, and 198. 2004) are of uncertain identity and are probably the same as already published Manglietia species but are not validly published because no types were indicated and no Latin descriptions or diagnoses were provided (Vienna Code, Art. 36.1 and 37.1).
1a. Mature carpels dehiscing along ventral sutures; torus dehiscent when fruit matured.
2a. Evergreen; tepals 9, in 3 whorls, white, outer ones obovate-elliptic, inner ones nearly obovate-spatulate ................................................................................................................... 20. M. calcarea
2b. Deciduous; tepals 15 or 16, in 5 or 6 whorls, yellow,
narrowly obovate
.................................................................................................................... 29.
M. decidua
1b. Mature carpels dehiscing along dorsal sutures or rarely along ventral sutures; torus indehiscent when fruit matured.
3a. Brachyblasts or peduncles slender; fruit pendulous.
4a. Vegetative buds, young branches, petioles, leaf blade abaxial surfaces, and peduncle rust-colored tomentose or reddish brown erect villous.
5a. Vegetative buds, young branches, petioles, leaf blade abaxial surfaces, and peduncles rust-colored tomentose.
6a. Gynoecium glabrous ................................................................ 23. M. kwangtungensis
6b. Gynoecium with trichomes ............................................................... 24. M. rufibarbata
5b. Vegetative buds, young branches, petioles, leaf blade abaxial surfaces, and peduncle reddish brown erect villous ............................................................................. 25. M. longipedunculata
4b. Vegetative buds, young branches, petioles, leaf blade abaxial surfaces, and peduncle with sparse appressed trichomes or glabrous.
7a. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous .............................................................. 28. M. glaucifolia
7b. Leaf blade abaxially grayish green.
8a. Stipular scar ca. 1/5 as long as of petiole; inner tepals pure white ........... 26. M. conifera
8b. Stipular scar ca. 1/2 as long as petiole; inner tepals purplish ................... 27. M. ovoidea
3b. Brachyblasts robust; fruit erect after flowering.
9a. Leaf blade apex obtuse to emarginate ................................................. 10. M. hongheensis
9b. Leaf blade apex acute, acuminate, cuspidate, or caudate.
10a. Fruit subglobose; mature carpels only base inserted on
torus adaxially, dehiscing along ventral suture first and then partly along
dorsal suture
............................................................................................................. 2.
M. aromatica
10b. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, subterete, or ovoid; mature carpels completely or mostly inserted on torus adaxially, dehiscing along dorsal suture first and then along ventral suture.
11a. Gynoecium with trichomes.
12a. Beak of mature carpel 5–7 mm ................................................................ 8. M. ventii
12b. Beak of mature carpel less than 3 mm.
13a. Fruit cylindrical ............................................................................. 7. M. zhengyiana
13b. Fruit ellipsoidal or ovoid.
14a. Mature carpels abaxially tuberculate .............................................. 11. M. caveana
14b. Mature carpels not abaxially tuberculate.
15a. Leaf blade leathery, abaxially pale brownish pubescent, midvein white villous; fruit ovoid, 8–10 cm ....................................................................................... 13. M. szechuanica
15b. Leaf blade thinly leathery, both surfaces glabrous; fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, 5–6 cm 15. M. duclouxii
11b. Gynoecium glabrous.
16a. Androecium with trichomes ..................................................................... 1. M dandyi
16b. Androecium glabrous.
17a. Outer tepals abaxially with appressed reddish brown
trichomes
........................................................................................................ 19.
M. forrestii
17b. Outer tepals abaxially glabrous.
18a. Gynoecium or fruit ovoid.
19a. Tepals white; stipular scar nearly 1/6 as long as petiole ............... 16. M. crassipes
19b. Tepals pale red or purplish red; stipular scar 1/4–1/2 as long as petiole.
20a. Young branches and brachyblasts with rust-colored trichomes; stipular scar more than 1/2 as long as petiole ................................................................................ 3. M. lucida
20b. Young branches and brachyblasts glabrous; stipular scar nearly 1/4 as long as petiole 4. M. grandis
18b. Gynoecium or fruit terete or ellipsoid.
21a. Stipular scar more than 1/2 as long as petiole.
22a. Leaf blade elliptic to obovate, 18–34.5 × 8–12 cm, abaxially with dense fine brown trichomes (difficult to be seen under hand lens); tepals purple to purplish red 5. M. garrettii
22b. Leaf blade, elliptic-obovate, or narrowly obovate, 20–30 × 6–10 cm, abaxially glabrous; tepals white ................................................................................. 6. M. hookeri
21b. Stipular scar less than 1/2 as long as petiole.
23a. Gynoecium terete.
24a. Leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces ................................ 12. M. patungensis
24b. Leaf blade abaxially ± with trichomes.
25a. Stipular scar less than 1/3 as long as petiole; leaf blade abaxial midvein reddish brown pubescent or scattered appressed hispidulous .......................... 9. M. insignis
25b. Stipular scar 1/10–1/5 as long as petiole; leaf blade abaxially with pale brownish red trichomes .......................................................................... 14. M. chevalieri
23b. Gynoecium ovoid or long ovoid.
26a. Young branches glabrous; leaf blade obovate ................... 21. M. obovalifolia
26b. Young branches ± with trichomes; leaf blade elliptic or narrowly elliptic.
27a. Tepals of inner 2 whorls transversely wavy striate ................. 22. M. oblonga
27b. Tepals of inner 2 whorls smooth.
28a. Mature carpels abaxially furrowed but not tuberculate
................................................................................... 17.
M. pachyphylla
28b. Mature carpels abaxially
not furrowed but tuberculate
......................................................................................... 18.
M. fordiana
大叶木莲 da ye mu lian
Magnolia dandyi Gagnepain, Notul. Syst. (Paris). 8: 63. 1939; M. megaphylla (Hu & W. C. Cheng) V. S. Kumar; Manglietia megaphylla Hu & W. C. Cheng; M. sinoconifera F. N. Wei?.
Trees, 30–50 m tall, 80–100 cm d.b.h. Branches, leaf blade abaxial surfaces, petioles, stipules, peduncles, and spathaceous bracts densely long ferruginous tomentose. Stipular scar 1/3–2/3 as long as petiole. Leaves usually 5–6 clustered on branch apex; petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade obovate, 25–50 × 10–20 cm, leathery, basal ca. 2/3 narrowed, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 20–22 on each side of midveins, reticulate veins sparse and prominent on both surfaces when dry, base cuneate, apex acute. Brachyblasts thick and strong, 3.5–4 × ca. 1.5 cm; spathaceous bract 1, ca. 3 mm tepals. Tepals 9 or 10, in 3 whorls, fleshy; tepals of outer whorl obovate-oblong, 4.5–5 × 2.5–2.8 cm, adaxially ca. 7-striated; tepals of inner 2 whorls smaller. Stamens villous, 1.2–1.5 cm; filaments flat, ca. 2 mm; connective exserted with a ca. 1 mm triangular appendage; anthers 8–10 mm, thecae distinct and ca. 1 mm wide. Gynoecium ovoid, 2–2.5 cm; carpels 60–75, ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous, with 1 furrow reaching to style apex. Fruiting brachyblasts thick and strong, 1–3 × 1–1.3 cm. Fruit ovoid to long ellipsoid, 6.5–11 cm; mature carpels 2.5–3 cm, extrorsely slightly curved, dehiscent along dorsal and ventral sutures, apex acute. Fl. Jun, fr. Sep–Dec. 2n = 38.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 400–1500 m. W Guangxi, SE Yunnan [Laos, Vietnam].
Timber and ornamental.
“Manglietia admirabilis Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou” (in Y. H. Liu, Magnolias China 120. 2004) probably belongs here but was not validly published because no type was indicated and no Latin description or diagnosis was provided (Vienna Code, Art. 36.1 and 37.1).
The status of Manglietia sinoconifera is uncertain because the authors have been unable to see the holotype although it may be conspecific with M. dandyi.
香木莲 xiang mu lian
Magnolia aromatica (Dandy) V. S. Kumar; Paramanglietia aromatica (Dandy) Hu & W. C. Cheng.
Trees, to 35 m tall, to 1.2 m d.b.h., glabrous except vegetative buds white appressed pubescent, aromatic. Bark gray and smooth. Young twigs pale green; terminal buds ellipsoid, ca. 3 × 1.2 cm. Stipular scar 1/4–1/3 as long as petiole. Petiole 1.5–2.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, 15–19 × 6–7 cm, thinly leathery, lower ca. 1/3 gradually tapered, secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins sparse and conspicuously prominent on both surfaces when dry, base slightly decurrent, apex shortly acuminate to acuminate. Peduncle strong, 10–15 × 6–8 mm in fruit; bract scar 1, 5–7 mm basal to tepals. Tepals 11–12, in 4 whorls of 3, white; outer 3 tepals obovate-oblong, 7–11 × 3.5–5 cm, nearly leathery; tepals of inner whorls obovate-spoon-shaped, 9–11.5 × 4–5.5 cm, fleshy, base clawed. Stamens ca. 100, 1.5–1.8 cm. Carpels glabrous. Fruit red when fresh, subglobose to ovoid, 7–8 cm in diam.; mature carpels dehiscing along ventral and dorsal sutures. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 38.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 900–1600 m; SW Guangxi, Guizhou, SE Yunnan [Vietnam].
亮叶木莲 liang ye mu lian
Magnolia lucida (B. L. Chen & S. C. Yang) V. S. Kumar.
Trees, to 18 m tall, to 65 cm d.b.h. Young twigs grayish, 8–10 mm in diam., smooth, often longitudinally wrinkled when dry, glabrous or with minute trichomes. Stipules pubescent, scar 1.6–4.5 cm. Petiole 3.6–6 cm, often thickened toward base, glabrous; leaf blade obovate, 27–44 × 11–16 cm, leathery, midvein abaxially rather elevated lengthwise, adaxially sulcate, secondary veins 13–19 on each side of midvein, apically curved, and meeting in an intramarginal vein, reticulate veins coarse and adaxially rather dull, base cuneate and decurrent with two ridges into petiole, apex acuminate, acumen 1–2.5 cm. Brachyblasts ca. 1.4 × 0.6 cm, pubescent; spathaceous bract 1, ± at base of peduncle, broadly obovate, ca. 8.3 × 6.9 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially pubescent. Peduncle 5–6 mm, with same indumentum as brachyblast. Tepals 9(–11), purple; outer 3 tepals narrowly obovate, 12–14 × 5.8–6 cm, fleshy; inner 6–8 tepals in 2 whorls, shorter and narrower than outer ones. Stamens many. Gynoecium ovoid, ca. 2.7 × 1.8 cm; carpels 70–80, nearly entirely connate when young, glabrous. Fruiting brachyblasts ca. 4.5 × 1 cm, pedicel ca. 2.5 × 1 cm. Fruit ovoid-globose, ca. 9.5 × 8–10 cm; torus ca. 3 × 2 cm, with scars of perianth and stamens; mature carpels 2–3.5 × 0.8–1 cm, woody, abaxial part 1–1.5 cm, dehiscing along dorsal suture at first and later also along ventral suture. Seeds ca. 3 per carpel. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Secondary evergreen broad-leaved forests; 500–700 m. SE Yunnan.
大果木莲 da guo mu lian
Magnolia grandis (Hu & W. C. Cheng) V. S. Kumar.
Trees, to 12 m tall. Twigs pale gray, thick and strong, glabrous. Stipules glabrous, scar ca. 1/4 as long as petiole. Petiole 2.6–4 cm; leaf blade elliptic to obovate, 20–35.5 × 10–13 cm, leathery, glabrous, abaxially papillate, adaxially lucid, secondary veins 17–26 on each side of midvein and conspicuous when dry, base broadly cuneate, apex acute to cuspidate. Tepals 12, red; outer tepals thinner, obovate-oblong, 9–11 cm, 9–11-striated; innermost 3 tepals obovate-spoon-shaped, 8–12 × 3–6 cm, fleshy. Stamens 1.4–1.6 cm; connective with ca. 1 mm mucronate; anthers ca. 1.3 cm. Gynoecium ovoid, ca. 4 cm; carpels with midvein abaxially concave to apex of style. Fruiting brachyblasts thick and strong, ca. 1.3 cm in diam. Fruit ellipsoid-ovoid, 10–12 cm; mature carpels 3–4 cm, dehiscing along ventral sutures, apex acute and minutely incurved. Fl. May, fr. Set–Oct. 2n = 38.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 800–1500 m. SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan.
Timber.
泰国木莲 tai guo mu lian
Magnolia garrettii (Craib) V. S. Kumar.
Trees, to 20 m tall, to 1.2 m d.b.h. Young twigs, stipules, petioles, and peduncles densely brown pubescent with short to long and straight to slightly undulate trichomes. Twigs brown, 5–8 mm in diam. Stipules adnate to petiole, scar 1.8–2.5 cm. Petiole 3–5 cm, thickened toward base; leaf blade elliptic to obovate, 18–34.5 × 8–12 cm, leathery, abaxially densely coated with minute (even with hand lens hardly visible) brownish trichomes, secondary veins 12–21 on each side of midvein and abaxially prominently elevated, reticulate veins coarse and prominent on both surfaces, base cuneate to rounded, apex shortly acuminate. Brachyblasts 1.5–4 × 0.6–0.9 cm. Flower buds elongate, 6–6.5 × 2.2–2.5 cm. Tepals 9, purple to violet red, thick and succulent; outer 3 tepals 6–6.5 × 3 cm; inner tepals slightly smaller. Stamens 1.1–1.5 cm; connective appendage triangular, ca. 3 mm. Gynoecium ovoid to narrowly ovoid, ca. 3 × 2 cm, glabrous; carpels 66–68; styles glabrous, 2–3 mm. Fruit broadly ovoid-oblong, 4–9 × 3.5–6 cm; scar on torus of perianth and stamens 10–12 × ca. 9 mm; mature carpels dorsal face 2.5–3.2 cm for basal ones and 1–2 cm for apical ones, apex shortly beaked. Seeds ellipsoid to obovoid, 9–14 × 5–8 mm, irregularly shaped.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 1300–1900 m. S Yunnan [N Thailand, Vietnam].
中缅木莲 zhong mian mu lian
Magnolia hookeri (Cubitt. & W. W. Smith) D. C. S. Raju & M. P. Nayar.
Trees, to 25 m tall, young parts grayish white to pale brown appressed pilose. Stipular scar obtusely triangular, 2–3 cm. Petiole 3–5 cm; leaf blade elliptic-obovate to narrowly obovate, 20–30 × 6–10 cm, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 16–20 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins prominent on both surfaces when dry, base cuneate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Flowers ca. 10 cm in diam. at anthesis; bract scar 5–10 mm basal to tepals. Tepals 9–12, white; outer 3 tepals basally green and apically milky white, obovate-oblong, 6–8 × 2.5–3 cm; middle and inner tepals thickly obovate to spatulate, 6–8 × 1.5–2.5 cm, fleshy, base clawed. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid to nearly terete, 7–10 × ca. 6 cm, smooth, not tuberculate; mature carpels more than 100, rhombic on exposed side, dehiscing along dorsal suture, apex shortly beaked. Seeds 1–4 per carpel. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep. 2n = 38.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 1400–3000 m; Guizhou (Wangmo), C and S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna, Jingdong) [Myanmar].
Timber and ornamental.
锈毛木莲 xiu mao mulian
Arbor ad 25 m alta et 30 cm diametro, ramunculis indumento dense ferrugineo, gemmis ellipsoideis 1.3 ad 2 cm longis et 0.5 ad 0.9 cm latis indumento dense ferrugineo, foliis petiolis 1.2 ad 1.8 cm longis pilis ferruginiis indutis cicatrice 7 ad 10 mm longa; laminis obovatis ad ellipticis 15 ad 21.5 cm longis at 5.5 ad 9 cm latis acumine 0.6 ad 1.1 cm longo, nervis utroque costae latere 8–11. Brachyblastus floriferus 1.5 ad 2 cm longus flore tepalis albis androecio pilis longis ferruginiis indutis, carpellis glabriis ca. 30, dense pilis ferruginiis. Brachyblastus fructiferus 1.5 ad 3 cm longus et 4 ad 5 mm latus dense pilis ferruginiis indutis fructu cylindriaceo 5 ad 8.3 cm longo et 2 ad 2.8 cm lata.
China, Yunnan, Maguan Xian, Laojun Shan (老君山), Sitaipo (四台坡), alt. 1300–1600 m, K. M. Feng 13960, 20 Dec 1947 (HT: KUN; IT: A, PE).
Trees, to 25 m tall, to 30 cm d.b.h. Branchlets with dense rust-colored trichomes; vegetative buds ellipsoid, 1.3–1.8 × 0.5–0.9 cm, with dense rust-colored trichomes. Stipular scar 7–10 mm. Petiole 1.2–2 cm, with rust-colored trichomes; leaf blade obovate to elliptic, 15–21.5 × 5.5–9 cm, papery to thinly leathery, abaxially glaucous and with rust-colored trichomes, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 8–11 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate to acute, acumen 0.6–1.1 cm. Brachyblasts 1.5–2 cm. Tepals 9, white; outer tepals 3, oblong, ca. 3 × 2 cm, thinly leathery, outside with rust-colored trichomes at base; middle and inner tepals slightly fleshy, shorter and narrower. Stamens many, ca. 1.2 cm; filaments 1.5–2 mm; connectives exserted, with a ca. 1 mm triangular appendage; anthers ca. 1 cm, thecae distinct. Stamen scars with long rust-colored trichomes. Carpels ca. 30, with dense rust-colored trichomes. Fruiting brachyblasts 1.5–3 cm × 4–5 mm, with dense rust-colored trichomes. Fruit cylindric, 5–8.3 × 2–2.8 cm; mature carpels 1–1.5 × 0.6–1 cm, dehiscing along dorsal sutures. Seeds cordate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Forests; 1300–1600 m; SE Yunnan (Maguan, Xichou).
K. M. Feng reported the type as being from “Mar-li-po: Sze-tai-po (loa-chün-shan)”, but modern maps show that Sitaipo is in Dulong Zhen (都龙镇) in Maguan Xian, on the SW flank of Laojun Shan very close to the border with Malipo Xian (see: 云南及周边地区公路里程地图册 34. 2008). Feng also misspelled the first character of the mountain’s name as “loa” rather than “lao.” Manglietia zhengyiana has been mistakenly included in the M. rufibarbata (FRPS 31: 89. 1996; Fl. Yunnan. 16: 5. 2006) or in M. dandyi (B. L. Chen & H. P. Nooteboom, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 1037. 1993). Also, see note under M. zhengyiana regarding paratypes of M. pubipetala.
毛果木莲 mao guo mu lian
Magnolia hebecarpa (C. Y. Wu & Y. W. Law) V. S. Kumar; M. ventii (Tiep) V. S. Kumar; Manglietia hebecarpa C. Y. Wu & Y. W. Law.
Trees, to 30 m tall. Young twigs blackish gray, 2–3.5 mm in diam., densely appressed tomentulose with short, straight, glistening, yellowish trichomes, old ones ± gray pubescent to glabrescent. Stipular scar 1–2 cm. Leaves usually crowded at apex of twigs; petiole slender, 2.6–3 cm, tomentulose, with same trichomes as on young twigs, glabrescent; leaf blade elliptic, broadly elliptic, obovate-elliptic, or obovate, 9–18 × 2.2–6.5 cm, papery to thinly leathery, abaxially appressed tomentose with short straight glistening yellowish to silver trichomes, adaxially glabrous, midvein abaxially elevated and densely pubescent to glabrescent and adaxially impressed, secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein, fine, abaxially visible, and adaxially inconspicuous, reticulate veins lax and faint on both surfaces, base cuneate to obtuse, apex shortly acuminate to acuminate, acumen 0.3–1.7 cm and sometimes asymmetric. Flower not seen. Fruiting brachyblasts 10–15 × 4–6 mm, yellowish appressed-tomentose, with a bract scar. Pedicel absent. Fruit ovoid to long globose, 3.5–7 × 2.5–4.5 cm; torus with 6–9 × ca. 7 mm scar of perianth and stamens; scar of fallen tepals ca. 10; mature carpels ca. 64, long ovoid, 2–2.2 cm, erect or recurved, dehiscing along dorsal suture, beak rather long; basal-most carpels ± yellowish pubescent especially toward base, basally decurrent along torus. Seeds 1–3 per carpel, subcordate to ovoid, 7–7.5 × 5–6 mm, ± impressed. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep.
Forests; 800–1200 m. SE Yunnan (Pingbian) [Vietnam].
红花木莲 hong hua mu lian
Magnolia insignis Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. Illustr. 1: 3. 1824; M. insignis var. angustifolia (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) H. J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel; M. insignis var. latifolia (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) H. J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel; M. shangpanensis Hu; Manglietia maguanica Hung T. Chang & B. L. Chen; M. rufisyncarpa Y. W. Law et al.; M. yunnanensis Hu.
Trees, to 30 m tall, to 20 cm d.b.h. Twigs glabrous or nodes ferruginous to yellowish brown pubescent when young. Stipular scar 0.5–1.2 cm. Petiole 1.8–3.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly ovate, or elliptic, 10–26 × 4–10 cm, leathery, adaxially glabrous, midvein abaxially reddish brown pubescent or scattered appressed hispidulous, basal ca. 2/3 tapered to base, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate. Brachyblasts thick and strong, 8–10 mm in diam.; bract scar 1, ca. 1 cm basal to tepals. Flowers fragrant. Tepals 9–12; outer 3 tepals abaxially brown and adaxially reddish to purplish red, obovate-oblong, ca. 7 cm, curved outward; middle and inner tepals milky whitish pink, obovate-spatulate, 5–7 cm, erect, basal ca. 1/4 tapered and clawed. Stamens 1–1.8 cm; filaments nearly as long as exserted part of connective; connective exserted and forming a triangular mucro; thecae slightly distinct. Gynoecium terete, 5–6 cm; carpels glabrous, abaxially shallowly furrowed. Fruit purplish red when fresh, ovoid-ellipsoid, 7–12 cm; mature carpels tuberculate, completely dehiscing along dorsal sutures. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 38.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 900–1200 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, SW Hunan, SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [NE India, N Myanmar, Nepal].
Timber and ornamental.
“Manglietia carimina Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou”, “M. laojunia Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou”, “M. malipoensis S. C. Yang & Y. W. Law”, “M. miechangensis Y. W. Law & D. X. Li”, “M. nucifera D. X. Li & R. Z. Zhou”, “M. paruicula Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou”, “M. tengchongensis S. C. Yang & Y. W. Law” and “M. zhengkangensis R. Z. Zhou & D. X. Li” (in Y. H. Liu, Magnolias China 126, 158, 166, 173, 176, 184, 196, and 204. 2004) belong here but were not validly published because no types were indicated and no Latin descriptions or diagnoses were provided (Vienna Code, Art. 36.1 and 37.1).
红河木莲 hong he mu lian
Magnolia hongheensis (Y. M. Shui & W. H. Chen) V. S. Kumar.
Trees, to 10–15 m tall. Old twigs robust, 1.1–1.5 cm in diam., sparsely lenticellate; young twigs densely rust-colored appressed hispid. Stipular scar 7–8 mm. Petiole ca. 3.3 cm, densely rust-colored appressed hispid; leaf blade oblong, ca. 21 × 11 cm, leathery, abaxially densely rust-colored appressed hispid (visible under hand lens), adaxially glabrous, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, secondary veins 12–14 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins adaxially conspicuous, base rounded, margin slightly involute, apex obtuse to emarginate. Flowers not seen. Fruiting brachyblasts 2.3–2.4 × ca. 0.7 cm, smooth, sparsely lenticellate. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid to cylindric, 10–11 × ca. 4.4 cm; mature carpels ca. 100, ellipsoid, 1.9–2 cm, glabrous, tuberculate, dehiscing along dorsal and ventral sutures, apex shortly beaked. Seeds 2–5 per carpel, irregularly polygonal, smooth; testa red. Fr. Oct.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 1900–2600 m. SE Yunnan (Lüchun, Yuanyang).
西藏木莲 xi zang mu lian
Magnolia caveana (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) D. C. S. Raju & M. P. Nayar; M. tibetica V. S. Kumar; Manglietia microtricha Y. W. Law; M. tenuifolia Hung T. Chang & B. L. Chen.
Trees, 30–40 m tall, 40–60 cm d.b.h. Twigs thick and strong, 6–10 mm in diam.; vegetative buds orangish red appressed pubescent. Stipular scar 1/3–1/2 as long as petiole. Leaves usually 6–9 clustered on apex of twigs; petiole 2–2.5 cm; leaf blade obovate, 13–17 × 5–7 cm, leathery, abaxially grayish white, adaxially glabrous, midvein adaxially impressed, secondary veins 15–17 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins fine, dense, and prominent on both surfaces when dry, base cuneate, apex shortly acute. Flowers not seen; bract scar 1, just basal to tepals. Fruiting peduncle 1.5–2 cm, glabrous. Fruit ovoid, ca. 6 × 4 cm, usually curved because of carpels partly undeveloped; mature carpels abaxially narrowly elliptic, tuberculate, brownish appressed pilose and pale brown appressed fine pilose, apex with a ca. 3 mm beak. Seeds pale brown. Fr. Sep–Oct.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 2000 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog), SE Yunnan (Maguan) [NE India, Myanmar].
巴东木莲 ba dong mu lian
Trees, to 25 m tall, to 1.4 m d.b.h. Bark pale grayish brown and reddish. Twigs grayish brown. Stipular scar 1/5–1/7 as long as petiole. Petiole 2.5–3 cm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, 14–18(–20) × 3.5–7 cm, thinly leathery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially pale green, adaxially green and glossy, midvein abaxially prominent, secondary veins 13–15 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, apex caudate-acuminate. Flowers 8.5–11 cm in diam., fragrant. Peduncle ca. 1.5 cm; bract scar 1, 5–10 mm basal to tepals. Tepals 9, white; outer 3 tepals narrowly oblong, 4.5–6 × 1.5–2.5 cm, nearly leathery, apex obtuse; middle and inner tepals obovate, 4.5–5.5 × 2–3.5 cm, fleshy. Stamens 6–8 mm; anthers purplish red, 5–6 mm; connective exserted and forming a ca. 1 mm mucro; thecae adnate at base, sometimes apex slightly free. Gynoecium conic, ca. 2 cm; carpels not abaxially furrowed; ovules 4–8 per carpel. Fruit pale purplish red, terete ellipsoid, 5–9 × 2.5–3 cm; mature carpels dotted on exposed side. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.
* Forests; 600–1000 m. Chongqing, W Hubei, NW Hunan, E Sichuan.
Medicinal.
四川木莲 si chuan mu lian
Magnolia figlarii V. S. Kumar (2006), not M. szechuanica (Dandy) Figlar (2000).
Trees, to 20 m tall, to 60 cm d.b.h. Older twigs grayish yellow; young twigs green, densely villous, hairs gradually deciduous, only residual at nodes. Stipular scar 4–6(–9) cm. Petiole 1.5–2.5 cm, white villous; leaf blade narrowly obovate to obovate, 11–20 × 3–6 cm, lower ca. 1/3 tapered, abaxially pale green and pale brown pubescent, adaxially deep green and glabrous, midvein white villous, secondary veins 13–16 each side, reticulate veins sparse and prominent on both surfaces when dry, base cuneate, apex acuminate to shortly caudate. Flower buds ovoid; bract scar 1, 3–6 mm basal to tepals. Tepals 9, purplish red; outer 3 tepals pale green and usually flushed purplish, obovate, 5.5–6.5 × ca. 3 cm, sparsely villous; middle and inner tepals purplish red, 4–5.5 × 2.5–3 cm but inner ones smaller. Stamens 1.2–2 cm; filaments deep red, ca. 1 mm; connective exserted and forming a ca. 1 mm triangular mucro; anthers ca. 1 cm, introrse. Gynoecium ovoid-ellipsoid, 2–2.5 cm; carpels pale green, narrowly ellipsoid, 0.8–1 cm, densely brown short tomentose; styles pale red, ca. 3 mm. Fruit ovoid, 8–10 cm. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 1300–2000 m; C and S Sichuan, N Yunnan.
睦南木莲 mu nan mu lian
Magnolia chevalieri (Dandy) V. S. Kumar.
Trees, to 10 m tall. Bark grayish brown. Perules, young twigs, leaf blade abaxial surfaces, petioles, and stipular scars with pale reddish brown appressed trichomes. Young twigs green. Stipular scar semi-orbicular to semi-elliptic, 1/10–1/5 as long as petiole. Petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaf blade obovate to narrowly obovate, 10–18(–20) × 3.5–5(–6.5) cm, leathery, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 10–18 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, apex cuspidate to shortly caudate. Tepals 9, in 3 whorls; outer (2 or)3 tepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 7.5 × 3 cm, thin, abaxially greenish; tepals of inner 2 whorls white and slightly yellowish, obovate, fleshy, base gradually tapered and forming a long claw; inner tepals smaller and narrower. Stamens 6–9 mm; connective exserted and forming a ca. 1.5 mm long mucro. Gynoecium terete, ca. 1.7 × 1 cm; carpels narrowly obovoid, ca. 6 mm, exposed part of apical ones shallowly furrowed; ovules 8–10 per carpel, stalked. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 5–9 × ca. 4 cm. Fl. Feb–Apr, fr. Sep–Oct.
Forests. S Yunnan [N Laos, Vietnam].
Ornamental.
川滇木莲 chuan dian mu lian
Magnolia duclouxii (Finet & Gagnepain) Hu in Hu & Chun, Icon. Pl. Sin. 2: 18. 1929.
Trees, to 6 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Stipular scar ca. 1/3 as long as petiole. Petiole 1–2.3 cm, adaxially deeply furrowed; leaf blade narrowly obovate to obovate-narrowly elliptic, 8–13 × 2.5–4 cm, thinly leathery, glabrous, adaxially deep green, midvein impressed and abaxially grayish green, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Peduncle glabrous; spathaceous bract 1, next to tepals. Tepals 9, fleshy; outer 3 tepals red, abaxially tuberculate; tepals of inner 2 whorls purplish red, obovate, 2.8–4.5 × 1.5–2.5 cm, transversely veined, clawed, base thickened. Stamens 1–1.2 cm; filaments short and broad, 1–1.5 mm; connective exserted and forming a 2–3 mm triangular mucro; anthers 6–7 mm, thecae slightly distinct and dehiscent introrsely. Gynoecium narrowly ellipsoid, 7–8 mm, villous; ovules 5 per carpel; styles 2–3 mm. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, 5–6 cm. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 1300–2000 m. Guangxi, SE Sichuan, NE Yunnan [N Vietnam].
Medicinal.
粗梗木莲 cu geng mu lian
Magnolia crassipes (Y. W. Law) V. S. Kumar.
Trees or shrubs, to 4 m tall. Twigs, vegetative buds, and abaxial surfaces of leaf blade glaucous. Twigs thick and strong, 0.6–10 mm in diam. Stipular scar ca. 1/6 as long as petiole. Petiole thick and strong, 3–3.5 cm × 2–2.5 mm; leaf blade narrowly obovate to obovate-elliptic, 13–26 × 5–8 cm, leathery, abaxially glaucous, adaxially green, midvein adaxially slightly prominent to flat, secondary and reticulate veins prominent on both surfaces when dry, secondary veins 8–14 each side of midvein, reticulate veins sparse, base broadly cuneate, apex shortly acute. Peduncle thick and strong, 3.5–4 cm; spathaceous bract 1, thin. Tepals 9, in 3 whorls, white; outer 3 tepals obovate-oblong, 3.5–4 × 2–2.5 cm, thin, 5-striated; tepals of inner 2 whorls thick, fleshy. Stamens numerous, 1–1.5 cm; connective exserted, triangular, 2–3 mm; anthers 8–9 mm. Gynoecium ovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1.8 cm. Fruiting peduncle thick and strong, 4.5–5.5 × ca. 1 cm. Fruit ovoid, 5–6 × 4–5 cm; mature carpels ellipsoid, 1.5–2 cm, dehiscing into 2 valves along both ventral and dorsal sutures, apex shortly beaked. Fl. May, fr. Sep. 2n = 38.
* Forests; ca. 1300 m. Guangxi (Jinxiu).
厚叶木莲 hou ye mu lian
Trees, to 16 m tall, to 30 cm d.b.h. Bark grayish black. Twigs thick and strong, glaucous and glabrous; vegetative buds pale yellow to dark brown villous. Stipular scar 2–3 mm. Petiole thick and strong, 3–5 cm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic to obovate-oblong, 12–32 × 6–10 cm, thickly leathery, rigid, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green and glossy, secondary veins 12–14 on each side of midvein and inconspicuous on both surfaces, reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, apex acute. Peduncle thick and strong, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous; bract scar 1, ca. 5 mm basal to tepals. Flowers fragrant. Tepals 9(or 10) , white; outer 3 tepals obovate, 7–8 × 3–3.5 cm; middle 3 tepals obovate, 5.5–6 cm, fleshy; inner 3(or 4) tepals obovate, ca. 5 × 2.5 cm, fleshy, base narrowed and forming a claw; innermost tepal narrower and longer, ca. 5.5 × 2 cm. Stamens ca. 1.2 cm; filaments ca. 1 mm, basally connate; connective exserted and forming a mucro; anthers ca. 1 cm. Gynoecium ovoid, ca. 2.2 × 1.8 cm; carpels ca. 5 mm; ovules 10–12 per carpel; styles 1–2 mm. Fruit ellipsoid, ca. 7 × 4.5 cm; mature carpels 38–46, 2–2.5 cm, abaxially furrowed, apex shortly beaked. Seeds 3–4, orbicular, 5–6 mm. Fl. May, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Forests in mountains; 800–1500 m. SC Guangdong.
Timber and ornamental.
木莲 mu lian
Trees, to 25 m tall, to 45 cm d.b.h. Bark pale grayish brown. Young twigs and vegetative buds reddish brown pubescent, later glabrescent, or glabrous (var. calcarea). Stipular scar semi-elliptic, 3–5 mm. Petiole 1–3(–4.5) cm, base slightly swollen; leaf blade narrowly obovate, narrowly elliptic-obovate, narrowly obovate, or rarely narrowly elliptic, 8–17(–20) × 2.5–5.5(–9.5) cm, leathery or thinly leathery, abaxially sparsely reddish brown pubescent, secondary veins 8–17 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins conspicuous or inconspicuous on both surfaces when dry, base cuneate and decurrent along petiole, margin slightly involute and wavy or not wavy, apex acute to acuminate. Peduncle 5–11(–40) × 4–10 mm, with 1 annular bract scar, with or without reddish brown pubescent. Tepals 9, 3 per whorl, white; outer 3 tepals slightly thinner, oblong-elliptic, broadly ovate or obovate, 5–7 × 3–4 cm, nearly leathery; tepals of inner 2 whorls obovate, 4–6 × 2–3 cm, usually fleshy. Stamens red, ca. 1 cm; connective forming an obtuse mucro; anthers ca. 8 mm. Gynoecium 1.5–2.5 cm, smooth; carpels 18–32, basal ones 5–10 × 3–5 mm, middle ones ca. 5 mm wide on exposed side; ovules 5–10 per carpel; styles inconspicuous or to 1 mm. Fruit brown, ovoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, 2–6 cm; mature carpels with dot-protuberance on exposed side, apex with or without a ca. 1 mm beak. Seeds red, slightly flat, 7–8 × 5–6 mm. Fl. May, fr. Oct.
Hills, forests, beside rivers; 300–1200 m. S Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].
Timber and medicinal.
1a. Leaf blade leathery, reticulate veins inconspicuous on both surfaces when dry, margin not wavy; peduncle with reddish brown trichomes; outer tepals oblong-elliptic; carpel with ca. 1 mm beak 18a. var. fordiana
1b. Leaf blade thinly leathery, reticulate veins conspicuous on both surfaces when dry, margin wavy; peduncle glabrous; outer tepals broadly ovate to obovate; carpel without a beak .. 18b. var. hainanensis
木莲(原变种) mu lian (yuan bian zhong)
Magnolia fordiana (Oliver) Hu; M. yuyuanensis (Y. W. Law) V. S. Kumar; Manglietia yuyuanensis Y. W. Law; Paramanglietia microcarpa Hung T. Chang.
Leaf blade leathery, reticulate veins inconspicuous on both surfaces when dry, margin not wavy. Peduncle with reddish brown trichomes. Outer tepals oblong-elliptic. Carpel with a ca. 1 mm beak. Fl. May, fr. Oct. 2n = 38.
Hills; ca. 1200 m. S Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].
Timber and medicinal.
海南木莲 hai nan mu lian
Manglietia hainanensis Dandy, J. Bot. 68: 204. 1930; M. albistaminea Y. W. Law et al.
Leaf blade thinly leathery, reticulate veins conspicuous on both surfaces when dry, margin wavy. Peduncle glabrous. Outer tepals broadly ovate to obovate. Carpel without a beak. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Forests, beside rivers; 300–1200 m. Hainan.
Timber.
“Manglietia albistaminata Y. W. Law & R. Zh. Zhou” and “M. renzhangii Y. W. Law” (in Y. H. Liu, Magnolias China 122 and 187. 2004) belong here but were not validly published because no types were indicated and no Latin descriptions or diagnoses were provided (Vienna Code, Art. 36.1 and 37.1). “Manglietia albistaminata” species was subsequently validly published as M. albistaminea.
滇桂木莲 dian gui mu lian
Magnolia fordiana (Oliver) Hu var. forrestii (W. S. Smith ex Dandy) V. S. Kumar; Manglietia fordiana Oliver var. forrestii (W. W. Smith ex Dandy) B. L. Chen & Nooteboom.
Trees, to 25 m tall, ca. 30 cm d.b.h.; young twigs, buds, petioles, abaxial base of outer tepals, and peduncles reddish brown appressed glossy villous. Stipular scars 3–10 mm. Petiole 1–3 cm; leaf blade obovate to oblong-obovate, 11–20 × 5–9.5 cm, leathery, abaxially sparsely covered with reddish brown erect trichomes, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, apex abruptly acute to acuminate. Flowers fragrant. Tepals 9(or 10), white; outer 3 tepals oblong-obovate, 4.5–7 cm; tepals of inner 2 whorls obovate, ca. 4.5 cm, thickly fleshy, glabrous; inner 3 tepals smaller. Stamens 1.1–1.5 cm; connective exserted, obtuse; anthers ca. 1 cm, ± distinct or only connate at base. Gynophore 1–2.5 cm. Gynoecium ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm; carpels glabrous. Fruit ovoid, 4–6 cm; mature carpels densely tuberculate, dehiscent along dorsal and ventral sutures, apex short beaked. Seeds black, abaxially with several furrows, ventral furrow impressed, base sharp. Fl. Jun; fr. Sep–Oct.
* Forests; 1100–2900 m. SW Guangxi, W and S Yunnan.
Timber.
One of the co-authors (Nooteboom) considers that this taxon would better be treated as a variety of Manglietia (Magnolia) fordiana.
石山木莲 shi shan mu lian
Magnolia fordiana (Oliver) Hu var. calcarea (X. H. Song) V. S. Kumar; Manglietia fordiana Oliver var. calcarea (X. H. Song) B. L. Chen & Nooteboom.
Trees, to 14 m tall, ca. 35 cm d.b.h., glabrous except for stipules. Young twigs 5–7 mm in diam. Stipules densely covered with straight appressed brown trichomes, adnate to base of petiole, scars 4–5 mm. Petiole 2.8–3.8 cm, dilated toward base; leaf blade obovate-elliptic to narrowly obovate, 14.5–20 × 3.5–7 cm, leathery and rigid, adaxially dark green, midrib abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, secondary veins 14–17 on each side of midvein, abaxially visible to slightly prominent, and adaxially inconspicuous, base attenuate-cuneate, apex rounded with a 6–10(–14) mm acumen. Peduncle 5–8(–20) × 5–6 mm. Tepals 9, white; outer 3 tepals obovate-elliptic, ca. 6.2 × 2.5 cm, apex rounded; inner tepals spatulate, 4.5–5.5(–6) cm. Stamens many, ca. 1.2 cm; filament ca. 2 mm; connective exserted into a triangular ca. 1.8 mm tip. Perianth and stamens scar band 8–14 × 5–6 mm. Gynoecium broadly ellipsoid, 1.6–2 × ca. 1 cm; carpels 12–16(–30); ovules ca. 7 per carpel. Fruiting gynophore 9–11 × ca. 6 mm. Fruit ovoid to ovoid-globose, ca. 6 × 5 cm; mature carpels woody, dorsal face elliptic, dehiscent along dorsal suture; perianth and stamens scar band 1.2–1.3 × 0.7–0.8 cm. Seeds 2–5 per carpel, oblong, 8–10 × 5–6 mm.
* Forests margin, limestone areas; 600–800 m. Guizhou.
Timber and ornamental.
One of the co-authors (Nooteboom) considers that this taxon would better be treated as a variety of Manglietia (Magnolia) fordiana.
倒卵叶木莲 dao luan ye mu lian
Magnolia obovalifolia (C. Y. Wu & Y. W. Law) V. S. Kumar.
Trees, to 30 m tall, to 50 cm d.b.h. Twigs 3–4 mm in diam., glabrous. Stipular scar 2–3 mm. Petiole 1.5–2 cm, glabrous, adaxially furrowed; leaf blade obovate, 6–11 × 3–6 cm, thinly leathery, both surfaces glabrous, midvein adaxially impressed, secondary veins 9–11 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins prominent on both surfaces when dry, base broadly cuneate and slightly decurrent, margin slightly reflexed, apex cuspidate with a 5–10 mm mucro. Flower buds ovoid, 3–4 cm. Peduncle 1–1.5 cm, glabrous, with a bract scar; spathaceous bract 1, just next to tepals, tuberculate, glabrous, dehiscing along one side. Tepals 9, fleshy; outer 3 tepals ovate, 3–3.5 × ca. 1.5 cm; tepals of inner 2 whorls smaller. Gynoecium narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 2.5 × 0.8 cm; carpels conspicuously with 2 or 3 series, tuberculate, furrowed along dorsal suture, furrow not reaching to style apex; ovules ca. 6 per carpel; styles 5–6 mm. Fruit not seen. Fl. Apr–May.
* Forests; 1400–1500 m. S Guizhou, SE Yunnan.
椭圆叶木莲 tuo yuan ye mu lian
Trees, to 20 m tall, to 40 cm d.b.h. Bark blackish brown. Vegetative buds, petioles, leaf blade abaxial surfaces, flower buds, and peduncles golden yellow appressed pubescent. Twigs pale green when young, brown when old. Stipular scar ca. 6 mm. Petiole 2–2.5 cm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, 13–20 × 3.5–4.5 cm, leathery, secondary veins 12–15 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Tepals 9, outer 3 pale green and thinner, inner 6 white and fleshy; tepals of middle whorl 3, ovate, 4.5–5.5 × 2.5–3.5 cm; innermost 3 tepals long ovate, 4–5 × 2–3 cm. Stamens numerous, red, 6–7 mm; connective exserted and forming a triangular mucro; anthers 5–6 mm. Gynoecium ovoid; carpels 14 or 15, long ovoid, ca. 7 mm, brownish pubescent; styles white. Fruit not seen. Fl. Apr–May.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 800–1200 m. Guangxi (Lingui, Xing’an).
毛桃木莲 mao tao mu lian
Magnolia kwangtungensis Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 8: 5. 1927; M. fordiana (Oliver) Hu var. kwangtungensis (Merrill) V. S. Kumar; M. moto (Dandy) V. S. Kumar; Manglietia fordiana Oliver var. kwangtungensis (Merrill) B. L. Chen & Nooteboom; M. moto Dandy.
Trees, to 20 m tall, to 60 cm d.b.h. Bark deep gray, with several lenticels transversely arranged or linked into pieces. Young twigs, vegetative buds, petioles, young leaf blades, and fruiting peduncles densely rust-colored tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, ca. 6 × 1.2 cm, ferruginous tomentose, scar narrowly triangular, ca. 1/3 as long as petiole. Petiole 2–4 cm, apical part narrowly furrowed; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, narrowly obovate-elliptic, or narrowly obovate, 12–25 × 4–8 cm, leathery, abaxially ferruginous tomentose especially along midvein, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 10–15 each side of midvein, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, apex acute to acuminate. Flowers fragrant. Peduncle 6–12 cm. Tepals 9, milky white; outer 3 tepals nearly oblong, 6.5–7.5 cm, leathery; middle 3 tepals obovate, 6.5–7 × 3.5–4 cm, thickly fleshy; inner 3 tepals obovate-spoon-shaped, 6–6.5 × 2–2.5 cm, thickly fleshy. Stamens red, 1.1–1.3 cm; connective exserted 1.5–2 mm, apex mucronate; anthers ca. 1 cm. Gynoecium ovoid, ca. 2 × 1.5 cm; basal carpels narrowly ellipsoid, 10–12 × ca. 3 mm (including style), dorsally 4–6-ridged, glabrous; apical carpels abaxially shallowly furrowed, apex sharply long acuminate; ovules 6–8 per carpel. Fruit ovoid, 5–7 × 3.5–6 cm; mature carpels abaxially tuberculate, apex with a 2–3 mm beak. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Dec.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests, on acid yellow soil; 400–1200 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, W Guangxi, S Hunan.
Timber.
毛瓣木莲 mao ban mu lian
Magnolia rufibarbata (Dandy) V. S. Kumar; Manglietia pubipetala Q. W. Zeng.
Trees to 20 m tall, to 30 cm d.b.h. Bark grayish brown. Young twigs, vegetative buds, stipules, petioles, young blades, and fruiting peduncles densely rusty-colored tomentose. Stipules adnate to petiole. Stipular scar as long as 1/3–1/2 of petiole. Petiole 2–2.5 cm; leaf blade obovate-oblong, 18–24 × 7–8 cm, thinly leathery, basal half gradually narrower, abaxially with dense rust-colored trichomes, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex caudate-acuminate. Flower buds ovoid, ca. 3.5 × 2 cm. Peduncle ca. 2.5 cm. Tepals 12; outer 3 tepals pale green, oblong, ca. 3.8 × 2 cm, rust-colored tomentose; middle 3 tepals white, 3.2 × 2.3 cm, fleshy, base rust-colored tomentose; inner 6 tepals spatulate, ca. 3 × 1.6 cm, fleshy. Stamens many, red, abaxially sparsely hirsute; filaments 1–1.5 mm; connective exserted, with a ca. 1 mm triangular appendage; anthers ca. 1 cm, thecae distinct and ca. 1 mm wide. Gynoecium obovoid, ca. 2 × 1.5 cm, densely rust-colored hirsute; carpels many; ovules 5–8 per carpel. Mature fruit unknown. Fl. May.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 1500 m. Yunnan (Maguan) [Vietnam].
Although the holotype of Manglietia pubipetala is conspecific with M. rufibarbata, the paratypes (T. X. Gao & D. Q. Zhu 05, Q. W. Zeng 67) are conspecific with M. zhengyiana.
长梗木莲 chang geng mu lian
Magnolia longipedunculata (Q.W. Zeng & Y. W. Law) V. S. Kumar.
Trees, to 15 cm tall, to 50 cm d.b.h. Bark blackish brown. Vegetative buds, young twigs, petioles, peduncles, and leaf blade abaxial surfaces reddish brown erect villous. Twigs green when young, brown when old. Stipular scar 7–8 mm. Petiole 2.5–3.5 cm, furrowed; leaf blade obovate-elliptic to elliptic, 13–19(–22) × 5–7 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, midvein abaxially prominent, secondary veins 13 or 14 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, apex shortly acuminate to acuminate. Peduncle 5.5–6 cm, slender. Flowers fragrant. Tepals 9 or 11(or 12); outer 3 tepals elliptic, 10–10.5 × ca. 4 cm, abaxially pale green, adaxially white, 5-veined; middle 3 tepals white, obovate-elliptic, 8–9 × ca. 3.5 cm, thickly fleshy; inner 3 tepals white, obovate-spatulate, 7–8 × 2.5–3 cm, thickly fleshy. Stamens numerous, red, ca. 2.5 cm; filaments purplish red, ca. 3 mm; connective red, exserted and forming a semiorbicular mucro; anthers yellow, ca. 2 cm. Gynoecium pale yellowish green, ovoid, ca. 3.5 × 3 cm; carpels 50–60; ovules 3 or 4 per carpel; styles lanceolate, slightly curved; stigmas pale red, glabrous. Fruiting peduncle ca. 5.5–6 cm. Fruit ovoid; mature carpels thickly woody, tuberculate, dehiscing along dorsal suture. Seed compressed ovoid. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Sep.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 700–800 m. Guangdong (Longmen).
桂南木莲 gui nan mu lian
Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V. S. Kumar; M. conifera var. chingii (Dandy) V. S. Kumar; Manglietia chingii Dandy; M. conifera subsp. chingii (Dandy) J. Li; M. tenuipes Dandy.
Trees, to 20 m tall. Bark gray and smooth. Vegetative buds and young twigs reddish brown pubescent. Stipular scar 3–5 mm. Petiole 2–3 cm, narrowly furrowed, at first appressed villous; leaf blade narrowly obovate to narrowly obovate-elliptic, 12–15 × 2–5 cm, leathery, abaxially at first grayish green and hispidulous or glaucous, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 12–14 on each side of midvein, base narrowly cuneate to cuneate, apex shortly acuminate to rotund. Peduncle 4–7 cm, slender, pendulous, with 1 bract scar basal to tepals. Flower buds ovoid. bract scar as M. fordiana var. kwangtungensis. Tepals 9 or 11, 3 per whorl; outer 3 tepals usually green, elliptic, 4–5 × 2.5–2.8 cm, thinner, apex rotund; middle 3 tepals obovate-elliptic, 5–5.5 × 2.5–3 cm, fleshy; inner 3 or 4 tepals obovate-spoon-shaped, 4–4.5 × 1.5–2 cm, fleshy. Stamens ca. 1.5–2 cm; connective exserted and forming a triangular mucro; anthers 8–9 mm. Gynoecium 1.5–2 cm; basal carpels 0.8–1 cm, abaxially 3- or 4-furrowed; styles ca. 2 mm. Fruit ovoid, 4–5 cm; mature carpels tuberculate, apex shortly beaked; endotesta dotted. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
Hills, wet places in valleys; 700–1300 m. N Guangdong, Guangxi, SE Guizhou, S Hunan, SE Yunnan [N Vietnam].
Timber, ornamental, and medicinal.
卵果木莲 luan guo mu lian
Magnolia ovoidea (Hung T. Chang & B. L. Chen) V. S. Kumar.
Trees, to 10 m tall, to 30 cm d.b.h. Twigs robust, at first with rust-colored trichomes but glabrescent. Stipular scar ca. 1/2 as long as petiole. Petiole at first with rust-colored trichomes; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 13–14 × 4–5 cm, leathery, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, midvein adaxially impressed, secondary and reticulate veins inconspicuous, base cuneate, apex shortly acute. Peduncle with trichomes, 1.5–2 cm. Tepals 11, pale yellowish green, fleshy; outer 3 tepals obovate, ca. 3.5 × 2.4 cm; innermost 2 tepals purplish, spatulate-obovate. Stamens numerous. Gynoecium broadly ovoid to subglobose, 3.2–3.6 cm. Fruiting peduncle with trichomes, 2.7–3.2 cm; mature carpels ellipsoid, abaxially papillate. Fl. Apr, fr. Oct–Nov.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 1700–2000 m. Guangxi, SE Yunnan.
苍背木莲 cang bei mu lian
Trees, to 8 m tall. Twigs yellowish brown, glabrous; vegetative buds glabrous. Stipular scar 1/3–1/2 as long as petiole. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, 9–18 × 2–3.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially glaucous, adaxially deep green, midvein adaxially impressed, secondary and reticulate veins inconspicuous, secondary veins 10–15 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Peduncle ca. 4 cm. Tepals 9, white; tepals of outer whorls 3, oblong-obovate, 4–5 cm; tepals of inner whorls 6, obovate to obovate-spoon-shaped, fleshy. Stamens numerous, 1–1.5 cm; connective thick, exserted, apically tapered triangular; anthers 8–10 mm. Gynoecium ellipsoid, 1.6–2 cm; carpels numerous; ovules 10 per carpel. Fruiting peduncle 4–6 cm. Fruit ovoid, 4.5–5 cm, pendulous; matured carpels ellipsoid, 1.5–2 cm, abaxially papillate, apex shortly beaked. Seeds heart-shaped, ca. 7 × 5 mm. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug.
* Forests; 1500–1600 m. Guizhou.
落叶木莲 luo ye mu lian
Magnolia decidua (Q. Y. Zheng) V. S. Kumar; Sinomanglietia glauca Z. X. Yu & Q. Y. Zheng.
Trees, deciduous, to 15 m tall, to 45 cm d.b.h. Bark grayish white. Twigs purple, smooth, scattered with white suborbicular lenticels; vegetative buds subglabrous. Stipular scar 1/4–1/2 as long as petiole. Leaves often clustered on apex of branches; petiole 2.5–4.5(–6) cm; leaf blade narrowly obovate, narrowly elliptic, or elliptic, ca. 20 × 3.5–7 cm, papery, abaxially with gray and white trichomes but later glabrescent, adaxially dark green and smooth, midvein adaxially slightly impressed, secondary veins 9–12 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, apex obtuse to shortly acute. Flower buds narrowly ovoid, subtended by a spathaceous bract. Peduncle ca. 1 cm, at first with trichomes but later glabrescent. Tepals 15 or 16, in 5 whorls, pale yellow, lanceolate, becoming shorter and narrower inward, glabrous; outer 3 tepals 7–7.4 × 1.8–2 cm; innermost 3 or 4 ca. 5.5–6 × 3–8 cm. Stamens 54–60, 6–7 mm; filaments ca. 1 mm; connective exserted and forming a ca. 1 mm triangular mucro; anthers 4–5 mm. Gynoecium sessile, long ovoid, ca. 1 cm; carpels 15–22; ovules 6–8 per carpel. Fruit reddish brown when fresh but pale brown when dry, ovoid to subglobose, 4.7–7 × 4–4.5 cm; fruiting Peduncle ca. 1.6 cm; mature carpels long ovoid to long ellipsoid, 1.5–3 × 1–1.7 × 0.3–0.7 cm, woody, dehiscing along ventral sutures first then along dorsal suture. Seeds red, nearly cordate to subglobose, 7–11 × 7–11 × 5–8 mm. Fl. May, fr. Sep–Oct.
* Bamboo forests; 400–700 m. Jiangxi (Yichun).
木兰属 mu lan shu
Trees or shrubs, evergreen. Bark usually gray and smooth or sometimes coarsely deep furrowed. Twigs with annular stipular scar. Stipules membranous, free or adnate to petiole and leaving a stipular scar on petiole. Leaves spirally arranged, folded in bud, erect when young; leaf blade thickly papery or leathery, margin entire. Flowers terminal on terminal brachyblasts, solitary, bisexual, large, usually fragrant. Tepals 9–12, in 3 or 4 whorls, subequal. Stamens caducous; filaments flat; connective elongated, forming a short or long tip; anthers dehiscing introrsely. Gynoecium linked to androecium, without a gynophore. Carpels few to many, distinct; styles curved outward; ovules 2 per carpel or rarely in basal carpels 3 or 4; stigmas papillate, located in adaxial side of carpel. Fruit usually ovoid; matured carpels distinct, leathery or woody, dehiscing along dorsal sutures, apex long or shortly beaked. Seeds 1–2 per carpel; testa orangish red or fresh-colored red, fleshy, oily; endotesta rigid, hilum connected to placentation by filiform funiculus.
About 20 species: Central America, E and S North America, including Mexico and Antilles; one species (exotic) in China.
荷花木兰 he hua mu lan
Trees, to 30 m tall but usually shorter when cultivated. Bark pale brown to gray, thinly scaly fissured. Twigs, vegetative buds, petioles, and leaf blade abaxial surfaces densely brown to grayish brown short tomentose but abaxial surface of young leaf blades glabrous. Twigs thick and strong. Petiole 1.5–4 cm, deeply furrowed, without a stipular scar; leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or obovate-oblong, 10–20 × 4–7(–10) cm, thickly leathery, base cuneate, apex obtuse to shortly mucronate, adaxially deep green and glossy, secondary veins 8–10 on each side of midvein. Flowers 15–20 cm in diam., fragrant. Tepals white, 9–12, obovate, 6–10 × 5–7 cm, thickly fleshy. Stamens ca. 2 cm; filaments purple, flat; connective exserted and forming a mucro; anthers introrse. Gynoecium ellipsoid, densely long tomentose; carpels ovoid, 1–1.5 cm; styles reclinate. Fruit terete to ovoid, 7–10 × 4–5 cm, densely brown to pale grayish yellow tomentose; mature carpels abaxially rounded, dehiscing along dorsal sutures, apex long beaked at out side. Seeds ovoid, ca. 1.4 × 0.6 cm; testa red. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 114.
Cultivated in provinces S of Chang Jiang [native in SE North America].
Widely cultivated as an ornamental and for timber.
长喙木兰属 chang hui mu lan shu
Trees or shrubs, evergreen. Bark usually gray, smooth or sometimes rough and furrowed. Stipules membranous, adnate to petiole and leaving a stipular scar on petiole. Leaves spirally arranged, folded in bud, erect when young; leaf blade thickly papery or leathery, margin entire. Flowers terminal on terminal brachyblasts, solitary, bisexual, large, usually fragrant. Spathaceous bracts 1-several. Tepals 9–12, 3 per whorl, usually white, subequal. Stamens caducous; filaments flat; connective exserted and forming a mucro; anthers dehiscing introrsely. Gynoecium without a gynophore; carpels few or many, distinct; ovules 2(–4) per carpel. Fruit usually ellipsoid, both ends acute; mature carpels distinct, leathery or subwoody, all persistent on torus, dehiscing along dorsal sutures, apex beaked.
About 12 species: SE Asia; eight species (five endemic) in China.
“Magnolia menlunica Q. W. Zeng & Y. W. Law” (in Y. H. Liu, Magnolias China 76. 2004) is of uncertain identity. It belongs to Lirianthe and is probably the same as an already published species but was not validly published because no type was indicated and no Latin description or diagnosis was provided (Vienna Code, Art. 36.1 and 37.1).
1a. Stipular scar 1/3–1/2 as long as petiole ............................................................. 1. L. fistulosa
1b. Stipular scar reaching apex of petiole.
2a. Leaf blade large-sized, 20–70 × 7–22 cm .......................................................... 2. L. henryi
2b. Leaf blade medium-sized or small-sized, length not exceeding 30 cm, width usually not exceeding 10 cm.
3a. Plants glabrous throughout.
4a. Leaf blade slightly wavy adaxially, margin slightly revolute, secondary veins 8–10 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins sparse ........................................................................ 7. L. coco
4b. Leaf blade flat, margin not revolute, secondary veins 14–16 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins dense .................................................................................................... 8. L. fujianensis
3b. Plant ± with trichomes.
5a. Flowers smaller; outer tepals shorter than 3.5 cm ................................... 6. L. championii
5b. Flowers larger; outer tepals longer than 5 cm.
6a. Petiole 5–7 cm; leaf blade rounded or slightly cordate at base .................. 3. L. delavayi
6b. Petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaf blade cuneate or broadly cuneate at base.
7a. Leaf blade pale green, abaxially with white curved
trichomes
..................................................................................................... 4.
L. odoratissima
7b. Leaf blade glaucous,
abaxially with dense white silky trichomes
........................................................................................................ 5.
L. albosericea
显脉木兰 xian mai mu lan
Talauma fistulosa Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(Mém. 4): 31. 1906; Magnolia championii Bentham subsp. fistulosa (Finet & Gagnepain) J. Li; M. fistulosa (Finet & Gagnepain) Dandy; M. phanerophlebia B. L. Chen; M. talaumoides Dandy.
Shrubs or small trees, to 3 m tall, to 6 cm d.b.h., glabrous. Young twigs gray to yellowish gray when dry, 5–7 mm in diam., terete, smooth. Stipular scar 0.7–1.9(–2.5) cm. Petiole (1–)3–6(–7) cm, obviously thickened toward its base; leaf blade obovate to elliptic, 31–34.5(–36) × 9.5–14(–17) cm, leathery, abaxially greenish, adaxially dark green and shiny, midvein conspicuously elevated abaxially, secondary veins (11–)13–17(–19) on each side of midvein, adaxially much impressed, anastomosing with an intramarginal vein, and more prominent on both surfaces than coarsely netted reticulate veins, base cuneate and decurrent with 2 ridges into petiole, apex acuminate, acumen 1–2 cm. Peduncle ca. 2.5 × 0.4 cm, recurved; spathaceous bracts 3, one toward base of peduncle, one at middle or slightly apically on peduncle, and one at base of perianth. Tepals 8 or 9, subequal; outer 3 tepals greenish, thinly leathery; inner 5 or 6 tepals white, fleshy. Stamens numerous. Gynoecium narrowly ovoid; carpels ca. 11. Fruit not seen. Fl. May.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 500–700 m. S Yunnan.
大叶木兰 da ye mu lan
Magnolia henryi Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 484. 1903; Manglietia wangii Hu & Chun; Talauma kerrii Craib.
Trees, to 20 m tall. Young twigs with appressed trichomes but later glabrescent. Stipular scar nearly reaching apex of petiole. Petiole 4–11 cm, with appressed trichomes when young; leaf blade obovate-oblong, 20–65 × 7–22 cm, leathery, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent, adaxially glabrous, midvein adaxially prominent, secondary veins 14–20 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins sparse and prominent on both surfaces when dry, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse to acute. Peduncle pendulous, ca. 8 cm, with 2 bract scars, glabrous. Flower buds ovoid; spathaceous bracts glabrous. Tepals 9; 3 tepals of outer whorl green, ovate-elliptic, 6–6.5 × 3–3.5 cm, apex obtuse; tepals of middle and inner whorls milky white, obovate-spoon-shaped, 5.5–6 cm, thickly fleshy; tepals of inner whorl narrower and smaller. Stamens 1.2–1.5 cm; anthers 1–1.2 cm; connective exserted and forming a mucro. Gynoecium narrowly ellipsoid, 3.5–4 cm, glabrous; carpels 85–95, narrowly long ellipsoid, 1.5–2 cm × 2–3 mm, abaxially 4 or 5-ridged; styles 4–9 mm. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, 10–15 × 3–5 cm. Fl. May, fr. Aug–Sep.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 500–1500 m. S Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand].
山玉兰 shan yu lan
Magnolia delavayi Franchet Pl. Delavay. 1: 33. 1889; M. carpunii M. S. Romanov & A.V. Bobrov.
Trees, to 12 m tall, to 80 cm d.b.h. Bark gray to grayish black, coarse and fissured. Old twigs thick and strong, dotted with lenticels; young twigs olive green, pale yellowish brown pubescent. Stipular scar nearly reaching apex of petiole. Petiole 5–7(–10) cm, densely villous; leaf blade ovate to ovate-oblong, 10(–14)– 20(–32) × 5(–7)–10(–20) cm, leathery, abaxially densely interwoven tomentose and white powdery but later only with residual trichomes on veins, adaxially covered with curved long trichomes at first but later glabrescent, midvein flat to impressed and with residual trichomes, secondary veins 11–16 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins dense and prominent on both surfaces when dry, base broadly rounded to sometimes slightly cordate, margin wavy, apex obtuse to rarely emarginate. Peduncle erect, 3–4 cm. Flowers fragrant, cupular, 15–20