ANNONACEAE [Draft]
Li Ping-Tao
番荔枝科 fan li zhi ke
Trees, shrubs, or climbers with aromatic wood and leaves. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate; leaf blade margin entire, venation pinnate. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, leaf-opposed, or extra-axillary, rarely on underground suckerlike shoots. Flowers solitary, in fascicles, glomerules, panicles, or cymes on older wood, usually bracteate or bracteolate. Sepals hypogynous, (2 or)3, imbricate or valvate, persistent or deciduous, rarely enlarging and enclosing fruit, distinct or variously united at base. Petals hypogynous, usually 6 in 2 whorls, rarely 3 or 4 and in 1 whorl, both whorls imbricate or valvate, sometimes outer whorl valvate and inner slightly imbricate. Stamens hypogynous, numerous, rarely few, spirally imbricate, in several series; filaments very short and thick; anther locules 2, contiguous or separate, rarely transversely locellate, adnate to connective, extrorse or lateral, very rarely introrse, opening by a longitudinal slit; connective enlarged, truncate, often overtopping anther locules, rarely elongated or not produced. Carpels numerous or few, rarely solitary, free or rarely united into a 1-locular ovary with parietal placentas; ovules 1 or 2 and inserted at base of carpel or 1 to several on ventral suture, in 1 or 2 series, anatropous. Styles short, thick, free or rarely connate; stigmas capitate to oblong, sometimes sulcate or 2-lobed. Fruiting carpels usually stipitate and free, rarely united into a syncarp, dry or fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds often arillate; endosperm copious, conspicuously ruminate; embryo minute, near hilum.
129 genera and over 2200 species: tropics and subtropics, especially in Old World; 22 genera and 114 species in China.
1a. Petals 6, in 2 whorls of 3, inner and outer whorls or only inner imbricate.
2a. Flowers usually large, bisexual; petals spreading; torus depressed; leaf blade with stellate hairs ..... 1. Uvaria
2b. Flowers small, usually bisexual; petals incurved; torus flat, prominent at margin; leaf blade with pubescences ..... 2. Cyathostemma
1b. Petals (4--)6 in 2 whorls, rarely 3 in 1 whorl, valvate.
3a. Outer petals smaller than inner, sepaloid.
4a. Interior petals falcate, long and thick ended, attenuate in basal half, vaulted and not clawed ............................
.... ....................................... 3. Mezzettiopsis
4b. Interior petals flat and thin, basally narrowed into a claw.
5a. Interior petals apically lozenge-shaped, base with a long claw, cohering by their margin into a mitriform cap, apex usually acute to acuminate ............................................
.................................................. 4. Orophea
5b. Interior petals shallowly saccate, base with a short claw, at first cohering at margins but soon free, apex usually revolute .............................................. 5. Miliusa
3b. Outer petals equalling or longer than inner or sometimes inner whorl lacking, conspicuously different from sepals,
6a. Fruiting carpels united into fleshy aggregate berries.
7a. Outer petals usually free, flat on back ...... 21. Annona
7b. Outer petals connate at base, with a spur or wing on back 22. Rollinia
6b. Fruiting carpels free.
8a. Fruit linear, moniliform; petals 2--6, in 1 or 2 whorls 6. Desmos
8b. Fruit thickened, not moniliform; petals 6, in 2 whorls.
9a. Climbing shrubs.
10a. Peduncle and fruiting pedicels hooklike . 18. Artabotrys
10b. Peduncle and fruiting pedicels not hooklike.
11a. Outer petals much larger than inner petals; connective apex truncate ................................... 19. Richella
11b. Outer petals slightly larger than inner petals; connective apex acuminate to obtuse ..................... 20. Fissistigma
9b. Trees or erect shrubs.
12a. Fruit with a clavate stipe, dehiscent ..................
................................................ 7. Anaxagorea
12b. Fruit without a clavate stipe, indehiscent.
13a. Interior petals basally clawed or pediferous, lamina vaulted and united into a caplike or apically globate.
14a. Stamens linear-oblong; inner petals with short claws or short stipes at base ......................... 8. Goniothalamus
14b. Stamens cuneate; inner petals with long claws or long stipes at base.
15a. Flowers large, outer petals larger than inner ..........
............................................... 9. Mitrephora
15b. Flowers small, outer petals smaller than inner .........
.... ......................................... 10. Pseuduvaria
13b. Interior petals not basally clawed, lamina spreading or connivent and apically 3-edged.
16a. Connective apex acuminate.
17a. Petals ovate-triangular to ovate-oblong, usually saccate and incurved at base .......................... 16. Alphonsea
17b. Petals and stamens linear to linear-lanceolate .........
................................................. 17. Cananga
16b. Connective apex truncate or broadly 3-angular.
18a. Ovules 1 or 2, basal or nearly basal.
19a. Inner petals spreading; fruiting carpels distinct ......
.............................................. 14. Polyalthia
19b. Inner petals concave within and covering stamens; fruiting carpels usually connivent ................... 15. Popowia
18b. Ovules numerous, ventrally inserted.
20a. Flower buds lanceolate to long rostrate, outside 3-edged; sepals connate at base or beyond into a cuplike; petals elongated, inside middle narrowly convex, concave at base; anther locules transversely septate ........................ 11. Xylopia
20b. Flower buds ovoid, outside not 3-edged; sepals connate at base, but not into a cuplike; petals flat or cucullate; anther locules not transversely septate.
21a. Petals flat; connective apex rounded; stigmas subcapitate, not constricted at base; fruit not stipitate (Chinese species) ............................................ 12. Meiogyne
21b. Petals cucullate; connective apex truncate to subtruncate; stigmas ovoid, constricted at base; fruit stipitate . 13. Chieniodendron
1. UVARIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753.
紫玉盘属 zi yu pan shu
Shrubs, climbing or scandent, sometimes erect or small trees, often with stellate hairs. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, extra-axillary, leaf-opposed, or rarely on older branches. Flowers mostly solitary or paired, rarely in short racemes or few-flowered cymes. Sepals 3, valvate, usually connate at base. Petals 6, sometimes united at very base, each whorl imbricate. Torus depressed, pubescent or tomentose. Stamens numerous; anther locules often oblong or linear; connective apex truncate to rounded. Carpels numerous, rarely few, linear-oblong; ovules numerous, rarely 2 or 3, in 1 or 2 series. Styles outside often pilose; stigmas usually 2-cleft, involute. Fruitlets mostly ± stipitate, oblong, ovoid, or subglobose, berrylike, with several seeds or by abortion 1-seeded. Seeds subhorizontal, with or without a short aril.
About 150 species; Old World tropics; eight species in China.
1a. Leaf blades glabrous or abaxially inconspicuously and sparsely stellate pubescent, but soon glabrescent.
2a. Leaf blade oblong to oblong-ovate, glabrous; ovules 6--8 per locule .................................... 1. U. boniana
2b. Leaf blade obovate-lanceolate, abaxially inconspicuously and sparsely stellate pubescent, glabrescent; ovules 2 per locule.
3a. Fruit ca. 1 cm in diam., smooth ....... 2. U. tonkinensis
3b. Fruit ca. 3.5 cm in diam., epicarp densely tuberculate 3. U. kweichowensis
1b. Leaf blade on both surfaces or abaxially distinctly stellate-tomentose or stellate pubescent.
4a. Fruit with soft and dense spines ..... 4. U. calamistrata
4b. Fruit unarmed.
5a. Leaf blade membranous; petals yellow to yellowish .......
................................................ 5. U. kurzii
5b. Leaf blade papery to leathery; petals dark red to purple.
6a. Flowers 9--10 cm in diam.; fruit cylindrical, slightly constricted between seeds, 4--6 cm ...................... .........................................................
........................................... 6. U. grandiflora
6b. Flowers 1.5--4 cm in diam.; fruit globose to ovoid-elliptic, not constricted between seeds, 2--3.8 cm.
7a. Leaf apex acuminate; lateral veins adaxially flat; flowers ca. 1.5 cm in diam. .............................. 7. U. rufa
7b. Leaf apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; lateral veins adaxially impressed; flowers 2.5--4 cm in diam ....................
.... ...................................... 8. U. macrophylla
1. Uvaria boniana Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 71. 1906.
光叶紫玉盘 guang ye zi yu pan
Shrubs, scandent to 5 m, glabrous except for flowers. Petiole 2--8 mm; leaf blade oblong to oblong-ovate, 4--15 X 1.8--5.5 cm, papery, base cuneate to rounded, apex acuminate to acute, lateral veins 8--10 pairs and slightly elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences extra-axillary, often leaf-opposed, 1- or 2-flowered. Pedicel 2.5--5.5 cm, bracteolate below middle. Sepals ovate, 2.5--3 mm, ciliate. Petals purple, leathery, puberulous; outer petals broadly ovate, ca. 1 X 1 cm; inner petals slightly smaller than outer, inside concave. Connective apex truncate, papillary. Carpels oblong, incurved, densely yellow pubescent; ovules 6--8. Stigmas horse-shoe shaped, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes 4--5.5 cm; fruitlets purple, globose to elliptic-ovate, ca. 1.3 cm in diam. Fl. May--Oct, fr. Jun--Apr of following year.
Moist secondary forests or thickets; 100--800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi [Vietnam].
2. Uvaria tonkinensis Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 74. 1906.
东京紫玉盘 dong jing zi yu pan
Melodorum subglabrum Ban; M. vietnamense Ban; M. vietnamense var. calcareum Ban; Uvaria tonkinensis Finet & Gagnepain var. subglabra Finet & Gagnepain.
Shrubs, scandent to 6 m. Branches sparsely pubescent with stellate hairs when young, glabrescent. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade obovate, obovate-lanceolate, oblong, or elliptic, 12--21 X 4--7 cm, papery, abaxially sparsely covered with stellate hairs but soon glabrate, adaxially glabrous, base rounded to slightly cordate, apex acuminate, long acuminate, short acuminate, or rarely acute, lateral veins 8--12 pairs. Inflorescences terminal or leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Pedicel 1.5--4.5 cm, sparsely stellate. Sepals broadly obovate, 3--4 mm, outside densely stellate, inside concave and glabrous. Petals purple, obovate, broadly ovate, or rotund, outside densely stellate pubescent; outer petals 1.5--1.9 X 1.5--1.9 cm; inner petals smaller than outer. Connective glabrous or hairy. Carpels cylindrical, stellate pubescent, or with hairs only at base and apically; ovules 2 per locule. Stigmas apex entire or 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes 2.5--5 cm; fruitlets purple, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. Feb--Sep, fr. Aug--Dec.
Thickets or sparse forests; 200--600 m. W Guangxi, Hainan, S Yunnan [Vietnam].
3. Uvaria kweichowensis P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 107. 1976.
贵州紫玉盘 gui zhou zi yu pan
Shrubs, scandent to 5 m. Branches stellate pubescent when young, glabrescent, lenticellate. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade obovate to elliptic, 12--18 X 6--8 cm, papery, lucid and glabrous except abaxially sparsely stellate pubescent on veins, base rounded, apex acute and mucronate, lateral veins 12--14 pairs forming a 45° angle with midvein. Fruiting stipes stout, ca. 1 cm; fruitlets ovoid, ca. 5.5 X 3.5 cm, apex rounded; epicarp tuberculate, densely stellate-tomentose. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep--Oct.
* Secondary forests; ca. 1000 m. SW Guizhou.
4. Uvaria calamistrata Hance, J. Bot. 20: 77. 1882.
刺果紫玉盘 ci guo zi yu pan
Shrubs, scandent to 8 m. Branches stellate pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 5--10 mm, stellate-tomentose; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or obovate-oblong, 5--17 X 2--7 cm, subleathery to thickly papery, abaxially densely stellate pubescent, adaxially sparsely stellate pubescent, base obtuse to rounded, apex long acuminate to acute, lateral veins 8--10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or leaf-opposed, fasciculate, 1--4-flowered. Flowers ca. 1.8 cm in diam. Sepals ovate, ferrugineous tomentose. Petals yellowish; outer petals ± equal or slightly larger than inner, oblong, ca. 8 mm, pubescent. Connective apex rounded to obtuse, puberulous. Carpels 7--15, pubescent; ovules 6--9 per locule. Stigmas involute, apex 2-cleft. Fruitlets red, ellipsoidal, 2--3.5 X 1.5--2.5 cm, with soft and dense spines. Seeds brown, compressed, 3-angular, ca. 10 X 8 mm. Fl. May--Jul, fr. Jul--Dec.
Mountainous forests or scrub; 200--800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi [Vietnam].
The fine, strong bast fibers obtained from inner bark is used for cordage and sack manufacturing.
5. Uvaria kurzii (King) P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 106. 1976.
黄花紫玉盘 huang hua zi yu pan
Uvaria hamiltonii J. D. Hooker var. kurzii King, Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 1(4): 263. 1892.
Shrubs, scandent to 13 m, densely stellate-tomentose to stellate pubescent throughout. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade oblong-obovate, oblong-elliptic, or obovate, 9.5--21 X 4--8.5 cm, membranous, base narrowly and shallowly cordate, apex acuminate, obtuse, or sometimes rounded, lateral veins 13--18 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1- or 2-flowered; bracts ovate, ca. 7 X 3.5 mm. Flowers ca. 3.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 2.5--4 cm, bracteolate at middle. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 5 X 5 mm. Petals yellow to yellowish, ovate; outer petals as large as inner, ca. 1.6 X 1.1--1.2 cm, apex rounded. Anther locules oblong, ca. 3 mm; connective apex truncate, puberulous. Carpels oblong, ca. 4 mm; ovules 10 per locule, in 2 series. Stigmas horse-shoe shaped, apex 2-cleft. Fruitlets ovoid to subglobose, 2--2.5 X ca. 2 cm. Fl. May, fr. Jul--Aug.
Dense forest; 400--1300 m. Guangxi, Yunnan [India].
6. Uvaria grandiflora Roxburgh ex Hornemann, Hort. Bot. Hafn., Suppl. 141. 1819.
大花紫玉盘 da hua zi yu pan
Unona grandiflora Lechenault ex de Candolle; Uvaria platypetala Champion ex Bentham; U. purpurea Blume; U. rhodantha Hance.
Shrubs, scandent to 5 m, densely stellate pubescent to ferrugineous tomentose throughout. Petiole 5--8 mm; leaf blade oblong-obovate, 7--30 X 3.5--12.5 cm, papery to subleathery, base shallowly cordate, apex acute, short acuminate, or sometimes caudate, lateral veins 10--17(--24) pairs and forming an angle of ca. 60° with midvein. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, cymose, 1(--3)-flowered; bracts 2, ovate to obovate, ca. 3 X 2.5 cm. Flowers 9--10 cm in diam. Pedicel 0.5--5 cm. Sepals broadly ovate, 2--2.5 X 2.5--3.5 cm, membranous, inside glabrous, base connate on lower third, apex obtuse to acute. Petals dark red to vermilion-red, turning purplish with age, obovate to oval-obovate, 4--4.5 X 2.5--3.5 cm, puberulous. Anther locules oblong to linear, ca. 7 mm; connective apex truncate, glabrous. Carpels oblong to linear, ca. 8 mm; ovules 30--50 per locule, in 2 series. Stigmas apex involute and 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes 1.5--3 cm; fruitlets orange, cylindrical, 4--6 X 1.5--2 cm, fleshy, minutely tomentose, slightly constricted between seeds, apex mucronate. Seeds pale brown. Fl. Mar--Nov, fr. May--Dec.
Sparse forests or thickets; 400--1000 m. S Guangdong, SE Guangxi, Hainan, [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
7. Uvaria rufa Blume, Fl. Javae, Anonnaceae 19. 1828.
小花紫玉盘 xiao hua zi yu pan
Shrubs, scandent to 5 m, branches and leaves abaxially stellate-tomentose with rusty hairs when dry but pedicels, sepals, petals, and carpels stellate pubescent. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-oblong, 5--15 X 2.5--6 cm, subleathery, base cordate, apex acuminate, lateral veins ca. 12 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or extra-axillary, cymose, 1--4-flowered. Flowers ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Petals purple to dark red, ovate, 8--12 X 6--7 mm, apex obtuse to rounded. Stamens oblong; connective apex truncate, glabrous. Carpels oblong; stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes 1--2 cm; fruitlets ovoid-ellipsoidal to sometimes globose, ca. 2 X 1--1.5 cm, apex rounded. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Jun--Oct.
Mountainous sparse forests; 400--1700 m. Hainan, S Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].
8. Uvaria macrophylla Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 663. 1824.
紫玉盘 zi yu pan
Guatteria cordata Dunal; Uvaria badiiflora Hance; U. cordata (Dunal) Alston (1931), not Schumacher & Thonning (1868); U. dolichoclada Hayata; U. macclurei Diels; U. macrophylla var. microcarpa (Champion ex Bentham) Fient & Gagnepain; U. microcarpa Champion ex Bentham; U. obovatifolia Hayata.
Shrubs, scandent 2--18 m, stellate pubescent throughout or stellate-tomentose when young and glabrescent, with ferrugineous hairs when dry. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade obovate, oblong-obovate, elliptic, or broadly oblong, 9--30 X 3--15 cm, leathery, base shallowly cordate, truncate, rounded, or rarely cuneate, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded and mostly apiculate, lateral veins 9--14(--22) pairs, usually adaxially impressed when dry, and abaxially elevated. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or rarely extra-axillary, sometimes cymose, 1- or 2(or more)-flowered; bracts ovate to broadly elliptic, 4--7 mm. Flowers 2--3.8 cm in diam. Pedicel 0.5--4 cm. Sepals ovate to broadly ovate, 4--5 mm and wide. Petals dark red, purple, or purplish, subovate to oblong-elliptic, spreading, 1.2--2 X 0.6--1.3 cm, apex rounded to obtuse. Stamens oblong, ca. 9 mm; connective ovate, apex puberulous to glabrous; outer stamens sterile, oblanceolate, ca. 7 mm. Carpels oblong, ca. 5 mm; stigmas horse-shoe shaped, apex 2-cleft and involute. Fruitlets orange, ovoid to subterete, 1--3 X 1--1.5 cm, hairy to glabrous. Seeds globose, 6.5--7.5 mm in diam. Fl. Mar--Sep, fr. Jul--Mar of following year.
Sparse forests or scrub; 400--1400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [???East Bengal and Sri Lanka to Indo-China, Philippines and New Guinea].
The fine strong bast fiber obtained from the bark is used for making sacks. The roots are used as a sedative, to stop vomiting, and for rheumatism. The leaves are used to relief pain and to reduce swellings.
2. CYATHOSTEMMA Griffith, Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 707. 1854.
杯冠木属 bei guan mu shu
Shrubs, climbing. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or sometimes terminal, extra-axillary, or from old branches or trunk, 1-flowered or in pendulous and few-flowered cymes. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, subglobose. Pedicel bracteolate. Sepals 3, valvate, usually hirsute, connate at base. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, short, ± equal or inner petals smaller than outer, valvate at base, remaining incurved, apex imbricate. Torus flat. Stamens numerous; anther locules oblong, subintrorse; connective oblique, incurved. Carpels numerous. Styles cylindric, glabrous; stigmas conical, apex 2-cleft. Fruitlets stipitate. Seeds several, in 2 series.
About eight species: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam; one species in China.
1. Cyathostemma yunnanense Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. n. s. 10(3): 121. 1940.
杯冠木 bei guan mu
Cyathostemma vietnamense Ban.
Shrubs, climbing, to 5 m tall, dusky pubescent throughout. Petiole short; leaf blade obovate, 14--20 X 6--9 cm, papery, base rounded, apex acute to obtuse, midvein and lateral veins abaxially distinctly elevated and adaxially slightly elevated. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, several-flowered; bracts oblong, 4--7 mm. Flowers small. Pedicel 1--1.5 cm. Calyx cupular, sepals reniform. Petals yellow-green, broadly ovate; outer petals ca. 7 X 7 mm; inner petals ca. 6 X 5 mm. Stamens ca. 3.5 mm; connective broadly conical, puberulous. Carpels ca. 3.5 mm; ovules 4--14 per locule, in 2 series. Stigmas conical, glabrous. Fl. Jun--Jul, fr. Aug--Sep.
Mountainous scrub; ca. 1000 m. S Yunnan [Vietnam].
3. MEZZETTIOPSIS Ridley, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 389. 1912.
蚁花属 yi hua shu
Trees. Leaves with short petioles. Inflorescences axillary, fasciculate. Flowers small. Sepals 3, connate at base. Petals 6, each whorl valvate, pellucidly dotted; outer petals short, connate at base; inner petals falcate, long and thick, basally vaulted, apically revolute. Stamens numerous; anther elliptic, broad, extrorse; connective apex acute. Carpels numerous. Stigmas globose. Fruitlets stipitate.
One species: China, Indonesia.
1. Mezzettiopsis creaghii Ridley, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 389. 1912.
蚁花 yi hua
Orophea palawanensis Elmer.
Trees to 12 m tall, pedicels, bracts, sepals, and outer petals outside hispid. Petiole 3--7 mm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 9--15 X 3--6 cm, subleathery, glabrous or midvein abaxially hispid, base broadly cuneate to obtuse, apex broadly acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 7--10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, in glomerules. Flowers 3--5 mm in diam. Sepals ovate, ca. 1.5 mm. Outer petals sepaloid, ovate to broadly ovate, 3--4 X ca. 4 mm, thick ended; inner petals covering stamens and carpels, sickle-shaped, ca. 9 mm, base incurved and vaulted, narrowed toward basal middle, apex revolute. Stamens 14 or more; connective apex acute. Carpels oblong, puberulous or glabrescent; ovules 1--4 per locule. Fruiting stipes short and weak; fruitlets globose, 1--2 cm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Jun--Dec.
Mountainous forests; 400--1200 m. Hainan, S Yunnan [Indonesia].
4. OROPHEA Blume, Bijdr. 18. 1825.
澄广花属 cheng guang hua shu
Small trees or erect shrubs. Leaves often pellucidly dotted. Inflorescences axillary or supra-axillary, pedunculate or sessile, cymose, 1- or several-flowered. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 3, smaller than outer petals. Petals 6, free, each whorl valvate; outer petals ovate to obovate; inner petals larger than outer, base narrowly clawed, apical limbs lozenge-shaped and cohering by margins into a mitriform cap, apex usually acute to acuminate. Stamens 3--12; anther locules ovoid, extrorse; connective apex acute to obtuse but not truncate. Carpels 3--15, free. Stigmas sessile or subsessile, capitate to ellipsoid. Fruitlets short stipitate, usually globose to oblong, with 1--4 seeds, sometimes constricted between seeds.
About 37 species: S and SE Asia; five species in China.
1a. Leaf base oblique; petals reddish.
2a. Shrubs to 4 m tall; leaf base shallowly cordate, abaxially hirsute; fruitlets villose ......................... 1. O. hirsuta
2b. Trees to 10 m tall; leaf base rounded, glabrous or abaxially glabrescent; fruitlets glabrous .........................
............................................. 2. O. polycarpa
1b. Leaf base equilateral; petals green-yellowish or greenish.
3a. Leaf blade leathery, lateral veins 10--15 pairs; stamens 12; carpels densely villose ............... 3. O. yunnanensis
3b. Leaf blade papery, lateral veins 6--9 pairs; stamens 6--9; carpels glabrous.
4a. Shrubs 2--4 m tall; petioles, leaf blades abaxially, sepals, and petals outside pubescent ............... 4. O. multiflora
4b. Trees 6--8 m tall; petioles, leaf blades, sepals, and petals glabrous .............................. 5. O. hainanensis
1. Orophea hirsuta King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 61(2): 81. 84. 1892.
毛澄广花 mao cheng guang hua
Shrubs to 4 m tall, branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and peduncles ferrugineous hispid. Petiole ca. 1 mm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 3.5--12 X 1.5--5 cm, papery, base obliquely shallowly cordate, apex acuminate to acute, lateral veins 7--11 pairs. Inflorescences supra-axillary, cymose, 1--3-flowered; peduncle 1--1.5 cm. Pedicel ca. 4.5 mm with 1 or 2 bracteoles at base. Sepals broadly ovate, puberulous. Petals reddish; outer petals broadly ovate, 3--4 mm, outside puberulous; inner petals ca. 8 mm, inside sparsely puberulous, basally clawed, apically lozenge-shaped. Stamens 6. Carpels 3--6, glabrous; ovules 2 or 3 per locule. Fruiting stipes 1--2 mm; fruitlets globose, 8--10 mm in diam., sparsely villose. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jul--Dec.
Mountainous forests; 300--600 m. Hainan [Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Vietnam].
2. Orophea polycarpa A. de Candolle, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 5: 215. 1832. (Mém. Anon. 39. 1832).
广西澄广花 guang xi cheng guang hua
Miliusa glochidiodes Handel-Mazzetti; Orophea anceps Pierre; O. gracilis King; O. polycephala Pierre; O. polycarpa var. anceps (Pierre) Ast; O. polycarpa var. undulata (King) Ast; O. undulata Pierre.
Trees to 10 m tall. Branchlets gray-brown, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 1.5--3 mm, glabrous or glabrescent; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 4--10 X 1.5--4.5 cm, glabrous or abaxially glabrescent, base rounded and oblique, apex short acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 8--10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers small. Pedicel 5--10 mm, filiform, bracteolate near base. Sepals triangular, ca. 2 X 1.5 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals reddish; outer petals elliptic to rotund, 4--5 X 3--4 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous; inner petals rhombic, 8--9 X ca. 5 mm, glabrous, basally with a long claw, margin apically ciliate and revolute. Stamens 6; connective apex conical. Carpels 12, glabrous; ovules 2 per locule. Fruiting stipes 5--7 mm; fruitlets globose, 0.5--1.9 cm in diam. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Aug--Nov.
Sparse forests; ca. 600 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
3. Orophea yunnanensis P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 106. 1976.
云南澄广花 yun nan cheng guang hua
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Bark gray-black. Branchlets glabrous. Petiole ca. 3 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate, 2.5--7.5 X 1--2.3 cm, leathery, glabrous except for abaxially puberulous midvein, acuminate on both ends or base broadly cuneate, midvein abaxially elevated and adaxially flat, lateral veins 10--15 pairs and slightly elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, 1- or 2-flowered. Flowers ca. 3 mm in diam. Pedicel 2--5 mm, bracteolate at base to near middle. Sepals triangular, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals in 2 whorls, green-yellow; outer petals ± as long as inner, ovate-triangular, 2.5--3 X 1.5--2 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens ca. 12, ovoid; connective apex acute. Carpels 3, densely villose; ovules 3 per locule. Stigmas capitate. Fl. Apr, fr. May--Jul.
* Montane forests; ca. 600 m. Yunnan (Jiangchuan Xian).
4. Orophea multiflora Ast ex Jovet-Ast, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 9: 85. 1940.
多花澄广花 duo hua cheng guang hua
Orophea chinensis S. Z. Huang.
Shrubs, erect, to 4 m tall. Bark gray-brown. Branchlets hispid when young, glabrescent. Petiole ca. 2 mm, hispid; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 5--8 X 2--3.5 mm, papery, abaxially sparsely hispid or glabrous, adaxially glabrous, base rounded, apex acuminate, lateral veins 6--9 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, 1--3-flowered. Flowers ca. 5 mm in diam. Pedicel ca. 2 mm, hispid. Sepals 3, ovate-triangular, 1--2 X ca. 1 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals green-yellow; outer petals rotund, ca. 3 X 2--3 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous; inner petals ovate-triangular, 5--8 X 2--4 mm, outside densely pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens 9; filaments very short. Carpels 3, glabrous; ovules 2 or 3 per locule. Stigmas capitate. Fl. Mar, fr. Apr--Jun.
Forests on limestone; ca. 500 m. SW Guangxi [Vietnam].
5. Orophea hainanensis Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 132. 1925.
澄广花 cheng guang hua
Trees to 8 m tall. Branchlets sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Petiole subglabrous or glabrescent; leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 4--9.5 X 2--4 cm, papery, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex short acuminate to acute, lateral veins 4--7 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or supra-axillary, sparsely pubescent, usually 1--3-flowered; peduncles 4--20 cm; bracts ciliate. Flowers 3--5 mm in diam. Pedicel 4--10 mm. Sepals ovate-triangular, 1.5--2 mm, with golden pubescences, apex acute. Petals green-white; outer petals broadly ovate to rotundate, ca. 4 X 4 mm, margin ciliate, apex acute; inner petals 7--8 mm, basal half with a long and incurved claw, apical half rhombic to ovate-triangular. Stamens 6; connective apex incurved and mucronulate. Carpels 6, glabrous; ovules 2 per locule. Stigmas subcapitate, puberulous. Fruiting stipes 2--5 mm; fruitlets globose, ca. 7 mm in diam. Flowerimg: Apr--Jul, fr. Jun--Dec.
* Dense woods; 400--700 m. Hainan, Yunnan.
5. MILIUSA Leschenault ex de Candolle, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 5: 213. 1832.
野独活属 ye du huo shu
Saccapetalum Bennett.
Trees or erect shrubs. Inflorescences axillary or supra-axillary, fasciculate or cymose, 1-flowered. Flowers mostly bisexual. Pedicel slender, usually elongate. Sepals 3, valvate, small, connate at base. Petals 6, each whorl valvate; outer petals similar to sepals; inner petals readily free, erect, large, thin, base shallowly saccate and short clawed, margin innitially cohering, apex usually revolute. Torus elevated, usually with long pubescences. Stamens numerous; connective narrow and not concealing anther locules, apex subapiculate. Carpels numerous, oblong; ovules 1--5 per locule. Stigmas capitate, ovoid, or rotund. Fruiting carpels numerous, subsessile to long stipitate, globose to ovoid, with 1 to several seeds.
About 38 species: S and SE Asia and Australia; seven species in China.
1a. Leaf blade oblanceolate, obovate-oblong, or obovate-elliptic; ovule 1 per locule.
2a. Lateral veins 7--9 pairs; pedicel ca. 1.4 cm ............
......................................... 1. M. tenuistipitata
2b. Lateral veins 12--15 pairs; pedicel 2--3 cm .............
............................................... 2. M. cuneata
1b. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate; ovules 2--8 per locule.
3a. Shrubs; leaf blade glabrous or sparsely puberulous on midvein and lateral veins, glabrescent; sepals and petals sparsely pubescent.
4a. Lateral veins 13--20 pairs; pedicel 0.5--0.7 cm, supra-axillary ..................................... 3. M. glochidioides
4b. Lateral veins 10--12 pairs; pedicel 4--6.5 cm, axillary 4. M. balansae
3b. Trees; leaf blade abaxially pubescent or tomentose; sepals and petals pubescent or tomentose.
5a. Leaf base obliquely cordate; flowers 3--6 in leaf-opposed cymes or short and few-leaved branches; carpels glabrous 5. M. velutina
5b. Leaf base obtuse to rounded and slightly oblique; flowers 1--3 and axillary; carpels pubescent.
6a. Pedicel 3.5--7.5 cm; outer petals as long as sepals; ovules 2 per locule ................................... 6. M. sinensis
6b. Pedicel 1.5--3 cm; outer petals longer than sepals; ovules 8 per locule .................................. 7. M. prolifica
1. Miliusa tenuistipitata W. T. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 200. 1957.
云南野独活 yun nan ye du huo
Trees to 6 m tall, branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, bracts, sepals, outer petals, peduncles, and carpels pubescent. Trunk to 30 cm d.b.h. Petiole 1--1.5 mm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic to obovate-oblong, 7.5--14.5 X 2.8--4.5 cm, membranous, base rounded to broadly cuneate and sometimes slightly oblique, apex acuminate to short acuminate, lateral veins 7--9 pairs and inconspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered; bracts lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Flowers ca. 1 cm. Pedicel ca. 1.4 cm. Sepals ovate-oblong, ca. 4 mm. Outer petals shorter than sepals, ca. 2.5 mm; inner petals ovate, ca. 9 X 5 mm, puberulous. Connective slightly elevated. Carpels 4--8, oblong, puberulous; ovule 1 per locule. Stigmas globose, glabrous. Fruiting peduncle 1.7--3.5 cm; stipes 0.9--2.1 cm; fruitlets globose, ca. 7 mm in diam., glabrous, tuberculate, 1-seeded. Fl. May, fr. Jun.
* Mixed forests or scrub; 700--1500 m. S Yunnan.
2. Miliusa cuneata Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 145. 1912.
楔叶野独活 xie ye ye du huo
Small trees to 6 m tall. Branchlets brown tomentose. Petiole 3--4 mm; leaf blade oblanceolate to broadly oblanceolate, 4--14 X 1.5--4.5 cm, papery, pubescent but more densely on veins, base cuneate, apex obtuse, lateral veins 12--15 pairs. Inflorescences borne on branches with few or deciduous leaves, few-flowered. Pedicel 2--3 cm, pendulous, bracteolate at base. Sepals triangular to broadly lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, outside pubescent. Outer petals smaller than inner, similar to sepals, ca. 3.5 X 1 mm, pubescent; inner petals broadly lanceolate, inside puberulous and basally concave. Stamens 6, very short. Carpels ovoid, pubescent; ovule 1. Stigmas terete, glabrous. Fl. May, fr. Jun--Aug.
Sparse forests; 500--1500 m. S Yunnan [Thailand].
3. Miliusa glochidioides Handel-Mazzetti, Sinensia 3: 185. 1933.
广西野独活 guang xi ye du huo
Shrubs to 1.5 m tall. Branches terete, ferrugineous pilose to glabrescent. Petioles to 2 mm; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 3--8 X 1--3 cm, slightly pilose to glabrescent, base obliquely rounded, apex short acuminate, lateral veins 13--20 pairs. Inflorescences supra-axillary, 1- or 2-flowered; bracts ovate, 0.5--1 mm, sericeous. Pedicel filiform, 5--7 mm, glabrous. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm, outside minutely strigose, inside glabrous. Outer petals as long as sepals; inner petals ovate, ca. 3.5 X 2.5 mm, outside minutely strigose, inside glabrous. Stamens ca. 20; filaments as long as anther locules; connective broader than anther locules, subangular. Carpels ca. 10, glabrous. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug--Oct.
* Montane forests; below 900 m. Guangxi.
4. Miliusa balansae Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 149. 1906.
野独活 ye du huo
Miliusa chunii W. T. Wang; M. filipes Merrill & Chun (1935), not Ridley (1920).
Shrubs 2--5 m tall. Branchlets slightly pubescent. Petiole 2--3 mm; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-oblong, or oblong, 7--15 X 2.5--4.5 cm, membranous, glabrous or sparsely puberulous on midvein and lateral veins but glabrescent, base cuneate to rounded and oblique, apex acuminate to short acuminate, lateral veins 10--12 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers 1.3--1.6 cm in diam. Pedicel filiform, 4--6.5 cm, pendulous, glabrous. Sepals ovate, ca. 2 mm, slightly pubescent. Petals red; outer petals slightly longer than sepals; inner petals ovate, ca. 1.8 X 0.8--1.2 cm, apex reflexed. Stamens ovate to obovate. Carpels oblong to meniscoid, slightly pubescent; ovules 2 or 3 per locule. Stigmas terete, puberulous. Fruiting peduncle slender, 4--7.5 cm; stipes 1--2 cm; fruitlets globose, 7--8 mm in diam., 1--3-seeded. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jul--Dec.
Montane forests or scrub in valleys; 500--1800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Yunnan [Vietnam].
5. Miliusa velutina (Dunal) J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 151. 1855.
大叶野独活 da ye ye du huo
Uvaria velutina Dunal, Monogr. Anonac. 91. 1817; Guatteria velutina (Dunal) de Candolle; U. villosa Roxburgh.
Trees to 20 m tall, young branches, leaves, sepals outside, petals, and pedicels tomentose. Petiole 2--7 mm; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or oblong, 8--15 X 5--10 cm, base obliquelly cordate, apex acute to acuminate, lateral veins 16 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or on short few-leaved branches, cymose, 3--6-flowered. Pedicel 5--10 cm, slender. Sepals and outer petals smaller than inner petals, ovate-triangular; inner petals dark brown, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-rhombic, ca. 1 X 0.6 cm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Carpels glabrous; ovules 2 per locule. Fruitlets subsessile to long stipitate, globose to ovoid, glabrous, downy. Fl. May, fr. Jul.
Montane forests; 500--700 m. S Yunnan [Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
6. Miliusa sinensis Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. France, Mém. 4: 151. 1906.
中华野独活 zhong hua ye du huo
Evodia lyi H. Léveillé.
Small trees to 6 m tall, branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, bracts, pedicels, sepals, and petals pubescent, densely so when young. Trunk to 26 cm d.b.h. Petiole ca. 3 mm; leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or rarely oblong, 5--13 X 2--5 cm, thinly papery to membranous, base obtuse to rounded and slightly oblique, apex acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 9--11 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, erect to pendulous, 1-flowered; bracts 2--4, pubescent. Flowers 1--1.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 3.5--7.5 cm, bracteolate near base. Sepals lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, apex obtuse and spreading. Outer petals as long as sepals; inner petals purple-red, ovate, 10--15 X 6--8 mm. Connective apex apiculate. Carpels ovoid, pubescent; ovules 2 per locule. Stigmas ovoid to subcapitate, glabrous. Fruiting stipes 1.3--2.1 cm, pendulous, puberulous; fruitlets globose to obovate, 7--10 X 7--8 mm, glabrous, with 1 or 2 seeds. Fl. Apr--Sep, fr. Jul--Dec.
* Dense forests or scrub; 500--1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.
7. Miliusa prolifica (Chun & How) P. T. Li, Guihaia 13(4): 315. 1993.
囊瓣木 nang ban mu
Alphonsea prolifica Chun & How, Acta Phytotax. Sin 7: 1. 1958; Saccopetalum prolificum (Chun & How) Tsiang.
Trees, evergreen, to 15 m tall, branches, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, pedicels, sepals, and petals villous. Trunk to 50 cm d.b.h. Bark ochraceous. Petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 4--13 X 1.8--4 cm, papery, adaxially sparsely pubescent but densely so on veins, base rounded and slightly oblique, apex acute to acuminate, lateral veins 10--14 pairs. Inflorescences axillary apically on branches, fasciculate,
1--3-flowered. Pedicel 1.5--3 cm. Sepals broadly triangular, ca. 3 mm. Petals dark red; outer petals lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1 mm; inner petals ovate-lanceolate, 2--2.6 X ca. 1 cm, with a conspicuous midvein. Stamens ca. 1 mm. Carpels incurvedly crescent, densely sericeous; ovules 8 per locule, in 2 series. Stigmas ovoid, glabrous. Fruiting stipes 1--1.5 cm; fruitlets yellowish green when young, dark red at maturity, globose to subglobose, 1--2 cm in diam., puberulous, with 2--8 seeds. Seeds reniform, ca. 11 X 5 mm. Fl. Mar--Jun, fr. Jul--Aug.
* Densely wooded ravines; below 500 m. Hainan.
Timber.
6. DESMOS Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 352. 1790.
假鹰爪属 jia ying zhua shu
Dasymaschalon (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms; Desmos sect. Dasymaschalon (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Safford; Unona Linnaeus f. sect. Dasymaschalon J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
Shrubs, erect to scandent, rarely small trees. Inflorescences terminal, leaf-opposed, extra-axillary, or axillary, fasciculate, 1--4-flowered. Flowers bisexual, often fragrant. Sepals 3, free or nearly so, valvate. Petals 2--6, in 1 or 2 whorls, valvate, flat; outer petals usually larger than inner, basally clawed. Torus flat or apex slightly concave. Stamens numerous; anther locules extrorse; connective broad and convex, concealing anther locules, apex obtuse, truncate, or acuminate. Carpels numerous; ovules 1--8 per locule, in 1 or 2 series. Stigmas oblong, ovoid, or clavate, bent, with 1 U-shaped opening and a groove continued down inner adaxial side of ovary. Fruiting carpels numerous, short stipitate, moniliform and with 1--8 joints, apex apiculate; joints ovoid, 1-seeded.
About 46; S and SE Asia, Australia, Oceania; nine species in China.
1a. Petals 3, in 1 whorl.
2a. Leaf blade abaxially densely villose and gray-green; fruitlets with globose joints .................... 1. D. macrocalyx
2b. Leaf blade glabrous or abaxially slightly puberulous and glaucous; fruitlets with oblong-elliptic to ovoid joints.
3a. Leaf apex obtuse to subrounded, 4--10 X 1.5--3.5 cm; flowers 2--2.5 cm; connective apex acuminate; fruit glabrous 2. D. robinsonii
3b. Leaf apex acuminate to short acuminate, 10--19 X 3.5--7 cm; flowers 4--4.5 cm; connective apex truncate to broadly 3-angular; fruit pilose.
4a. Flowers 1--1.5 cm in diam.; petals dark red, lanceolate 3. D. rostratus
4b. Flowers 2.5--3 cm in diam.; petals yellow, oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate .......................... 4. D. sootepensis
1b. Petals 6, in 2 whorls.
5a. Outer petals smaller than inner petals.
6a. Inner petals obovate to broadly ovate; fruit densely pubescent ....................................... 5. D. yunnanensis
6b. Inner petals ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate; fruit glabrous ................................... 6. D. saccopetaloides
5b. Outer petals larger than inner petals.
7a. Branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and pedicels pubescent ................................. 7. D. dumosus
7b. Branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and pedicels glabrous.
8a. Leaf blade 21--28 X 6.5--8 cm, base shallowly cordate to truncate; flowers 2--4 ......................... 8. D. grandifolius
8b. Leaf blade 4--13 X 2--5 cm, base rounded to broadly cuneate; flowers solitary ........................ 9. D. chinensis
1. Desmos macrocalyx (Finet & Gagnepain) P. T. Li, in J. South China Agr. Coll. 14(3): 155. 1993.
大萼假鹰爪 da e jia ying zhua
Dasymaschalon macrocalyx Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 144. 1906.
Shrubs, erect, 1--3 m tall, young twigs, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and pedicels densely villose. Petioles 2--3 mm; leaf blade oblong to broadly oblong, 7--15 X 2.5--4 cm, papery, abaxially gray-green, adaxially glabrous except for pilose midvein, base rounded to shallowly cordate, apex acute to obtuse, midvein greenish, lateral veins 10--14 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, 1-flowered; bracts broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, ca. 5 mm, villose. Pedicel 0.5--3 cm. Flower buds lanceolate, 2--3 cm, basally 0.8--1 cm wide. Sepals broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1--1.5 cm, pilose. Petals red, thick, lanceolate, 2--2.8 cm, basally 6--8 mm wide, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens ca. 2 mm; connective lanceolate. Carpels ca. 10, hispid. Stigmas pubescent to glabrous. Fruiting carpels with gray-white bristles, glabrescent, with 3--8 joints; joints globose, 5--6 X ca. 5 mm. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jul--Dec.
Sparse woods or scrub, mostly on hills; 300--500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [Vietnam].
2. Desmos robinsonii (Jovet-Ast) P. T. Li, J. South China Agr. Coll. 14(3): 155. 1993.
钝叶假鹰爪 dun ye jia ying zhua
Dasymaschalon robinsonii Jovet-Ast, Notul. Syst. (Paris) ed. Humbert 9: 84. 1940.
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets hispid when young, glabrous or glabrescent. Petiole 2--4 mm, hispid; leaf blade oblong, 4--10 X 1.5--3.5 cm, leathery, glabrous, base rounded to sometimes slightly cordate, apex obtuse to nearly rounded, lateral veins 7--9 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal, 1-flowered. Pedicel 8--11 mm, pilose, with bracteoles at base. Sepals triangular, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals lanceolate, 2--2.5 cm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens numerous, cuneate; connective apex acuminate. Carpels 11, oblong, pubescent; ovules 5 per locule. Fruiting carpels with 3--5 joints; joints subglobose, ca. 5 X 5 mm, glabrous, with 4 or 5 seeds. Fl. Apr--Jun, fr. Jul--Oct.
Sparse woods on limestone; ca. 600 m. Guizhou (Libo Xian) [Vietnam].
3. Desmos rostratus (Merrill & Chun) P. T. Li, Guihaia 13(4): 314. 1993.
喙果假鹰爪 hui guo jia ying zhua
Dasymaschalon rostratum Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 8. 1934; D. glaucum Merrill & Chun; D. rostratum Merrill & Chun var. glaucum (Merrill & Chun) Ban.
Trees to 8 m tall. Twigs puberulous when young, glabrescent. Petiole 5--7 mm, pubescent to glabrous; leaf blade oblong, 12--19 X 3.5--6 cm, papery, abaxially glaucous and pilose or glabrous, base rounded, apex acuminate, lateral veins 8--12 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers 4.5 cm or more, 1--1.5 cm in diam., lanceolate in bud. Pedicel 1--2 cm, pubescent. Sepals broadly ovate, 2.5--3 mm, outside pubescent. Petals dark red, lanceolate, ca. 4.5 X 0.8 cm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Stamens numerous, cuneate; connective apex truncate. Carpels numerous, pubescent; ovules 2 per locule. Stigmas capitate. Fruiting carpels with 2--5 joints; joints oblong-elliptic, ca. 1.8 X 0.5--0.7 cm, apex rostrate. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Jul--Dec.
Mountainous forests or sparse woods in valleys; 500--1300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Xizang [Vietnam].
4. Desmos sootepensis (Craib) J. F. Maxwell, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 37(2): 177. 1989.
黄花假鹰爪 huang hua jia ying zhua
Dasymaschalon sootepense Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 144. 1912.
Trees to 7 m tall. Twigs gray-brown, pilose when young, glabrous or glabrescent. Petiole 5--8 mm, pilose; leaf blade oblong, 10--18 X 5--7 cm, thinly papery, abaxially glaucous and sparsely bristly, adaxially glabrous, base rounded, apex short acuminate, lateral veins 9--10 pairs and abaxially elevated. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers ca. 4 X 2.5--3 cm. Pedicel ca. 1.7 cm, pilose, bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 3 X 3 mm, puberulous. Petals yellow, oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate, ca. 4 X 2 cm, pilose. Stamens cuneate, ca. 2.5 mm; connective broadly 3-angular, apex obtuse. Carpels oblong, ca. 3 mm, densely villose; ovules 2--7 per locule. Stigmas recurved, with a U-shaped groove, pubescent. Fruiting stipes ca. 1 cm, joints ca. 5 mm in diam., pilose; carpels ca. 6 cm. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. Jun--Sep.
Sparse forests; ca. 600 m. S Yunan [Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam].
5. Desmos yunnanensis (Hu) P. T. Li, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(2): 51. 1979.
云南假鹰爪 yun nan jia ying zhua
Phaeanthus yunnanensis Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 10: 125. 1940; Dasymaschalon yunnanense (Hu) Ban.
Shrubs or small trees, to 5 m tall, young branchlets, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, pedicels, sepals, and petals outside puberulous. Petiole 3--8 mm; leaf blade obovate-oblong, oblong, or narrowly oblong, 10--16 X 3.5--6.8 cm, membranous to thinly papery, abaxially glaucous, adaxially shiny and glabrous,
base rounded, apex acuminate, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, lateral veins 10--14 pairs and elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Pedicel to 2.5 cm. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm. Outer petals, ovate, ca. 3 mm; inner petals, broadly ovate to obovate, ca. 2.8 X 2 cm, outside densely puberulous, inside sparsely puberulous. Anthers oblong, ca. 2 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels 13, oblong, ca. 2 mm, pilose; ovules 2--5 per locule. Stigmas globose. Fruiting carpels to 3.5 X 0.5 cm, pilosulose. Fl. Oct, fr. Aug of following year.
* Mixed forests; 1000--1400 m. SE Yunnan.
6. Desmos saccopetaloides (W. T. Wang) P. T. Li, Guihaia 13(4): 314. 1993.
亮花假鹰爪 liang hua jia ying zhua
Phaeanthus saccopetaloides W. T. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 198. 1957.
Trees ca. 6 m tall. Branchlets and petioles appressedly ferrugineous pubescent but old branches glabrous and lenticellate. Petiole 3.5--5 mm; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, ovate-oblong, or sometimes orbicular, 5.5--13.5 X 2--4.5 cm, membranous, abaxially green and sparsely puberulous but glabrescent, adaxially glabrous except for puberulous midvein, lateral veins 7--11 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Pedicel ca. 2.2 cm. Sepals ovate-triangular, ca. 1 X 1 mm, outside ferrugineous pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals green-yellow; outer petals ovate-triangular, ca. 4 mm; inner petals ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2.7--3.5 X 1--1.3 cm, outside pubescent, inside densely pubescent. Stamens numerous; anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels 12, ca. 2.2 mm, densely tomentose; ovules ca. 8 per locule, in 2 series. Stigmas globose, sessile. Fruiting carpels obovate-elliptic to oblong-linear, 1.8--2.7 X 1--1.2 cm, with 3--5 joints. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Oct--Nov.
* Montane forests; 1200--2300 m. SW Yunnan.
7. Desmos dumosus (Roxburgh) Safford, Bull Torrey Bot. Club 39: 506. 1912.
毛叶假鹰爪 mao ye jia ying zhua
Unona dumosa Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 670. 1824.
Shrubs to 4 m tall, pubescent to villous throughout. Petiole 5--10 mm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, oblong, or sometimes subpandurate, 5--16 X 2--7 cm, thinly papery to membranous, base shallowly cordate to truncate, apex short acuminate, acute, or sometimes obtuse, lateral veins 9--13 pairs, abaxially raised, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences extra-axillary or leaf-opposed, sometimes alternate. Pedicel 1.5--2 cm, bracteolate at base to near middle. Flowers 5--6 cm, pendulous. Sepals ovate, ca. 8 mm. Petals yellow-green; outer petals larger than inner, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 5--6 X ca. 2 cm, apex obtuse; inner petals oblong, slightly broad at middle, 3--4 X 0.5--0.8 cm. Stamens obovate; connective apex rotund. Carpels oblong. Stigmas glabrous, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting stipes ca. 2 cm; carpels pubescent. Fl. Apr--Aug, fr. Jul--Apr of following year.
Sparse forests or thickets; 500--1700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Laos, Malaysia, Sikkim, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].
8. Desmos grandifolius (Finet & Gagnepain) C. Y. Wu ex P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 104. 1976.
大叶假鹰爪 da ye jia ying zhua
Unona desmos Dunal var. grandifolia Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 81. 1906; Desmos cochinchinensis Loureiro var. grandifolia (Finet & Gagnepain) Ast.
Shrubs, erect, to 5 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Petiole 8--10 mm; leaf blade oblong, 21--28 X 6.5--8 cm, subleathery to papery, base shallowly cordate to truncate, apex short acuminate, lateral veins 13--16 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially flat. Inflorescences fasciculate, (1--)4-flowered; bracts ovate, ca. 2.5 mm, outside puberulous, inside sparsely puberulous. Flowers 5--6 X 4--5 cm, pendulous. Pedicel 4--8 cm, stout, puberulous, glabrescent, bracteolate near base. Sepals ovate, ca. 10 X 7 mm, outside sparsely puberulous to glabrous, inside glabrous. Petals yellow; outer petals oblong-lanceolate, broader at middle, 5--6 X 1.8--2 cm, puberulous; inner petals linear-oblong, 4--4.2 X ca. 0.6 cm, puberulous. Stamens oblong, ca. 1.5 mm; connective apex rounded. Carpels 15, oblong, ca. 2 mm, densely villous. Stigmas subcapitate, recurved, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels stipitate, puberulous. Fl. Mar--Apr, fr. May--Sep.
Dense forests or thickets in valleys; 100--500 m. S Yunnan [Vietnam].
9. Desmos chinensis Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 352. 1790.
假鹰爪 jia ying zhua
Artabotrys esquirolii H. Léveillé; Unona chinensis A. de Candolle; U. discolor Vahl.
Shrubs, erect to climbing, 1--4 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Branches stout, with gray-white and convex lenticels. Petiole 2--4 cm; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or rarely broadly ovate, 4--14 X 2--6.5 cm, papery to membranous, abaxially glaucous, adaxially lucid, base rounded to slightly oblique, apex obtuse to acute, lateral veins 7--12 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or alternate, pendulous, 1-flowered. Flowers 3--6 cm in diam. Pedicel 2--5.5 cm. Sepals ovate, 3--5 cm, outside puberulous. Petals yellowish to greenish yellow; outer petals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ca. 9 X 2 cm, apex obtuse, puberulous on both surfaces; inner petals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1.5 cm, puberulous. Torus convex, flat to slightly concave. Connective apex truncate. Carpels oblong, 1--1.5 mm, villous. Stigmas subcapitate, recurved, apex 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels 2--5 cm, glabrous. Fl. Apr--Oct, fr. Jun--Dec.
Waste places and thickets in valleys; 100--1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sikkim, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].
The bast fibers are used for cordage. The roots and leaves are used medicinally, and the leaves are used in brewing liquor in Hainan.
7. ANAXAGOREA A. de Saint Hilaire, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 91. 1825.
蒙蒿子属 meng hao zi shu
Shrubs or small trees. Inflorescences terminal, leaf-opposed, axillary, or extra-axillary, fasciculate or 1-flowered, pedicelate. Sepals 3, valvate, connate at base. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, each whorl valvate, erect to spreading flat, subequal or outer larger than inner. Torus convex. Stamens numerous; anther locules linear-oblong, all fertile or inner sometimes reduced to staminodes; connective apex apiculate. Carpels few to numerous; ovules 2 per locule, erect from base. Stigmas subglobose to oblong. Fruiting carpels long stipitate, clavate, follicleoid, dehiscing ventrally, with 1 or 2 seeds. Seeds black and highly shiny, without aril.
About 27 species: tropical Asia and America; one species in China.
1. Anaxagorea luzonensis A. Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. 27. 1854.
蒙蒿子 meng hao zi
Shrubs, erect, 1--2 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Petiole 0.6--2 cm; leaf blade oblong to broadly elliptic, 9--16 X 3--7 cm, membranceous, yellowish when dry, base rounded, apex acute to obtuse, lateral veins 7 or 8 pairs. Inflorescences leaf-opposed, 1- or 2-flowered. Pedicel ca. 6 mm. Flowers ca. 1.2 cm. Sepals rounded to ovate, outside puberulous. Petals greenish; outer petals ovate, slightly longer and 2 X broader than inner; inner petals 8--9 X 4--5 mm. Stamens numerous. Carpels 2--4, ovoid-oblong, puberulous. Fruiting stipes clavate; follicles 2--3 X 0.5--0.7 cm, dehiscing on dorsal side, apex acute. Seeds reddish when young, shiny dark brown upon maturity, obovate, flat, 8--11 X 6--7 mm. Fl. Jun--Oct, fr. Oct--Jan of following year.
Dense montane forests; 500--700 m. Guangxi, Hainan [India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand].
8. GONIOTHALAMUS (Blume) J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 105. 1855.
哥纳香属 ge na xiang shu
Polyalthia Blume sect. Goniothalamus Blume, Fl. Javae, Anonnaceae 71, 79. 1830.
Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves large, short petiolate, lateral veins arcuately looped near margin. Inflorescences axillary or extra-axillary, 1-flowered or several in fascicles. Pedicel bracteolate at base. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, each whorl valvate; outer petals flat, thick; inner petals small, base short clawed, apex forming a calyptra. Stamens numerous; anther locules linear to oblong, extrorse; connective 3-angular, oblong, or clavate, apex truncate to rarely rounded. Carpels numerous; ovules 1--10 attached to base or near base. Styles elongate; stigmas entire, apex 2-lobed. Fruiting carpels subsessile to short stipitate, oblong-ellipsoid to ovoid, with 1--10 seeds.
About 50 species: tropical or subtropical Asia; ten species in China.
1a. Leaf blade margin and midvein abaxially densely rusty hirsute.
2a. Leaf blade 56--76 X 13--19 cm; fruitlets 6--9 X ca. 2 cm 1. G. cheliensis
2b. Leaf blade 20--41 X 5.5--11.5 cm; fruitlets 2--3 X 0.6--0.8 cm ....................................... 2. G. donnaiensis
1b. Leaf blade and midvein glabrous.
3a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate.
4a. Branchlets and petioles pubescent; stigmas deeply 2-cleft 3. G. chinensis
4b. Branchlets and petioles glabrous; stigmas entire or shallowly 2-cleft.
5a. Ovaries pubescent; ovules 2 per carpel ... 4. G. gardneri
5b. Ovaries glabrous; ovules 1 per carpel 5. G. gabriacianus
3b. Leaf blade oblong, oblong-elliptic, elliptic, or obovate.
6a. Leaf blade thinly papery, lateral veins adaxially flat to depressed; flowers paired.
7a. Pedicel ca. 4 mm; style twice as long as ovary; ovules 2, basal ....................................... 6. G. yunnanensis
7b. Pedicel ca. 15 mm; style as long as ovary; ovules 10, lateral ........................................ 7. G. leiocarpus
6b. Leaf blade papery to leathery, lateral veins conspicuous; flowers solitary.
8a. Petioles and fruitlets pubescent to puberulous ..........
................................................ 8. G. amuyon
8b. Petioles and fruitlets glabrous.
9a. Flowers to 7 cm, ca. 5.5 cm in diam.; outer petals oblong-lanceolate; ovules 2 per carpel; fruiting carpels ca. 1.5 X 1.3 cm ............................... 9. G. griffithii
9b. Flowers to 2.5 cm, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; outer petals broadly ovate; ovules 6 per carpel; fruiting carpels 3--6 X 2--2.5 cm 10. G. howii
1. Goniothalamus cheliensis Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 10: 122. 1940.
景洪哥纳香 jing hung ge na xiang
Trees ca. 5 m tall. Branches dark gray hispid. Petiole 2--2.5 cm, stout, rusty hirsute; leaf blade obovate, 56--76 X 13--19 cm, papery, abaxially sparsely hispid, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin densely rusty hirsute, apex caudate with a ca. 5 cm acumen, midvein densely rusty hirsute, lateral veins 26--30 pairs and prominent on both surfaces. Fruiting carpels oblong-elliptic, 6--9 X 1.5--2 cm, densely rusty hirsute, lenticellate, acuminate on both ends, 4-seeded. Seeds oblong, ca. 2.5 X 1.5 cm. Fl. Mar, fr. Apr--Sep.
* Montane forests; ca. 1500 m. S Yunnan.
2. Goniothalamus donnaiensis Finet & Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém. 4: 121. 1906.
田方骨 tian fang gu
Trees to 5 m tall, young branches, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, sepals, petals, and fruit densely rusty hirsute. Petiole 1--1.5 cm, stout; leaf blade obovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 20--41 X 5.5--11.5 cm, papery, adaxially glabrous or hirsute along midvein, base cuneate, apex caudate with a 1--3 cm acumen, lateral veins 17--22 pairs. Flowers solitary. Pedicel short. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 8 X 6 mm, inside glabrous. Petals reddish; outer petals ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2.3 X 0.5 cm; inner petals ovate-triangular ca. 1.5 X 0.5 cm, inside glabrous, base attenuate into a claw, claws ca. 3 mm. Stamens oblong, ca. 2 mm; anther-locule with transverse stripes; connective apex rounded to subtruncate. Carpels oblong-ovoid, ca. 4.5 mm, hirsute; ovules 2, nearly basal. Styles oblong, about as long as ovary, glabrous. Fruiting carpels 4--12, connate, ovate-oblong, 2--3 X 0.6--0.8 cm, acuminate on both ends, with 1 or 2 seeds. Seeds yellowish, ovate, ca. 1.5 X 0.5 cm, ribbed at bilateral plane. Fl. May--Sep, fr. Aug--Oct.
Dense woods; 300--800 m. SW Guangxi, Guizhou, S Yunnan [Vietnam].
The bark is used as medicine for traumatic injury and fractures.
3. Goniothalamus chinensis Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 6. 1934.
哥纳香 ge na xiang
Shrubs to 4 m tall. Branchlets pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 5--12 mm, robust, pubescent or glabrous; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 13--30 X 3--8 cm, papery, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex short acuminate to obtuse, lateral veins 12--14 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 1- or 2-flowered. Pedicel ca. 1 cm, with several bracteoles at base. Sepals broadly ovate, 5--6 X 5--6 mm, puberulous. Petals yellowish green; outer petals narrowly lanceolate, 2.2--3 X ca. 0.7 cm, outside puberulous; inner petals ovate, ca. 1.2 cm, apex acute to acuminate. Stamens linear-oblong, ca. 2 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels oblong, brown-hispid; ovules 2 per carpel. Styles as long as ovary; stigmas apically 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels fascicular, short stipitate, oblong-ellipsoidal, 1--1.8 X 0.5--0.6 cm, sparsely hispid to glabrescent, apex obtuse. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Jul--Oct.
* Montane forests; 300--600 m. Guangxi, Hainan.
4. Goniothalamus gardneri J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 107. 1855.
长叶哥纳香 chang ye ge na xiang
Trees to 5 m tall, glabrous throughout. Branches brown when young, striate with age. Petiole 0.4--2 cm, swollen; leaf blade narrowly oblong-lanceolate (10--)14--38.5 X 2.5--8 cm, leathery, base acute, apex acuminate to acute, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially depressed, lateral veins 14--20 pairs and inconspicuous. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel 5--10 mm, bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 X 1 cm. Petals green turning ochraceous yellow, leathery; outer petals oblong-lanceolate, 5--6 X 1--1.5 cm; inner petals elliptic, ca. 1.5 X 1 cm. Stamens linear but obconical when dry, ca. 1.8 mm; connective apex flat to very slightly convex, puberulous. Carpels oblong, pubescent; ovules 2 per carpel. Styles slender; stigmas entire. Fruiting carpels to 20, ovoid, 1--1.7 X 0.5--0.8 cm, with 1 or 2 seeds. Seeds pale reddish brown, ovoid, slightly compressed, smooth. Fl. May--Nov, fr. Nov--Feb of following year.
Dense montane forests; 300--600. Hainan [India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].
5. Goniothalamus gabriacianus (Baillon) Ast in Humbert, Fl. Indo-Chine, Suppl. 1: 95. 1938.
保亭哥纳香 bao ting ge na xiang
Oxymitra gabriaciana Baillon, Adansonia 10: 106. 1871; Goniothalamus saigonensis Pierre ex Finet & Gagnepain.
Small trees to 5 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Petiole 5--8 mm; leaf blade narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 12.5--22 X 2--4 cm, leathery, base cuneate, apex obtuse, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially depressed, lateral veins inconspicuous. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel short, bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals greenish; outer petals oblong-triangular, ca. 1.2 cm, hispidulous; inner petals ovate, ca. 1 cm, outside hispidulous, inside glabrous. Stamens oblong; anther-locule longitudinally striate; connective apex subcapitate, puberulous. Carpels oblong, glabrous. Styles terete; stigmas apex shallowly 2-cleft; ovule solitary, basal. Fruiting carpels oblong-elipsoidal to ellipsoidal, 1--1.8 X 0.5--0.8 cm, glabrous, 1-seeded. Fl. May--Jul, fr. May--Nov.
Dense montane forests; 300--800 m. Hainan [Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].
6. Goniothalamus yunnanensis W. T. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 208. 1957.
云南哥纳香 yun nan ge na xiang
Trees to 5 m tall. Bark brown. Branches glabrescent. Petiole 5--13 mm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, oblong, or sometimes obovate-oblong, 7.2--19 X 2.8--6.2 cm, thinly papery, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex acute, midvein abaxially prominent, adaxially depressed, lateral veins 7--9 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 2-flowered. Pedicel ca. 4 mm, sparsely pubescent. Sepals broadly ovate-triangular, ca. 8 X 8 mm, outside puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals reddish yellow; outer petals broadly lanceolate, ca. 2 X 0.7 cm, rusty pubescent, inside densely rusty tomentulose; inner petals obovate, ca. 7 X 4.5 mm, base attenuate to a ca. 2 mm claw. Stamens ca. 1.5 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels 14, ca. 3 mm, glabrous; ovules 2 per carpels, basal. Styles twice as long as ovary. Fl. Apr, fr. May--Jun.
* Montane forests; 100--700 m. S Yunnan.
7. Goniothalamus leiocarpus (W. T. Wang) P. T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 112. 1976.
金平哥纳香 jin ping ge na xiang
Mitrephora leiocarpa W. T. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 207. 1957.
Trees to 5 m tall, glabrous except for flowers. Branches lenticellate. Petiole 6--10 mm, robust, ca. 2 mm in diam.; leaf blade obovate-oblong to sometimes oblong, 6--28.5 X 4.5--9 cm, papery, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, apex short acuminate to acute, lateral veins 9--18 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 2-flowered. Flowers ca. 1.6 cm. Pedicel ca. 1.5 cm, puberulous, bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 5 mm, outside sparsely puberulous, inside glabrous. Petals reddish yellow; outer petals ovate, 1.8--2.3 X 1.1--1.5 cm, thickly leathery, base with a short claw, apex acute, outside sparsely puberulous, inside rusty tomentulose; inner petals obovate, ca. 1.3 X 0.8 cm, leathery, outside glabrous, inside pubescent, base with a ca. 3.5 mm claw, margin densely pubescent, apex acute. Stamens ca. 1.5 mm; connective apex truncate. Carpels ca. 18, linear, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Styles clublike, as long as ovary; ovules 10, in 2 series. Fruiting carpels solitary or several fasciculate, ovoid, 4--7 X 2.2--4.2 cm, glabrous, 1-seeded. Seeds reniform, 2.5--3 X ca. 2 cm. Fl. May--Jul, fr. Aug--Nov.
* Montane forests; 700--1600 m. S Yunnan.
8. Goniothalamus amuyon (Blanco) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 10: 264. 1915.
台湾哥纳香 tai wan ge na xiang
Uvaria amuyon Blanco, Fl. Filip. 463. 1857; Polyalthia sasakii Yamamoto.
Shrubs or small trees, 2--5 m tall. Petiole ca. 6 mm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 8--15.5 X 3--5.5 cm, papery, glabrous, abaxially with brown specks, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse, lateral veins 8--11 pairs, abaxially elevated, and adaxially conspicuous. Inflorescences axillary. Pedicel ca. 6 mm. Sepals 3, ovate-triangular, outside pubescent. Outer petals lanceolate ca. 3.5 X 0.7 cm, thick, outside pubescent; inner petals ovate, smaller than outer. Stamens numerous; connective broadly 3-angular. Carpels oblong; ovules 1--3 per carpel. Styles linear, ca. 3.5 mm. Fruiting carpels ovoid to ellipsoidal, 1--1.8 X 0.6--0.9 cm, with 1 or 2 seeds. Fl. May--Jul, fr. Jul--Oct.
Mixed woods; 300--500 m. S Taiwan [Philippines].
9. Goniothalamus griffithii J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 110. 1855.
大花哥纳香 da hua ge na xiang
Trees to 8 m tall. Branches pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 0.7--1.5 cm, robust; leaf blade oblong, 20--32 X 5.5--8.5 cm, papery, glabrous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex obtuse to short acuminate, midvein stout, abaxially prominent, and adaxially depressed, lateral veins 14--20 pairs and slightly elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary or extra-axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel 1--1.2 cm, glabrous, many- bracteolate at base. Sepals broadly ovate, 2--2.5 cm, glabrous. Outer petals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 6.5 X 1.5 cm, puberulous; inner petals oblong-ovate, ca. 2 X 0.8 cm, puberulous. Stamens oblong; connective 3-angular. Carpels oblong, pubescent; ovules 2 per carpel. Styles elongate; stigmas apex 2-cleft. Fruiting carpels fasciculate, subsessile, ovoid, ca. 1.5 X 0.8 cm, puberulous, 1- seeded. Fl. Apr--Aug, fr. Aug--Nov.
Montane forests; 800--1500 m. S Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Thailand].
10. Goniothalamus howii Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 5: 60. 1940.
海南哥纳香 hai nan ge na xiang