金星蕨科 jin xing jue ke
Lin Youxing (林尤兴), Li Zhongyang (李中阳); Kunio Iwatsuki, Alan R. Smith
Plants terrestrial or on rocks. Rhizomes stout, dictyostele radially symmetrical, branched or not, erect, ascending, or long creeping, with scales at apices; scales basiflexed, lanceolate or nearly ovate, brown, thick, luminae elongate, usually with grayish white short setae on dorsal side or ciliate along margins. Fronds clustered, approximate or remote; stipes slender, stramineous, not articulate, with 2 crescent-shaped vascular bundles at base, usually scaly at bases, distally ± with grayish white unicellular acicular hairs, rarely with multicellular long hairs or stellate hairs. Fronds monomorphic, rarely subdimorphic, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, sometimes ovate or ovate-triangular, usually pinnate-pinnatifid, sometimes 3- or 4-pinnate-pinnatifid, rarely 1-pinnate; pinnae symmetrical at bases; costae grooved adaxially but grooves not confluent with rachial grooves, or raised and with dense grayish acicular hairs, with expanded tuberculate aerophores at bases of pinnae. Laminae herbaceous or papery, sometimes somewhat leathery, green or dark brown-green when dry, both sides (particularly rachises, costa, and main veins adaxially) with grayish white unicellular acicular hairs, rarely glabrous, usually with orange or reddish orange, stalked or sessile spherical or club-shaped glands, occasionally small scaly along rachises and costa abaxially. Sori orbicular, oblong, or shortly linear, dorsifixed on veins, indusiate or exindusiate; indusia orbicular-reniform, fixed by deep notch, most ± hairy, persistent or hidden in sori, caducous, or not concentrated into sori but scattered along reticulate veins and exindusiate. Sporangia long stalked, usually with hairs or glandular hairs below annuli and at distal end of sporangial stalks. Spores bilateral, rarely tetrahedral, tuberculate, echinate, granulate, or usually with a winged perispore. Prothallia green, cordate or narrowly cordate, usually with broad wings, symmetrical, usually with hairs or glands. x = 2736 (lacking 28).
About 20 genera and ca. 1000 species, more at lower elevations, very few tropical species above 4500 m: widespread in all tropical and subtropical zones of the world, less common in temperate zone, particularly more common in Asia; 18 genera and 200 species (100 endemic) in China.
The family is very natural and is distinguished from others by having grayish white unicellular acicular hairs and pubescence throughout the plant. However, there are many different viewpoints about generic circumscription in the family. Ching recognized 18 genera (including Hypodematium) in his 1963 treatment (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8(4): 289335); soon afterward, in 1978 (Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 1213), the number of recognized genera in China grew to 20 (Hypodematium was removed and placed in its own family). In 1971, Holttum subdivided this family in the Paleotropics into 23 genera (Blumea 19(1): 1752). In 1977, Pichi Sermolli, mainly following Holttum, circumscribed other genera for a total of 32 genera (Webbia 3(2): 213512). In 1990, A. R. Smith divided the family into five genera (in Kramer & Green, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 1: 263272), i.e., Thelypteris (including five subgenera), Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, Macrothelypteris, and Cyclosorus (including 20 subgenera). Of the many systems, those of Holttum and Pichi Sermolli divide the family most finely, with the greatest number of genera. Holttum (loc. cit.) segregated the following genera from Cyclosorus s.l.: Amphineuron, Christella, Pneumatopteris, and Sphaerostephanos. Recognition of these genera was based on several characters, including whether the proximal pinnae were shortened or not, and whether the sporangia and sporangial stalks bore hairs or glandular hairs. Holttum (loc. cit.) also segregated several general (e.g., Parathelypteris and Coryphopteris) from the classical Thelypteris s.l., the free-veined thelypteroids, by characters that included rhizome habit, laminar glands, and chromosome base number. Smith (loc. cit.: 265) noted: Although many of Holttums genera seem natural (i.e., monophyletic), a combination of characters must be used to circumscribe them. Some of the characters concern minute glands and hairs and require 30 Χ magnification or greater for observation. Others require that complete specimens be at hand (including lower part of blade and stem). Even then, identification to genus may be difficult, as generic lines are not always sharp. The question of generic delimitation within the family needs further study, but for now we adopt Chings system (1978), modified from Ching (1963).**
*In 1940, Ching established many new families (Sunyatsenia 5(4): 237), including Thelypteridaceae with 12 genera, but the new families were nomina nuda because they lacked descriptions. Only in 1970 were these families formally published by Pichi Sermolli.
**(1). Holttum set up the genus Amphineuron with mixed characters in 1971, which was also adopted by Ching in 1978. Among the 12 recognized species in the genus, three occur in China: the type species A. opulentum, which is similar to Cyclosorus in venation and lemon-yellow glands; A. immersum, which is similar to Parathelypteris species in venation; and A. tonkinensis, which has already been removed to a new genus, Mesopteris. As Holttum himself considered Amphineuron to be a temporally[temporary?] treatment, this genus is not adopted here.
(2). Trichoneuron Ching (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 118. pl. 22. 1967) was based on a single gathering, and the collection locality was unknown. Later, this species was rediscovered by Prof. W. M. Chu in Pingbian, SE Yunnan. According to Prof. Chus study, it belongs to the genus Lastreopsis (Aspidaceae). It is, therefore, not included here.
Using only venation, the family may be divided into 3 tribes: 1. Tribe. Thelypterideae Ching: Veins free; with two subtypes: (1) all veinlets reaching margins or nearly reaching margins above sinuses between segments, with the bottom of sinuses not cartilaginous (e.g., Parathelypteris); (2) proximal pair of veinlets from adjacent segments reaching cartilaginous sinuses but not united; or acroscopic veinlet of basal pair of veinlets reaching cartilaginous sinus, basiscopic veinlet reaching margin above sinus (e.g., Pseudocyclosorus and Mesopteris); 2. Tribe Goniopterideae Ching: Veins partly combined; at least proximal pair of veinlets from adjacent segments united to form triangular areoles and this vein union producing a long or short excurrent veinlet; additional areoles may be produced in the same row, by subsequent vein unions of veinlets; excurrent veinlets may connect with more distal vein unions, or with a translucent line leading to a sinus, thus forming oblique rhomboid areoles (goniopteroid venation) (e.g., Cyclosorus, Ampelopteris), or squarish areoles (meniscioid venation) (e.g., Pronephrium, the areoles without included veinlets; 3. Tribe Dictyoclineae Ching, veinlets between lateral veins all combined into irregular squarish or pentagonal areoles and each areole sometimes with single or forked included veinlets.
Key 1
1a. Veins partly or entirely reticulate.
2a. Veins entirely reticulate, with or without single or forked included veinlets in areoles; sori scattered and attached along reticulate veins ...................................................................... 18. Dictyocline
2b. Veins partly reticulate (venation goniopteroid or meniscioid), areoles produced all without included veinlets; sori orbicular or shortly linear.
3a. Veins meniscioid, i.e., all veinlets joining into square or rectangular areoles; pinnae large, broadly lanceolate; sori orbicular when young and usually confluent when mature . 17. Pronephrium
3b. Veins goniopteroid; i.e., proximal pair of veinlets from adjacent segments or one pair of veinlets between veinlets of pinna joined to form into triangular areoles and producing an excurrent veinlet from these vein unions; excurrent veinlet or a line of translucent membrane at its end running to a sinus, several other pairs of veinlets connected to this excurrent vein or translucent membrane; pinnae small, narrowly lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate.
4a. Pinnae pinnatifid; one long or short translucent
membranous line at bottom of sinus on segments connected with excurrent
veinlet, veins except proximal pair from second to fifth pairs of veinlets
connected with excurrent veinlets or translucent membranous line and forming
rhombic areoles, other veinlets reaching margins above sinus; laminae usually
with orange or reddish orange spherical or club-shaped glands abaxially; sori
indusiate
............................................................................................................... 14.
Cyclosorus
4b. Pinnae pinnatilobate or subentire, without translucent membranous line below sinus; except proximal pair of veins, other several pairs of veinlets connected with excurrent veinlet or reaching margins above sinus; laminae without glands abaxially; sori exindusiate.
5a. Plants with gemmae in axils of pinna, these gemmae potentially developing into new plants; laminae covered with both simple and stellate hairs; sori orbicular or nearly orbicular; sporangia glabrous 16. Ampelopteris
5b. Plants lacking gemmae; laminae with only simple hairs; sori thick and shortly linear; sporangia each with several setae at top ................................................................. 15. Stegnogramma
1b. Veins free.
6a. Sori indusiate.
7a. Helophyte; lateral veins forked ..................................................................... 1. Thelypteris
7b. Terrestrial plants; veinlets usually simple (occasionally forked).
8a. Costae glabrous adaxially (or occasionally with sparse caducous hairs); stipes with many scales on proximal parts ............................................................................................ 2. Oreopteris
8b. Costae with dense persistent acicular hairs adaxially; stipes with sparse scales on proximal parts.
9a. Costae rounded and raised adaxially; ends of veinlets not reaching margin; indusia small, or sometimes not developed.
10a. Laminae oblong or broadly lanceolate, 2- or 3-pinnate, proximal pair of pinnae similar in shape and size or smaller than distal ones, throughout with unicellular hairs ...... 4. Metathelypteris
10b. Laminae triangular-ovate, pinnae 3- or 4-pinnate, proximal pair largest, throughout with multicellular hairs ........................................................................................... 5. Macrothelypteris
9b. Costae grooved adaxially; veinlets reaching margins; indusia large, brown.
11a. Pinnae without tuberculate aerophores at pinna bases abaxially; proximal pairs of veins reaching margins above sinus; laminae herbaceous, abaxially usually with reddish orange spherical glands 3. Parathelypteris
11b. Pinnae each with a tuberculate aerophore at base abaxially; proximal pair of lateral veins from adjacent segments with acroscopic veinlet reaching cartilaginous bottom of sinus; laminae papery or leathery, abaxially without spherical glands ................................ 12. Pseudocyclosorus
6b. Sori exindusiate.
12a. Sori orbicular.
13a. Laminae ovate-triangular, 3-pinnate; veinlets forked, not reaching margins; throughout with multicellular long hairs ......................................................................................... 5. Macrothelypteris
13b. Laminae narrowly oblong or lanceolate, pinnate-pinnatifid; veinlets simple and reaching margins; laminae throughout with unicellular short hairs.
14a. Rachises at pinna bases abaxially with brown tuberculate aerophores; laminae ± brown when dry; segments without cartilaginous ridge at bottom of sinuses .................... 9. Cyclogramma
14b. Rachises at pinna bases abaxially without brown tuberculate aerophores; laminae green when dry; segments with a cartilaginous ridge at bottom of sinuses.
15a. Plants ± with acicular hairs; pinnae pinnatifid nearly to costae; segments falcate-lanceolate, proximal pair of veinlets nearly reaching translucent membrane or margin above sinus; sori close to costules ............................................................................................ 11. Glaphyropteridopsis
15b. Plants glabrous throughout; pinnae pinnatifid to 1/2 of distance to costa; segments triangular, proximal 3 pairs of veinlets reaching margin of translucent membrane below sinus but not joined; sori not close to costules ..................................................................... 13. Mesopteris
12b. Sori thick and shortly linear, or oblong.
16a. Sori thick and shortly linear; veins single; segments entire.
17a. Laminae brown or brownish green when dry, with full spreading acicular hairs on both surfaces; proximal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae free, distal ones adnate to costae; veinlets expanded at ends of veins and reaching margin; sori attached on middle of veinlets; sporangia each with 26 acicular hairs at tops ................................................................................................. 10. Leptogramma
17b. Laminae green when dry, nearly glabrous on both surfaces; pinnae completely free from rachises; veinlets expanded at ends and not reaching margin; sori attached near tips of veinlets ... 7. Craspedosorus
16b. Sori oblong or nearly orbicular; lateral veins ± forked; segments or ultimate pinnules pinnatifid.
18a. Plants small; stipes stramineous, not polished; laminae ovate-triangular or narrowly lanceolate; lateral pinnae decurrent along both sides of rachises and connected to each other; rachises and costae with more lanceolate scales, scales ciliate along margins; veinlets reaching margin 6. Phegopteris
18b. Plants usually taller and larger; stipes reddish brown or brownish stramineous, polished; laminae oblong, rarely broadly lanceolate, lateral pinnae not decurrent and free from each other; rachises and costae without scales; veinlets not reaching margin ...................... 8. Pseudophegopteris
Key 2 (artificial)
1a. Veins partly or almost fully connected.
2a. Veins reticulate and forming regular areoles; sori scattered and attached along reticulate veins 18. Dictyocline
2b. Veins partly joining; sori orbicular or shortly linear.
3a. Veins meniscioid .................................................................................... 17. Pronephrium
3b. Veins goniopteroid.
4a. Plants of indeterminate growth, usually with a gemma in pinna axil and may grow into a new plant; laminae usually with mixed stellate hairs except single ones .................... 16. Ampelopteris
4b. Plants of determinate growth; laminae with only single hairs.
5a. Segments with an elongate translucent membrane below sinus; laminae usually with orange or reddish orange, spherical or clavate glands abaxially, sori orbicular, indusiate ...... 14. Cyclosorus
5b. Segments lacking translucent membranes below sinuses; laminae without glands abaxially; sori shortly linear, exindusiate ........................................................................... 15. Stegnogramma
1b. Veins free.
6a. Tuberculate aerophores present at pinna bases abaxially.
7a. Proximal pair of veinlets on segments or acroscopic veinlet reaching sinus, others reaching margin above sinus; laminae with only acicular hairs on both surfaces ..................... 12. Pseudocyclosorus
7b. Veinlets on segments all reaching margins above sinus; laminae ± with mixed hooked long hairs, except with acicular hairs ................................................................................... 9. Cyclogramma
6b. Tuberculate aerophores lacking at pinna bases abaxially.
8a. Segments each with a cartilaginous ridge at bottom of adjacent sinus and with a transparent membranous line below that.
9a. Plants ± with acicular hairs; pinnae pinnatifid nearly to costae; segments falcate-lanceolate, proximal pair of veinlets only reaching nearby line of transparent membrane below sinus or to margins above sinus; sori close to costules ....................................................... 11. Glaphyropteridopsis
9b. Plants glabrous throughout; pinnae pinnatifid to 1/2 of distance to costule; segments triangular; proximal 3 pairs of veinlets reaching transparent membranous margins below sinus but not connected; sori not close to costules ...................................................................................... 13. Mesopteris
8b. Segments without cartilaginous hump at bottom of sinus, lacking a translucent membranous line below that.
10a. Laminae ovate-triangular or triangular, 3- or 4-pinnate, proximal pair of pinnae largest; veinlets not reaching margins; throughout with multicellular acicular hairs .............. 5. Macrothelypteris
10b. Laminae oblong or broadly lanceolate, most often pinnate-pinnatifid, up to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, rarely simple or bipinnatifid; proximal pair of pinnae similar in size or smaller than more distal ones; throughout with unicellular acicular hairs.
11a. Costae densely covered with persistent grayish white acicular hairs adaxially.
12a. Costae rounded and raised adaxially; sporangia each
sometimes with one multicellular hair expanded at tip on distal part of
sporangial stalks
..................................................................................................... 4.
Metathelypteris
12b. Costae grooved adaxially; sporangial stalks sometimes each with a sessile spherical gland on distal part or sporangia each with one seta near annulus.
13a. Veins not expanded at ends and reaching margins; sori orbicular, indusiate; sporangial stalks sometimes with 13 sessile spherical glands on distal parts ........... 3. Parathelypteris
13b. Veins with minute expanded hydathodes at ends and not reaching margins; sori oblong or shortly linear, exindusiate; sporangia each usually with a seta near annulus . 7. Craspedosorus
11b. Costae without unicellular acicular hairs adaxially (occasionally with sparse caducous hairs).
14a. Rachises and costae with few small scales.
15a. Scales on rachises and costae with glands at apices, without cilia; pinnae sessile at bases, not adnate to rachises ............................................................................... 2. Oreopteris
15b. Scales on rachises and costae without glands at tips but ciliate below tips; pinna bases adnate to rachises and decurrent ...................................................................... 6. Phegopteris
14b. Rachises and costae without scales.
16a. Plants of marshes; veinlets forked; sori indusiate; sporangia each with several short setae near top of annulus .......................................................................................... 1. Thelypteris
16b. Plants terrestrial; veinlets simple; sori exindusiate; sporangia each with several acicular hairs.
17a. Sori orbicular; veinlets not reaching margins ......................... 8. Pseudophegopteris
17b. Sori oblong or shortly linear; veinlets reaching margins ............... 10. Leptogramma
沼泽蕨属 zhao ze jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Lastrea Bory; Thelypteris subg. Euthelypteris Ching; T. subg. Thelypteris R. M. Tryon & A. F. Tryon.
Plants small to mid-sized, of marshes and meadows. Rhizomes long creeping, black, glabrous, sparsely covered with scales at apices; scales ovate-lanceolate, with acicular hairs and unicellular glandular hairs on surfaces and along margins. Fronds remote or approximate, stipitate; stipes nearly black at bases and slightly acicular hairy, distally stramineous, glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, not tapering or slightly tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, shortly acuminate at apices; pinnae mostly nearly flat-spreading, lanceolate, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid, acute or shortly acuminate at apices; segments ovate-triangular or oblong, shortly pointed at apices; veins free, pinnate on segments, veinlets forked or simple, reaching margins. Laminae thickly herbaceous or somewhat leathery, both surfaces with few acicular hairs when young, glabrescent when old, costae each with a groove adaxially, abaxially raised, sometimes with few membranous small scales. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed on veinlets, located between costules and margins, in one line on each side of costules, usually ± covered by reflexed margins; indusia membranous, orbicular-reniform, greenish, deciduous or hidden in mature sori; sporangia each with one or two short capitate glandular hairs close to tops of annuli; spores bilateral, reniform, perispores transparent, echinate, exine smooth. x = 35.
Four species: temperate regions of N Hemisphere, S tropical and S Africa, India, Madagascar, New Guinea, New Zealand; two species in China.
Type species: Thelypteris palustris (Linnaeus) Schott (Polypodium palustre Salisbury 1796) = Polypodium thelypteris (Linnaeus) Weiss (Acrostichum thelypteris Linnaeus 1753.).
In the past, Thelypteris has been defined to contain most or all species in the family. More recent studies show that, using multiple additional characters, like types of hairs, glands, venation, lamina shape and dissection, indusial characters, aerophores, adaxial grooves, spores, and chromosome base numbers, natural groups can be utilized to define smaller subsets of Thelypteris s.l. Here, we adopt a narrow concept for classification.
1a. Plants 3565 cm tall; fronds approximate, stipes 22.5 mm in diam. at bases; costae without scales abaxially .......................................................................................................... 1. T. palustris
1b. Plants 1426 cm tall;
fronds remote, stipes slender, ca. 0.5 mm in diam. at bases; costae with sparse
easily deciduous broadly ovate, brownish, membranous scales
2.
T. squamigera
沼泽蕨 zhao ze jue
Plants 3565 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, black, glabrous or with sparse reddish brown, ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 2040 cm, bases black, distally dark stramineous, polished, usually glabrous, or white pubescent when young; laminae lanceolate, 2228 Χ 69 cm or sometimes slightly wider, bases almost tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, shortly acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, subopposite, flat- or obliquely spreading, usually slightly reflexed; proximal pair slightly shortened, middle pinnae lanceolate, 45 Χ 11.2 cm, bases truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, shortly acuminate at apices; segments 57 Χ 35 mm, rounded-obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apices, fertile segments usually recurved to forming points along margin. Veins pinnate in segments, lateral veins 46 pairs, simple or forked and reaching margins, proximal pair arising from bases of costa. Laminae papery, grass-green or yellowish green when dry, glabrous on both surfaces, rachises and costae grooved adaxially, raised abaxially, glabrous on both sides. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed at middle of veinlets, located between costa and margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, membranous, deciduous when mature. Spores smooth on surfaces of exine, perispores translucent, echinate. 2n = 70.
Meadows, reed marshes, wet and shaded forest understories; 200800 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang [widely distributed in temperate regions of the N Hemisphere].
1a. Rachises, costae, and veinlets glabrous ............................................................... 1a. var. palustris
1b. Rachises, costae, and veinlets covered with multicellular acicular long hairs abaxially 1b. var. pubescens
沼泽蕨(原变种) zhao ze jue (yuan bian zhong)
Acrostichum thelypteris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1071. 1753; Aspidium palustre Gray; A. thelypteris (Linnaeus) Swartz; Athyrium thelypteris (Linnaeus) Sprengel; Dryopteris thelypteris (Linnaeus) A. Gray; Lastrea thelypteris (Linnaeus) Bory; Nephrodium thelypteris (Linnaeus) Strempel; Polypodium palustre Salisbury; P. pterioides Lamarck; P. thelypteris (Linnaeus) F. G. Weiss; Thelypteris thelypteris (Linnaeus) Nieuwland [??valid].
Rachises, costae, and veins all glabrous.
Meadows, reed marshes, wet and shaded forest understories; 200800 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang [widely distributed in temperate regions of N Hemisphere].
毛叶沼泽蕨 mao ye zhao ze jue
Rachises, costae, and veinlets covered with multicellular acicular long hairs abaxially. 2n = 70.
Wet meadows and marshes; below 800 m. Heilongjiang, N Jiangsu, Jilin, Shandong [in temperate regions of E Asia and North America].
鳞片沼泽蕨 lin pian zhao ze jue
Aspidium thelypteris (Linnaeus) A. Gray var. squamigerum Schlechtendahl, Adumbr. Pl. 23. 1825; Lastrea fairbankii Beddome; L. thelypteris (Linnaeus) Bory var. squamulosa (Hooker) C. Christensen[??Beddome (1892)]; Nephrodium squamulosum J. D. Hooker; N. thelypteris (Linnaeus) Strempel var. squamulosum Hooker.
Outline similar to Thelypteris palustris, but plants small, 1426 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping and branched, black, apices including stipe bases with sparse membranous, brownish ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes slender, 618 cm, black at bases, distally stramineous, glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate or narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 810 Χ 35 cm, sometimes slightly tapering at bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, shortly acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1012 pairs, alternate or subopposite, middle ones linear-lanceolate, 23 Χ 0.50.8 cm, bases truncate, pinnatifid, shortly pointed at apices; segments oblong or triangular-lanceolate, margins usually reflexed, entire, obtuse at apices. Veins pinnate in segments, lateral veins forked, veinlets reaching margins. Laminae somewhat leathery, glabrous, along rachises and costae sparsely pubescent adaxially, costae with sparse brownish, membranous, easily deciduous ovate-lanceolate scales. Sori not seen.
Marshes. S Yunnan [S India; S Africa, Pacific islands (New Zealand)].
假鳞毛蕨属 jia lin mao jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Lastrea Bory, nom. illeg.; Thelypteris sect. Lastrea C. V. Morton; Thelypteris subg. Lastrea (Hooker) Alston.
Plants mid-sized, terrestrial. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending. Fronds clustered; stipes dark stramineous, densely covered with large, thin brown lanceolate scales, distally gradually sparsely so; laminae oblong-lanceolate, gradually tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid; proximal pinnae gradually shortened, proximal ones triangular auriculate, middle ones lanceolate, pinnatifid to narrow wings on both sides of costae. Veins pinnate, free, reaching margins. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets, far from costules; indusia orbicular-reniform, usually with glands along margins. Sporangia usually with stalked glands near annuli. Spores bilateral, reniform, perispores not evident and easily deciduous, granulate. x = 34.
Three species: Europe, N India, E Asia to N America; two species in China.
Type species: Oreopteris limbosperma (Allioni) Holub (Polypodium limbospermum Allioni 1785) = Lastrea oreopteris (Ehrhart) Bory (Polypodium oreopteris Ehrhart ex Willdenow 1787).
1a. Rachises stramineous, with sparse bright brown or brownish membranous scales; laminae 2030 cm wide, proximal 3 or 4 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, proximal pair of pinnae triangular-lanceolate 1. L. quelpaertensis
1b. Rachises bright brownish stramineous, with sparse brownish short hairs; laminae 67 cm wide at middle or distal part, proximal 810 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, proximal pair of pinnae with orbicular or triangular auricles ................................................................................................ 2. L. elwesii
亚洲假鳞毛蕨 ya zhou jia lin mao jue
Dryopteris quelpaertensis Christ, Bull. Geogr. Bot. Mans. 7. 1910; Athyrium quelpaertensis (Christ) Ching; Ctenitis quelpaertensis (Christ) H. Itτ var. yakumontana (Masamune) H. Itτ; D. christiana Kodama ex Koidzumi; D. kamtschatica Komarov; D. oreopteris (Ehrhart) Maxon var. fauriei (Christ) Miyabe & Kudτ; D. yakumontana Masamune; Lastrea quelpaertensis (Christ) Copeland; L. quelpaertensis var. yakumontana (Masamune) Tagawa; Nephrodium montanum Baker var. fauriei Christ; Thelypteris quelpaertensis (Christ) Ching.
Plants (40)70105 cm tall. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, densely covered with scales; scales bright brown, ovate-oblong-lanceolate, entire along margins, acuminate and with small club-shaped glands at apices. Fronds clustered; stipes 1030 cm, bases dark brown, distally dark stramineous, including rachises covered with denser scales; scales bright brown or brownish, ovate, lanceolate, or linear, glandular at apices; laminae oblong-oblanceolate, (13)5070 Χ (10)2030 cm, gradually tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, long acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 2035 pairs, opposite or alternate distally, proximal 3 or 4 pairs gradually shortened, proximal pair of pinnae triangular-lanceolate; middle pinnae (5)1015 Χ 12.5 cm, bases truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate at apices; segments usually longest at pinna bases, triangular-oblong, entire or shallowly undulate and usually recurved along margins, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veinlets free, simple or forked above middle and reaching margins. Laminae herbaceous, grayish green, covered with brownish linear scales and mixed grayish white pubescence, elsewhere glabrous. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets and close to margins; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, membranous, usually with glandular projections along margins. Spores finely granulate. 2n = 68.
Forest understories; 10001800 m. Jilin (Changbai Shan) [N and S Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
The outline of Lastrea quelpaertensis is similar to L. limbosperma (Allioni) Ching which is distributed in SW Asia, Europe, and North America, but pinnae abaxially lack glands, costae are glabrous above the middle abaxially, and laminae are slightly thickened.
锡金假鳞毛蕨 xi jin jia lin mao jue
Nephrodium elwesii Hooker & Baker, Syn. Fil., ed. 2, 497. 1874; Dryopteris elwesii (Hooker & Baker) Kuntze; Lastrea elwesii (Hooker & Baker) Beddome; Thelypteris elwesii (Hooker & Baker) Ching.
Plants 3545 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping including stipe bases covered with brown ovate thin scales. Fronds sparse; stipes 3032 cm, blackish brown proximally, upward to rachises bright brownish stramineous, nearly glabrous abaxially, along grooves pubescent adaxially; laminae oblanceolate, 3032 Χ 57 cm, gradually tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, gradually reduced from middle of lamina downward, opposite or alternate, proximal pair of pinnae orbicular-auriculate, 58 Χ 58 mm, middle ones alternate, spreading or slightly ascending, 34.5 cm, up to 1 cm wide, pinnatifid to 2/3 of distance to costae; segments ca. 5 Χ 4 mm (basal acroscopic part minutely longer), ligulate, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veinlets impressed adaxially, abaxial sides minutely raised, veinlets simple or forked, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, all reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae papery, brownish green when dry adaxially, grayish green abaxially, glabrous on both surfaces, with more orange-yellow glands abaxially. Sori attached on ends of single veinlet or acroscopic veinlet on forked veins; indusia membranous, brown, glabrous, persistent.
Streamside understories of subalpine coniferous forests; ca. 3100 m. Yunnan [India (Sikkim)].
金星蕨属 jin xing jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Thelypteris sect. Parathelypteris H. Itτ, in Nakai & Honda, Nov. Fl. Jap. 4: 127. 1939; Coryphopteris Holttum; Thelypteris subg. Euthelypters Ching; Thelypteris subg. Parathelypteris R. & A. Tryon; Thelypteris subg. Thelypteris sect. Thelypteris K. Iwatsuki; Wagneriopteris A. Lφve & D. Lφve.
Plants small to mid-sized, terrestrial plants, rarely in marshes or meadows. Rhizomes long creeping or short and decumbent, ascending or erect, glabrous or with scales or rusty yellow hairs. Fronds remote, approximate or clustered; stipes stramineous or castaneous, ± polished, bases sometimes nearly black and glabrous or with spreading, grayish white, multicellular acicular hairs, distally glabrous or pubescent; laminae ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, tapering or not tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; lateral pinnae mostly narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, bases symmetrical, truncate or broadly cuneate, not adnate to rachises, sessile or occasionally shortly stalked, acuminate at apices; proximal pinnae not shortened or one to several pairs of pinnae obviously shortened, even reduced to small auricles, pinnatifid; segments mostly oblong, rectangular, or nearly square, margins entire or ± serrate, apices rounded-obtuse, sometimes pointed or with sinuslike angles. Veinlets pinnate, free, simple and all reaching margins. Laminae herbaceous or papery, when dry yellowish green, sometimes brownish green or nearly black, both surfaces ± with pubescent or acicular hairs, rarely glabrous when dry, sometimes with orange-yellow or reddish purple glands abaxially; costae grooved adaxially, densely covered with short setae, rounded and raised abaxially and usually ± with acicular hairs, rarely glabrous. Sori orbicular, mid-sized, dorsifixed at middle or near ends of veinlets, located between main veins and margins or slightly closer to margins; indusia larger, orbicular-reniform, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, when dry brown, membranous, glabrous or hairy, usually persistent. Spores bilateral, orbicular-reniform, perispores thin and transparent, corrugate, ± finely reticulate on surfaces. x = 8, 9, 31.
About 60 species: tropical and subtropical regions of E Asia, SE Asia to Pacific islands; 24 species (11 endemic) in China.
Type species: Parathelypteris glanduligera (Kunze) Ching (Aspidium glanduligerum Kunze).
Parathelypteris is very similar to Metathelypteris Ching in shape, but the costae are grooved adaxially, veinlets usually simple, not forked, and reaching margins; indusia larger and readily discerned.
1a. Stipes stramineous, glabrous or sparsely shortly hairy near bases; sori usually attached near ends of veinlets and close to margins.
2a. Several pairs of pinnae on proximal part of lamina clearly shortened.
3a. Plants short and small, usually no more than 40 cm; rhizomes long creeping; middle pinnae no more than 3.5 cm; pinna with more multicellular (usually 37 cells) acicular hairs abaxially along costae 1. P. beddomei
3b. Plants more than 40 cm tall; rhizomes stronger, creeping or ascending; middle pinnae usually over 4 cm; pinnae usually with unicellular acicular hairs abaxially along costae, sometimes with 2- or 3-celled hairs.
4a. Pinnae 3 or 4 pairs on proximal part of lamina gradually shortened, proximal pair of pinnae 12 cm, not auriculate ............................................................................ 2. P. changbaishanensis
4b. Pinnae 58 pairs on proximal part of lamina gradually shortened, proximal pair of pinnae reduced to small auricles or lacking.
5a. Laminae without glands or occasionally with few orange-yellow spherical glands abaxially; rhizomes long creeping, nearly glabrous ............................................................... 3. P. nipponica
5b. Laminae with more orange-yellow spherical glands abaxially; rhizomes ascending or creeping, densely rusty yellow pubescent.
6a. Rhizomes ascending; rachises with glaucous fine acicular hairs abaxially; indusia with dense setae ....................................................................................................... 4. P. qinlingensis
6b. Rhizomes long creeping, densely rusty yellow hairy; rachises subentire abaxially; indusia glabrous or occasionally with one or two setae ........................................................ 5. P. borealis
2b. Proximal pinnae not shortened or slightly shortened.
7a. Plants usually not more than 20 cm tall; middle pinnae 1.52 Χ 48 cm; segments 25 pairs; indusia horseshoe-shaped.
8a. Pinnae subglabrous abaxially; nearly without glands; indusia larger and nearly glabrous; occasionally with few grayish white setae ............................................................. 6. P. cystopteroides
8b. Costae and costa abaxially of lamina with sparse
grayish white fine acicular hairs and orange-yellow orbicular glands; indusia
small and with more setae
......................................................................................................... 7.
P. grammitoides
7b. Plants 2560 cm tall, or 23 m tall.
9a. Plants 23 m tall; lateral pinnae 2530 Χ 22.5 cm; segments 6070 pairs per pinna; pinna glands confined to veinlets ............................................................................ 11. P. subimmersa
9b. Plants 2560 cm tall; middle pinnae 26 Χ ca. 1 cm; segments 620 pairs; pinnae glands scattered abaxially.
10a. Costae glabrous abaxially; segments of fertile fronds
crenate along margins
8.
P. serrutula
10b. Costae ± with acicular hairs; segments of fertile fronds entire along margins.
11a. Middle pinnae 23 cm, acute at apices; segments 610 pairs; proximal several pairs of pinnae minutely shortened; costae with only few acicular hairs abaxially ...... 9. P. angustifrons
11b. Middle pinnae ca. 4.5 cm, acuminate at apices, segments more than 15 pairs; proximal pinnae not shortened; costae with more acicular hairs abaxially ...................... 10. P. glanduligera
1b. Stipes in part or whole (usually up to rachis) castaneous or castaneous-brown, rarely stramineous, bases glabrous or with spreading grayish white acicular hairs; sori usually dorsifixed on middle of veinlets, located between costa and margins.
12a. Laminae without reddish purple spherical glands abaxially.
13a. Stipes with dense unicellular grayish white short acicular hairs; lamina with similar dense hairs on both surfaces .................................................................................................... 20. P. castanea
13b. Stipes with spreading multicellular acicular long hairs at bases.
14a. Segments 24 sinuslike angular at apices.
15a. Rhizomes short and erect; bases of stipes except with few spreading multicellular long acicular hairs, including above bases with grayish white unicellular short setae; indusia sparsely pubescent 21. P. pauciloba
15b. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending; stipes with dense spreading multicellular acicular long hairs, distally nearly glabrous; indusia densely shortly setaceous ................ 22. P. angulariloba
14b. Segments not sinuslike angular at apices.
16a. Laminae dark green or nearly black when dry; pinnae abaxially densely pubescent along costae, veins and interval sparsely shortly hairy; indusia glabrous or occasionally very sparsely pubescent when dry 23. P. nigrescens
16b. Laminae grayish green when dry; pinnae with dense multicellular beardlike long acicular hairs; indusia densely pubescent ........................................................................ 24. P. indochinensis
12b. Pinnae with reddish purple spherical large glands abaxially.
17a. Stipes glabrous at bases.
18a. Laminae lanceolate, middle pinnae narrower, 0.81.2 cm wide, glabrous or occasionally with very sparsely grayish white pubescent abaxially; indusia glabrous or with sparse short hairs; stipes castaneous-brown, never stramineous .................................................... 18. P. chinensis
18b. Laminae ovate-oblong; middle pinnae 1.31.6 cm wide, usually grayish white pubescent abaxially, rarely glabrous; stipes usually coetaneous, occasionally stramineous ......... 19. P. japonica
17b. Stipes with spreading 2- or 3-celled grayish white acicular hairs at bases.
19a. Laminae abaxially with long acicular hairs along costae.
20a. Rachises usually hairy abaxially; lateral pinnae 1215 pairs; segments ± angular at apices, 36 veinlets per segment; laminae with reddish purple glands abaxially ............. 12. P. chingii
20b. Rachises usually glabrous abaxially, lateral pinnae 1830 pairs; segments rounded-obtuse or rounded-truncate at apices and not angular, 7 or 8 pairs of veinlets per segment; laminae with denser reddish purple glands abaxially.
21a. Indusia with dense grayish white acicular long hairs .............................. 13. P. petelotii
21b. Indusia glabrous or occasionally with few short setae ........................ 14. P. hirsutipes
19b. Laminae with short hairs or nearly glabrous abaxially along rachises.
22a. Laminae glabrous or with few short acicular hairs abaxially; indusia glabrous or occasionally with short setae ............................................................................................ 15. P. caudata
22b. Laminae with dense short acicular hairs abaxially; indusia hairy also.
23a. Indusia large, close to each other, densely shortly setaceous ....... 16. P. trichochlamys
23b. Indusia mid-sized, separate
from each other, sparsely pubescent
................................................................................................... 17.
P. caoshanensis
长根金星蕨 chang gen jin xing jue
Nephrodium beddomei Baker in Hooker & Baker, Syn. Fil. 267. 1867; Lastrea beddomei Beddome; Aspidium beddomei (Beddome) Prantl; Dryopteris beddomei (Beddome) Kuntze; Thelypteris beddomei (Beddome) Ching.
Plants 2030(40) cm tall. Rhizomes extremely long creeping, with sparse brown ovate small scales and dense brownish long hairs when young. Fronds remote or approximate; stipes slender, 410 cm, stramineous and glabrous; laminae oblanceolate, 1525(30) Χ 34(6) cm, gradually tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 2024(30) pairs, alternate, sessile, obliquely or spreading, proximal 79 pairs gradually shortened into small auricles, proximal pair of pinnae only 12 mm, middle pinnae lanceolate, 1.53.5 Χ 0.40.5 cm, bases minutely broadened, symmetrical, rounded-truncate, pinnatifid to narrow wing on both sides of costae, shortly acuminate at apices; segments 1014 pairs, oblong, entire, rounded at apices. Veins visible on both sides, veinlets pinnate, free, simple, reaching margins, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from bases of costae. Laminae herbaceous, yellowish brown when dry, abaxially with grayish white 37-celled fine long hairs along costae and veins, also with few orange-yellow spherical glands, adaxially with unicellular short acicular hairs along costae and veins. Sori small, 2 or 3 pairs per segment, attached near ends of veinlets, close to margins; indusia orbicular-reniform, small, brown, thickly membranous, glabrous, persistent. 2n = 62.
Mountain meadows, streamsides, wetlands; 6002500 m. Taiwan, Zhejiang [S India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines].
The type is from India.
Parathelypteris beddomei is similar to P. nipponica (Franchet & Savatier) Ching in outline, but differs by being thinner, rhizomes extremely slender, pinnae covered with more multicellular long acicular hairs, and growing in wet habitats.
长白山金星蕨 chang bai shan jin xing jue
Plants 4560 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, nearly black and glabrous. Fronds approximate; stipes 1525 cm, bases nearly black, occasionally covered with few dark brown ovate scales, distally stramineous, glabrous or sometimes with sparse grayish white fine and long hairs; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 2535 Χ 812 cm, clearly tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 2025 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, proximal 3 or 4 pairs gradually shortened, proximal pair of pinnae 12 cm, lanceolate and reflexed proximally; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 46 Χ 0.91.3 cm, bases minutely broadened, symmetrical, subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 15 pairs, proximal pair slightly longer, middle ones oblong, 46 Χ 23 mm, sparsely shallowly and thickly serrate along margins, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veinlets visible, oblique distally, 5(or 6) pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from bases of costae. Laminae thinly herbaceous, grass-green when dry, with orange-yellow spherical glands abaxially, costae villous, sparsely so along costules; adaxially with denser appressed short acicular hairs along grooves and veins. Sori small, orbicular, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, dorsifixed above middle of veinlets, slightly closer to margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, grayish yellow, membranous, hairy, persistent.
* Meadows; 6001400 m. Jilin (Changbai Shan).
Parathelypteris changbaishanensis is similar to P. nipponica in outline, but proximal 24 pairs of pinnae shortened, pinnae with dense orange-yellow spherical glands and villous abaxially, and growing in meadows.
中日金星蕨 zhong ri jin xing jue
Aspidium nipponicum Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 242, 636. 1879; Dryopteris nipponica (Franchet & Savatier) C. Christensen; Lastrea nipponica (Franchet & Savatier) Copeland; Thelypteris nipponica (Franchet & Savatier) Ching; Wagneriopteris nipponica (Franchet & Savatier) A. Lφve & D. Lφve.
Plants 4060 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, nearly glabrous. Fronds approximate; stipes 1020 cm, bases dark brown, ± covered with reddish brown broadly ovate scales, distally bright stramineous, glabrous; laminae oblanceolate, 3040 Χ 710 cm, gradually tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 2533 pairs, proximal 57 pairs subopposite, proximally gradually reduced into small auricles, lowest ones tuberculate; middle pinnae alternate, sessile, spreading, lanceolate, 45 Χ 0.71.2 cm, bases slightly broadened, symmetrical, truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 18 pairs, slightly obliquely spreading, oblong, 35 Χ ca. 2 mm, entire or shallowly thickly serrate, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veinlets evident, simple, 4 or 5 pairs per segment. Laminae herbaceous, grass-green when dry, abaxially with grayish white, spreading unicellular and mixed with few multicellular acicular hairs along costae, costa and margins, interstitial region with dense micro-glandular hairs and few orange-yellow spherical glands; adaxially subglabrous except costae and veins with short acicular hairs. Sori orbicular, mid-sized, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, dorsifixed above middle of veinlets, far from costa; indusia mid-sized, orbicular-reniform, brown, membranous, with few grayish white long acicular hairs. Spores bilateral, orbicular-reniform, perispores corrugate, exine regularly finely reticulate. 2n = 124.
On soil under open forests on hills, common; 4002500 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, N Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
The outline of Parathelypteris nipponica is similar to P. novoboracensis (Linnaeus) Ching, which grows along the Atlantic coast, and differs only in the latter plants segments acute at apices, indusia glabrous at the back.
秦岭金星蕨 qin ling jin xing jue
Plants 4560 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Fronds subclustered; stipes 1020 cm, bases dark brown, with sparse brown broadly ovate scales, distally stramineous, glabrous; laminae oblanceolate, 3545 Χ 811 cm, gradually tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, proximally gradually shortened into small auricles, lowest ones tuberculate; middle pinnae alternate, spreading, sessile, lanceolate, 46 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases symmetrical and slightly broader, subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate at apices; segments ca. 18 pairs, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, 46 Χ ca. 2 mm, entire, obtuse at apices. Veinlets evident, simple, 5 or 6 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from bases of costule. Laminae thickly herbaceous, grass-green when dry, abaxially with orange-yellow spherical glands, costae, costa, and margins with dense grayish white, spreading, fine acicular hairs, adaxially along grooves and veins with appressed short setae, along rachises with sparse long hairs. Sori orbicular, 35 pairs per segment, dorsifixed near ends of veinlets and close to margins; indusia mid-sized, orbicular-reniform, brown, membranous, with more setae, persistent. Spores bilateral, orbicular-reniform, perispores corrugate and obviously finely reticulate on surfaces, exine finely reticulate.
* Understories of Pinus armandii forests, common; ca. 1800 m. Gansu, Shaanxi.
The type is from Shaanxi.
Parathelypteris qinlingensis differs from P. nipponica in having rhizomes ascending, fronds subclustered, pinnae with more orange-yellow spherical glands, fine acicular long hairs abaxially, and indusia densely covered with setae.
狭脚金星蕨 xia jiao jin xing jue
Dryopteris nipponica (Franchet & Savatier) C. Christensen var. borealis H. Hara, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 695. 1934; Parathelypteris nipponica (Franchet & Savatier) Ching var. borealis Nakaike; P. subnipponica Ching, nom. nud.
Plants 4565 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, with dense rusty yellow hairs. Fronds approximate; stipes ca. 13 cm, stramineous, glabrous, bases with sparse brown ovate scales; laminae 2550 Χ 511 cm; pinnae alternate, flatly spreading, sessile, proximal 7 or 8 pairs abruptly tapering into auricles, lowest ones tuberculate; middle pinnae lanceolate, 36 Χ 0.60.9 cm, bases slightly broadened, symmetrical, subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments 1218 pairs, oblong, 34.5 Χ 1.52 mm, entire, obtuse at apices. Veinlets evident, simple, 4 or 5 pairs per segment, proximal pairs arising from above bases of costules. Laminae herbaceous, yellowish dark green when dry, with dense orange-yellow spherical glands abaxially, with sparse grayish white fine acicular hairs along costae, costules, and margins, adaxially along grooves of costae with short hairs, elsewhere glabrous. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed near ends of veinlets and close to margins, 14 pairs per segment; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, brown, membranous, nearly glabrous. Spores bilateral, orbicular-reniform, perispores few corrugate and finely reticulate on corrugations.
Valley thickets, shaded wet forest understories, common; 4001900 m. N Anhui, N Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan [Japan].
The type is from Japan.
Parathelypteris borealis is very similar to P. nipponica in laminar outline, but differs by the laminae with dense orange yellow spherical glands abaxially and indusia nearly glabrous. It is also similar to P. qinlingensis, but the latter has rhizomes ascending, costae with denser long acicular hairs abaxially, and indusia with more setae.
马蹄金星蕨 ma ti jin xing jue
Athyrium cystopteroides D. C. Eaton, Proc. Amer. Acad. 4: 110. 1858; Dryopteris abbreviatipinna (Kodama ex Makino & Nemoto) Makino & Ogata ex Makino; D. cystopteroides (D. C. Eaton) Kodama ex Tagawa [also (D. C. Eaton) C. Christensen (1934)]; D. gracilescens (Blume) Kuntze var. abbreviata Kodama ex Makino & Nemoto; Lastrea cystopteroides (D. C. Eaton) Copeland; Thelypteris cystopteroides (D. C. Eaton) Ching.
Plants 720 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, branching mixed and becoming feltlike, with sparse dark brown lanceolate small scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 35(13) cm, slender, dark stramineous, nearly glabrous; laminae lanceolate, 47 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, not tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 710 pairs, alternate, spreading, stalks short, proximal pair of similar shape as distal ones, 710 Χ 67 mm, bases subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, obtuse at apices; segments 2 or 3 pairs, oblong, ca. 3 Χ ca. 1.5 mm, proximal pair usually irregularly bilobate. Veinlets evident, simple, ca. 3 pairs per segment. Laminae herbaceous, dark green when dry, nearly glabrous abaxially, adaxially with sparse appressed short hairs along grooves on costae. Sori orbicular or oblong, mid-sized, 24 pairs per segment, dorsifixed slightly above middle of veinlets; indusia large, orbicular-reniform, brown, thickly membranous, occasionally with few grayish white setae, persistent.
On rocks of forest understories. Along the coast, offshore islands of Fujian, Taiwan [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Fujian.
矮小金星蕨 ai xiao jin xing jue
Aspidium grammitoides Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 193. 1898; Athyrium hyalostegium Copeland; Dryopteris grammitoides (Christ) C. Christensen; Lastrea grammitoides (Christ) Copeland; Thelypteris grammitoides (Christ) Ching.
Plants 1018 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, apices including bases of stipes with reddish brown narrowly lanceolate small scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 310 cm, dark stramineous, with grayish white fine acicular hairs; laminae lanceolate, 58 Χ 23.5 cm, tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 68 pairs, alternate, nearly spreading, lanceolate, bases symmetrical and tapering, rounded-truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, obtuse or acute at apices; segments 35 pairs, obliquely spreading, proximal pair oblong, 23 Χ 1.52 mm, entire, rounded at apices; distal segments gradually shortened. Veinlets visible abaxially, simple, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising above bases of costules. Laminae thickly leathery, dark green when dry, with orange-yellow spherical glands abaxially, costae and costules with sparse glaucous acicular long hairs, adaxially along costal grooves on with acicular hairs. Sori small, orbicular, 16 pairs per segment, dorsifixed near ends of veinlets, close to margins; indusia horseshoe-shaped, mid-sized, brown, thickly membranous, with more fine and long setae, persistent. Spores bilateral, orbicular-reniform, perispores corrugate, finely reticulate on corrugations.
On rocks of forest understories; 10001400 m. Taiwan [Japan, Korea, Philippines].
The type is from the Philippines.
有齿金星蕨 you chi jin xing jue
Thelypteris serrutula Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 319. 1936.
Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, glabrous, apices with sparse dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate or remote; stipes ca. 25 cm, dark stramineous, nearly glabrous; laminae broadly lanceolate, ca. 25 Χ ca. 13 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, spreading, alternate or subopposite on proximal ones, nearly sessile, lanceolate, 57 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, bases symmetrical, subtruncate, acuminate at apices; proximal pinnae slightly tapering to bases, pinnatifid nearly to costae; segments ca. 18 pairs, spreading, lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 2 mm, acute at apices; segments on fertile laminae crenate along margins; sterile ones sharply lobate along margins. Veinlets evident, simple, 6 or 7 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from bases of costules, with sparse spherical glands abaxially, glabrous, adaxial sides with dense short hairs along grooves on costae and costae. Sori mid-sized, orbicular, 5 or 6 pairs per segment, dorsifixed near ends of veinlets, close to margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, brown, membranous, glabrous or occasionally sparsely hairy and deciduous when old. Spores bilateral, orbicular-reniform, perispores few, corrugate.
* Streamsides of forest understories; ca. 100 m. Guizhou, SW Sichuan, Zhejiang.
The type is from Sichuan.
狭叶金星蕨 xia ye jin xing jue
Aspidium angustifrons Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno Batavi 3: 178. 1867; Athyrium cystopteroides D. C. Eaton var. elatus D. C. Eaton; Dryopteris gracilescens (Blume) Kuntze var. hyalostegia H. Itτ[??not in Tropicos]; Lastrea miqueliana Tagawa; Thelypteris angustifrons (Miquel) Ching.
Plants 2535 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, apices including stipe bases with sparse dark brown lanceolate thick scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 1015 cm, stramineous, nearly glabrous, distal parts and rachises more grayish white pubescent; laminae lanceolate, 1520 Χ 34 cm, bases slightly tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid or subbipinnate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1015 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile or very shortly stalked, proximal pair of similar shape but slightly shorter than distal ones; middle pinnae lanceolate, 23 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases nearly symmetrical, truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae or subpinnate, obtuse or acute at apices; segments or pinnules 620 pairs, proximal 2 or 3 pairs usually free, proximal pair of pinnae larger, oblong, 45 Χ ca. 2 mm, bases cuneate, slightly adnate to costae, entire or thickly serrate along margins, obtuse at apices; distal pairs gradually reduced. Veinlets evident abaxially, simple, 3 or 4 pairs per segment. Laminae herbaceous, when dry dark green, with orange-yellow spherical glands abaxially, with few acicular hairs along costae and costae, adaxial sides with sparse acicular short hairs along grooves. Sori orbicular, mid-sized, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, dorsifixed at distal parts of lateral veins, close to margins; indusia orbicular-reniform, mid-sized, brown, membranous, with more setae, persistent.
On rocks of forest understories or on forest floor; 2001100 m. Fujian, Taiwan [Japan].
The type is from Japan.
金星蕨 jin xing jue
Plants 3550(60) cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, glabrous, apices with sparse lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 1520(30) cm, stramineous, ± with short hairs or sometimes glabrous; laminae lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 1830 Χ 713 cm, not tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, flat or obliquely spreading, alternate or subopposite proximally, sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 47 Χ 11.5 cm, bases symmetrical and slightly broadened, or proximal pair slightly tapering to bases, truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments 1520 pairs or more, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, 56 Χ ca. 2 mm, entire, rounded-obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apices; proximal pair, particularly acroscopic one, longer. Veins evident, lateral veins simple, 57 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from above base of costules. Laminae herbaceous, when dry grass-green or sometimes dark green; pinnae except for orange-yellow spherical glands, glabrous or shortly pubescent abaxially, adaxially with dense acicular hairs along grooves on costae, veins occasionally with few short acicular hairs, rachises ± grayish white pubescent. Sori small, orbicular, 4 or 5 pairs per segment, dorsifixed near ends of lateral veins, close to margins; indusia mid-sized, orbicular-reniform, brown, thickly membranous, with sparse grayish white setae, persistent. Spores bilateral, orbicular-reniform, perispores corrugate and regularly finely reticulate. 2n = 144.
Understories of open forests; sea level to 1500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [N India, Japan, S Korea, Vietnam].
The type is from Guangzhou.
1a. Pinnae abaxially nearly glabrous, except for sparse grayish white acicular hairs along costae; adaxially with short acicular hairs along costae, occasionally with few appressed short acicular hairs along veins ................................................................................................................. 10a. var. glanduligera
1b. Pinnae abaxially more densely pubescent, along costae with fine acicular hairs; adaxially with sparse appressed fine acicular hairs along veins and in intercostal areas except for acicular hairs along costal grooves .......................................................................................................... 10b. var. puberula
金星蕨(原变种) jin xing jue (yuan bian zhong)
Aspidium glanduligerum Kunze, Analecta Pteridogr. 44. 1837; A. gracilescens Blume var. glanduligerum (Kunze) Franchet & Savatier; Christella glanduligera (Kunze) H. Lιveillι[see IPNI]; Dryopteris glanduligera (Kunze) Christ; D. gracilescens (Blume) Kuntze var. glanduligera (Kunze) C. Christensen; Lastrea glanduligera (Kunze) T. Moore; L. gracilescens (Blume) Hooke var. glanduligera (Kunze) Beddome; Nephrodium gracilescens var. glanduligera (Kunze) Baker; Thelypteris glanduligera (Kunze) Ching.
Pinnae abaxially nearly glabrous, except for sparse grayish white acicular hairs along costae and main veins, adaxially with short acicular hairs along costae, occasionally with few appressed short acicular hairs along veins.
Forest understories; sea level to 1500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [N India, Japan, S Korea, Vietnam].
微毛金星蕨 wei mao jin xing jue
Thelypteris glanduligera var. puberula Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6(5): 323. 1936.
Pinnae abaxially densely pubescent, along costae with finer acicular hairs, adaxially also with sparse appressed fine acicular hairs along veins and in intercostal areas, acicular hairs along costal grooves.,
* Wet shaded places in understories of Phyllostachys pubescens; 2001000 m. Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi.
The type is from Jiangxi.
海南金星蕨 hai nan jin xing jue
Thelypteris subimmersa Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 306. 1936.
Plants 2.63 m tall. Rhizomes strong, woody and ascending. Fronds approximate; stipes nearly to 1 m, thick, ca. 1 cm in diam., bases with thick lanceolate scales, distally with sparse short setae, dark stramineous; laminae large, oblong-lanceolate, 160200 Χ 5060 cm, bases nearly tapering or sometimes proximal pair of pinnae slightly shortened, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae mostly subopposite, spreading, sessile; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 2530 Χ 22.5 cm, bases symmetrical, truncate, pinnatifid and reaching both narrow wings of costae, caudate-acuminate at apices; segments 6070 pairs, flatly spreading, pectinately arranged, linear, 810 Χ 2.22.5 mm, entire, rounded or acute at apices. Veins evident, lateral veins simple, 1214 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules, all reaching margins above sinuses or basal acroscopic veinlet close to sinus. Laminae papery, when dry grass-green, pinnae abaxially ± with yellow spherical small glands along veins, elsewhere glabrous, adaxially along grooves with dense grayish white fine and long acicular hairs and along veins sparsely shortly hairy. Sori orbicular, mid-sized, dorsifixed at middle of lateral veins, 810 pairs per segment; indusia orbicular-reniform, somewhat leathery, glabrous, sulfur-colored glands along margins, persistent. Spores orbicular-reniform, perispores echinate.
* On wet sandy soils within forest understories on slopes. W Hainan.
Parathelypteris subimmersa is similar to Amphineuron immersum, which grows in Malaysia. The latter differs in having pinnae broader (33.3 cm), segments with dense grayish white fine and long acicular hairs abaxially. Owing to more complex characters on Amphineuron, except that the plant of this species is particularly large and strong, other characters do not differ, so it is listed here.
秦氏金星蕨 qin shi jin xing jue
Plants 3560 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 1530 cm, bases occasionally with lanceolate scales and sparsely grayish white multicellular spreading acicular hairy, dark brown proximally, distally brownish stramineous, sparsely shortly hairy or nearly glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 2030 Χ 1013 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1215 pairs, sessile, spreading, proximal ones not shortened, reflexed, pinnae from middle of lamina downward lanceolate, 58 Χ 1.41.7 cm, bases slightly broadened, rounded-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid and reaching both narrow wings of costae, acuminate at apices; segments 815 pairs, proximal ones oblong, 48 Χ 34 mm, slightly tapering to and rounded-truncate at apices, sometimes angular and entire on both sides. Veins evident, lateral veins simple, 35 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from high places above base of costules. Laminae thickly herbaceous, when dry grass-green or dark green, abaxially with sparse reddish purple spherical glands, along costae and veins with more grayish white spreading acicular hairs, adaxially along grooves with dense acicular hairs and appressed short setae, also mixed with multicellular spreading acicular hairs. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed at middle of veinlets between costules and margins, 25 pairs per segment; indusia large, orbicular-reniform, brown, thickly membranous and separated from each other and with grayish white acicular hairs.
* Wet understories of dense valley forests; 300500 m. N Fujian, S Jiangxi.
The type is from Fujian (Wuyi Shan).
Parathelypteris chingii is similar to P. japonica (Baker) Cheng, but is shorter and smaller, stipes with spreading acicular hairs at bases, pinnae with spreading fine and long acicular hairs abaxially; and indusia separated from each other.
1a. Plants 3560 cm tall; pinnae sessile, abaxially along costae and veins with grayish white acicular hairs, and adaxially along costal grooves with appressed short setae and multicellular acicular hairs, rachises with denser acicular hairs .................................................................................... 12a. var. chingii
1b. Plants up to 75 cm tall, proximal pinnae stalked, along costae and veins with dense short hairs except long acicular hairs abaxially; rachises with dense setae adaxially, with sparse grayish white fine and long acicular hairs abaxially ......................................................................................... 12b. var. major
秦氏金星蕨(原变种) qin shi jin xing jue (yuan bian zhong)
Plants 3560 cm tall. Pinnae sessile, abaxially along costae and veins with grayish white acicular hairs, adaxially along costal grooves with appressed short setae and multicellular acicular hairs.
* Wet understories of dense valley forests; 300500 m. N Fujian, S Jiangxi.
大羽金星蕨 da yu jin xing jue
Thelypteris angulariloba Ching var. major Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 6: 325. 1936.
Plants up to 75 cm tall. Proximal pinnae stalked, along costae and veins with dense short hairs except for long acicular hairs abaxially; rachises with dense setae adaxially, with sparse grayish white fine and long acicular hairs abaxially.
* Wet and shaded understories of forests at foot of mountains. Guangdong.
长毛金星蕨 chang mao jin xing jue
Thelypteris petelotii Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 326. 1963; Coryphopteris[??] petelotii (Ching) Holttum; Lastrea petelotii (Ching) Tagawa.
Plants up to 70 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and erect, ± trunklike. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 30 cm, with sparse scales at bases and with dense grayish white multicellular acicular hairs, distally castaneous-brown and subglabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, ca. 40 Χ ca. 15 cm, slightly tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, alternate, sessile, proximal ones somewhat shortened, reflexed, lanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 22.5 cm, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate at apices; segments 2040 pairs, spreading, segments below middle narrowly rectangular, ca. 1 Χ ca. 0.3 cm, shallowly undulate or usually sparsely bluntly serrate along margins, slightly bent distally, rounded at apices. Veins evident on both sides, lateral veins simple, 68 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules. Laminae herbaceous, laminae dark green when dry, with dense reddish purple spherical glands abaxially, costae and veins with dense grayish white multicellular acicular hairs; adaxially spreading appressed pubescent throughout; rachises dark stramineous, pubescent adaxially, glabrous abaxially. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed at middle of lateral veins, 36 pairs per segment; indusia large, orbicular-reniform, thickly membranous, brown, with spreading grayish white long acicular hairs throughout, persistent.
Understories of evergreen forests; ca. 1500 m. S Guangxi [N Vietnam].
The type is from Vietnam.
毛脚金星蕨 mao jiao jin xing jue
Nephrodium gracilescens (Blume) Hooker var. hirsutipes C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1: 514. 1880; Coryphopteris hirsutipes (C. B. Clarke) Holttum; Dryopteris gracilescens (Blume) Kuntze var. chinensis Christ; D. hirsutipes (C. B. Clarke) C. Chr.; Lastrea hirsutipes (C. B. Clarke) Beddome; Thelypteris hirsutipes (C. B. Clarke) Ching.
Plants 3560 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, strong, cylindric. Fronds clustered; stipes 1020(30) cm, proximal part dark brown, bases with dense grayish brown, multicellular spreading acicular long hairs (when dry easily fallen) and few dark brown lanceolate scales, distally dark stramineous and subglabrous; laminae narrowly oblong, 2530 Χ 914 cm, slightly tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 2025 pairs, alternate, spreading, proximal 3 or 4 pairs shortened; middle pinnae lanceolate, 58 Χ 11.5 cm, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid nearly to costae, caudate-acuminate at apices; segments 1518 pairs, spreading, rectangular, 4.56.5 Χ 23 mm, margins entire or slightly undulate, rounded at apices. Veins visible on both sides, lateral veins simple, 58 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from bases of or slightly above costules. Laminae herbaceous, dark green when dry, abaxially with denser reddish purple, spherical glands and costae and veins with denser multicellular acicular hairs, adaxially spreading appressed pubescent throughout; rachises stramineous and sparsely pubescent on both sides. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed at middle of lateral veins, 15 pairs per segment; indusia large, orbicular-reniform, thickly membranous, brown, glabrous or occasionally sparsely shortly setaceous.
Understories of seasonal rainforest or mixed forests on mountains; 14001600 m. SE Yunnan [N India, Myanmar].
The type is from N India (Sikkim).
尾羽金星蕨 wei yu jin xing jue
Plants 5080 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, thick and short. Fronds clustered; stipes 2040 cm, bases nearly black and with grayish brown, spreading multicellular acicular hairs and few brown lanceolate scales, distally castaneous-brown, nearly glabrous or grooves with brownish acicular hairs; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 3040 Χ 1020 cm, slightly tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 2025 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, proximal ones shortened, reflexed; largest pinna pair lanceolate, 4.59 Χ 1.22 cm, bases slightly tapering, rounded-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid and reaching narrow wing on both sides of costae, caudate or acuminate at apices; segments 2028 pairs, spreading, linear-lanceolate to rectangular, 59 Χ 2.53 mm, margins undulate-crenate or thickly serrate, rounded or rounded-truncate at apices. Veins evident abaxially, lateral vein single, 69 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of or slightly above costules. Laminae papery or thickly herbaceous, when dry dark green, abaxially with reddish purple spherical glands, usually glabrous or along rachises, costae and veins sparsely grayish brown pubescent; adaxially with appressed reddish brown hairs, rachises and costal grooves with grayish brown acicular hairs. Sori orbicular, mid-sized, dorsifixed at middle of veinlets, 57 pairs per segment; indusia large, orbicular-reniform, brown, thickly membranous, glabrous or occasionally shortly setaceous.
* Understories of mossy forests or bamboo forests in subalpine areas on mountains; 17001900 m. Guangxi, S Yunnan, and E China (specific locality unknown).
The type is from Yunnan.
毛盖金星蕨 mao gai jin xing jue
Plants up to 50 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, short. Fronds clustered; stipes 1820 cm, with acicular hairs and dark brown linear-lanceolate scales, distally castaneous-red and including rachises and costae with dense short acicular hairs; laminae 2630 Χ ca. 6 cm, not tapering to bases, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, 56 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases slightly tapering and truncate, symmetrical, slightly bent distally, pinnatifid and reaching both narrow wings, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 16 pairs, oblong-triangular, 44.5 Χ ca. 3 mm, margins entire and usually recurved when dry, slightly tapering to apices, obtuse at apices. Veins evident, lateral veins simple, ca. 5 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from slightly above base of costules. Laminae thickly herbaceous, when dry brownish green, abaxially with sparse reddish purple spherical glands, with dense short acicular hairs on both surfaces. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed at middle of lateral veins; indusia mid-sized, orbicular-reniform, close to each other, brown, thickly membranous, with dense short setae, persistent.
* Wet places in thickets, common. W Guangdong (Dang Shan, Huai-ji).
草山金星蕨 cao shan jin xing jue
Plants ca. 38 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, black, short. Fronds clustered; stipes 1418 cm, bases dark brown, with dense spreading acicular long hairs and few lanceolate scales, distally castaneous red and to rachises with dense unicellular short acicular hairs; laminae 2022 Χ ca. 9 cm, nearly tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1115 pairs, alternate (proximal ones subopposite), oblique distally, shortly stalked, proximal pair shortened or slightly shortened; middle ones lanceolate, ca. 6 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases rounded-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 18 pairs, ones below middle oblong, ca. 5 Χ ca. 2.5 mm, entire along margins, rounded at apices. Veins evident, lateral veins simple, ca. 6 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from near base of costules. Laminae herbaceous, dark brown when dry, abaxially with spreading short acicular hairs throughout and including veins with reddish purple spherical glands, adaxially with spreading hairs throughout. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed slightly above bases of lateral veins; indusia mid-sized, orbicular-reniform, brown, thinly herbaceous, separated from each other, sparsely pubescent, persistent.
* Wet soil of understories of valley forests. Taiwan (Caoshan, Taipei).
中华金星蕨 zhong hua jin xing jue
Plants 5780 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent or ascending. Fronds approximate; stipes 2740 cm, bases nearly black, with sparse lanceolate scales, distally castaneous-brown or reddish brown, glabrous, polished; laminae lanceolate, 3040 Χ 812 cm, not tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae ca. 18 pairs, opposite or alternate distally, obliquely spreading, sessile, proximal pair not shortened; middle ones narrowly lanceolate, 57 Χ 0.81.2 cm, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid and reaching both narrow wings on costae, acuminate at apices; segments 1824 pairs, spreading, oblong or triangular-oblong, 35 Χ 23 mm, entire along margins, obtuse at apices. Veins evident, lateral single, 4 or 5(or 6) pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from slightly above base of costules. Laminae herbaceous, brownish green when dry, surfaces glabrous except for reddish orange spherical glands; adaxially pubescent along costae. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed at middle of lateral veins, ca. 3 pairs per segment; indusia large, orbicular-reniform, brown, membranous, nearly touching one another, glabrous, persistent.
* Wet and shaded understories of valley forests; 7001000 m. S Anhui, N Fujian, Guangdong, S Guangxi, W Hunan, Jiangxi, S Sichuan, Zhejiang.
The type is from Anhui.
1a. Laminae glabrous except for reddish orange glands abaxially; sori nearly contacting each other, indusia glabrous ......................................................................................................... 18a. var. chinensis
1b. Laminae with sparse glands abaxially on costae and costae, veins, and intercostal areas sparsely shortly hairy; sori ± separated from each other; indusia with sparse short hairs ........... 18b. var. hirticarpa
中华金星蕨(原变种) zhong hua jin xing jue (yuan bian zhong)
Thelypteris chinensis (Ching) Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 311. 1936; Aspidium parathelypteris C. Christensen [not Christ 1905]; Dryopteris chinensis Ching [not Koidzumi 1930]; D. japonica (Baker) C. Christensen var. elongata Rosenstock; [; Parathelypteris nudipes Ching, nom. nud.]
Laminae glabrous except for reddish orange glands abaxially; sori nearly contacting each other, indusia glabrous.
* Wet shaded understories of valley forests; 7001000 m. S Anhui, N Fujian, Guangdong, S Guangxi, W Hunan, Jiangxi, S Sichuan, Zhejiang.
毛果金星蕨 mao guo jin xing jue
Laminae with sparse glands abaxially of costae and costae, veins, and intercostal areas with sparse short acicular hairs; sori ± separated from each other; indusia with sparse short hairs.
* Understories of forests in valleys, thickets; 7002100 m. Guizhou, Jiangxi, Yunnan.
The type is from Guizhou.
光脚金星蕨 guan jiao jin xing jue
Plants 5570 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending. Fronds approximate or subclustered; stipes 2535 cm, bases nearly black, with sparse reddish brown lanceolate scales, distally dark brown-castaneous or castaneous-brown, glabrous; laminae ovate-oblong, 3035 Χ 1720 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1520 pairs, spreading, proximal 3 or 4 pairs of pinnae longer, opposite or subopposite, sessile; middle pinnae lanceolate, 810 Χ 1.31.6 cm, bases subtruncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid and reaching both narrow wings on costae, apices acuminate; segments 2530 pairs, lanceolate and slightly falcate, 57 Χ ca. 2.6 mm, entire, apices obtuse or acute. Veins evident, lateral veins simple, 8 or 9(or 10) pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from near base of costules. Laminae herbaceous, dark green when dry, abaxially along costae, costae (sometime including lateral veins) and margins with grayish white sparse pubescence and more reddish brown globose large glands, adaxially along costal grooves with dense acicular hairs, rachises with appressed short acicular hairs. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed slightly above middle of lateral veins, 3 or 4 pairs per segment; indusia large, orbicular-reniform, brownish, membranous, more grayish white pubescent, persistent. 2n = 124.
Shaded understories of forests; 2002000 m. Anhui, N Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, N Jiangsu, Jiangxi, W Sichuan, Taiwan, N Yunnan, S and W Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea].
The type is from Japan.
1a. Stipes and rachises nearly black at bases, distally castaneous-brown; indusia somewhat glaucous, pubescent ....................................................................................................... 19a. var. japonica
1b. Stipes and rachises stramineous, pinnae abaxially and indusia glabrous .............. 19b. var. glabrata
光脚金星蕨(原变种) guang jiao jin xing jue (yuan bian zhong)
Nephrodium japonicum Baker, Ann. Bot. 5: 318. 1891; Christella japonica (Baker) H. Lιveillι; Dryopteris japonica (Baker) C. Christensen; Lastrea japonica (Baker) Copeland; Parathelypteris japonica var. musashiensis (Hiyama) Jiang[??Ching]; Thelypteris japonica (Baker) Ching; Wagneriopteris japonica (Baker) A. Lφve & D. Lφve.
Stipes and rachises nearly black at bases, distally castaneous-brown, pinnae abaxially and indusia sparsely pubescent, indusia more glaucous pubescent.
Shaded understories of forests; 2002000 m. N Fujian, Guizhou, N Jiangsu, Jiangxi, W Sichuan, Taiwan [Japan, S Korea].
光叶金星蕨 guang ye jin xing jue
Thelypteris japonica (Baker) Ching var. glabrata Ching, Bull. Mem. Inst. Biol. 6: 313. 1936.
Stipes and rachises stramineous, pinnae abaxially and indusia glabrous.
Forest understories. Jiangxi [Japan, S Korea].
The type is from Korea.
台湾金星蕨 tai wan jin xing jue
Dryopteris castanea Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 132. 1935; Thelypteris castanea (Tagawa) Ching.
Plants ca. 70 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, black. Fronds clustered; stipes bases black, distally castaneous-brown, polished, throughout covered with dense glaucous short acicular hairs; laminae narrowly oblong, ca. 30 Χ ca. 14 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1517 pairs, opposite or alternate distally, spreading, sessile, proximal several pairs not shortened, lanceolate, ± falcate, 78 Χ ca. 1.4 cm, bases slightly tapering, truncate, pinnatifid and reaching narrow wings on both sides, acuminate at apices; segments 1518 pairs, ca. 6 Χ ca. 2.8 mm, entire, apices rounded. Veins visible, lateral single, 6 or 7 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules. Laminae herbaceous, dark brown when dry, pinnae with dense grayish white short acicular hairs on both surfaces, hairs along costae denser and longer; rachises brown, grayish white pubescent abaxially. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed above middle of lateral veins, slightly closer to margins, 1 pair per segment; indusia smaller, orbicular-reniform, brown, membranous, densely pubescent, persistent.
Wet forest understories. Taiwan [Japan].
The type is from Taiwan.
Some authors treat this name as a synonym of the preceding species, Parathelypteris japonica (e.g., see Knapp, Ferns Fern Allies Taiwan, 416. 2011, as Thelypteris japonica).
阔片金星蕨 kuo pian jin xing jue
Plants 3035 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, black. Frond clustered; stipes 1214 cm, slender, bases nearly black, mixed with grayish white setae and few spreading multicellular long hairs, distally castaneous brown and with grayish white setae; laminae oblong, 1722 Χ 912 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1012 pairs, alternate, sessile, proximal pinnae not shortened, 56.5 Χ 1.21.6 cm, bases slightly tapering, truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid and reaching broad wing on both sides of costae, acuminate at apices; pinnae 58 pairs, approximate, rectangular, 57 Χ ca. 5 mm, apices rounded or rounded-truncate and with 24 angles. Veinlets evident, lateral single, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from above base of costules. Laminae herbaceous, when dry deep green, abaxially with sparse short setae along costae, adaxially with sparse appressed short hairs, hairs along costal grooves denser; rachises stramineous, with dense short setae. Sori orbicular, 1 or 2 per segment, dorsifixed at slightly high places at middle of lateral veins, in one row on each side of costules; indusia mid-sized, orbicular-reniform, brown, thickly membranous, slightly pubescent, persistent.
* Wet soil at streamsides in forest understories; ca. 800 m. N Fujian.
Parathelypteris pauciloba is similar to P. angulariloba, but differs in the latter having rhizomes short and erect, stipes throughout with grayish white short setae, and mixed few spreading multicellular long acicular hairs; costae with sparse unicellular short setae abaxially; and indusia slightly pubescent.
钝角金星蕨 dun jiao jin xing jue
Thelypteris angulariloba Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 6: 323. 1963; Lastrea angulariloba (Ching) Tagawa; Parathelypteris simozawae (Tagawa) Ching; [??P. subbipinnatifida Ching, nom. nud.]; T. simozawae Tagawa.
Plants 3060 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending, nearly black. Fronds subclustered; stipes 1030 cm, bases nearly black, with dense spreading multicellular acicular hairs, distally castaneous-red or castaneous-brown, subglabrous; laminae narrowly oblong, 1730 Χ 612 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, alternate, proximal pair not reduced, ± reflexed; middle pinnae lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 56 Χ 0.71.5 cm, bases truncate, nearly symmetrical, sessile, pinnatifid and reaching 1/31/2, apices acuminate and pinnatifid or sometime entire; segments 812 pairs, rectangular or nearly square, 35 Χ ca. 3.5 mm, entire, apices rounded or rounded-truncate and with 24 blunt angles. Veins evident, lateral veins simple, 2 or 3(or 4) pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from above base of costules. Laminae thickly herbaceous, greenish when dry, abaxially along costae and main veins with multicellular short acicular hairs, sometimes with mixed orange capital glands; adaxially along costal grooves with acicular hairs, elsewhere glabrous. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed at middle of lateral veins, 1 or 2 pairs per segment; indusia mid-sized, orbicular-reniform, brown, thickly membranous, with dense grayish white short setae, persistent.
Streamsides of forest understories in valleys, shaded wet places in thickets; 4001100 m. N and SE Fujian, N and SE Guangdong, E Guangxi, Taiwan [Japan].
The type is from N Guangdong (Le-chang).
黑叶金星蕨 hei ye jin xing jue
Plants 5070 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, black. Fronds clustered; stipes 2035 cm, nearly black on proximal part and with spreading grayish white, multicellular long acicular hairs, distally castaneous-brown and sparsely pubescent; laminae oblong or narrowly oblong, 3038 Χ 1215 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1518 pairs, spreading, alternate, proximal ones sometimes stalked, proximal pair not shortened; middle pinnae lanceolate, slightly falcate, 811 Χ 1.21.5 cm, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid and reaching narrow wings on both sides of costae, long acuminate at apices; segments 1520 pairs, obliquely spreading, narrowly ligulate, 57 Χ 33.5 mm, entire along both sides, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veins visible, lateral veins simple, 5 or 6 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules. Laminae herbaceous, dark green when dry, or blackish brown, abaxially with sparse short hairs, costae densely pubescent, adaxially along costae with dense short acicular hairs. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed at middle of lateral veins; indusia mid-sized, orbicular-reniform, brown, membranous, separated from each other, entire or occasionally with 1 or 2 hairs, persistent or deciduous.
* Streamsides of forest understories in valleys; 10001200 m. Guangxi, Yunnan.
滇越金星蕨 dian yue jin xing jue
Dryopteris indochinensis Christ, J. Bot. (Morot) 21: 231. 1908; Thelypteris indochinensis (Christ) Ching.
Plants ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent. Fronds subclustered; stipes ca. 30 cm, proximal part black, polished, with denser grayish white, multicellular long acicular hairs, distally castaneous-brown, sparsely pubescent; laminae oblong, ca. 30 Χ 2040 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, spreading, alternate, sessile, proximal pair not shortened; middle pinnae lanceolate, 1012 Χ ca. 2 cm, bases not tapering, truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid and reaching narrow wings on both sides of costae, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 24 pairs, linear-lanceolate, slightly falcate, slightly tapering to apices, rounded-truncate, entire. Veins evident, lateral vein single, 6 or 7 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules. Laminae herbaceous, when dry grayish green, abaxially with dense multicellular, barblike long hairs, adaxially along costal grooves with dense long acicular hairs, main veins slightly setaceous or nearly glabrous, rachises with dense long acicular hairs adaxially. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed at middle of lateral veins, 5 or 6 pairs per segment; indusia smaller, orbicular-reniform, brown, membranous, separated from each other, densely pubescent, persistent.
Shaded wet forest understories in valleys. S Guangxi, S Yunnan [border of Vietnam].
The type is from Vietnam.
凸轴蕨属 tu zhou jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Thelypteris sect. Metathelypteris H. Itτ, Nakai & Honda, Nov. Fl. Jap. 4: 137. 1939.
Plants small to mid-sized, terrestrial. Rhizomes short, decumbent, ascending or erect, rarely long creeping, covered with brown lanceolate scales and glaucous short hairs or nearly glabrous. Fronds approximate or clustered; stipes ± dark brown at bases, distally stramineous, glabrous or sparsely hairy; laminae oblong, lanceolate, or ovate-triangular, pinnate-pinnatifid, rarely tripinnate, if latter, pinnules separated from each other, never connected with narrow wing along costae, apices acuminate and pinnatifid. Laminae herbaceous or thinly herbaceous, when dry usually green, both surfaces ± with grayish white, unicellular (rarely multicellular) acicular hairs, hairs denser along rachises and costae, pinnae usually with glandless abaxially, rarely orange-red spherical glandular, costae rounded and raised adaxially, never grooved. Veinlets pinnate, simple or forked, oblique distally, not reaching margins. Sori small, orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets; indusia mid-sized, orbicular-reniform, each attached at a sinus, membranous, usually green, when dry grayish yellow or brownish, persistent. Spores bilateral, perispores corrugate, usually foveolate; exine with finely reticulate surfaces. x = 35.
About 12 species: S Asia, S China to Japan, Madagascar, Malesia; 11 species (four endemic) in China.
Type species: Metathelypteris gracilescens (Blume) Ching (Aspidium gracilescens Blume).
1a. Pinnae with orange-red spherical glands or eglandular abaxially, costae with grayish white multicellular acicular hairs abaxially.
2a. Pinnae glandular abaxially; abaxially with unicellular short acicular hairs along lateral veins and intercostal areas .................................................................................................... 10. M. glandulifera
2b. Pinnae without glands, with grayish white, multicellular spreading long acicular hairs on both surfaces 11. M. flaccida
1b. Pinnae without orange-red spherical glands abaxially; costae with grayish white unicellular acicular hairs or nearly glabrous abaxially.
3a. Laminae ovate-triangular.
4a. Laminae bipinnatipartite, segments entire .................................................... 6. M. decipiens
4b. Laminae pinnate-pinnatifid or 3-pinnate to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid.
5a. Laminae oblong, except for costae long villous adaxially, elsewhere glabrous; indusia glabrous 9. M. wuyishanensis
5b. Laminae ovate-triangular, hairy on both surfaces; also hairy at indusia.
6a. Proximal pinnae sessile or with 0.51 mm stalk, pinnules rounded-obtuse or acute at apices, sessile 7. M. hattori
6b. Proximal pinnae with 3.55 mm stalk, pinnules long acuminate-caudate at apices, stalk 47 mm 8. M. petiolulata
3b. Lamiae oblong or lanceolate.
7a. Laminae thick, papery or thinly herbaceous; plants taller and larger, usually 7595 cm tall or more; pinnae glabrous abaxially, or costae and costae occasionally with sparse acicular short hairs 1. M. singalanensis
7b. Laminae thinner, herbaceous or thinly herbaceous; plants smaller and shorter, no more than 65 cm tall; pinnae ± with short acicular hairs or glabrous abaxially.
8a. Pinnae glabrous abaxially, or at most along costae, costae occasionally with very sparse acicular hairs.
9a. Proximal pinnae usually not shortened, also not tapering to bases; laminae adaxially with dense grayish white acicular hairs along rachises and costae; veinlets usually simple, occasionally forked 2. M. gracilescens
9b. Laminae with proximal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae ± shortened, pinna bases clearly tapering; laminae adaxially with grayish white short acicular hairs along rachises and costae; veinlets on pinnules of proximal pinnae usually forked, simple distally .................................... 3. M. adscendens
8b. Pinnae abaxially at least with denser short acicular hairs along costae.
10a. Pinnae arrangement sparser, proximal ones 24 cm from each other, bases clearly tapering; segments entire or usually with densely crenate sinuses, or pinnatifid ............................. 4. M. laxa
10b. Pinnae arrangement denser, proximal ones 12 cm from each other, bases nearly tapering, segments usually entire, at most shallowly undulate ................................................ 5. M. uraiensis
鲜绿凸轴蕨 xian lό tu zhou jue
Nephrodium singalanense Baker, J. Bot. 18: 212. 1880; Dryopteris media Alderwerelt; D. singalaensis C. Christensen; Lastrea singalaensis Beddome; Thelypteris singalaensis Ching.
Plants 7595 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect, apices including stipe bases with dense scales; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, caudate at apices. Fronds clustered; stipes 3050 cm, stramineous, glabrous above bases, polished; laminae lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 3070 Χ 2030 cm, bases ± tapering, rounded-truncate, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1525 pairs, spreading or oblique distally, sessile, proximal pair usually slightly shortened, distal ones linear-lanceolate, sometimes falcate, 1218 Χ 23.5 cm, bases subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, caudate-acuminate at apices; segments 2030 pairs, basiscopic ones on costae longer than acroscopic ones, oblong, 815 Χ 35 mm, entire or serrate along margins, apices blunt-pointed. Veinlets evident, simple or forked on proximal segments, 610(12) pairs, not reaching margins. Laminae papery, when dry green or yellowish green, glabrous abaxially, or sometimes with sparse short acicular hairs along costae and costules, adaxially with grayish white short acicular hairs along rachises and costae. Sori small, glandular, attached on ends of lateral veins or middle of acroscopic vein on forked lateral veins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, membranous, when dry brownish yellow, sometime sinuate along margins, glabrous or sparsely capitate shortly hairy. 2n = 144.
Streamsides in forest understories; 8001000 m. SE Hainan [Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand].
The type is from Indonesia.
凸轴蕨 tu zhou jue
Aspidium gracilescens Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 155. 1828; Dryopteris arisanensis Rosenstock; D. gracilescens (Blume) Kuntze; D. sublaxa Hayata; Lastrea gracilescens (Blume) T. Moore (1858), not Hooker (1857); Nephrodium gracilescens (Blume) Hooker; Thelypteris gracilescens (Blume) Ching.
Plants 4060 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending, apices including stipe bases covered with reddish brown lanceolate small scales. Fronds subclustered; stipes 1530 cm, stramineous or tan, glabrous or with sparse short hairs; laminae narrowly oblong, 2030 Χ 6.510 cm, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1518 pairs, subopposite or alternate distally, spreading, proximal 1 or 2 pairs not shortened, tapering to bases, reflexed proximally, sessile; middle ones linear-lanceolate, 46.5 Χ 11.4 cm, bases tapering, subtruncate, pinnatifid and reaching narrow wings on both sides of costae, acuminate at apices; segments 1215 pairs, oblique distally, oblong, 46 Χ 24 mm, entire or slightly undulate-crenate distally, apices rounded-obtuse. Veinlets evident abaxially, simple, occasionally forked, 5 or 6 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from above base of costules. Laminae herbaceous, yellowish green when dry, abaxially glabrous or costae adaxially with sparse short hairs, adaxially with dense grayish white short acicular hairs, also veins with sparse similar hairs adaxially. Sori small, orbicular, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, dorsifixed at middle of lateral veinlets, located between costules and margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, membranous, brownish, glabrous, persistent or sometimes deciduous.
Soil of understories of dense forests on mountains; 10002500 m. Taiwan, Yunnan [Indonesia, S Japan, Malaysia, Philippines; Polynesia].
The type is from Indonesia (Java).
微毛凸轴蕨 wei mao tu zhou jue
Thelypteris adscendens Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 6: 332. 1936; Metathelypteris subadscendens Ching[??okay].
Plants 2550 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent, with sparse short hairs and brown ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered or approximate; stipes 1025 cm, stramineous, glabrous above bases; laminae 1525 Χ 812 cm, ± tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices long acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1015 pairs, alternate, sessile, proximal 1 or 2 pairs ± shortened, bases slightly tapering; middle ones narrowly lanceolate, 46 Χ 11.5 cm, pinnatifid and reaching narrow wings on both sides of costae, long acuminate at apices, sometime slightly caudate; segments 1014 pairs, spreading, approximate, oblong-lanceolate, 46 Χ ca. 2.5 mm, entire or densely serrate in sinus along margins on proximal segments, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veins visible, veinlets usually forked on proximal segments, distal ones single, 35 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from slightly higher above base of costules, not reaching margins. Laminae herbaceous, when dry green, glabrous on both surfaces, only occasionally with sparse short hairs along both sides of costae. Sori small, orbicular, 24(or 5) pairs per segment, attached near ends of lateral veins, close to margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, membranous, green, or brownish when dry, glabrous or occasionally with several short hairs, usually fallen when mature.
* Understories of valley forests; 200700(?1800) m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan.
The type is from Guangxi (Wuzhou).
疏羽凸轴蕨 shu yu tu zhou jue
Aspidium laxum Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 237. 1876; Dryopteris laxa (Franchet & Savatier) C. Christensen; D. macarthyi C. Christensen; Lastrea laxa (Franchet & Savatier) Copeland; Nephrodium laxum Diels; N. macarthyi Baker; Thelypteris laxa (Franchet & Savatier) Ching.
Plants 3060 cm tall. Rhizomes long, decumbent or ascending, with sparse grayish white short hairs and reddish brown lanceolate scales, similar indument on stipe bases. Fronds approximate; stipes 1035 cm, stramineous, above bases nearly glabrous; laminae narrowly oblong, 1535 Χ 1018 cm, bases nearly tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 818 pairs, subopposite, linear-lanceolate, 59 Χ 12 cm, bases truncate, nearly symmetrical, sessile, pinnatifid and reaching narrow wings on both sides of costae; segments oblong-lanceolate, middle ones 48 Χ 23 mm, entire or densely crenate-sinuate, or parted into small segments, obtuse-pointed or acute at apices. Veins visible, veinlets forked on segments on proximal pinnae, others simple, 57 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules, not reaching margins. Laminae herbaceous, green when dry, abaxially with spreading hairs throughout, adaxially with acicular hairs along rachises, costae, and veins. Sori small, orbicular, 46 pairs per segment, attached on ends of veinlets or acroscopic vein on forked veinlets, close to margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, membranous, green, when dry grayish yellow, sparsely pubescent.
Understories of forests in mountains, understories of dense valley forests; near sea level to 800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea].
The type is from Japan.
乌来凸轴蕨 wu lai tu zhou jue
Plants 3040 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending, apices including stipe bases with sparse deep brown small scales and grayish white short acicular hairs. Fronds subclustered; stipes 1420 cm, stramineous, glaucous, shortly hairy; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 1622 Χ 815 cm, not tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices long acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1215 pairs, opposite or distal ones alternate, sessile, proximal pair usually slightly shortened, bases slightly tapering, reflexed, above several pairs linear-lanceolate, 48 Χ 1.21.7 cm, bases tapering, rounded-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid and reaching narrow wings on both sides of costae, caudate-acuminate at apices; segments 1420 pairs, spreading, approximate, oblong-lanceolate, 47 Χ 23 mm, entire or sometimes undulate along margins, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veins evident abaxially, veinlets usually forked, or distal ones simple, 57 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from above base of costules. Laminae thinly herbaceous, when dry yellowish green, abaxially with grayish white short hairs, hairs along rachises and costae denser, adaxially densely covered with grayish yellow acicular hairs along rachises and costae. Sori small, orbicular, 24 pairs per segment, attached near ends of lateral veins, close to margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, membranous, green, when dry brownish, sometime lacerate along margins and acicular hairy, persistent. 2n = 124.
Streamsides in understories of valley forests; 4001600 m. N Guangdong, Taiwan, W Yunnan [S Japan, Philippines].
The type is from Taiwan (Urai).
1a. Proximal pair of pinnae slightly shortened, bases slightly
tapering; lateral veins forked on proximal pinnae, intercostal areas abaxially
with short hairs
......................................................................................................................... 5a.
var. uraiensis
1b. Proximal pinnae of similar shape and size as above ones, lateral veins simple, occasionally forked, pinnae abaxially, except along rachises and costae, covered with whitish short hairs, elsewhere glabrous 5b. var. tibetica
乌来凸轴蕨(原变种) wu lai tu zhou jue (yuan bian zhong)
Dryopteris uraiensis Rosenstock, Hedwigia 56: 341. 1915; D. hirsutisquamata Hayata; Lastrea uraiensis (Rosenstock) Copeland; Macrothelypteris uraiensis (Rosenstock) A. Lφve & D. Lφve; Thelypteris uraiensis (Rosenstock) Ching.
Proximal pair of pinnae slightly shortened, bases slightly tapering; lateral veins forked on segments of proximal pinnae, intercostal areas on abaxially with short hairs.
Streamsides in understories of valley forests; 4001600 m. N Guangdong, Taiwan, W Yunnan [Japan, Philippines].
西藏凸轴蕨 xi zang tu zhou jue
Metathelypteris tibetica Ching & S. K. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 166. 1983.
Proximal pair of pinnae of similar shape and size as distal ones, veinlets simple, occasionally forked, abaxially pinnae except for grayish white short acicular hairs along rachises and costae, elsewhere glabrous.
* Understories of broad-leaved forests on slopes; ca. 1700 m. SE Xizang (Mκdog).
迷人凸轴蕨 mi ren tu zhou jue
Nephrodium gracilescens (Blume) Hooker var. decipiens C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 2: 514. 1880; Dryopteris gracilescens (Blume) Kuntze var. decipiens Alderwerelt; Lastrea gracilescens (Blume) T. Moore var. decipiens (C. B. Clarke) Beddome; Thelypteris decipiens (C. B. Clarke) Ching.
Plants 2355 cm tall. Rhizomes short, ascending, including stipe bases with grayish white acicular hairs and few brown linear-lanceolate small scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 1030 cm, stramineous, nearly glabrous above bases; laminae ovate-triangular, 1330 Χ 1016 cm, broadest at bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, long acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1014 pairs, spreading, proximal ones subopposite, distal ones alternate, proximal pinnae largest, bent distally, linear-lanceolate; 59.5 Χ 1.22.2 cm, bases truncate, sessile, pinnatifid and reaching narrow wings on both sides of costae, long acuminate at apices; segments 1220 pairs, 510 Χ 23 mm, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices. Veins evident abaxially, lateral veins simple or forked, 5 or 6 pairs per segment, not reaching margins. Laminae thinly herbaceous, when dry yellowish green, with grayish white short acicular hairs on both surfaces, hairs along rachises and costae denser. Sori small, orbicular, attached near ends of lateral veins, close to margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, thinly membranous, green, when dry grayish brown, with dense acicular hairs, persistent.
In rock crevices at streamsides, streamside understories in bamboo forests; 6002200 m. Hunan, Yunnan [N India].
The type is from India.
林下凸轴蕨 lin xia tu zhou jue
Dryopteris hattori H. Itτ, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 99: 359. 1935; D. laxa (Franchet & Savatier) C. Christensen var. dilatata Koidzumi; Lastrea hattori (H. Itτ) Tagawa; L. laxa (Franchet & Savatier) Copeland var. dilatata Honda; Thelypteris hattori (H. Itτ) Tagawa; T. nemoralis Ching.
Plants 3060 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent, apices including stipe bases densely covered with reddish brown, lanceolate scales and grayish white setae. Fronds approximate; stipes 1530 cm, bases dark brown, stramineous above bases, nearly glabrous; laminae ovate-triangular, 1535 Χ 1426 cm, broadest at bases, bases rounded-truncate, 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1216 pairs, proximal ones subopposite, distal ones alternate, sessile, or proximal pinnae sometimes with 0.51 mm stalks; proximal pair not shortened, of similar shape and size as distal ones, lanceolate, 1015 Χ 2.53.5 cm, pinnae not tapering to base except for proximal 2 pairs, bases rounded-truncate, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; pinnules ca. 16 pairs, subopposite, pinnae distal to middle ones connected to each other by narrow wings, proximal ones oblong-lanceolate, 2.53 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases decurrent, sessile, separated from each other, pinnatifid ca. 2/3, apices rounded-obtuse or acute; segments oblong, 3.54 Χ ca. 2.4 mm, entire, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veins not evident, lateral veins simple or forked, 2 or 3 pairs per segment, not reaching margins. Laminae herbaceous, when dry green, densely grayish white pubescent on both surfaces. Sori small, orbicular, usually one per segment, attached near ends of acroscopic veinlets on bases and close to margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, membranous, when dry grayish brown, sparsely pubescent, persistent.
Understories of valley forests; 1001700 m. S Anhui, N Fujian, N Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, SW Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan].
The type is from Japan.
有柄凸轴蕨 you bing tu zhou jue
Plants 5565 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent. Fronds subclustered; stipes 2330 cm, dark brown, with dense grayish white acicular hairs, distally stramineous, nearly glabrous, polished. Laminae ovate-triangular, 3040 cm, broadest at bases and similar in size as length, bases broadly cordate, 3-pinnate to 4-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1012 pairs, ascending, proximal ones opposite or subopposite, stalk 3.55 cm, distal ones alternate, sessile; proximal pair largest, triangular-lanceolate, 1722 Χ 1012 cm, bases subtruncate, 2-pinnate to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, caudate-acuminate at apices; pinnules 1015 pairs, alternate or subopposite, approximate, short stalks of proximal several pairs 47 mm, distal ones sessile, basiscopic pinnules of costae longer than acroscopic ones, but proximal pair of pinnules slightly shortened sometimes, above ones lanceolate, 67 Χ ca. 2.5 cm, bases broadly cuneate, pinnatifid, caudate-acuminate at apices; pinnules of 2-pinnate laminae ca. 10 pairs, proximal 2 or 3 pairs slightly shortened, narrowly oblong, 615 Χ 34 mm, bases adnate to costules, decurrent, connected to each other by narrow wings, margins lobed to 1/2 of distance to costule, apices rounded-obtuse or acute; segments 4 or 5 pairs, triangular, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices. Veins not evident, lateral veins usually forked, 26 pairs per ultimate pinnule or segment and not reaching margins. Laminae thinly herbaceous, when dry yellowish green, sparsely grayish white short hairs on both surfaces. Sori orbicular, 15 pairs per pinnule or segment, attached near ends of acroscopic vein of forked veins, slightly closer to margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, membranous, green, with short hairs, persistent.
* Shaded wet understories of valley forests; 8001500 m. Anhui, Fujian, NW Jiangxi, S Zhejiang.
The type is from Jiangxi (Xiushui).
Metathelypteris petiolulata is similar to M. hattori, but differs by the laminae broader, 3-pinnate to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, proximal pinnae and pinnules of 1-pinnate laminae stalked, apices of pinnules of 1-pinnate laminae caudate-acuminate.
武夷山凸轴蕨 wu yi shan tu zhou jue
Plants up to 40 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 20 cm, stramineous, bases with dense dark brown lanceolate scales and glaucous acicular hairs, distally glabrous; laminae oblong, ca. 25 Χ 15 cm, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, spreading, proximal pair similar in size as above ones oblong-lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 3 cm, shortly stalked, pinnatifid; pinnules ca. 14 pairs, basiscopic ones on costae longer than acroscopic ones, lanceolate, ca. 2 Χ 0.5 cm, bases connected by narrow wings, pinnatifid, apices obtuse-pointed; acroscopic segments ca. 1.2 Χ 0.3 cm, pinnatilobate. Laminae thinly herbaceous, when dry brownish, except costae villous adaxially, elsewhere glabrous. Sori small, 4 or 5 pairs per pinnule; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, brown, glabrous, deciduous.
* Shaded places among rocks in mountain thickets. Fujian, Zhejiang.
The type is from Fujian.
有腺凸轴蕨 you xian tu zhou jue
Plants 5060 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, apices including stipe bases with deep brown linear-lanceolate scales and grayish white acicular hairs. Fronds approximate; stipes 2030 cm, stramineous, above bases with similar hairs but sparsely so and with few scales; laminae oblong-lanceolate, ca. 30 Χ 1416 cm, nearly tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1014 pairs, spreading, subopposite, sessile, lanceolate, 78 Χ 11.5 cm, bases slightly tapering, rounded-truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate at apices; segments ca. 17 pairs, spreading, lanceolate, sometimes falcate, 11.2 Χ ca. 0.3 cm, bases decurrent, connected to each other by narrow wings, margins crenate, apices rounded-obtuse or acute. Veins not evident, lateral veins forked, 810 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising above bases of costae and not reaching margins. Laminae herbaceous, when dry dark green, abaxially covered with grayish white multicellular acicular hairs along rachises, costae, and costae, lateral veins and intercostal areas covered with short unicellular acicular hairs, mixed with small orange-red globose glands, adaxially densely grayish white acicular hairy along rachises and costae, hairs along veins sparse. Sori small, orbicular, 6 or 7 pairs per segment, attached near ends of acroscopic vein of forked lateral veins; sporangia each with 4 or 5 globose small glands along both sides of annuli; indusia orbicular-reniform, greenish, when dry grayish brown, membranous, subentire, not easily seen when mature.
* Understories of dense forests. N Guangxi.
The lamina outline of Metathelypteris glandulifera is extremely similar M. flaccida, but the pinnae are covered with orange-red globose glands abaxially; the sporangia also have a few similar glands along both sides of the annuli, and the pinnae are covered with unicellular short acicular hairs along veinlets and intercostal areas.
薄叶凸轴蕨 bo ye tu zhou jue
Aspidium flaccidum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 161. 1828; Dryopteris flaccida (Blume) Kuntze; Lastrea flaccida (Blume) T. Moore; Nephrodium flaccidum Hooker; Thelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching.
Plants 4060 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect, with deep brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 1530 cm, bases dark brown, with similar scales and grayish white short acicular hairs, distally stramineous and sparsely shortly hairy; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 2540 Χ 1216 cm, nearly tapering to bases, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1015 pairs, spreading, subopposite, sessile; proximal ones lanceolate, 79 Χ 22.5 cm, bases ± tapering, rounded-truncate, pinnate-pinnatifid, caudate-acuminate at apices; pinnules 1015 pairs, spreading, lanceolate, 11.5 Χ 0.30.5 cm, bases decurrent to formed narrow wing along costae, pinnatifid to 1/22/3 distance to costae, rounded-obtuse at apices; segments 57 pairs, triangular-lanceolate, 12 Χ ca. 1 mm, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices. Veins not evident, lateral veins simple or forked, 2 or 3 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules, not reaching margins. Laminae thinly herbaceous, when dry yellowish green, with dense spreading multicellular acicular hairs on both surfaces. Sori small, orbicular, one per segment, attached above middle of acroscopic vein of forked lateral veins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, membranous, greenish, when dry grayish brown, glabrous or occasionally with few acicular hairs along margins, persistent. 2n = 140.
Streamsides in forest understories; 7001800 m. Guizhou, SW Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, N Vietnam].
The type is from Indonesia.
针毛蕨属 zhen mao jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Thelypteris sect. Macrothelypteris H. Itτ in Nakai & Honda, Nov. Pl. Jap. 4: 141. 1939.
Plants mid-sized, terrestrial, sometimes treelike, up to 4 m tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect, ascending or decumbent, with brown lanceolate long scales; scales thick, with acicular cilia along margins. Fronds clustered; stipes stramineous or reddish brown, glabrous, or with similar scales and after fallen with remaining lunate marks; laminae large, ovate-triangular, 3- or 4-pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae and pinnules oblique or spreading and connected to each other by narrow wings along costae or costules; veins pinnate, free, lateral veins simple, sometimes forked. Laminae herbaceous or somewhat papery, yellowish green when dry, costae and costules rounded and raised adaxially, ± hairy on both sides and intercostal areas, rarely glabrous, hairs slender, grayish white acicular, unicellular or consisting of several cells, except above hairs along rachises, usually also with brown multicellular acicular thick hairs and few lanceolate or subulate thick scales and remaining protruding marks after scales fallen. Sori small, attached near ends of veinlets, exindusiate or with small and usually deciduous indusia; sporangia sometimes with shortly stalked capitate hairs near annuli. Spores bilateral, elliptic-reniform; perispores transparent and corrugate, echinate or minutely foveolate; exine finely reticulate. x = 31.
About ten species: warmer parts of mainland Asia, NE Australia, Malesia, Pacific islands; seven species (one endemic) in China.
Type species: Macrothelypteris oligophlebia (Baker) Ching (Nephrodium oligophlebium Baker).
1a. Rachises and costae covered with scales abaxially; scales inflated or incrassate at bases, leaving rough marks after falling.
2a. Plants 11.4 m tall; costae and costules with scales incrassate and not inflated at bases 3. M. setigera
2b. Plants 34 m tall, costae and costules covered with inflated bases of scales abaxially.
3a. Scales on rachises denser, scales on costae entire .......................................... 1. M. ornata
3b. Scales on rachises sparse, scales on costae with dense acicular hairs along margins ..... 2. M. polypodioides
1b. Rachises and costae without scales abaxially, or with grayish white hairs, or glabrous.
4a. Pinnae glabrous or with unicellular acicular hairs.
5a. Laminae herbaceous, when dry yellowish green; pinnules oblique distally and intersecting with costae at sharp angle, pinnae glabrous abaxially, at most with sparse acicular hairs along costae . 4. M. oligophlebia
5b. Laminae thinly herbaceous, grass-green or dark green when dry; pinnules spreading and intersecting with costae at right angle; pinnae with more spreading acicular hairs abaxially ... 5. M. viridifrons
4b. Pinnae with spreading multicellular acicular hairs abaxially.
6a. Laminae herbaceous, pinnules oblique distally and intersecting with costae at sharp angle; proximal pinnae with 22.5 cm stalks; hairs abaxially more and elongate and 2.53 mm 6. M. torresiana
6b. Laminae thinly herbaceous, pinnules spreading and intersecting with costae at right angle; pinnae nearly sessile; hairs abaxially sparse and short and 1.52 mm ............................. 7. M. contingens
树形针毛蕨 shu xing zhen mao jue
Polypodium ornatum Wallich ex Beddome, Ferns S. India 56 (t. 171). 1864, not Klotzsch (1847); Dryopteris ornata (Wallich ex Beddome) C. Christensen; Lastrea ornata (Wallich ex Beddome) Copeland; Nephrodium ornatum Christ; N. tenericaule Hooker; Phegopteris ornata (Wallich ex Beddome) J. Smith; Thelypteris ornata (Wallich ex Beddome) Ching.
Plants 34 m or more tall. Rhizomes erect, cylindric, with dense scales; scales brownish, ciliate along margins, long subulate and thick. Fronds clustered; stipes 60100 cm, thick, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., stramineous, polished, bases with similar scales as on rhizomes, distally scales sparser, after falling leaving remaining as tuberculate or lunate rough marks; laminae large, triangular-ovate, long and wide, up to above 2 m, not tapering to bases, 4-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1825 pairs, subopposite, spreading, proximal ones stalked, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 60 Χ ca. 30 cm, 3-pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; pinnules of 1-pinnate laminae large, spreading, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 1016 Χ 34 cm, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apices. Pinnules of 2-pinnate laminae 1825 pairs, subopposite, spreading, sessile, lanceolate, slightly falcate, 1.52 Χ ca. 0.4 cm, bases decurrent, connected to each other by narrow wing along costae, pinnatifid to 1/2 or more of distance to costules, pointed at apices; segments 1012 pairs, crenatelike or triangular, oblique distally, entire. Veins pinnate, veinlets 2 or 3 pairs per segment, forked, not evident. Laminae herbaceous, when dry yellowish green, abaxial sides with multicellular acicular hairs along costule and main veins, costae with sparse linear-lanceolate scales abaxially, scales inflated at bases, persistent, adaxial sides with short acicular hairs along costae. Sori small, orbicular, one pair per segment, attached near top of basal acroscopic veinlets; indusia not developed. 2n = 62.
Forest understories in river valleys of subtropical regions. SE Xizang, W Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Thailand].
桫椤针毛蕨 suo luo zhen mao jue
Alsophila polypodiodes Hooker in Nightingale, Oceanic Sketches 131. 1835; Cheilanthes gigantea Cesati; Dryopteris brunneovillosa C. Christensen; D. leucolepis (C. Presl) Maxon; Lastrea leucolepis C. Presl; Macrothelypteris leucolepis (C. Presl) Ching; Phegopteris cheilanthoides (Baker) Alderwerelt; Polypodium cheilanthoides Baker; Thelypteris leucolepis (C. Presl) Ching.
Plants ca. 1.5 m tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent, thick, with ascending apex. Fronds tufted; stipes ca. 80 cm, pale, dull, basal half at least bearing copious slender hairs and scales; scales thin, pale, linear, bearing copious very slender unicellular hairs and sometimes a few of more than one cell, base of scales thick and dark, of larger ones flat, of smaller ones terete, leaving warts when scales fall; main rachises pale, hairy as stipe, with many small warts abaxially; laminae ca. 80 cm; basal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae to 35 Χ 15 cm, upper ones gradually shortened; basal pinnnules of lower pinnae somewhat shortened; pinna rachis[same as costae, which are described similarly below?] hairy adaxially, with narrow pale scales abaxially; largest pinnules sessile, ca. 10 Χ 2.5 cm, acuminate at apices, almost at right angle to pinna rachis, segments all with broad bases connected by a very narrow wing along costae; costae densely hairy adaxially, of costules sparsely, costae abaxially with very narrow pale scales, short capitate hairs also present; segments almost at right angles to costae, larger ones deeply lobed. Veinlets forked or shortly pinnate, laminae adaxially bearing capitate hairs. Sori small, on acroscopic branch of a vein; indusium small, persistent, bearing many short capitate hairs; sporangia with 2 or 3 similar capitate hairs near annulus; spores not winged, surface apparently minutely and irregularly granular.
Forest margins; 7002100 m. Taiwan [Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand; Australia, New Zealand, Pacific islands].
The type is from New Zealand.
刚鳞针毛蕨 gang lin zhen mao jue
Cheilanthes setigera Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 138. 1828; Aspidium setigerum (Blume) Kuhn (1869), not Swartz (1829); C. stenophylla Kunze; Dryopteris backeri Alderwerelt; D. setigera (Blume) Kuntze; Hypolepis setigera (Blume) Hooker; Thelypteris setigera (Blume) Ching.
Plants 11.4 m tall. Rhizomes thick and ascending, with dense brownish linear-lanceolate scales; scales ca. 1 cm, thick, with sparse hairs along margins. Fronds clustered; stipes 5060 cm or more, stramineous, bases with similar scales as rhizomes, distally sparse, scales inflated at bases and remaining as tuberculate rough marks after fallen; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 5080 Χ 3050 cm, bases tapering, 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1418 pairs, subopposite, spreading, sessile or nearly sessile, proximal pair larger, broadly lanceolate, 1530 Χ 515 cm, bases truncate, symmetrical, bipinnate, acuminate at apices; pinnules of 1-pinnate laminae 2030 pairs or more, sessile, spreading, lanceolate, 2.57 Χ 0.51.5 cm, bases symmetrical, pinnatisect, acuminate at apices; pinnules of bipinnate laminae 1220 pairs, lanceolate, 2.57 Χ 1.52.5 mm, bases decurrent, connected to each other by narrow wings, entire or sharply lobate, margins usually recurved, obtuse at apices. Veinlets not evident, simple or forked, 35 per ultimate pinnule. Laminae herbaceous, brownish when dry, abaxially including costae and costules with more glaucous multicellular acicular hairs, adaxially with acicular hairs along costae, rachises with hard scales. Sori small, orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets, wrapped by recurved margins; indusia small, deciduous or hidden in mature sori.
Understories of tropical rainforests. Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia].
The type is from Indonesia (Java).
针毛蕨 zhen mao jue
Plants 60150 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, including stipe bases with deep brown lanceolate, marginally sparsely hairy scales. Stipes 3070 cm, stramineous, glabrous above bases; laminae triangular-ovate, similar in length to stipes, 3045 cm wide at proximal part, bases not tapering, 3-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 14 pairs, oblique distally, alternate, or proximal ones opposite, stalks up to 2 cm or more, proximal pair larger, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 5 cm, slightly tapering to bases, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; second pair and above pinnae gradually reduced distally, not tapering to bases, stalks 11.5 cm, bipinnatifid; pinnules 1520 pairs, 3.58 Χ 12.5 cm, lanceolate, bases rounded-truncate, symmetrical, sessile (proximal ones shortly stalked), ± decurrent (distal ones connected to each other by narrow wing), pinnatifid nearly to costules, apices acuminate; segments 1015 pairs, spreading, 512 Χ 23.5 mm, bases connected to each other by narrow wings, margins entire or sharply lobate, obtuse or bluntly pointed at apices. Veins evident abaxially, veinlets simple or forked on sharply lobate segments, 48 pairs per segment. Laminae herbaceous, when dry grass-green, glabrous on both surfaces, with orange-yellow, transparent capitate glandular hairs abaxially, or along costules and near ends of costae with few unicellular acicular hairs, adaxially with grayish white short acicular hairs along costae and costules, usually with reddish purple spots on costae. Sori small, orbicular, 36 pairs per segment, attached near ends of veinlets; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, grayish green, glabrous, deciduous when mature or hidden in sori.
Streamsides in valleys, wet soil at forest margins; 400800 m. S Anhui, N Guangxi, S Henan, Hebei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].
The type is from Jiangxi.
1a. Pinnae glabrous on both surfaces ................................................................. 4a. var. oligophlebia
1b. Pinnae along costae, costules all with grayish white unicellular acicular short hairs abaxially . 4b. var. elegans
针毛蕨(原变种) zhen mao jue (yuan bian zhong)
Nephrodium oligophlebium Baker, J. Bot. 13: 291. 1875; Dryopteris oligophlebia (Baker) C. Christensen; Hypolepis punctata (Thunberg) Mettenius ex Kuhn var. henryi Christ; Lastrea oligophlebia (Baker) Copeland; Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudichaud) Ching var. calvata (Baker) Holttum; N. setigerum C. Presl var. calvatum Baker; Thelypteris oligophlebia (Baker) Ching; T. torresiana (Gaudichaud) Alston var. calvata (Baker) K. Iwatsuki; T. uliginosa (Kunze) Ching var. calvata (Baker) K. Iwatsuki.
Pinnae glabrous on both surfaces.
Streamsides in valleys, wet soil at forest margins; 400800 m. S Anhui, N Guangxi, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].
雅致针毛蕨 ya zhi zhen mao jue
Dryopteris elegans Koidzumi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 38: 108. 1924; Lastrea uliginosa (Kunze) Newman var. elegans (Koidzumi) K. Iwatsuki; Macrothelypteris changshaensis Ching??[see IPNI; something wrong here]; Macrothelypteris oligophlebia (Baker) Ching var. changshaensis (Ching) K. H. Shing; Thelypteris oligophlebia (Baker) Ching var. elegans (Koidzumi) Ching; T. uliginosa (Kunze) Ching var. calvata (Baker) K. Iwatsuki.
Pinnae along costae and costules with grayish white unicellular short acicular hairs abaxially. 2n = 62, 124.
Streamsides in valleys, forest margins, on slopes and plains at low elevations. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea].
The type is from Japan.
翠绿针毛蕨 cui lό zhen mao jue
Thelypteris viridifrons Tagawa, J. Jap. Bot. 12: 747. 1936; Dryopteris elegans Koidzumi var. subtripinnata H. Itτ[??Tagawa (1933)]; D. viridifrons Tagawa; Lastrea oligophlebia (Baker) Copeland var. subtripinnata Ohwi; L. viridifrons (Tagawa) Tagawa; T. oligophlebia (Baker) Ching var. subtripinnata H. Itτ.
Plants 60110 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, with reddish brown, hairy, lanceolate scales at apices. Fronds clustered; stipes 3050 cm, stramineous, bases with grayish white short acicular hairs, distally glabrous; laminae similar in length to stipes or slightly longer, 2050 cm wide, not tapering to bases, 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1012 pairs, alternate or subopposite, oblique distally, stalks 1.55 cm, proximal pair largest, oblong-lanceolate, 2430 Χ ca. 10 cm, bases slightly tapering, rounded-truncate, acuminate at apices; second pair of pinnae distally all pinnae of similar shape as proximal pair, but not tapering to bases, gradually reduced, shortly stalked, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnules of 1-pinnate parts of lamina 1015 pairs, alternate, spreading, proximal pair slightly shortened, distal ones oblong-lanceolate, 56.5 Χ 2.53 cm, bases truncate, shortly stalked, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; pinnules of 2-pinnate parts of lamina 1015 pairs, lanceolate, 11.5 Χ 0.40.7 cm, bases rounded-truncate and decurrent, connected to each other on both sides by narrow wings, pinnate lobate or pinnatifid to 2/3 of distance to costules, obtuse or bluntly pointed at apices; segments elliptic, ca. 2.5 Χ ca. 1.5 mm, entire or slightly undulate along margins, rounded at apices. Veins visible, veinlets simple, 2 or 3 pairs per segment. Laminae thickly herbaceous, when dry grass-green, with more spreading acicular hairs abaxially, adaxially with more short acicular hairs along costules; rachises stramineous, glabrous abaxially, polished. Sori small, orbicular, 1 or 2 per segment, attached near ends of proximal veinlets; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, green, membranous, with 1 or 2 villous-hairs and deciduous after maturity. 2n = 124.
Shaded wet forest understories in mountain valleys; ca. 800 m. Anhui, N Fujian, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea].
The type is from Japan.
普通针毛蕨 pu tong zhen mao jue
Polystichum torresianum Gaudichaud, Voy. Uranie, Bot. 8: 333. 1824[??1828]; Aspidium mollissimum Christ; A. uliginosum Kunze; Dryopteris lasiocarpa Hayata; D. mollissima (Christ) C. Christensen; D. oligophlebia (Baker) C. Christensen var. lasiocarpa (Hayata) Nakai; D. setigera (Blume) Kuntze; D. tenericaulis (Wallich ex Hooker) Ching; D. uliginosa (Kunze) C. Christensen; Lastrea tenericaulis (Wallich ex Hooker) T. Moore; L. torresiana (Gaudichaud) T. Moore; Nephrodium setigerum Hooker & Baker (1827), not C. Presl (1825); N. tenericaule (Wallich ex Hooker) Hooker; Polypodium tenericaule Wallich ex Hooker; P. trichodes J. Smith; Thelypteris oligophlebia (Baker) Ching var. lasiocarpa (Hayata) H. Itτ; T. torresiana (Gaudichaud) Alston; T. uliginosa (Kunze) Ching.
Plants 60150 cm tall. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, with dense reddish brown, hairy, linear-lanceolate scales at apices. Fronds clustered; stipes 3070 cm, grayish green, when dry stramineous, bases shortly hairy, distally nearly glabrous; laminae triangular-ovate, 3080 Χ 2050 cm, bases not tapering, 3-pinnate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, subopposite, stalks 22.5 cm; proximal pairs largest, oblong-lanceolate, 1030 Χ 412 cm, bases slightly tapering, acroscopic sides parallel with rachises, 2-pinnate, acuminate at apices; pinnules of 1-pinnate laminae 1520 pairs, alternate, distal ones ± adnate to costae and decurrent and connected to each other, proximal several pairs shortly stalked, lanceolate, 310 Χ 0.82 cm, bases rounded-truncate, pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; segments 1015 pairs, approximate, lanceolate, 412 Χ 23 mm, bases connected to each other by narrow wings, margins entire or often sharply lobate, obtuse or bluntly pointed at apices; second pair of pinnae of similar shape as proximal pair, but not tapering at bases and gradually shortened. Veins not evident, veinlets simple or forked on sharply lobate segments, 37 pairs per segment. Laminae herbaceous, when dry dark brownish green, with more grayish white multicellular spreading long acicular hairs and capitate short glands abaxially, adaxially with short hairs along costae and costules, rachises and costae stramineous, glabrous abaxially, adaxially with multicellular slender hairs. Sori small, 26 pairs per segment, attached near ends of veinlets; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, greenish, hidden in mature sori. Sporangia each with 2 or 3 capitate short hairs at top. 2n = 144, 186.
Wet places in mountain valleys; sea level to 1000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Vietnam; tropical and subtropical regions of America, Australia].
The type is from the Pacific islands.
细裂针毛蕨 xi lie zhen mao jue
Plants ca. 1 m tall. Rhizomes short and erect, with dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 50 cm, stramineous, distally glabrous; laminae ovate-lanceolate, similar in length as stipes, 1530 cm proximally, not tapering to bases, 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, opposite, distal ones alternate, spreading, nearly sessile; proximal pair of pinnae broadly lanceolate, 1418 Χ 89 cm, bases slightly tapering, truncate, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; pinnules of 1-pinnate laminae 1520 pairs, connected to each other, spreading, proximal ones opposite, distal ones alternate, oblong-lanceolate, 34 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases connected along both sides by narrow wings, partite, acuminate at apices; segments 1215 pairs, approximate, or obliquely spreading, elliptic, 3.54.2 Χ ca. 2.2 mm, bases decurrent and connected to each other by narrow wings, margins sharply lobate into 3 or 4 crenations, rounded at apices; second pair of pinnae of similar size as proximal pair, but not tapering at bases. Veins visible, veinlets 2- or 3-forked, occasionally simple, 3 or 4 pairs per segment. Laminae thinly herbaceous, green when dry, with sparse whitish, multicellular spreading acicular hairs abaxially, adaxially with similar short acicular hairs but sparse, costae stramineous, glabrous or nearly glabrous abaxially, hairy adaxially. Sori small, orbicular, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, attached near ends on acroscopic veinlets forked; indusia small, not very prominent.
* Wet soil of forest understories in mountain valleys; 9001100 m. S Yunnan, S Zhejiang.
The type is from Yunnan.
卵果蕨属 luan guo jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Alan R. Smith
Polypodium [par.] 2 Phegopteris C. Presl, Tent. Pterid. 179. 1836.
Plants mid- and small-sized, terrestrial. Rhizome long creeping or short and erect, densely covered with brown scales and whitish acicular hairs. Fronds remote or clustered; stipe stramineous, shiny, slender, base scaly; scales brown, lanceolate and sparsely long hairy along margins; lamina bipinnatifid or pinnate-pinnatifid, ovate-triangular or narrowly lanceolate; pinnae connected to each other by a narrow wing along rachis, or proximal 13 pairs free, proximal pinnae not shortened or basal pair only slightly shortened, or proximal several pairs gradually reduced to auricles; veins pinnate, lateral veins simple or forked, veinlets reaching margins; lamina herbaceous or soft papery, with whitish acicular hairs on both surfaces, rachis, costae, and costules rounded and raised on both sides and similarly with dense acicular hairs, sometimes mixed with a few forked hairs, with more brownish hairs and lanceolate, ciliate scales abaxially. Sori orbicular to oblong, borne above middle of ultimate veins, exindusiate or indusia very small and vestigial; sporangia often with a few short acicular hairs or capitate hairs near annulus. Spores bilateral, reniform, perispores winged, thin, and transparent, granulate on surfaces. x = 30.
Four species: widely distributed throughout the N temperate zone, one species in SE Asia; three species (one endemic) in China.
Phegopteris is monophyletic, and differs from Pseudophegopteris in its smaller stature, stramineous stipes, laminae usually triangular or narrowly lanceolate, proximal pinna bases decurrent and adnate to each other by a rachis wing, veinlets reaching margin, sparsely ciliate scales on abaxial side of rachises, and costae sparsely ciliate. Phegopteris is primarily N temperate and circumboreal, while Pseudophegopteris is tropical and subtropical, and restricted to the Paleotropics.
1a. Rhizome short, erect; lamina lanceolate, pinnae connected to each other by narrow wings; most pinnae below middle of blade gradually shortened, proximal pair of pinnae reduced to auricles 3. P. decursive-pinnata
1b. Rhizome long creeping; lamina ± triangular, proximal 13 pairs of pinnae free, not tapering proximally, or basal pair slightly shortened, distal pinnae connected to each other by narrow rachis wing.
2a. Lamina triangular, length and width subequal or length slightly longer than width, proximal pair of pinnae largest and often reflexed downward .......................................................... 1. P. connectilis
2b. Lamina narrowly triangular,
length almost 2 times width, proximal 13 pairs of pinnae free, proximal pair
slightly shortened, spreading or slightly ascending
....................................................................................................................... 2.
P. tibetica
卵果蕨 luan guo jue
Polypodium connectile Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 271. 1803; Dryopteris phegopteris (Linnaeus) C. Christensen; Phegopteris polypodioides Fιe; P. vulgaris Mettenius; Polypodium phegopteris Linnaeus; Thelypteris phegopteris (Linnaeus) Slosson.
Plants 2540 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, with bright brown, ovate-lanceolate thin scales at apex. Fronds remote; stipe dark brown at base, stramineous distally, 1530 cm, sparsely scaly, subsmooth; lamina bipinnatifid, deltoid, 1320 Χ 1018 cm, acuminate and pinnatifid at apex. Pinnae ca. 10 pairs, usually opposite, spreading, lanceolate, 59 Χ 12 cm, basal pair largest, bases slightly or not tapering, free from second pair of pinnae, slightly deflexed, acuminate at apices; segments oblong, entire, undulate, or lobed along margins, rounded or obtuse at apices; distal pinnae gradually shortened, bases connected along rachises by triangular wings. Veins pinnate, lateral veins simple or occasionally forked. Fronds herbaceous or papery, drying gray-green or yellowish green, with sparse gray-white acicular hairs on both surfaces, ± with small scales along rachises and costae; scales brownish, ovate-lanceolate and ciliate along margins. Sori ovate-orbicular or orbicular, borne at or near ends of ultimate veins and close to margins. Sporangia with 1 or 2 hairs near annulus. 2n = 60. 90.
Forest understories, shrublands; 12003600 m. Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [widely distributed in temperate regions of the N Hemisphere, south to mountains of C Asia and the Himalaya].
The type is from North America.
Phegopteris connectilis is similar to P. hexagonoptera (Michaux) Fιe, which occurs in North America only. In P. connectilis, the proximal pinnae taper to their bases, the proximal and subbasal pinnae are not connected by decurrent wings along the rachis, the laminae are thinly herbaceous and sparsely shortly hairy on both surfaces, and the lateral veins are mostly simple. Phegopteris hexagonoptera has the proximal pair of pinnae connected to the next pair by a wing along the rachis, shorter laminar hairs (less than 0.25 mm vs. mostly 0.30.5 mm or longer in P. connectilis), and ultimate veins forked or pinnate.
西藏卵果蕨 xi zang luan guo jue
Plants ca. 45 cm tall. Rhizome not seen. Stipe dark brown at base, distally stramineous, 2427 cm, with triangular-lanceolate scales, rounded abaxially, subsmooth or with short hairs, grooved and with acicular hairs adaxially; lamina oblong, 1820 Χ 1014 cm, base not decurrent, pinnate-pinnatifid, apex acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1315 pairs, proximal 2 or 3 pairs free, spreading or slightly obliquely spreading, 57 Χ ca. 2 cm (basal one pair slightly shortened), oblong-lanceolate, slightly tapering to base, ± adnate to rachis, pinnatifid; segments oblong, entire along margins (or occasionally undulate-crenate on long segments), sparsely ciliate, rounded-obtuse at apices; pinnae above middle gradually shortened, linear-lanceolate, bases decurrent and connected to each other along rachis by narrow wings. Veins pinnate, lateral veins forked or simple and reaching margins. Fronds herbaceous, drying deep green, rachises raised abaxially, adaxially with grooves with dense acicular hairs, rachises and costae with acicular hairs on both sides and mixed with a few forked hairs, with sparse brownish narrowly lanceolate scales abaxially, scales sparsely long ciliate along margins, subglabrous between veins on both surfaces. Sori orbicular or nearly so, borne subterminally on ultimate veins and close to margins, exindusiate. Sporangia each occasionally with 1 or 2 hairs near annulus.
* Understories of Abies forests; ca. 3600 m. Xizang (Bomi).
Phegopteris tibetica is most similar to P. connectilis, but the laminar length is 2 times the width, proximal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae usually not connected at bases by a rachis wing, basal pair of pinnae slightly shortened, and laminae glabrous between veins on both surfaces.
延羽卵果蕨 yan yu luan guo jue
Polypodium decursive-pinnatum H. C. Hall, Nieuwe Verhdl. Nederl. Inst. 5: 204. 1836; Aspidium decursive-pinnatum (H. C. Hall) Kunze; Dryopteris decursive-pinnata (H. C. Hall) Kuntze; Lastrea decurrens J. Smith; L. decursive-pinnata (H. C. Hall) J. Smith [decursivo-pinnata]; Nephrodium decursive-pinnatum (H. C. Hall) Baker [decursivo pinnatum]; Thelypteris decursive-pinnata (H. C. Hall) Ching.
Plants 3060 cm tall. Rhizome short and erect, including base of stipe with reddish brown, ciliate, narrowly lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipe stramineous, 1025 cm; lamina lanceolate, 2050 Χ 512 cm, gradually tapering to base, bipinnatifid or pinnate and toothed along margins, acuminate and pinnatifid at apex; pinnae 2030 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, middle ones largest, narrowly lanceolate, 2.56 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases broad and decurrent, connected by orbicular auricles or triangular wings between pinnae, pinnatifid up to 1/31/2 of distance to costules, acuminate at apices; segments obliquely spreading, ovate-triangular, entire, obtuse at apices; pinnae gradually shortened to both ends, basal one pair of pinnae often shortened into small auricles. Veins pinnate, lateral veins simple and reaching margins. Fronds herbaceous, along rachis, costae, and veins with whitish unicellular acicular short hairs on both sides, abaxial side with forked and stellate hairs, abaxial side of rachises and costae with sparse brownish, hairlike or lanceolate, ciliate scales. Sori suborbicular, borne at or near ends of ultimate veins, 2 or 3 per segment, sometimes with tufts of stalked forked hairs in center when young. Sporangia each sometimes with 1 or 2 short hairs near annulus. 2n = 60, 90, 120.
Along rivers on fluvial plains, lower montane regions of hills, forest understories by roadsides; sea level to 2000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea, N Vietnam].
Phegopteris decursive-pinnata is very different with other species of the genus in having short, erect rhizomes and narrowly lanceolate laminae, but can spread by long-creeping rhizomes. Because of these characters, Iwatsuki removed it from Thelypteris sect. Phegopteris and treated it and some species that we place in Pseudophegopteris, as well as other species, in Thelypteris sect. Lastrea. Three ploidal levels are known, but these numbers do not clearly correlate with differing morphologies.
边果蕨属 bian guo jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Plants mid-sized, terrestrial. Rhizomes erect, including stipe bases with scales and short rough hairs; scales reddish brown, ovate-lanceolate, ciliate and densely shortly hairy. Fronds clustered; stipes greenish, with dense divided grayish white, transparent acicular fine long hairs; laminae broadly lanceolate, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae large, but proximal pair of pinnae not shortened, lanceolate, pinnatifid; segments with semi-transparent membranous narrow edge and undulate along margins, when dry usually reflexed and not easily seen; costae grooved adaxially, abaxially rounded; veins free, veinlets on segments simple (occasionally forked at middle), slightly inflated at ends and not reaching margins; vein type similar to Pseudocyclosorus, i.e., acroscopic veinlet of basal pair of veins reaching excartilaginous sinuses, basiscopic veinlet reaching margins above sinus. Laminae herbaceous, along rachises and costae setaceous and mixed with short rough hairs. Sori oblong, attached below ends of veinlets and close to margins, exindusiate. Sporangia glabrous or usually with only one short acicular hair near annulus. Spores echinate.
* One species: China.
Type species: Craspedosorus sinensis Ching & W. M. Chu.
Craspedosorus is clearly closely related to Leptogramma. They both are very similar in laminar outline, segment shape, venation, and sori, but Craspedosorus is larger, with more pinnae that are free from rachises (except for distal ones) and pinnatifid nearly to costae; veinlets not reaching margins, segments slightly undulate along margins and with translucent membranous narrow edges (usually reflexed when dry and not easily seen); sori short and thick, oblong, attached near ends of veinlets and closer to margins; and sporangia glabrous or each with one short acicular hair.
边果蕨 bian guo jue
Plants up to 1.1 m tall. Stipes ca. 40 cm, glabrous above bases; laminae broadly lanceolate, ca. 65 Χ ca. 22 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, sessile, alternate, middle ones lanceolate, ca. 14 Χ ca. 2.5 cm, bases truncate on acroscopic sides and parallel with costae, basiscopic sides obliquely truncate, pinnatifid to above 2/3 of distance to costule, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 20 pairs, middle ones oblong-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm (proximal 3 or 4 pairs slightly shorter), ca. 5 mm wide, with translucent membranous narrow edge along margins and slightly undulate, usually reflexed when dry, obtuse or bluntly pointed at apices. Veinlets in segments 59 pairs, simple or occasionally forked at middle, slightly thickened at end and not reaching margins. Laminae herbaceous, green when dry, abaxially glabrous, adaxially with long setae and mixed short rough hairs on rachises and costae. Sori oblong, attached slightly below end of veinlets and close to margins, costules with broad sterile space on both sides; sporangia each usually with one short acicular hair near annulus.
* Shaded thickets; 14001500 m. NE Yunnan.
紫柄蕨属 zi bing jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Alan R. Smith
Plants mid-sized, terrestrial. Rhizome short and erect, long creeping to ascending, apex with brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered, sparse or remote; stipe castaneous or red-brown, less often stramineous or tan, shiny, base sometimes with whitish acicular hairs, sometimes mixed with stellate hairs, distally often glabrescent and smooth; lamina pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate-pinnatifid, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, tapering or not to base, acuminate and pinnatifid at apex; pinnae usually opposite or subopposite, spreading or obliquely spreading, pinnae below middle not adnate to rachis, sessile or shortly stalked, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, bases often broadened, truncate, symmetrical or not, sometimes hastate, acuminate at apices; basiscopic segments sometimes longer than acroscopic segments, and basal segments on both sides sometimes prolonged; costae raised on both sides, usually same color as stipes and rachises or lighter colored, abaxially glabrous or with whitish acicular hairs, hairy adaxially; veins free, lateral veins simple or forked, each with a clavate hydathode at end and not reaching margin. Sori oblong, ovate, or suborbicular, borne at middle or above middle, exindusiate. Sporangia glabrous or with short hairs just below annulus. Spores bilateral, orbicular-reniform, perispores thin and transparent, reticulate or foveolate on surfaces, exine smooth. x = 31.
About 25 species: tropical and subtropical Asia, east to the Pacific islands, to the west reaching to W Africa; 12 species (four endemic) in China.
1a. Stipes stramineous, bases including abaxial sides of rachises and costae with whitish acicular hairs mixed with irregularly forked or stellate hairs.
2a. Stipes same size or slightly shorter than laminae, 1530 cm; pinnae with sparse acicular hairs adaxially ....................................................................................................................... 1. P. levingei
2b. Stipes equal to 1/4 of laminae in length, laminae 810 cm; pinnae except costae with sparse acicular hairs adaxially, otherwise glabrous .......................................................................... 2. P. brevipes
1b. Stipes red-castaneous or castaneous, or if stramineous or brown-stramineous then bases of stipe, abaxial sides of rachis and costae never with mixed acicular hairs.
3a. Basal pair of pinnules or segments on proximal pinnae, particularly basiscopic one, clearly longer than adjacent one and also lobed or incised, pinna base asymmetrically hastate.
4a. Laminae not tapering to base, i.e., proximal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae largest; pinnae all sessile 3. P. yigongensis
4b. Laminae ± tapering to base, i.e., proximal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae smaller than distal ones.
5a. Pinnae below middle shortly stalked .......................................................... 4. P. tibetana
5b. Pinnae all sessile.
6a. Rhizome long creeping; stipes nearly same length or
slightly shorter than laminae; laminae papery, drying brownish green, glabrous
on both surfaces
5.
P. aurita
6b. Rhizome shortly creeping to ascending; stipes much shorter than laminae; laminae thinly herbaceous, drying yellowish green, with fine acicular hairs on both surfaces .............. 6. P. subaurita
3b. Basal pair of pinnules or segments on proximal pinnae same shape and size as distal pinnules/segments on same pinna, or at most slightly inflated; pinnae symmetrically hastate at base, or seemingly not hastate.
7a. Stipes stramineous, occasionally tan; plants 90120 cm tall; laminae 6080 Χ 2030 cm; segments toothed along margins .......................................................................... 12. P. microstegia
7b. Stipes red-castaneous, castaneous-brown, or reddish brown, never stramineous nor brown-stramineous; segments entire along margins.
8a. Laminae less than 20 cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid.
9a. Sori near end of acroscopic veinlet of a forked pair and closer to margin; sporangia lacking hairs; pinnae subglabrous on abaxial surfaces between veins .......................... 10. P. zayuensis
9b. Sori at middle of ultimate veins, between costae and segment margins; sporangia with 1 or 2 seta(e) below annulus; pinnae with sparse fine acicular hairs on abaxial surfaces between veins 11. P. rectangularis
8b. Laminae wider than 20 cm, pinnate-pinnatisect with pinnules often toothed or lobed, or 2-pinnate-pinnatifid.
10a. Laminae broadly ovate, proximal pair of pinnae largest, 3045 Χ 1320 cm, pinnules pinnatifid nearly to costules ...................................................................................... 9. P. yunkweiensis
10b. Laminae oblong or oblong-lanceolate, proximal pair of pinnae same size as ones above or slightly shorter, 1020 Χ 2.57 cm; pinnules pinnatifid to 1/2 of distance to costule.
11a. Rhizome long creeping; laminae with sparse acicular short hairs or sometimes glabrous on abaxial surfaces; sporangia glabrous ........................................................ 7. P. pyrrhorhachis
11b. Rhizome short, ascending; laminae with dense acicular short hairs on abaxial surfaces; sporangia each with 2 or more hairs .................................................................. 8. P. hirtirachis
星毛紫柄蕨 xing mao zi bing jue
Gymnogramma aurita Hooker var. levingei C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 568. 1880 [levingii]; Dryopteris levingei (C. B. Clarke) C. Christensen; D. purdomii C. Christensen; G. levingei (C. B. Clarke) Baker; Phegopteris levingei (C. B. Clarke) Tagawa; Thelypteris levingei (C. B. Clarke) Ching.
Plants 6080 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, with reddish brown, broadly lanceolate scales and whitish acicular hairs. Fronds remote; stipe stramineous, 1530 cm, with sparse similar scales on proximal parts and denser whitish acicular hairs and few irregularly forked stellate hairs; lamina pinnate-pinnatisect, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3560 Χ 515 cm, slightly tapering at base, acuminate and pinnatifid at apex; pinnae up to ca. 20 pairs, opposite, sessile, pinnae above middle approximate, proximal 2 or 3 pairs remote from each other, gradually shortened downward, basal pair of pinnae smallest, 25 cm, others 38(11) Χ 1.52.5 cm, lanceolate, bases truncate, subsymmetrical, pinnatisect nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments 815 pairs per pinna, opposite, obliquely spreading, approximate, oblong, 11.3 Χ 0.30.5 cm, slightly broader at base, connected to each other by a narrow wing, entire, crenate, or occasionally lobed along margins of larger segments, obtuse at apices. Veins visible on both sides, lateral veins simple or forked, 57 per segment, basal pair arising from above bases of main veins. Laminae herbaceous, drying dark green, abaxial surfaces with dense whitish acicular hairs and a few stellate short hairs along costae and veins, also ± hairy between veins, adaxial surfaces with sparse acicular hairs, hairs denser along rachises. Sori suborbicular or oblong, 35(7) pairs per segment, borne at or above middle of ultimate veins and closer to margin. Sporangia each with 13 hairs ca. 0.2 mm below annulus. 2n = 124.
Forest understories beside streams or in thickets; 13002900 m. SE Gansu, SC Shaanxi, C Sichuan, E and S Xizang, NW Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, Pakistan].
The type is from Kashmir.
Pseudophegopteris levingei is similar to P. bukoensis (Tagawa) Holttum, but the latter is larger in outline, with laminae 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnae and pinnules oblong, pinnules incised to 2/3 of distance to costules, and costae with more stellate hairs abaxially.
短柄紫柄蕨 duan bing zi bing jue
Plants 5060 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, including base of stipe with sparse whitish long hairs and reddish brown scales; scales ovate-lanceolate, thinly membranous, apices hairlike, hairy on back and margins. Fronds remote; stipe stramineous, 820 cm, with sparse whitish acicular and a few stellate hairs, hairs denser in grooves adaxially; lamina 4045 Χ 1216 cm, gradually tapering to base, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid and acuminate at apex; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, opposite or subopposite, spreading, sessile, proximal 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, basal pair shortest, ovate-lanceolate, 3.55 cm, above ones lanceolate, 68 Χ ca. 2 cm, bases widest and subsymmetrical, truncate, pinnatisect nearly to costae, acuminate at apices and entire; segments up to ca. 12 pairs, approximate, spreading, oblong, 89 Χ ca. 4.5 mm, hairy along margins, obtuse at apices. Veins slender, visible adaxially, lateral veins forked, 4 or 5 pairs per segment, basal pair arising from above bases of costae. Laminae thinly herbaceous, drying deep green or dark brown-green, with sparse whitish hairs, hairs denser along costae and veins and mixed with a few irregularly forked stellate hairs, adaxial surfaces with sparse acicular hairs along costae, rachises stramineous, sparsely hairy. Sori oblong, 24 pairs per segment, borne near ends of forked veinlets and close to margins. Sporangia each with hairs below annulus.
* In rock crevices in valleys; ca. 2300 m. SE Xizang (Chayu).
易贡紫柄蕨 yi gong zi bing jue
Plants 6075 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, with lanceolate hairy scales. Fronds remote; stipe blackish brown at base, brown-stramineous and shiny distally, 3040 cm, bases villous, distally glabrous; lamina narrowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate, 2535 Χ 610 cm, base not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid (basal pinnules on proximal pair of pinnae often pinnate), pinnatifid and acuminate at apex; pinnae 912 pairs, opposite, spreading, distal pinnae decurrent and connected, middle pinnae ± decurrent and adnate to rachis but not connected to each other, proximal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae largest, sessile and not decurrent, 79 Χ ca. 4.5 cm, bases asymmetrical, pinnatifid, long acuminate at apices; basiscopic pinna segments longer than acroscopic ones, particularly basal basiscopic one, up to 34 cm, pinnatifid, other segments entire. Veins visible on both sides, lateral veins simple or forked, 46 pairs per segment. Laminae thinly herbaceous, drying yellowish green, abaxially villous along veins, subglabrous adaxially, rachises stramineous and sparsely villous. Sori oblong, borne at middle or above middle of ultimate veinlets, 24 pairs per segment. Sporangia each with 24 acicular hairs below annulus.
* Understories of dense forests, ca. 2500 m. SE Xizang (Bomi, Yigong).
Pseudophegopteris yigongensis is somewhat similar to P. levingei, differing in the fewer lateral pinnae, proximal two pairs much larger than distal ones, and laminae sparingly villous abaxially.
西藏紫柄蕨 xi zang zi bing jue
Plants 8590 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, with sparse dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipe red-castaneous at base, shiny, 1540 cm, base with a few scales and acicular hairs; lamina lanceolate, (15)4550 Χ (4)1216 cm, slightly tapering proximally, pinnate-pinnatifid (pinnules on proximal pair of pinnae often lobed), pinnatifid and long acuminate at apex; pinnae 417 pairs, ± opposite or subopposite, pinnae above middle ± adnate to rachis, pinnae below middle shortly stalked, proximal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae obliquely triangular, (2)77.5 Χ 1.53 cm, bases asymmetrical, pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; basiscopic segments largest, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2 Χ 0.41 cm, pinnatifid, other segments entire; distal pinnae lanceolate, up to 8 Χ 22.2 cm, symmetrical, pinnatifid to 1/2 distance to costae or less, acuminate at apices; segments oblong, entire. Veins visible abaxially, lateral veins forked or simple, 26 pairs per segment, basal pair arising from bases of costae. Fronds papery, drying yellowish green, abaxial surfaces with sparse hairs along veins and margins, rachises stramineous to brown, sparsely villous, hairs denser adaxially. Sori oblong, borne above middle of ultimate veinlets, 24 pairs per segment. Sporangia each with a seta below annulus.
* Understories of dense forests; ca. 2010 m. SE Xizang.
The distinctness of Pseudophegopteris tibetana relative to P. aurita and P. yigongensis needs more study.
耳状紫柄蕨 er zhuang zi bing jue
Gymnogramma aurita Hooker, Icon. Pl. 10: t. 974. 1854; Dryopteris distans (Hooker) Kuntze var. coreana Christ[validly published? ARB noted this is not in TROP; after searching online for citations, I found it in Bull. Acad. Int. Gιogr. Bot. 20: 176. 1909, but all that is listed is the name and a number (to a specimen, I suppose)]; Phegopteris aurita (Hooker) J. Smith; Polypodium auritum (Hooker) E. J. Lowe; Thelypteris aurita (Hooker) Ching.
Plants 40100 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, with scales at apex; scales brown, narrowly lanceolate, 34 mm, ciliate along margins. Fronds remote; stipe red-castaneous or brownish at least toward base, shiny, 2060 cm; lamina ovate-lanceolate, 2070 Χ 1530 cm, slightly tapering to base, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid and acuminate at apex; pinnae 1018 pairs, opposite, spreading, sessile, proximal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, lanceolate, distal pinnae 715 Χ 24 cm, bases hastate, asymmetrical, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices, pinnae above middle subsymmetrical at base and adnate to rachis; segments (10)1520 pairs, spreading, basiscopic segments of pinnae longer than acroscopic ones, basal pair largest, particularly basiscopic one more oblique, lanceolate, 2.54 Χ 0.71 cm, margins pinnately lobed or crenate, acuminate at apices, acroscopic ones shorter, parallel to rachis, oblong, 12 cm, entire or shallowly undulate, obtuse at apices; veins visible abaxially, lateral veins forked or simple, 57 pairs per segment, basal pair arising from bases of costules. Laminae thickly herbaceous, drying brown-green, with short hairs along both sides of costae or only adaxially, laminae otherwise glabrous, rachises smooth abaxially, with dense short hairs adaxially. Sori oblong or sometimes ovate-orbicular, borne above middle of ultimate veinlets, far from costules, 25 pairs per segment. Sporangia each with hairs below annulus. 2n = 62, 124.
Forest understories beside streams on high mountains; 12003100 m. Chongqing, C Fujian, C Guizhou, S and W Jiangxi, Taiwan, SE Xizang, W Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, N Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, N Vietnam].
The type is from NE India (Khasia, Meghalaya).
A widespread species, Pseudophegopteris aurita varies considerably in frond size, and hence in laminar dissection, over its range. Specimens outside of China tend to be considerably larger.
光轴紫柄蕨 guang zhou zi bing jue
Dryopteris subaurita Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 1: 157. 1932; Phegopteris subaurita (Tagawa) Tagawa; Thelypteris subaurita (Tagawa) Ching.
Plants 50120 cm tall. Rhizome shortly creeping to ascending, apex and stipe base with dense brown linear-lanceolate hairy scales. Fronds clustered or slightly spaced; stipe red-castaneous at least at base, 1035 cm, abaxially sparsely hairy, adaxially with dense hairs along groove; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 4055(100) Χ 1530 cm, tapering at base, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid and long acuminate at apex; pinnae 1520 pairs, opposite, obliquely spreading, sessile, basal pair of pinnae smallest, narrowly triangular, 26 Χ 36 cm, more distal pinnae gradually longer, second pair 815 Χ ca. 2 cm (excluding basalmost segments), triangular-lanceolate, bases abruptly widened up to 7 cm, asymmetrically hastate, pinnatifid nearly to costules, acuminate at apices; segments 1525 pairs per pinna, opposite, obliquely spreading, basal pair clearly longer than distal pairs, particularly basiscopic one pinnatifid and more oblique, lanceolate, up to ca. 4 Χ ca. 1.2 cm, tapering to an acute apex, acroscopic one parallel to rachis, up to 4 cm, more distal segments up to 3 Χ ca. 0.8 cm, oblong, margins crenate to lobed, distal segments entire, obtuse or subacute at apices; veins visible abaxially, lateral veins simple or forked on proximal larger segments, basal pair arising from bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, drying yellowish green, with fine acicular hairs on both surfaces, hairs along costae and veins denser abaxially. Sori suborbicular to oblong, borne at middle or above middle (closer to margin) of ultimate veins. Sporangia each often with 1 or 2 short hairs below annulus. 2n = 62.
Forest understories beside streams, open areas in thickets; 2001000 m. N and S Taiwan [Japan (Ryukyu Islands)].
The type is from Taiwan.
Pseudophegopteris subaurita is closely related to P. pyrrhorhachis and to P. aurita but is seemingly absent from mainland China.
紫柄蕨 zi bing jue
Plants 80100 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, scaly at apex. Fronds approximate or sparse; stipe red-castaneous, shiny, 2040 cm, base with short hairs and few lanceolate scales, distally glabrous; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 6070 Χ 2035 cm, base somewhat tapered, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apex; pinnae 1520 pairs, opposite, sessile, proximal pinnae narrowly lanceolate, middle pinnae larger, 1320 Χ 2.55 cm, bases slightly broadened, rounded-truncate, proximal 13 pairs sometimes slightly shortened, pinnatifid, shortly acuminate at apices; pinnules 1525 pairs, opposite, spreading, lanceolate and slightly falcate, 1.52.5 Χ 0.50.8 cm, bases slightly broadened and adnate to costae, connected to each other by a narrow wing, lobed to 1/2 distance to costae, shortly acuminate at apices; segments triangular-oblong, acuminate and entire at apices. Veins hidden, pinnate on segments, 24 pairs per segment, basal pair arising from above base of costules. Fronds herbaceous, drying dark brown-green, abaxial surfaces with sparse short acicular hairs, hairs along costae, costules, and veins denser, adaxially with short setae along costules and veins; rachises and costae reddish brown, glabrous or sparsely shortly hairy. Sori suborbicular or ovate, 1 or 2 per segment, borne above middle of veinlets and close to margins, arranged in an irregular row on each side of costules. Sporangia glabrous or each with 1 or 2 hairs below annulus. 2n = 62, 124, 186.
Forest understories beside streams; 8002400 m. Chongqing, Fujian, S Gansu, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].
The type is from Nilgiris, India.
1a. Laminae abaxially with dense short acicular hairs along costae, costules, and veins, sparsely hairy between veins ........................................................................................... 7a. var. pyrrhorhachis
1b. Laminae abaxially glabrous or at most with extremely short capitate hairs along rachises, costae, and costules, glabrous between veins ........................................................................ 7b. var. glabrata
紫柄蕨 zi bing jue
Polypodium pyrrhorhachis Kunze, Linnaea 24: 257. 1851; Dryopteris laterepens (E. W. Trotter ex Hope) C. Christensen; Macrothelypteris pyrrhorhachis (Kunze) Pichi Sermolli; Nephrodium brunneum Handel-Mazzetti; Phegopteris pyrrhorhachis (Kunze) Tagawa; Polypodium distans D. Don[??not Kaulfuss] var. adnatum C. B. Clarke; P. laterepens E. W. Trotter ex Hope; Thelypteris brunnea (Handel-Mazzetti) Ching; T. pyrrhorhachis (Kunze) B. K. Nayar & S. Kaur.
Laminae abaxially with dense short acicular hairs along costae, costules, and veins, often hairy between veins.
Forest understories beside streams; 8002400 m. Chongqing, Fujian, S Gansu, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].
光叶紫柄蕨 guang ye zi bing jue
Polypodium distans var. glabrata C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 544. 1880; Phegopteris distans (D. Don) Mettenius var. glabrata Beddome.
Lamina abaxially glabrous or with extremely short capitate hairs along rachises, costae, and veins, lacking hairs between veins.
In forests along streams; below 3000 m. N Guizhou, W Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan [N. India, Myanmar, SW regions of Himalaya].
The type is from Sikkim.
密毛紫柄蕨 mi mao zi bing jue
Dryopteris hirtirachis C. Christensen in H. Lιveillι, Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 49. 1915; Dryopteris christii H. Lιveillι (1915), not C. Christensen (1905), Pseudophegopteris pyrrhorhachis (Kunze) Ching var. hirtirachis [(C. Christensen)??]Ching; Thelypteris brunnea (Handel-Mazzetti) Ching var. hirtirachis (C. Christensen) Ching; T. pyrrhorhachis (Kunze) B. K. Nayar & S. Kaur subsp. hirtirachis (C. Christensen) Fraser-Jenkins.
Plants up to 1 m. Rhizome ascending, stipe base with brown lanceolate scales. Fronds somewhat clustered; stipe red-castaneous, shiny, 2055 cm, base with scales and whitish hairs; lamina oblong, mostly 5080 Χ 1535 cm, slightly tapering at base, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apex; pinnae opposite to subopposite, sessile, lanceolate, middle pinnae largest, 920 cm or more, mostly 26 cm wide, slightly asymmetrical, acute at apices, proximal 1 or 2 pairs shortened, proximal pair 310 cm, pinnatifid or pinnatisect; pinnules 1220 pairs per pinna, opposite, spreading, basiscopic ones on proximal pinnae slightly longer than acroscopic ones, 0.83.5 Χ 0.50.8 cm, bases broadened and adnate to costae, connected to each other by narrow wings, shortly acuminate to obtuse at apices, basal pair of pinnules same size or slightly longer, toothed to pinnatifid to 1/2 distance to costules; segments triangular-oblong, entire to dentate, obtuse to acute at apices. Veins visible on both sides, lateral veins simple or forked, mostly 415 or more pairs per pinnule, basal pair arising above bases of costules. Laminae herbaceous, drying deep green or brownish green, abaxial surfaces with dense short whitish hairs along costae, costules, veins, and between veins, adaxially with appressed thick short hairs along rachises, costae, and costules, rachises castaneous or red-castaneous and with sparse to dense, short, spreading hairs abaxially. Sori suborbicular to oblong, near ends of ultimate veinlets. Sporangia each usually with 2 or more short hairs below annulus.
In forest understories along streams; 15002000 m. N Guangdong, N Guangxi, S Guizhou, C Sichuan, Taiwan, W Yunnan [NE India, Nepal].
The type is from Pin-fa, Guizhou (Guiding).
Pseudophegopteris hirtirachis is similar to P. pyrrhorhachis (Kunze) Ching in laminar outline, but the rhizomes are shorter and ascending, the rachises bear short, spreading hairs abaxially, the costules and costae bear dense whitish short acicular hairs abaxially; sporangia with 2 or more short hairs.
云贵紫柄蕨 yun gui zi bing jue
Thelypteris yunkweiensis Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 274. 1936; Phegopteris yunkweiensis (Ching) Tagawa.
Plants up to 1.5 m tall. Rhizome stout (short and ascending?, not seen). Stipe red-castaneous, shiny, 4055 cm, base with dense brown, ovate-lanceolate, hairy scales, distally glabrous; lamina ovate, ca. 100 Χ 4060 cm, not tapering to base, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, apex acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 10 or more pairs, opposite, or distal ones subopposite and more oblique, sessile or proximal ones shortly stalked, proximal pair largest, 3045 Χ 1320 cm, oblong-lanceolate, bases symmetrical or basal several pinnules shorted acroscopically, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apices, basiscopic pinnules not elongate relative to more distal pinnules; pinnules 1525 pairs per pinnae, 2.53 cm apart, alternate, spreading, mostly free from each other, sessile or narrowly adnate to costae, distalmost ones connected by a narrow wing, lanceolate, 613 Χ 1.42.4 cm, bases truncate, pinnatifid 3/44/5 distance to costules, acute at apices; segments 1520 pairs, falcate-lanceolate, margins crenate or entire distally, acute or obtuse at apices; veins visible on both sides, especially adaxially, lateral veins forked, 47 pairs per segment. Laminae herbaceous, drying dark green, rachises and costae reddish, costules stramineous, abaxially with sparse acicular hairs or glabrescent along rachises, costae, and costules, with denser acicular hairs adaxially along costae and costules, glabrous on both surfaces on and between veins. Sori suborbicular or slightly oblong, borne at middle of lateral veins between costae and margins, 36 pairs per segment. Sporangia glabrous.
Forest understories beside streams. SW Guizhou (Zhunyi), SE Yunnan (Mengzi) [N Vietnam].
The lectotype (chosen by Holttum, 1969) is from Vietnam (Tonkin, Chapa).
察隅紫柄蕨 cha yu zi bing jue
Plants ca. 85 cm tall. Rhizome not seen. Stipe reddish brown, shiny, ca. 30 cm, scaly at base; scales reddish brown, linear-lanceolate, glabrous, or occasionally with a few long hairs dorsally, including rachises with sparse whitish acicular hairs; lamina up to ca. 55 Χ 16 cm, slightly tapering at base, pinnate-pinnatifid, shortly acuminate and pinnatifid at apex; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, opposite or subopposite, proximal 1 or 2 pairs sessile, spreading, proximal pair shortest, ca. 5 cm, middle pinnae ca. 8 Χ 1.52 cm, linear-lanceolate, bases truncate and symmetrical, pinnatifid up to 3/4 of distance to costae, acute at apices; segments ca. 20 pairs per pinna, rectangular, 78 Χ 45 mm, entire. Veins visible abaxially, 4 or 5 pairs per segment, basal pair arising from above base of costules. Laminae thinly papery, drying green, subglabrous on both surfaces between veins, costae at bases red-castaneous abaxially, distally stramineous, shiny, with sparse acicular hairs. Sori orbicular, borne near tips of acroscopic vein of forked lateral vein pair and close to margin. Sporangia glabrous.
* Understories of broad-leaved forests; ca. 2100 m. S Xizang.
This species is known only from the type.
Pseudophegopteris zayuensis is closely related to P. tibetana, differing primarily by the basiscopic basal pinnule on proximal pinnae not being strongly elongate and the glabrous sporangia. More collections are needed to evaluate the importance of these differences.
对生紫柄蕨 dui sheng zi bing jue
Polypodium rectangulare Zollinger, Syst. Verz. 37, 48. 1854; Dryopteris moussetii Rosenstock; D. oppositipinna (Alderwerelt) C. Christensen; Phegopteris oppositipinna Alderwerelt; Polypodium distans D. Don [??Kaulfuss] var. minor C. B. Clarke; Pseudophegopteris oppositipinna (Alderwerelt) Ching; Thelypteris oppositipinna (Alderwerelt) Ching; T. rectangularis (Zollinger) B. K. Nayar & S. Kaur.
Plants 4070 cm tall. Rhizome short, suberect. Fronds clustered; stipe red-castaneous, shiny throughout, 1030 cm, with short spreading acicular hairs, base with narrowly lanceolate, brownish, sparsely hairy, thin scales; lamina narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 3050 Χ 712 cm, slightly tapering and with pinnae more spaced proximally, pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, opposite to subopposite, spreading, sessile and distal ones becoming narrowly adnate to rachis, proximal 13 pairs slightly shortened, up to 3 cm, basal segments of proximal pinnae not significantly elongate or lobed, distal pinnae lanceolate, 47 Χ 0.81.8 cm, pinnately lobed to 3/4 of distance to costae, acuminate at apices; segments 1220 pairs per pinna, obliquely spreading, oblong-triangular, entire along margins, obtuse at apices. Veins visible, lateral veins simple or occasionally forked, 35 pairs per segment, basal pair arising from above base of costules, acroscopic one of a pair running toward sinus but not reaching margin. Laminae herbaceous, drying greenish, adaxial surfaces subsmooth except for hairs along costae, abaxial surfaces with sparse to many acicular hairs to 0.5 mm, hairs along costae denser, also sometimes with a few capitate short hairs between veins, rachises red-castaneous and with denser acicular hairs. Sori suborbicular, borne at middle or near tips of lateral veins, 24 pairs per segment. Sporangia each usually with 1 or 2 acicular hairs below annulus. 2n = 124.
Forest understories beside streams; 10001500 m. N Guangxi, SE Xizang, SE and W Yunnan [NE India, Indonesia, Malaysia].
The type is from Indonesia (Java).
禾杆紫柄蕨 he gan zi bing jue
Nephrodium microstegium Hooker, Sp. Fil. 1: 119. 1862; Pseudophegopteris pallida (Ching) Ching; Thelypteris brunnea (C. Christensen) Ching var. pallida Ching.
Plants 90120 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, with sparse, appressed, brownish, broadly lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipe stramineous, occasionally brown-stramineous, 3040 cm, base with sparse brownish lanceolate scales, distally glabrous; lamina 6080 Χ 2030 cm, tapering proximally, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid and acuminate at apex; pinnae 2025 pairs, subopposite, obliquely spreading or spreading, sessile, proximal pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1015 Χ 23 cm, bases truncate, acute at apices, proximal 2 or 3 pairs sometimes slightly shortened, 710 cm, pinnatifid nearly to costae; segments ca. 25 pairs per pinna, opposite, spreading, basal pair of segments same shape and size as more distal ones, oblong, 11.5 Χ ca. 0.5 cm, coarsely dentate or entire along margins, sparsely ciliate, obtuse or truncate at apices. Veins visible abaxially, lateral veins forked, 6 or 7 pairs per segment, basal pair arising from above base of costules. Laminae thinly herbaceous, drying greenish, both surfaces with short hairs along costae and veins, hairs denser adaxially, rachises stramineous, adaxially densely hirsute along groove. Sori orbicular to slightly oblong, borne at middle of acroscopic vein of lateral vein pair. Sporangia glabrous.
Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 23002400 m. Chongqing (Nanchuan), C Sichuan, S and SE Xizang, NW and SE Yunnan [NE India].
The type is from NE India, Khasia.
Pseudophegopteris microstegia is very similar to P. pyrrhorhachis (and treated as a synonym of that by Holttum, 1969), differing mainly in the stramineous stipes and rachises and laminae abaxially glabrous except on rachises and costae. The purported differences need further study.
钩毛蕨属 gou mao jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
[this is ined.]Glaphyropteris sect. Cyclogramma H. Itτ; Thelypteris subg. Cyclogramma K. Iwatsuki; T. subg. Phegopteris Ching group 6 Ching.
Plants mid-sized, terrestrial. Rhizomes short and strong, erect or long creeping, with grayish white unicellular short acicular hairs and few thick scales; scales brown, broadly lanceolate and with acicular and hooked hairs or along margins. Fronds clustered or sparse; stipes ± hairy or nearly glabrous; laminae oblong or broadly lanceolate, acuminate or pinnatifid at apices; pinnae large, alternate or opposite, lanceolate, proximal several pairs sometimes shortened into auricles, sessile or occasionally shortly stalked, middle pinnae pinnatifid; segments large, lanceolate or suboblong, margins entire, rounded-obtuse or obtusely pointed at apices. Veins pinnate, free, lateral ones simple, reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae herbaceous or papery, when dry brownish green or nearly brown, both surfaces ± with grayish white unicellular short acicular hairs and few hooked thick long hairs, aerophores present at bases of pinnae abaxially of rachises. Sori small, consisting of few sporangia, orbicular, dorsifixed at middle or below middle of veinlets, arranged in one row on each side of costules, exindusiate; sporangia shortly stalked and with 13 erect short setae or hooked hairs on both sides of annuli near top. Spores bilateral, orbicular-reniform, perispores clearly echinate or corrugate on surfaces, exine smooth. x = 9.
About ten species: mainly in mountains of subtropical regions; nine species (seven endemic) in China.
1a. Laminae clearly tapering to bases, i.e., proximal 1 to several pairs of pinnae shortened, proximal one auriculate.
2a. Proximal 25 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, proximal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae auriculate, less than 1 cm.
3a. Plants up to more than 100 cm tall; rhizomes short and erect; adaxially with sparse appressed short hairs on intercostal areas, rachises with thick and long acicular hairs and with remaining marks after fallen; sporangia each with 1 or 2 setae near top of annulus ................................. 1. C. auriculata
3b. Plants 6070 cm tall; rhizomes long creeping; adaxially subglabrous on intercostal area, hairs on both sides of rachises leaving remaining tubercular marks after fallen; sporangia glabrous 2. C. omeiensis
2b. Proximal 13 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened or abruptly shortened, proximal pair of pinnae not auriculate, 24 cm.
4a. Proximal pair of pinnae abruptly shortened; adaxially nearly glabrous on intercostal areas; sori dorsiflexed at middle of veinlets, located between costae and margins and not confluent when mature 3. C. leveillei
4b. Proximal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened; adaxially with sparse appressed short acicular hairs; sori dorsifixed near bases of veinlets and close to costules, ± confluent when mature ... 4. C. costularisora
1b. Laminae tapering to bases, i.e., proximal pair of pinnae similar in size as distal ones.
5a. Smaller aerophores not clearly present at bases of pinnae on rachises.
6a. Rhizomes long creeping or ascending; pinnae with sparse short acicular hairs abaxially, adaxially with dense short acicular hairs along costae; sori dorsifixed below middle of veinlets and slightly close to costules ......................................................................................................... 8. C. flexilis
6b. Rhizomes short and erect; pinnae with dense short acicular hairs abaxially, adaxially with dense short acicular hairs along costae and mixed with few long acicular hairs; sori dorsifixed above middle of veinlets and far from costules ........................................................................ 9. C. tibetica
5b. Aerophores linear-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate at bases of pinnae on rachises.
7a. Pinnae from middle clearly shortly stalked; sori dorsiflexed at middle or above middle and far from costules ............................................................................................... 5. C. maguanensis
7b. Pinnae not stalked; sori dorsifixed below middle of veinlets and slightly close to costules.
8a. Rhizomes short and erect; laminae papery; sporangia usually glabrous; plants 1.32.2 m tall 6. C. neoauriculata
8b. Rhizomes long creeping; laminae herbaceous; sporangia each with 1 or 2 short setae; plants less than 1 m tall ............................................................................................................ 7. C. chunii
耳羽钩毛蕨 er yu gou mao jue
Phegopteris auriculata J. Smith, Hist. Fil. 4: 233. 1875; Cyclogramma himalayensis (C. Christensen) Tagawa; C. simulans (Ching) Tagawa; Dryopteris himalayensis C. Christensen; D. squamaestipes (C. B. Clarke) C. Christensen; Glaphyropteris simulans (Ching) H. Itτ; Lastrea himalayensis (C. Christensen) Copeland; L. simulans (Ching) Copeland; Polypodium appendiculatum var. squamaestipes C. B. Clarke; P. auriculatum Wallich ex Hooker (1863), not Linnaeus (1753); P. subvillosum T. Moore; Thelypteris auriculata (J. Smith) K. Iwatsuki; T. simulans Ching; T. subvillosa (T. Moore) Ching.
Plants up to more than 1 m tall. Rhizomes short and erect, black, with scales or glabrous when old. Fronds clustered; stipes strong, 1020(30) cm, bases black, with grayish white acicular hairs and scales; scales dark brown, oblong-triangular, both surfaces and margins setaceous, distally deep stramineous and to rachises with similar hairs; laminae oblong-lanceolate, (60)90130 Χ 2030 cm, gradually tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 3050 pairs, opposite or distal ones sometimes alternate, spreading, sessile, proximal 35 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, proximal ones auriculate, only ca. 1 cm; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1220 Χ 1.52.5 cm, bases not tapering, rounded-truncate, pinnatifid to 3/4 to 4/5 of distance to costae, acuminate at apices; segments 2030 pairs, oblong, 510 Χ 46.5 mm, margins entire and sparsely acicular hairy, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veinlets visible, simple, 1012 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from bases of costules. Laminae herbaceous or subpapery, when dry brownish green, abaxially with dense hooked long hairs along costae and slightly pubescent along costules, elsewhere nearly glabrous, costae grooved adaxially and with dense long acicular hairs, with sparse appressed short hairs on intercostal areas, abaxial sides of rachises with hairy brown aerophores. Sori orbicular and dorsifixed below middle of veinlets and close to costules, 810 pairs per segment; sporangia each with 1 or 2 setae near top. 2n = 144.
Streamsides in understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; 16002800 m. E Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
峨眉钩毛蕨 e mei gou mao jue
Polypodium omeiense Baker, J. Bot. 26: 229. 1888; Dryopteris omeiensis (Baker) C. Christensen; Glaphyropteris omeiensis (Baker) H. Itτ; Lastrea omeiensis (Baker) Copeland; Leptogramma omeiensis (Baker) Tagawa; Nephrodium omeiensis Diels; Thelypteris omeiensis (Baker) Ching.
Plants 6070 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping. Fronds remote; stipes 1520 cm, nearly glabrous above bases; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 4550 Χ ca. 20 cm, bases tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 2528 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, proximal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae clearly shortened, proximal pair of pinnae only ca. 1 cm or shorter; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 912 Χ ca. 2 cm, bases not tapering and rounded-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate with 1.52 cm tail at apices; segments 1522 pairs, falcate-lanceolate, 712 Χ 34 mm, entire, obtuse or acute at apices. Veins evident abaxially, veinlets simple, 11 or 12 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules and all reaching margins above sinus. Laminae papery, brownish when dry, abaxially with sparse thick long acicular hairs along costae, slightly shortly hairy along costules, adaxially with dense short acicular hairs along grooves and mixed hooked thick long hairs, with similar hairs along costules; rachises with denser thick long hairs, pinnae with brown aerophores at bases abaxially. Sori small, orbicular, dorsifixed below middle of veinlets and close to costules, 10 or 11 pairs per segment; sporangia glabrous.
* Grassy slopes, streamsides in forest understories; 9001700 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
狭基钩毛蕨 xia ji gou mao jue
Dryopteris leveillei Christ, Bull. Geogr. Bot. Mans 20: 176. 1909; D. izuensis Kodama; Leptogramma izuensis (Kodama) H. Itτ.
Plants 45100 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, including stipe bases with lanceolate, hairy, brown thick scales and grayish white acicular hairs. Fronds approximate; stipe 1545 cm, bases brown, distally stramineous, with sparse short hairs or nearly glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 3055 Χ 1220 cm, abruptly tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1220 pairs, proximal ones usually opposite, spreading or sometimes reflexed; middle pinnae alternate, obliquely spreading; proximal pair clearly shortened, oblong-lanceolate, 24 Χ 11.5 cm, bases clearly tapering, shortly caudate-acuminate at apices; second pair and more distal pinnae of similar length or slightly shortened; middle ones 713 Χ 1.52 cm, pinnatifid to 3/4 of distance to costae; segments 1218 pairs, oblong or subelliptic, 68 Χ 45 mm, entire, rounded at apices. Veins evident abaxially, veinlets simple, 610 pairs per segment, proximal pairs arising above bases of costules and all reaching margins above sinus. Laminae herbaceous, brownish green after drying, abaxially with denser spreading grayish white acicular setae along costae and costules, slightly villous or glabrous on intercostal areas, adaxially with dense short hairs along costal grooves, sparsely shortly hairy along costules and with few long acicular hairs near apices, rachises with dense short acicular hairs on both sides and at intervals mixed with hooked thick long hairs, abaxially with brown aerophores. Sori small, orbicular, dorsifixed at middle of veinlets, 57 pairs per segment; sporangia each usually with 2 or 3 setae near top. Perispores irregularly spinulose, exine smooth.
Humus on rocks of forest understories; 6002100 m. Fujian, N Guangdong, Guizhou, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan].
The type is from Sichuan.
Cyclogramma leveillei is similar to C. omeiensis, both have been treated as one species in the past. However, the former species differs in having only the proximal pair of pinnae shortened, 24 cm, never auriculate, adaxial sides with only short acicular hairs along costae, abaxial sides with spreading acicular hairs, and everywhere without hooked hairs; sporangia each with 2 or 3 setae near tops. We conclude that it is appropriate to treat the two as distinct species.
无量山钩毛蕨 wu liang shan gou mao jue
Plants ca. 65 cm tall. Rhizomes short and thick, decumbent or ascending, including stipe bases with sparse brown, ovate-triangular, hairy scales and grayish white dense short hairs. Fronds approximate; stipes 2528 cm, bases blackish brown, distally stramineous, polished and sparsely grayish white shortly hairy; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 3540 Χ 1016 cm, tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1420 pairs, alternate or proximal ones subopposite, proximal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened and reflexed, proximal pair shortest, but similarly shaped, ca. 2 cm; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 6.59.5 Χ 1.52 cm, bases not tapering, rounded-truncate, pinnatifid to 4/5 of distance to costae, caudate or entire at apices; segments ca. 14 pairs, oblong, 68 Χ 33.5 mm, entire along margins and ± recurved proximally, rounded at apices. Veins evident, veinlets simple, ca. 8 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules and all reaching margins above sinus. Laminae herbaceous, glabrous or brownish green, abaxially including costae and costules with dense short acicular hairs, adaxially with dense short hairs along costal grooves and with sparse long acicular hairs along costules, sparsely appressed short hairs on intercostal areas, rachises with dense short acicular hairs and sparse long acicular hairs, abaxially with brown aerophores. Sori orbicular, attached near bases of veinlets and extremely close to costules, 6 or 7 pairs per segment and confluent when mature. Sporangia each with 1 or 2 setae at tops.
* Shaded wet streamsides of forest understories; ca. 2400 m. SW Yunnan (Jingdong).
马关钩毛蕨 ma guan gou mao jue
Plants ca. 80 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping. Fronds approximate; stipes ca. 37 cm, bases blackish brown, with dense grayish white short hairs and occasionally with brown, hairy thick small scales, distally stramineous, with sparse acicular hairs or nearly glabrous when old; laminae lanceolate, ca. 43 Χ 25 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 12 pairs, alternate, or several proximal pairs opposite or subopposite, pinnae below middle 13 mm stalked, lanceolate, 1214 Χ 2.53 cm, bases nearly truncate, pinnatifid to 4/5 of distance to costae, long acuminate at apices; segments ca. 20 pairs, oblong, 812 Χ 56 mm, entire along margins and slightly recurved when dry, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veins evident abaxially, veinlets simple, ca. 12 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from above base of costules and all reaching margins above sinus. Laminae herbaceous, when dry dark green abaxially, with grayish white acicular hairs along costae and veins, adaxially yellowish green, with dense, appressed short acicular hairs along costal grooves, with dense hooked hairs on both sides of rachises, abaxially with brown, triangular-lanceolate aerophores. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed at middle or above middle of veinlets, slightly above costules, 79 pairs per segment; sporangia each with 24 setae near annuli, setae hooked.
* Shaded wet understories of forests on slopes; ca. 1000 m. SE Yunnan.
滇东钩毛蕨 dian dong gou mao jue
Dryopteris neoauriculata Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 2: 196. 1931; Thelypteris neoauriculata (Ching) Ching.
Plants 1.32.2 m tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 70120 cm, bases brown, with deep brown triangular-lanceolate, shortly hairy scales and glaucous short acicular hairs, distally dark stramineous, distally with grayish white, hooked long hairs, rachises similarly hairy; laminae narrowly oblong, 60100 cm or more, 2540 cm wide, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 2530 pairs, distal ones alternate, proximal ones subopposite, spreading, linear-lanceolate, 1520 Χ 33.5 cm, bases broadly cuneate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, caudate-acuminate at apices; segments ca. 23 pairs, spreading, middle ones oblong-lanceolate, 1114 mm (proximal 1 or 2 pairs slightly shortened), 56 mm wide, entire, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veinlets evident abaxially, simple, 1015 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from slightly higher above base of costules and all reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae papery, brownish green when dry, nearly glabrous on both surfaces or with sparse short acicular hairs abaxially, rachises grooved adaxially, with dense hooked long hairs on both sides, abaxially with occasional small brown lanceolate scales, pinna bases abaxially with brown linear-lanceolate aerophores. Sori orbicular, smaller, attached below middle of veinlets and close to costules, 712 pairs per segment; sporangia glabrous.
* Understories of open forests on mountain slopes; ca. 1800 m. Yunnan.
焕镛钩毛蕨 huan yong gou mao jue
Thelypteris chunii Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 284. 1936.
Plants 70105 cm tall. Rhizomes strong, long creeping, nearly black, including stipe bases with brown, triangular-lanceolate scales and grayish white short hairs. Fronds subapproximate; stipes 3050 cm, bases dark brown, distally stramineous, subglabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 4055 Χ 2025 cm, pinnae not deflexed at bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1218 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, or proximal ones opposite, spreading, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 1015 Χ 23 cm, bases slightly tapering, rounded-truncate, pinnatifid to 3/4 of distance to costae, shortly caudate-acuminate at apices; segments 1620 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 812 Χ 47 mm, entire, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veins not evident, veinlets simple, 1011 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from slightly higher above base of costules, or basiscopic veinlets arising from base of costules and all reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae thinly herbaceous, when dry brownish green, abaxially with acicular short hairs along costae and costules, adaxially with short hairs along costal grooves, rachises with dense hooked hairs, pinna bass abaxially with deep brown, linear-lanceolate or linear-bent aerophores. Sori small, orbicular, attached below middle of veinlets and slightly close to costules, 710 pairs per segment; sporangia each with 1 or 2 short setae near top of annuli.
* On rocks of forest understories in mountain valleys. SW Guangdong (Xinyi).
小叶钩毛蕨 xiao ye gou mao jue
Asplenium flexile Christ, Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. Mans. 252. 1902; Dryopteris subthelypteris (Christ) C. Christensen [??basionym of this]; Thelypteris flexilis (Christ) Ching.
Plants 3060 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping or ascending, black, with sparse black-brown, hairy lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 1030 cm, bases black, with sparse blackish brown, triangular-lanceolate scales and dense glaucous short acicular hairs, distally stramineous and nearly glabrous; laminae narrowly lanceolate, 2030(40) Χ 610(14) cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, caudate and long acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 1220 pairs, alternate or proximal ones opposite, obliquely spreading, sessile; proximal ones linear-lanceolate, 3.58 Χ 0.82.5 cm, bases symmetrical, rounded-truncate, pinnatifid and reaching narrow wings of both sides, shortly caudate-acuminate at apices; segments 713(15) pairs, oblong, 412 Χ 24 mm, margins entire, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veins evident abaxially, veinlets simple, 49 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from above base of costules and all reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae papery, when dry dark green, abaxially with glaucous short hairs, hairs along costae and costules dense and mixed with few acicular long hairs, adaxially with dense short acicular hairs along costal grooves of only, elsewhere nearly glabrous, rachises with dense short acicular hairs on both sides, abaxial sides mixed with few thick and long acicular hairs and with smaller brownish tuberculate aerophores. Sori small, orbicular, attached below middle of veinlets and slightly closer to costules, 46 pairs[?] per segment; sporangia each with 1 or 2(or 3) short setae near tops.
* Forest understories on limestone; 3001400 m. Guizhou, Sichuan.
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
西藏钩毛蕨 xi zang gou mao jue
Plants ca. 75 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including stipe bases with sparse scales and short hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 30 cm, dark brown proximally, distally to rachises brownish stramineous, shortly hairy on distally; laminae lanceolate, ca. 45 Χ 18 cm, bases nearly tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, above middle alternate, spreading or proximal ones subopposite, reflexed, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 89.5 Χ 1.41.7 cm, bases nearly flat-truncate and slightly narrowed, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate or caudate at apices; segments ca. 20 pairs, oblong, entire along margins. Veins evident abaxially, veinlets simple, 8 or 9 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules and all reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae papery, when dry dark green abaxially, adaxially somewhat brown, both surfaces including rachises with dense short acicular hairs and few thick and long acicular hairs. Sori orbicular, dorsifixed slightly above middle of veinlets; sporangia each with one (sometimes two) hooked hairs near top.
* Understories of broad-leaved forests; ca. 1500 m. SE Xizang (Mκdog).
茯蕨属 fu jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Plants mid-sized, terrestrial. Rhizomes short and erect or ascending, with sparse scales; scales ovate-oblong or lanceolate, reddish brown, hairy. Fronds clustered; stipes deep stramineous, with sparse scales proximally, throughout with grayish white, mostly unicellular acicular long hairs and unicellular short setae; laminae oblong, hastate, or lanceolate, pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae 7 or 8 pairs (or more), oblique or spreading, lanceolate, bases rounded or truncate, symmetrical, usually sessile, obtuse or acuminate at apices; proximal 1 or 2 pairs or several pairs of pinnae free, distally ± adnate to rachises, proximal pair not or slightly shortened, sometime prolonged, costae grooved adaxially, pinnae pinnatifid and usually reaching 1/22/3 of distance to costae; segments orbicular or oblong, entire and rounded at apices. Veinlets free, 36 pairs per segment, not forked, reaching margins, rarely reaching sinus. Laminae herbaceous or papery, when dry dark brown or brownish green, usually with acicular hairs or short setae on both surfaces, or with both mixed. Sori elongate, borne along veinlets, length slightly shorter than veinlets, exindusiate; sporangia each with 26 erect setae at top; spores bilateral, reniform, echinate on surfaces. x = 36.
About 15 species: tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, west to Africa; ten species (seven endemic) in China.
1a. Proximal pair of pinnae longer than distal ones, hence laminae hastate.
2a. Plants small; laminae hastate-lanceolate, pinnae rounded-obtuse at apices ....... 1. L. tottoides
2b. Plants large, normally over 30 cm tall; laminae hastate-oblong or hastately oblong-lanceolate; pinnae acuminate at apices .................................................................................... 2. L. intermedia
1b. Proximal pair of pinnae similar length as distal ones or slightly shorter, laminae not hastate.
3a. Proximal free pinnae with short stalks.
4a. Laminae not tapering to bases; free pinnae 5 pairs; sporangia each with 3 or 4 setae near top 3. L. scallanii
4b. Laminae slightly tapering to bases; free pinnae 9 pairs; sporangia each with 1 or 2 setae near top 4. L. pozoi
3b. All pinnae sessile.
5a. Stipes dark brown; frond somewhat leathery and brown when dry; free pinnae 79 pairs 5. L. huishuiensis
5b. Stipes stramineous or deep stramineous; laminae herbaceous and greenish to deep green when dry, free pinnae 17 pairs.
6a. Laminae dark brown when dry; pinnae without hairs on
intercostal areas
............................................................................................................. 6.
L. yahanensis
6b. Laminae greenish to deep green when dry; with hairs on intercostal areas.
7a. Rhizomes ascending; laminae yellowish green when dry .................. 7. L. jinfoshanensis
7b. Rhizomes erect; laminae greenish to deep green when dry.
8a. Laminae greenish when dry; sporangia nearly glabrous
near tops
................................................................................................. 8.
L. centrochinensis
8b. Laminae deep green when dry; sporangia each with 24 setae near top.
9a. Pinnae with sparse acicular hairs adaxially, abaxially pubescent throughout 9. L. himalaica
9b. Pinnae with dense acicular hairs on both surfaces .................................. 10. L. sinica
小叶茯蕨 xiao ye fu jue
Leptogramma totta (Schlechtendahl) J. Smith var. tottoides (Hayata ex H. Itτ) H. Itτ in Nakai & Honda, Nov. Fl. Jap. 4: 166. 1939; L. caudata Ching; Stegnogramma tottoides (H. Itτ) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 1732 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including stipe bases with sparse reddish brown, broadly lanceolate scales and grayish white acicular hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 1017 cm, slender, dark stramineous, throughout with sparse unicellular acicular long hairs; laminae hastate-lanceolate, 1420 Χ 46 cm, bases hastate and broadest, apices acuminate, 1-pinnate; pinnae 1620 pairs, subopposite and spreading, subsessile, proximal 2 or 3 pairs free, distal ones ± adnate to rachises, proximal pair largest, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, 23 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid to 1/2 distance to costae, obtuse or shortly acute at apices; segments 46 pairs, ovate-orbicular, entire; second pair of pinnae abruptly shortened, 1.52 cm, of similar shape as proximal pair, middle pairs of pinnae of similar size and shape, bases adnate to rachises but free from each other, distal pinnae slightly shorter than middle ones, bases connected to each other by broad wings, entire or crenate proximally. Veinlets evident, 3 or 4 pairs per segment, simple, proximal pair arising from far above base of costules and acroscopic one reaching sinus or margins of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin far above sinus. Laminae thinly herbaceous, dark brown when dry, pinnae throughout with acicular hairs adaxially, abaxially including rachises with spreading grayish white acicular fine hairs, veins sparsely puberulent. Sori linear, usually attached on proximal half on proximal pair of veinlets; sporangia each with 3 or 4 setae near top.
* On rocks of forest understories; 8002500 m. Fujian, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang.
The type is from Taiwan.
中间茯蕨 zhong jian fu jue
Plants more than 30 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including stipe bases with sparse, reddish brown, lanceolate scales and dense acicular hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 2035 cm, with sparse scales and aciculate hairs; laminae triangular-ovate, 1530 Χ 1220 cm, 1-pinnate, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1518 pairs, alternate, nearly spreading, sessile; proximal pair of pinnae largest, spreading, lanceolate, falcate, 610 Χ 1.52 cm, bases cuneate at basiscopic sides, acroscopic truncate, pinnatifid to 1/2 distance to costae, acuminate at apices; segments 1215 pairs, ovate-triangular, 57 Χ ca. 5 mm, entire, rounded at apices; second pair of pinnae abruptly shortened, spreading, ca. 5 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, proximal 1 or 2 pairs free, above every pair ± adnate to each other, lanceolate, bases truncate, symmetrical, acuminate at apices. Veinlets evident, bent distally, proximal pair arising from above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae herbaceous, dark green when dry, adaxially throughout with appressed acicular long hairs, abaxially with grayish white acicular hairs along costules and with also spreading acicular hairs along rachises. Sori linear, attached on proximal parts along veinlets, 3 or 4 pairs per segment and free from each other. Sporangia each with 36 long hairs near top.
* Forest understories, wet areas by streams; 4001100 m. Fujian, Zhejiang.
The type is from Fujian.
峨眉茯蕨 e mei fu jue
Asplenium scallanii Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1901: 296. 1901; Dryopteris scallanii (Christ) C. Christensen; Stegnogramma scallanii (Christ) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 2030 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including proximal parts of stipes with sparse, reddish brown, lanceolate, hairy scales and dense acicular hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 510 cm, dark stramineous, with dense acicular long hairs distally; laminae oblong, 1420 Χ 57 cm, bases not tapering, 1-pinnate, apices acuminate and pinnatifid; pinnae 1014 pairs, alternate, proximal 35 pairs shortly stalked, similar in size to distal ones; middle pinnae lanceolate, 2.54 Χ 0.71 cm, bases subtruncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid to 1/31/2 of distance to costae, acuminate or shortly acuminate at apices; segments ca. 10 pairs, ovate-orbicular, entire, separated from each other by obtriangular sinuses. Veins evident, 4 or 5 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising from above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching sinuses. Laminae papery, when dry brownish green, adaxially with one or two acicular hairs along costae and veinlets, abaxially with sparse acicular thick hairs along costae and costules. Sori oblong or linear, attached on abaxial sides along veinlets, 1 or 2 pairs per segment. Sporangia each with 2 or 3 setae near top.
Wet understories of forests, on rocks in ravines; 4001400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [N Vietnam].
The type is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
毛叶茯蕨 mao ye fu jue
Hemionitis pozoi Lagasca, Nov. Gen. Pl. 331[??33]. 1816; Leptogramma africana Ching [(??year)], not (Desvaux) Nakai ex Mori (1922); L. mollissima (Kuntze) Ching; L. pozoi (Lagasca) subsp. mollissima ([Fischer ex ??] Kuntze) Nakaike; Stegnogramma pozoi (Lagasca) K. Iwatsuki; Thelypteris pozoi (Lagasca) C. V. Morton.
Plants 3545 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, with brown lanceolate hairy scales. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 13 cm, stramineous, bases with brown scales, distally with grayish white acicular hairs; laminae lanceolate, 2028 Χ 1013 cm, slightly tapering proximally, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnate-acuminate at apices; lateral free pinnae 9 pairs, proximal pinnae shortly stalked, proximal pair of similar shape and size and reflexed; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 6 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, bases truncate, pinnatifid to 1/2 of distance to costae, long caudate at apices; segments rectangular, entire, obtuse-rounded at apices. Veinlets evident, simple, basiscopic vein of proximal pair arising from costae, acroscopic vein arising from base of costules and reaching margin. Laminae herbaceous, deep green when dry, costae and veins with acicular hairs, also with acicular short hairs on intercostal areas of both surfaces. Sori narrowly ovate, attached on middle or proximal parts of veinlets and slightly closer to bases. Sporangia each with 1 or 2 setae near annuli. 2n = 144.
Lower mountain areas; 300600 m. SE Taiwan (Lan Yu) [S India, Indonesia, Japan, Sri Lanka; Africa].
惠水茯蕨 hui shui fu jue
Plants up to 33 cm tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes 1013 cm, dark brown, bases with sparse brown lanceolate scales, distally with dense grayish white acicular long hairs; laminae lanceolate, 1225 Χ 510 cm, bases slightly tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; lateral free pinnae 79 pairs, sessile, distal pinnae adnate to rachises, proximal pair of similar shape and size as distal ones; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 5 cm, bases truncate, pinnatifid to 1/2 of distance to costae, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 12 pairs per pinna, oblong, entire, separated from each other by obtriangular sinuses, obtuse at apices. Laminae somewhat leathery, when dry dark brown, rachises, costae, and veinlets with dense acicular hairs abaxially, adaxial sides with short setae, abaxially with sparse short setae on intercostal areas. Sori narrowly ovate, attached on middle to proximal parts along veinlets. Sporangia each with more than 3 setae near top.
* Habitat unknown. Guizhou (Huishui).
雅安茯蕨 ya an fu jue
Plants up to 18 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including stipe bases with sparse, reddish brown, lanceolate, hairy scales and acicular hairs. Stipes 56 cm, throughout with acicular hairs; laminae broadly lanceolate, 1012 Χ ca. 4 cm, bases not tapering, 1-pinnate, acuminate at apices; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, alternate except for proximal pair, others ± adnate to rachises; middle pinnae lanceolate and slightly falcate, 22.5 Χ 0.70.8 cm, margins undulate or crenate, shortly acuminate at apices. Veins evident, veinlets 2 pairs per group, proximal pair arising from far above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching sinus. Laminae herbaceous, when dry dark brown, adaxially nearly glabrous except with sparse, short hairs along costae, abaxially with spreading acicular long hairs along costae and costae. Sori linear, attached on middle on acroscopic veinlet of each group. Sporangia each with 2 or 3 setae near top.
* On rocks of forest understories; ca. 1000 m. SW Sichuan (Ya-an).
金佛山茯蕨 jin fo shan fu jue
Plants 3035 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 22 cm, stramineous, with dense grayish white lanceolate acicular hairs; laminae lanceolate, ca. 30 Χ 818 cm, 1-pinnate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; free-pinnae 37 pairs, sessile, truncate, proximal pair of similar shape and size as distal ones, bases slightly tapering, caudate at apices; middle pinnae lanceolate, 78 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, bases truncate, pinnatifid to 1/22/3 of distance to costae, long caudate at apices; segments rectangular, with acicular hairs on intercostal areas of both surfaces, with dense acicular setae along rachises and veins, entire, rounded at apices. Veins evident, veinlets reaching margins above sinuses, 4 or 5 pairs per segment. Laminae herbaceous, when dry yellowish green, all with acicular hairs on both surfaces. Sori ovate, attached near bases of veinlets. Sporangia each with 24 acicular hairs near top.
* On wet rocks in understories of broad-leaved forests; ca. 1800 m. Chongqing (Nanchuan).
华中茯蕨 hua zhong fu jue
Plants 3035 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including stipe bases with sparse, broadly lanceolate, hairy scales and acicular short hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 814 cm, deep stramineous, above bases with dense short hairs and mixed with few acicular long hairs; laminae lanceolate, 1824 Χ ca. 6 cm, 1-pinnate, acuminate at apices; pinnae 1416 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, proximal pair not shortened and of similar shape and size as distal ones, proximal 2 pairs free, distal ones ± adnate to rachises; middle ones broadly lanceolate, 33.5 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases truncate, symmetrical (proximal pair of pinnae slightly broad and basal basiscopic one cuneate), pinnatifid to 1/2 of distance to costae, shortly acuminate at apices; segments 7 or 8 pairs, broadly ovate, entire, separated by obtriangular sinuses. Veins evident, (3 or)4 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair (basiscopic veinlet) arising from bases of costae and all reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae herbaceous, when dry greenish, adaxially throughout with appressed acicular hairs, abaxially with pubescent along costae and costules and with acicular short hairs along rachises. Sori orbicular or oblong, attached on middle of veinlets. Sporangia nearly glabrous.
* Wet understories of open forests. W Hubei.
喜马拉雅茯蕨 xi ma la ya fu jue
Leptogramma yunnanensis Ching; Stegnogramma himalaica (Ching) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 3035 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustered; stipes up to 20 cm, grayish stramineous proximally, densely pubescent and with one or two reddish brown lanceolate hairy scales, distally stramineous, polished and nearly glabrous; laminae lanceolate, 2226 Χ 6.58 cm, bases not tapering, 1-pinnate, acuminate at apices; pinnae 1216 pairs, opposite, distal ones alternate, sessile, proximal 2 or 3 pairs free, distal ones ± adnate to rachises; middle pinnae lanceolate, 33.5 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid to 1/3 of distance to costae, shortly pointed or acute at apices; segments 68 pairs, ovate, separated by obtriangular sinuses. Veins evident, 3 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules and all reaching sinuses. Laminae herbaceous, when dry dark green, pinnae with sparse acicular hairs adaxially, abaxially pubescent throughout. Sori linear, attached on middle of veinlets. Sporangia each with 3 or 4 setae near top.
Shaded places by rocks or slopes; [1800]21002500 m. Xizang, NW Yunnan [N India, Nepal].
The type is from India.
中华茯蕨 zhong hua fu jue
Plants 1623 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, including stipe bases with sparse, reddish brown, ovate-lanceolate hairy scales and grayish white unicellular acicular long hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 57 cm, slender, deep stramineous; laminae oblong-ovate, 1116 Χ 57 cm, not tapering to bases, 1-pinnate, apices pinnatifid-acuminate; pinnae 714 pairs, alternate, proximal pair not shortened, sessile, second pair and more distal pairs ± adnate to rachis; middle pinnae broadly lanceolate, 2.64 Χ ca. 1 cm, acroscopic bases truncate, basiscopic bases rounded, pinnatifid to 1/2 distance to costae, shortly acuminate at apices; segments 711 pairs, oblong, entire, separated by obtriangular-sinuses. Veins evident, 4 or 5 pairs per segments, proximal pair arising above base of costules, acroscopic vein reaching sinuses. Laminae herbaceous, when dry dark green, both surfaces with dense acicular hairs on intercostal areas, except with acicular hairs along costae and veins. Sori linear, attached along veinlets, 2 or 3 pairs per segment, free from each other. Sporangia each with 2 or 3 setae near top.
* In shade and on wet rocks in understories of forested ravines; ca. 800 m. Guizhou, Hunan.
The type is from Hunan.
方杆蕨属 fang gan jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Ferns, large and mid-sized, terrestrial. Rhizomes short and thick, decumbent or ascending, sessile, with sparse scales. Fronds clustered or approximate; stipes strong, with sparse brown lanceolate scales at bases; laminae elliptic, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae large, linear-lanceolate, sessile, free, opposite or subopposite, and abaxially of bases connected with rachises with tuberculate aerophores; rachises rectangular abaxially, flat, glabrous or with sparse short hairs, when dry reddish, costae grooved adaxially and densely hairy abaxially, pinnatifid nearly to costae; segments large, lanceolate-falcate. Veins free, pinnate on segments, veinlets simple, prominent and reaching margins, proximal pair running nearly to sinuses or margins above sinuses. Laminae herbaceous, papery or leathery, when dry yellowish green, rachises and costae ± with grayish white long hairs on both sides, not glandular. Sori orbicular, attached at bases of veinlets, in a row on each side close to costules, usually confluent into a line when mature, exindusiate or indusiate. Sporangia usually with acicular hairs near tops. Spores elliptic, bilateral, irregularly echinate or small tuberculate on surfaces. x = 12 (36).
Twelve species: Bhutan, China, N India, S Japan, N Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, N Vietnam; 11 species (ten endemic) in China.
1a. Sori exindusiate.
2a. Sporangia glabrous ................................................................................... 1. G. erubescens
2b. Sporangia bearing hairs ........................................................................... 2. G. sichuanensis
1b. Sori indusiate.
3a. Sori obviously indusiate.
4a. Indusia glabrous ................................................................................ 8. G. jinfushanensis
4b. Indusia with acicular hairs.
5a. Rachises, costae, veins, and intercostal areas all glabrous abaxially ............ 9. G. glabrata
5b. Rachises, costae, veins, and intercostal areas abaxially all with dense acicular hairs.
6a. Laminae glabrous abaxially, sporangia glabrous ........................................ 10. G. villosa
6b. Laminae abaxial surface with short setae on intercostal area, sporangia bearing dense acicular hairs 11. G. rufostraminea
3b. Sori with small scale-shaped indusia, usually obscured by mature sporangia and not easily seen.
7a. Sporangia glabrous.
8a. Plants over 1 m tall; proximal pair of veins from adjacent segments reaching bottom of sinuses 3. G. mollis
8b. Plants normally 5060 cm tall; proximal pair of lateral veins on segments reaching margins above sinuses ................................................................................................... 4. G. emeiensis
7b. Sporangia bearing hairs.
9a. Proximal pair of veinlets on segments reaching both sides of bottom of sinuses; rachises, veins, and intercostal areas glabrous ........................................................................ 5. G. eriocarpa
9b. Proximal pair of veinlets on segments reaching margins above sinuses; rachises, veins, and intercostal areas ± with short setae or acicular hairs.
10a. Rachises, costae, and veins all with dense long acicular hairs, laminae only with short setae abaxially, glabrous on intercostal areas; Sichuan ................................................... 6. G. splendens
10b. Rachises with sparse short setae abaxially, costae and veins with sparse long setae, laminae with sparse setae on veins and intercostal areas ................................................ 7. G. pallida
方杆蕨 fang gan jue
Polypodium erubescens Wallich ex Hooker, Sp. Fil. 4: 236. 1862; Asplenium distans D. Don var. carieri Christ; A. glanduliferum Wallich, nom. nud.; Christella erubescens (Wallich ex Hooker) H. Lιveillι; Dryopteris braineoides (Baker) C. Christensen; D. erubescens (Wallich ex Hooker) C. Christensen; Glaphyropteris erubescens (Wallich ex Hooker) Fιe; Nephrodium braineoides Diels; N. erubescens Diels; Phegopteris erubescens (Wallich ex Hooker) J. Smith; Polypodium braineoides Baker; Thelypteris erubescens (Wallich ex Hooker) Ching.
Plants 23 m tall or more. Rhizomes stout, decumbent, woody and glabrous. Fronds clustered; stipes 12 m, thicker than 1 cm, ribbed, throughout glabrous, stramineous and often reddish; laminae 100200 Χ 2550 cm, not tapering to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid or subbipinnate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 4050 pairs per frond, opposite, sessile, proximal several pairs strongly obliquely distally, bases tapering; middle pinnae spreading, linear, (10)2030 cm or more Χ (1.5)2.54 cm, bases truncate and close to costae, pinnatifid nearly to both lateral narrow wings of costae, acuminate at apices; segments many (ca. 50 pairs), pectinately arranged, spreading, linear-lanceolate, slightly falcate, 1.42 Χ ca. 0.4 cm, slightly broadened to bases, entire, separated by narrow sinuses, pointed at apices. Veins evident, costae grooved adaxially, pubescent, abaxially rounded and raised, glabrous or sometimes sparsely hairy, veinlets 1223 pairs per segment, simple, proximal pair arising from base of costules and reaching both sides of rounded sinuses. Laminae papery, when dry greenish or yellowish green, pinnae glabrous adaxially, with one or two acicular hairs along margins, or sparsely hairy abaxially; rachises rectangular abaxially, flat, stramineous or reddish, with grayish white acicular hairs when young and then deciduous. Sori orbicular, 1015 pairs per segment, attached at bases of veinlets, close to both sides of costules and in one row on each side, confluent into lines when mature, exindusiate. Sporangia glabrous.
Understories of forests in ravines of low mountains; 8002000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, S Japan, N Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, N Vietnam].
四川方杆蕨 si chuan fang gan jue
Plants up to 1.2 m tall. Rhizomes strong, creeping, dark brown, woody, hard. Fronds approximate; stipes ca. 60 cm, dark brown, with brown lanceolate scales, distally stramineous, glabrous; laminae broadly lanceolate, ca. 60 Χ 30 cm, bases slightly tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; lateral free pinnae up to 25 pairs, proximal ones subopposite, distal ones alternate, sessile, spreading; middle pinnae oblong-lanceolate, ca. 17 Χ 1.5 cm, bases flatly truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments ca. 40 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 1 Χ 0.4 cm, entire, apices slightly bent distally and acute, separated by small interval; proximal pair extremely elongated, acroscopic one up to 2 cm. Veins evident, raised abaxially, proximal pair of veinlets arising from base of costules, acroscopic veins reaching bottom of sinuses, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus, 15 or 16 pairs of veinlets per segment. Laminae papery, when dry brownish, with acicular long hairs on intercostal areas abaxially, glabrous on intercostal areas adaxially, setose along margins. Rachises with sparse acicular hairs abaxially, costae and veins with dense long acicular hairs, with dense acicular setae along both sides of grooves of rachises and costae, with sparse appressed short setae along both sides of longitudinal grooves adaxially of costae, abaxial sides of veins nearly glabrous. Sori orbicular, attached at bases of veinlets and close to costules, 812 pairs per segment, exindusiate. Sporangia bearing fine acicular hairs.
* Habitat unknown. Sichuan.
柔弱方杆蕨 rou ruo fang gan jue
Plants ca. 1.5 m tall. Rhizomes creeping, thick, ca. 1.5 cm, dark brown, woody and hard. Fronds approximate; stipes ca. 80 cm, dark brown, distally deep stramineous and glabrous; laminae broadly lanceolate, ca. 62 Χ 38 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal pinnae nearly not shortened, pinnate-pinnatifid; free pinnae ca. 31 pairs, opposite, spreading, sessile; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 2.5 cm, pinnatifid and subcuneate at bases, pinnatifid and long acuminate at apices; segments ca. 31 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 12 Χ 44.5 mm, entire, acute at apices; proximal pair extremely elongated to 2 cm. Veins visible on both sides, costae raised abaxially, adaxially impressed, 1517 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules and all reaching bottom of sinuses. Laminae dark brown when dry, abaxially with acicular hairs along rachises, costae, veins, and intercostal areas, adaxially with dense short setae only along costae and elsewhere glabrous. Sori orbicular and attached at bases of veinlets and close to costules; indusia small, bearing hairs. Sporangia glabrous.
* Understories of broad-leaved forests; 800900 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).
峨眉方杆蕨 e mei fang gan jue
Plants ca. 80 cm tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes ca. 40 cm, stramineous, glabrous; laminae lanceolate, ca. 70 Χ 2025 cm, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; lateral free pinnae ca. 25 pairs, obliquely spreading, proximal ones subopposite, distal ones alternate, subsessile; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 13 Χ 1.7 cm, bases truncate, pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments ca. 30 pairs, ca. 3 mm wide, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices; proximal pair (particularly acroscopic one) extremely elongated. Veins visible on both sides, adaxially impressed, costules raised abaxially, veinlets 12 pairs per pinna, proximal pair arising from closely above base of costules and all reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae dark green or green when dry, papery, rachises, costae, veins, and abaxial sides of intercostal areas all with dense acicular hairs, adaxially with dense short hairs along both sides on grooves of costae, veins, intercostal areas, and margins with short setae. Sori orbicular and attached on proximal parts of veinlets, close to costules, indusiate and hairy. Sporangia hairy.
* Understories of mixed forests at roadsides, rock crevices by streams; 18001900 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).
毛囊方杆蕨 mao nang fang gan jue
Plants up to 1.2 m tall. Rhizomes strong and decumbent, subwoody and glabrous. Fronds subapproximate; stipes ca. 50 cm, stramineous, glabrous; laminae narrowly oblong, ca. 70 Χ 27 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid and reaching both lateral narrow wings of costae, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 2530 pairs, opposite or subopposite, sessile, spreading, proximal several pairs not shortened, reflexed, bases tapering; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, ca. 17 Χ 2 cm, bases truncate and to 3 cm wide, symmetrical, pinnatifid to both lateral narrow wings of costae, long acuminate at apices; segments 2530 pairs, spreading, lanceolate, ca. 9 mm (proximal pair up to 1.5 cm), ca. 3 mm wide, gradually broadened to bases, entire, acute at apices. Veins evident, 11 or 12 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules and all reaching both sides near sinuses. Laminae papery, greenish or dark green when dry, rachises adaxially with hairs, costae, veins, and abaxial surfaces of intercostal areas all glabrous. Sori orbicular, 69 pairs per segment, attached at bases of veinlets and in rows close to costules, indusia scaly and small. Sporangia each with acicular hairs near top.
* Forest understories in ravines; 7001500 m. Chongqing (Nanchuan).
大叶方杆蕨 da ye fang gan jue
Plants ca. 1.2 m tall. Rhizomes strong, decumbent, subwoody and glabrous. Fronds subapproximate; stipes ca. 50 cm, deeply grooved, glabrous, stramineous; laminae narrowly oblong, ca. 80 Χ 28 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 30 pairs or more, opposite or subopposite, sessile, proximal several pairs not shortened; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, ca. 21 Χ 2.5 cm, (ca. 3.5 cm wide at bases), bases symmetrical, acroscopic sides truncate and close to rachises, basiscopic sides rounded, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate at apices; segments 3540 pairs, spreading, lanceolate and slightly falcate, ca. 1.2 Χ 0.4 cm (proximal pair 1.62 cm), gradually broadened to bases and gradually tapering and pointed at apices and entire, separated by obtriangular sinuses. Veins visible, ca. 14 pairs per segment, simple, proximal pair arising from base of costules and reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae thinly herbaceous, green when dry, pinnae adaxially with short setae along costules, abaxially with dense grayish white acicular hairs along rachises, costae, and veins; rachises stramineous, rectangular. Sori orbicular, 1012 pairs per segment, attached at bases of veinlets, in one row on each side of costules; indusia scalelike, small, hairy. Sporangia hairy near tops.
* On rocks in forest understories; ca. 600 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).
灰白方杆蕨 hui bai fang gan jue
Plants ca. 82 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, woody, with one or two brown, broadly lanceolate thick scales. Fronds sparse; stipes ca. 28 cm, stramineous, grooved adaxially, glabrous throughout; laminae oblong, ca. 56 Χ 22 cm, bases slightly tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 26 pairs, sessile, opposite, distal ones alternate, spreading, close, without interval, proximal pair slightly shortened and slightly reflexed, ca. 10 cm, tapering to bases; second pair of pinnae falcate-lanceolate, ca. 12 Χ 2.4 cm, bases truncate and close to rachises, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 28 pairs, spreading, separated by narrow interval, falcate-lanceolate, ca. 1.3 cm (basal acroscopic one longer), ca. 0.3 cm wide, entire, pointed at apices. Veins fine, not evident, veinlets 1012 pairs per segment, proximal pair reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae papery when dry, greenish, adaxially with dense setae along grooves of rachises, veins and intercostal areas with sparse hairs, abaxially with dense long setae along costae and veins, occasionally sparsely hairy on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, 4 or 5 pairs per segment, attached at bases of veinlets and in one row on each side of costules; indusia small and hairy. Sporangia each with one or two acicular hairs near tops.
* Shaded, wet understories of mixed forests on limestone mountains; ca. 1500 m. NE Yunnan.
金佛山方杆蕨 jin fo shan fang gan jue
Plants ca. 1.5 m tall. Rhizomes decumbent. Fronds approximate; stipes ca. 54 cm, ca. 1 cm in diam. at bases, dark brown, distally grayish brown and glabrous; laminae broadly lanceolate, ca. 100 Χ 40 cm, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid at apices; free lateral pinnae usually ca. 32 pairs, spreading, sessile, proximal 5 pinnae abruptly reduced and hastate; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, ca. 25 Χ 3 cm, bases rounded-cuneate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments more than 40 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 1.5 Χ 0.4 cm, entire, acute at apices. Veins evident, costae raised on both sides, veinlets 10 or 11 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinuses, basiscopic one reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae papery when dry, deep green, glabrous on both surfaces of intercostal areas, abaxially with long hairs along apices of costae, costules, and veinlets with sparse appressed short setae, adaxially with dense strong setae along rachises, costae, and veins. Sori orbicular, attached above middle part of veinlets and close to margins; indusia large, leathery, brown, glabrous, persistent.
* Understories of mixed forests by streams; ca. 800 m. Chongqing (Jinfo Shan, Nanchuan).
光滑方杆蕨 guang hua fang gan jue
Plants ca. 85 m tall. Rhizomes creeping, glabrous. Fronds sparse; stipes ca. 35 cm, bases dark brown, distally stramineous, grooved adaxially, glabrous throughout; laminae oblong, ca. 50 Χ 20 cm, bases slightly tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 30 pairs, opposite, sessile, proximal 2 pairs slightly shortened, 710 cm, tapering to bases, third pair of pinnae linear-lanceolate, ca. 12 Χ 1.5 cm, bases widest, truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 35 pairs, spreading, proximal pair longest (911 mm), distal ones triangular-lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 3 mm, entire and pointed at apices. Veins evident, veinlets 9 or 10 pairs per segment, proximal pair reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae herbaceous, green when dry, except for both sides on grooves adaxially of rachises, elsewhere glabrous. Sori orbicular, attached at bases of veinlets and in one row on each side of costules; indusia bearing acicular hairs. Sporangia each with 13 acicular hairs near top.
* Mixed forest margins in valley; 15001800 m. NE Yunnan.
柔毛方杆蕨 rou mao fang gan jue
Plants ca. 65 cm tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes ca. 34 cm, stramineous, grooved adaxially, with sparse brown scales, glabrous; laminae broadly lanceolate, ca. 32 Χ 20 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; pinnae 24 pairs, sessile, pinnae below middle opposite, spreading, distal ones alternate, obliquely spreading, proximal 2 pairs not shortened, reflexed, of similar size as distal ones, but cuneate at bases; distal pinnae lanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 1.6 cm, bases widest, rounded-cuneate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 25 pairs, falcate-lanceolate, ca. 7 mm (basal acroscopic one ca. 1 cm), ca. 2.5 mm wide, pointed at apices. Veins not evident, veinlets ca. 9 pairs per segment, basal acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinuses, basiscopic one reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae papery, grayish green when dry, abaxially with dense grayish white acicular hairs along costae, veins, and intercostal areas, adaxially densely hairy along costae, glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, 57 pairs per segment, attached near bases of veinlets and in one row on each side of costules; indusia bearing long hairs. Sporangia glabrous.
* In shade and wet limestone crevices; ca. 700 m. Yunnan.
粉红方杆蕨 fen hong fang gan jue
Aspidium rufostramineum Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(Mιm. 1): 36. 1905; Dryopteris rufostraminea (Christ) C. Christensen; Thelypteris rufostraminea (Christ) Ching.
Plants 50100 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, glabrous. Fronds approximate; stipes 2040 cm, stramineous, glabrous and usually reddish; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 4050 Χ 1825 cm, bases not tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae 2028 pairs, opposite or distally subalternate, sessile, spreading or slightly obliquely bent distally, linear-lanceolate, long acuminate at apices; proximal 1 or 2 pairs slightly shortened and reflexed, bases tapering; middle pinnae 1016 Χ 1.22 cm, wider at bases and subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae; segments 3035 pairs, spreading, linear-falcate, 610 Χ 22.5 mm; proximal pair longer, entire, obtuse-pointed or acute at apices. Veins evident, veinlets 810 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules and reaching margins above sinuses. Laminae papery, when dry yellow-green, abaxially with dense long acicular hairs along rachises, costae, veins, and intercostal areas, adaxially only with short setae. Sori orbicular, 35 pairs per segment, attached at bases of veinlets and in one row on each side of costules; indusia bearing acicular hairs. Sporangia bearing acicular hairs.
* Forest margins, road sides; 13001500 m. Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan.
假毛蕨属 jia mao jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Pneumatopteris Holttum; Thelypteris subg. Euthelypteris group 8 Ching; Trigonospora Holttum.
Plants mid-sized. Rhizomes creeping, decumbent or erect, bases with sparse lanceolate brown scales. Fronds remote, approximate or clustered; stipes usually with sparse short hairs, stramineous; laminae pinnate-pinnatifid, proximal pinnae gradually shortened into auricle, hastate or abruptly contracted into tubercule, pinnae attached abaxially of rachises and each usually with a dark brown tuberculate aerophore. Veinlets free, costules raised on both sides, proximal pair on adjacent segments sometimes reaching cartilaginous sinuses, rarely connivent, but usually acroscopic veinlet reaching sinus and basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae usually deep green when dry, usually papery, sometimes herbaceous or leathery, laminae adaxially with dense appressed setae along costal grooves, sparsely setaceous also along veins, abaxially mostly with acicular hairs on intercostal areas, rarely glabrous. Sori orbicular, usually attached at middle of veinlets, sometimes at distal or proximal parts; indusia orbicular-reniform, thick, usually brown, persistent, with fine hairs or glabrous, sometimes glandular. Spores normally monolete, rarely trilete, exine echinate, perispore cristate. x = 35, 36.
About 50 species: tropical and subtropical regions; 38 species (31 endemic) in China.
1a. Proximal pinnae not gradually reduced, not tuberculate.
2a. Spores monolete.
3a. Laminae abaxially glabrous on intercostal areas .......................................... 35. P. latilobus
3b. Laminae abaxially with fine and long acicular hairs on
intercostal areas
36.
P. guangxianensis
2b. Spores trilete.
4a. Proximal pair of veinlets on segments reaching bottom of sinus ...................... 37. P. ciliatus
4b. Proximal acroscopic veinlet on segment reaching bottom of sinus, others reaching margin above sinus 38. P. caudipinnus
1b. Proximal pinnae abruptly reduced into aerophores or auricle or hastate.
5a. Proximal pinnae abruptly reduced to brown aerophores.
6a. Basal acroscopic veinlet on segments of middle pinnae reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus.
7a. Plants over 100 cm tall; laminae abaxially with acicular fine hairs on intercostal areas; indusia hairy 4. P. xinpingensis
7b. Plants only 2558 cm tall; laminae abaxially lacking hairs on intercostal areas; indusia glabrous 5. P. torrentis
6b. Proximal pair of veinlets on segments of middle pinnae reaching bottom of sinus.
8a. Sori attached on distal parts of veinlets and close to margins .................... 3. P. cavaleriei
8b. Sori attached on proximal parts of veinlets and close to costules.
9a. Plants small; lateral pinnae ca. 13 Χ 11.4 cm,
segments ca. 2 mm wide
1.
P. tylodes
9b. Plants large; lateral pinnae length and width separately over 15 and 2 cm, segments ca. 4 mm wide 2. P. tuberculifer
5b. Proximal pinnae gradually reduced into auricles or hastate.
10a. Rachises, costae, and veins with only fine hairs abaxially, at most with one or two acicular hairs at apices.
11a. Pinnae obliquely spreading.
12a. Plants more than 1.2 m tall; fronds ca. 100 Χ 30 cm, middle pinnae ca. 25 Χ 3 cm; segments to 35 pairs, more than 1.2 cm ........................................................................ 33. P. obliquus
12b. Plants below 1 m tall; fronds 7080 Χ ca. 20 cm; middle pinnae 1015 Χ 1.22 cm; segments fewer than 30 pairs, length less than 9 mm .............................................. 34. P. subochthodes
11b. Pinnae spreading.
13a. Indusia with fine hairs .............................................................. 32. P. damingshanensis
13b. Indusia glabrous.
14a. Sori attached on middle of veinlets ............................................................. 29. P. tsoi
14b. Sori attached above middle of veinlets.
15a. Veins simple, not forked and glandular abaxially .............................. 30. P. emeiensis
15b. Veins forked, without glands abaxially ................................ 31. P. furcatovenulosus
10b. Rachises ± with long acicular hairs abaxially, costae and veins usually with acicular hairs abaxially, sometimes glabrous.
16a. Indusia glabrous.
17a. Pinnae linear and oblique distally.
18a. Pinnae extremely oblique distally, basal acroscopic segments clearly elongated; indusia glandular ........................................................................................................ 19. P. falcilobus
18b. Pinnae slightly oblique distally, basal acroscopic segments not clearly elongated; indusia without glands ........................................................................................... 20. P. lushanensis
17b. Pinnae not linear, spreading, at least proximal pinnae spreading.
19a. Costae and veins not glandular abaxially.
20a. Laminae abaxially with fine hairs on intercostal areas ..................... 26. P. stramineus
20b. Laminae abaxially glabrous on intercostal areas.
21a. Basal segments on proximal pinnae entire along margins ................ 27. P. duclouxii
21b. Basal segments on proximal several pairs of pinnae lobed along margins 28. P. jijiangensis
19b. Costae and veins glandular abaxially.
22a. Laminae abaxially hairy on intercostal areas.
23a. Plants up to 140 cm tall; laminae ca. 100 cm, pinnae ca. 17 Χ 22.5 cm; segments separated from each other by broad intervals, abaxially with sparse short hairs along costae and veins 24. P. qingchengensis
23b. Plants ca. 90 cm tall; laminae ca. 50 cm; pinnae 913 Χ ca. 1.5 cm; separated from each other by narrow intervals, abaxially with sparse mixed short setae and fine hairs along costae and veins 25. P. angustipinnus
22b. Laminae abaxially glabrous on intercostal areas.
24a. Sori attached above middle of veinlets and close to
margins
23.
P. submarginalis
24b. Sori attached on middle of veinlets.
25a. Pinnae lanceolate, basal acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus ..................................................................... 21. P. esquirolii
25b. Pinnae linear-lanceolate, basal pair of veinlets all reaching bottom of sinus 22. P. linearis
16b. Indusia with hairs.
26a. Pinnae extremely oblique distally, basal basiscopic segments clearly contracted or not contracted.
27a. Pinna bases contracted basiscopically.
28a. Plants 55110 cm tall; pinnae 1.41.5 cm wide in middle,
costae slightly grooved adaxially and with appressed acicular hairs, not shiny
................................................................................................... 6.
P. subfalcilobus
28b. Plants only 2540 cm tall; pinnae 910 mm wide in middle, costae rounded and raised adaxially, nearly glabrous and shiny ...................................................... 7. P. pseudofalcilobus
27b. Pinna bases not contracted.
29a. Rachises, costae, and costae mixed with sparse long
acicular hairs and short fine hairs abaxially, and glabrous on intercostal
areas abaxially
...................................................................................................... 8.
P. dehuaensis
29b. Rachises, costae, and costae with dense long acicular hairs abaxially only and hairy on intercostal area ........................................................................................... 9. P. guangxiensis
26b. Pinnae spreading or slightly obliquely spreading, proximal pair of segments or acroscopic one clearly elongated.
30a. Sori attached below middle of veinlets and close to costules.
31a. Fronds dimorphic; pinna bases with segments not clearly
elongate, acroscopic veinlet of pinnae basal pair reaching bottom of sinus
............................................................................................. 10.
P. shuangbaiensis
31b. Fronds monomorphic; pinna bases with segments clearly
elongate, proximal veinlets of segments all reaching bottom of sinuses
........................................................................................... 11.
P. dulongjiangensis
30b. Sori attached on middle of veinlets.
32a. Laminae abaxially with fine setae on intercostal area .............................. 12. P. canus
32b. Laminae abaxially lacking fine setae on intercostal areas.
33a. Indusia with only fewer fine hairs.
34a. Proximal 79 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into
linear auricles, proximal ones tuberculate; abaxially glabrous on intercostal
areas
......................................................................................... 18.
P. paraochthodes
34b. Proximal 3 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced and hastate.
35a. Pinnae (particular acroscopic ones) obviously broadened at their base, margins pinnatifid; segments 1114 Χ 56 mm; laminae herbaceous; sori attached above middle of veinlets 16. P. gongshanensis
35b. Pinnae narrowed at their base; segments ca. 9 Χ 3 mm; laminae papery; sori attached on middle of veinlets .............................................................. 17. P. pseudorepens
33b. Indusia with dense hairs.
36a. Proximal pinnae mostly reduced and hastate or auriculate ........... 15. P. zayuensis
36b. Proximal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate.
37a. Lateral pinnae to 30 pairs, spreading .................................... 13. P. fugongensis
37b. Lateral pinnae ca. 17 pairs, proximal pair slightly reflexed, others ascending distally 14. P. lushuiensis
假毛蕨 jia mao jue
Aspidium tylodes Kunze, Linnaea 24: 281. 1851 [xylodes]; Cyclosorus tylodes (Kunze) Panigrahi; Dryopteris ochthodes (Kunze) C. Christensen var. tylodes (Kunze) C. Christensen; D. tylodes (Kunze) Christ; Lastrea tylodes (Kunze) Beddome [??not T. Moore (1858)]; Nephrodium ochthodes Hooker; N. prolixum C. B. Clarke[??not (Willdenow) Desvaux (1827)]; N. prolixum var. tylodes (Kunze) Baker; Thelypteris tylodes (Kunze) Ching.
Plants up to 1.2 m tall. Rhizomes erect, apices and bases of stipes with sparse brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 2540 cm, grayish brown at bases, distally deep stramineous and glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 4580 Χ ca. 24 cm, bases slightly tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate-pinnatifid at apices; proximal 510 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into tuberculate aerophores; normal pinnae ca. 34 pairs, alternate, obliquely distally, sessile; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 13 Χ 1.21.4 cm, long acuminate at apices, proximal pinnae tapering to bases, pinnae above middle slightly tapering to bases and broadly cuneate, pinnatifid; segments 4045 pairs, obliquely spreading, ca. 5 Χ 1.52 mm, entire, pointed or obtuse-pointed at apices. Veinlets evident on both sides, 9 or 10 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules and all reaching sinuses. Laminae firmly papery when dry, brownish, costae with acicular hairs, elsewhere glabrous. Sori orbicular, attached below middle of veinlets and close to costules; indusia orbicular-reniform, thick, glabrous, persistent.
Understories of forests by streams or on rocks; 8004300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, E and S Taiwan, E and S Xizang, Yunnan [India, Myanmar, N Philippines, N Thailand, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].
The type is from S India.
In Kunzes protologue, the epithet xylodes is considered to be a misprint; it was printed as tylodes on pages 244 and 283. For further discussion on the spelling, see Holttum and Grimes (Kew Bull. 34: 504. 1980).
瘤羽假毛蕨 liu yu jia mao jue
Dryopteris tuberculifera C. Christensen, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 275. 1931; Thelypteris tuberculifera (C. Christensen) Ching.
Plants more than 2 m tall. Rhizomes erect, firm, apices with dense brownish lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 100130 cm, brownish, sparsely scaly, distally glabrous; laminae broadly oblong-lanceolate, ca. 100 Χ ca. 45 cm, bases tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; proximal up to 15 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into brown aerophores, middle normal pinnae 2830 pairs, proximal ones opposite or subopposite, spreading, distally alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 2030 Χ 2.23 cm, linear-acuminate at apices; proximal pinnae slightly tapering, cuneate, distal pinnae slightly broadened to bases, rounded-cuneate, pinnatifid and reaching broad wings on both sides; segments 3545 pairs, oblique distally, slightly bent, subfalcate, 814 Χ ca. 4 mm, entire, acute at apices. Veins evident, raised on both sides, veinlets 1115 pairs per segment, proximal pair reaching bottom of sinuses. Laminae papery when dry and brownish green, abaxial sides of rachises and costae with sparse acicular hairs at apices, costae with dense appressed setae along grooves on abaxial side, elsewhere glabrous. Sori orbicular, attached below middle of veinlets and close to costules; indusia orbicular-reniform, thick, brown, glabrous, persistent.
Gravelly soil by streams; 6001900 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan [N India (Sikkim)].
The type is from Yunnan.
青岩假毛蕨 qing yan jia mao jue
Christella cavaleriei H. Lιveillι, Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 474. 1915[??cavalerici].
Rachises subrectangular; middle pinnae spreading, alternate, ca. 18 Χ 3 cm, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments ca. 35 pairs, separated by broad sinuses, lanceolate, ca. 1 Χ 0.4 cm, acute at apices; proximal pair clearly elongated, up to 1.5 cm, proximal pair on segments reaching bottom of sinuses. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets and close to margins, ca. 10 pairs per segment.
* Habitat unknown. Guizhou (Guiyang).
Complete specimen not seen. The type of Pseudocyclosorus cavaleriei was collected by Cavalerie on 5 August 1903, from Guiyang Ging-yan (Tsin Gai), Guizhou province, no. 1244 (E). It has the middle part of the lamina and seven pairs of pinnae. Ching examined the specimen and identified it as Dryopteris tylodes (Kuntze) Christ in 1931. The species was named Thelypteris esquirolii by Holttum in 1936 and soon afterward included Pseudocyclosorus in 1963 and 1980.[??]
The subrectangular rachises, opposite pinnae, and proximal pair of veinlets reaching bottom of sinuses suggest that the species should not be included in Pseudocyclosorus esquirolii, but is instead closer to P. tylodes. However, the sori attached on distal parts of veinlets and close to margins is different from specimens of P. tylodes. So, it is treated as an independent species as included here, and we hope that more specimens of this species will be collected for study.
新平假毛蕨 xin ping jia mao jue
Plants up to 110 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending, brown. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 54 cm, deep stramineous, with fine hairs; lamina lanceolate, ca. 57 Χ 22 cm, bases slightly tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate-pinnatifid at apices; lateral pinnae ca. 25 pairs, alternate, spreading, shortly stalked, proximal 3 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into black aerophores; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, ca. 14 Χ 1.4 cm, bases slightly tapering, acuminate at apices; lowest several pinnae clearly shortened, pinnatifid; segments ca. 24 pairs, ca. 9 Χ 5 mm, entire, acute at apices. Veins clearly raised on both sides, veinlets 9 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules, basiscopic veinlet reaching margin of sinus, acroscopic one reaching bottom of sinus. Laminae green when dry, papery, rachises with sparse short setae abaxially, adaxial sides including costae with dense short setae, costae and veins with sparse short setae abaxially, costae with sparse appressed short hairs adaxially, veinlets with 1 or 2 setae, acicular hairy abaxially of intercostal areas and glabrous adaxially, setaceous along margins. Sori attached on middle of veinlets, 6 or 7 pairs per segment; indusia large, brown, membranous, hairy, persistent.
* Shade of understories of mossy forests on mountain summits; ca. 2300 m. Yunnan (Xinping).
急梳假毛蕨 ji shu jia mao jue
Plants 3035 cm tall. Rhizomes erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 1323 cm, stramineous, bases with brown scales, distally with acicular hairs abaxially. Laminae oblong-lanceolate, 1015 Χ 710 cm, bases slightly tapering, proximal 2 or 3 pairs abruptly reduced to auricles, or tuberculate, pinnate-pinnatifid, apices pinnatifid-acuminate; lateral normal pinnae ca. 10 pairs; middle pinnae lanceolate, 46 Χ ca. 0.5 cm, bases broadened due to one pair of segments elongated, pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments ca. 11 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 4 Χ 2.5 mm, entire, acute at apices. Laminae dark brown when dry, papery; abaxial sides of rachises with sparse setae on distal half, adaxial sides densely setaceous along grooves, abaxial sides of costae and veins glabrous; adaxial sides of costules with appressed short setae, glabrous on both veinlets and intercostal areas, with few short setae along margins. Veins evident, raised on both sides, veinlets 4 or 5 pairs per segment, basal basiscopic veinlet arising from above base of costules and reaching margins above sinuses, acroscopic veinlet arising from base of costules and reaching bottom of sinuses. Sori orbicular and attached on proximal parts of veinlets and close to main veins, 13 pairs per segment; indusia brown, thick, glabrous, persistent.
* Habitat unknown; 8001500 m. Yunnan (on route from Yingjiang to Ruili).
光脉假毛蕨 guang mai jia mao jue
Plants 4055 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect or decumbent, dark brown, sparsely scaly. Fronds clustered; stipes 1020 cm, bases with sparse lanceolate brown scales and dense acicular hairs, stramineous; laminae narrowly ovate, 1530 Χ 513 cm, pinnatifid; proximal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced and hastate, normal lateral pinnae extremely oblique distally, narrowly lanceolate, 1113 pairs, alternate, shortly stalked; middle pinnae 58 Χ 11.5 cm, bases cuneate, not symmetrical, pinnatifid nearly to narrow wings on both sides of costae, pinnatifid and long caudate at apices; segments 1115 pairs, ligulate, 58 Χ 23 mm, entire, shortly pointed at apices; basal basiscopic segments much smaller than acroscopic ones. Costules raised adaxially, visible abaxially, veinlets not evident, 58 pairs per segment, basal acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae papery when dry, dark brown, both surfaces with dense long acicular hairs along rachises and costae, abaxial sides of costules and margins acicular hairy, adaxial sides of costules appressed shortly hairy. Sori orbicular, attached below middle of veinlets and close to costules, 68 pairs per segment; indusia orbicular-reniform, thickly membranous, brown, shortly hairy, persistent.
* Shaded wet rocks or sandy beaches by margins of evergreen broad-leaved forests on slopes; 13001500 m. NW Yunnan (Gongshan: Dulongjiang Valley).
似镰羽假毛蕨 si lian yu jia mao jue
Plants 2540 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, firm. Fronds clustered; stipes 1015 cm, stramineous, glabrous; laminae narrowly lanceolate, 2035 Χ ca. 8 cm, proximal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into auricles, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; normal free pinnae 1015 pairs, subopposite, oblique distally, sessile; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, ca. 5 Χ 1 cm, tapering to bases, 1-pinnatifid, pinnatifid and acuminate-caudate at apices; segments ca. 12 pairs, ligulate, ca. 5 Χ 2 mm, acute at apices. Veins evident on both sides, veinlets 68 pairs per segment, basal acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae somewhat leathery, deep green when dry; rachises and veins all with setae and short hairs abaxially, except for adaxial sides of costae with dense appressed setae along grooves, elsewhere glabrous. Sori attached below middle of veinlets and close to costules, ca. 8 pairs per segment; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, papery, persistent, densely finely hairy.
* Sandy beaches at margins of evergreen broad-leaved forests on slopes; ca. 1300 m. NW Yunnan (Gongshan: Dulongjiang).
德化假毛蕨 de hua jia mao jue
Plants 8595 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent. Fronds few; stipes 2025 cm, glabrous; laminae lanceolate, 6070 Χ ca. 15 cm, proximal 410 pairs reduced and hastate; normal pinnae 2025 pairs, pinnate-pinnatifid; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, ca. 10 Χ 1.5 cm, oblique distally, sessile, alternate, caudate-acuminate at apices; proximal several pairs slightly narrowed at bases, pinnae above middle slightly broadened at bases and rounded-cuneate, 1-pinnatifid; segments 2025 pairs, subrectangular, ca. 6 Χ 3 mm, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices. Costae raised on both sides, veinlets not evident, 8 or 9 pairs per segment and all arising above base of costules, basal acroscopic vein reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic vein reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, papery, with dense appressed acicular hairs along rachises, abaxial sides of costae and veins with mixed spreading acicular hairs and short setae, adaxial sides of costae densely setaceous along grooves, veinlets sparsely setaceous, glabrous on intercostal areas of both sides. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, thick, with few fine long hairs, persistent.
* Streamsides in forest understories; ca. 700 m. Fujian (Dehua).
广西假毛蕨 guang xi jia mao jue
Plants ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes ca. 8.5 cm, deep stramineous, bases sparsely scaly, distally densely acicular hairy; laminae narrowly lanceolate, ca. 50 Χ 10 cm, proximal 4 or 5 pairs of pinnae gradually reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae ca. 25 pairs, alternate, extremely oblique distally, sessile, pinnate-pinnatifid; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 1 cm, pinnatifid nearly to costae; segments ca. 18 pairs, acroscopic one of basal pair of pinnae slightly elongated, ca. 6 mm, others ca. 4 Χ 2 mm, bent, entire, acuminate at apices. Costules raised on both sides, veinlets not evident, 5 or 6 pairs per segment. Laminae dark green when dry, papery; rachises, costae, and veinlets all with dense long acicular hairs abaxially, adaxially densely setaceous along costal grooves, costules occasionally with one or two setae, finely hairy on intercostal areas abaxially. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, papery, brown, persistent, acicular hairy.
* On shaded rocks by streamsides; ca. 300 m. Guangxi (Fusui).
双柏假毛蕨 shuang bai jia mao jue
Plants ca. 90 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping. Fronds remote; dimorphic; fertile stipes up to 43 cm, stramineous, sparsely brown scaly and glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, ca. 50 Χ 18 cm, proximal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened, pinnate-pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; lateral pinnae ca. 20 pairs, spreading, alternate, subsessile; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, ca. 9 Χ 1.4 cm, bases not narrowed, pinnatifid, pinnatifid and long caudate-acuminate at apices; segments ca. 25 pairs, lanceolate, slightly bent, ca. 4 Χ 3 mm, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices; sterile fronds smaller, proximal 4 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into auricles. Veins evident on both sides, 7 or 8 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising from above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, papery; rachises and costae with dense acicular hairs on both sides, acicular hairy on veins and abaxial surface of intercostal areas, adaxially occasionally with one or two acicular hairs and glabrous on intercostal areas, shortly setaceous along margins. Sori orbicular and attached below middle of veinlets and close to costules, 7 or 8 pairs per segment; indusia brown, membranous and hairy, persistent.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 2100 m. Yunnan (Shuangbai).
独龙江假毛蕨 du long jiang jia mao jue
Rhizomes creeping, dark brown and firm. Stipes ca. 8 cm, stramineous, sparsely scaly proximally. Laminae lanceolate, ca. 110 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 12 pairs reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae ca. 23 pairs, spreading, alternate, sessile, ca. 15 Χ 2.6 cm, pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; segments more than 30 pairs, subrectangular, proximal pair of pinnae elongate, spreading, others slightly bent distally; proximal segments 1.21.5 Χ ca. 0.4 cm, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices. Costules raised on both sides, 8 or 9 pairs per segment, proximal pair reaching bottom of sinus. Laminae green when dry, thinly papery, abaxially with acicular hairs along rachises, costae, veins, and intercostal areas, adaxially with appressed setae along costal grooves, costules and veinlets sparsely hairy, setaceous along margins. Sori orbicular, attached below middle of veinlets and close to costules; indusia orbicular-reniform, persistent, glandular and finely hairy.
* Margins of evergreen broad-leaved forests on mountain slopes; 12001500 m. NW Yunnan (Gongshan: Dulongjiang).
长根假毛蕨 chang gen jia mao jue
Nephrodium canum Baker, Syn. Fil. 267. 1867; Asplenium molliusculum Kuhn[??okay]; Dryopteris cana (Baker) Kuntze; N. repens C. Hope (1899), not Baillon (1874); Pseudocyclosorus medogensis Ching & S. K. Wu; P. repens (C. Hope) Ching; Thelypteris repens (C. Hope) Ching.
Plants more than 1 m tall. Rhizomes suberect and nearly glabrous. Fronds clustered; stipes 1520 cm, stramineous or brownish, with sparse brown scales and dense setae; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 4080 Χ 1325 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate or auriculate; normal pinnae 2025 pairs, alternate, sessile, spreading, pinnate-pinnatifid; middle pinnae narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid and long acuminate; proximal pair of segments slightly elongate, spreading, 714 Χ 1.62.4 cm, pinnatifid nearly to costae; segments 2028 pairs, subligulate, slightly bent, 712 Χ 2.54 mm, entire, acute. Veins raised on both sides, visible, 812 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising from bases or above base of costules, acroscopic vein reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae thinly papery or herbaceous, dark green or greenish when dry; abaxial sides of rachises, costae, and veins all with acicular hairs, adaxially with dense appressed setae along grooves, sparsely setaceous along veins, shortly hairy on intercostal areas on both surfaces. Sori orbicular, attached on middle veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, persistent, hairy.
Understories of broad-leaved forests on mountain slopes; 9002800 m. SE Xizang (Mκdog) [N India, Nepal].
The type is from NW India.
福贡假毛蕨 fu gong jia mao jue
Plants up to 1.3 m tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes ca. 50 cm, dark brown, deep stramineous distally and glabrous; laminae broadly lanceolate, ca. 85 Χ 20 cm, abruptly tapering to bases, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 2 pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae ca. 30 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, pinnate-pinnatifid; middle pinnae lanceolate, 1215 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, bases not narrowed, rounded-truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate at apices; segments ca. 25 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 3 mm, entire, acute at apices. Veins evident, costules raised on both sides, veinlets 8(or 9) pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules, acroscopic vein reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, papery, abaxially along rachises, costae, veins, and intercostal areas all with long acicular hairs, adaxially along costal grooves with appressed setae, costae appressed shortly hairy, veinlets each with one or two setae, glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, thickly membranous, brown, densely shortly hairy, persistent.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests on mountain slopes; ca. 1800 m. Yunnan (Fugong).
Pseudocyclosorus fugongensis differs from P. canus mainly in intercostal areas glabrous adaxially, and laminae with 2 pairs of reduced pinnae proximally.
泸水假毛蕨 lu shui jia mao jue
Plants up to 70 cm tall. Rhizomes erect. Fronds clustered; stipes to 32 cm, stramineous; laminae ovate-lanceolate, ca. 38 Χ 18 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 3 pairs of pinnae reduced into auricles, one pair reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae ca. 17 pairs, proximal ones subopposite, distal ones alternate, shortly stalked, except for proximal pair slightly reflexed, others ascending distally, pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae lanceolate, bent or falcate distally; middle pinnae ca. 13 Χ 2 cm, pinnatifid; segments ca. 26 pairs per pinna, subrectangular, bent distally, ca. 6 Χ 3 mm, entire, acute at apices. Costules raised on both sides, ca. 10 pairs of veinlets per segment, clearly visible. Laminae dark green when dry, papery. Rachises, costae, and costules all with dense acicular hairs and pubescence abaxially, adaxial side of costae with dense appressed setae along grooves, veinlets and along margins sparsely setaceous, costules shortly hairy adaxially, abaxially with dense acicular fine hairs on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, hairy and persistent.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 2200 m. Yunnan (Lushui).
察隅假毛蕨 cha yu jia mao jue
Plants 11.5 m tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, nearly glabrous. Fronds clustered; stipes 1030 cm, stramineous, with sparse brown scales proximally, distally shortly setaceous and easily deciduous when brushed; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 90120 Χ 2030 cm, proximal pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate or auriculate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; middle normal pinnae ca. 22 pairs, spreading, alternate, linear-lanceolate, bases not tapering, truncate, sessile or extremely shortly stalked, pinnatifid nearly to costae, acuminate at apices; segments ca. 30 pairs, obliquely spreading, subligulate, 89 Χ ca. 3 mm, slightly bent, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices. Veins evident, costules evident and raised on both sides, 9 or 10 pairs of veinlets per segment, simple, proximal pair arising above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae green or dark green when dry, papery. Abaxially with dense acicular hairs along rachises, costae, costules, and on intercostal areas, densely setaceous along costal grooves adaxially, hairs sparser on veins. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets, ca. 9 pairs per segment; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, with acicular hairs, persistent.
* Understories of evergreen broad-leaved forests, streamsides; 20002200 m. Xizang (Zayό), Yunnan (Gongshan).
贡山假毛蕨 gong shan jia mao jue
Plants up to 1 m tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes ca. 23 cm, bases brownish, distally stramineous, glabrous; laminae broadly lanceolate, ca. 70 Χ 30 cm, proximal 3 pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; middle normal pinnae ca. 20 pairs, alternate, spreading, lanceolate, 1517 Χ 2.53 cm, bases truncate, sessile, pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; segments more than 25 pairs, broadly ligulate, 1114 Χ 56 mm, rounded-obtuse at apices; proximal pair of segments (particularly acroscopic one) clearly elongated, slightly lobed along margins. Veins evident abaxially, raised on both sides, 1012 pairs of veinlets per segment, acroscopic veinlet of basal pair reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae greenish when dry, herbaceous, abaxially with dense acicular hairs along rachises, costae, veins, and intercostal areas and mixed glands; adaxially densely setaceous along costal grooves, appressed shortly hairy on costules, glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets, 7 or 8 pairs per segment; indusia orbicular-reniform, membranous, brown, with one or two short hairs, persistent.
* Margins of evergreen broad-leaved forests on slopes; ca. 1400 m. Yunnan (Gongshan).
Pseudocyclosorus gongshanensis is similar to P. pseudorepens, but differs in the proximal pair of segments on each pinna much larger than more distal ones, lobed along margins, sori attached on middle of veinlets.
毛脉假毛蕨 mao mai jia mao jue
Plants 90110 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, woody. Fronds approximate; stipes ca. 40 cm, stramineous, nearly glabrous; laminae lanceolate, 4070 Χ 1520 cm, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 3 pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae ca. 20 pairs, obliquely spreading, alternate, sessile, ca. 14 Χ 2 cm, bases slightly tapering, pinnatifid nearly to costae, pinnatifid and long caudate at apices; segments ca. 25 pairs, sublanceolate, ca. 9 Χ 3 mm, entire, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veins visible, costules raised on both sides, 911 pairs of veinlets per segment, oblique distally, proximal pair arising above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, papery; abaxially with long acicular hairs along rachises, costae, veins, and on intercostal areas, adaxially with dense setae along costal grooves, costules finely hairy adaxially, on veinlets, and along margins with one or two setae. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, occasionally finely hairy, persistent.
* On rocks by streams; 22002500 m. Yunnan (Gongshan).
武宁假毛蕨 wu ning jia mao jue
Plants up to 1.2 m tall. Rhizomes decumbent, dark brown. Fronds approximate; stipes 810 cm, dark brown proximally, distally stramineous, glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, ca. 110 Χ 2635 cm, bases abruptly narrowed, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; normal lateral pinnae 2830 pairs, extremely shortly stalked, alternate, obliquely spreading, proximal 79 pairs abruptly reduced into small linear auricles, proximal one reduced, tuberculate; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, ca. 20 cm, bases broadly cuneate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate-caudate at apices; segments ca. 35 pairs, oblique distally, sublanceolate, 810 Χ ca. 3 mm, entire, acute at apices. Veins evident abaxially, 9 or 10 pairs of veinlets per segment, acroscopic veinlet of proximal pair arising above base of costules and reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic veinlet arising from base of costule and reaching margin above sinus. Laminae green when dry, papery; abaxially with sparse acicular hairs along rachises, along costae and veins with mixed acicular setae and fine hairs; adaxially with dense acicular setae along grooves of rachises and costae, costules with dense appressed short hairs adaxially, veinlets and along margins with one or two setae. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets, 7 or 8 pairs per segment; indusia orbicular-reniform, thick, brown, finely long hairy, persistent.
* In rock crevices. Jiangxi (Wuning).
镰片假毛蕨 lian pian jia mao jue
Lastrea falciloba Hooker, Hookers J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 9: 337. 1857; Dryopteris calcarata (Baker) Alderwerelt [(??year)], not (Blume) Kuntze (1891); D. falciloba (Hooker) C. Christensen; Glaphyropteris falciloba (Hooker) H. Itτ; L. calcarata (Blume) Beddome var. ciliata (Wallich ex Bentham) Beddome; Nephrodium calcaratum Baker[??not Hooker (1862)]; Thelypteris falciloba (Hooker) Ching.
Plants 6580 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, woody, apices and bases of stipes with brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 610 cm, bases dark brown, distally stramineous, glabrous; laminae lanceolate, 6070 Χ 1418 cm, proximally abruptly narrowed, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 36 pairs of pinnae reduced into small auricles, middle normal pinnae 3638 pairs, very oblique distally, alternate or subopposite, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 1213 Χ 11.2 cm, bases cuneate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate at apices; segments 2225 pairs, falcate-lanceolate, oblique distally, 57 Χ 22.5 mm, entire, acute at apices; basal acroscopic one particularly elongated to 1 cm. Veins visible adaxially, costules raised on both sides, veinlets extremely oblique distally, 9 or 10 pairs per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costule, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, papery; abaxially with acicular setae along rachises, costae, and veins, glabrous on intercostal areas, adaxially with appressed setae along grooves of costae and veins, margins nearly glabrous. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, thick, brown, glandular, persistent.
On rocky soil at watersides in valleys; 3001100 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, SW and S Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Laos. Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from Hong Kong.
庐山假毛蕨 lu shan jia mao jue
Plants 4050 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, with sparse scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 1318 cm, bases sparsely brown scaly, distally glabrous, deep stramineous; laminae lanceolate, 2032 Χ 1013 cm, tapering proximally, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 2 pairs of pinnae reduced into auricles; middle normal pinnae 1618 pairs, proximal ones subopposite, distal ones alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 6.77.5 Χ ca. 1.2 cm, bases not narrowed, truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate at apices; segments ca. 17 pairs, obliquely spreading, lanceolate, 45 Χ ca. 7 mm, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices. Veins evident, costules raised on both sides, ca. 6 pairs of veinlets per segment. Laminae dark green when dry, papery; abaxially with sparse setae and fine short hairs along rachises, costae and veins, glabrous on intercostal areas, adaxially densely setaceous along costal grooves, hairs sparser along veins but mixed with few glands. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, glandular and with one or two fine hairs, persistent.
* Streamsides in forest understories; ca. 600 m. Fujian, Jiangxi (Jinggangshan, Lushan).
西南假毛蕨 xi nan jia mao jue
Dryopteris esquirolii Christ, Bull. Geogr. Bot. Mans 1907: 144. 1907; Christella esquirolii H. Lιveillι; D. eberhardtii Christ; Pseudocyclosorus drymophilus Ching[name not in IPNI]; Thelypteris esquirolii (Christ) Ching.
Plants up to 1.5 m tall. Rhizomes creeping. Fronds remote; stipes deep stramineous, glabrous above bases. Laminae broadly oblong-lanceolate, ca. 130 Χ 30 cm, bases tapering, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; pinnae proximal 911 pairs alternate, gradually reduced to triangular auricles, distal pairs alternate, sessile, spreading, lanceolate, 1520 Χ 22.3 cm, bases rounded-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long caudate-acuminate at apices; segments 3035 pairs, spreading, lanceolate, 910 Χ 2.53 mm, entire, obtuse or acute at apices; proximal pair (particularly acroscopic one) clearly elongated. Veins visible, costae raised on both sides, 812 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, papery, glabrous on both surfaces of intercostal areas, abaxially acicular hairy along rachises and costae, adaxially densely appressed-setaceous along costal grooves, with one or two setae on veins and margins. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets, 1012 pairs per segment; indusia orbicular-reniform, thickly membranous, brown, glabrous, persistent.
On rocks by streams in valleys, in bamboo by streams; 4002100 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].
The type is from Guizhou (Guiyang).
线羽假毛蕨 xian yu jia mao jue
Plants more than 1.6 m tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes ca. 30 cm, bases dark brown, distally stramineous, glabrous; laminae lanceolate, ca. 140 Χ 40 cm, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 9 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into auricles, middle normal pinnae more than 30 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, linear-lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 2.3 cm, bases not broadened, pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments ca. 40 pairs, ligulate, 911 Χ ca. 5 mm, acute at apices. Veins not evident, ca. 12 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair reaching bottom of sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, herbaceous; abaxially setaceous along rachises, glabrous along costae, veins densely glandular, adaxially densely setaceous along costal grooves, with one or two setae on veinlets, with few fine hairs along costules. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, thick, persistent, glabrous.
* Understories of mixed forests by streams; ca. 900 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).
Pseudocyclosorus linearis is similar to P. equirolii, but differs in the pinnae linear-lanceolate, proximal pair of veinlets on segments reaching bottom of sinus.
边囊假毛蕨 bian nang jia mao jue
Plants up to 75 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, woody, firm. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 23 cm, deep stramineous, bases with sparse deep brown lanceolate scales, distally glabrous; laminae broadly lanceolate, ca. 50 Χ 25 cm, abruptly narrowed proximally, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 3 pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae ca. 21 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, 1214 Χ 1.51.7 cm, bases nearly tapering, truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, apices pinnatifid and long acuminate; segments ca. 22 pairs, obliquely spreading, lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 4 mm, entire, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veins raised on both sides, 79 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae greenish when dry, thinly papery; abaxially sparsely long acicular hairy along rachises, glabrous along costae, sparsely finely hairy and glandular along veins, adaxially with dense appressed setae along costal grooves, sparsely setaceous along veinlets. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets or closer to margins; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, glabrous, persistent.
* Habitat unknown. Sichuan.
Pseudocyclosorus submarginalis is similar to P. esquirolii, but differs in the plants smaller, laminae ca. 50 cm, proximal pair of veinlets on segment arising above base of costules, sori attached above middle of veinlets and close to margins.
青城假毛蕨 qing cheng jia mao jue
Plants up to 1.4 m tall. Rhizomes creeping, woody, firm, dark brown, sparsely scaly; scales lanceolate, deep brown, fragile and easily deciduous. Fronds remote; stipes 3237 cm, bases dark brown, distally stramineous, glabrous; laminae lanceolate, ca. 100 Χ 30 cm, bases abruptly narrowed, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 36 pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae ca. 30 pairs, proximal ones subopposite, distal ones alternate, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 1219 Χ ca. 2.5 cm, bases truncate, pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments ca. 37 pairs, 810 Χ ca. 3 mm, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices. Veins evident, costules raised on both sides, ca. 12 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, papery; abaxially with long acicular hairs along rachises, sparsely shortly hairy along costae and veins, densely shortly hairy on intercostal areas, adaxially with dense appressed setae along costal grooves, with one or setae along veins and glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, thick, glabrous, persistent.
* Understories of forests on slopes, wet shaded forests by streams. Guangxi (Longsheng), Sichuan (Guanxian, Qingchengshan).
Pseudocyclosorus qingchengensis is similar to P. esquirolii in laminar outline, but differs by the proximal pair of segments on larger pinnae clearly elongate, proximal pair of veinlets arising from above base of costules, laminae with dense short hairs on intercostal areas abaxially.
狭羽假毛蕨 xia yu jia mao jue
Plants up to 90 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, dark brown, woody, apices with brown scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 35 cm, bases dark brown, sparsely scaly, distally stramineous and glabrous; laminae lanceolate, ca. 50 Χ 16 cm, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal pair of pinnae reduced into auricles, second pair slightly shorter than above normal ones; normal pinnae ca. 25 pairs, spreading, alternate, sessile, lanceolate, 89 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, bases rounded-truncate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, long acuminate at apices; segments ca. 20 pairs, ca. 6 Χ 3 mm, entire, rounded-obtuse at apices. Veins evident on both sides, costules raised on both sides, ca. 10 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules, acroscopic vein reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic ones reaching margin above sinus. Laminae grayish green when dry, papery; abaxially with dense long acicular hairs along rachises, sparsely setaceous and with fine short hairs along costae and veins, also finely hairy on intercostal areas, adaxially densely appressed-setaceous along costal grooves, sparsely setaceous along veins, glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets and close to margins, brown, thick, glabrous, persistent.
* Understories of wet forests; ca. 1000 m. Guizhou (Fanjing Shan).
Pseudocyclosorus angustipinnus is similar to P. esquirolii but differs by the laminae hairy on intercostal area abaxially, sori on distal parts of veinlets.
禾杆假毛蕨 he gan jia mao jue
Plants ca. 1.2 m tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes ca. 36 cm, with dense acicular hairs. Laminae lanceolate, ca. 65 Χ 20 cm, tapering to both ends, pinnate-pinnatifid; proximal ca. 8 pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate; normal pinnae more than 25 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 13 Χ 1.7 cm, not tapering to bases, 1-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments more than 30 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 4 mm, entire, acute at apices. Veins raised on both sides, ca. 9 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules, basiscopic veinlet reaching to margin above sinus, acroscopic one reaching bottom of sinus. Laminae dark brown when dry, papery; rachises with dense long acicular hairs on both sides, along abaxial sides of costae sparsely acicular hairy, with appressed short setae along veins adaxially, with one or two setae along veinlets and margins. Sori rounded and attached on middle of veinlets, ca. 7 pairs per segment; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, thick, glabrous, persistent.
* Habitat unknown. W Yunnan.
苍山假毛蕨 cang shan jia mao jue
Dryopteris duclouxii Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Gιogr. Bot. 17: 139. 1907; Thelypteris duclouxii (Christ) Ching.
Plants up to 2 m tall. Rhizomes creeping. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 55 cm, with sparse appressed ovate scales, distally with sparse grayish white short hairs; laminae ca. 150 Χ 35 cm, abruptly narrowed to bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal pairs of pinnae reduced to triangular auricles; middle normal pinnae ca. 45 pairs, obliquely spreading, alternate, sessile, lanceolate, 1820 Χ 33.5 cm, bases truncate, pinnatifid to broad wing on both sides of costae, long pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments ca. 40 pairs, spreading, proximal one 1012 Χ ca. 4 mm, entire or not clearly undulate-crenate, acuminate at apices. Veins evident on both sides, 1113 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark brown when dry, herbaceous; abaxially with dense acicular hairs along rachises, sparsely shortly hairy along costae and veins, adaxially densely appressed-setaceous along costal grooves, sparsely setaceous along veins and margins, glabrous on both surfaces on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets and close to margins; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, brownish, thickly membranous, glabrous, persistent.
* Streamsides. W Yunnan (Dali: Cangshan).
綦江假毛蕨 qi jiang jia mao jue
Plants up to 40 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, sparsely brown scaly. Fronds approximate; stipes ca. 14 cm, stramineous, sparsely brown scaly on bases, distally glabrous; laminae ovate-lanceolate, ca. 28 Χ 17 cm, bases abruptly narrowed, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 2 pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate, reflexed, middle normal pinnae ca. 16 pairs, proximal ones opposite, distal ones alternate, sessile, slightly oblique distally, lanceolate, 8.59 Χ ca. 2 cm, bases broadened and truncate, pinnatifid, long pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments 2224 pairs, pinnatifid nearly to costae, lanceolate, except for proximal pair, all obliquely spreading distally, proximal pair clearly elongated, ca. 6 Χ 3 mm, proximal pair of segments on lowest 2 pairs of pinnae pinnate-lobate and undulate, acuminate at apices, others all obtuse-pointed and entire. Veins evident, 6 or 7 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, papery; abaxially with sparse long acicular hairy along rachises, sparsely setaceous along costae and veins, adaxially densely appressed-setaceous along costal grooves, sparsely setaceous along veins and margins, glabrous on intercostal areas on both surfaces. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets or slightly closer to margins; indusia orbicular-reniform, brownish, membranous, persistent, glabrous.
* Raised land by wells. Chongqing (Qijiang).
景烈假毛蕨 jing lie jia mao jue
Plants 75150 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending, with dense brown broadly lanceolate scales on apices. Fronds subclustered; stipes 2050 cm, dark brown at bases and sparsely scaly, distally stramineous and glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 50100 Χ 2030 cm, abruptly narrowed at bases, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal pairs of pinnae becoming auricles or hastate; middle normal pinnae 2025 pairs, spreading, sessile, alternate, narrowly lanceolate, 1518 Χ 1.53 cm, slightly broadened at bases and broadly cuneate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, pinnatifid and long acuminate at apices; segments 2030 pairs, oblique distally, lanceolate, proximal pair clearly elongated to ca. 15 mm, distal ones 712 Χ 24 mm, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices. Veins evident on both sides, costules raised, 912 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising from base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, papery; abaxially finely hairy along rachises, costae, and veins, adaxially densely appressed-setaceous along costal grooves, sparsely setaceous on apices of costae, veinlets, and margins, glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, brownish, thickly membranous, glabrous, persistent.
* Wetlands in valleys, streamsides; 500700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
The type is from Guangdong.
峨眉假毛蕨 e mei jia mao jue
Plants up to 100 cm tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes 1520 cm, stramineous, glabrous; laminae lanceolate, 8090 Χ ca. 20 cm, pinnate-pinnatifid; proximal 4 pairs of pinnae reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae ca. 20 pairs, spreading, alternate, narrowly lanceolate, 1214 Χ ca. 1.4 cm, bases rounded-truncate, sessile, remote from each other, pinnatifid; segments ca. 30 pairs, narrowly ligulate, ca. 5 Χ 2 mm, margins undulate on distal half; proximal pair of segments not clearly elongated. Veins evident on both sides, ca. 8 pairs of veinlets per segment, simple, basal acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, firmly papery; rachises subglabrous proximally, with few setae distally, setae denser adaxially on rachises, finely shortly hairy abaxially of costae, costules with appressed soft hairs and glands, with dense setae along grooves of costae adaxially, sparsely hairy adaxially of veins, glabrous on intercostal areas on both surfaces. Sori orbicular and attached above middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, thick, glabrous, persistent.
* Streamsides, under Larix trees; ca. 700 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).
叉脉假毛蕨 cha mai jia mao jue
Plants up to 130 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping. Stipes ca. 20 cm, bases brown and sparsely scaly, distally stramineous and glabrous; laminae ca. 100 Χ 40 cm, pinnate-pinnatifid; proximal 6 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae up to 28 pairs, spreading, alternate, sessile, lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 2.53 cm, bases truncate, acuminate at apices, pinnatifid; segments more than 30 pairs, lanceolate, up to ca. 16 Χ 7 mm, shallowly pinnatifid. Veins evident abaxially, 1113 pairs of veinlets per segment and usually furcate, basal acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, papery; abaxially nearly glabrous along rachises and costae, sparsely shortly hairy along veins, adaxially densely setaceous along costal grooves, finely hairy along veins and with one or two setae along veinlets, glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori nearly orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets and closer to margins; indusia orbicular-reniform, papery, brown, glabrous, persistent.
* Forests of Phyllostachys pubescens on S slopes. Sichuan (Junlian).
大明山假毛蕨 da ming shan jia mao jue
Plants ca. 64 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, dark brown. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 14 cm, bases brown and sparsely brown scaly, distally stramineous and glabrous; laminae lanceolate, ca. 32 Χ 23 cm, tapering to both ends, pinnate-pinnatifid; proximal 3 pairs of pinnae gradually reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae ca. 17 pairs, spreading, alternate, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 11 Χ 1.7 cm, pinnatifid; segments ca. 20 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 8 Χ 3 mm, entire, acute at apices. Veins raised on both sides, ca. 8 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark green when dry, thinly papery; abaxially with few fine short hairs along costae and veins and mixed with one or two setae, adaxially densely long setaceous along rachises and costal grooves, except for few short hairs also with few setae along costae, glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets, 4 or 5 pairs per segment; indusia brown, thick, with fine hairs, persistent.
* Habitat unknown. Guangxi (Daming Shan).
斜展假毛蕨 xie zhan jia mao jue
Plants ca. 1.2 m tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes ca. 30 cm, brown and glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, ca. 100 Χ 30 cm, tapering to both ends, pinnate-pinnatifid; lower 4 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced and hastate; middle normal pinnae ca. 20 pairs, extremely oblique distally, alternate, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 25 Χ 3 cm, acuminate at apices, entire, pinnatifid; segments more than 35 pairs per pinna, lanceolate, 1.21.5 Χ ca. 0.3 cm, entire, acuminate at apices, basal acroscopic one slightly elongated. Veins visible on both sides and all raised, ca. 11 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal veinlet arising from base of costules and reaching margin above sinus, acroscopic one arising above base of costules and reaching bottom of sinus. Laminae grayish green when dry, papery; abaxially with short setae along rachises, nearly glabrous along costae and veins, adaxially densely setaceous along costal grooves, sparsely hairy along veins and margins, glabrous on intercostal areas on both sides. Sori orbicular and attached on distal parts of veinlets, ca. 9 pairs per segment; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, thick, glabrous, persistent.
* Streamsides. Guangxi (Lingui).
普通假毛蕨 pu tong jia mao jue
Thelypteris subochthodes Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 305. 1936; Aspidium prolixum [Aspidium prolixum Willdenow in IPNI] Dunn & Tucker [(??year)], not Willdenow (1810); Dryopteris eberhardtii Christ var. glabrata Christ; Lastrea subochthodes (Ching) Tagawa.
Plants 90110 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, dark brown, sparsely scaly. Fronds approximate or clustered; stipes 2025 cm, bases dark brown and sparsely scaly, distally stramineous and glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 7085 Χ ca. 20 cm, bases abruptly narrowed, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; proximal 3 or 4 pairs of pinnae abruptly reduced into triangular auricles; middle normal pinnae 2628 pairs, subopposite or alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, lanceolate, 1015 Χ 1.22 cm, not or slightly narrowed to bases, rounded-cuneate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, pinnatifid and long acuminate at apices; segments 2830 pairs, lanceolate, acroscopic one on proximal pair slightly elongated, others 79 Χ 23.5 mm, entire, acute or acuminate at apices. Veins evident on both sides, costules raised, 9 or 10 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising above bases of costae, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae grayish green when dry, papery, glabrous on both intercostal areas, abaxially subglabrous or sparsely shortly hairy along rachises, costae, and veins, adaxially densely appressed-setaceous along costal grooves and with one or two setae along veins. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets and slightly closer to margin; indusia orbicular-reniform, thickly membranous, glabrous, persistent.
Wet understories of mixed forests, rocks in valleys; 2002000 m. S Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, SE Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
The type is from Guangdong.
阔片假毛蕨 kuo pian jia mao jue
Thelypteris latiloba Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 303. 1936.
Caudex not seen; base of stipes missing, remainder slightly flushed red, glabrous, ca. 25 cm. Laminae ca. 80 cm; pinnae over 20 pairs; basal pinnae slightly reduced and more widely spaced, frond apex not seen. Largest pinnae ca. 16 Χ 3 cm; aerophores not enlarged; basal acroscopic segments sometimes elongate, basal basiscopic segments of several lower pinnae reduced, edges lobed to 2 mm from costae; segments hardly falcate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1.21.7 Χ ca. 0.6 cm, entire or shallowly undulate, acute at apices; costules ca. 7 mm apart. Veins ca. 11 pairs per segments, concolorous, slender, not prominent. Laminae herbaceous; abaxially rachis with sparse hairs, of costae with short spreading hairs near base only, short capitate hairs on distal part, this distribution repeated on costules which also bear some much-reduced scales consisting of two cells; adaxially costae densely hairy, costules with sparse short hairs and scattered long ones. Sori small, attached above middle of veinlets and close to margins; indusia pale, firm, with very short capitate hairs on edge; stalks of sporangia slender, sometimes with a sessile spherical cell.
* Habitat unknown. Guizhou (Ziyun).
灌县假毛蕨 guan xian jia mao jue
Plants up to 80 cm tall. Rhizomes decumbent, dark brown, woody, firm. Fronds approximate; stipes ca. 30 cm, brown proximally, distally stramineous and glabrous; laminae lanceolate, ca. 55 Χ 24 cm, tapering proximally, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; free pinnae ca. 20 pairs, slightly obliquely spreading, sessile, subopposite, proximal 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae slightly shortened; middle ones lanceolate, ca. 12 Χ 1.9 cm, bases subcuneate, pinnatifid nearly to costae, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments ca. 23 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 4 mm, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices; pinnae basal acroscopic segment particularly elongated (to 1 cm). Veins evident on both sides, costules raised abaxially, ca. 9 pairs of veinlets, proximal pair arising above bases of costae, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae greenish red when dry, subherbaceous; abaxially with sparse acicular long hairs along rachises, hairs denser along costae and veins, fine and long acicular hairy on intercostal area, adaxially with dense appressed short setae along rachises and costal grooves, nearly glabrous along veins, hairy along margins, glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular and attached below middle of veinlets and closer to costules; indusia orbicular-reniform, hairy, brown, persistent. Sporangia each with 2 or 3 erect acicular hairs.
* Shaded places of forest understories; ca. 1200 m. Sichuan (Guanxian: Qincheng Shan).
溪边假毛蕨 xi bian jia mao jue
Aspidium ciliatus Wallich ex Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 455. 1861; Dryopteris calcarata Merrill [??okay, ??not(Blume) Kuntze]; D. calcarata ?? var. ciliata C. Christensen[??okay]; D. ciliata C. Christensen [??ex Wu 1932]; D. pseudocalcarata C. Christensen; Lastrea ciliata (Wallich ex Bentham) Hooker (1857), not Liebmann (1849), nor C. Presl (1851); L. sericea Schott ex Beddome; Nephrodium calcaratum Dunn & Tutcher [??okay, ???; N. calcaratum Hooker In IPNI]; N. calcaratum ?? var. ciliatum (Wallich ex Bentham) Baker; N. calcaratum authors? var. sericea Alderwerelt; Thelypteris ciliata (Wallich ex Bentham) Ching; Trigonospora ciliata (Wallich ex Bentham) Holttum.
Plants 2040 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, nearly glabrous. Fronds clustered; stipes 825 cm, dark brown, with sparse ovate-lanceolate scales, distally stramineous, throughout densely grayish white acicular hairy; laminae lanceolate, 1215 Χ 78 cm, bases slightly narrowed, pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, proximal pair slightly shortened, opposite, reflexed, others ascending distally, alternate, sessile, lanceolate, 3.55 Χ 0.81.5 cm, bases broadly cuneate, pinnatilobate to 1/41/3 of distance to costae, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; segments 912 pairs, subtriangular-lanceolate, 1.54 Χ 11.5 mm (basal acroscopic one up to 6 mm), entire, obtuse at apices. Veins evident on both sides, 46 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal pair arising above base of costules, acroscopic veinlet reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus, sometimes two veinlets joined and elongated to bottom of sinus. Laminae dark brown when dry, firmly papery, glabrous on both intercostal areas, rachises and costae with dense acicular hairs on both sides, sparsely setaceous along both sides of veinlets. Sori orbicular and attached on proximal parts of veinlets and close to costules; indusia orbicular-reniform, dark brown, thickly membranous, with dense acicular hairs, persistent. Spores trilete.
Wetlands in mountain valleys, rock crevices by streams; 100900 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [N India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from Guangdong.
尾羽假毛蕨 wei yu jia mao jue
Thelypteris caudipinna Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 288. 1936.
Plants ca. 55 cm tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes ca. 28 cm; laminae broadly lanceolate, ca. 27 Χ 15 cm, pinnatifid-acuminate, bases not narrowed, pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae 1113 pairs, proximal 8 or 9 pairs opposite, distal ones alternate, proximal pair reflexed proximally, middle pinnae spreading, distal ones obliquely spreading, sessile; middle pinnae lanceolate, 78 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, bases not narrowed, pinnatifid nearly to costae, pinnatifid and long acuminate at apices; segments ca. 15 pairs, broadly lanceolate, basal acroscopic one slightly elongated, others ca. 5 Χ 4 mm, entire, obtuse-pointed at apices. Veins evident, basal acroscopic veinlet on segments reaching bottom of sinus, basiscopic one reaching margin above sinus. Laminae dark brown when dry, papery; rachises, costae, and veins long with long hairs abaxially, finely hairy on intercostal areas abaxially, adaxially with dense, appressed setae along costal grooves, sparsely setaceous along veins, glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets and closer to margins; indusia orbicular-reniform, brown, hairy, persistent. Spores trilete
* Habitat unknown. Hainan.
龙津蕨属 long jin jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Plants large, terrestrial, up to 2 m tall, glabrous throughout. Rhizomes long creeping, dark brown, woody, including stipe bases with dense dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes strong, angular, up to 1.2 m, glabrous above bases, without tuberculate aerophores; laminae large, narrowly elliptic, 5080 Χ ca. 40 cm, pinnate-pinnatifid; terminal pinna of similar shape and size as proximal lateral ones, stalked; lateral pinnae to 30 pairs, 3040 Χ ca. 2 cm, pinnatifid, proximal ones subopposite, distal ones alternate, obliquely spreading, abaxially ± with minute golden, spherical glands; segments pointed at apices, 810 pairs of veinlets per segment, simple, proximal 2.5 pairs forming sharp triangular elongate and translucent membranes at sinuses, connivent at or just below sinuses, keels protruding (arching) on abaxial laminar surfaces; laminae firmly papery when dry, dark brown, nearly glabrous on both surfaces. Sori orbicular, exindusiate, in one or more lines along each side of costae, attached on proximal pair of veinlets and close to costules, or usually arranged in irregular 25 lines; sterile on distal veinlets; sporangia glabrous.
One species: China, N Vietnam.
Thelypteridaceae author Alan R. Smith prefers to follow Holttum and treat the one species of Mesopteris within Amphineuron (here subsumed within Cyclosorus). The present authors note that from the recent molecular phylogeny (He Lijuan, Molec. Phylogen. Evol., ined.) Mesopteris is not clustered together with Amphineuron species or other genera. While it is clearly a member of Cyclosorus s.l., it should be recognized as a separate genus, just as Glaphyropteridopsis and Pseudocyclosorus are here treated as separate genera.
龙津蕨 long jin jue
Dryopteris tonkinensis C. Christensen, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, sιr. 2, 6: 102. 1934; Amphineuron tonkinense (C. Christensen) Holttum.
Description same as for genus.
On wet rocks in understories of open forests on limestone mountains; ca. 100 m. SW Guangxi (Longjin) [N Vietnam].
毛蕨属 mao jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴), Li Zhongyang (李中阳); Kunio Iwatsuki
Amphineuron Holttum; Christella H. Lιveillι; Pneumatopteris Nakai; Sphaerostephanos J. Smith; Thelypteris subg. Cyclosorus (Link) K. Iwatsuki[ined.??]
Plants usually medium-sized, terrestrial. Rhizomes creeping to erect, scaly (sometimes also hairy). Fronds distant to clustered; laminae usually oblong-lanceolate, bases narrowed or not, pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid; middle pinnae usually linear-lanceolate, subentire to deeply lobed, sometimes with swollen aerophores at bases abaxially; apical pinnae usually more lobed; proximal pinnae sometimes shortened; segments entire or rarely crenate; veinlets simple or rarely forked, proximal one or more pairs on adjacent segments anastomosing with an excurrent veinlet from uniting point to sinus membrane[??], other veinlets to sinus membrane[??] or margin above sinus. Laminae herbaceous to papery, both surfaces usually hairy along costae and veins, abaxial surface sometimes glandular. Sori orbicular, usually at middle of veinlets; indusia orbicular-reniform, membranous, glabrous or hairy, sometimes glandular, persistent. Sporangia usually bearing hairs or glands. Spores oblong-reniform, cristate, with wings or echinate. x = 36.
About 250 species: distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, most in Asia; several species also in the New World; 40 species (ten endemic) in China.
1a. Limnophytic plants; costae with ovate scales abaxially .................................. 1. C. interruptus
1b. Terrestrial plants; costae without scales or rarely with lanceolate scales abaxially.
2a. Pinnae with sessile glandular glands abaxially, or pustular between veins when dried; sporangia bearing sessile glands on capsules; spores yellow to light brown.
3a. Pinnae without glands but pustular between veins when dried; segments truncate at apices 2. C. truncatus
3b. Pinnae with sessile spherical glands abaxially and not pustular; segments acute or obtuse at apices.
4a. Sporangia bearing hairs on capsules; rhizomes creeping ........................... 3. C. productus
4b. Sporangia glabrous; rhizomes erect or suberect.
5a. Proximal pinnae gradually shortened; pinnae almost
glabrous abaxially
4.
C. latebrosus
5b. Proximal pinnae abruptly shortened; pinnae hairy abaxially.
6a. Proximal pinnae narrowed at bases; middle pinnae with basal segments not elongate; indusia large, thickly membranous ...................................................................... 5. C. heterocarpus
6b. Proximal pinnae not narrowed at bases; middle pinnae with basal segments elongate; indusia small, membranous ................................................................................... 6. C. taiwanensis
2b. Pinnae without glands or with ellipsoidal/clavate glands abaxially; sporangia bearing glands on stalks or without glands; spores brown to black.
7a. Proximal veinlets on each segment sterile; veinlets with minute yellow glands abaxially.
8a. Veinlets 1 pair beneath sinus; pinnae lobed 1/22/3 toward costae .......... 7. C. opulentus
8b. Veinlets ca. 2.5pairs beneath sinus; pinnae lobed
1/31/2 toward costae
.............................................................................................................. 8.
C. terminans
7b. Proximal veinlets on each segment usually fertile; veinlets without such minute yellow glands.
9a. Veinlets 11.5(2) pairs beneath sinus; laminae herbaceous to papery.
10a. Rachises distally with scales; lowest pinnae shortened to ca. 1 cm ............. 9. C. crinipes
10b. Rachises distally without scales; lowest pinnae much longer than 1 cm.
11a. Proximal pinnae narrowed at bases, with shortened basal
segments
..................................................................................................... 10.
C. shimenensis
11b. Proximal pinnae not narrowed or slightly so at bases, with basal segments not shortened.
12a. Basal pinnae ± reduced; pinnae lanceolate or oblanceolate.
13a. Plants 2080 cm tall; pinnae without glands abaxially; veinlets ca. 1.5 pairs beneath sinus 11. C. dentatus
13b. Plants up to 20 cm tall; pinnae with glands abaxially; veinlets 1 pair beneath sinus.
14a. Pinnae with dense, short acicular hairs; hairs on indusia no longer than diam. of sori; glands abaxially small .......................................................................... 12. C. subacutus
14b. Pinnae with sparse acicular hairs; hairs on indusia longer than diam. of sori; glands abaxially large ....................................................................................... 13. C. parvifolius
12b. Proximal pinnae not reduced or slightly so; pinnae linear-lanceolate.
15a. Pinnae without glands abaxially; rhizomes creeping or erect.
16a. Rhizomes erect; excurrent veinlet short, sometimes obscure ........ 14. C. siamensis
16b. Rhizomes creeping; excurrent veinlet long and evident.
17a. Sporangia bearing glands on stalks; acicular hairs on indusia shorter than diam. of sori 15. C. procurrens
17b. Sporangia lacking conspicuous glands; acicular hairs on indusia longer than diam. of sori 16. C. molliusculus
15b. Pinnae glandular abaxially; rhizomes creeping.
18a. Pinnae with long clavate glands; proximal pinnae
narrowed at bases
............................................................................................ 17.
C. cylindrothrix
18b. Pinnae with ellipsoidal glands or capitate glandular hairs; proximal pinnae not narrowed at bases.
19a. Laminae much longer than stipes; veinlets 1016 pairs
per segment
18.
C. procerus
19b. Laminae no longer than stipes; veinlets 48 pairs per segment.
20a. Pinnae with glands abaxially; veinlets 58 pairs per segment; pinnae wider than 1 cm 19. C. parasiticus
20b. Pinnae with glandular hairs abaxially; veinlets 46 pairs per segment; pinnae usually narrower than 1 cm ............................................................. 20. C. pygmaeus
9b. Veinlets 2 or more pairs beneath sinus; laminae papery.
21a. Sporangia bearing hairs on capsules and eglandular.
22a. Middle pinnae 12 cm wide; proximal pinnae not decrescent
at bases
........................................................................................................ 21.
C. hirtisorus
22b. Middle pinnae 23.5 cm wide; proximal pinnae decrescent
at bases
....................................................................................................... 22.
C. attenuatus
21b. Sporangia lacking hairs but with glands (rarely eglandular).
23a. Rhizomes and stipe bases with ovate scales; pinnae with setae along costules; veinlets usually over 6 pairs beneath sinus ......................................................................... 23. C. articulatus
23b. Rhizomes and stipe bases with ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate scales; pinnae subglabrous or with acicular hairs along costules; veinlets 25 pairs beneath sinus.
24a. Sporangia bearing large spherical red glands on stalks; pinnae with minute hairs or subglabrous abaxially.
25a. Rhizomes erect; veinlets ca. 2 pairs beneath sinus ............................. 24. C. papilio
25b. Rhizomes creeping; veinlets ca. 3 pairs beneath sinus ...................... 25. C. evolutus
24b. Sporangia bearing ellipsoidal or clavate, golden or reddish orange glands on stalks (rarely eglandular); pinnae usually ± hairy abaxially.
26a. Lateral pinnae lobed to 1/3 toward costae, sometimes subentire; pinnae with dense, capitate glandular hairs abaxially ............................................................... 26. C. latipinnus
26b. Lateral pinnae usually more lobed; pinnae usually without glandular hairs.
27a. Pinnae eglandular abaxially (sometimes with glandular hairs).
28a. Veinlets ca. 2 pairs beneath sinus; middle pinnae with elongate basal acroscopic segment 27. C. acuminatus
28b. Veinlets more numerous; middle pinnae with normal or shortened basal acroscopic segment.
29a. Rhizomes shortly creeping; proximal pinnae not shortened or 1 or 2 pairs slightly shortened.
30a. Veinlets 58 pairs per segment; middle pinnae usually less than 1.5 cm wide 28. C. nanxiensis
30b. Veinlets 811 pairs per segment; middle pinnae usually more than 2 cm wide.
31a. Lateral pinnae usually more than 12 pairs; sori orbicular .. 29. C. scaberulus
31b. Lateral pinnae usually less than 12 pairs; sori usually slightly elongate 30. C. calvescens
29b. Rhizomes long creeping; proximal 3 or more pairs of pinnae shortened.
32a. Pinnae with long acicular hairs abaxially; proximal shortened pinnae caudate at apices 31. C. hokouensis
32b. Pinnae without hairs abaxially; proximal shortened pinnae acute or obtuse at apices.
33a. Sporangia without glands; proximal shortened pinnae with basal segments not enlarged .......................................................................................... 32. C. gustavii
33b. Sporangia bearing glands on stalks; proximal shortened pinnae with enlarged basal segments .............................................................. 33. C. wulingshanensis
27b. Pinnae glandular abaxially.
34a. Veinlets ca. 2 pairs beneath sinus; rhizomes erect to
suberect
34.
C. jinghongensis
34b. Veinlets more than 2 pairs beneath sinus; rhizomes shortly to long creeping.
35a. Pinnae with ellipsoidal glands throughout (along and between veins) abaxially 35. C. jaculosus
35b. Pinnae with clavate glands abaxially.
36a. Veinlets ca. 3 pairs beneath sinus; lateral pinnae oblanceolate; glands sparse 36. C. ensifer
36b. Veinlets more than 3 pairs beneath sinus; lateral pinnae linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; glands dense.
37a. Veinlets straight and oblique; pinnae linear-lanceolate; pinnae lobed to 1/3 toward costae, sometimes only serrate .............................................. 37. C. aridus
37b. Veinlets usually spreading and curved; pinnae lanceolate; pinnae usually more lobed.
38a. Pinnae subglabrous abaxially; proximal pinnae decurrent toward bases 38. C. cuneatus
38b. Pinnae densely hairy abaxially; proximal pinnae truncate or rounded at bases.
39a. Rhizomes 23 mm in diam.; fronds distant; proximal
shortened pinnae not or slightly narrower than middle ones
................................................................................. 39.
C. fukienensis
39b. Rhizomes 510 mm in diam.; fronds approximate; proximal shortened pinnae much narrower than middle ones .......................................... 40. C. subelatus
毛蕨 mao jue
Pteris interrupta Willdenow, Phytographia 1: 13. 1794; Aspidium gongylodes Schkuhr; A. unitum (Linnaeus) Swartz var. glaber[??glabrum] Mettenius; A. unitum var. hirsutum Mettenius; Cyclosorus gongylodes (Schkuhr) Link; C. gongylodes var. glaber (Mettenius ex H. Itτ) Ching; C. gongylodes var. hirsutus (Mettenius) Farwell; Dryopteris gongylodes (Schkuhr) Kuntze; D. gongylodes var. hirsuta (Mettenius) C. Christensen; Nephrodium gongylodes (Schkuhr) Schott[??gongyloides]; Thelypteris gongylodes (Schkuhr) Small; T. interrupta (Willdenow) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 40100 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, black, including bases of stipes with sparse ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; stipes 2060 cm, bases black, distally stramineous; laminae 2050 Χ 1020 cm, bases not narrowed, apices caudate with apical pinna similar to lateral ones; lateral pinnae 1025 pairs, linear-lanceolate, 510 Χ ca. 1 cm, shortly stalked, bases rounded-truncate, lobed 1/41/2 toward costae, apices acuminate; segments 2030 pairs on middle pinnae, triangular, 35 Χ 24 mm, apices pointed; veinlets 610 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing, next 0.51 pair running to sinus-membrane. Laminae somewhat leathery, reddish when dried, nearly glabrous adaxially, abaxially with acicular hairs and reddish orange sessile spherical glands along veins and several membranous broadly ovate scales along costae. Sori orbicular, medial to submarginal, proximal 1 or 2 pairs of veins sterile; indusia sparsely hairy. Sporangia bearing spherical reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores sparsely minutely echinulate. 2n = 72, 144.
Swamp or wetlands; near sea level to 500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, S Yunnan [throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world].
The type is from India.
According to recent molecular study by Smith and Cranfill (Amer. Fern J. 92(2): 131149. 2002), Cyclosorus interruptus is distantly related to other species in this genus but is quite close to Ampelopteris prolifera. This relationship requires further study.
截裂毛蕨 jie lie mao jue
Plants 0.62 m tall. Rhizomes erect, stipes throughout with brown ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 2050 cm; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 40150 Χ 2040 cm, bases abruptly narrowed, apices acuminate; pinnae 2035 pairs, proximal 26 pairs abruptly shortened, middle pinnae linear, 1230 Χ 12.5 cm, bases rounded-truncate and usually slightly narrowed on proximal pinnae, lobed 1/41/2 toward costae, apices long acuminate; aerophores beneath pinnae bases swollen; segments 2540 pairs, rectangular, 36 Χ 24 mm, margins usually dentate, apices truncate or rounded-truncate; veinlets 410 pairs, proximal 1 or 2 pairs anastomosing, next ca. 1 pair running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, yellowish green or grayish green and pustular between veins when dried, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia membranous, glabrous. Sporangia bearing light yellow glands on capsules. Spores dark yellow, irregularly thinly cristate or with small wings.
Streamsides, wet forest understories; 1001300 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hainan, S Hunan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, S Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia, Polynesia].
1a. Pinnae 1.52.5 cm wide, lobed 1/31/2 toward costae ..................................... 2a. var. truncatus
1b. Pinnae 11.5 cm wide, lobed to 1/3 toward costae ................................... 2b. var. angustipinnus
截裂毛蕨(原变种) jie lie mao jue (yuan bian zhong)
Polypodium truncatum Poiret, Encycl. 5: 534. 1804; Cyclosorus pustulifer Ching ex K. H. Shing [pustuliferus] [name not in IPNI]; C. truncatus Nakai var. acutiloba Ching[name not in IPNI]; Dryopteris kwashotensis Hayata; D. laevifrons Hayata; D. laevifrons var. kwashotensis (Hayata) Tagawa [name not in IPNI]; D. truncata (Poiret) Kuntze; Nephrodium truncatum (Poiret) C. Presl; Pneumatopteris truncata (Poiret) Holttum; Thelypteris truncata (Poiret) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 0.62 m tall. Middle pinnae 1830 Χ 1.52.5 cm, lobed 1/31/2 toward costae; veinlets 610 pairs per segment, 1 or 2 pairs anastomosing, next pair running to sinus-membrane. 2n = 72, 144.
Streamsides, wet forest understories; 1001300 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hainan, S Hunan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, S Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia, Polynesia].
The type is from Brazil, but there is no other record from South America.
In the FRPS, K. H. Shing (1999[??citation]) mentioned that many specimens from China with broadened pinnae bases differed from the type. According to my observation, both broadened and narrowed pinnae bases exist. However, all the Chinese specimens are ± different in general outline from the type. More detailed studies are needed.
线羽截裂毛蕨 xian yu jie lie mao jue
Cyclosorus angustipinnus (Ching) K. H. Shing.[Name not in IPNI]
Plants 60100 cm tall. Middle pinnae 1218 Χ 11.5 cm, lobed to 1/3 toward costae; veinlets 46 pairs per segment, proximal pair anastomosing, next pair running to sinus-membrane.
* Wet forest understories; 400600 m. Hainan.
Compared with the typical variety, Cyclosorus truncatus var. angustipinnus [name not in IPNI]has a smaller laminar outline, narrower pinnae, and fewer anastomosing veinlets. According to Holttum (1971[??citation]), it might be a diploid.
兰屿大叶毛蕨 lan yu da ye mao jue
Aspidium productum Kaulfuss, Enum. Filic. 237. 1824; Cyclosorus kotoensis (Hayata) W. C. Shieh; C. truncatus var. kotoensis (Hayata) H. Itτ; Dryopteris kotoensis Hayata; D. producta (Kaulfuss) C. Christensen; Sphaeostephanos kotoensis (Hayata) Holttum[??okay]; S. productus (Kaulfuss) Holttum; Thelypteris kotoensis (Hayata) K. Iwatsuki; T. producta (Kaulfuss) C. F. Reed.
Plants ca. 100 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly creeping, including bases of stipes with dark brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes ca. 20 cm, stramineous; laminae ca. 100 Χ 30 cm, bases narrowed, apices acuminate; pinnae ca. 30 pairs, proximal ca. 10 pairs abruptly shortened with lowest 1 pair ca. 5 mm; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 1.52 cm, bases truncate, lobed 1/31/2 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 3040 pairs on middle pinnae, oblong, ca. 3 Χ 3 mm, subacute or obtuse at apices; veinlets 68 pairs per segment, proximal 1.5 pairs anastomosing, next pair running to sinus membrane[??]. Laminae papery, shortly pubescent and with several acicular hairs on both surfaces along costae and veins, abaxially also with sessile spherical yellow glands. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia glandular and shortly hairy. Sporangia bearing several hairs and sessile spherical glands on capsules, and similar glands on stalks. Spores light brown, with echinate or cristate. 2n = 72.
Forest margins, on slopes of ravines; 100400 m. SE Taiwan (Lan Yu) [Philippines].
The type is from the Philippines.
阴生毛蕨 yin sheng mao jue
Aspidium latebrosum Kunze ex Mettenius, Farngatt. 4: 104. 1858; Cyclosorus glabellus Ching ex W. M. Chu & S. G. Lu [name not in IPNI]; Sphaerostephanos latebrosus (Kunze ex Mettenius) Holttum[??okay].
Plants 50100 cm tall. Rhizomes erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 510 cm, dark stramineous, bases with sparse brown lanceolate scales; laminae 4090 Χ 2030 cm, bases gradually narrowed, apices acuminate; pinnae 3040 pairs, proximal ca. 10 pairs gradually shortened with lowest one ca. 5 mm, slightly reflexed; middle pinnae lanceolate, 1018 Χ 12 cm, bases broadly cuneate to truncate, lobed 1/22/3 toward costae, apices acuminate; aerophores beneath pinnae bases slightly swollen; segments 2030 pairs on middle pinnae, oblong, 58 Χ 34 mm, entire, obtuse at apices; veinlets 68 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing, next 0.51 pair running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, reddish brown when dried, adaxially with sparse short acicular hairs along costae and veins, abaxial surface with yellow sessile spherical glands throughout and almost glabrous. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia glabrous, sometimes glandular. Sporangia bearing yellow spherical glands on capsules. Spores light brown, densely echinulate.
Wet dense forest understories; 300400 m. S Yunnan (Jinping) [Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines].
This is a new record for China. The type is from Indonesia (Java).
异果毛蕨 yi guo mao jue
Aspidium heterocarpon Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 155. 1828; Dryopteris heterocarpa (Blume) Kuntze; Nephrodium heterocarpum (Blume) T. Moore; Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (Blume) Holttum; Thelypteris heterocarpa (Blume) C. V. Morton.
Plants 60120 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, with brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 1020 cm, bases dark brown and scaly, dark stramineous distally; laminae 40100 Χ 2030 cm, bases abruptly narrowed, apices acuminate to caudate; pinnae 2040 pairs, sessile, proximal 510 pairs shortened and auriculate with lowest 1 pair tuberculate; proximal pinnae narrowed toward bases; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1016 Χ 11.5 cm, bases truncate, lobed 1/22/3 toward costae, apices long acuminate; aerophores beneath pinnae bases slightly swollen; segments 2030 pairs, 45 Χ 22.5 mm, entire, apices obtuse; veinlets 69 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing, sometimes next vein to sinus membrane. Laminae herbaceous, brownish green when dried, with short hairs along costae on both surfaces and along veins adaxially, also golden sessile spherical glands abaxially (sometimes also adaxially). Sori orbicular, medial; indusia slightly hairy, sometimes glandular. Sporangia bearing spherical glands on capsules. Spores light brown, densely echinulate. 2n = 72.
Wet forest understories; 1001100 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia, Polynesia].
The type is from Indonesia (Java).
台湾毛蕨 tai wan mao jue
Dryopteris taiwanensis C. Christensen, Index Filic. 297. 1905; Aspidium lobulatum Christ (1904), not Blume (1828); D. subhispidula Rosenstock; Sphaerostephanos taiwanensis (C. Christensen) Holttum ex C. M. Kuo; Thelypteris taiwanensis (C. Christensen) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 60120 cm tall. Rhizomes suberect to erect, including bases of stipes with brown ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 1020 cm, dark stramineous; laminae broadly lanceolate, 50100 Χ 2030 cm, bases abruptly narrowed, apices acuminate; pinnae 3045 pairs, proximal 46 pairs abruptly shortened and auriculate with lowest 1 pair subtuberculate; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1018 Χ 0.81.2 cm, bases truncate, apices long acuminate; aerophores beneath pinnae bases slightly swollen; lobed ca. 1/2 toward costae; segments 2535 pairs, 35 Χ 22.5 mm, basal acroscopic ones longer, subrectangular, entire, obtuse at apices; veinlets 58 pairs per segment, proximal pair anastomosing, next 0.51 pair running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, brownish green when dried, both surfaces with short acicular hairs along costae and veins, adaxially with short hairs and yellow sessile spherical glands throughout. Sori orbicular, medial or inframedial; indusia shortly hairy and glandular. Sporangia bearing sessile spherical glands on capsules. Spores yellow to light brown, densely echinulate. 2n = 72.
Streamsides, wet dense forest understories; 200700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Taiwan [S Japan].
The type is from Taiwan.
腺脉毛蕨 xian mai mao jue
Aspidium opulentum Kaulfuss, Enum. Filic. 238. 1824; Amphineuron opulentum (Kaulfuss) Holttum; Aspidium extensum Blume; Cyclosorus extensus (Blume) H. Itτ; Dryopteris extensa (Blume) Kuntze; Nephrodium extensum (Blume) T. Moore; N. opulentum (Kaulfuss) C. Presl; Thelypteris extensa (Blume) C. V. Morton; T. opulenta (Kaulfuss) Fosberg.
Plants 60100 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly creeping, apices and bases of stipes with dark brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes ca. 30 cm, brownish; laminae 3060 Χ 2030 cm, bases not narrowed or slightly so, apices caudate; pinnae 1020 pairs, almost sessile; proximal pair of pinnae slightly shortened; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1525 Χ 12 cm, bases rounded-truncate (or slightly cuneate on proximal pinnae), lobed 1/22/3 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2540 pairs, middle ones subfalcate, 48 Χ 23 mm, entire, subacute to obtuse at apices; veinlets 810 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing or only connivent, sometimes next vein running to sinus-membrane. Laminae herbaceous, yellowish green when dried, with several acicular hairs along veins on both surfaces, minute hairs and many minute yellow spherical glands along veins abaxially, also minute hairs between veins abaxially. Sori orbicular, submarginal, usually sterile on proximal 1 or 2 pairs of veins; indusia glabrous or glandular along margins. Sporangia bearing golden spherical glands on stalks. Spores cristate.
Streamsides of forest understories or thickets; 100300 m. Hainan [S India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand; E Africa, tropical America, N Australia, Micronesia].
The type is from Guam.
顶育毛蕨 ding yu mao jue
Nephrodium terminans (Wallich ex Kunze)[see IPNI] J. Smith ex Hooker, Sp. Fil. 4: 73. 1862; Amphineuron terminans (Wallich ex Hooker) Holttum [check parenthetical authority]; Thelypteris terminans (Wallich ex Hooker) [check parenthetical authority]Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 40100 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, including bases of stipes with brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; stipes 2055 cm, dark stramineous; laminae deltoid-lanceolate, 2045 Χ 2040 cm, bases not narrowed or slightly so, apices caudate with an apical pinna similar to lateral ones; lateral pinnae 1015 pairs, nearly sessile; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1525 Χ 11.8 cm (usually narrowed toward bases), bases rounded-truncate, lobed 1/31/2 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2035 pairs, triangular, 34 Χ 34 mm, subacute or obtuse at apices; veinlets 68 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing, next 11.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, brownish green or yellowish green when dried, adaxially shortly hairy along costae and veins, abaxial surface with short hairs along costae and veins, also with minute spherical sessile yellow glands along veins. Sori orbicular, marginal, sterile on proximal 2 or 3 pairs of veins, sometimes only top 2 or 3 veins fertile; indusia glabrous. Sporangia bearing golden glands on stalks. Spores cristate. 2n = 144.
Wet understories of forests or thickets; 200500 m. Hainan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, N Australia, Micronesia, Polynesia].
The type is from Myanmar.
鳞柄毛蕨 lin bing mao jue
Nephrodium crinipes Hooker, Sp. Fil. 4: 71. 1862; Christella crinipes (Hooker) Holttum; Dryopteris crinipes (Hooker) Kuntze; Thelypteris crinipes (Hooker) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 0.51.5 m tall. Rhizomes erect, apices with dense dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 2040 cm, dark stramineous, with dense scales from bases to rachises; laminae 30120 Χ 2545 cm, bases abruptly narrowed, apices acuminate; pinnae 2045 pairs, proximal 35 pairs shortened, triangular-auriculate, lowest one ca. 1 Χ 1 cm; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1025 Χ 11.5 cm, bases truncate, lobed 1/22/3 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments ca. 30 pairs, oblong, 35 Χ ca. 3 mm, entire, apices obtuse; veinlets 79 pairs, proximal 11.5 pairs anastomosing, next pair running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green when dried, with several acicular hairs along veins adaxially, with short acicular hairs along costae and veins abaxially, also with minute hairs and minute glands throughout. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia shortly hairy. Sporangia bearing reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores dark brown, echinate. 2n = 72.
Wet forest margins or forest understories; 1001300 m. S Guangdong, S Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hainan, SE Xizang, S Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from N India (Sikkim).
石门毛蕨 shi men mao jue
Cyclosorus wangmoensis K. H. Shing & P. S. Wang[??both authors or 1st one]. [name not in IPNI]
Plants 40100 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly creeping, with dark brown lanceolate scales and setae. Fronds approximate; stipes 2050 cm, dark stramineous; laminae 2050 Χ 1230 cm, bases slightly narrowed, apices acuminate to caudate; pinnae 1015 pairs, shortly stalked, proximal 1 or 2 pairs sometimes slightly shortened; middle pinnae falcate-lanceolate, 815 Χ 1.52.5 cm, bases rounded-cuneate (decurrent on proximal pinnae), lobed 2/33/4 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2030 pairs on middle pinnae, proximal segments shortened or missing on proximal pinnae; middle segments falcate-lanceolate, 410 Χ 34 mm, obtuse or subacute at apices; veinlets 612 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing, excurrent veinlets usually obsolete on basal segments, next 0.51 pair running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green when dried, with short acicular hairs along costae and veins and minute hairs between veins adaxially, shortly hairy throughout abaxially. Sori small, medial or supramedial; indusia shortly hairy. Sporangia with reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores dark brown, sparingly cristate.
* Wet forest understories or semi-open forest margins; 3001000 m. Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan.
The type is from Hunan (Shimen).
The name of this species was misspelled as Cyclosorus simenensis in FPRS (1999[??citation]).
The types of Cyclosorus sinodentatus Ching & Z. Y. Liu and C. macrophyllus Ching & Z. Y. Liu both have features intermediate between C. shimenensis and C. dentatus. There are only a few gatherings of C. sinodentatus other than the type. They are all rarely fertile. Cyclosorus macrophyllus is represented by only one gathering (the type), lacking fertile sori. These two taxa might be hybrids.
齿牙毛蕨 chi ya mao jue
Polypodium dentatum Forsskal, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 185. 1775; Christella dentata (Forsskal) Brownsey & Jermy; Cyclosorus angustus (Copeland) Ching; C. fengii Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. jiulungshanensis P. C. Chiu & G. H. Yao ex Ching [??ex or in] [jiulongshanensis]; C. mekongensis Ching ex K. H. Shing [megongensis] [name not in IPNI]; C. mianningensis Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. paradentatus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. pingshanensis Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. proximus Ching & C. H. Wang [C. proximus Ching in IPNI]; C. sapingbaensis Ching ex K. H. Shing [shapingbaensis] [name not in IPNI]; C. stenopes Ching & K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. wangii Ching; Dryopteris dentata (Forsskal) C. Christensen; Thelypteris dentata (Forsskal) E. P. St. John.
Plants (20)4060(100) cm tall. Rhizomes suberect to shortly creeping, apices including bases of stipes with brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds subclustered; stipes (5)1020(35) cm, bases dark brown, stramineous distally; laminae (10)1540(60) Χ 1020 cm, bases slightly narrowed, apices acuminate; lateral pinnae 1020 pairs, proximal 2 or 3 pairs slightly shortened; middle pinnae lanceolate to oblanceolate, 510 Χ (0.8)12 cm, bases rounded-truncate, lobed 1/22/3 toward costae, apices acuminate; segments 1020 pairs, rectangular or oblong, 35 Χ 34 mm (basal acroscopic one slightly longer, sometimes crenate), rounded-obtuse at apices; veinlets 58 pairs per segment, proximal pair anastomosing, next 0.51 pair running to sinus-membrane. Laminae herbaceous to papery, brownish green when dried, shortly hairy adaxially, along veins with several acicular hairs, densely puberulent abaxially, sometimes with glandular hairs. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia shortly hairy. Sporangia bearing minute golden glands on stalks. Spores brown, irregularly cristate. 2n = 72, 144, 288.
Habitat variable, usually semi-open to open places; near sea level to 2800 m. Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, S Zhejiang [N Africa, tropical America, tropical and subtropical Asia].
The type is from Arabia.
The type of Cyclosorus longqishanensis K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI] has features intermediate between C. dentatus and C. acuminatus. Only one gathering (the type) with few sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
The type of Cyclosorus wenzhouensis K. H. Shing & C. F. Zhang [name not in IPNI]resembles C. dentatus but differs in having a larger laminar outline and 2 pairs of veinlets joined beneath the sinuses. Only one gathering (the type) with irregular spores has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
短尖毛蕨 duan jian mao jue
Plants 1520 cm tall. Rhizomes short, suberect, with dense dark brown lanceolate scales at apices. Fronds clustered; stipes 37 cm, stramineous; laminae 814 Χ 3.56 cm, bases slightly narrowed, apices acuminate; pinnae 612 pairs, sessile, proximal 2 or 3 pairs slightly shortened; middle ones oblong-lanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, 23 Χ ca. 1 cm, bases truncate, lobed 1/22/3 toward costae, apices acuminate or acute; segments 610 pairs on middle pinnae, oblong, 23 Χ ca. 2 mm (basal acroscopic one slightly longer), entire, obtuse at apices; veinlets 35 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing with an excurrent veinlet running to sinus-membrane. Laminae herbaceous, grayish green or brownish green when dried, adaxially with dense short acicular hairs along costae, with sparse acicular hairs along veins and shorter hairs between veins; abaxial surface with dense short thin acicular hairs and golden to orange small glands. Sori small, orbicular, medial; indusia densely hairy. Sporangia bearing golden to orange glands on stalks. Spores with long to short wings.
* Semi-open places by forest margins; near sea level to 100 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Taiwan, S Zhejiang.
The type is from Fujian.
The difference between Cyclosorus subacutus and C. dentatus is in being much smaller plants and having glandular hairs abaxially, but in other aspects, the two species are quite similar.
小叶毛蕨 xiao ye mao jue
Plants 1020 cm tall. Rhizomes suberect to shortly creeping, with sparse brown lanceolate scales at apices. Fronds clustered; stipes 38 cm, stramineous; laminae 610 Χ 35 cm, bases slightly narrowed, apices acuminate; pinnae 58 pairs, sessile, proximal 1 or 2 pairs slightly shortened; middle ones oblong-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 1.52.5 Χ 0.51 cm, bases broadly cuneate to subtruncate, slightly projected on acroscopic side, lobed 1/31/2 toward costae, apices obtuse or subacute; segments 5 or 6 pairs on middle pinnae, subrectangular, 23 Χ 23 mm, entire, obtuse at apices; veinlets 3 or 4 pairs, proximal 1 pair anastomosing with an excurrent veinlet running to sinus-membrane. Laminae herbaceous, yellowish green when dried, with several thin short acicular hairs on both surfaces, and reddish orange glands along veins abaxially. Sori orbicular, at end of basal veins and usually confluent; indusia with short thin acicular hairs. Sporangia bearing reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores with short wings.
* Habitat unknown. Fujian.
Cyclosorus parvifolius resembles C. parasiticus, and differs only in being much smaller in stature. The spores are not well developed.
泰国毛蕨 tai guo mao jue
Thelypteris siamensis Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 22: 101. 1967; Christella siamensis (Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki) Holttum.
Plants 70100 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, apices along with stipe bases with dense linear-lanceolate brown scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 2040 cm, stramineous, subglabrous or with sparse pale long acicular hairs distally; laminae 5070 Χ 3040 cm, bases not narrowed or slightly so, apices acuminate; lateral pinnae 2535 pairs, middle ones linear-lanceolate, 1020 Χ 1.52 cm, bases broadly cuneate or truncate, sessile, lobed 2/34/5 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2030 pairs on middle pinnae, oblong, 58 Χ ca. 3 mm, obtuse at apices, basal acroscopic ones usually longer and crenate; veinlets 612 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing or sometimes only connivent, distal veins ending before margin and above sinus. Laminae herbaceous, yellowish green when dried, with pale long acicular hairs along rachises, costae, and veins on both surfaces. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia with dense pale acicular hairs. Sporangia bearing golden glands on stalks. Spores echinate or tuberculate.
Wet forest understories; 13001400 m. S Yunnan (Jinping) [Thailand].
The type is from Thailand.
The character of veinlets not reaching the margin is unique in this species of Cyclosorus, but also occurs in Metathelypteris. The connivent veinlets resemble those of Pseudocyclosorus. The systematic position of this species requires more study.
无腺毛蕨 wu xian mao jue
Aspidium procurrens Mettenius, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 231. 1864; Cyclosorus kweichowensis Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. laui Ching; Dryopteris procurrens (Mettenius) Kuntze; Nephrodium procurrens (Mettenius) Baker.
Plants 35100 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly creeping, including bases of stipes with sparse brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 1540 cm, brown at bases, distally dark stramineous; laminae 2060 Χ 1525 cm, bases not narrowed or slightly so, apices long acuminate; pinnae 1525 pairs, sessile, proximal 1 or 2 pairs sometimes slightly shortened and reflexed; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1018 Χ 1.52 cm, bases truncate, lobed ca. 2/3 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2030 pairs on middle pinnae, subfalcate-oblong, 48 Χ 34 mm (basal acroscopic one longer), obtuse at apices; veinlets 610 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing, next 0.51 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae herbaceous to papery, yellowish green to brownish green when dried, with sparse short acicular hairs adaxially, abaxial surface with dense pale acicular hairs. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia densely hairy. Sporangia bearing reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores winged or otherwise ornamented.
Semi-open places by forest margins or understories of thickets; 3001400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, S Yunnan [S India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines].
The type is from Indonesia (Java).
Cyclosorus procurrens is quite similar to C. parasiticus, and differs only in being eglandular on the pinnae. But there are many intermediate specimens. Holttum (1976[??citation]) regarded C. procurrens as a synonym of C. parasiticus. This treatment seems reasonable but we cannot confirm it. Based on similar morphology, these two species probably belong to the same complex.
美丽毛蕨 mei li mao jue
Aspidium molliusculum Wallich ex Kuhn, Bot. Zeitung. 1868: 41. 1868; Cyclosorus acutilobus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. densissimus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; Thelypteris molliuscula (Wallich ex Kuhn) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 40100 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly to long creeping, including bases of stipes with dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate to distant; stipes 2040 cm, stramineous; laminae 3080 Χ 1530 cm, bases not narrowed or slightly so, apices acuminate; lateral pinnae 1020 pairs, sessile, proximal 13 pairs slightly shortened and reflexed; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 815 Χ 12.5 cm, bases truncate, lobed 2/34/5 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2025 pairs, middle ones lanceolate, 511 Χ 34 mm (basal acroscopic one longer and crenate), obtuse at apices; veinlets simple (occasionally forked on basal segment), 612(14) pairs, proximal pair anastomosing, next vein running to sinus-membrane. Laminae herbaceous, yellowish green when dried, both surfaces particularly along costae and veins with sparse slender acicular hairs, adaxially with several short acicular hairs between veins. Sori orbicular, supramedial, proximal pair usually confluent; indusia small, with acicular hairs. Sporangia without conspicuous glands. Spores brown, with long fimbriate wings.
Semi-open places by forest margins, roadsides, understories of thickets; 1001600 m. Guangxi, S Guizhou, S Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].
The type is from Nepal.
There has been some disagreement about Cyclosorus molliusculus, because of disagreements over the interpretation [??] of its type. According to Iwatsuki (1988[??citation]) and Shing (1999[??citation]), Cyclosorus molliusculus is distributed from SW China to Thailand. But we found that the specimens from S Yunnan are quite different from those from SE Xizang, Nepal, and N India, although are similar in outline. So it may be questionable to use this name to represent the plants from Guangxi, Guizhou, and S Yunnan. Because this problem cannot be resolved here, for the purposes of this treatment, we temporarily follow the treatments in the FRPS (1999[??citation]) and Flora Yunnanica (2006[??citation]).
柱腺毛蕨 zhu xian mao jue
Dryopteris cylindrothrix Rosenstock, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 246. 1913; Christella cylindrothrix (Rosenstock) Holttum; Thelypteris cylindrothrix (Rosenstock) K. Iwatsuki.
Plant 4080 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly to long creeping. Fronds usually distant; stipes 2040 cm, stramineous or reddish, proximal part with linear-lanceolate scales; laminae deltoid-lanceolate, 3040 Χ ca. 20 cm, bases not narrowed, apices acuminate; lateral pinnae 1525 pairs, sessile; proximal pinnae slightly reflexed, not or slightly shortened, proximal several pinnae narrowed toward their bases; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 915 Χ 1.52.5 cm, slightly auriculate on acroscopic bases, bases truncate, lobed 2/33/4 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments ca. 30 pairs on middle pinnae, 46 Χ 23 mm, obtuse at apices; veinlets 610 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing with a short excurrent veinlet running to sinus-membrane. Laminae herbaceous to papery, yellowish green or grayish green when dried, abaxially with short acicular hairs and many golden thin clavate glands throughout, with short acicular hairs along costae and veins and between veins adaxially. Sori orbicular, medial or supramedial; indusia with sparse short hairs and golden clavate glands. Sporangia bearing similar glands on stalks. Spores with wings.
Habitat unknown. SE Xizang (Mκdog) [Bhutan, N India, N Myanmar, Thailand].
This is a new record for China. The type Specimen is from N India (Sikkim).
Cyclosorus cylindrothrix has only one gathering from China, and the rhizome is lacking. So the description of rhizomes, stipe bases, and scales are according to Holttum (1976[??citation]).
高毛蕨 gao mao jue
Nephrodium procerum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 6. 1825; Aspidium procerum (D. Don) Sprengel; Christella appendiculata (C. Presl) Holttum; Cyclosorus appendiculatus (C. Presl) Panigrahi (1993), not (Blume) Ching (1941); C. dulongjiangensis W. M. Chu; N. appendiculatum C. Presl (1851), not Schott (1834); Thelypteris procera (D. Don) Fraser-Jenkins.
Plants 60120 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, including stipe bases with brown lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; stipes 2040 cm, stramineous; laminae 4090 Χ 2030 cm, bases slightly narrowed, apices acuminate; lateral pinnae 2030 pairs, proximal 25 pairs slightly shortened; middle pinnae lanceolate, 818 Χ 1.54 cm, bases truncate, lobed 4/5 or more toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2030 pairs, lanceolate, 1015 Χ 23 mm, entire (basal acroscopic segment longer and crenate), pointed or acute at apices; veinlets 1015 pairs, basal pair anastomosing. Laminae herbaceous, yellowish green when dried, with sparse long pale acicular hairs along abaxial surface of rachises and both sides of veins, and minute yellow glands along veins abaxially, glabrous between veins on both surfaces. Sori orbicular, submarginal; indusia very small, glabrous or with several long acicular hairs. Sporangia bearing small orange glands on stalks. Spores variously winged, tuberculate, or echinate.
Semi-open places of sparse forest understories or roadsides; 11002400 m. SE Xizang, W Yunnan [N India, Nepal, Thailand].
The type is from Nepal.
K. H. Shing (1999[??citation]) mentioned in FPRS [??citation] that the type of Cyclosorus dulongjiangensis W. M. Chu might a hybrid and needed further research. We examined the type in PYU and the spores appeared well formed [??].
华南毛蕨 hua nan mao jue
Polypodium parasiticum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1090. 1793; Aspidium parasiticum (Linnaeus) Swartz; Christella parasitica (Linnaeus) H. Lιveillι; Cyclosorus aureoglandulous Ching & K. H. Shing ex Ching & C. F. Zhang [different authorship in IPNI]; C. damingshanensis Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. excelsior Ching & K. H. Shing; C. hainanensis Ching; C. orientalis Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. rupicola Ching [Ching & K. H. Shing in IPNI, Index Filicum], C. xunwuensis Ching ex K. H. Shing & J. F. Cheng, C. yandongensis [as in IPNI]Ching & K. H. Shing; Dryopteris parasitica (Linnaeus) Kuntze; Nephrodium parasiticum (Linnaeus) Desvaux; Thelypteris parasitica (Linnaeus) Tardieu-Blot.
Plants (30)5070(100) cm tall. Rhizomes shortly to long creeping, including stipe bases with dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate to distant; stipes (10)2030(40) cm, stramineous; laminae (20)3050(60) Χ (8)1525(35) cm, bases not narrowed (sometimes slightly narrowed), apices caudate-acuminate; lateral pinnae 1015(20) pairs, proximal 1 or 2 pairs reflexed; middle pinnae lanceolate, (5)1015(20) Χ (0.5)11.5 cm, bases truncate, lobed 1/22/3 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2025 pairs, 34 Χ ca. 3 mm (basal acroscopic one longer, sometimes crenate), obtuse to subacute at apices; veinlets 58 pairs, single (ca. 10 pairs on basal acroscopic segment, occasionally forked), proximal pair anastomosing, sometimes next vein running to sinus-membrane. Laminae herbaceous, brownish green or yellowish green when dried, with thin acicular hairs throughout on both surfaces, and reddish orange glands throughout abaxially. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia densely hairy. Sporangia bearing reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores with wings. 2n = 72, 108, 144.
Semi-open places in thicket understories or roadsides; near sea level to 1900 m. Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [N India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from Guangdong (Guangzhou).
The type of Cyclosorus brevipes Ching & K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]is partly bipinnate-pinnatifid with veins and glands similar to those of C. parasiticus. It has no sori and only one gathering has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
The type of Cyclosorus pauciserratus Ching & C. F. Zhang has no mature sori. Only one gathering has been made. This taxon might represent a young frond of C. parasiticus.
The type of Cyclosorus contractus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI] and C. parvilobus Ching & K. H. Shing ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI] both have the features intermediate between C. acuminatus and C. parasiticus. Each species has only one gathering (the type) with no sori collected. These two taxa might be hybrids.
Cyclosorus Χ intermedius W. C. Shieh & Tsai is endemic to Taiwan. It is the putative hybrid between C. dentatus and C. parasiticus.
矮毛蕨 ai mao jue
Cyclosorus chengii Ching ex K. H. Shing & J. F. Cheng.
Plants 1540 cm tall. Rhizomes suberect, with brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 515 cm, stramineous; laminae equal to stipes or slightly shorter in length, 515 Χ 37 cm, bases not narrowed, apices acuminate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, sessile, proximal pinnae lanceolate, 1.54 Χ 0.30.7 cm, bases truncate, lobed ca. 1/2 toward costae, acuminate at apices; segments oblong, obtuse or subtruncate at apices; veinlets 46 pairs per segment, proximal pair anastomosing, others to margin above sinus. Laminae herbaceous when dry, yellowish green, with short acicular hairs on both surfaces, and many glandular hairs abaxially. Sori small, submarginal, proximal pair usually confluent; indusia with short thin acicular hairs. Sporangia bearing reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores with short wings.
* Among rocks along streams, wet forest margins; below 100800 m. Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
The type is from Zhejiang (Yueqing).
毛囊毛蕨 mao nang mao jue
Dryopteris hirtisora C. Christensen, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 26: 277. 1931; Cyclosorus hirticarpus Ching [name not in IPNI]; Sphaerostephanos hirtisorus (C. Christensen) Holttum; Thelypteris hirtisora (C. Christensen) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 60100 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, with ovate-lanceolate dark brown scales. Fronds distant; stipes 2050 cm, dark brown and sparsely scaly at bases, dark stramineous distally; laminae 4070 Χ 2040 cm, bases slightly or not narrowed, apices caudate with a large apical pinna; pinnae 1015 pairs, stalked, proximal pair abruptly reduced to 25 cm or sometimes longer; middle pinnae linear, 1025 Χ 12 cm, bases broadly cuneate to truncate, lobed to 1/3 toward costae or only serrate, apices long acuminate; segments 3045 pairs, triangular or oblong, 24 Χ ca. 4 mm, subacute or pointed at apices; veinlets 710 pairs, quite oblique, proximal 1 or 2 pairs anastomosing, next 1.52.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, brownish green when dried, on both surfaces with acicular hairs along costae and veins, also with minute hairs between veins abaxially. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia densely hairy. Sporangia bearing several hairs on capsules. Spores with fimbriate wings.
Wet forest understories, semi-open forest margins; 5001800 m. S Yunnan [Laos, Myanmar, Thailand].
The type is from Myanmar.
下延毛蕨 xia yan mao jue
Cyclosorus mollissimus Ching ex K. H. Shing. [name not in IPNI]
Plants 50100 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly creeping, including stipe bases with lanceolate dark brown scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 2545 cm, stramineous; laminae 3070 Χ 2040 cm, bases not narrowed or slightly so, apices caudate; lateral pinnae 1020 pairs, lanceolate, middle pinnae 820 Χ 23.5 cm, bases cuneate to truncate, apices long acuminate; proximal pinnae slightly shortened, shortly decurrent toward bases, shortly stalked; apical pinnae similar to lateral ones with several longer segments at bases; middle pinnae lobed to 1/3 toward costae, sometimes only crenate; segments 2540 pairs, falcate-triangular, 25 Χ ca. 3 mm, entire, obtuse or acute at apices; veinlets 610 pairs, proximal 25 pairs anastomosing, next 11.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green when dried, with several acicular hairs along costae adaxially, abaxial surface with dense long acicular hairs, and short hairs between veins. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia densely hairy. Sporangia bearing several hairs on capsules. Spores shortly and thickly cristate.
* Wet forest understories or margins; 3001100 m. SE Yunnan.
节状毛蕨 jie zhuang mao jue
Nephrodium articulatum Houlston & T. Moore, Gard. Mag. Bot. 3: 293. 1851; Cyclosorus euphlebius Ching; C. laetestrigosus (C. B. Clarke) Ching, nom. superfl.; C. nigrescens Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. transitorius Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. yunnanensis Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; N. glandulosum J. Smith [?] var. laetestrigosum C. B. Clarke; Pronephrium articulatum (Houlston & T. Moore) Holttum; Thelypteris articulata (Houlston & T. Moore) Panigrahi [(Houlston & T. Moore) Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki (1975)].
Plants 0.61.5 m tall. Rhizomes massive, shortly creeping, including stipe bases with brown ovate-lanceolate scales and brown setae. Fronds clustered to approximate; stipes 2060 cm, bases blackish brown, dark stramineous distally with setae; laminae 40100 Χ 2040 cm, bases slightly narrowed, apices acuminate to caudate; lateral pinnae 1025 pairs, proximal 1 or 2 pairs slightly shortened, shortly stalked, bases cuneate and decurrent; middle pinnae almost sessile, sterile pinnae 1520 Χ 25 cm (fertile ones narrower), lanceolate, bases rounded-truncate, lobed to 1/4 toward costae or shallowly serrate, apices acuminate or caudate; aerophores beneath pinnae bases slightly swollen; segments/serrations 2540 pairs on middle pinnae, triangular, 13 Χ ca. 3 mm, obtuse at apices; veinlets 612 pairs, proximal 26 pairs anastomosing with usually interrupted excurrent veinlet, next 13 pairs to prominent sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, brownish green or reddish green when dried, adaxially with brown or pale setae along costae, abaxial surface with sparse setae along costae and veins (sometimes also between veins). Sori orbicular, medial or supramedial; indusia glabrous. Sporangia bearing minute light yellow glands on stalks. Spores brown, echinate.
Wet forest understories or margins of forests; 2001100 m. Guangxi, S Guizhou, SE Xizang, S Yunnan [India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
蝶状毛蕨 die zhuang mao jue
Nephrodium papilio C. Hope, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 625. 1899; Christella papilio (C. Hope) Holttum[??okay]; Thelypteris papilio (C. Hope) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 60120 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, including stipe bases with brown ovate-lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 1020 cm, dark stramineous or reddish; laminae 40110 Χ 2030 cm, bases gradually narrowed, apices acuminate to caudate; lateral pinnae 3040 pairs, sessile, proximal 510 pairs gradually shortened, triangular, often hastate with basal segment elongate on both sides of rachises; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1018 Χ 1.52 cm, bases truncate, lobed 2/51/2 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2025 pairs on middle pinnae, oblong, 35 Χ 34 mm (basal acroscopic one slightly longer), entire, obtuse at apices; veinlets 58 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing, next 11.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green when dried, adaxially with sparse acicular hairs along costae and veins, abaxial surface subglabrous. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia shortly hairy. Sporangia bearing large reddish orange spherical glands on stalks. Spores echinate. 2n = 72, 216.
Wet forest understories, on rocks in streams or beside streams; 5002400 m. S Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Nepal, Sri Lanka].
The type is from India (Darjeeling).
展羽毛蕨 zhan yu mao jue
Nephrodium amboinense C. Presl var. evolutus [evolutum?] C. B. Clarke & Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 24: 417. 1888; Christella evoluta (C. B. Clarke & Baker) Holttum; Cyclosorus chingii Z. Y. Liu ex Ching & Z. Y. Liu [different authorship in IPNI]; C. flaccidus Ching & Z. Y. Liu; Dryopteris evoluta (C. B. Clarke & Baker) C. Christensen; Thelypteris evoluta (C. B. Clarke & Baker) Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 60120 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly to long creeping, including stipe bases with dark brown lanceolate scales. Stipes 1540 cm, dark stramineous; laminae 4080 Χ 2040 cm, bases abruptly narrowed, apices caudate with a large apical pinna; lateral pinnae 1020 pairs, proximal 15 pairs abruptly shortened, proximal pair triangular-auriculate, ca. 3 Χ 2 cm or longer, reflexed, sometimes hastate; middle pinnae lanceolate, 1220 Χ (1.5)24 cm, bases truncate to rounded-truncate, sessile or nearly sessile, lobed 1/51/3 toward costae, sometimes only crenate, apices long acuminate or caudate; segments 2030 pairs per pinna on middle pinnae, ovate or oblong, 26 Χ 57 mm, obtuse at apices; veinlets 79 pairs per segment, proximal 1.53 pairs anastomosing, next 13 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green when dried, nearly glabrous or glabrous on both surfaces (rarely shortly hairy). Sori orbicular, inframedial or medial; indusia glabrous or shortly hairy. Sporangia bearing large reddish orange spherical glands on stalks. Spores thickly cristate.
Wet dense forest understories; 3001600 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan [India, Thailand].
The type is from India (Assam).
There are several specimens of Cyclosorus evolutus with short hairs on the abaxial surface, but other characteristics are similar to the type, so no infraspecific name is given here.
宽羽毛蕨 kuan yu mao jue
Aspidium molle Swartz var. latipinnum Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 455. 1861; A. latipinnum (Bentham) Hance; Christella latipinna (Bentham) H. Lιveillι; Cyclosorus decipiens Ching; C. grossodentatus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. nanpingensis Ching; C. oblanceolatus K. H. Shing & C. F. Zhang [name not in IPNI]; C. papilionaceus K. H. Shing & C. F. Zhang [name not in IPNI]; C. paralatipinnus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; Dryopteris latipinna (Bentham) Kuntze; D. parasitica (Linnaeus) Kuntze var. latipinna (Bentham) C. Christensen; Nephrodium latipinnum (Bentham) Hooker ex Baker; Thelypteris latipinna (Bentham) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants (15)2040(60) cm tall. Rhizomes shortly creeping, dark brown, apices and stipe bases with sparse brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 520 cm; laminae 1030 Χ 515 cm, bases narrowed, apices caudate with a large and deeper lobed apical pinna; lateral pinnae 410 pairs, proximal 14 pairs shortened with lowest pair ca. 1 Χ 0.5 cm, triangular-auriculate; middle pinnae lanceolate or oblanceolate, 310 Χ 1.52 cm, bases rounded-truncate, lobed 1/41/3 toward costae, sometimes subentire, apices acuminate or acute; segments 1020 pairs, 13 Χ ca. 3 mm, entire, obtuse at apices; veinlets 5 or 6 pairs, proximal pair anastomosing, next 0.51 pair running to sinus-membrane, excurrent veinlet usually interrupted. Laminae herbaceous, yellowish green when dried, shortly hairy along costae and veins adaxially, abaxial surface with very minute hairs and several reddish orange glands along veins, also with capitate glandular hairs throughout. Sori orbicular, medial, proximal pair usually confluent; indusia shortly hairy. Sporangia bearing reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores brown, large, irregularly small tuberculate and echinate.
Wet or semi-open forest margins, beside streams; near sea level to 1300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, N and S Taiwan, S Yunnan, S Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia, Polynesia].
The type is from Hong Kong.
According to the authors study, Cyclosorus latipinnus is a species of variable size, not always a small plant as described in FPRS (1999[??citation]), so many names are treated as synonyms here. Characters such as venation, capitate glandular hairs, and spore ornamentation are similar.
Holttum (1976, 1982[??citations]) treated both Christella latipinnus and C. jaculosus as synonyms of C. subpubescens, which makes C. subpubescens a complex and confused species. We found that C. jaculosus and C. latipinnus are two distinct species, so the application of the name C. subpubescens is questionable. Pending detailed studies of the type, we maintain the use of the name C. latipinnus.
渐尖毛蕨 jian jian mao jue
Plants (20)4060(80) cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, apices including stipe bases with brown lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; stipes (10)2030(40) cm, stramineous to brown; laminae (10)3050(60) Χ 1025 cm, bases not narrowed or slightly so, apices caudate to acuminate; lateral pinnae (5)1020 pairs, shortly stalked; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, (5)815(18) Χ (0.5)0.81.5(2) cm, bases truncate or shallowly cordate, lobed 1/22/3 toward costae, apices acuminate to acute; segments (10)1530 pairs, 25 Χ 24 mm, basal acroscopic one (sometimes also basiscopic one) longer, sharply pointed or acute at apex; veinlets 610 pairs, simple (sometimes forked on basal acroscopic segment), proximal pair anastomosing, next (0.5)11.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery to subleathery, grayish green when dried, both surfaces with short acicular hairs along costae and veins, also with minute hairs throughout. Sori orbicular, submarginal; indusia shortly hairy or subglabrous. Sporangia bearing reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores dark brown, densely cristate. 2n = 72, 108, 144, 216.
Semi-open places in thickets, grasslands, farmland margins, roadsides; near sea level to 1700 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, S Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, S Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Philippines].
1a. Proximal pinnae not shortened, acuminate at apices ....................................... 1a. var. acuminatus
1b. Proximal several pinna pairs slightly shortened, acute at apices ...................... 1b. var. kuliangensis
渐尖毛蕨(原变种) jian jian mao jue (yuan bian zhong)
Polypodium acuminatum Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. 2(14): 181. 1783; Aspidium sophoroides (Thunberg) Christ[??Swartz]; Christella acuminata (Houttuyn) H. Lιveillι; Cyclosorus cangnanensis K. H. Shing & C. F. Zhang [name not in IPNI]; C. ciliensis K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. dissitus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. glabrescens Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. kuizhouensis K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. sinoacuminatus Ching & Z. Y. Liu; C. sophoroides (Thunb.) Tardieu-Blot; C. subacuminatus Ching ex K. H. Shing & J. F. Cheng; C. subcoriaceous Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; Dryopteris acuminata (Houttuyn) Nakai; D. sinica Christ; D. sophoroides (Thunb.) Kuntze; Nephrodium sophoroides (Thunberg) Desvaux; P. sophoroides Thunberg; Thelypteris acuminata (Houttuyn) C. V. Morton.
Proximal pinnae usually not shortened, acuminate at apices; laminae with usually 2 pairs of veinlets beneath sinus.
Semi-open places in thickets, grasslands, farmland margins, roadsides; near sea level to 1700 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, S Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Philippines].
The type is from Japan.
The type of Cyclosorus abbreviatus Ching & K. H. Shing ex K. H. Shing & J. F. Cheng [different authorship in IPNI]has features intermediate between C. acuminatus var. acuminatus and C. aridus. Only one gathering lacking mature sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
The type of Cyclosorus yuanjiangensis Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]has features intermediate between C. acuminatus var. acuminatus and C. procurrens. Only one gathering with rare mature sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
The type of Cyclosorus zhangii K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]has features intermediate between C. acuminatus var. acuminatus and C. parasiticus. Only one gathering (the type) without mature sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
The type of Cyclosorus tarningensis Ching might be an irregular plant of C. acuminatus var. acuminatus. The spores of the two species appear similar.
The type of Cyclosorus nanchuanensis Ching & Z. Y. Liu has not been examined by us, but it seems quite similar to C. acuminatus var. acuminatus according to the photo. Thus, this taxon is synonymized here, pending further study.
鼓岭渐尖毛蕨 gu ling jian jian mao jue
Christella acuminata (Houttuyn) H. Lιveillι monstr. kuliangensis (Ching) Nakaike; C. acuminata var. kuliangensis (Ching) C. M. Kuo; Cyclosorus kuliangensis (Ching) K. H. Shing.
Pinnae usually 48 pairs, oblanceolate; proximal several pinnae enlarged at apices and abruptly acute; veinlets usually 1.5 pairs below sinuses.
* Semi-open places in thickets, grasslands, farmland margins, roadsides; near sea level to 1200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hunan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
The type is from Fujian (Fuzhou).
The types of Cyclosorus paracuminatus Ching ex K. H. Shing & J. F. Cheng resemble this variety in general outline, but have orange glands abaxially and lack sori. Only one gathering (the type) without sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
Cyclosorus acuminatus var. acuminatodes W. C. Shieh & Tsai is endemic to Taiwan. This variety is a probable hybrid between C. acuminatus var. acuminatus and C. acuminatus var. kuliangensis.
南溪毛蕨 nan xi mao jue
Plants 40100 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly creeping, including stipe bases with dense dark brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 1530 cm, dark stramineous or reddish; laminae 2570 Χ 2030 cm, proximally slightly narrowed, apices acuminate to caudate; lateral pinnae 1018 pairs, nearly sessile, proximal 1 or 2 pairs shortened; middle pinnae 515 Χ 12 cm, sterile ones usually broader, lanceolate, bases subtruncate or broadly cuneate, lobed to 1/2 toward costae or only serrate, apices long acuminate; segments 1525 pairs on middle pinnae, oblong, 25 Χ ca. 3 mm, subacute or obtuse at apices; veinlets 58 pairs, proximal 1.52.5 pairs anastomosing, next 11.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, brownish green or grayish green when dried, adaxially shortly hairy along costae and veins, abaxially with sparse short hairs along costae and veins, with minute hairs throughout. Sori orbicular, medial, proximal pair sometimes confluent; indusia subglabrous or minutely hairy. Sporangia bearing orange glands on stalks. Spores shortly cristate or echinate.
* Wet forest understories; 100700 m. SE Yunnan (Hekou).
糙叶毛蕨 cao ye mao jue
Christella scaberula (Ching) Holttum; Thelypteris scaberula (Ching) C. F. Reed.
Plants 70100 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly creeping, with dark brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 3045 cm, dark stramineous, subglabrous or with sparse scales to middle of rachises; laminae 4060 Χ 1530 cm, bases not narrowed or slightly narrowed, apices caudate to acuminate; pinnae 1020 pairs, nearly sessile; middle pinnae 815 Χ 1.52.5 cm, lobed 1/32/5 toward costae, lanceolate, bases rounded-truncate, apices long acuminate; segments 2035 pairs on middle pinnae, triangular, 34 Χ 24 mm, obtuse or acute at apices; veinlets 811 pairs, proximal 2 pairs anastomosing, next 11.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green to brownish green when dried, adaxially with several acicular hairs along costae and veins, also with minute hairs between veins, abaxial surface with minute hairs throughout (sometimes with several scales on costae). Sori orbicular, medial to supramedial; indusia glabrous or shortly hairy. Sporangia bearing reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores echinate or shortly cristate. 2n = 72.
* Nearby streams or wet dense forest understories; 7001200 m. Hainan.
The type is from Hainan (Danxian).
光羽毛蕨 guang yu mao jue
Christella calvescens (Ching) Holttum; Cyclosorus sanduensis K. H. Shing & P. S. Wang [name not in IPNI]; Thelypteris calvescens (Ching) C. F. Reed.
Plants 60100 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly creeping, including stipe bases with dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes 2050 cm, dark stramineous; laminae ovate-lanceolate, 4060 Χ 2035 cm, bases not narrowed or slightly so, apices caudate with a long apical pinna; lateral pinnae 1015 pairs, middle ones 1520 Χ 23 cm, bases cuneate (decurrent on proximal pinnae), shortly stalked, lobed 1/41/3 toward costae, apices long acuminate; proximal 1 or 2 pairs shortened to less than 1/2 length of middle pinnae or sometimes longer; segments 2030 pairs on middle pinnae, triangular, entire, obtuse or subacute at apices; veinlets 810 pairs, proximal 1.52 pairs anastomosing, next 1.52.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green or brownish green when dried, adaxially with sparse acicular hairs along costae and veins, abaxial surface subglabrous. Sori orbicular or elongate, medial; indusia subglabrous. Sporangia bearing orange or golden glands on stalks. Spores irregularly cristate or echinate.
Wet forest understories; 3001600 m. Guangxi, S Guizhou, S Yunnan [Vietnam].
The type is from N Vietnam (Langson).
河口毛蕨 he kou mao jue
Christella hokouensis (Ching) Holttum; Thelypteris hokouensis (Ching) C. F. Reed.
Plants 0.81.3 m tall. Rhizomes long creeping, dark brown, including stipe bases with sparse dark brown lanceolate scales and brown setae. Fronds distant; stipes 1015 cm, dark stramineous; laminae 70120 Χ 2035 cm, bases abruptly narrowed, apices caudate; pinnae 2035 pairs, proximal 515 pairs abruptly reduced into hastate pinnae with caudate apices, proximal pair ca. 1 Χ 0.5 cm; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1018 Χ 12 cm, bases truncate, lobed 1/41/3 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2030 pairs on middle pinnae, oblong, 25 Χ ca. 3 mm, entire, subacute at apices; veinlets 811 pairs, proximal 2 or 3 pairs anastomosing, next 11.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, brownish green when dried, with dense acicular hairs along costae on both surfaces, with several acicular hairs along veins adaxially, with dense acicular hairs throughout and several capitate glandular hairs abaxially. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia hairy. Sporangia with small reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores with short wings.
Wet or semi-open forest understories or margins; 1001100 m. SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan [E India].
The type is from Yunnan (Hekou).
The type of Cyclosorus caii Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]has features intermediate between C. hokouensis and C. aridus, only one gathering (3 sheets of the type) with rare fertile sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
古斯塔毛蕨 gu si ta mao jue
Nephrodium gustavii Beddome, J. Bot. 31: 227. 1893; Christella gustavii (Beddome) Holttum[??okay].
Plants 50100 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, including stipe bases with linear-lanceolate dark brown scales, similar scales on stipe bases. Fronds distant; stipes 1525 cm, dark stramineous; laminae 4080 Χ 2535 cm, bases gradually narrowed, apices caudate with a large apical pinna; lateral pinnae 1015 pairs, lanceolate, 1218 Χ 23 cm, lobed ca. 1/3 toward costae, bases truncate to broadly cuneate, almost sessile, apices acuminate; apical pinnae similar to lateral ones; proximal 35 pairs of lateral pinnae gradually shortened, lowest pair ca. 2 cm; segments 2030 pairs on middle pinnae, 34 Χ 34 mm, entire, obtuse at apices; veinlets 612 pairs, proximal 2 or 3 pairs anastomosing, next 11.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green when dried, with several acicular hairs along costae and veins adaxially, with short acicular hairs along veins and minute hairs between veins abaxially. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia shortly hairy. Sporangia lacking conspicuous glands. Spores brown with long fimbriate wings.
Wet forest understories; 6001000 m. W Yunnan [India, Thailand].
The type is from NE India (Assam).
Cyclosorus gustavii has only two gatherings from W Yunnan, so our knowledge about it is quite limited. The distinction between this species and C. assamicus, which also occurs in NE India, is not obvious. Here, we follow the treatment in Flora Yunnanica (2006[??citation]).
武陵毛蕨 wu ling mao jue
Cyclosorus leipoensis Ching & H. S. Kung ex K. H. Shing[??no ex]. [name not in IPNI]
Plants 70120 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, with lanceolate dark brown scales and setae. Stipes 1030 cm, dark stramineous; laminae 60100 Χ 1530 cm, bases gradually narrowed, apices acuminate to caudate; lateral pinnae 1525 pairs, proximal 36 pairs gradually shortened, sometimes hastate with longer basal acroscopic segments, lowest pair 1.53 Χ ca. 2 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 1018 Χ 1.52.5 cm, bases rounded-truncate, lobed 1/42/5 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2535 pairs on middle pinnae, 25 Χ ca. 3 mm (basal acroscopic segment longer), obtuse at apices; veinlets 69 pairs, proximal 1.52 pairs anastomosing, next 0.51 pair running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green when dried, adaxially with sparse short acicular hairs along costae (occasionally along veins), abaxial surface subglabrous except for several short acicular hairs on costae. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia subglabrous. Sporangia bearing golden to orange glands on stalks. Spores thickly cristate.
* Wet forest understories or margins; 3002100 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, W Hunan, S Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
The type is from Hunan (Yongshun).
景洪毛蕨 jing hong mao jue
Cyclosorus baiseensis Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. oppositus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. pumilus Ching ex K. H. Shing. [name not in IPNI]
Plants 3080 cm tall. Rhizomes erect to suberect, apices including stipe bases with dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 520 cm, stramineous; laminae 2560 Χ 818 cm, bases gradually narrowed, apices acuminate to caudate; pinnae 1020 pairs, proximal 35 pairs gradually shortened, proximal pair ca. 1 Χ 1 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 510 Χ 12 cm, bases subtruncate, lobed ca. 1/3 toward costae, apices acuminate; segments 1520 pairs, nearly square, 24 Χ ca. 3 mm, entire, obtuse at apices; veinlets 57 pairs, proximal 11.5 pairs anastomosing, next 11.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae herbaceous, grayish green when dried, veins with sparse short hairs on both surfaces, abaxial surface with reddish orange glands along and between veins. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia shortly hairy. Sporangia bearing reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores thinly cristate.
Wet forest understories, semi-open places by forest margins; 2001000 m. Guangxi, Hainan, S Yunnan [Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from Yunnan (Jinghong).
闽台毛蕨 min tai mao jue
Aspidium jaculosum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, Ser. 2, 4: 615. 1904; Christella jaculosa (Christ) Holttum; C. subarida (Tatewaki & Tagawa) Holttum ex C. M. Kuo; Cyclosorus aureoglandulifer Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. houi Ching; C. pararidus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. simillimus Ching ex K. H. Shing; C. sparsisorus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. subaridus Tatewaki & Tagawa; Dryopteris jaculosa (Christ) C. Christensen; Nephrodium jaculosum (Christ) Hayata; Thelypteris houi (Ching) C. F. Reed; T. jaculosa (Christ) Panigrahi; T. subarida (Tatewaki & Tagawa) C. F. Reed.
Plants 40100 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, dark brown, including stipe bases with dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; stipes 530 cm, dark stramineous; laminae 3090 Χ 1030 cm, bases gradually narrowed, apices caudate to acuminate; pinnae 2030 pairs, proximal 38 pairs gradually shortened with lowest pair ca. 1.5 Χ 1.5 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 618 Χ 12 cm, bases rounded-truncate, lobed 1/31/2 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 1530 pairs, triangular-oblong, 35 Χ ca. 3 mm, margins sometimes crenate on proximal ones, rounded-obtuse to subacute at apices; veinlets 58 pairs, proximal 11.5 pairs anastomosing, next 11.5 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, brownish green to grayish green when dried, adaxially with several acicular hairs along costae and veins and minute hairs between veins, abaxial surface with dense minute hairs and many reddish orange glands throughout. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia glabrous or with sparse minute hairs. Sporangia bearing reddish orange glands on stalks. Spores shortly cristate and echinate. 2n = 72.
Streamsides, wet forest understories, semi-open places; near sea level to 1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, S Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, S Zhejiang [India, Japan, Vietnam].
The type is from Taiwan.
广叶毛蕨 guang ye mao jue
Dryopteris ensifera Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 6: 89. 1937; Christella ensifera (Tagawa) Holttum ex Kuo; Cyclosorus gaoxiongensis Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. subnamburensis Ching ex K. H. Shing[??no ex] [name not in IPNI]; Thelypteris ensifera (Tagawa) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 2540 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly to long creeping, with dark brown linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate to distant; stipes 1015 cm, dark stramineous; laminae 1530 Χ 510 cm, bases slightly narrowed, apices caudate; lateral pinnae 410 pairs, proximal 1 or 2 pairs shortened, ca. 1 cm or longer; middle pinnae oblanceolate, 310 Χ 12 cm, bases truncate to shallowly cordate, lobed 1/31/2 toward costae, apices acuminate; segments 820 pairs, 38 Χ ca. 3 mm (basal acroscopic one longer and crenate), acute at apices; veinlets 610 pairs, single (sometimes forked on longer segments), proximal 2 pairs anastomosing, next pair running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, adaxially with several acicular hairs along costae and veins, also with dense minute hairs along and between veins, abaxial surface with several acicular hairs and several clavate glands along veins, and dense minute hairs along and between veins. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia shortly hairy. Sporangia bearing clavate glands on stalks. Spores cristate. 2n = 72.
* Wet forest understories; near sea level to 700 m. S and SE Taiwan.
干旱毛蕨 gan han mao jue
Aspidium aridum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal 4. 1825; Christella arida (D. Don) Holttum; Cyclosorus acutissimus Ching ex K. H. Shing & J. F. Cheng; C. serrifer Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; Dryopteris arida (D. Don) Kuntze; Nephrodium aridum (D. Don) J. Smith; Thelypteris arida (D. Don) C. V. Morton.
Plants (30)50100(150) cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, including stipe bases with sparse brown lanceolate scales. Fronds distant; stipes 1035 cm; laminae (20)4080(120) Χ (10)1535 cm, bases abruptly or gradually narrowed, apices caudate to acuminate; pinnae 1540 pairs, proximal 210 pairs shortened; middle pinnae linear-lanceolate, (5)1018 Χ 12 cm, bases truncate, lobed to 1/3 toward costae or sometimes only dentate, apices long acuminate; segments 2040 pairs on middle pinnae, triangular, 13 Χ ca. 3mm, entire, acute or pointed at apices; veinlets 612 pairs, much oblique, proximal 2 or 3 pairs anastomosing, next 1 or 2 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery to somewhat leathery, brownish green or yellowish green when dried, adaxially subglabrous except for several short acicular hairs along costae, abaxial surface with short acicular hairs along costae and veins, also with yellow or orange clavate glands along veins. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia glandular, sometimes hairy. Sporangia bearing yellow or orange clavate glands on stalks. Spore with long wings or ridged folds. 2n = 72.
Wet or semi-open places, usually among tall grasses; near sea level to 2500 m. S Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Malesia, Nepal, Philippines, Vietnam; Australia, Pacific islands].
The type is from Nepal.
K. H. Shing mentioned in FPRS (1999) that Cyclosorus subaridus Tatew.[spell-out] & Tagawa represented a small form of C. aridus. After careful examination, we found that C. subaridus resembles the type of C. jaculosus, so it is excluded from the synonymy of C. aridus.
The type of Cyclosorus medogensis Ching & S. K. Wu resembles this species, but differs by deeper lobed segments and less anastomosing veins. Its type has quite rare fertile sori. Only one gathering (the type) has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
The type of Cyclosorus omeigensis Ching has features intermediate between C. aridus and Pronephrium penangianum. Only one gathering (the type) lacking fertile sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
The type of Cyclosorus pseudoaridus Ching ex K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]has features intermediate between C. aridus and C. acuminatus. Only one gathering (the type) with rare fertile sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
狭基毛蕨 xia ji mao jue
Cyclosorus clavatus K. H. Shing [name not in IPNI]; C. pseudoattenuatus Ching ex K. H. Shing. [name not in IPNI]
Plants 0.81.5 m tall. Rhizomes long creeping, including stipe bases with sparse dark brown lanceolate scales and brown short setae. Fronds distant; stipes 3060 cm, dark stramineous; laminae 5090 Χ 3040 cm, bases not or slightly narrowed, apices caudate with a large apical pinna; lateral pinnae 412 pairs, proximal ones stalked; proximal pair sometimes shortened to ca. 3 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 1522 Χ 2.53.5 cm, bases cuneate, lobed 1/41/3 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 3040 pairs on middle pinnae, falcate-triangular, 35 Χ 45 mm, obtuse or subacute at apices; veinlets 812 pairs, proximal 2 pairs anastomosing with usually an interrupted excurrent veinlet, next 2 or 3 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green when dried, acicular hairy along costae (sometimes also veins) adaxially, abaxially with golden clavate glands and minute hairs along veins. Sori orbicular or slightly elongate, medial or inframedial; indusia with sparse short hairs. Sporangia bearing clavate glands on stalks. Spores with fimbriate wings.
Wet understories of dense forests; 600700 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou [Vietnam].
The type is from Chongqing (Beibei).
福建毛蕨 fu jian mao jue
Christella fukienensis (Ching) Holttum; Cyclosorus dehuaensis Ching & K. H. Shing; C. fraxinifolius Ching & K. H. Shing; C. luoqingensis Ching & C. F. Zhang; C. nanlingensis Ching ex K. H. Shing & J. F. Cheng; C. paucipinnus Ching & C. F. Zhang ex K. H. Shing [??Not paucipinnatus] [name not in IPNI]; Thelypteris fukienensis (Ching) C. F. Reed.
Plants 40100 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, including stipe bases with dark brown lanceolate scales and setae. Fronds distant; stipes 1030 cm; laminae 3080 Χ 1530 cm, bases gradually narrowed or slightly so, apices caudate with a medium to large apical pinna; pinnae 515 pairs, shortly stalked or almost sessile, proximal 15 pairs gradually shortened, or sometimes only 1 pair slightly shortened; middle pinnae lanceolate, 1018 Χ 1.53 cm, bases truncate or broadly cuneate, lobed 1/51/3 toward costae, apices acuminate; segments 2030 pairs on middle pinnae, 24 Χ 35 mm, obtuse or subtruncate at apices; veinlets 510 pairs, proximal 2 pairs anastomosing, next 1.52 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, grayish green or brownish green when dried, with short acicular hairs along costae and veins and minute hairs between veins on both surfaces, also with golden clavate glands along veins abaxially. Sori orbicular, medial; indusia shortly hairy, sometimes glandular. Sporangia bearing golden to reddish orange clavate glands on stalks. Spores with short fimbriate wings.
* Wet forest understories and margins; near sea level to 1100 m. Fujian, N Guangdong, S Hunan, S Jiangxi, S Zhejiang.
The type is from Fujian.
The type of Cyclosorus grandissimus Ching & K. H. Shing has features intermediate between C. fukienensis and C. aridus. Only one gathering (the type) with rare sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
The type of Cyclosorus hirtipes K. H. Shing & C. F. Zhang [name not in IPNI]has features intermediate between C. fukienensis and C. acuminatus. Only one gathering (the type) with rare fertile sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
巨型毛蕨 ju xing mao jue
Nephrodium subelatum Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 11. 1906; Christella subelata (Baker) Holttum; Dryopteris subelata (Baker) C. Christensen; Thelypteris subelata (Baker) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 0.61.5 m tall. Rhizomes shortly or long creeping, massive and woody, including stipe bases with dark brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approximate or distant; stipes 1030 cm, bases dark brown, stramineous distally; laminae 50120 Χ 3040 cm, bases narrowed, apices caudate; pinnae 1530 pairs, shortly stalked or almost sessile, proximal 210 pairs gradually shortened and narrowed, proximal pair ca. 1 cm; middle pinnae lanceolate, 1020 Χ 23.5 cm, bases rounded-truncate, lobed 1/41/3 toward costae, apices long acuminate; segments 2035 pairs on middle pinnae, oblong, 25 Χ 35 mm, entire, obtuse to subacute at apices; veinlets 812 pairs, proximal 1 or 2 pairs anastomosing, next 13 pairs running to sinus-membrane. Laminae papery, brownish green when dried, with short acicular hairs along costae and veins on both surfaces, also with clavate glands along veins and also minute hairs between veins abaxially. Sori orbicular, medial or supramedial; indusia shortly hairy. Sporangia bearing orange to golden clavate glands on stalks. Spores with mid-sized to long fimbriate wings.
Wet forest understories, semi-open forest margins; 2001500 m. Guangxi, S Yunnan [India, Laos, Myanmar, N Thailand].
The type is from Yunnan (Simao).
The type of Cyclosorus elatus Ching ex K. H. Shing has features intermediate between C. subelatus and C. dentatus. Only one gathering (the type) with mostly sterile sori has been collected. This taxon might be a hybrid.
溪边蕨属 xi bian jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Cyclosorus subg. Stegnogramma (Blume) A. R. Smith; Thelypteris subg. Stegnogramma (Blume) C. F. Reed.
Plants mid-sized, on soil. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, with dense unicellular or multicellular long hairs and sparse brown, setaceous lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes dark brown, bases scaly and grayish white unicellular or multi-separated acicular long hairs; laminae oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, bases not narrowed or slightly so, 1-pinnate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, spreading, sessile or very shortly stalked on proximal several pairs, distal ones ± adnate to rachises, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bases rounded-cuneate or truncate, subopposite, undulate or crenate along margins, or lobed to 1/3 of distance to costule, shortly acute or rounded-obtuse at apices, sometimes acuminate, both surfaces ± with hairs, costae obviously raised abaxially, grooves adaxially, with dense acicular hairs. Veins goniopteroid, 35 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal 13(5) pairs joining to form triangular areoles, proximal pair arising above bases of costules, distally veins all reaching margin above sinuses. Laminae herbaceous, dark brown-green when dry, abaxially with grayish white acicular hairs, adaxially sparsely setaceous; usually with multicellular long hairs and short hairs along rachises. Sori linear, attached along veins, exindusiate or sometimes indusiate; sporangia bearing erect short hairs, sometimes glabrous; spores bilateral, elliptic, sharply echinate.
More than ten species: SW China, India, Myanmar, Malesia, Vietnam; six species (five endemic) in China.
Type species: Stegnogramma aspidiodes Blume.
1a. Veinlets 3 or 4 pairs, joined on both sides of costules and forming 2 lines of tetragonal areoles 1. S. dictyoclinoides
1b. Veinlets 1 or 2 pairs joined on both sides of costules and forming 13 triangular or irregular areoles.
2a. Sporangia glabrous ................................................................................. 2. S. xingwenensis
2b. Sporangia bearing short hairs.
3a. Laminae with many short setae remaining at attachments of sori after sori fallen 3. S. cyrtomioides
3b. Laminae with remaining glandlike objects at attachments of sori after sori fallen.
4a. Pinnae broadly ovate-lanceolate, margins lobed to 1/3 of distance to costule, bases truncate, shortly acute at apices, proximal 3 or 4 pairs of pinnae shortened and reflexed; endemic to Yunnan (Gongshan) .............................................................................................. 4. S. latipinna
4b. Pinnae lanceolate, acuminate at apices, or ovate-lanceolate, rounded-obtuse, margins undulate or lobate, bases rounded-cuneate, proximal pinnae not or slightly shortened.
5a. Proximal pinnae slightly shortened, lanceolate, broadest on mid to lower part, acuminate and bent distally, glabrous on intercostal areas abaxially of pinnae; endemic to Chongqing (Jinyun Shan) 5. S. diplazioides
5b. Proximal several pinnae shortened, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, broadest at bases, rounded-obtuse at apices, setaceous on intercostal areas of abaxial surface of lamina; Sichuan 6. S. jingfoshanensis
屏边溪边蕨 ping bian xi bian jue
Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Rhizomes short and thick, ascending, almost scaly. Fronds clustered; stipes 1523 cm, dark stramineous, glabrous on bases, throughout with spreading grayish white acicular hairs and short hairs; laminae broadly lanceolate, 1525 Χ 710 cm, 1-pinnate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; pinnae 7 or 8 pairs, spreading, proximal 1 or 2 pairs free, sessile, slightly shortened, distal ones adnate to rachises and connected by narrow wings, apical ones connected by broad wings; proximal pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 34 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, bases truncate or rounded-cuneate, symmetrical, crenate along margins, shortly acuminate at apices; middle pinnae of similar shape as proximal ones, ca. 5 Χ 2 cm, bases adnate to rachises; costae raised on both sides. Veins evident, 3 or 4 pairs of veinlets joining into areoles, areoles in 2 lines, 4 or 5 per line, nearly square or pentagonal and with an excurrent veinlet arising from joining point ± tortuous, proximal pair of veinlets arising from far above bases of costules. Laminae herbaceous, dark brown-green when dry, both surfaces with dense grayish white acicular long hairs along rachises, costae, and veins. Sori linear, attached along veinlets (sometime attached along excurrent veins), exindusiate. Sporangia each with 1 or 2 erect acicular hairs near top.
Streamsides in forest understories, steep forest slopes; 12002000 m. S and SE Taiwan, SE Yunnan [N Vietnam].
The type is from Yunnan.
兴文溪边蕨 xing wen xi bian jue
Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Rhizomes erect, with dense brown shortly hairy at margins, lanceolate scales at apices. Fronds clustered; stipes 1420 cm, dark stramineous, with scales and throughout with mixed grayish white different-sized acicular hairs; laminae lanceolate, 3040 Χ ca. 10 cm, slightly narrowed to bases, 1-pinnate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; pinnae 1014 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, almost sessile, except for proximal several pairs of pinnae slightly reduced, others ± adnate to rachises; proximal pinnae slightly reduced, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 Χ 1.5 cm, bases rounded-cuneate, not symmetrical, shortly acute at apices; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 6 Χ 1.8 cm, bases rounded-cuneate, pinnately lobed along margins, acuminate at apices; costae raised on both sides. Veins evident, veinlets obliquely spreading, 1 or 2 veinlets joining into 2 or 3 triangular or subrhomboid areoles. Laminae grayish green when dry, herbaceous, both surfaces with dense appressed setae along veins, with sparse short hairs abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Sori linear, attached along veinlets, exindusiate, sporangia glabrous.
* Forest understories at roadsides; ca. 1300 m. Sichuan (Xingwen).
贯众叶溪边蕨 guan zhong ye xi bian jue
Dryopteris stegnogrammoides (Baker) C. Christensen var. cyrtomioides C. Christensen, Acta Hort. Geobot. 1: 56. 1924; Stegnogramma asplenioides (C. Christensen) J. Smith ex Ching, p.p. [not (Desvaux) J. Smith ex Ching (1936)]
Plants 2850 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, with dense hairy brown narrowly lanceolate scales and multicellular acicular long hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 825 cm, stramineous, with sparse scales on bases, throughout with dense grayish white multicellular long acicular hairs when young, hairs gradually fallen when old; laminae lanceolate, 1525 Χ 48 cm, bases not narrowed, 1-pinnate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; pinnae 810 pairs, alternate, spreading, proximal pair slightly shortened, proximal 3 or 4 pairs free, sessile, distal ones ± adnate to rachises; middle pinnae ovate-oblong, 23.5 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, bases broader, bases rounded-truncate, symmetrical, subentire or slightly undulate, shortly acute at apices. Veins evident, 2 or 3 pairs of veinlets between veinlets, proximal pair joining, sometime an excurrent veinlet arising at this union and connected to an acroscopic veinlet of second pair, forming a triangular plus a rhomboid areole. Laminae yellow-green, herbaceous or papery, abaxial surface shortly hairy on intercostal areas, adaxially setaceous along margins and apices; along abaxial side of rachises with dense multicellular long acicular hairs, shortly hairy along abaxial sides of costae and veins, setaceous adaxially. Sori linear, attached along veinlets, exindusiate, remaining clustered and with erect short hairs at attached places of sori after fallen; sori with 2 or 3 short hairs.
* In scrub; 6001500 m. Guizhou, Sichuan.
The type is from Sichuan.
阔羽溪边蕨 kuo yu xi bian jue
[??Stegnogramma petiolulata Ching, nom. nud.]
Plants ca. 70 cm tall. Rhizomes short, erect, including stipe bases with dense setaceous brown lanceolate scales and spreading multicellular grayish white acicular long hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes 2024 cm, dark stramineous, sparsely setaceous at bases; laminae 3035 Χ 1013 cm, bases slightly narrowed, 1-pinnate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; pinnae 1012 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, proximal ones free from rachises, distal ones ± adnate to rachises and completely combined near apical part; middle pinnae broadly lanceolate, ca. 7 Χ 2.2 cm, bases rounded-truncate and slightly broadened, not symmetrical, lobed to 1/4 of distance to costule, shortly acuminate at apices; segments ovate-triangular, ca. 4 Χ 4 mm, entire, obtuse-rounded at apices. Veins evident, 4 or 5 pairs of veinlets per segment, proximal 2 pairs (sometimes 1.5 pairs) joining by their ends, veinlets of proximal pair arising far above base of costules. Laminae dark green when dry, herbaceous, abaxial surface with acicular hairs along rachises, costae, veins, and intercostal areas, adaxially with dense setae along rachises, costae, and veins, sparsely setaceous along margins, glabrous on intercostal areas. Sori linear, attached along veinlets, exindusiate; sporangia each with 3 or 4 erect acicular hairs near apices.
* Streamsides in forest understories; 23002500 m. NW Yunnan (Gongshan).
缙云溪边蕨 jin yun xi bian jue
Plants ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizomes strong, suberect, with dark brown, shortly hairy lanceolate scales and few multicellular translucent acicular hairs at apices. Fronds clustered; stipes 2530 cm, dark stramineous on proximal part and sparsely scaly, distally stramineous, throughout shortly setaceous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 2534 Χ 1012 cm, bases almost or slightly narrowed, 1-pinnate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; pinnae 1014 pairs (proximal 5 or 6 pairs free from rachises), subopposite, sessile, spreading, proximal pair slightly shortened (ca. 4.5 cm), above one lanceolate, 56 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, bases rounded-cuneate and slightly narrowed, sessile, distal ones of similar shape, but ± adnate to rachises at bases, distal ones gradually reduced and completely adnate to rachises at bases, entire or slightly undulate. Veins evident, veinlets oblique distally, veinlets ca. 3 pairs, bent, proximal 2 pairs (sometime 1.5 pairs) joining by their ends, proximal pair arising far above base of costules. Laminae greenish when dry, somewhat papery, abaxially with sparse short hairs on laminae, adaxially glabrous, setaceous along margins. With unicellular long setaceous along abaxial side of rachises, shortly setaceous along costae and veins, with dense appressed setae along adaxial side of costae, sparsely setaceous along veins. Sori linear, attached along veinlets; indusia shortly setaceous near tops of sporangia.
* Bamboo understories on sunny slopes. Chongqing (Beibei, Jinyun Shan).
金佛山溪边蕨 jin fo shan xi bian jue
Plants 3540 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, including stipe bases with dense multicellular acicular hairs and hairy reddish brown lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered; stipes 1020 cm, grayish brown, with sparse scales and spreading multicellular acicular hairs mixed with unicellular setae on proximal part; laminae lanceolate, 1827 Χ 5.27 cm, bases not or slightly narrowed, 1-pinnate, pinnatifid-acuminate at apices; pinnae 812 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, proximal 3 or 4 pairs free, distal ones ± adnate to rachises; middle pinnae broadly lanceolate, 45 Χ ca. 1.6 cm, bases broadened, subtruncate, symmetrical, crenate or pinnatilobate along margins, acute or obtuse at apices. Veins evident, veinlets 3 or 4 pairs, proximal 1.5 pairs joining by their ends, proximal pair arising from far above base of costules. Laminae grayish green or greenish when dry, thinly papery, abaxially with short acicular hairs on intercostal areas, adaxially usually shortly hairy on intercostal areas, with unicellular long setae along both sides of rachises, shortly hairy along costae and veins, with dense appressed setae along adaxial side of costae and sparsely setaceous along veins. Sori linear, attached along veinlets, usually confluent at apices, exindusiate, with remaining glandlike material at attachment of sori; setaceous near tops of sporangia.
* Shaded thickets at foot of limestone mountains; ca. 2500 m. Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type is from Sichuan.
星毛蕨属 xing mao jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Menicium sect. Ampelopteris (Kunze) K. Iwatsuki; Thelypteris sect. Ampelopteris (Kunze) C. F. Reed.
Plants, trailing, growing in soil, ca. 1 m tall. Rhizomes long creeping, stipe bases with sparse, dark brown, stellate-hairy lanceolate scales. Fronds clustered or approximate; stipes stramineous, firm, nearly glabrous, ca. 40 cm; laminae lanceolate, bases slightly narrowed, rachises usually prolonged, whiplike and rooting on soil and forming a new plant, 1-pinnate; pinnae ca. 30 pairs, spreading, subopposite, subsessile, lanceolate, 510(15) Χ ca. 2 cm, bases rounded-truncate, undulate along margins, shortly pointed at apices; often with a gemma in pinna axils producing a 1-pinnate small lamina. Veins evident, veinlets obliquely spreading and joining by theirs ends, a tortuous excurrent veinlet connected with veinlets of every pair to marginal sinus and forming a line of oblique-square areoles, particularly typical venation of Ampelopteris. Laminae papery, greenish or dark brown-green, forked or not forked shortly hairy along both sides of rachises and intercostal areas and glabrous when old. Sori nearly orbicular or oblong, attached on middle of veinlets, exindusiate, usually confluent when mature. Sporangia glabrous. Spores elliptic monolete, perispore thin and translucent, minutely reticulate and with small spines.
One species: tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World.
Type species: Ampelopteris prolifera (Retzius) Copeland (Hemoinitis prolifera Retzius).
星毛蕨 xing mao jue
Hemionitis prolifera Retzius, Observ. Bot. 6: 36. 1791; Abacopteris prolifera (Retzius) W. C. Shieh; Ampelopteris elegans Kunze; Cyclosorus prolifer (Retzius) Tardieu-Blot & C. Christensen; Goniopteris prolifera (Retzius) Fιe [(1869), no basio auth, ??not (Retzius) C. Presl (1836)]; Meniscium proliferum (Retzius) Swartz; Phegopteris luxurians (Kunze) Mettenius; Polypodium luxurians Kunze.
The description as for the genus. n = 36.
On sandy floodplains by streams in sunny areas; 1001000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [tropical and subtropical regions of the world except the Americas].
The young fronds are eaten as a vegetable.
新月蕨属 xin yue jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Abacopteris Fιe.
Plants, mid-sized, growing in soil. Rhizomes long creeping, or short and decumbent, with sparse, usually hairy, brown scales. Fronds remote or approximate; stipes glabrous except at bases, but often (particularly when young) ± with unicellular acicular hairs; laminae usually 1-imparipinnate, sometimes simple or ternate; pinnae large, usually 310(15) pairs, terminal pinna free, of similar shape as lateral ones, proximal pair not or slightly shortened, lanceolate, bases rounded or cuneate, subsessile or shortly stalked, not adnate to rachises, entire or thickly serrate, acuminate at apices; costae evident, veinlets mostly obliquely spreading; venation meniscioid, i.e., veinlets joining into oblique square areoles between veinlets, an excurrent veinlet arising from joining point of every pair of veinlets continuous or interrupted and with hydathodes at apices. Laminae herbaceous or papery, sometimes somewhat leathery, green or dark brown when dry, often reddish (at least abaxially along rachises, costae and veinlets), usually ± with acicular and hooked-hairs (at least along abaxially along rachises and costae), abaxially usually foveolate on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, in 2 lines between veinlets, one per veinlet, if attached on distal part of veinlets usually confluent when mature, rarely spreading throughout abaxial surface of pinnae, exindusiate or indusiate, hairy or glabrous; sporangia glabrous or with acicular hairs. Spores bilateral, reniform, perispore transparent or translucent, perispore ridged corrugate, verrucate, or echinate. x = 36.
Sixty-one species: tropical and subtropical regions of Asia; 18 species (eight endemic) in China.
Type: Pronephrium lineatum (Blume) C. Presl (Asplenium lineatum Blume).
1a. Plant with hooked hairs throughout.
2a. Laminae simple, strongly dimorphic, sterile laminae cordate or hastate (i.e., occasionally with one pair of small auricles proximally), sori spreading throughout abaxially on mature laminae 1. P. simplex
2b. Laminae ternate or pinnate (occasionally simple, proximally rounded or cuneate), monomorphic, sometime dimorphic, sori arranged lines when mature.
3a. Laminae ternate (sometime with 2 pairs of lateral
pinnae), green when dry
2.
P. triphyllum
3b. Laminae pinnate and with multiple pairs of lateral pinnae, green or reddish when dry.
4a. Rhizomes short and decumbent; fronds approximate, pinnae distally usually with axillary buds in their axils ..................................................................................................... 3. P. cuspidatum
4b. Rhizomes long creeping; fronds remote, pinnae distally lacking buds in their axils.
5a. Proximal pinnae obviously reduced; pinna apices abruptly narrowed into a long tail 24 cm 4. P. megacuspe
5b. Proximal pinnae usually largest; pinnae apices not narrowed or caudate.
6a. Apical pinnae lobed throughout ............................................................ 5. P. insularis
6b. Apical pinnae entire (at most crenate along margins).
7a. Laminae oblong to ovate-rounded, lateral pinnae smaller than ca. 9 Χ 2 cm ........ 6. P. longipetiolatum
7b. Laminae triangular, lateral pinnae ca. 15 Χ 3 cm, proximal pair of pinnae largest 7. P. parishii
1b. Plants without hooked hairs on every part.
8a. Sori exindusiate or with very small indusia.
9a. Laminae normally greenish when dry; pinnae linear-lanceolate, margins regularly and sharply serrate, pinna lobes triangular ........................................................................... 8. P. penangianum
9b. Laminae ± purplish red when dry; pinnae ovate-lanceolate, margins entire or slightly undulate.
10a. Pinnae narrowly ovate, broadest at bases and rounded-cuneate; laminae completely glabrous on both surfaces; sori ovate and confluent when mature; Xizang ......................... 9. P. medogensis
10b. Pinnae lanceolate, broadest at middle, costae and veins with short hairs; sori orbicular and not confluent when mature; throughout China.
11a. Laminae abaxially with only sparse short hairs along rachises and costae, elsewhere glabrous; sori with small indusia ........................................................................ 10. P. lakhimpurense
11b. Laminae abaxially with acicular hairs along rachises, costae, veins, and intercostal areas; sori exindusiate ........................................................................................... 11. P. hirsutum
8b. Sori obviously indusiate.
12a. Pinnae broadly linear-lanceolate, bases not or slightly narrowed, margins regularly serrate.
13a. Sporangia glabrous; indusia occasionally with one or two short hairs ........ 12. P. nudatum
13b. Sporangia and indusia all with hairs.
14a. Stipes throughout with acicular setae, laminae abaxially with dense acicular long hairs along costae, veins, and on intercostal areas ............................................................... 13. P. setosum
14b. Stipes glabrous, laminae abaxially with only sparse hairs along costae and veins 14. P. yunguiensis
12b. Pinnae ovate-lanceolate or falcate, bases cuneate, margins entire or irregularly undulate-crenate.
15a. Rhizomes short and decumbent; plants smaller; lateral pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, pinnae ca. 7 Χ 22.5 cm ................................................................................................................. 15. P. gracilis
15b. Rhizomes long creeping; plants much larger; lateral pinnae more than 4 pairs, ca. 15 Χ 3 cm.
16a. Laminae abaxially with sparse short hairs along costae
and veins
16.
P. gymnopteridifrons
16b. Laminae abaxially with dense long hairs along costae, veins, and intercostal areas.
17a. Pinnae ovate-lanceolate, bases rounded-cuneate; laminae not foveolate on intercostal areas, with unicellular acicular hairs; sori attached on middle of veinlets, not confluent when mature 17. P. macrophyllum
17b. Pinnae oblong-lanceolate,
bases cuneate; laminae obviously foveolate abaxially on intercostal areas, with
dense multicellular articulate long hairs; sori attached on distal part of
veinlets and confluent when mature
...................................................................................................... 18.
P. hekouensis
单叶新月蕨 dan yu xin yue jue
Menicium simplex Hooker, Lond. J. Bot. 1: 294. 1842; Abacopteris simplex (Hooker) Ching; Asplenium simplex (Hooker) Hance; Dryopteris simplex (Hooker) C. Christensen; Nephrodium simplex (Hooker) Diels; Phegopteris simplex (Hooker) Mettenius; Polypodium simplex (Hooker) E. J. Lowe [(1858), not Swartz (1801)]; Thelypteris simplex (Hooker) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 3040 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, with sparse, dark brown lanceolate scales and hooked hairs at apices. Fronds remote, simple, dimorphic; sterile stipes 1418 cm, stramineous, occasionally with one or two scales at bases, distally with dense hooked short hairs, sometime with acicular long hairs; laminae elliptic-lanceolate, 1520 Χ 45 cm, entire or undulate. Veins visible, oblique distally, parallel to each other, one subrectangular areole between veinlets, above with two lines of nearly square areoles. Laminae papery when dry, with hooked short hairs on both surfaces, denser hairs along rachises and veins sometimes with long acicular hairs. Fertile fronds much taller than sterile ones; stipes 3035 cm; laminae lanceolate, 510 Χ 815 cm, bases cordate, entire, long acuminate at apices; veins and hairs all as in sterile one. Sori attached on veinlets, orbicular when young, exindusiate, spreading throughout abaxial surface of pinnae when mature.
Forest understories by streams, forest understories in valleys; sea level to 1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, SE Yunnan [Japan, Vietnam].
The type is from Hong Kong.
三羽新月蕨 san yu xin yue jue
Meniscium triphyllum Swartz in Schrader, J. Bot. 1800(2): 16. 1801; Abacopteris triphylla (Swartz) Ching; Cyclosorus triphyllus (Swartz) Tardieu-Blot & C. Christensen [??just Tardieu]; Dryopteris triphylla (Swartz) C. Christensen; Nephrodium triphyllum (Swartz) Diels; Phegopteris triphylla (Swartz) Mettenius; Thelypteris triphylla (Swartz) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 2050 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, blackish brown, with dense white hooked short hairs and brown hairy lanceolate scales. Fronds monomorphic or dimorphic; stipes 1040 cm, dark stramineous, bases with sparse scales and throughout with dense curved short hairs; laminae ovate-triangular, 1220 Χ 711 cm, bases rounded, ternate, long acuminate at apices; lateral pinnae one pair (rarely 2 pairs), oblique distally, opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 59 Χ 1.52.5 cm, bases rounded or rounded-cuneate, stalk 12 mm, entire, shortly acuminate at apices; terminal pinna very large, lanceolate, 1518 Χ 33.5 cm, bases rounded or rounded-cuneate, stalk 612 mm, margins entire or undulate, acuminate at apices. Veins evident abaxially, veinlets obliquely spreading and parallel, veins in middle of pinnae usually 8 or 9 pairs oblique or spreading, veinlet pairs joining by theirs ends and forming triangular areoles, an excurrent veinlet arising from joining point connected with veinlets of others forming nearly square areoles. Laminae firmly papery, adaxially glabrous except for dense hooked hairs in costal grooves, abaxially with hooked hairs along costae and veinlets and also with scattered hooked hairs on intercostal areas. Fertile fronds slightly taller than sterile ones, stipes longer, pinnae narrower. Sori attached on veinlets, orbicular when young, becoming narrowly ovate and confluent, exindusiate; sporangia each with 2 hooked hairs.
Forest understories; 100600 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, SE Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan, S Korea, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Myanmar; NE Australia].
The type is from Indonesia (Java).
顶芽新月蕨 ding yu xin yue jue
Meniscium cuspidatum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 114. 1828; Abacopteris cuspidata (Blume) Ching; A. liukiuensis (Christ ex Matsumura) Tagawa; Cyclosorus cuspidatus (Blume) Copeland; C. liukiuensis (Christ ex Matsumura) Masamune; Dryopteris liukiuense (Christ ex Matsumura) C. Christensen; Meniscium liukiuense Christ ex[??in] Matsumura; Nephrodium clavivenum Yabe ex Matsumura & Hayata [see IPNI]; Phegopteris cuspidata (Blume) Mettenius; Thelypteris liukiuensis (Christ ex Matsumura) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants ca. 1 m tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, with dark brown scales; scales lanceolate, sparsely shortly hairy. Fronds approximate; stipes 1535 cm, bases with dark brown scales and hooked hairs, distally glabrous; laminae ovate, 2530 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 24 pairs, oblanceolate, 814 Χ 23.5 cm, bases cuneate or narrowly rounded, shortly stalked, usually with a gemma in axil, margins entire or undulate-crenate, caudate-acuminate at apices; terminal pinna larger than lateral ones. Laminae papery when dry, brown and tinged scarlet. Veinlets obvious, 68 pairs regularly joining into areoles, excurrent veinlets usually not reaching next pair of joined veins. Sori orbicular or elongate, attached on middle of veinlets, usually confluent and spreading throughout pinna surface, exindusiate.
Understories of dense forests on low mountains. Taiwan [Japan, Malaysia; Solomon Islands].
The type is from Kalimantan.
微红新月蕨 wei hong xin yue jue
Polypodium megacuspe Baker, J. Bot. 28: 266. 1890; Abacopteis sampsonii (Baker) Ching; Pronephrium sampsonii (Baker) Ching ex K. H. Shing.
Plants 5070 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, blackish brown, with dense hooked hairs and hairy brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 2535 cm, stramineous, sparsely hairy at bases, distally sparsely setaceous; laminae oblong, 2535 Χ ca. 30 cm, bases slightly narrowed, 1-imparipinnate, caudate-pointed at apices; lateral pinnae 5 or 6 pairs, alternate, proximal pair slightly shortened, shortly stalked, others sessile, oblique distally, lanceolate, 1214 Χ ca. 2.5 cm, bases cuneate, entire or undulate, caudate-acuminate at apices; terminal pinna of similar shape as lateral ones, but very large, stalk 24 mm. Veins evident, veinlets oblique distally and parallel, veinlets subobliquely spreading and forming triangular areoles at bases between veinlets, distally forming a line of V-shaped areoles, with an expanded hydathode at excurrent vein arising from joining point. Laminae papery when dry, reddish, abaxial surface with more hooked hairs along and short hairs when young, fallen when old and with few remaining on rachises and veins only. Sori attached above middle of veinlets and confluent when mature and forming a horizontal, equidistant row between veinlets, exindusiate; sporangia bearing hairs when young.
Understories of dense forests, along streams, wetlands; 100400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, S Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from Vietnam.
岛生新月蕨 dao sheng xin yue jue
Abacopteris insularis K. Iwatsuki, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 18: 6. 1959; Thelypteris insularis (K. Iwatsuki) K. Iwatsuki.
Rhizomes long creeping, with dense hooked hairs and sparsely hairy triangular-lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; Stipes 1015 cm, with linear-lanceolate scales at bases; laminae triangular or ovate, 2035 Χ 1525 cm, terminal pinna very large, linear-lanceolate, bases pinnatifid; lateral pinnae 47 pairs, lanceolate, bases rounded-obtuse, not symmetrical, acuminate at apices; proximal pinnae stalked. Sori orbicular, well separated, attached on middle of veinlets, exindusiate.
Forest understories; ca. 1000 m. E Taiwan [Japan].
The type is from Japan.
长柄新月蕨 chang bing xin yue jue
Abacopteris longipetiolata K. Iwatsuki, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 18: 11. 1959; Thelypteris longipetiolata (K. Iwatsuki) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 3050 cm tall. Rhizomes long and decumbent, with dense hooked hairs and scales; scales narrowly triangular-lanceolate, sparsely hairy on surface and margins, acuminate at apices. Fronds remote; stipes 1030 cm, stramineous, with hooked hairs, bases slightly scaly; laminae subdimorphic, oblong to ovate-oblong, 1520 Χ 914 cm, imparipinnate; terminal pinna very large; lateral pinnae 24 pairs, oblong to lanceolate, 59 Χ 1.52 cm, bases rounded-cuneate, obviously shortly stalked, margins entire or irregularly undulate, acuminate to short caudate-acuminate at apices; terminal pinna oblong-lanceolate, 913 Χ 2.54 cm, usually not symmetrical, long stalked, shortly caudate-acuminate at apices; rachises and costae with sparse hooked hairs on both sides. Veinlets not obviously raised abaxially and slightly oblique distally, veinlets forming areoles and spreading an excurrent veinlet from joining point. Sori attached on middle of veinlets, confluent when mature, exindusiate, hooked-hairy on sporangia.
* Forest understories; 200500 m. S and SE Taiwan.
羽叶新月蕨 yu ye xin yue jue
Meniscium parishii Beddome, Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 184. 1866; Abacopteris triphylla (Swartz) Ching var. parishii (Beddome) Ching; M. triphyllum Swartz var. parishii Beddome; Pronephrium triphyllum (Swartz) Holttum var. parishii (Beddome) C. M. Kuo[??or Nakaike]; Thelypteris triphylla (Swartz) K. Iwatsuki var. parishii (Beddome) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 3050 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, blackish brown, with dense white hooked short hairs and brown hairy lanceolate scales. Fronds monomorphic or dimorphic; stipes 1040 cm, dark stramineous, bases with sparse scales and throughout with dense hooked hairs; laminae ovate-triangular, 2530 Χ 1015 cm, long acuminate at apices; lateral pinnae 25 pairs (fertile laminae sometimes ternate), oblique distally, subopposite, oblong-lanceolate; proximal pair of pinnae longest, 615 Χ 23 cm, stalk 12 mm, bases rounded or rounded-cuneate, entire, shortly acuminate at apices; distal pinnae adnate to rachises and decurrent; terminal pinna ca. 20 Χ 34 cm, margins undulate, usually with 1 or 2 free small auricles at bases, acuminate at apices. Veins evident abaxially, veinlets obliquely spreading and parallel, in middle of lateral pinnae usually 8 or 9 pairs, oblique or spreading, veinlet pairs joining by theirs ends and forming triangular areoles, an excurrent veinlet arising from joining point connected with veinlets of others forming nearly square areoles. Laminae firmly papery, adaxially glabrous except for dense hooked hairs in costal grooves, abaxially with hooked hairs along costae and veinlets and also with scattered hooked hairs on intercostal areas. Sori attached on veinlets, orbicular when young, becoming narrowly ovate and confluent, exindusiate; sporangia each with 2 hooked hairs.
Forest understories; 200500 m. Taiwan [S India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka].
The type is from Myanmar.
披针新月蕨 pi zhen xin yue jue
Polypodium penangianum Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5: 13. 1863 [panangianum]; Abacopteris penangiana (Hooker) Ching; Christella porphyrophlebia H. Lιveillι; Dryopteris rampans (Baker) C. Christensen; Goniopteris costata Wallich ex J. Smith [??nom. nud.]; G. lineata (Colebrooke ex Hooker) C. Presl; G. penangiana (Hooker) C. Christensen [??not (Hooker) Beddome (1867)]; N. rampans Baker; P. urophyllum (Mettenius) Wallich ex Hooker & Baker; Thelypteris penangiana (Hooker) C. F. Reed.
Plants 12 m tall. Rhizomes long creeping, dark brown, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., occasionally with one or two brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 1 m, dark brown, distally reddish brown, glabrous; laminae oblong-lanceolate, 4080 Χ 2540 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 1015 pairs, obliquely spreading, alternate, stalked, broadly linear, pinnae from proximal middle part 2030 Χ 22.7 cm, bases broadly cuneate, cartilaginous sharply serrate or teethlike along margins, acuminate at apices; pinnae distally slightly shortened; terminal pinna of similar shape and size as lateral pinnae, stalks ca. 1 cm. Veinlets evident abaxially, spreading and parallel to each other, 9 or 10 pairs, joining by theirs ends and forming triangular areoles between veinlets, an excurrent veinlet arising from joining point connected with more distal veinlets (sometimes interrupted) and forming 2 rows of elongated square areoles, distal 2 or 3 pairs of veinlets free and reaching margins. Laminae papery when dry, dark brown or reddish brown, glabrous throughout. Sori orbicular, attached on middle or proximal middle of veinlets and in 2 rows between veinlets, 6 or 7 per row, exindusiate.
Understories of sparse forests, shaded streamsides; 9003600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [India, Nepal].
The type is from Nepal.
Pronephrium penangianum is used as a medicinal herb at Emei Shan, Sichuan. The fronds are used in traditional Chinese medicine for irregular menstruation.
墨脱新月蕨 mo tuo xin yue jue
Plants up to 2 m tall. Rhizomes long creeping. Fronds remote; stipes ca. 1 m, occasionally sparsely scaly at bases, dark stramineous; laminae oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 80100 cm, 1-imparipinnate, acuminate at apices; lateral pinnae 812 pairs, subobliquely spreading, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 25 Χ 33.5 cm, broadest at bases and nearly rounded, long caudate-acuminate at apices, sessile; terminal pinna of similar shape as proximal ones. Veins visible adaxially, raised abaxially, costae prominent; lateral veinlets subobliquely spreading and parallel to each other, neighboring ones joining with each other into V-shaped areoles, excurrent veins very short. Laminae somewhat leathery when dry, reddish. Rachises, costae, and intercostal areas glabrous throughout. Sori orbicular, attached above middle of veinlets and confluent when mature, exindusiate.
* Understories of monsoon forests; ca. 700 m. Xizang (Beibeng, Mκdog).
The type is from SE Xizang (Mκdog).
红色新月蕨 hong se xin yue jue
Dryopteris lakhimpurensis Rosenstock, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 31: 7. 1917; Abacopteris rubra (Ching) Ching; Cyclosorus rubrus (Ching) Tardieu-Blot [see IPNI]; D. rubra Ching; D. urophylla (Wallich ex Hooker & Baker) C. Christensen f. rubiginosa Y. C. Wu, Wong & Pong [published?]; Meniscium cuspidatum Blume var. longifrons Wallich ex C. B. Clarke; M. longifrons Wallich, nom. nud. ex ??; Polypodium urophyllum Wallich ex Hooker & Baker var. khasianum C. B. Clarke; Thelypteris lakhimpurensis (Rosenstock) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants ca. 1.5 m tall. Rhizomes long creeping. Fronds remote; stipes 8090 cm, occasionally with one or two scales at bases, dark stramineous; laminae oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 6085 cm, 1-imparipinnate, acuminate at apices; lateral pinnae 812 pairs, subobliquely spreading, pinnae on proximal to middle part broadly lanceolate, 2432 Χ 46 cm, stalk ca. 2 mm, bases somewhat rounded, entire or undulate, shortly caudate-pointed at apices; terminal pinna of similar shape as proximal ones, stalk 1.52 cm. Veins slender, evident abaxially, veinlets subobliquely spreading and parallel to each other, veinlets 1317 pairs, subobliquely spreading, proximal pairs joined to form triangular areoles, above every pair of veinlets connected with excurrent veinlet forming 2 rows of rhomboid areoles, excurrent veinlets reaching or near joining point of above pair of veinlets. Laminae thinly papery or herbaceous, dark brown, glabrous on both surfaces, occasionally with one or two short setae abaxially, rachises, costae, and veins with sparse short hairs. Sori orbicular, attached on middle or above middle part of veinlets and arranged in 2 rows, occasionally confluent when mature, exindusiate.
Valleys, streamsides in forest understories; 3001600 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [N India, N Thailand, Vietnam].
The type is from India.
针毛新月蕨 zhen mao xin yue jue
Plants 60100 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, with sparse ovate-lanceolate brown scales. Fronds remote; stipes 2570 cm, sparsely brown scaly at bases, stramineous; laminae lanceolate, 3050 Χ 1530 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 48 pairs, alternate, sessile, proximal pair reduced; middle pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 1025 Χ 25 cm, bases rounded-cuneate, margins entire or slightly undulate, acuminate at apices; terminal pinna much larger than lateral ones, ovate-lanceolate, 1525(30) Χ 2.55.5(6.5) cm, stalk 14 cm, bases not symmetrical and slightly decurrent on one lateral side, rounded-cuneate, margins undulate or crenate, long acuminate at apices. Veins evident abaxially, costules thick and raised, veinlets obliquely spreading and parallel to each other, veinlets obliquely spreading, proximal pair joining into triangular areoles between veinlets, distally every pair joining into areoles, excurrent veinlet not reaching joining point of above pair, with dense short setae along veins. Laminae papery or herbaceous when dry, dark green, reddish, or dark red, veins reddish abaxially, rachises, costae, and veins and abaxial intercostal areas all with dense acicular hairs, abaxial surface with sparse short setae along costae and veins, with one or two occasional setae on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle or above middle part of veinlets, not confluent when mature, exindusiate.
* Gregarious on shaded wet precipitous slopes, wetlands by rivers, marshlands. Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan.
The type is from Guangdong.
大羽新月蕨 da yu xin yue jue
Polypodium nudatum Roxburgh, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: 491. 1844; Abacopteris nudatis Ching, nom. nud.; A. multilineata (Wallich ex Hooker) Ching; Cyclosorus moulmeinensis (Beddome) Tardieu & C. Christensen; C. multilineatus (Wallich ex Hooker) Tardieu-Blot & C. Christensen; Dryopteris moulmeinensis (Beddome) C. Christensen; Goniopteris multilineata (Wallich ex Hooker) Beddome; Nephrodium moulmeinense Beddome; P. multilineatum Wallich ex Hooker; Thelypteris multilineata (Wallich ex Hooker) C. V. Morton; Thelypteris nudata (Roxburgh) C. V. Morton.
Plants up to 2.5 m tall. Rhizomes strong, creeping, woody, dark brown, with sparse broadly lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 5080(140) cm, bases with brown scales, distally glabrous, dark brown, distally brownish; laminae broadly ovate-oblong, 6090 Χ 2640(60) cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 814(16) pairs, obliquely spreading, alternate, subsessile, pinnae on low and middle parts broadly linear-lanceolate, 2630(35) Χ 34(5) cm, bases somewhat rounded or cuneate, margins regularly shortly and sharply serrate, apices long acuminate; distal pinnae slightly shortened; terminal pinna of similar shape as middle ones, slightly shorter, bases with both sides not symmetrical, stalk ca. 1 cm. Veins evident, veinlets raised on both sides, spreading or obliquely spreading and parallel to each other, veinlets obliquely spreading distally, raised abaxially and forming triangular areoles between veinlets, distally forming juxtaposed rhomboid areoles. Laminae herbaceous when dry, green or grayish green, abaxial surface with sparse short setae along veins, also along both sides of rachises and costae, abaxial surface foveolate on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets, arranged in 2 rows between costules; indusia small, shortly hairy adaxially. Sporangia glabrous.
Shaded understories of sparse forests on slopes; 1001600 m. Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam].
The type is from India.
刚毛新月蕨 gang mao xin yue jue
Plants 50100 cm or taller. Rhizomes creeping, ca. 1 cm in diam., with dense lanceolate brown scales. Fronds remote; stipes 30100 cm, woody, dark stramineous, bases with dark brown lanceolate scales, throughout with acicular setae; laminae elliptic, 5080 Χ 3060 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 811 pairs, subobliquely spreading, alternate, proximal pair slightly reduced; middle ones narrowly ovate, 1540 Χ 33.5 cm, bases rounded-cuneate, margins regularly serrate, acuminate at apices, shortly stalked; terminal pinna of similar shape and size as lateral ones, long stalked. Veins evident, costae grooved adaxially, raised abaxially, veinlets raised on both sides, proximal pair of veinlets forming a triangular areole, distally every pair with excurrent veinlets joining into multipaired subrectangular areoles. Laminae papery when dry, yellowish brown, adaxially with dense appressed setae along costal grooves, occasionally with one or two setae along veinlets, elsewhere glabrous, abaxial surface with dense long acicular hairs along veins and intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; with dense short hairs on indusia also shortly hairy on sporangia.
* Understories of dense forests; 5001300 m. Yunnan.
云贵新月蕨 yun gui xin yue jue
Plants 70150 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, thick, ca. 1 cm in diam., with narrowly lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 40100 cm, woody and glabrous; laminae ovate-lanceolate, 5580 Χ 4060 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 816 pairs, proximal pair slightly reduced; middle pinnae narrowly ovate, 3050 Χ 3.54.5 cm, bases rounded-cuneate, margins regularly serrate, long caudate at apices, shortly stalked; terminal pinna larger than proximal ones, of similar shape, long stalked. Veins evident, raised abaxially, costae grooved adaxially. Laminae dark brown-green when dry, papery, adaxially with dense appressed setae along costal grooves, abaxial surface with very sparse short hairs along costae and veinlets, elsewhere glabrous, usually not foveolate on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia and sporangia hairy.
* Understories of sparse forests on slopes; 200800 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.
The type is from Guizhou.
小叶新月蕨 xiao ye xin yue jue
Abacopteris gracilis Ching in Y. L. Zhang et al., Sporae Pterid. Sin. 265. 1976, nom. nud.
Plants 2540 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, with sparse narrowly lanceolate brown scales. Fronds remote; stipes 2030 cm, bases sparsely scaly, distally shortly setaceous, stramineous; laminae elliptic, 1218 Χ 1114 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, alternate, slightly bent distally, subsessile, proximal pair not reduced, ovate-lanceolate, 78 Χ 22.5 cm, not symmetrical, bases cuneate, margins slightly undulate, acuminate or acute at apices; terminal pinna very large, symmetrical, bases cuneate, long stalked, acuminate at apices. Veins evident, raised abaxially, costae grooved adaxially, proximal pair of veinlets forming a triangular areole, distally every pair joining with an excurrent veinlet into square or rectangular or subrhomboid areoles. Laminae dark brown-green when dry, papery, adaxially with dense appressed setae along costal grooves, veinlets and tissue between veins with sparse short hairs; abaxially with veins of all with short hairs, mesophyll with long acicular hairs and foveolate. Sori orbicular, attached near ends of veinlets and often confluent, hairy on indusia and also on sporangia.
* Habitat unknown. Yunnan.
新月蕨 xin yue jue
Dryopteris gymnopteridifrons Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8: 148. 1919; Abacopteris aspera (C. Presl) Ching; A. gymnopteridifrons (Hayata) Ching; A. presliana (Ching) Ching; Cyclosorus pustulosus Copeland; D. glandulosa C. Christensen; Polypodium urophyllum Wallich ex Hooker & Baker var. uniseriale Hooker; Thelypteris pustulosa (Copeland) C. F. Reed.
Plants 80120 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, with dense brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 2880 cm, bases scaly, distally with dense short hairs, stramineous; laminae broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, 4080 Χ 1530 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 38 pairs, rarely more, sessile, oblique distally, proximal pair shorter, subopposite, distal ones alternate; middle pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 1530 Χ 3.55.5 cm, bases rounded-cuneate, entire or serrate along margins, shortly caudate at apices; pinnae distally slightly smaller, terminal pinna of similar shape as middle ones, slightly larger, not symmetrical at bases and long stalked. Veins visible adaxially, obviously raised abaxially, costae grooved adaxially, veinlets parallel to each other, veinlets oblique distally, proximal pair joining into a triangular areole, distally every pair joining with excurrent veinlet forming nearly square or rectangular areoles. Laminae greenish when dry, papery, adaxially with appressed short hairs along costal grooves, elsewhere glabrous, abaxially with sparse short hairs along veins, occasionally with one or two hairs and slightly foveolate on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets and arranged in 2 rows between costules and not confluent; indusia small, shortly hairy, sporangia also hairy.
Understories of dense forests by streams in valleys, understories of sparse forests on slopes; 100500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Philippines].
The type is from Taiwan.
硕羽新月蕨 shuo yu xin yue jue
Plants ca. 1.5 m tall. Rhizomes not seen. Stipes 7090 cm, stramineous, with appressed setae; laminae oblong, ca. 90 Χ 4050 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 811 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, sessile, proximal pair slightly reduced; middle pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 2535 Χ ca. 6 cm, bases broadly cuneate, obviously crenate along margins, acuminate at apices; distal pinnae becoming smaller; terminal pinna of similar shape and size as middle ones, bases not symmetrical and long stalked. Veins visible adaxially, obviously raised abaxially, costae grooved adaxially, veinlets slightly raised, obliquely spreading and parallel, proximal pair of veinlets joining into triangular areoles, distally every pair joining with excurrent veinlet into subrectangular areoles. Laminae herbaceous when dry, green, greenish, or yellow-green, adaxially except for appressed setae along grooves of costae, elsewhere glabrous, abaxial surface with dense acicular long hairs along veins and also slightly foveolate on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets; indusia and sporangia hairy.
* Understories of forests by streams; 500800 m. NW Guangxi, S Yunnan.
The type is from Guangxi.
河口新月蕨 he kou xin yue jue
Plants 40110 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, blackish, woody, with brown lanceolate scales. Fronds remote; stipes 2560 cm, scaly at bases, distally with acicular hairs, stramineous; laminae broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, 2050 Χ 1530 cm, 1-imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 36 pairs, alternate, obliquely spreading, shortly stalked, proximal pair shortened; middle pinnae ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 1525 Χ 36.5 cm, bases cuneate, margins undulate, acuminate at apices; distal pinnae becoming smaller; terminal pinna slight larger than middle ones, not symmetrical at bases, long stalked. Veins not evident adaxially, obviously raised abaxially, costae grooved adaxially, veinlets obliquely spreading and parallel to each other, proximal pair of veinlets forming a triangular areole, next pair joining with excurrent veinlet into nearly square or rectangular areoles. Laminae papery or herbaceous when dry, green, greenish, or grayish green, adaxially with dense appressed setae along grooves of costae, sparsely hairy along veinlets and veinlets, abaxial surface with acicular hairs and multicellular articulate hairs along veins and intercostal areas, ± foveolate on intercostal areas. Sori orbicular, attached on middle of veinlets and usually [??]confluent when mature; indusia and sporangia densely hairy.
* On slopes or understories of forests by streams; 100500 m. Hainan, Yunnan.
The type is from Yunnan (Hekou).
圣蕨属 sheng jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Kunio Iwatsuki
Plants mid-sized, terrestrial. Rhizomes short and erect or ascending, including stipe bases with sparse scales; scales lanceolate, dark brown, thick, margins setaceous. Fronds clustered; stipes grayish stramineous, grooved adaxially, throughout with hairs; laminae elliptic or triangular, bases cordate, 1-pinnate or pinnatifid, or simple, acuminate at apices; laminae if pinnate with 16 pairs of lateral pinnae, pinnae broadly lanceolate, bases rounded, symmetrical, margins entire, free or adnate to rachises, obliquely spreading, acuminate at apices; costae raised on both sides, veinlets evident, oblique distally and reaching margins, veinlets on veinlets reticulate, thick and evident, areoles in 3 or 4 rows, slightly tetragonal or pentagonal, without included veinlet or simple or forked included veinlets. Laminae papery, dark brown when dry, rough, with dense hooked thick hairs on both surfaces. Sori scattered on included veinlets, exindusiate; sporangia bearing erect acicular hairs near annuli; spores elliptic, echinate. x = 36.
Four species: Bhutan, China, N India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam; four species (two endemic) in China.
Type species: Dictyocline griffithii T. Moore.
1a. Laminae pinnate, 16 pairs of free lateral pinnae, without included veinlet in areoles.
2a. Laminae triforked at top, 13(or 4) pairs of free lateral pinnae, pinnae 34 cm in wide, entire 1. D. griffithii
2b. Laminae pinnatifid at top, 46 pairs of free lateral pinnae, ca. 2 cm in wide, margins usually undulate 2. D. mingchegensis
1b. Laminae pinnatifid or not lobed, ± with simple or forked included veinlets in areoles.
3a. Laminae with long acicular hairs abaxially, transverse veins between lateral veins indistinct, few included veinlets in rectangular areola on both sides of rachises and costae, rarely joining into small square areoles ...................................................................................................................... 3. D. wilfordii
3b. Laminae puberulent abaxially only, or very few acicular hairy, transverse veins between lateral veins distinct, more included veinlets in larger areoles on both sides of rachises or costae, these included veinlets joining again into smaller square areoles ...................................................... 4. D. sagittifolia
圣蕨 sheng jue
Asplenium griffithii (T. Moore) Diels [??(T. Moore) Baker (1867)]; Dictyocline griffithii T. Moore var. pinnata Beddome[??okay]; Gymnogramma griffithii (T. Moore) Hance; Hemionitis griffithii (T. Moore) J. D. Hooker & Thomson; H. griffithii var. pinnata Hooker; Stegnogramma griffithii (T. Moore) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 4070 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, including stipe bases with sparse scales and dense acicular long setae; scales lanceolate, reddish brown, thick, cetaceous along margins. Laminae narrowly elliptic, 2035 Χ 1219 cm, bases not narrowed, imparipinnate, caudate at apices; lateral pinnae 2 or 3 pairs (sometime one pair only), free, almost sessile, proximal pair not shortened and of similar shape and size as above ones, narrowly lanceolate, bent distally, 1015 Χ 33.5 cm, bases rounded-cuneate or rounded, symmetrical, entire, acuminate at apices; terminal pinna ternate, bases cuneate or rounded-cuneate, stalk ca. 2 cm, one pair of lateral segment of similar shape as proximal pinnae, middle segment larger, entire, acuminate at apices. Costae straight, raised on both sides, with dense thick setae, veinlets evident, oblique distally and reaching margins, veinlets reticulate between veinlets, 2 or 3 rows of areoles; areoles subtetrangular or oblique-square, rarely pentagonal, without included vein. Laminae papery when dry, dark brown, throughout with hairs, abaxial surface with acicular thick hairs along veins, adaxially sparsely setaceous. Sori scattered along reticulate veins; sporangia shortly stalked, each with 3 or 4 erect setae near annuli; spores elliptic, echinate.
Understories of dense forests, shaded wet streamsides; 6001400 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [N India, Japan, Myanmar, Vietnam].
The type is from India.
闽浙圣蕨 min zhe sheng jue
Dictyocline griffithii T. Moore [??Mettenius] var. tenuissima Ching.
Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, with dense reddish brown, setaceous lanceolate scales and grayish white acicular hairs. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 20 cm, stramineous, with sparse acicular hairs, with one or two scales on bases; laminae narrowly oblong, 2630 Χ 1214 cm, bases not narrowed, 1-pinnate, acuminate at apices; lateral pinnae 46 pairs, opposite, almost sessile, spreading, proximal pair not reduced, broadly lanceolate, 78 Χ ca. 2 cm, bases rounded, entire or ± undulate, acuminate at apices; terminal pinna particularly large, bases decurrent, margins pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; proximal segments of similar shape as lateral pinnae. Costae raised on both sides and with acicular hairs, veinlets evident, oblique distally, veinlets reticulate between veinlets, areoles in 2 rows, subtetragonal, without included veinlets. Laminae papery, grass-green when dry, abaxial surface with acicular setae along veins, adaxially glabrous or with one or two short sparse hairs along veins. Sori sparsely attached along veins.
* Shaded wet places in valleys or forest understories; 300900 m. Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
The type is from Zhejiang.
羽裂圣蕨 yu lie sheng jue
Hemionitis wilfordii Hooker, Fil. Exot. t. 93. 1859; Dictyocline griffithii T. Moore var. pinnatifida Beddome; D. griffithii var. wilfordii (Hooker) T. Moore; H. griffithii (T. Moore) J. D. Hooker & Thomson var. pinnatifida Hook.f.[??Hooker or J. D. Hooker]; H. griffithii (T. Moore) var. wilfordii (Hooker) Baker[??okay]; Stegnogramma griffithii (T. Moore) K. Iwatsuki var. wilfordii (Hooker) K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 3050 cm tall. Rhizomes short and thick, ascending, with dense blackish brown lanceolate scales; scales acicular long hairy along margins. Fronds clustered; stipes 1730 cm, dark stramineous, firm, with dense scales and short setae and acicular long hairs on proximal part; laminae triangular, ca. 20 Χ 17 cm, bases cordate, pinnatifid nearly to rachises on proximal part, distally lobate, undulate and acuminate at apices; lateral segments 3 pairs, proximal pair largest, broadly lanceolate, ca. 9 Χ 2.53.5 cm, slightly bent distally, entire or undulate, acuminate at apices, connected with above pair (sometimes nearly free) by broad wing; other segments of similar shape but shortened distally, distalmost triangular; costae of segments all raised on both sides and with dense acicular hairs; lateral veins distinct, veinlets between lateral veins reticulate, areoles in 3 rows, subtetragonal or pentagonal, usually with simple or forked included veinlets. Laminae papery when dry, dark brown, abaxial surface with acicular hairs along veins, adaxially with dense appressed setae. Sori sparsely attached along reticulate veinlets.
Shaded wet places in valleys or forest understories; 1001100 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam].
The type is from Taiwan.
戟叶圣蕨 ji ye sheng jue
Plants 3040 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, with sparse linear-lanceolate scales; scales ciliate along margins. Fronds clustered; stipes 1530 cm, with dense brown short setae; laminae hastate, ca. 17 Χ 1113 cm, bases deeply cordate, entire or sometimes undulate, shortly acuminate at apices; costae raised on both sides, lateral veins distinct, obliquely spreading, with 57 distinct transverse veins between lateral veins divided into large rectangular areoles and divided again into ca. 2 Χ 4 subtetragonal smaller areoles, with simple or forked included veinlets in smallest areoles. Laminae papery when dry, dark brown, adaxially with dense short pubescence along costae and appressed short hairs on intercostal areas, abaxial surface with dense short pubescence along costae and veinlets, sparsely pubescent along reticulate veinlets. Sori scattered and attached along reticulate veinlets.
* Understories of evergreen forests, rock crevices; 400700 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi.
The type is from Guangdong.