水龙骨科 shui long gu ke
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春), Lu Shugang (陆树刚), Lin Youxing (林尤兴), Qi Xinping (齐新萍), Shannjye Moore (牟善傑), Xing Fuwu (邢福武), Wang Faguo (王发国); Peter Hovenkamp, Michael G. Gilbert, Hans P. Nooteboom, Barbara S. Parris, Chris Haufler, Masahiro Kato, Alan R. Smith
Lin Youxing, Lu Shugang & Shi Lei. 2000. Polypodiaceae. In: Lin Youxing, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 6(2): 7–266.
1a. Fronds with stellate hairs, often stellate-tomentose at least when young.
2a. Fronds monomorphic or weakly dimorphic, fronds not with base adpressed to substrate, fertile fronds similar in form to sterile fronds differing only in relative width, usually simple, rarely hastate or pedately divided .............................................................................................................. 9. Pyrrosia
2b. Fronds strongly dimorphic, basal fronds with basal part tightly adpressed to substrate, foliage/fertile fronds dichotomously lobed .................................................................................. 10. Platycerium
1b. Fronds with scales, unbranched hairs, glandular hairs, and/or forked hairs, or glabrous.
3a. Specialised humus collecting fronds or widened frond bases present.
4a. Fronds usually strongly dimorphic with specialized short brown sessile humus collecting fronds and longer pinnatisect fertile fronds ........................................................................ 4. Drynaria
4b. Fronds monomorphic, fronds with broad humus collecting base and distal deeply pinnatisect fertile portion .................................................................................................... 2. Aglaomorpha
3b. Specialised humus collecting fronds or lamina bases absent.
5a. Nectaries present along costa.
6a. Fronds pinnatisect, stipe winged to base; segments uniformly 10–15(–20) mm wide; sporangia in discrete, round sori (Drynaria parishii) ........................................................ 4. Drynaria
6b. Fronds pinnate, stipe and rachis terete; segments dimorphic, sterile segments 3.5–10 cm wide, fertile segments distal, 0.4–0.7 cm wide; sporangia acrostichoid, covering most of pinnule surface 3. Photinopteris
5b. Humus collecting structures absent; nectaries absent.
7a. Fronds 2-pinnatifid to 4-pinnate.
8a. Fronds finely 3- or 4-pinnate, sparsely scaly .................................. 8. Gymnogrammitis
8b. Fronds 2-pinnatifid, hairy.
9a. Lamina 1.5–8 × 0.5–1.5 cm; sori linear-oblong, along veins ......... 27. Pleurosoriopsis
9b. Lamina 5–25 × 2–4 cm; sori orbicular, 1 at base of pinnule (Themelium tenuisectum) 38. Themelium
7b. Fronds entire, pinnately divided or 1-pinnate, rarely palmately to pedately divided.
10a. Sporangia acrostichoid, covering most of lamina surface.
11a. Sporangia restricted to a distinctly narrowed apical extension of lamina (Belvisia) 19. Lepisorus
11b. Sporangia covering whole of fertile lamina.
12a. Lamina deeply 3-lobed or pinnatilobate ........................................... 6. Christopteris
12b. Lamina entire .................................................................................. 25. Leptochilus
10b. Sporangia in discrete sori or coenosori, not covering lamina surface.
13a. Lamina hastate or palmately to pedately lobed.
14a. Scales opaque; paraphyses absent ......................................................... 7. Selliguea
14b. Scales entirely or partly clathrate; paraphyses present.
15a. Lamina palmately 3–10-lobed, 12–30 cm; sori elongated ........ 16. Neocheiropteris
15b. Lamina hastate to pedately 3–5-lobed, 4–7 cm; sori rounded (Lepisorus waltonii) 19. Lepisorus
13b. Lamina entire, pinnately lobed or pinnate.
16a. Stipe and/or lamina margins stiffly hirsute, lamina surface often with forked or glandular hairs; spores green.
17a. Lamina simple.
18a. Sori linear, sunken in 2 grooves, parallel to midrib ................... 29. Scleroglossum
18b. Sori orbicular to narrowly oblong, oblique to midrib, usually superficial or slightly sunken in lamina, rarely deeply sunken.
19a. Rhizomes dorsiventral ......................................................... 30. Oreogrammitis
19b. Rhizomes radial ................................................................. 31. Radiogrammitis
17b. Lamina pinnately lobed to bipinnatifid.
20a. Veins in pinnae simple or forked, sori 1 (rarely 2) on each pinna; rhizomes radial.
21a. Sori protected by folded pinnae ............................................. 32. Calymmodon
21b. Sori not protected by folded pinnae.
22a. Frond hairs medium to dark reddish brown, simple, all or most hairs more than 0.5 mm, up to 1.8 mm .................................................................... 33. Micropolypodium
22b. Frond hairs pale, simple or 1- or 2-forked, less than 0.5
mm
........................................................................................... 34.
Xiphopterella
20b. Veins in pinnae pinnately branched, sori 1 to several on each pinna; rhizomes radial or dorsiventral.
23a. Pale yellowish brown simple glandular hairs and forked
hairs with glandular branches, 0.1–0.2 mm, on stipe and lamina, sometimes also
on rhizomes scales; no other types of hairs present
35.
Chrysogrammitis
23b. Pale yellowish brown simple glandular hairs and forked hairs with glandular branches, 0.1–0.2 mm, absent from stipe, lamina, and rhizome scales; other types of hairs present.
24a. Sori submarginal or marginal, or on abaxial surface of
lamina, usually deeply sunken in lamina, sometimes superficial or very slightly
sunken on abaxial surface of lamina; rhizomes dorsiventral, stipe articulate to
rhizome, phyllopodia present; rhizome scales subclathrate to clathrate, with
marginal hairs
................................................................................................. 36.
Prosaptia
24b. Sori on abaxial surface of lamina, superficial or very slightly sunken; rhizomes radial or dorsiventral, stipe sometimes articulate to rhizome, phyllopodia sometimes present; rhizome scales sometimes subclathrate to clathrate, sometimes with marginal hairs.
25a. Rhizomes dorsiventral, rhizome scales glabrous.
26a. Hairs on stipe up to 0.4 mm ........................................... 37. Ctenopterella
26b. Hairs on stipe up to 2 mm .................................................. 38. Themelium
25b. Rhizomes radial, all or most rhizome scales with hairs at apex and/or margin.
27a. Vein endings without hydathodes on adaxial surface of lamina, frond hairs dark reddish brown ......................................................................... 39. Dasygrammitis
27b. Vein endings with hydathodes on adaxial surface of lamina, frond hairs pale to medium reddish brown ............................................................... 40. Tomophyllum
16b. Stipe and/or lamina margins glabrous or scaly, less often pubescent; spores brown, yellow, or whitish (greenish at time of dispersal in Loxogramme).
28a. Sori or coenosori elongate to linear.
29a. Sori parallel to costa in long coenosori, often discontinuous.
30a. Rhizome relatively stout, (1–)1.5–5 mm in diam., densely scaly, with closely spaced fronds; fronds monomorphic, usually with dark, clathrate scales ............... 19. Lepisorus
30b. Lamina usually dimorphic, without scales ............................ 20. Lemmaphyllum
29b. Sori discrete, at angle to costa and parallel to lateral veins.
31a. Rhizome scales basifixed; spores greenish at time of
dispersal
1.
Loxogramme
31b. Rhizome scales pseudopeltate or peltate; spores brown or whitish.
32a. Lamina leathery; rhizome scales opaque; spores brown (Selliguea feei) 7. Selliguea
32b. Lamina herbaceous; rhizome scales clathrate; spores whitish ... 25. Leptochilus
28b. Sori round to elliptic, occasionally in confluent pairs.
33a. Lamina entire.
34a. Plants climbing; rhizome scales bearing a tuft of long, stiff, needlelike, reddish brown hairs abaxially near their center .................................................... 17. Tricholepidium
34b. Plants epiphytic, terrestrial, or climbing; rhizome scales glabrous, occasionally bearing a tuft of short, soft, brown hairs adaxially at point of attachment.
35a. Lamina with many conspicuous reddish linear scales on both surfaces 21. Caobangia
35b. Lamina with scales absent or short and inconspicuous.
36a. Sori arranged in one line on each side of costa, discrete or sometimes ± merging into longitudinal coenosori.
37a. Rhizome scales opaque ........................................................... 7. Selliguea
37b. Rhizome scales clathrate.
38a. Rhizome relatively stout, (1–)1.5–5 mm in diam., densely scaly, with closely spaced fronds; fronds monomorphic, herbaceous or papery ........... 19. Lepisorus
38b. Rhizome slender, up to 1.5 mm in diam., sparsely scaly, with widely spaced fronds; fronds often dimorphic (monomorphic in L. rostratum), fleshy to thinly leathery 20. Lemmaphyllum
36b. Sori scattered or arranged into 2–4 ± straight lines, never merging into coenosori.
39a. Paraphyses absent.
40a. Fronds articulate; rhizome scales peltate, apex obtuse (Phymatosorus lanceus) 22. Phymatosorus
40b. Fronds not articulate; rhizome scales pseudopeltate, apex acute 24. Microsorum
39b. Paraphyses present.
41a. Plants terrestrial; sori arranged into (1 or)2–4 lines on each side of midrib 18. Neolepisorus
41b. Plants climbing; sori scattered over lamina, not in defined lines ............. 23. Lepidomicrosorium
33b. Lamina pinnately divided or pinnate.
42a. Lamina pinnate, at least lower part of rachis terete.
43a. Rhizome scales opaque ........................................................... 5. Arthromeris
43b. Rhizome scales clathrate.
44a. Lateral pinnae articulate to rachis ................................... 11. Goniophlebium
44b. Lateral pinnae not articulate at base.
45a. Frond not articulate at base; young sori with paraphyses present; pinnae margins toothed or crenate .................................................................. 13. Polypodiastrum
45b. Frond articulate at base; paraphyses absent; pinnae margins entire (Phymatosorus cuspidatus) .................................................................. 22. Phymatosorus
42b. Lamina pinnatisect to pinnatifid.
46a. Veins free, without areoles along costa;
47a. Veinlets pinnate; scales on rhizome thick, not clathrate ......... 26. Polypodium
47b. Veinlets forked; scales on rhizome thin, pellucid,
clathrate
12.
Metapolypodium
46b. Veins anastomosing to form areoles along costa or rachis.
48a. Lamina with thick multicellular hairs on both surfaces; sporangium setose .. 15. Himalayopteris
48b. Lamina glabrous, finely pubescent or minutely scaly; sporangium glabrous.
49a. Rhizome scales opaque ........................................................... 7. Selliguea
49b. Rhizome scales clathrate.
50a. Frond not articulate at base; young sori with paraphyses present; pinnae margins toothed or serrate ........................................................ 14. Polypodiodes
50b. Frond articulate at base; paraphyses absent; pinnae margins entire 22. Phymatosorus
剑蕨亚科 jian jue ya ke
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Michael G. Gilbert
The morphological characters and geographic distribution are the same as those of the genus.
剑蕨属 jian jue shu
Rhizome very shortly to long creeping, occasionally branching; roots forming a spongy mass; scales clathrate, uniformly orange-brown to blackish, entire, elongate, basifixed. Articulation between phyllopodium and frond none, or evident but not functional, or functional. Entire plant, except for roots, lacking sclerenchyma. Lamina simple, monomorphic to dimorphic, linear, narrowly elliptic, oblanceolate, or spatulate to orbicular, entire, thinly to thickly papery, margin not cartilaginous, drying revolute or involute. Lamina surface glabrous except for minute 2-celled clavate glandular hairs. Veins regularly anastomosing with many, few, or without free included veinlets; hydathodes absent. Sori exindusiate, elongate, oblique or subparallel to costa, discrete, paraphyses multicellular, hairlike. Sporangial stalk 1- or 2-celled at base; annulus with 12–16 hardened cells. Spores greenish (at time of dispersal), globose-trilete, or ellipsoidal-monolete, surface finely verrucose. n = 35, 36.
About 33 species: pantropical, mainly in tropical Asia, one in Central America, one on Pacific islands, four in Africa; 12 species (one endemic) in China, south of the Tsinling (Qinling) Mountains.
Holttum (Fl. Malaya 2: 167. 1955) suggested that the lack of articulation possibly causes the fleshy nature of fronds, which curl up in dry weather.
Molecular data consistently indicate that Loxogramme is sister to the rest of the Polypodiaceae.
1a. Fronds dimorphic, sterile fronds suborbicular or obovate, 0.4–1 cm long and wide; fertile lamina 1–3 × ca. 0.5 cm ....................................................................................................... 1. L. lankokiensis
1b. Fronds mostly monomorphic, lamina 3–60 cm, if dimorphic or subdimorphic then lamina more than 10 cm.
2a. Fronds 3–10(–20) cm; spores globose-trilete.
3a. Lamina spatulate, oblanceolate, or linear-lanceolate; sori slightly sunken; rhizome scale margin slightly dentate ............................................................................................... 2. L. grammitoides
3b. Lamina lanceolate or oblanceolate; sori superficial; rhizome scale margin entire.
4a. Rhizome thick, short; scales dark brown or black; lamina
1–2.5 cm wide
................................................................................................................. 5.
L. assimilis
4b. Rhizome slender, long creeping; scales usually pale brown to brown; lamina 0.3–1 cm wide.
5a. Lamina 5–10(–20) × 0.5–1 cm .............................................................. 3. L. chinensis
5b. Lamina 3–6 × 0.3–0.4 cm ................................................................... 4. L. acroscopa
2b. Fronds 20–35 cm; spores ellipsoidal-monolete.
6a. Rhizome long creeping, slender; fronds distant; stipe distinct, 2–5(–10) cm.
7a. Base of stipe greenish yellow or paler .................................................... 11. L. salicifolia
7b. Base of stipe glossy purplish dark brown or black .................................. 12. L. duclouxii
6b. Rhizome short, thick, erect or creeping; fronds closely spaced or in tufts; stipe indistinct, or very short and winged.
8a. Scales thick, somewhat opaque; cells small, dense;
paraphyses absent
.............................................................................................................. 6.
L. formosana
8b. Scales thin, transparent, cells larger; paraphyses present, usually many, dense (sparse in L. cuspidata).
9a. Scale cells ± as long as wide.
10a. Costa distinctly raised on adaxial surface; scales lanceolate, dark brown, 0.5–1.2 mm wide; sori 1–2 cm ....................................................................................................... 7. L. avenia
10b. Costa not so distinctly raised on adaxial surface; scales ± triangular, grayish brown. ca. 4 mm wide; sori 3–4 cm .......................................................................................... 8. L. involuta
9b. Scale cells longer than wide.
11a. Paraphyses few, sparse; costa raised adaxially, distinct but not raised abaxially 9. L. cuspidata
11b. Paraphyses many, dense; midrib flat adaxially, raised abaxially .............. 10. L. porcata
老街剑蕨 lao jie jian jue
Polypodium lankokiense Rosenstock, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 31: 5. 1917.
Rhizome long creeping, slender, ca. 0.5 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales dark brown, thin, distinctly clathrate, lanceolate, ca. 2 × 0.5 mm, margin entire. Fronds distant, dimorphic; sterile fronds: stipe short, ca. 2 mm, fleshy, entire at margin; lamina suborbicular or obovate, 0.4–1 cm long and wide; fertile fronds: lamina oblanceolate, 1–3 × ca. 0.5 cm, widest at apex, narrowed at base, base decurrent to 2 mm from stipe base, margin of lamina narrowly involute, apex obtuse-acute; costae distinct abaxially; veins quite invisible. Sori 2 or 3 pairs on upper part of lamina, oblong, oblique, slightly sunken into lamina, paraphyses absent. Spores globose-trilete.
Epilithic on moss-covered rocks in forested valleys; 900–1400 m. Guangdong, SE Xizang, Yunnan [N Thailand, Vietnam].
Loxogramme lankokiensis is one of the smallest plants in the genus and has dimorphic fronds. A similar species, L. conferta Copeland, is distributed in the Philippines and Borneo but has different rhizome scales.
匙叶剑蕨 chi ye jian jue
Gymnogramma grammitoides Baker, J. Bot. 27: 178. 1889; Loxogramme yigongensis Ching & S. K. Wu.
Rhizome long creeping, slender, less than 1 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales dark brown, clathrate, lanceolate, margin slightly dentate. Fronds closely spaced or distant, monomorphic; stipe very short or indistinct, green; lamina spatulate, oblanceolate, obovate, or linear-lanceolate, 4–10 × 0.4–1 cm, base decurrent, apex acute or obtuse; costae raised on both surfaces, veins hidden, areolae narrow, oblique, without free veinlets; lamina deep green, often glossy, paler abaxially, papery, glabrous. Sori 2–5 pairs along upper part of lamina, oblong, 0.3–1.5 cm, oblique to ± parallel to costa in narrowly fronded form, slightly sunken into lamina, paraphyses absent. Spores globose-trilete.
Epilithic or epiphytic in evergreen broad-leaved forests. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
中华剑蕨 zhong hua jian jue
Loxogramme confertifolia Tagawa; L. fujiansis Ching.
Rhizome long creeping, slender, 1–1.5(–2) mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales pale brown to dark brown, clathrate, lanceolate, (1.5–)3–5 × ca. 1 mm wide at base, margin subentire. Fronds closely spaced or distant, monomorphic; stipe short, pale green, narrowly winged to very base, densely scaly at base; lamina yellow-green, spatulate, oblanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 5–12(–20) × 0.5–1.2 cm, thickly papery, glabrous, base decurrent, margin slightly undulate and involute when dry, apex acute; costa raised on both surfaces, veins hidden. Sori 5–8 pairs from middle to upper part of lamina, oblong, very oblique, subparallel to costa, superficial, paraphyses absent. Spores globose-trilete.
Epilithic on moss-covered rocks or epiphytic in evergreen broad-leaved forests. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
顶生剑蕨 ding sheng jian jue
Polypodium acroscopum Christ, J. Bot. 9: 75. 1905.
Rhizome creeping, slender; scales pale brown, lanceolate, margin entire, cells longer than width. Fronds distant, monomorphic; stipe slender, 2–3 cm; lamina linear-lanceolate, 4–6 × 0.3–0.4 cm, base decurrent to a winged stipe, apex bluntly acute; texture thin; costa raised adaxially, veins hidden. Sori 3–5 pairs, linear, very oblique, subparallel to costa, superficial, paraphyses absent. Spores globose-trilete.
On wet rocks by streams, possibly a seasonal rheophyte; 200–500 m. S Guizhou, SE Yunnan [N Vietnam].
Loxogramme acroscopa is similar to L. chinensis in characters of scales and spores, and so might be an ecological form of the latter.
黑鳞剑蕨 hei lin jian jue
Rhizome shortly to moderately creeping, densely scaly throughout; scales dark brown or black, linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 × 2 mm, margin entire. Fronds closely spaced or distant, monomorphic; stipe short or frond subsessile, pale green, narrowly winged to very base, densely scaly at base; lamina abaxially yellow-green, adaxially deep green, linear-elliptic, 10–15(–25) × 1–2.5 cm, widest at middle, thickly papery, both surfaces glabrous, base decurrent, apex acuminate or acute; costae not distinctly raised on both surfaces; veins hidden. Sori oblong, oblique, closer to frond margin than costa, superficial, paraphyses absent. Spores globose-trilete.
Epilithic on moss-covered rocks or epiphytic in evergreen broad-leaved forests; 600–2200 m. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Yunnan [N Vietnam].
台湾剑蕨 tai wan jian jue
Loxogramme ensiformis Ching; L. grandis Ching & Z. Y. Liu (1984), not Copeland (1908).
Rhizome short, erect, densely scaly; scales pale brown, broadly ovate, ca. 5 × 2.5 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate; cells small, dense. Fronds in tufts, monomorphic; stipe short, thick, abaxially glossy brown or purplish, 1–3 cm, flattened; lamina abaxially paler, adaxially deep green, oblanceolate, 20–35 × 3–3.5 cm, widest at upper 2/3, leathery, thick and fleshy, glabrous, base decurrent on stipe, apex acuminate; costa slightly raised on both surfaces; veins invisible, anastomosing to form elongated areoles with included veinlets. Sori confined to upper half of fronds, oblique, rather close to costa, ± sunken into lamina, paraphyses absent. Spores ellipsoidal-monolete.
* Epilithic on moss-covered rocks or epiphytic in evergreen broad-leaved forests. Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan, Taiwan, S Yunnan.
剑蕨 jian jue
Grammitis avenia Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 117. 1828.
Rhizome shortly creeping, more than 3 mm in diam., densely scaly near apex and at base of stipes; scales dark brown, lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.5–1.2 mm, margin entire. Fronds in tufts, monomorphic; stipes indistinct, dark castaneous when dry; lamina abaxially paler, adaxially green, lanceolate, 15–25 × 1–2.5 cm or more, broadest at middle to upper portion, narrowed below, thick and leathery, fleshy, abaxial surface with sparse brown, 2-celled glandular hairs, adaxially glabrous, base decurrent to 2–5 mm from base of stipe, margin recurved, apex acuminate; costae distinctly raised abaxially, hardly raised adaxially, pale green to brown; veins hardly visible on both surfaces, forming copious anastomoses. Sori 8–20 pairs, linear, 1–2 cm, 3–4 mm apart, oblique, continuous in middle between costa and margin of frond, slightly sunken into lamina; paraphyses many, dense, longer than sporangia, completely covering sori initially. Spores ellipsoidal-monolete.
Epilithic on moss-covered rocks or epiphytic on tree trunks in dense evergreen forests beside streams at low elevations. Yunnan (Tengchong) [Indonesia (Java), Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
Loxogramme avenia is very similar to L. involuta (D. Don) C. Presl and L. cuspidata (Zenker) M. G. Price, but differs in the smaller, dark brown scales and from the latter by the abundant paraphyses.
内卷剑蕨 nei juan jian jue
Grammitis involuta D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 14. 1825.
Rhizome short, ascending to creeping, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales grayish brown, ± triangular, up to 7 × 4 mm, thin, margin entire, apex acuminate; cells dense, as long as wide. Fronds in apical tuft, monomorphic; stipe indistinct, or very short and winged; lamina abaxially paler, adaxially deep green, lanceolate, up to 35 × 4 cm, base attenuate and decurrent into stipe, apex caudate-acuminate; costae ± raised abaxially, usually flat adaxially, straw-colored or pale green; veins all hidden, anastomosing with free included veinlets; lamina curled up when dry, texture thick and fleshy, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori linear, 3–4 cm, very oblique, well spaced, continuous from near costa to frond margin, superficial; paraphyses many, dense, longer than sporangia. Spores ellipsoidal-monolete.
Epilithic on moss-covered rocks or epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen broad-leaved forests; 2000–2500 m. S Xizang, W Yunnan [Nepal, India, N Thailand, Vietnam].
西藏剑蕨 xi zang jian jue
Grammitis cuspidata Zenker, Pl. Ind. 1: t. 2. 1835; Loxogramme tibetica Ching & S. K. Wu.
Rhizome shortly to moderately creeping, densely scaly; scales dark brown, lanceolate, margin entire, apex long acuminate; cells dense, longer than wide. Fronds closely spaced, monomorphic; stipe narrowly winged; lamina abaxially paler, adaxially green, lanceolate, 35–40 × ca. 3 cm, widest at upper 1/3, narrowed from middle downward, thick and fleshy, curled up when dry, glabrous, attenuate at base and decurrent into stipe, apex acuminate or caudate; costa raised abaxially, distinct but not raised adaxially, straw colored or pale green; veins hidden, anastomosing with free included veinlets. Sori linear, up to 2.5 cm, oblique, continuous from near costa to margin of frond, superficial; paraphyses few, sparse. Spores ellipsoidal-monolete.
Epilithic on moss-covered rocks or epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen broad-leaved forests; 2000–3500 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal].
Loxogramme cuspidata is very similar to L. involuta but has smaller rhizome scales, which differ further in color (dark brown, not grayish brown), texture, and cell shape (longer than wide, not isodiametric).
拟内卷剑蕨 ni nei juan jian jue
Rhizome shortly creeping, densely scaly; scales grayish brown to dark brown, thin, linear-lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.5–1.2 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate; cells longer than wide. Fronds closely spaced, monomorphic; stipe indistinct, or very short and narrowly winged; lamina abaxially paler, adaxially deep green, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 10–60 × 0.8–6 cm, thick and fleshy, curled up when dry, glabrous, base attenuate and decurrent on to stipe, apex long acuminate; costa raised abaxially, flat adaxially, straw colored or pale green; veins hidden, anastomosing with free included veinlets. Sori linear, up to 6 cm, very oblique, well spaced, continuous from near costa to margin of frond, superficial; paraphyses many, dense, soft, longer than sporangia, completely covering sori at early stage. Spores ellipsoidal-monolete.
Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen broad-leaved forests; 1200–1800 m. SE Xizang, S and W Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, N Thailand].
Loxogramme porcata is very similar to the sympatric L. involuta, since both develop abundant paraphyses, but differ in their rhizome scales, which are 0.5–1.2 mm wide with elongated cells in L. porcata and paler in color, ca. 4 mm wide with ± isodiametric cells in L. involuta.
柳叶剑蕨 liu ye jian jue
Gymnogramme salicifolia Makino, Phan. Pterid. Jap. Icon. Ill. t. 34. 1899; Loxogramme biformis Tagawa; L. fauriei Copeland.
Rhizome long creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam., rather densely scaly; scales brown or reddish brown, ovate-lanceolate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds distant, subdimorphic or obviously dimorphic, 15–35 cm; stipe greenish yellow to paler, 2–5(–10) cm, or frond subsessile; lamina narrowly oblanceolate to linear, 15–20(–32) × 1–1.5(–3) cm, relatively thinly textured, fleshy, base decurrent to form wings along upper part of stipe, apex acuminate; costae raised abaxially, flat adaxially; veins hidden, areoles without or with few included veinlets. Sori on upper portion of fronds, up to 10 or more pairs, 1–3 cm, very oblique to subparallel to costa, medial between costa and frond margin, slightly sunken into lamina, paraphyses absent. Spores ellipsoidal-monolete.
Epilithic on moss-covered rocks or epiphytic on tree trunks in forests; 200–1200 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea (Cheju Island), ?Vietnam].
Loxogramme salicifolia is similar to the sympatric species, L. duclouxii, but differs in the stipe not glossy black, and sori not very close to costa.
Loxogramme salicifolia is almost sympatric with the following species, L. duclouxii, but it is not found in Yunnan and differs by the greenish yellow or paler stipe (not glossy purplish dark brown or black) and the sori medial between costa and margin (not close to the costa). Loxogramme salicifolia is a low elevation species not found on the high plateau of Yunnan and Xizang. The report by Christensen (Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 26: 324. 1931) from Yunnan should be L. cuspidata; and the recent report by Chen (Fl. Yunnan. 21: 428. 2005) from Yunnan might be confused with L. duclouxii or L. cuspidata.
褐柄剑蕨 he bing jian jue
Loxogramme remote-frondigera Hayata; L. saziran Tagawa ex M. G. Price.
Rhizome long creeping, 1–1.6(–3) mm in diam., dark brown to black, sometimes smooth when scales fall; scales dark brown to black, distinctly clathrate, subulate or ovate-lanceolate, 1–1.8 × 0.5–0.7 mm, margin entire. Fronds subdimorphic, or sometimes obviously dimorphic, closely spaced or distant, stipe on obvious 1–2 mm phyllopodia; phyllopodia long; stipe up to 7 cm, glossy purplish dark brown or black when dry; base with scales ovate, 3–4 × 0.9–1.6 mm, apex acute; lamina abaxially paler, adaxially deep green, linear-oblanceolate, 10–35 × 1.5–2.5(–3.5) cm, leathery, thick and fleshy, glabrous, base decurrent on to stipe, margin involute when dry, apex acuminate or caudate; costae raised abaxially, slightly distinct and flattened adaxially; veins invisible, anastomosing to form elongate areoles usually with included veinlets. Sori confined to upper half of fronds, 10 or more pairs, 0.5–1.2 cm, usually close together, oblique, rather close to costa, ± sunken into lamina, paraphyses absent or few and short, shorter than sporangia. Spores ellipsoidal-monolete.
Epilithic on moss-covered rocks or epiphytic in evergreen broad-leaved forests; 800–2500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [NE India, Japan, Korea (Cheju Island), Thailand, N Vietnam].
Loxogramme duclouxii is similar to the sympatric species, L. salicifolia, but differs in the distinctive glossy black stipe and sori rather close to the costa.
槲蕨亚科 hu jue ya ke
Lu Shugang (陆树刚), Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Peter Hovenkamp, Michael G. Gilbert, Hans P. Nooteboom
连珠蕨属 liang zhu jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Michael G. Gilbert
Pseudodrynaria (C. Christensen) C. Christensen.
Plants epiphytic, epilithic, or terrestrial. Rhizome thick, shortly to long creeping; vascular bundles 20–100, arranged in 1 or 2 flattened circles in cross section with conspicuous dorsal invaginations or protrusions; sclerenchyma strands absent. Rhizome scales appressed or spreading, pseudopeltate or rarely peltate, margin toothed or ciliate with 1- or 2-celled glandular projections. Fronds not articulate, monomorphic, usually internally dimorphic, sessile with a dilated base, frond bases imbricate or separate, forming individual nests, rachises not persistent; lamina deeply pinnatifid or subpinnate, with conspicuous nectaries situated below junctions of rachis and costae, or of costae and veins. Pinnae separating from costa and from each other by a line of abscission between costa and base of sinus, gradually smaller toward frond apex, entire, apical pinna present. Venation highly complex, with main areoles delimited by veins and connecting veins, filled with many small areoles containing excurrent and recurrent free veinlets, each veinlet terminating in a hydathode. Fertile parts similar to sterile or usually narrower. Sori small, in rows along connecting veins or veinlets, or distinctly enlarged to form soral patches, in one row between midrib and margin. Sporangia glabrous or sometimes with 1–3 acicular hairs. Spores with spines or small globules. n = 36, 37.
About 31 species: restricted to tropical Asia, from Himalaya to Taiwan, most abundantly in Malesia; two species in China.
Plants of Aglaomorpha mainly occur in tropical forests, forming large nests around tree trunks or on rocks. Aglaomorpha is like Drynaria, but the fronds are internally dimorphic. Photinopteris, possessing several unique characters, is not included here; otherwise, the delimitation is according to Roos (Phylogen. Syst. Drynar., Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect 85: 1–318. 1985).
1a. Fertile pinnae similar to sterile pinnae ............................................................... 1. A. coronans
1b. Fertile pinnae distinctly contracted ................................................................ 2. A. meyeniana
崖姜 ya jiang
Polypodium coronans Wallich ex Mettenius, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. (Polypodium): 121. 1857; Drynaria conjugata Beddome (1870), not T. Moore (1862); D. coronans (Wallich ex Mettenius) J. Smith ex T. Moore; D. esquirolii C. Christensen; Pleopeltis coronans (Wallich ex Mettenius) Alderwerelt; Pseudodrynaria coronans (Wallich ex Mettenius) Ching; Polypodium conjugatum Baker (1868), not Poiret (1804), nor Kaulfuss (1827).
Rhizome 2–3 cm in diam. or more; rachises not persistent. Rhizome scales spreading, pseudopeltate, 5–20 × 0.5–1 mm, basal auricles short, margin toothed, apex narrowly acuminate to shortly filiform; midrib absent. Fronds with overlapping bases, monomorphic or with fertile parts slightly narrowed, sessile, dilated base lobed, upward pinnatifid up to 0.2 cm from rachis, 70–170 × 20–45 cm, glabrous; apical pinna present. Pinnae without basal constriction, 15–35 × 1.5–5 cm, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Sori usually present on all pinnae, in several rows between midrib and margin, one in each main areole, elongated, 1–3 mm in largest diam., slightly sunken. Sporangia glabrous. Spores verrucate, with spines.
Epiphytic, forming a ring-shaped basket around tree trunks, or epilithic, primary and secondary forests; 100–1900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou, Taiwan, S Xizang, S Yunnan [India, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
The name Polypodium coronans was first introduced by Wallich (Numer. List, no. 288. 1828, nom. nud.); Phymatodes coronans Wallich ex C. Presl (Tent. Pterid. 198. 1836) is an invalid nom. nud.
连珠蕨 liang zhu jue
Dryostachyum meyenianum (Schott) Brause; Pleopeltis meyeniana (Schott) Alderwerelt; Polypodium meyenianum (Schott) Hooker; Psygmium elegans C. Presl.
Rhizome shortly creeping, 2–3 cm in diam. or more; dilated frond bases imbricate; rachises not persistent. Rhizome scales spreading, pseudopeltate, 6–15 × 0.4–1(–1.3) mm, basal auricles short, apex narrowly acuminate to long filiform, strongly dentate; midrib absent. Fronds internally dimorphic, sessile, dilated base lobed, upward pinnatifid, 35–90 × 15–30 cm, glabrous or abscission vein with tufts of very short acicular hairs, apical pinna present. Sterile pinnae without basal constriction, 7.5–15 × 1.5–3.5 cm, apex rounded or acute to acuminate. Fully fertile pinnae in upper 2/3 of frond, distinctly narrowed, up to 5–20 × 0.4–0.8 cm, contracted between sori. Soral patches in one row along pinna midrib, protruding and beadlike, orbicular, 1–3 mm wide. Sporangia glabrous. Spores verrucate.
Epiphytic, forming a ring-shaped basket around tree trunks, or epilithic, or terrestrial, usually in exposed areas in primary forests; 400–1600 m. Taiwan [Philippines].
顶育蕨属 ding yu jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Michael G. Gilbert
Plants epilithic. Rhizome long creeping, sclerenchyma strands absent; rhizome scales basifixed, linear-lanceolate, base auriculate, margin dentate to ciliate, apex acuminate to filiform. Fronds monomorphic, internally dimorphic, stipitate, base without basal fronds or expanded lamina, not articulate; lamina pinnate; pinnae alternate, subtended by distinct raised nectaries; lowermost pinnae rudimentary, sterile pinnae ovate; fertile pinnae linear, apical pinna present; main areoles delimited by veins and connecting veins. Sori acrostichoid, covering abaxial surface except for costa and margins. Sporangia glabrous. Spores with small globules.
One species: China, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Several monotypic genera were segregated from Photinopteris principally by the difference in the form of the fertile pinnae. These were all included within Aglaomorpha by the monographer Roos (Phylog. Syst. Drynar. Polyp. [Utrecht] 227. 1985). Photinopteris is maintained here pending further research, especially molecular evidence.
顶育蕨 ding yu jue
Acrostichum acuminatum Willdenow, Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 5: 116. 1810; Aglaomorpha acuminata (Willdenow) Hovenkamp; A. speciosa (Blume) M. C. Roos; Lomaria speciosa Blume; Photinopteris speciosa (Blume) C. Presl; Polypodium speciosum (Blume) Christ (1897), not Blume (1828), nor Meyen (1834).
Rhizome glaucous, long creeping, 7–20 mm in diam.; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, 3–10 × 0.2–1.2 mm, base auriculate, margin dentate to ciliate, apex narrowly acuminate to filiform-subulate. Fronds internally dimorphic, stalked; stipe 10–35 cm, with two rows of rudimentary pinnae; lamina pinnate, 30(–)45–90 × 13–30 cm, leathery, glabrous or with sparse hairs up to 3 mm, apical pinna present, nectaries on small extensions of pinna base at basiscopic side, sometimes also at acroscopic side; sterile pinnae ovate, 7–30 × 3.5–10 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate to caudate, stalks up to 1 cm; fertile pinnae in upper 2/3 of frond, few to several pairs, strongly narrowed, linear, 10–27 cm × 4–7 mm. Sori (coenosori) linear, covering whole abaxial surface of fertile pinnae except for costa and near margin. Spores with small globules.
Epilithic, climbing on limestone cliffs in exposed or shaded places in tropical rain forests, forming large populations, but uncommon and local; 1300–1400 m. S Yunnan [Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
槲蕨属 hu jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Michael G. Gilbert
Polypodium subg. Drynaria Bory, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 5: 463. 1825.
Plants epiphytic, epilithic, or terrestrial. Rhizome shortly to long creeping; rhizome scales appressed or, often squarrosely spreading, basifixed or peltate, margin toothed; fronds usually dimorphic, with basal and foliage frond, rarely monomorphic (basal frond absent); basal fronds sessile, orbicular to ovate-elliptical, entire to lobed up to 2/3; foliage fronds internally monomorphic or apical fertile part slightly narrowed, stalked, pinnatifid, apex often aborted, with a lateral pinna taking its place, rarely pinnate (then pinnae articulate to rachis, deciduous), hairs sometimes present, spread throughout lamina; in pinnatifid species, pinnae separating from costa and from each other by a line of abscission between costa and base of sinus; basal pinnae reduced; costae, costules, and main veins prominent abaxially, cross-veins and minor venation evident, much anastomosing with occasional free-included veinlets, veins forming glandular patches or nectaries along costa, usually just above costules; mature fronds without hydathodes on adaxial surface, margins cartilaginous, lamina of mature fronds scaly at first, glabrescent. Sori small, in rows along veins or connecting veins, very shallowly impressed. Sporangia glabrous or sometimes with glandular hairs. Spores with spines or small globules. Chromosome number n = 36, 37.
Sixteen species: paleotropical, mainly in subtropical and tropical regions, epiphytic, epilithic, or terrestrial; nine species (one endemic) in China.
1a. Foliage fronds pinnate; pinnae articulate to rachis ............................................... 1. D. rigidula
1b. Foliage fronds pinnatifid; pinnae not articulate to rachis.
2a. Basal fronds thick, not transparent; sori in two or more rows between costa and margin.
3a. Basal fronds orbicular, margin entire or shallowly undulate; sori small, irregularly spaced between lateral veins ................................................................................................................ 2. D. bonii
3b. Basal fronds ovate or cordate, margin distinctly lobed; sori large, in 1 or 2 rows between lateral veins.
4a. Plants 30–40 cm high; basal fronds 3–5 × 2–4 cm; sori in one row between lateral veins 3. D. roosii
4b. Plants up to 100 cm high; basal fronds 20–40 × 16–32 cm; sori in two rows between lateral veins 4. D. quercifolia
2b. Basal fronds thin, transparent, sometimes absent (D. parishii); sori in one row between costa and margin.
5a. Scales peltate, rigid and imbricate; foliage fronds glabrous.
6a. Basal fronds absent; foliage fronds with 5–9 pairs of pinnae ........................ 5. D. parishii
6b. Basal fronds present; foliage fronds with 8–12 pairs of pinnae ................. 6. D. propinqua
5b. Scales basifixed, soft and tufted; foliage fronds often hairy.
7a. Apex of foliage fronds not aborted; margin of lamina entire, long ciliate .......... 7. D. mollis
7b. Apex of foliage fronds aborted; margin of lamina serrate or sinuate, glabrous or with short hairs in sinus.
8a. Basal fronds oblong-lanceolate, 5–15 × 3–6 cm; foliage fronds 7–12 cm wide; pinnae 0.5–1.2 cm wide, apex of lower pinnae rounded, of upper pinnae acute ....................... 8. D. baronii
8b. Basal fronds ovate, 6–14 × 4–9 cm; foliage fronds 12–20 cm wide; pinnae 1.2–2 cm wide, apex of pinnae acuminate .................................................................................... 9. D. delavayi
硬叶槲蕨 ying ye hu jue
Polypodium rigidulum Swartz in Schrader, J. Bot. 1800(2): 26. 1801; Drynaria baudouinii E. Fournier; D. diversifolia (R. Brown) J. Smith; D. gaudichaudii (Bory) Gaudichaud; D. pinnata Fée; D. rigidula var. koordersii Alderwerelt; Goniophlebium rigidulum (Swartz) T. Moore; Phymatodes gaudichaudii (Bory) C. Presl; Polypodium baudouini (E. Fournier) Baker; P. diversifolium R. Brown (Mar 1810), not Willdenow (Jun 1810); P. gaudichaudii Bory; P. rigidulum var. vidgeni F. M. Bailey; P. speciosum Blume.
Rhizome shortly creeping, 1–2 cm in diam.; scales brown to dark brown, with a lighter margin, spreading, peltate, 5–13 × 0.5–1.5 mm, margin ciliate, apex acute to acuminate; fronds dimorphic, rachises persistent; basal fronds 10–30 × 5–15 cm, lobed from 1/3–4/5, margin irregularly and finely denticulate; foliage fronds stalked, stipe up to 40 cm, not winged, with two rows of nectaries; lamina pinnate, 25–100(–200) × 12–50 cm, apex aborted; pinnae articulate to rachis, all equally long or smaller toward apex, 8–25(–30) × 0.5–1.5 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margin crenate to serrate, apex obtuse to acuminate, free veinlets simple or absent, hydathodes absent. Sori in one row between costa and margin, costal, single between veins, orbicular, sunken. Spores with short, blunt spines and globules.
Epiphytic, encircling tree trunks many times, rarely epilithic; sea level to 2000(–2400) m. Hainan, SW Yunnan [Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Australia, Pacific islands (Polynesia)].
Drynaria rigidula differs from all other species of Drynaria by the pinnate fronds. It is the sole member of Sect. Poronema, to appropriately show its isolated position.
团叶槲蕨 tuan ye hu jue
Drynaria meeboldii Rosenstock.
Rhizome shortly creeping, terete to dorsiventrally flattened, ca. 3 mm thick, 1–2 cm wide; scales squarrose or spreading from an appressed base, peltate, 2–12 × 1.5–3 mm, abruptly contracted from a broad base, often with a distinct, brown midrib, margin irregularly and shortly dentate at base, acumen often subulate and subentire; fronds dimorphic, glabrous; basal fronds contiguous or overlapping, often completely covering and surrounding rhizome, sessile, (4–)10–15 × (3.5–)8–12 cm, subentire to shallowly lobed; foliage fronds stalked, stipe up to 20 cm, conspicuously winged with a sinuous wing; lamina pinnatifid up to ca. 1 mm from costa, 30–70 × 20–30 cm, apex aborted; pinnae 3–7 pairs, slightly ascending, 1.5–3 cm distant, broadly lanceolate, 7–20 × 2.5–5 cm, base slightly narrowed and decurrent, margin subentire to shallowly sinuate, apex obtuse to long acuminate. Sori in 2 irregular rows between costa and margin, 2–4 rows between lateral veins. Spores with spines.
Epiphytic or epilithic on dry or muddy rocks in deciduous forests at low to medium elevations, fairly common on limestone rocks; 100–1300(–1700) m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].
Drynaria bonii has been wrongly identified as Drynaria sparsisora (Desvaux) T. Moore (Polypodium sparsisorum Desvaux; P. linnaei Bory; Drynaria linnaei (Bory) Beddome), a species of SE Asia and Australia, which differs by the basal fronds more deeply lobed, up to 1/3, and rhizome scales with a very long acumen.
槲蕨 hu jue
Polypodium fortunei Kunze ex Mettenius, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 2: 121. 1856; Drynaria fortunei (Kunze ex Mettenius) J. Smith (1857), not T. Moore (1855).
Rhizome shortly creeping, 1–2 cm in diam.; scales peltate, 7–12 × 0.8–1.5 mm, margin dentate; fronds dimorphic, glabrous; basal fronds overlapping, sessile, (2–)5–9 × (2–)3–7 cm, base cordate, shallowly lobed to 1/3, abaxially sparsely hairy; foliage fronds stalked, stipe 4–7(–13) cm, conspicuously winged; lamina pinnatifid up to 2–5 mm from costa, 20–45 × 10–15(–20) cm, apex aborted or not; pinnae 7–13 pairs, slightly ascending, lanceolate, 6–10 × (1.5–)2–3 cm, margin obscurely dentate, apex obtuse or acute. Sori in 2–4 rows between costa and margin, one row between lateral veins, paraphyses many, glandular. Spores with globules.
Epiphytic or epilithic, often on limestone, or on buildings; 100–1800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [India (Assam), N Thailand, Vietnam].
The rhizome of Drynaria roosii is used in traditional Chinese medicine as a medicinal herb, known as a kind of “Gu sui bu,” normally derived from Davallia. This species was widely known as Drynaria fortunei (Kunze ex Mettenius) J. Smith but this is a later homonym of D. fortunei T. Moore (=Microsorum fortunei (T. Moore) Ching.).
栎叶槲蕨 le ye hu jue
Polypodium quercifolium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1087. 1753.
Rhizome shortly creeping, 2–3 cm in diam. or more; scales spreading, blackish brown, linear, 6–20 × 0.5–1 mm, pseudopeltate or peltate, toward apex strongly dentate, apex long, narrow, acute; fronds dimorphic; basal fronds sessile, 15–50 × 10–30 cm, shallowly lobed; foliage fronds stalked, stipe up to 30 cm, not or inconspicuously winged; lamina pinnatifid up to 2–5 mm from costa, 40–100 × ca. 40 cm, apex aborted; pinnae broadly lanceolate, 15–25 × 2–3.5 cm, apex acute or acuminate. Sori in 2 rows between costa and margin, regular or irregular in two rows between lateral veins, slightly sunken. Spores with acuminate spines.
Epiphytic, spirally climbing, occasionally epilithic or terrestrial, in various types of primary and secondary forest, plantations; sea level to 1000 m. Hainan [India, Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, ?Vietnam; Australia].
小槲蕨 xiao hu jue
Pleopeltis parishii Beddome, Ferns Brit. India, t. 125. 1866; Drynaria mutilata Christ.
Rhizome rather long creeping, terete, ca. 1 cm in diam.; scales appressed, gray-brown, dark at middle, peltate, 4–7 × 1–1.8 mm, margin gray, long ciliate; fronds monomorphic, glabrous; basal fronds absent; foliage fronds stalked; stipe 5–10 cm, conspicuously winged to very base; lamina pinnatifid up to ca. 2 mm from costa, ca. 25 × 20 cm, apex aborted; pinnae 5–9(–11) pairs, spreading or slightly ascending, oblanceolate, 4–10 × 1–1.5(–2) cm, upper 1/3 broadest, gradually narrowed toward base, margin subentire, apex acute or acuminate; venation prominent, 2–5 rows of areolae between lateral veins, with free included veinlets. Sori in one row between costa and margin, close to costa, only one sorus between lateral veins, obviously sunken and prominent on adaxial surface.
Epiphytic or epilithic, often on tree trunks in moss forests; 500–1600 m. S and SE Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
石莲姜槲蕨 shi liang jiang hu jue
Polypodium propinquum Wallich ex Mettenius, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 2: 120. 1856; Drynaria propinqua var. mesosora Christ.
Rhizome rather long creeping, terete, 1–2 cm in diam.; scales appressed, brown, peltate, 3–6 × 1–1.5 mm, margin dentate; fronds dimorphic, glabrous; basal fronds orbicular or ovate, 10–20 × 7–18 cm, pinnatifid up to 2/3 or more, margin irregularly dentate; foliage fronds stalked, stipe 8–20(–25) cm, slightly winged; lamina pinnatifid up to ca. 2 mm from costa, (20–)30–50(–60) × (12–)20–30 cm, apex not aborted; pinnae 7–15 pairs, margin dentate, apex acute. Sori in one regular row between costa and margin, close to costa. Spores verrucate and with spines.
Epiphytic or epilithic; 500–1900(–2800) m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
毛槲蕨 mao hu jue
Drynaria costulisora Ching & S. K. Wu; D. rivalis (Mettenius ex Baker) Christ; D. tibetica Ching & S. K. Wu; Polypodium rivale Mettenius ex Baker.
Rhizome creeping, 0.5–1(–2) cm in diam.; scales soft, tufted, basifixed, 5–11 × 0.5–1.2 mm, margin biserrate; fronds dimorphic, hairy; basal fronds sessile, 7–15 × 3–7 cm, base cordate, auriculate, pinnatilobed up to 2/3 or more, lobes 8–13 pairs, margin entire, ciliate at young stage, glabrous on both sides, lower side of costa slightly hairy and with small scales at base; foliage fronds stalked, stipe 1–3(–13) cm, conspicuously winged; lamina pinnatifid up to 0–2 mm from costa, 20–40(–50) × 7–12(–15) cm, apex not aborted; pinnae 15–18 pairs, spreading, lanceolate, 3–8 × 1–1.5(–2) cm, margin entire, densely ciliate, apex obtuse; abaxial side along costa with small scales. Sori in one straight row between costa and margin, one row between lateral veins. Spores with spines.
Epilithic on limestone rocks in Quercus forests, or on tree trunks in mixed forests; 2700–3400 m. Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
秦岭槲蕨 qin ling hu jue
Polypodium baronii Christ, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 4(1): 100. 1897, not Baker (1887); Drynaria reducta Christ; D. sinica Diels; D. sinica var. intermedia Ching & S. K. Wu.
Rhizome 1–2 cm in diam., with many old persistent stipes, creeping; scales soft, tufted, basifixed, 4–11 × 0.5–1.5 mm, base auriculate, margin biserrate; fronds dimorphic, or sometimes basal fronds absent; basal fronds sessile or with very short stipe, oblong-lanceolate, 5–15 × 3–6 cm, base narrowed, not cordate, not auriculate, pinnatilobed up to 2/3 or more, lobes 10–12(–20) pairs, margin slightly dentate; foliage fronds stalked, stipe 2–10 cm, conspicuously winged; lamina pinnatifid, 22–50 × 7–12 cm, apex often aborted; pinnae 16–25(–30) pairs, spreading, lanceolate, 4–7 × 0.5–1.2 cm, margin dentate, glabrous or sparsely ciliate, apex acute; lamina sparsely hairy on both surfaces, especially along costa and veins. Sori in one straight row between costa and margin, close to costa, one row between lateral veins. Spores verrucate and with spines.
* Often terrestrial, or epilithic, rarely epiphytic on tree trunks; 1300–3800 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan.
川滇槲蕨 chuan dian hu jue
Drynaria rivalis (Mettenius ex Baker) Christ var. yunnanensis Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 7(1): 6. 1899.
Rhizome 1–2 cm in diam., with many old persistent stipes, creeping; scales soft, tufted, basifixed, 4–10 × 0.5–1 mm, base auriculate, margin biserrate; fronds dimorphic; basal fronds sessile, ovate to oblong, 6–13(–17) × 4–10 cm, base auriculate, pinnatilobed up to 2/3 or more, lobes 5–7 pairs, margin slightly dentate; foliage fronds stalked, stipe 3–9 cm, winged; lamina pinnatifid, 25–45 × 12–18 cm, apex aborted or not; pinnae 7–13(–17) pairs, spreading, lanceolate, (5–)7.5–12(–14) × 1.5–2(–3.5) cm, margin shallowly dentate, glabrous or with few hairs, apex acute; lamina sparsely hairy on both surfaces, especially along costa and veins. Sori in one straight row between costa and margin, close to costa, one row between lateral veins. Sporangia often with glandular hairs. Spores verrucate.
Epiphytic or epilithic; 1000–1900(–4200) m. S Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar].
节肢蕨属 jie zhi jue shu
Lu Shugang (陆树刚); Peter Hovenkamp
Pleopeltis sect. Arthromeris T. Moore, Index Fil. 78. 1857.
Plants, epiphytic or terrestrial, medium-sized. Rhizome long creeping, densely scaly or covered with whitish bloom and sparse scales; scales whitish, brown, or black, pseudopeltate, lanceolate-attenuate, margin entire to shallowly toothed or ciliate. Fronds remote, monomorphic, articulate to rhizome on short scaly phyllopodia. Stipe straw-colored or brown, glabrous or pubescent. Lamina imparipinnate or simple, herbaceous or leathery, glabrous or pubescent, rarely scaly abaxially. Lateral pinnae opposite or subopposite, rarely alternate, articulate to rachis, mostly sessile or subsessile, usually oblong-lanceolate, margin entire and cartilaginous, apex acuminate to caudate; costae and lateral veins distinct; veinlets obscure, reticulate to form irregularly shaped areoles with simple or forked included veinlets. Sori orbicular or elongated, in one regular row on each side of costa or scattered on abaxial surface of pinnae, naked, superficial, without paraphyses. Sporangia long stalked, annulus with 14–16 cells. Spores brown, ellipsoidal, surfaces verrucate with often constricted, acuminate or echinate elements. x = 12.
About 20 species: tropical and subtropical Asia; 16 species (seven endemic) in China.
1a. Sori in one row on either side of costae.
2a. Lateral pinnae distinctly stalked .................................................................. 1. A. tenuicauda
2b. Lateral pinnae sessile.
3a. Scales brown, lanceolate, gradually narrowed into acuminate apex.
4a. Sori orbicular, always solitary ............................................................... 2. A. wallichiana
4b. Sori elliptic or two adnate together ........................................................ 3. A. intermedia
3b. Scales brown, dark brown, or black, ovate, abruptly narrowed into subulate apex.
5a. Rhizome concealed by overlapping brown scales; plants terrestrial ........ 4. A. tatsienensis
5b. Rhizome with whitish bloom visible between sparse, dark brown to black scales; plants epiphytic 5. A. nigropaleacea
1b. Sori in two or more rows on either side of costae or irregularly scattered.
6a. Rhizome 10–12 mm in diam.; fronds abaxially usually with whitish bloom.
7a. Lateral pinnae sessile .................................................................................... 13. A. wardii
7b. Lateral pinnae stalked.
8a. Lateral pinnae opposite ...................................................................... 14. A. medogensis
8b. Lateral pinnae alternate.
9a. Lamina abaxially with glandular hairs ...................................................... 15. A. caudata
9b. Lamina abaxially without glandular hairs .............................................. 16. A. salicifolia
6b. Rhizome 3–6 mm in diam.; fronds abaxially green.
10a. Pinna apex caudate.
11a. Lateral pinnae 5–8 pairs, abaxially glabrous or pubescent ............................ 9. A. elegans
11b. Lateral pinnae 1–4 pairs, abaxially pubescent or tomentose.
12a. Rhizome sparsely scaly, surface with whitish bloom;
scales brown
6.
A. himalayensis
12b. Rhizome densely scaly, surface concealed; scales whitish ...................... 7. A. tomentosa
10b. Pinna apex subacute to acuminate.
13a. Plants terrestrial; pinnae 10–15 cm, abaxially glabrous ................................ 10. A. mairei
13b. Plants epiphytic; pinnae 5–12 cm, abaxially glabrous, pubescent or tomentose.
14a. Pinnae 8–12 pairs, ca. 5 cm, abaxially white tomentose ................ 8. A. notholaenoides
14b. Pinnae 5–8 pairs, 10–12 cm, abaxially glabrous or pubescent.
15a. Lamina 15–20 cm wide, pinnae abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent; sori irregularly scattered in 2 or 3 ill-defined rows .................................................................. 11. A. lehmannii
15b. Lamina 25–30 cm wide, pinnae abaxially densely pubescent; sori in 3–5 rows, sometimes in confluent pairs ............................................................................. 12. A. lungtauensis
狭羽节肢蕨 xia yu jie zhi jue
Polypodium tenuicaudum Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5: 90. 1864; Arthromeris notabilis Ching; Pleopeltis juglandifolia (D. Don) T. Moore var. tenuicauda (Hooker) Beddome; Polypodium wallichianum Sprengel var. tenuicaudum (Hooker) Hooker.
Rhizome 6–8 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales brown, lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Stipe stramineous, 15–25 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, 35–45 × 15–25 cm; pinnae 8–12 pairs, subopposite, stalked, oblique, ovate-lanceolate, 15–25 × 2–4 cm, base cuneate, apex long acuminate; upper pinnae usually fertile and slightly narrower; lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, Sori orbicular, 1.5–2 mm in diam., in a single row on each side of costa, medial or slightly nearer costa, solitary between lateral veins.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or epilithic; 1200–2800 m. Xizang, Yunnan [NE India, N Myanmar].
单行节肢蕨 dan hang jie zhi jue
Polypodium wallichianum Sprengel, Syst. Veg. ed. 16, 4: 53. 1827; P. juglandifolium D. Don (1825), not Willdenow (1810); Arthromeris juglandifolia (D. Don) J. Smith; Pleopeltis capitellata (Mettenius) Beddome; P. juglandifolia (D. Don) T. Moore; Polypodium capitellatum Wallich ex Mettenius.
Rhizome 10–15 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales brown, lanceolate, 10–15 × 2–3 mm, margin sparsely toothed, apex acuminate. Stipe stramineous, 15–30 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, oblong in outline, 40–70 × 30–40 cm; pinnae usually 5–10 pairs, subopposite, sessile, oblique, ovate-lanceolate, 10–20 × 2–4 cm, base rounded, margin entire or undulate, apex acuminate; lamina herbaceous or subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, medial or slightly nearer costa, solitary between lateral veins.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or epilithic; 1500–2500 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, N Myanmar, Nepal, N Vietnam].
中间节肢蕨 zhong jian jie zhi jue
Rhizome ca. 10 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 10 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Stipe stramineous, ca. 20 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, oblong or broadly lanceolate in outline, 30–40 × 20–25 cm; pinnae 6–8 pairs, subopposite, sessile, spreading, ovate-lanceolate, 15–20 × 5–4 cm, fertile pinnae slightly contracted, base rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate; lamina herbaceous, abaxially pale or glaucous, adaxially green, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular or elliptic, in one row along each side of costa, medial, usually in confluent pairs.
* Epilithic; ca. 2000 m. Xizang.
康定节肢蕨 kang din jie zhi jue
Polypodium tatsienense Franchet & Bureau in Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(Mém. 1): 19. 1905.
Rhizome 4–7 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, ca. 6 × 1.2 mm, margin irregularly toothed, apex long caudate. Stipe stramineous to castaneous, 20–30 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, oblong, 30–40 × 20–25 cm, or simple and ovate-lanceolate; pinnae (1–)3–8 pairs, subopposite, sessile, ascending to spreading, oblique, ovate-lanceolate, 15–18 × 3–4 cm, base broadly cuneate to rounded or rarely subcordate, margin entire, apex caudate; terminal pinna larger, usually narrowed from base to apex; lamina herbaceous or subleathery, abaxially pale green or glaucous, adaxially green, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, ca. 2 mm in diam., in one row on each side of costa, medial or slightly nearer to costa, solitary between lateral veins.
Terrestrial on dry slopes or epilithic; 1000–1600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal, N Thailand].
The record of Arthromeris tatsienensis from Sikkim is based on the determination by Fraser-Jenkins (Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes, 59. 2008) of the only collection of Arthromeris lungtauensis var. sikkimensis S. R. Ghosh (nom. inval., location of type not indicated) as this species.
黑鳞节肢蕨 hei lin jie zhi jue
Rhizome ca. 8 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom, sparsely scaly; scales nearly black or black, stiff, straight, broad at base, ca. 10 mm, margin irregularly toothed, apex long caudate. Stipe dark stramineous or brown, 20–25 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, oblong, 50–60 × 25–30 cm; pinnae 5 or 6 pairs, opposite, subsessile, oblique, broadly lanceolate, 15–20 × 3–4 cm, base rounded or subcordate, apex caudate-acute, terminal pinna stalked; lamina papery or herbaceous, abaxially glaucous, adaxially green, both surfaces glabrous, Sori orbicular, ca. 2 mm in diam., in one row on each side of costa, medial or slightly close to costa, solitary between lateral veins.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 1800 m. Xizang.
琉璃节肢蕨 liu li jie zhi jue
Rhizome ca. 5 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom, sparsely scaly; scales brown, broad at base, 3–4 mm, margin ciliate or toothed, apex long caudate. Stipe stramineous or dark stramineous, 10–20 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, ovate in outline, 15–40 × 10–20 cm, or simple and ovate-lanceolate; pinnae 1–4 pairs, opposite, sessile, ± spreading, far apart, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 8–15 × 3–5 cm, base rounded or subcordate, margin entire, broadly cartilaginous, apex caudate; lamina herbaceous or papery, both surfaces pubescent or abaxially tomentose and adaxially glabrous. Sori orbicular, small, mostly in 3 or 4 rows along costa, nearer costa, in 2 series between lateral veins, pairs sometimes ± confluent.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or epilithic; 1700–2800 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, N Myanmar, Nepal].
1a. Rhizome scales with ciliate margin; lamina with both
surfaces pubescent
................................................................................................................... 6a.
var. himalayensis
1b. Rhizome scales with toothed margin; lamina abaxially tomentose, adaxially glabrous ........... 6b. var. niphoboloides
琉璃节肢蕨(原变种) liu li jie zhi jue (yuan bian zhong)
Polypodium himalayense Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5: 91. 1863; Pleopeltis himalayensis (Hooker) Beddome; Polypodium venustum Wallich ex C. B. Clarke (1880), not Desvaux (1811), nor Blume (1828).
Rhizome broad at base, ca. 4 mm in diam., margin ciliate. Stipe stramineous or dark stramineous, 10–20 cm, glabrous; lamina 20–40 × 10–20 cm; pinnae 1–4 pairs, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 10–15 × 3–4 cm, base rounded or subcordate. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces pubescent. Sori conspicuous.
Epiphytic on tree trunks; 1700–2800 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, N Myanmar, Nepal].
灰茎节肢蕨 hui jing jie zhi jue
Polypodium venustum var. niphoboloides C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London Bot. 1: 567. 1880.
Rhizome narrowly lanceolate, 3–4 mm in diam., margin toothed. Stipe dark stramineous, 5–15 cm, glabrous; lamina 15–25 × 10–15 cm; pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 8–12 × 4–5 cm, base rounded. Lamina herbaceous or papery, abaxially tomentose, adaxially glabrous. Sori buried in tomentum, hardly visible.
Epilithic; 2000–2600 m. Yunnan [Bhutan].
厚毛节肢蕨 hou mao jie zhi jue
Rhizome ca. 4 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales brown at center, with pale or whitish margin, lanceolate, broad at base, 6–7 mm, margin toothed, apex long caudate. Stipe dark stramineous, 15–20 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, 20–30 × 10–15 cm, or simple and ovate to oblong; pinnae usually 1 or 2 pairs, opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 10–12 × 3–4 cm, base rounded or cordate, overlapping rachis, margin entire, apex caudate or rarely laciniate; lamina herbaceous, abaxially tomentose, adaxially glabrous. Sori orbicular, mostly in 3 or 4(or 5) rows along costa, in 2 series between lateral veins.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks; ca. 2600 m. Yunnan.
Fraser-Jenkins (Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes, 60. 2008) believes that Arthromeris tomentosa is not separable from A. himalayensis.
隐囊蕨状节肢蕨 yin nang jue zhuang jie zhi jue
Rhizome ca. 15 mm in diam., slightly glaucous, sparsely scaly; scales reddish brown, broad at peltate base, 4–6 mm, margin minutely toothed, apex long caudate; lamina imparipinnate, oblong in outline, 20–25 cm; pinnae (8 or)9–10(–12) pairs, opposite, sessile, spreading, ovate, 5–6 × ca. 2 cm base truncate to subcordate, apex acuminate; lamina abaxially densely white tomentose Sori orbicular, small, in several rows, concealed by indumentum.
* Epiphytic; ca. 1600 m. SE Xizang.
美丽节肢蕨 mei li jie zhi jue
Rhizome 4–6 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown at center, with pale or whitish margin, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, broad at base, 8–12 mm, margin toothed or ciliate, apex acuminate. Stipe stramineous, 15–25 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, 25–35 × 15–20 cm; pinnae 5–8 pairs, opposite, sessile, oblique or spreading, narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, 12–16 × 1.5–2 cm, base rounded or cordate, cartilaginous margin narrow, apex long caudate; lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, or sometimes abaxially pubescent. Sori orbicular, almost confluent when mature, in 2(or 3) rows along costa, closer to costa, in 2 series between lateral veins.
Epiphytic on tree trunks; 2000–2600(–3400) m. ?Xizang, Yunnan [N Myanmar].
Two forms of Arthromeris elegans have been recognized: f. elegans with rhizome scales with toothed margins and with the lamina adaxially glabrous, and f. pianmaensis S. G. Lu (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 20: 406. 1998) with rhizome scales with ciliate margins and with the lamina adaxially pubescent.
多羽节肢蕨 duo yu jie zhi jue
Polypodium mairei Brause, Hedwigia 54: 208. 1914; Arthromeris lehmannii (Mettenius) Ching var. auriculata Ching; A. tsayuensis Ching & Y. X. Lin; P. lehmannii Mettenius var. mairei (Brause) C. Christensen.
Rhizome 5–6 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales light brown or glaucous, ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Stipe stramineous or castaneous, 15–25 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, ovate-lanceolate, 30–50 × 15–25 cm; pinnae 8–12 pairs, opposite, sessile, ascending, ovate-lanceolate, 10–15 × 2–3 cm, base rounded, margin entire or undulate, apex acuminate; lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, Sori orbicular, in 2 or 3 irregular rows along costae of distal pinnae, in 2 series between veins, pairs sometimes confluent.
Terrestrial on slopes in forests; 1000–2700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Myanmar].
Fraser-Jenkins (Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes, 58. 2008) suggests that Arthromeris mairei might not be separable from A. moulmeinense Beddome (1867).
节肢蕨 jie zhi jue
Polypodium lehmannii Mettenius, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 117. 1856; Arthromeris pinnata (Hayata) Ching; A. tibetana Ching; A. tibetana var. glabrescens Ching & S. K. Wu; Pleopeltis lehmannii (Mettenius) Beddome; Polypodium pinnatum Hayata; P. quasipinnatum Hayata.
Rhizome 4–5 mm in diam., densely or sparsely scaly and covered with whitish bloom; scales brown at center, paler toward margin, broad at peltate base, 4–6 mm, margin minutely toothed, apex long caudate. Stipe stramineous or light castaneous, 10–20 cm, glabrous; rachis stramineous, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, oblong-ovate in outline, 30–40 × 15–20 cm; pinnae usually 5–8 pairs, subopposite, sessile, spreading or slightly ascending, straight, lanceolate, base rounded or subcordate, overlapping rachis, margin entire or undulate with cartilaginous membrane up to 1.5 mm wide, apex acuminate; terminal pinna same as lateral pinnae; lamina papery or herbaceous, green, both surfaces usually glabrous, rarely abaxially sparsely pubescent. Sori orbicular or elliptic, variable in size, mostly in 2 or 3 rows along costa, in 1 series between lateral veins. 2n = 74.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or epilithic; 500–2900 m. Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
龙头节肢蕨 long tou jie zhi jue
Polypodium lungtauense (Ching) Ching ex C. Christensen.
Rhizome 4–5 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales dark brown at center, paler toward margin, ovate-lanceolate, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Stipe dark stramineous or light castaneous, 10–20 cm, glabrous; rachis and costae stramineous, pubescent; lamina imparipinnate, oblong or deltoid-lanceolate, 30–40 × 25–30 cm; pinnae 5–7 pairs, opposite, sessile, ascending to patent, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 10–12 × 2–3 cm, base rounded or cordate, cartilaginous margin entire, very narrow, apex acuminate; lamina papery, both surfaces densely pubescent. Sori orbicular to elliptic, ca. 1 mm, mostly in 3–5 rows along costa, in 2 series between veins, pairs sometimes confluent.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 500–2500 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Laos, Nepal, Vietnam].
Material of Arthromeris lungtauensis has been incorrectly identified as Polypodium himalayense Hooker: Christ (Bull. Acad. Géogr. Bot. 1902: 218. 1902; Wu, Wang & Pong, Bull. Dept. Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 3: 306. pl. 144. 1932).
灰背节肢蕨 hui bei jie zhi jue
Polypodium wardii C. B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 99. 1889; Arthromeris longipinna Ching & Y. X. Lin; Pleopeltis wardii (C. B. Clarke) Beddome.
Rhizome 10–12 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales brown, narrowly lanceolate, ovate at peltate base, 6–10 mm, margin subentire, apex acuminate. Stipe stramineous or dark stramineous, 30–40 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, ovate-lanceolate, 40–80(–120) × 30–50 cm; pinnae 5–8(–16) pairs, subopposite, sessile, spreading or ascending, ovate-lanceolate, 15–20(–30) × 4–6(–8) cm, base rounded or truncate, cartilaginous margin entire, apex caudate; lamina papery, abaxially usually glaucous on abaxial surface, adaxially green, both surfaces glabrous, Sori orbicular, up to 2.5 mm in diam., mostly in 2(or 3) rows along costa in 1 series between veins, sometimes eventually almost confluent.
Epiphytic on tree trunks; 1800–2500 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal].
墨脱节肢蕨 mo tuo jie zhi jue
Rhizome ca. 6 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, ovate at base, margin ciliate, apex long caudate. Stipe stramineous, 20–30 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, 20–30 × 14–16 cm; pinnae usually 2 or 3 pairs, opposite, distinctly stalked, ascending, ovate or oblong, 11–13 × 3–4 cm, base cuneate, cartilaginous margin entire, apex caudate; lamina papery, abaxially glaucous, adaxially green, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, mostly in 3 or 4 rows along costa in 1 series between lateral veins.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks; ca. 1600 m. Xizang.
尾状节肢蕨 wei zhuang jie zhi jue
Rhizome ca. 10 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, broad at base, margin ciliate, apex long caudate. Stipe stramineous at base, castaneous at upper part, 25–35 cm, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, 50–60 × 20–25 cm; pinnae usually 6–8 pairs, alternate, shortly stalked, ascending, oblong-lanceolate, 18–22 × 4–5 cm, base cuneate, cartilaginous margin entire, broad, apex caudate; lamina papery, abaxially glaucous with sparse glandular hairs, adaxially green. Sori orbicular, mostly in 2 or 3 rows along costa in 1 series between lateral veins.
* Evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 1500 m. Xizang.
柳叶节肢蕨 liu ye jie zhi jue
Rhizome ca. 10 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, ovate at base, 5–7 mm, margin shortly ciliate, apex long caudate. Stipe dark stramineous, 25–30 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam., glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, 40–50 × 15–20 cm; pinnae usually 5 or 6 pairs, alternate, shortly stalked, ascending, ovate-lanceolate, 15–20 × 3–5 cm, base attenuate into stalk, cartilaginous margin entire, apex long caudate; lamina papery, abaxially light green or glaucous, adaxially dark green. Sori mostly orbicular, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., mostly in 2 rows along costa in 1 series between veins, rarely those nearest margin in confluent pairs.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks; 1600–1900 m. Xizang.
戟蕨属 ji jue shu
Lu Shugang (陆树刚); Peter Hovenkamp
Ferns usually epiphytic, sometimes terrestrial, medium-sized. Rhizome long creeping, densely covered with scales; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, peltate at base, entire or sparsely toothed at margin, opaque, hairlike at apex. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome, dimorphic. Sterile fronds trilobate or pinnatifid, lobes broad, entire; veins reticulate with branched included veinlets; texture leathery, glabrous on both surfaces or scaly on abaxial surface when young, scales ovate, peltate. Fertile fronds strongly contracted, trilobate or pinnatifid; lobes linear-lanceolate. Sori covering whole abaxial surface of fertile fronds, mixed with short, simple or branched paraphyses. Sporangia with long stalks; annulus with ca. 14 hardened cells. Spores ellipsoidal, hyaline, shallowly tuberculate on surface. Chromosome number as yet unknown.
Three species: tropical Asia; one species in China.
The genus name is often given as “Christiopteris,” but this is not in accordance with the protologue. Fraser-Jenkins (Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes, 45. 2008) includes Christopteris within the following genus, Selliguea. It is maintained by Christenhusz et al. (Phytotaxa 19: 52. 2011).
戟蕨 ji jue
Acrostichum tricuspe Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5: 272. 1864; Cheiropleuria tricuspis (Hooker) J. Smith; Gymnopteris tricuspis (Hooker) Beddome; Leptochilus tricuspis (Hooker) C. Christensen; Selliguea tricuspis (Hooker) Fraser-Jenkins.
Rhizome long creeping, 5–6 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales reddish brown, base ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 mm, margin minutely serrate, apex subulate and long caudate. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored or castaneous, 20–35 cm, glabrous, stipes of fertile fronds longer than those of sterile fronds. Laminae dimorphic. Sterile lamina deeply 3-lobed or pinnatilobate, lobes 20–35 × 2.5–7 cm, central lobe larger than lateral lobes, entire at margin, acuminate at apex; veins reticulate with simple or branched included veinlets, hardly visible; texture leathery, pale green, glabrous on both surfaces. Fertile lamina with much narrower lobes, linear, 30–40 × 1–1.5 cm. Sori with simple paraphyses.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or rarely terrestrial; 500–800 m. Hainan [India (Sikkim), Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].
修蕨属 xiu jue shu
Lu Shugang (陆树刚); Peter Hovenkamp, Michael G. Gilbert
Crypsinus C. Presl; Phymatopsis J. Smith (1875), not Phymatopsis Tulasne ex Treviranus (1857); Phymatopteris Pichi Sermolli; Pichisermollia Fraser-Jenkins (2008), not H. C. Monteiro (1980); Pichisermollodes Fraser-Jenkins & Challis.
Rhizome slender, woody, densely scaly; scales reddish brown, brown, dark brown, or nearly black, rarely whitish, opaque, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, margin entire, toothed, or ciliate, apex attenuate or setaceous. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome, monomorphic or dimorphic with longer and narrower fertile fronds. Stipe usually glabrous, rarely pubescent, scaly at base. Lamina simple, hastately 3-lobed, palmately or pinnately divided, sometimes pinnatisect with adnate pinnae, herbaceous or leathery, glabrous or pubescent, rarely scaly on abaxial side. Lobes usually lanceolate, margin distinctly cartilaginous, entire, notched, or serrate, apex acuminate or obtuse. Lateral veins (in lamina or segments) distinct; veinlets anastomosing to form areoles with included free veinlets. Sori orbicular, in one row on either side of costa, less often linear or in many rows, usually superficial, rarely sunken on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface. Sporangia with long stalk, annulus with 14 hardened cells. Spores brown, ellipsoidal, surface tuberculate or verrucate. x = 12, n = 36, 37.
About 75 species: tropical and subtropical Asia, Australia, Pacific islands, South Africa, and Madagascar; 48 species (30 endemic) in China.
Until relatively recently, most species of Selliguea were included within Phymatopteris but the concept widely used for Phymatopteris clearly includes the type species of Crypsinus, C. pyrolifolius (Goldmann) Copeland, which is very similar to S. rhynchophylla in this account. Both Smith et al. (Taxon 55: 719. 2006) and Fraser-Jenkins (Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes, 44. 2008) do not recognize Phymatopteris and include Crypsinus within Selliguea. Christenhusz et al. (Phytotaxa 19: 33. 2011) maintain Phymatopteris but include Crypsinus within Selliguea a position that does not seem tenable in the light of the above observation.
Fraser-Jenkins erected the genus Pichisermollodes for those species with Polypodium-like pinnatifid to pinnate fronds with notched and toothed margins but this genus was not accepted by Christenhusz et al.
1a. All fronds simple, linear, lanceolate, or ovate.
2a. Sori linear, between and parallel to adjacent lateral veins ....................................... 48. S. feei
2b. Sori orbicular or less often elliptic, very rarely confluent.
3a. Fronds moderately dimorphic; sterile lamina ovate, fertile lamina narrower, linear or ovate-lanceolate.
4a. Soriferous portion not or slightly contracted; sori
orbicular, separate
........................................................................................................ 1.
S. rhynchophylla
4b. Soriferous portion much contracted, linear; sori elongate or confluent in upper part of frond 2. S. wuliangshanense
3b. Fronds monomorphic; lamina oblong, ovate, or linear.
5a. Margin notched.
6a. Sori sunken on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface ........... 9. S. yakushimensis
6b. Sori superficial.
7a. Lamina base truncate or cordate, or if rounded then lamina 3–6 cm wide, marginal notches sometimes indistinct.
8a. Lamina 5–15 × 2–3 cm, base cordate, apex obtuse or acute ......... 5. S. oblongifolia
8b. Lamina 15–25 × 3–6 cm, base rounded or truncate, apex shortly acuminate 7. S. majoensis
7b. Lamina base cuneate to rounded, if rounded then lamina 0.5–2 cm wide.
9a. Lamina 5–7 mm wide, herbaceous .................................................... 12. S. tenuipes
9b. Lamina 10–30 mm wide, papery to leathery, less often herbaceous.
10a. Lamina base cuneate, margin indistinctly notched, apex shortly acuminate 11. S. engleri
10b. Lamina base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin notched, apex acute or obtuse.
11a. Lamina leathery, stipe thick ........................................................ 13. S. omeiensis
11b. Lamina papery or herbaceous, stipe slender ................................... 15. S. hastata
5b. Margin entire or undulate.
12a. Lamina apex rounded, obtuse, or acute.
13a. Lamina margin entire or undulate; rhizome scales brown,
margin entire
................................................................................................................ 4.
S. obtusa
13b. Lamina margin notched; rhizome scales reddish brown, margin sparsely toothed 5. S. oblongifolia
12b. Lamina apex acuminate or caudate.
14a. Rhizome sparsely scaly, surface with whitish bloom and ; lamina margin wide, flat, translucent 3. S. chrysotricha
14b. Rhizome densely scaly, surface not visible; lamina margin narrow, thickened, not translucent.
15a. Lamina 30–35 cm, thin, pellucid; veinlets distinct ........................ 10. S. pellucidifolia
15b. Lamina 8–25 cm, papery to leathery, opaque; veinlets obscure.
16a. Lamina 1.5–3 cm wide, papery, base gradually narrowed;
sori medial
6.
S. hainanense
16b. Lamina 3–6 cm wide, leathery, base truncate, rounded, or broadly cuneate; sori close to midrib.
17a. Lamina base truncate or rounded, abaxial surface glaucous .......... 7. S. majoensis
17b. Lamina base broadly cuneate, abaxial surface yellowish
green
................................................................................................. 8.
S. griffithiana
1b. At least some fronds deeply lobed, hastately divided, palmately parted, pinnately parted, or pinnatisect.
18a. Divided fronds at most hastate, with two basal lateral lobes.
19a. Lamina margin entire or remotely notched; sori slightly sunken abaxially; scales yellowish brown 14. S. taiwanensis
19b. Lamina margin regularly notched; sori superficial; scales reddish brown ......... 15. S. hastata
18b. At least some divided fronds palmate with more than two lateral lobes or pinnately divided.
20a. Fronds palmately divided with 4–6 lobes (S. dactylina s.l.).
21a. Stipe castaneous, scaly at base; plant 5–10 cm high,
lamina 5–9 × 5–9 cm
................................................................................................................. 16.
S. digitata
21b. Stipe straw-colored, glabrous; plant 20–30 cm high, lamina 10–20 × 10–15 cm.
22a. Scales narrowly lanceolate, yellowish brown, 5–7 mm, gradually narrowed from peltate base to acuminate apex .................................................................................... 17. S. dactylina
22b. Scales ovate, dark brown, ca. 10 mm, gradually or sometimes abruptly narrowed into long hairlike apex .................................................................................................... 18. S. chenopus
20b. Fronds pinnately divided, lateral lobes/pinnae 1–10 pairs.
23a. Lamina margin entire.
24a. Fronds pubescent; lateral lobes 1–3 pairs, apical lobe distinctly larger than lateral lobes 19. S. trisecta
24b. Fronds glabrous; lateral lobes 1–5(–8) pairs, apical lobe similar to lateral lobes.
25a. Fronds pinnatifid at base, lobes triangular or broadly lanceolate ............ 20. S. oxyloba
25b. Fronds pinnatisect at base, pinnae ovate-lanceolate ........................ 21. S. likiangensis
23b. Lamina margin notched or toothed.
26a. Lamina margin with notches regularly placed between veins, sometimes sparse (S. kingpingensis).
27a. Fronds distinctly dimorphic; sori deeply sunken .................................... 22. S. trilobus
27b. Fronds monomorphic; sori superficial.
28a. Lateral lobes 1 or 2 pairs, deltoid or subdeltoid; basal lobes spreading in trilobed lamina 23. S. cruciformis
28b. Lateral lobes 2–8 pairs, lanceolate; basal lobes ascending or deflexed.
29a. Lateral lobes all ascending, lamina cuneate or rounded at base.
30a. Fronds hairy throughout; terrestrial ................................................. 24. S. hirtella
30b. Fronds glabrous; epiphytic.
31a. Fronds 25–50 cm; stipe usually longer than lamina ...................... 25. S. taeniata
31b. Fronds 10–20 cm; stipe shorter than lamina.
32a. Scales black with whitish cilia at margin ........................... 26. S. kingpingensis
32b. Scales yellowish brown or whitish, with or without ciliate margin.
33a. Scales yellowish brown with entire margin; sori medial ........... 27. S. connexa
33b. Scales whitish with ciliate margin; sori close to
margin
28.
S. daweishanensis
29b. Lowest lobes deflexed or slightly deflexed, occasionally patent, lamina cordate or truncate at base.
34a. Scales ovate, castaneous to black; abaxial side of lamina usually sparsely scaly especially on midrib and veins .......................................................................... 29. S. ebenipes
34b. Scales lanceolate, brown to whitish; abaxial side of lamina without scales.
35a. Scales with broad whitish or light brown margin, or dark brown when older.
36a. Lamina glabrous on both surfaces; lobes acuminate at apex ....... 32. S. albopes
36b. Lamina pubescent on both surfaces; lobes obtuse at apex
......................................................................................... 33.
S. pianmaensis
35b. Scales brown or dark brown.
37a. Rhizome 8–12 mm in diam.; scale margins entire; sori sunken and medial or closer to margin .............................................................................. 30. S. echinospora
37b. Rhizome 2–4 mm in diam.; scale margins ciliate; sori superficial, ± close to costa.
38a. Lateral lobes 2–5 pairs, adaxially glabrous ................. 31. S. quasidivaricata
38b. Lateral lobes 4–7 pairs, adaxially pubescent .................. 35. S. incisocrenata
26b. Lamina margin usually with a sharp tooth below each notch, often with additional teeth between each pair of notches, or ± uniformly serrate and not notched.
39a. Fronds pubescent on one or both surfaces ....................................... 34. S. nigrovenia
39b. Fronds glabrous on both surfaces.
40a. Lateral lobes obtuse or acute at apex.
41a. Lamina 5–8 cm; stipe straw-colored or dark straw-colored
at base
36.
S. shensiense
41b. Lamina 5–20 cm; stipe purple or castaneous at base.
42a. Lobes shallowly crenate to pinnately lobed ........................ 37. S. crenatopinnata
42b. Lobes densely serrulate or duplicate-serrate at margin.
43a. Lateral lobes ovate-lanceolate, constricted at base .................. 38. S. glaucopsis
43b. Lateral lobes linear ................................................................... 39. S. conmixta
40b. Lateral lobes acuminate or caudate-acuminate at apex.
44a. Lowest lobes of lamina deflexed.
45a. Lateral lobes gradually narrowed from base to apex .................... 40. S. stracheyi
45b. Lateral lobes ovate-lanceolate, slightly constricted at base .......... 41. S. conjuncta
44b. Lowest lobes of lamina ascending.
46a. Scales black without light margin but with whitish cilia on margin.
47a. Lobes obtusely serrate at margin ............................................... 42. S. stewartii
47b. Lobes sharply serrate at margin.
48a. Lamina with 4–9 pairs of lateral pinnae, cartilaginous margin straw-colored 43. S. nigropaleacea
48b. Lamina with 2 or 3 pairs of lateral lobes, cartilaginous margin reddish ..... 44. S. roseomarginata
46b. Scales brown or dark brown or with a black center, with distinct, lighter, dentate or ciliate margin.
49a. Scales dark brown or castaneous; lateral veins ending
in margin
45.
S. tibetana
49b. Scales brown; lateral veins not ending in margin.
50a. Marginal teeth sharply acute ................................................ 46. S. malacodon
50b. Marginal teeth up to 2 mm aristate ................................... 47. S. albidoglauca
喙叶假瘤蕨 hui ye jia liu jue
Polypodium rhynchophyllum Hooker, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 6: t. 954. 1854; Crypsinus okamotoi (Tagawa) Tagawa; C. rhynchophyllus (Hooker) Copeland; Phymatodes okamotoi Tagawa; P. rhynchophylla (Hooker) Ching; Phymatopsis rhynchophylla (Hooker) J. Smith; Phymatopteris rhynchophylla (Hooker) Pichi-Sermolli; Pleopeltis rhynchophylla (Hooker) T. Moore; Selliguea okamotoi (Tagawa) Ralf Knapp.
Rhizome 1–2 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales brown, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin entire to sparsely toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds dimorphic. Sterile fronds: stipe 1–2 cm; lamina simple, ovate or oblong, 1–5 × 1–2 cm, base cordate, margin notched, apex obtuse. Lateral veins distinct. Lamina herbaceous or subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface usually purplish, adaxial surface green. Fertile fronds: stipe 5–10 cm; lamina linear or lanceolate, 5–20 × 1–2 cm, soriferous portion not or only slightly contracted. Sori orbicular, medial.
Epiphytic on tree trunks; 1200–2700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Cambodia, N India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
无量山假瘤蕨 wu liang shan jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopteris wuliangshanensis W. M. Chu, Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 58. 1992; Crypsinus wuliangshanensis (W. M. Chu) X. Cheng.
Rhizome 1–2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales pale brown, lanceolate, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds dimorphic. Sterile fronds: stipe 1.5–2 cm; lamina simple, orbicular or ovate, 2–3 × 1–2 cm, base cordate, margin notched, apex rounded. Lateral veins visible, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous or subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, pale green, Fertile fronds: stipe stramineous, 2–5 cm, slender, glabrous; lamina lower portion ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1–2 cm, base cuneate, soriferous portion contracted. Sori separate at base of soriferous part, forming a coenosorus toward apex.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks, evergreen broad-leaved forests; 2200–2500 m. Yunnan (Wuliang Shan).
白茎假瘤蕨 bai jing jia liu jue
Polypodium chrysotrichum C. Christensen, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 26: 320. 1931; Crypsinus chrysotrichus (C. Christensen) Tagawa; Phymatodes chrysotricha (C. Christensen) Ching; Phymatopsis chrysotricha (C. Christensen) Ching; Phymatopteris chrysotricha (C. Christensen) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome with whitish bloom, sparsely scaly; scales brown, ovate at peltate base, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds ± monomorphic (fertile fronds slightly narrower and more oblong). Stipe straw-colored, 5–10 cm, glabrous; lamina simple, ovate to oblong, 5–10 × 3–6 cm, base rounded to shallowly cordate, margin entire, wide, flat, translucent, apex caudate. Veins all distinct on both surfaces. Lamina leathery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface pale green, adaxial surface green and shiny. Sori orbicular, medial.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks; 2200–2900 m. Yunnan [Myanmar].
Hovenkamp believes that the broad, translucent margin described for Selliguea chrysotricha suggests that it might prove to be better placed within Arthromeris.
圆顶假瘤蕨 yuan din jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopsis obtusa Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 184. 1964; Phymatopteris obtusa (Ching) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Stipe straw-colored or light brown, 6–10 cm, glabrous; lamina simple, oblong or ovate, 5–15 × 2–3 cm, base cordate, margin entire or undulate, apex rounded or obtuse. Lateral veins thick, distinct, ascending, veinlets obscure. Lamina leathery, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, close to midrib.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1400–1700 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan.
长圆假瘤蕨 chang yuan jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopsis oblongifolia S. K. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 400. 1985; Crypsinus oblongifolius (S. K. Wu) X. Cheng; Phymatopteris oblongifolia (S. K. Wu) W. M. Chu & S. G. Lu.
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales reddish brown, broad at peltate base, margin sparsely toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 5–15 cm, ca. 1 mm in diam., glabrous; lamina simple, oblong or ovate, 5–15 × 2–3 cm, base cordate, margin notched, apex obtuse or acute. Lateral veins distinct on both surfaces, veinlets obscure. Lamina leathery, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, slightly near midrib.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks; ca. 1400 m. Yunnan.
海南假瘤蕨 hai nan jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatodes hainanensis Ching, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 68. 1933; Crypsinus hainanensis (Ching) Tagawa; Phymatopsis cunea Ching; P. hainanensis (Ching) Ching; Phymatopteris cunea (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; P. hainanensis (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; Polypodium echinosporum C. Christensen.
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales dark brown in center, paler toward margins, ovate at peltate base, ca. 3 mm, margin entire, apex subulate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 8–13 cm, ca. 1 mm in diam., glabrous; lamina simple, ovate-lanceolate, 8–15 × 1.5–3 cm, widest around middle and gradually narrowed toward both ends, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Lateral veins visible, veinlets obscure. Lamina papery, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, slightly near midrib and slightly raised on adaxial surface.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks in forests; 500–600 m. Hainan, Yunnan.
宽底假瘤蕨 kuan di jia liu jue
Polypodium majoense C. Christensen in H. Léveillé, Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan: 108. 1916; Crypsinus majoensis (C. Christensen) X. Cheng; Phymatodes griffithiana (Hooker) Ching var. majoensis (C. Christensen) Ching; Phymatopsis majoensis (C. Christensen) Ching; Phymatopteris majoensis (C. Christensen) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 10–15 cm, glabrous; lamina simple, oblong, 15–25 × 3–6 cm, broadest near base, base rounded or truncate, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate. Lateral veins visible, veinlets obscure. Lamina subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface glaucous, adaxial surface pale green. Sori orbicular, close to midrib.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1400–1800 m. Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Hovenkamp believes that Selliguea majoensis would be better treated as a variety of the following species, S. griffithiana (Hooker) Fraser-Jenkins.
大果假瘤蕨 da guo jia liu jue
Polypodium griffithianum Hooker, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 10: t. 951. 1854; Crypsinus griffithianus (Hooker) Copeland; Phymatodes griffithiana (Hooker) Ching; Phymatopsis griffithiana (Hooker) J. Smith; P. integerrima Ching; Phymatopteris griffithiana (Hooker) Pichi Sermolli; P. integerrima (Ching) Bir; Pleopeltis griffithiana (Hooker) T. Moore.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin entire, apex long acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 5–15 cm, densely scaly at base, subglabrous or with hairlike scales upward; lamina simple, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 10–25 × 3–4 cm, usually widest below middle, broadly cuneate at base, margin entire or shallowly undulate, usually revolute, apex shortly acuminate. Lateral veins distinct on both surfaces, veinlets obscure. Lamina leathery or subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface pale green, adaxial surface green. Sori orbicular, large, close or slightly close to midrib.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1300–3200 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
屋久假瘤蕨 wu jiu jia liu jue
Polypodium engleri Luerssen var. yakushimense Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23: 248. 1909; Crypsinus yakushimensis (Makino) Tagawa; Phymatodes yakushimensis (Makino) Tagawa; Phymatopsis fukienensis Ching; P. yakushimensis (Makino) H. Itô; Phymatopteris fukienensis (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; P. yakushimensis (Makino) Pichi Sermolli; Polypodium yakushimense (Makino) Makino & Nemoto.
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 5–15 cm, slender, glabrous; lamina simple, linear-elliptic, 5–15 × 1–2 cm, base cuneate, margin notched, apex acuminate. Lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface glaucous, adaxial surface green. Sori orbicular, medial, sunken on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface.
On muddy rocks along streams, usually rheophytic in flood zone, forest understory; 200–800 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
透明叶假瘤蕨 tou ming ye jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium pellucidifolium Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4: 250. 1914; Phymatopsis pellucidifolia (Hayata) H. Itô; Phymatopteris pellucidifolia (Hayata) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, margin entire, apex acuminate. Stipe light brown, 9–10 cm, glabrous; lamina simple, linear or oblanceolate, 30–35 × 2–2.2 cm, base cordate, margin entire or undulate, apex shortly acuminate. Veins all distinct. Lamina membranous, pellucid, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, small, slightly closer to midrib.
* On rocks beside streams in forest understory. Taiwan (Alishan).
恩氏假瘤蕨 en shi jia liu jue
Polypodium engleri Luerssen, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 4(4): 361. 1883; Crypsinus engleri (Luerssen) Copeland; Crypsinus engleri var. coriaceus (Tagawa) Tagawa; Phymatodes engleri (Luerssen) Ching; P. engleri var. coriacea Tagawa; Phymatopsis engleri (Luerssen) H. Itô; Phymatopteris engleri (Luerssen) Pichi Sermolli; Polypodium engleri var. hypoleuca Hayata; P. hastatum Thunberg var. engleri (Luerssen) Christ.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales reddish brown, linear to linear-lanceolate, 3–6 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored or light brown, 5–15(–20) cm, glabrous; lamina simple, linear or oblanceolate, 5–15(–28) × 1–3 cm, widest above middle, base cuneate, margin entire or slightly crenate, apex shortly acuminate. Lateral veins visible, veinlets obscure. Lamina papery or subleathery, stiff, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface usually glaucous. Sori orbicular, small, slightly closer to midrib, superficial.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
细柄假瘤蕨 xi bing jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopsis tenuipes Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 187. 1964; Phymatopteris tenuipes (Ching) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome ca. 2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales yellowish brown, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Stipe straw-colored, 2–4 cm, slender, glabrous; lamina simple, narrowly oblong or obovate, 3–7 cm × 5–7 mm, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin notched, apex obtuse. Lateral veins visible, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface glaucous, adaxial surface green. Sori orbicular, small, medial, borne on upper portion of lamina.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1300–1700 m. Guizhou, Sichuan.
峨嵋假瘤蕨 e mei jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopsis omeiensis Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 187. 1964; Phymatopteris omeiensis (Ching) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome ca. 2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 3–5 cm, glabrous; lamina simple, ovate-lanceolate, 8–12 × 1–2 cm, lower part widest and sterile, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin notched, apex acute or obtuse, upper part soriferous, slightly contracted, Lateral veins visible, veinlets obscure. Lamina leathery, both surfaces glabrous, pale green. Sori orbicular, slightly close to midrib.
* Epiphytic on rocks. Sichuan (Emei Shan).
台湾假瘤蕨 tai wan jia liu jue
Phymatodes taiwanensis Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11: 310. 1942; Crypsinus taiwanensis (Tagawa) Tagawa; Phymatopsis taiwanensis (Tagawa) Ching; Phymatopteris taiwanensis (Tagawa) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome 2–3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales yellowish brown, lanceolate, broad at peltate base, apex long acuminate with narrow subulate tip. Stipe straw-colored, 8–16 cm, glabrous; lamina simple or trifid within one individual; simple lamina linear, 8–16 × ca. 1 cm, base cordate, margin entire or remotely notched, apex caudate; trifid lamina: central lobe much longer than lateral lobes, 16–24 × ca. 1 cm, all lobes usually slightly contracted at base, widest at middle, apex acuminate. Lateral veins visible, veinlets obscure. Sori orbicular, slight sunken on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface.
* Epilithic; 1500–2000 m. Taiwan.
金鸡脚假瘤蕨 jin ji jiao jia liu jue
Polypodium hastatum Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 935. 1784; Crypsinus hastata (Thunberg) Copeland; Drynaria hastata (Thunberg) Fée; Phymatodes hastata (Thunberg) Ching; Phymatopsis chenkouensis Ching; P. hastata (Thunberg) Kitagawa ex H. Itô; P. hastata f. arenaria (Baker) Ching; P. hastata f. dolichopoda (Diels) Ching; P. hastata f. nikkoensis (Christ ex Matsumura) H. Itô; P. hastata f. pygmaea (Maximowicz) H. Itô; P. hastata var. pygmaea (Maximowicz) Li & J. Z. Wang; P. hastata f. simplex (Christ) Ching; P. hunyaensis Ching; P. rotunda Ching; P. shandongensis J. X. Li & C. Y. Wang; P. similis (Ching) Ching; P. simplicifolia Ching; P. tarningensis Ching; Phymatopteris chenkouensis (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; P. hastata (Thunberg) Pichi Sermolli; P. hunyaensis (Ching) Pichi-Sermolli; P. rotunda (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; P. simplicifolia (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; Pleopeltis hastata (Thunberg) T. Moore; Polypodium arenarium Baker; P. dolichopodum Diels; P. hastatum var. dolichopodum (Diels) C. Christensen; P. hastatum var. nikkoense Christ ex Matsumura; P. hastatum f. pygmaeum Maximowicz; P. hastatum var. simplex Christ.
Rhizome 2–3 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales reddish brown, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, broad at peltate base, margin entire or sometimes sparsely toothed, apex long acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 2–20 cm, 1–2 mm in diam., glabrous; lamina hastate or simple; simple lamina: ovate to linear or lanceolate, 2–20 × 1–2 cm, base cuneate or rounded, margin notched, apex acute or obtuse; hastate lamina: with one or two basal lateral lobes, sometimes one much longer than other, all lobes widest at base, apices acuminate. Costa and lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina papery or herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface usually somewhat glaucous. Sori orbicular, large, 2–3 mm in diam., medial, superficial.
Terrestrial along paths on slopes, common. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Philippines, Russia].
Small plants may become precociously fertile before they have developed the characteristic basal lamina lobes. Such plants have been described several times as distinct taxa.
掌叶假瘤蕨 zhang ye jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatodes digitata Ching, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 77. 1933; Crypsinus digitatus (Ching) Tagawa; Phymatopsis digitata (Ching) Ching; P. palmatifida Ching & P. C. Chiu; Phymatopteris digitata (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; Polypodium koi C. Christensen.
Rhizome ca. 4 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales light brown, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe castaneous, 2–10 cm, scaly at base, glabrous upward; lamina palmately 2–5-lobed, 5–9 × 5–9 cm, base rounded, margin entire or undulate. Lobes linear, central lobe usually longer than lateral lobes, 5–10 × 1–1.2 cm, apex obtuse or acute. Costa distinct, lateral veins and veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface glaucous, adaxial surface green. Sori orbicular, close to margin, superficial.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks on hill tops; 1000–1400 m. Guangdong, Guizhou, Zhejiang.
指叶假瘤蕨 zhi ye jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium dactylinum Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(Mém. 1): 20. 1905; Crypsinus dactylinus (Christ) Tagawa; Phymatodes dactylina (Christ) Ching; Phymatopsis dactylina (Christ) Ching; Phymatopteris dactylina (Christ) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome 3–5 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales yellowish brown, narrowly lanceolate, 5–7 mm, margin entire, apex long acuminate or setaceous. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 7–10 cm, glabrous; lamina palmately 4–7-lobed, 10–20 × 10–15 cm, base cuneate or cordate, margin entire and slightly revolute, Lobes narrowly oblong, central lobe longer than lateral lobes, 5–10 × 1–1.5 cm, outermost lobes much shorter, apex obtuse or acute. Costa distinct, lateral veins and veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface pale green, grayish when dried, adaxial surface green. Sori orbicular, medial or slightly close to margin.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1200–1400 m. Sichuan, Zhejiang.
鹅绒假瘤蕨 e rong jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium chenopus Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(Mém. 1): 20. 1905; Phymatopteris chenopus (Christ) S. G. Lu.
Rhizome 4–5 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales dark brown or nearly black, gradually or abruptly narrowed upward, ca. 10 mm, broad at peltate base, margin setaceous from middle to apex. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 10–15 cm, glabrous; lamina palmately 4–6-lobed, 10–20 × 10–15 cm, base cuneate or cordate, margin entire and slightly revolute. Lobes linear, central lobe longer than lateral lobes, 10–20 × 1–2 cm, apices acute or obtuse. Costa distinct, lateral veins and veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface glaucous, adaxial surface green. Sori orbicular, medial or slightly close to margin.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1800–3400 m. Yunnan (Deqin, Gongshan, Lijiang).
三出假瘤蕨 san chu jia liu jue
Polypodium trisectum Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1898: 232. 1898; Crypsinus hirsutus Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki; C. trisectus (Baker) Tagawa; Phymatodes trisecta (Baker) Ching; P. trisecta var. hirticarpa Ching; Phymatopsis trisecta (Baker) Ching; Phymatopteris trisecta (Baker) Pichi Sermolli; Polypodium podobasis Christ.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales dark brown at center, paler toward margin, ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–1.5 mm, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 6–12 cm, hairy throughout; lamina hastate to pinnatifid, 20–25 × 15–20 cm, base broadly cuneate or cordate, margins entire or undulate. Lateral lobes 1–3 pairs, ascending, broadly lanceolate, gradually narrowed from base to acuminate apex, apical lobe longer than lateral ones, 10–20 × 2–4 cm, ± contracted at base, apex acuminate, Costa raised on both surfaces, lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces densely pubescent. Sori orbicular, large, medial or slightly close to costa.
Terrestrial in forests; 1600–2400 m. Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand].
尖裂假瘤蕨 jian lie jia liu jue
Polypodium oxylobum Wallich ex Kunze, Linnaea 24: 255. 1851; Crypsinus kwangtungensis (Ching) Tagawa; C. oxylobus (Wallich ex Kunze) Sledge; C. pingpienensis (Ching) Nakaike [“pingpiensis”]; Phymatodes kwangtungensis Ching; P. oxyloba (Wallich ex Kunze) C. Presl ex Ching; Phymatopsis kwangtungensis (Ching) Ching; P. oxylobum (Wallich ex Kunze) Ching; P. pingpienensis Ching; P. suboxyloba Ching; P. trifida (D. Don) J. Smith; Phymatopteris kwangtungensis (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; P. oxyloba (Wallich ex Kunze) Pichi Sermolli; P. pingpienensis (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; P. suboxyloba (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; Pleopeltis oxyloba (Wallich ex Kunze) Beddome; P. trifida (D. Don) Beddome; Pleuridium oxyloba (Wallich ex Kunze) J. Smith; Polypodium hastatum var. oxylobum (Wallich ex Kunze) C. B. Clarke; P. kwangtungense (Ching) Ching ex C. Christensen; P. longipes Ching (1931), not Link ex Kuntze (1850), nor Fée (1872); P. trifidum D. Don (1825), not Withering (1796), nor Hoffmann (1790).
Rhizome 4–5 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales brown at center, paler toward margin, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin and sometimes surface ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored or light brown, usually 10–20 cm, densely scaly at base, glabrous upward; lamina trifid or pinnatifid, incised up to 5–15 mm from costa, 20–30 × 10–20 cm, base broadly cuneate, margin entire or undulate. Lateral lobes (1 or)2–5(–8) pairs, ascending, deltoid or broadly lanceolate, 10–15 × 1.5–5 cm, base sometimes slightly contracted, apex acuminate. Costa and lateral veins raised on both surfaces. Lamina papery, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, large, slightly closer to costa.
Epiphytic on rocks or on tree trunks in evergreen forests, or terrestrial; 1000–2700 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
The name Polypodium oxylobum was first introduced by Wallich (Numer. List no. 294. 1828, nom. nud.).
丽江假瘤蕨 li jiang jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopsis likiangensis Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 190. 1964; Crypsinus likiangensis (Ching) Nakaike; Phymatopteris likiangensis (Ching) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome ca. 4 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, margin and both surfaces with fibrous hairs, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe light brown, ca. 15 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnate near base, upper part pinnatisect, 20–25 × 15–20 cm, base cordate, margin entire, Lateral pinnae/lobes usually 3 or 4 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 10–12 × 2–3 cm, base contracted, widest at middle, apex acuminate. Costa and lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina papery, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, in one row or two irregular rows on either side of costa, slightly closer to costa.
* Epiphytic on rocks in forests; ca. 2400 m. Yunnan (Lijiang).
三指假瘤蕨 san zhi jia liu jue
Polypodium trilobum Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. 14: 148. 1783; Crypsinus trilobus (Houttuyn) Copeland; Phymatodes triloba (Houttuyn) Ching; P. triphylla (Jacquin) C. Christensen & Tardieu; Phymatopsis triloba (Houttuyn) Ching; Phymatopteris triloba (Houttuyn) Pichi Sermolli; Pleiopeltis incurvatum (Blume) T. Moore; Polypodium incurvatum Blume; P. triphyllum Jacquin.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales castaneous at center, paler brown toward margin, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at peltate base, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds dimorphic, rarely intermediate with upper part fertile, lower part sterile. Sterile fronds: stipe light brown, 10–20 cm, glabrous; lamina trilobed or pinnatifid, subdeltoid, rarely simple, 10–20 × 10–15 cm; margin entire, lateral lobes 1–3 pairs, ascending, broadly lanceolate, apical lobe broader, up to 4–5 cm wide; 12–15 × 2–3 cm, apex acute or obtuse; costa raised, lateral veins distinct, veinlets hardly visible. Lamina leathery, both surfaces glabrous. Fertile fronds: stipe 20–30 cm; lamina trilobed or pinnatisect with 2–4 pairs of lateral lobes; rachis narrowly winged or wingless in lower parts; lobes contracted, linear, less than 1 cm wide, apex acuminate. Sori sunken in deep cavities on abaxial side, raised on adaxial surface.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; below 1300 m. Hainan [Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
十字假瘤蕨 shi zi jia liu jue
Polypodium cruciforme Ching, Sinensia 1: 47. 1930; Crypsinus cruciformis (Ching) Tagawa; Phymatodes cruciformis (Ching) Ching; Phymatopsis cruciformis (Ching) Ching; Phymatopteris cruciformis (Ching) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome 2–3 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales light brown or glaucous, lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1 mm, margin entire or subentire, apex acuminate, long subulate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 2–5 cm, scaly at base, glabrous upward; lamina 3 or 5(–7)-lobed, ca. 10 × 7.5 cm, base cuneate, margin minutely notched between veins, apex obtuse; basal lobes spreading, other lateral lobes slightly smaller and ascending, subdeltoid, gradually narrowed from base to acute apex; terminal lobe large, up to 8 × 2 cm, apex rounded. Costa and lateral veins raised on both surfaces, veinlets hardly visible. Lamina papery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface glaucous. Sori orbicular, in single row distal on lobes, slightly nearer to margin, sunken on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface.
Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen broad-leaved forests on hill tops. Guangdong (Longtoushan) [N Vietnam].
昆明假瘤蕨 kun ming jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopsis hirtella Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 191. 1964; Crypsinus hirtella (Ching) X. Cheng; Phymatopteris hirtella (Ching) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown at central part, paler toward edges, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1–1.5 mm, margin and abaxial surface whitish ciliate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 8–10 cm, sparsely hairy; lamina pinnatisect, 20–25 × 15–20 cm, base cordate, margin undulate and notched. Lateral lobes 4–6 pairs, ascending, lanceolate, 6–8 × 1–2 cm, apex acuminate. Costa and lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces pubescent. Sori orbicular, large, medial.
* Terrestrial in Pinus yunnanensis forests; 2000–2100 m. Yunnan (Kunming, Yuanmou).
镰羽假瘤蕨 lian yu jia liu jue
Polypodium taeniatum Swartz, J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800[2]: 26. 1801; Crypsinus taeniatus (Swartz) Copeland; C. taeniatus var. palmatus (Blume) Tagawa; Phymatodes falcatopinnata (Hayata) Ching; Phymatopsis falcatopinnata (Hayata) H. Itô; P. taeniata (Swartz) Ching; Phymatopteris falcatopinnata (Hayata) S. G. Lu; P. taeniata (Swartz) Pichi Sermolli; P. taeniata var. palmata (Blume) Ching; Polypodium falcatopinnatum Hayata; Selliguea falcatopinnata (Hayata) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi; S. taeniata var. palmata (Blume) Parris.
Rhizome ca. 5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales reddish brown or turning darker when old, lanceolate, broad at peltate base, margin entire or remotely denticulate, apex acuminate and hair-tipped. Fronds monomorphic, 25–50 × 20–30 cm. Stipe straw-colored, 15–20 cm; lamina pinnatisect, base cordate, margin notched or subentire. Lateral lobes/pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, opposite, linear-lanceolate, 12–15 × 1–1.5 cm, ascending at base, falcate (bending downward) at upper portion, apex acuminate. Costa and lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, large, slightly closer to costa.
Taiwan (Lan Yu) [Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines].
金平假瘤蕨 jin ping jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopsis kingpingensis Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 191. 1964; Phymatopteris kingpingensis (Ching) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., with whitish bloom, sparsely scaly; scales black, lanceolate, margin whitish ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored to light brown, 10–15 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 10–30 × 15–20 cm, base rounded, margin sparsely notched. Lateral lobes 1–8 pairs, lanceolate, 8–10 × 1–1.5 cm, base usually contracted, apex acuminate. Lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, slightly nearer to costa.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen broad-leaved forests; 2000–2100 m. Yunnan (Jingping).
耿马假瘤蕨 geng ma jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatodes connexa Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n.s., 1: 306. 1949; Crypsinus connexus (Ching) X. Cheng; Phymatopsis connexa (Ching) Ching; Phymatopteris connexa (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; Pichisermollia connexa (Ching) Fraser-Jenkins; Pichisermollodes connexa (Ching) Fraser-Jenkins.
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales yellowish brown, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 5–10 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 15–20 × 10–15 cm, base broadly cuneate, margin notched, Lateral lobes usually 2–4 pairs, ascending, lanceolate, 5–8 cm × 8–12 mm, apex acuminate. Costa distinct, lateral veins and veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, medial.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks in forests; 2500–3000 m. Yunnan.
大围山假瘤蕨 da wei shan jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopteris daweishanensis S. G. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 6(2): 348. 2000; Crypsinus daweishanensis (S. G. Lu) X. Cheng.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales whitish, lanceolate, margin with long whitish cilia, apex acuminate. Fronds close or remote, monomorphic. Stipe dark straw-colored, 8–10 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, ovate, 15–17 × 15–17 cm, base broadly cuneate to truncate, margin notched. Lateral lobes 3 or 4 pairs, lanceolate, 10–15 × 1–2 cm, base slightly contracted, apex acute or obtuse. Costa and lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, pale green. Sori orbicular, large, very near margins.
* Epiphytic on tree branches in evergreen broad-leaved forests; ca. 1600 m. Yunnan (Daweishan, Pingbian).
黑鳞假瘤蕨 hei lin jia liu jue
Rhizome 3–6 mm in diam., very densely scaly; scales black at center, margins castaneous or dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, stiff, margin ciliate, apex acute. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored to light purplish, often inserted on pseudopodium 5–15 cm, densely scaly at base, more sparsely scaly upward; lamina pinnatisect to within 1–5 mm of costa, ovate in outline 20–30(–50) × 8–25 cm, base cordate, margin notched, Lateral lobes usually 3–10 pairs, lower 1 or 2 pairs deflexed, others spreading or ascending, lanceolate, 5–15 × 1–2 cm, apex acuminate, Costa and lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, abaxial surface pale green and sparsely scaly, scales brown or light brown, ovate, thin, mainly along costa, adaxial surface green, glabrous or papillate-pubescent on costa and main veins. Sori orbicular, slightly near costa.
Terrestrial or epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1900–3500 m. Hunan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Nepal, Thailand].
1a. Rachis and costae glabrous .............................................................................. 29a. var. ebenipes
1b. Rachis and costae pubescent .............................................................................. 29b. var. oakesii
黑鳞假瘤蕨(原变种) hei lin jia liu jue (yuan bian zhong)
Polypodium ebenipes Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5: 88. 1864; Crypsinus ebenipes (Hooker) Copeland; C. ebenipes var. subebenipes (Ching) K. Iwatsuki et al.; C. nepalensis (Nakaike) Subh. Chandra; Phymatodes ebenipes (Hooker) Ching; Phymatopsis ebenipes (Hooker) J. Smith; P. subebenipes Ching; Phymatopteris ebenipes (Hooker) Pichi Sermolli; P. nepalensis (Nakaike) Subh. Chandra; P. subebenipes (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; Pichisermollia ebenipes (Hooker) Fraser-Jenkins; P. subebenipes (Ching) Fraser-Jenkins; Pichisermollodes ebenipes (Hooker) Fraser-Jenkins; P. subebenipes (Ching) Fraser-Jenkins; Pleopeltis ebenipes (Hooker) Beddome.
Rachis and costae glabrous.
Terrestrial or epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1900–3200 m. Hunan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Nepal, Thailand].
Fraser-Jenkins (Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes, 49. 2008) treated Phymatopsis subebenipes as a distinct species (Pichisermollia subebenipes), including within it Polypodium ebenipes var. oakesii below.
毛轴黑鳞假瘤蕨 mao zhou hei lin jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium ebenipes var. oakesii C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 564. 1880; Phymatopteris ebenipes var. oakesii (C. B. Clarke) Satija & Bir.
Rachis and costa pubescent.
Epiphytic on rocks; 2300–3500 m. Xizang, Yunnan [NE India].
大叶玉山假瘤蕨 da ye yu shan jia liu jue
Phymatodes echinospora Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 95. 1934; Crypsinus echinosporus (Tagawa) Tagawa; Phymatopsis echinospora (Tagawa) H. Itô; Phymatopteris echinospora (Tagawa) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome 8–12 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales dark brown at center, margins brown, lanceolate, 6–7 × ca. 1 mm, rounded at base, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 5–15 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 15–20 × 10–15 cm, base truncate or cordate, margins notched. Lateral lobes 5–11 pairs, lowest pair not or only slightly deflexed, upper pairs spreading, linear-lanceolate, 5–10 cm × 8–18 mm, apex acuminate. Costa and lateral veins distinct, raised on both surfaces, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, large, medial or slightly closer to margin, sunken in cavities on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2000–2400 m. Taiwan.
展羽假瘤蕨 zhan yu jia liu jue
Polypodium quasidivaricatum Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30: 446. 1911; Crypsinus intermedius (Ching) Tagawa; C. quasidivaricatus (Hayata) Copeland; Phymatodes intermedia Ching; P. quasidivaricata (Hayata) Ching; Phymatopsis intermedia (Ching) Ching; P. quasidivaricata (Hayata) H. Itô; Phymatopteris intermedia (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; P. quasidivaricata (Hayata) Pichi Sermolli; Pichisermollia quasidivaricata (Hayata) Fraser-Jenkins; Pichisermollodes quasidivaricata (Hayata) Fraser-Jenkins; Polypodium divaricatum Hayata (1909), not E. Fournier (1872); P. morianum C. Christensen.
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales castaneous at center, margins brown or light brown, linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1 mm, margin long ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 5–10 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 10–20 × 5–15 cm, base cordate, margin notched or serrulate. Lateral lobes 2–5 pairs, lowest pair usually much deflexed, upper pairs spreading or ascending, linear-lanceolate, 5–7 × 1–1.5 cm, base slightly contracted, apex acuminate. Costa and lateral veins distinct on both surfaces, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, slightly near costa, superficial.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks in forests; ca. 1000 m. Taiwan.
Selliguea quasidivaricata is very close to S. laciniata (Beddome) Hovenkamp, which is widely distributed from Thailand to New Guinea.
The name Phymatopteris quasidivaricata has been applied erroneously to a number of specimens from high mountains in Yunnan and possibly other provinces on the mainland. De Vol and C. M. Kuo (in H. L. Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 1: 177. 1975) misidentified material of this species as Crypsinus veitchii (Baker) Copeland.
灰鳞假瘤蕨 hui lin jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium albopes C. Christensen & Ching, Bull. Dept. Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 6: 15. 1933; Crypsinus albopes (C. Christensen & Ching) Tagawa; C. chinensis (Ching) Tagawa; Phymatodes albopes (C. Christensen & Ching) Ching; P. chinensis Ching; Phymatopsis albopes (C. Christensen & Ching) Ching; Phymatopteris albopes (C. Christensen & Ching) Pichi Sermolli; Pichisermollodes albopes (C. Christensen & Ching) Fraser-Jenkins.
Rhizome 4–5 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales whitish to light brown, dark when older, linear-lanceolate, 6–7 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe light brown, 8–12 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 20–25 × 10–15 cm, base truncate or cordate, margin notched. Lateral lobes 8–10 pairs, lowest pair deflexed, upper pairs spreading or ascending, lanceolate, 5–8 × 1–1.5 cm, apex acuminate. Costa distinct and raised on both surfaces, lateral veins and veinlets obscure. Lamina papery, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, near or slightly near edges, sunken on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi (Yaoshan), Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan.
片马假瘤蕨 pian ma jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopteris pianmaensis W. M. Chu, Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 56. 1992; Crypsinus pianmaensis (W. M. Chu) X. Cheng.
Rhizome 4–5 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales brown at peltate center, whitish on other parts, lanceolate, ca. 10 × 2 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw colored, 5–10 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, or partly pinnate with free lower lobes, 10–20 × 5–12 cm, base truncate or cordate, margin sparsely notched. Lateral lobes 5–8 pairs, lowest pair deflexed, upper pairs spreading, slightly contracted at base, lanceolate, 2–6 × 1–1.8 cm, apex obtuse. Costa distinct, lateral veins slender, hardly visible, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces pubescent. Sori orbicular, slightly nearer to costa.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; ca. 2100 m. Yunnan (Lushui, Pingbian).
毛叶假瘤蕨 mao ye jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium shensiense Christ var. nigrovenium Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 15: 106. 1906; Crypsinus nigrovenia (Christ) K. Iwatsuki; Phymatodes nigrovenia (Christ) Ching; Phymatopsis laipoensis Ching; P. nigrovenia (Christ) Ching; Phymatopteris laipoensis (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; P. nigrovenia (Christ) Pichi Sermolli; Pichisermollia nigrovenia (Christ) Fraser-Jenkins; Pichisermollodes nigrovenia (Christ) Fraser-Jenkins; Polypodium nigrovenium (Christ) Ching (1930), not Christ (1896); P. veitchii Baker var. nigrovenium (Christ) Takeda.
Rhizome ca. 2 mm in diam., with whitish bloom, sparsely scaly; scales black or dark brown on young parts, lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, margin sparsely ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 4–6 cm, slender, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 8–10 × 5–6 cm, base shallowly cordate, margin shallowly serrate, Lateral lobes 3–5 pairs, lowest pair deflexed, lanceolate, 3–4 × ca. 1 cm, base usually contracted, apex obtuse or acute. Veins distinct on both surfaces, lateral veins tortuous. Lamina papery, abaxial surface glabrous, adaxial surface pubescent. Sori orbicular, near costa.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2500–3300 m. Hubei, Sichuan (Emei Shan), Yunnan.
圆齿假瘤蕨 yuan chi jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopteris incisocrenata Ching ex W. M. Chu & S. G. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 6(2): 348. 2000; Crypsinus incisocrenatus (Ching ex W. M. Chu & S. G. Lu) X. Cheng.
Rhizome ca. 2 mm in diam., with whitish bloom, scaly; scales dark brown, lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 10–15 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatipartite, 12–15 × 10–12 cm, base shallowly cordate, margin crenate-serrate. Lateral lobes 4–7 pairs, lowest pair deflexed, upper pairs spreading or ascending, lanceolate, 4–6 × 1.5–2 cm, apex acute. Veins distinct on both surfaces, lateral veins tortuous. Lamina papery, abaxial surface glabrous, adaxial surface pubescent. Sori orbicular, near costa.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2500–3100 m. Yunnan.
陕西假瘤蕨 shan xi jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium shensiense Christ, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 4: 99. 1897; Crypsinus shensiensis (Christ) X. Cheng; Phymatopsis shensiensis (Christ) Ching; Phymatopteris shensiensis (Christ) Pichi Sermolli; Polypodium senanense Maximowicz; P. shensiense var. filipes Christ.
Rhizome 1.5–2 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales brown or dark brown at peltate base, ovate-lanceolate, margin sparsely ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored or dark stramineous, 2–5 cm, slender, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 5–10 × 5–7 cm, base truncate or shallowly cordate, margin shallowly serrate. Lateral lobes 2–5 pairs, lowest pair slightly deflexed at base, 2–3 × ca. 1 cm, base usually contracted, apices obtuse or acute. Costa and lateral veins distinct on both surfaces, veinlets hardly visible. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, grayish green, Sori orbicular, slightly nearer to costa.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks, rarely terrestrial; 1300–3600 m. Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
Crypsinus veitchii (Baker) Copeland from Japan and Korea is closely related to Selliguea shensiense, but the lamina lacks the deflexed basal lobes (Iwatsuki, Fl. Japan, as Crypsinus veitchii, http://foj.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gbif/foj/, accessed 4 Feb 2012).
紫柄假瘤蕨 zi bing jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium crenatopinnatum C. B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 99. 1889; Phymatodes crenatopinnata (C. B. Clarke) Ching; Phymatopsis crenatopinnata (C. B. Clarke) Ching; Phymatopteris crenatopinnata (C. B. Clarke) Pichi Sermolli; Pichisermollia crenatopinnata (C. B. Clarke) Fraser-Jenkins; Pichisermollodes crenatopinnata (C. B. Clarke) Fraser-Jenkins; Pleopeltis crenatopinnata (C. B. Clarke) Beddome [“crenato-pinnata”]; Polypodium connatum Christ; P. pseudoserratum Christ.
Rhizome ca. 2 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales black at center, margins brown, lanceolate, 2–3 mm, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe purplish or castaneous, 10–20 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnately (to partially bipinnately) divided almost to midrib, deltoid-ovate in outline, 5–20 × 5–10 cm, base truncate. Lateral lobes 3–8 pairs, far apart, 5–10 × 0.5–1.2 cm, base distinctly contracted, decurrent into very narrowly winged rachis, margin very shallowly crenate to irregularly incised or lobed, sometimes quite deeply lobed in more basal lobes, apex acute or obtuse. Veins distinct, veinlets usually obscure. Lamina papery, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular or elliptic, medial or slightly nearer to costa.
Terrestrial in forests; 1900–2900 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [NE India].
刺齿假瘤蕨 ci chi jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium glaucopsis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 32: 29. 1885; Crypsinus glaucopsis (Franchet) Tagawa; Phymatodes veitchii (Baker) Ching var. glaucopsis (Franchet) Ching; Phymatopsis glaucopsis (Franchet) Ching; Phymatopteris glaucopsis (Franchet) Pichi Sermolli; Pleopeltis glaucopsis (Franchet) Beddome; Polypodium veitchii Baker var. glaucopsis (Franchet) C. Christensen ex Handel-Mazzetti.
Rhizome ca. 2 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales castaneous at center, margins brown, lanceolate, 2–3 mm, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe brown, 5–15 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 7–15 × 5–10 cm, base cordate, margin sharply serrulate. Lateral lobes 2 or 3 pairs, closely spaced, 3–5 × 1–2 cm, contracted at base, widest at middle, apex obtuse. Lateral veins tortuous, not ending at margin, veinlets distinct. Lamina papery, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, slightly near costa.
Terrestrial or epiphytic on rocks; 2700–3700 m. Sichuan, Yunnan [N India].
钝羽假瘤蕨 dun yu jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatodes conmixta Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n.s. 1: 307. 1949; Crypsinus conmixtus (Ching) X. Cheng; Phymatopsis conmixta (Ching) Ching; Phymatopteris conmixta (Ching) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome ca. 2 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales light brown on young parts, dark brown when older, lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe purplish, 5–10 cm, glabrous; lamina partly pinnate, upper part pinnatisect, 10–15 × 5–8 cm, base shallowly cordate, margin densely serrulate or duplicate-serrulate. Lateral lobes 5–7 pairs, far apart, linear, 3–5 × 0.5–1 cm, usually not contracted at base, apex obtuse. Costa and lateral veins distinct, veinlets hardly visible. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori elliptic or orbicular, medial or slightly nearer to costa.
* Terrestrial or epiphytic on rocks in forests; 3100–3600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
斜下假瘤蕨 xie xia jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatodes stracheyi Ching, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 83. 1933; Crypsinus stracheyi (Ching) Panigrahi & Patnaik; Phymatopsis stracheyi (Ching) Ching; Phymatopteris stracheyi (Ching) Pichi Sermolli; Polypodium stracheyi (Ching) Ching ex C. Christensen.
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales castaneous at center, margin and apex brown, lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 5–8 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 10–12 × 10–12 cm, base cordate, margin serrulate, not or only very shallowly notched. Lateral lobes 2–4 pairs, lowest pair ± deflexed, lanceolate, 5–7 × 1–1.5 cm, widest at base, narrowed from base, apex acuminate. Lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, near costa.
Epiphytic on tree trunks; 2800–3700 m. Hubei, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
Baker (J. Bot. 1889: 177. 1889) treated material of this species (Selliguea stracheyi) as Polypodium malacodon Hooker; C. B. Clarke (Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 563. 1880) included material of this species within Polypodium stewartii C. B. Clarke.
交连假瘤蕨 jiao lian jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopsis conjuncta Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 196. 1964; P. wuyishanica Ching & K. H. Shing; Phymatopteris conjuncta (Ching) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales usually black at center, margins brown or pale brown, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 5–10 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 10–15 × 6–12 cm, base cordate, margin sharply serrate. Lateral lobes 2–4 pairs, lowest pair deflexed, ovate-lanceolate, 5–8 × 1.5–2 cm, base slightly contracted, usually broadest at middle, apex acute or obtuse. Lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, near costa.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1500–3600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
尾尖假瘤蕨 wei jian jia liu jue
Basionym: Pleopeltis stewartii Beddome, Ferns Brit. India 1: 204. 1866; Crypsinus stewartii (Beddome) Copeland; Phymatodes stewartii (Beddome) Ching; Phymatopsis stewartii (Beddome) Ching; Phymatopteris stewartii (Beddome) Pichi Sermolli; Pichisermollia stewartii (Beddome) Fraser-Jenkins; Pichisermollodes stewartii (Beddome) Fraser-Jenkins; ?Polypodium cyrtolobum J. Smith ex C. B. Clarke; ?P. malacodon Hooker var. majus J. Smith ex Hooker; P. stewartii (Beddome) Baker.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., with whitish bloom, scaly; scales uniformly castaneous or black, lanceolate, acumen whitish ciliate. Fronds remote or close. Stipe light brown, 7–10 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 15–30 × 10–18 cm, base rounded or shallowly cordate, margin regularly obtusely serrate, rarely basal lobe forked. Lateral lobes 2–4 pairs, 10–15 × 1–2 cm, spreading and slightly contracted at base, from middle part curved toward apex of lamina, apex caudate-acuminate. Lateral veins distinct, not reaching margin, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, near costa.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2400–3000 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Nepal].
乌鳞假瘤蕨 wu lin jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopsis nigropaleacea Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 196. 1964; Crypsinus nigropaleaceus (Ching) Nakaike; Phymatopteris nigropaleacea (Ching) S. G. Lu; P. stewartii (Beddome) Pichi Sermolli var. nigropaleacea (Ching) X. Cheng.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., with whitish bloom, scaly; scales black, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, margin densely whitish ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds close or remote. Stipe light purplish, 5–10 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, or partly pinnate with free lower lobes, 15–35 × 7–15 cm, base rounded, margin stramineous, sharply duplicate-serrate, 3–5-toothed between adjacent lateral veins. Lateral lobes 4–9 pairs, lanceolate, 5–8 × 1–1.5 cm, curved toward apex of lamina, apex acuminate. Lateral veins distinct, ending before margin, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, slightly nearer to costa.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2600–3800 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
紫边假瘤蕨 zi bian jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatodes roseomarginata Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., ser. 2, 1: 305. 1949; Phymatopsis roseomarginata (Ching) Ching; Phymatopteris roseomarginata (Ching) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., with whitish bloom, scaly; scales black, lanceolate, margin whitish ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds remote or close. Stipe light brown, 2–4 cm, slender, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 5–10 × 5–7 cm, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin densely sharply serrulate, cartilaginous, usually purple or reddish. Lateral lobes 2 or 3 pairs, curving toward apex of lamina, 2–4 × 0.5–1 cm, base decurrent, apex acuminate or caudate. Lateral veins distinct, ending before margin, veinlets obscure. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori orbicular, medial.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; ca. 3200 m. Yunnan.
西藏假瘤蕨 xi zang jia liu jue
Basionym: Phymatopsis tibetana Ching & S. K. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 325. 1983; Crypsinus tibetanus (Ching & S. K. Wu) Nakaike; Phymatopteris tibetana (Ching & S. K. Wu) W. M. Chu; Pichisermollia tibetana (Ching & S. K. Wu) Fraser-Jenkins; Pichisermollodes tibetana (Ching & S. K. Wu) Fraser-Jenkins.
Rhizome 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales black at peltate center, reddish brown on other parts, ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe light purplish, 15–20 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, oblong-deltoid, 15–20 × 15–18 cm, base truncate or shallowly cordate, margin shallowly serrate. Lateral lobes 3–6 pairs, lanceolate, 8–10 × 1.5–2 cm, apex acuminate. Lateral veins distinct on both surfaces and ending at margin, veinlets hardly visible. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface pale green. Sori orbicular, near costa.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks; 2400–3400 m. Xizang, Yunnan.
The type is from Xizang.
芒刺假瘤蕨 mang ci jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium malacodon Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5: 87. 1864; Crypsinus cartilagineoserratus (Ching & S. K. Wu) Nakaike; C. malacodon (Hooker) Copeland; Phymatodes malacodon (Hooker) Ching; Phymatopsis cartilagineoserrata Ching & S. K. Wu [“cartilagineo-serrata”]; P. malacodon (Hooker) Ching; Phymatopteris cartilagineoserrata (Ching & S. K. Wu) S. G. Lu; P. malacodon (Hooker) Pichi Sermolli; Pichisermollia malacodon (Hooker) Fraser-Jenkins; Pichisermollodes malacodon (Hooker) Fraser-Jenkins; Pleopeltis malacodon (Hooker) Beddome (1883), not Beddome (1876).
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales black or dark brown at center, pale brown toward edges, lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe purplish or straw-colored, 5–10 cm, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, 10–15 × 8–14 cm, base cordate, margin serrulate or duplicate-serrate, with sharply pointed teeth. Lateral lobes usually 1–3 pairs, lowest pair slightly deflexed at base and bending upward at apex, 5–7 × 1.5–2 cm, apex acute. Midrib and lateral veins usually tortuous, veinlets hardly visible. Lamina subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface pale green, adaxial surface green. Sori orbicular, medial or slightly nearer to costa.
* Epiphytic on rocks; ca. 3200 m. Xizang.
The type of Phymatopsis cartilagineoserrata is a good match with that of Selliguea malacodon which has rhizome scales with a light ciliate margin, and curved pinnae with sharply aristate teeth. Chinese material previously named as Phymatopteris malacodon is here included within the following species, Selliguea albidoglauca.
弯弓假瘤蕨 wan gong jia liu jue
Basionym: Polypodium albidoglaucum C. Christensen, Index Filic., Suppl.: 58. 1912, based on Polypodium austrosinicum Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 16: 107. 1906, not Christ (in C. Christensen, Index Filic. 512. 1906).
Rhizome ca. 3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales dark brown at center, light brown at margin, shiny, ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic. Stipe straw-colored, 1–4 cm, slender, glabrous; lamina pinnatisect, triangular in outline, 4–8 × 3–6 cm, base cordate, margin with up to 2 mm aristate teeth, Lateral lobes 1 or 2 pairs, lowest pair curved, deflexed at base, bending at apex, spreading or slightly ascending further up, 2–3 × 1–1.5 cm, apex obtuse or acute. Lateral veins distinct, veinlets hardly visible. Lamina herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous. Sori near costa.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2800–3700 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
The material here included within Selliguea albidoglauca was treated as Phymatopteris malacodon (= Selliguea malacodon) in FRPS. It differs from the type of that species by the lack of the aristate marginal teeth of the lamina characteristic of S. malacodon s.s. Chinese material of the true S. malacodon was named P. cartilagineoserrata.
The choice of epithet for this taxon depends on the priority of Polypodium austrosinicum Christ versus P. austrosinicum Christ ex C. Christensen (a replacement name for P. henryi Christ, here treated as a synonym of Microsorum fortunei (T. Moore) Ching), both published in 1906. The only direct indication of priority is the action of Christensen who claimed priority for the latter, published in his own work, and published the replacement name P. albidoglaucum for the former. In the absence of other information on the exact publication dates, this has to be accepted and the correct epithet for this taxon is that of Christensen.
修蕨 xiu jue
Pleopeltis feei (Bory) Alderwerelt; Polypodium feei (Bory) Mettenius; P. pedunculatioides Ching.
Rhizome ca. 4 mm in diam., densely scaly when young; scales reddish brown, ovate-lanceolate, 6–8 mm, peltate at base, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds remote, slightly dimorphic. Sterile fronds: stipe 18–20 cm. Lamina 15–20 × 7–9 cm, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acute. Veins reticulate, lateral veins raised on abaxial surface, veinlets obscure. Lamina leathery, both surfaces glabrous. Fertile fronds: stipe 20–35 cm; lamina ovate, 13–20 × ca. 3 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Sori reddish brown, linear, ca. 3 mm in diam., borne between adjacent lateral veins.
Epiphytic on tree trunks; below 1200 m. Guangdong [Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines; Pacific islands (Polynesia)].
The place of publication is often given as the same as for the genus (Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 6: 588. 1824), but the name Selliguea feei was not mentioned until the publication of the plate in 1829.
雨蕨属 yu jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Hans P. Nooteboom
Rhizome shortly creeping. Roots restricted to ventral side; scales not hairy but with marginal setae at least in distal part, not toothed, smooth adaxially, basifixed with cordate base and much overlapping basal lobes. Fronds monomorphic; stipe articulate to phyllopodia, grooved, glabrous or with few scales; lamina compound, 3- or 4-pinnate toward base and in middle part, toward base deltoid and broadest or elongate, often narrowed, glabrous; pinnae linear-triangular; pinnules of at least larger pinnae anadromous; pinnules or pinna lobes linear-oblong; ultimate segments or lobes obtuse or acute without a pronounced tooth. Rachis adaxially grooved. Lamina axes glabrous. Veins in ultimate lobes simple, not reaching margin; false veins not present. Sori exindusiate, frequently single on a segment, facing midveins at bending point.
One species: E Asia.
Gymnogrammitis was published in two different works in 1849, and it is not clear which has priority.
Ching (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 4; 16(4): 32. 1978) pointed out that the resemblance of Gymnogrammitis to the Davalliaceae, where this genus was previously placed, is superficial and suggested that it belongs in the Polypodiaceae. Recent molecular phylogeny has confirmed this and shown that the closest relationship is to the Selligueoid lineage of the Polypodiaceae.
雨蕨 yu jue
Polypodium dareiforme Hooker, Sec. Cent. Ferns, t. 24. 1860 [“dareaeforme”]; Davallia dareiformis (Hooker) Levinge ex C. B. Clarke; Leucostegia dareiformis (Hooker) Beddome; P. dareiformioides Ching.
Rhizome short, 4–5 mm in diam. excluding scales; scales light brown, without pale border, 2–10 mm, evenly narrowed toward apex. Stipe dark brown, 4–15 cm; lamina 3- or 4-pinnate toward base and in middle part, triangular and broadest toward base, or elongate, often narrowed toward base, 7–37 × 7–22 cm, glabrous; longest petiolules 2–6 mm; longest pinnae 4.5–20 × 1.5–6 cm; longest pinnules or pinna lobes 15–40 × 6–25 mm; ultimate pinnules linear-oblong, lobed almost to midrib; ultimate segments 0.5–5 × 0.5–1 mm.
Epiphytic on mossy tree trunks, epilithic in evergreen forests; 1200–2600 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].
鹿角蕨亚科 lu jiao jue ya ke
Lin Youxing (林尤兴), Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Peter Hovenkamp, Michael G. Gilbert
石韦属 shi wei shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴), Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Peter Hovenkamp
Drymoglossum C. Presl; Saxiglossum Ching.
Plants epiphytic and epilithic, small to middle sized. Rhizomes shortly to long creeping, densely scaly. Fronds monomorphic or dimorphic, remote or clustered, covered with stellate hairs; lamina simple, rarely hastate or palmately to pedately divided; main veins distinct; lateral veins obliquely spreading, distinct or obscure; veinlets distinct or obscure and joined into different types of areolae, these with included veinlets, mostly ending with an adaxial hydathode. Sori orbicular, borne at ends of included veinlets, in one to several rows on each side of main veins, sometimes confluent into linear coenosori, exindusiate, sometimes with stellate paraphyses. Sporangia sessile to long stalked. Spore elliptic, variously ornamented. x = 37.
About 60 species: mostly in tropical Asia extending north to the Himalaya, C China and Japan, east to New Zealand and Henderson Island plus five species in Africa and Madagascar; 31 species (five endemic) in China.
1a. Sori (coenosori) longitudinally elongated.
2a. Fronds strongly dimorphic: sterile fronds distinctly wider, 1–7 × 1–2 cm, fertile fronds 4–16 × 0.3–1.5 cm, sori superficial ................................................................................. 31. P. piloselloides
2b. All fronds linear, 3–9 cm × 1.5–3.5 mm, thickly fleshy,
fertile fronds almost round in cross section with sori deeply embedded in a
groove in lamina
............................................................................................................. 32.
P. angustissima
1b. All sori orbicular or only slightly elongated.
3a. Rhizome scales basifixed, base cordate, rhizome tissue uniformly sclerified, without distinct sclerified strands; sori with few (ca. 10) sporangia.
4a. Lamina narrowly elliptic, widest at middle, base cuneate .............................. 1. P. stigmosa
4b. Lamina obovate to oblanceolate, widest above middle, base gradually decurrent 2. P. costata
3b. Rhizome scales pseudopeltate or peltate, rhizome tissue centrally parenchymatous, with or without sclerified strands; sori with more than 10 sporangia.
5a. Sori in a single row between midrib and margin ........................................ 3. P. linearifolia
5b. Sori in several rows between midrib and margin.
6a. Sori in distinct pits, with central bundle of stellate paraphyses.
7a. Rhizome scales broadly lanceolate, margins entire; lamina strap-shaped, up to 60 cm 4. P. longifolia
7b. Rhizome scales linear-lanceolate, margins ciliate; lamina linear-lanceolate, 4–25 cm (P. lanceolata s.l.).
8a. Fronds distinctly dimorphic: sterile fronds: stipe up
to 1–1.5 cm, lamina 2–4 × 0.8–1 cm; fertile fronds subsessile, lamina 8–15 ×
0.5–0.8 cm
......................................................................................................... 5.
P. adnascens
8b. Fronds monomorphic or subdimorphic.
9a. Lamina subglabrous, with sparse indument, abaxial surface green .............. 6. P. nuda
9b. Lamina with thick and persistent indument, abaxial surface gray ....... 7. P. lanceolata
6b. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses.
10a. Indument loose, with narrow stellate rays; fronds strongly dimorphic: sterile lamina 1.5–2 × 1.2–1.5 cm, base cordate to rounded or occasionally cuneate; fertile lamina 5–7 × 0.3–1.1 cm, base cuneate to gradually attenuate .................................................................. 8. P. nummulariifolia
10b. Indument appressed with hairs with wide stellate rays; fronds not or only weakly dimorphic.
11a. Fronds sessile or only shortly and usually indistinctly stipitate, lamina base gradually decurrent.
12a. Indument of sterile parts with only one type of stellate hair, these with rays always very unequal in length, lamina linear-lanceolate ......................................................... 25. P. assimilis
12b. Indument of sterile parts dimorphic, with curled and straight rays, latter mostly uniform in length.
13a. Rhizome scales pseudopeltate, 5–7.4 mm, margins entire
to dentate
26.
P. mannii
13b. Rhizome scales peltate, 2–5 mm, margins ciliate (P. porosa s.l.).
14a. Fronds very long, narrow, lamina margins revolute over sori; sori ± scattered, sporangia sessile or subsessile ........................................................................... 27. P. stenophylla
14b. Fronds wider or shorter, lamina margins involute, exposing sori; sori densely packed, sporangia stalks 1/2–1 × as long as capsule (P. porosa s.l.).
15a. Indument monomorphic; rhizome scales 2–3 mm .......................... 29. P. davidii
15b. Indument dimorphic; rhizome scales 3.5–7 mm.
16a. Fronds 0.5–1 cm wide, indument on abaxial surface
appressed
.......................................................................................... 28.
P. tonkinensis
16b. Fronds (0.7–)1.2–3.6 cm wide, indument on abaxial surface not appressed 30. P. porosa
11b. Fronds distinctly stipitate, lamina base cuneate or truncate.
17a. Rhizome long creeping; fronds distant.
18a. Rhizome filiform, less than 1 mm in diam.; fronds slightly falcate; rays of stellate hairs of superficial layer deep brown and unequal in length, usually each with one long acicular ray directed away from lamina ................................................................... 9. P. laevis
18b. Rhizome 1–4 mm in diam.; fronds not falcate; rays of stellate hairs of superficial layer whitish to grayish brown or brown, appressed.
19a. Indumentum with an upper layer of stellate hairs with boat-shaped rays and a lower layer of hairs with woolly rays.
20a. Sterile lamina 4–6 cm wide, apex caudate ............................... 10. P. heteractis
20b. Sterile lamina 2–3 cm wide, apex obtuse or rounded ............. 11. P. eberhardtii
19b. Indumentum with a single layer of stellate hairs with boat-shaped rays.
21a. Stellate hairs in two sizes, some much larger than others; margins of rhizome scales entire, glabrous ...................................................................................... 12. P. ensata
21b. Stellate hairs all similar in size; margins of rhizome scales ciliate.
22a. Lamina (1.5–)3–6(–10.5) cm, lateral veinlets indistinct, hydathodes deeply sunken 13. P. petiolosa
22b. Lamina (5–)10–20 cm; lateral veins distinct, hydathodes superficial or slightly sunken 14. P. lingua
17b. Rhizome shortly creeping; fronds close together.
23a. Lamina deeply hastately or pedately lobed; rhizome scales peltate.
24a. Lamina hastately 3–5-lobed .......................................................... 15. P. hastata
24b. Lamina pedately 6–8-lobed .................................................. 16. P. polydactylos
23b. Lamina simple or at most with a few short lobes at base; rhizome scales pseudopeltate.
25a. Rhizome scales with acumen entire and glabrous ....................... 17. P. flocculosa
25b. Rhizome scales with acumen dentate or ciliate.
26a. Indument dense, persistent; lamina base asymmetric to strongly asymmetric, truncate.
27a. Indument with monomorphic, wide, flat rays, lamina base strongly asymmetric 18. P. sheareri
27b. Indument with dimorphic rays, straight ones narrow; lamina base slightly asymmetric 19. P. drakeana
26b. Indument thin, often not persistent; lamina base equal or slightly unequal, cuneate (P. subfurfuracea s.l.).
28a. Indument brown, persistent, thicker than below, upper layer to 2 mm in diam. 20. P. boothii
28b. Indument grayish, fugacious or persistent, upper layer to 1.3 mm in diam.
29a. Lamina base cuneate or truncate, stipe distinct, (4–)15–31 cm.
30a. Rhizome scales 6.5–11 × 0.7–1.3 mm ..................................... 21. P. bonii
30b. Rhizome scales ca. 2 × 1 mm ................................................ 22. P. similis
29b. Lamina base very gradually narrowed, stipe indistinctly set off from lamina, less than 15 cm.
31a. Indument persistent, dense in mature fronds, lamina 6.5–11 cm wide; rhizome scale acumen entire, glabrous ............................................ 23. P. subfurfuracea
31b. Indument fugacious, sparse or absent in mature fronds, lamina 2–5 cm wide; rhizome scale acumen ciliate ............................................................. 24. P. calvata
柱状石韦 zhu zhuang shi wei
Polypodium stigmosum Swartz in Schrader, J. Bot. 1800(2): 21. 1801; Apalophlebia venosa (Blume) C. Presl; Cyclophorus stigmosus (Swartz) Desvaux; Niphobolus stigmosus (Swartz) T. Moore; N. venosa Blume; Pyrrosia chinensis Mirbel.
Plants 25–65 cm tall. Rhizome shortly elongated, 4–4.5 mm in diam., in cross section without sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia 1–2 cm apart, lateral buds basal on phyllopodia. Scales basifixed, 2.6–6 × 0.9–1.6 mm, base dentate; acumen brown, entire or dentate. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate; stipe 9–22 cm, (1/6–)1/4–2/3 × as long as lamina; lamina widest around middle, 2–5.8 × 18–60 cm, base cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, occasionally rounded or obtuse. Hydathodes distinct, superficial. Indument persistent, dimorphic, dense, light grayish brown; upper layer with hairs ca. 0.5 mm in diam., with appressed, boat-shaped rays, lower layer with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia sessile.
On tree trunks of broad-leaved forest understory; 200–1200 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
The presence of Pyrrosia stigmosa within the Flora area is questioned by one of us (Hovenkamp), who believes that the record might have been based on misidentifications of the following species, P. costata, as has been known to happen.
下延石韦 xia yan shi wei
Niphobolus costatus Wallich ex C. Presl, Tent. Pterid. 202. 1836; Apalophlebia costata (Wallich ex C. Presl) C. Presl; Cyclophorus beddomeanus (Giesenhagen) C. Christensen, nom. superfl.; Niphobolus beddomeanus Giesenhagen, nom. superfl.; N. beddomeanus f. fallax Giesenhagen; Polypodium costatum Hooker (1863), not Kunze (1834), nor Mettenius (1857); Pyrrosia beddomeana (Giesenhagen) Ching, nom. superfl.
Plants 20–50 cm tall. Rhizome short, up to 5 mm in diam., in cross section without sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia close together, lateral buds basal on phyllopodia. Scales basifixed, 8–10 mm, basal margin often with glands on long teeth; acumen entire, shiny, brown. Fronds monomorphic, substipitate or estipitate; stipe 1–5 cm; lamina widest at middle, 23–50 × 2.5–6 cm, base very gradually narrowed, apex acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, ± superficial. Indument persistent, dense, grayish brown; dimorphic; upper layer composed of hairs 0.4–1.9 mm in diam., with appressed, narrowly boat-shaped rays, lower layer with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia sessile or on short stalks to 1/4 × as long as capsule.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 300–2000 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
Chinese representatives of this species have been erroneously identified as Pyrrosia stigmosa (Wu et al., Bull. Dep. Sun Yatsen Univ. 3: 340, pl. 161. 1932; Ching & Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 327. 1983) and as P. princeps (Shing & Iwatsuki, J. Jap. Bot. 72: 76. 1997).
线叶石韦 xian ye shi wei
Niphobolus linearifolius Hooker, 2nd Cent. Ferns pl. 58. 1861; Cyclophorus linearifolius (Hooker) C. Christensen; Neoniphopsis linearifolia (Hooker) Nakai; Polypodium linearifolium (Hooker) Hooker; P. linearifolium var. heterolepis Tagawa.
Plants 3–10 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 1–1.8 mm in diam., in cross section with 5–20 scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia 0.5–1(–1.5) cm apart, lateral buds close to phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 2.2–5 × 0.5–1 mm, base entire or ciliate; acumen light brown, ciliate. Fronds monomorphic, sessile, 3–8 × 0.2–0.3 cm, base ± gradually narrowed, apex obtuse or rounded. Hydathodes ± distinct, usually in a marginal row, distinctly sunken. Indument persistent, dimorphic, loose, brown; upper layer with hairs 0.5–2.2 mm in diam., with erect-spreading, acicular rays, hairs with mainly woolly rays often present only between sori. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks as long as capsule.
On rocks or tree trunks of slopes, and on roofs of houses at low elevations. Jilin, Taiwan [Japan, Korea].
南洋石韦 nan yang shi wei
Acrostichum longifolium N. L. Burman, Fl. Ind. 228. 1768; Candollea longifolia (N. L. Burman) Mirbel; Cyclophorus acrostichoides (G. Forster) C. Presl; C. induratus Christ; C. longifolius (N. L. Burman) Desvaux; C. scolopendrium Desvaux; Niphobolus acrostichoides (G. Forster) Beddome (1868), not Kaulfuss (1824); N. longifolius Sprengel; N. scolopendrium (Desvaux) T. Moore; Polypodium acrostichoides G. Forster; Pyrrosia acrostichoides (G. Forster) Ching.
Plants 20–50 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 1.8–2.7 mm in diam., in cross section with many scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia 2–6 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 1–3.4 × 0.6–1.5 mm, shiny brown or blackish with a distinct, light colored, entire margin. Fronds monomorphic, distinctly to indistinctly stipitate; stipe 1.5–5 cm; lamina strap-shaped, 16–60 × 1–3 cm, often ± narrowed in fertile part, base ± gradually narrowed, apex acute to rounded. Hydathodes absent. Indument sometimes fugacious, monomorphic, sparse or thin; hairs 0.3–0.4 mm in diam., with appressed, boat-shaped rays. Sori sunken, with central bundle of stellate paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks up to 2 × as long as capsule.
On tree trunks or shaded wet rocks in forests; 300–1400 m. Hainan, Yunnan [Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam; SW Asia, Australia, Pacific islands].
Small plants of Pyrrosia longifolia can be superficially similar to P. lanceolata or P. nuda but are best distinguished by the completely entire rhizome scales (ciliate in P. lanceolata and P. nuda).
贴生石韦 tie sheng shi wei
Polypodium adnascens Swartz, Syn. Fil. 25, 222. 1806; Cyclophorus adnascens (Swartz) Desvaux; C. pustulosus H. Christ; Niphobolus adnascens (Swartz) Kaulfuss; Pyrrosia adnascens f. calcicola K. H. Shing.
Rhizome long creeping, ca. 1 mm thick, in cross section usually with a single, central sclerenchyma strand; phyllopodia 1–2 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 3–5 × ca. 1 mm, base entire to ciliate; acumen light brown, often with a distinct hyaline margin, ciliate. Fronds dimorphic. Sterile fronds: stipe 1–1.5 cm; lamina 1–6 × 0.8–2 cm, base cuneate, apex rounded. Fertile fronds very gradually narrowed at base to a stipe of up to 5 cm; lamina 8–25 × 0.45–0.8 cm, apex obtuse to acute. Hydathodes rarely present, few and indistinct. Indument monomorphic, mostly sparse, whitish to brown; hairs 0.2–1.2 mm with spreading to appressed, boat-shaped to ± acicular rays. Sori distinctly sunken, with a distinct central bundle of stellate paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 1.5–2 × as long as capsule.
On tree trunks or rocks; 100–1300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Cambodia, N India, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
Whole plants are used as medicine against inflammation, and to clear away heat and as a detoxifying agent for scrofula.
裸叶石韦 luo ye shi wei
Niphobolus nudus Giesenhagen, Niphobolus 149. 1901; Cyclophorus nudus (Giesenhagen) C. Christensen.
Plants 10–20 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 1.2–2.1 mm in diam., in cross section usually with a single, central sclerenchyma strand; phyllopodia 1–2 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 3.9–7.8 × 0.3–1.3 mm, base entire to ciliate; acumen light brown, often with a distinct hyaline margin, ciliate; short, orbicular to ovate scales usually present. Fronds subdimorphic. Stipes 1–4 cm; lamina widest below or at middle, 10–25 × 1–1.8 cm, base attenuate, decurrent, apex long caudate. Fertile fronds narrower. Hydathodes rarely present, few and indistinct. Indument monomorphic, sparse, whitish to brown; hairs 0.2–1.2 mm with erect-spreading to appressed, boat-shaped to ± acicular rays. Sori sunken, with a distinct central bundle of stellate paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 1.5–2 × as long as capsule.
On tree trunks of forest understory; 500–1500 m. Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal].
披针叶石韦 pi zhen shi wei
Acrostichum lanceolatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1067. 1753; A. dubium Poiret; Candollea lanceolata (Linnaeus) Mirbel; Cyclophorus cornutus Copeland; C. giesenhagenii (Christ) C. Christensen; C. glaber Desvaux; C. lanceolatus (Linnaeus) Alston; C. spissus (Bory ex Willdenow) Desvaux; C. varius (Kaulfuss) Gaudichaud; C. vittarioides C. Presl; Gymnopteris lanceolata (Linnaeus) T. Moore; Niphobolus adnascens (Swartz) Kaulfuss var. spissum Keyserling; N. giesenhagenii Christ; N. glaber (Desvaux) Kaulfuss, nom. superfl.; N. lanceolatus Trimen (1886), not Keyserling (1873); N. spissus (Bory ex Willdenow) Kaulfuss; N. varius Kaulfuss; N. vittarioides T. Moore (1861), not C. Presl (1836); Polypodium dubium Kuhn (1868), not Roxburgh (1844), nor (H. Karsten) Hooker (1864); P. spissum Bory ex Willdenow; P. vittarioides Wallich ex Mettenius; Pyrrosia cornuta (Copeland) Tagawa; P. varia (Kaulfuss) Farwell.
Plants 5–12 cm. Rhizome long creeping, 1.2–2.1 mm in diam., in cross section usually with a single, central sclerenchyma strand; phyllopodia 1–2 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 3.4–7.8 × 0.3–1.3 mm, base entire to ciliate; acumen light brown, often with a distinct hyaline margin, ciliate; short, orbicular to ovate scales usually present. Fronds monomorphic, up to 0.5–1 cm stipitate; lamina widest at about middle, 4–14 × ca. 0.6 cm, base attenuate, long decurrent, apex obtuse. Hydathodes rarely present, few and indistinct. Indument persistent, monomorphic, dense, whitish or brown; hairs 0.2–1.2 mm with erect-spreading to appressed, boat-shaped to ± acicular rays. Sori sunken, with a distinct central bundle of stellate paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 1.5–2 × as long as capsule.
On rocks or tree trunks of rain forest understory; 700–2000 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Indian Ocean islands (Réunion)].
钱币石韦 qian bi shi wei
Acrostichum nummulariifolium Swartz, Syn. Fil. 191, 419. 1806; A. obovatum Blume; Cyclophorus nummulariifolius (Swartz) C. Christensen; C. nummulariifolius var. obovatus (Blume) Bonaparte; C. nummulariifolius var. rufus Alderwerelt; C. obovatus (Blume) Alderwerelt; Galeoglossa nummulariifolia C. Presl; G. obovata C. Presl; Gymnopteris nummulariifolia (Swartz) C. Presl; Niphobolus nummulariifolius (Swartz) J. Smith; N. obovatus (Blume) Kunze; Polypodium nummulariifolium (Swartz) Mettenius; P. obovatum (Blume) Mettenius; Pyrrosia nummulariifolia var. rufa (Alderwerelt) Ching; P. obovata (Blume) Ching.
Plants small, 2–7 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 0.6–1.6 mm in diam., in cross section sometimes with a single, central sclerenchyma strand; phyllopodia 0.5–1.5 cm apart, lateral buds between or opposite to phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 3.3–5.7 × 0.3–0.7 mm, base entire to ciliate; acumen light brown, ciliate; with short, ± orbicular to ovate scales regularly present. Fronds strongly dimorphic, distinctly to indistinctly stipitate. Sterile fronds: ± sessile or up to 2 cm stipitate; lamina elliptic to ovate, 1.5–2 × 1.2–1.5 cm, base cordate to rounded or occasionally cuneate, apex rounded. Fertile fronds: stipe up to 2.5 cm; lamina elliptic to obovate, 5–7 × 0.3–1.1 cm, base cuneate to gradually attenuate. Hydathodes absent. Indument persistent, dimorphic, dense, brown, lower layer mostly whitish; upper layer composed of hairs 0.7–1.4 mm in diam., with erect-spreading, acicular rays, usually distinctly raised above a lower layer with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 1–1.5 × as long as capsule.
On rocks; 400–1100 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand].
平滑石韦 ping hua shi wei
Niphobolus laevis J. Smith ex Beddome, Ferns Brit. India t. 161. 1866; Cyclophorus laevis (J. Smith ex Beddome) C. Christensen; Polypodium laeve (J. Smith ex Beddome) Baker (1892), not Mettenius ex Kuhn (1869); P. laeve Mettenius ex Kuhn; P. jaintense C. B. Clarke; Pyrrosia jaintensis (C. B. Clarke) Ching.
Plants 8–13 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 0.9–1 mm in diam., in cross section with up to 10 scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia 1–3 cm apart, lateral buds close to phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 3.1–4 × 0.3–0.6 mm, base entire; acumen light brown, entire or occasionally with long cilia near apex; shorter, orbicular to ovate scales regularly present. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate; stipe 0.5–2 cm, up to 1/4(–1/3) × as long as lamina; lamina widest below middle, 5–11 × 1–1.8 cm, base cuneate to narrowly cuneate, apex narrowly acute to acuminate. Hydathodes indistinct, ± superficial. Indument persistent, dimorphic, thin, light grayish brown; upper layer often fugacious, hairs 0.4–0.5 mm in diam., with appressed, boat-shaped or acicular rays, often with a distinct dorsal spine, lower layer with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses; sporangia with stalks up to ± as long as capsule.
On rocks of forest understory; ca. 1200 m. Yunnan [India, Myanmar].
The name Polypodium laeve Mettenius ex Kuhn was based on a different type from that of Niphobolus laevis and made no reference to Beddome.
纸质石韦 zhi zhi shi wei
Polypodium heteractis Mettenius ex Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 140. 1869; Cyclophorus heteractis (Mettenius ex Kuhn) C. Christensen; C. heteractis var. minor C. Christensen; Niphobolus heteractis (Mettenius ex Kuhn) J. Smith; Pyrrosia fuohaiensis Ching & K. H. Shing; P. heteractis var. minor (C. Christensen) Ching; P. latifolia Ching & S. K. Wu; P. lingua (Thunberg) Farwell var. heteractis (Mettenius ex Kuhn) Hovenkamp.
Plants 10–30 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 1.2–3.7 mm in diam., in cross section with a few sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia (0.5–)2–8 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, usually distinctly spreading, 5–9.5 × 0.9–2 mm, base dark at attachment, entire to irregularly dentate; acumen shiny, light brown, with long, curly marginal as well as superficial cilia; short, ± ovate scales occasionally present. Fronds weakly dimorphic, stipitate. Sterile fronds: stipe 4–14 cm; lamina widest at or below middle, 14–25 × 4–7.5 cm, base truncate to ± cuneate, apex acuminate or occasionally apiculate. Fertile fronds similar or somewhat narrower. Hydathodes distinct, ± superficial. Indument persistent, dimorphic, dense, whitish to grayish brown; upper layer with hairs 0.4–0.8 mm in diam., with appressed, boat-shaped rays, lower layer with woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 3/4–1 × as long as capsule.
On tree trunks, rocks, and rocky crevices of forest understory; 1200–2600 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
The Chinese specimens of Pyrrosia heteractis are distinct from P. lingua in the wider and distinctly more spreading rhizome scales and the often wider lamina.
琼崖石韦 qiong yai shi wei
Cyclophorus eberhardtii Christ, J. Bot. (Morot) 21: 237, 270. 1908; Pyrrosia oblonga Ching.
Plants 6–20 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 1.2–3.7 mm in diam., in cross section with a few sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia (0.5–)2–8 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, (5–)7–8(–9.5) × 0.9–1.6 mm, base entire to irregularly dentate; acumen shiny, light brown, with long, curly marginal as well as superficial cilia. Fronds subdimorphic, stipitate. Sterile fronds: stipe 4–12 cm; lamina widest at or below middle, 4–12 × 2–3 cm, base cuneate, apex obtuse to rounded. Fertile fronds longer and narrower. Hydathodes distinct, ± superficial, rarely distinctly sunken or absent. Indument persistent, dimorphic, dense, whitish to grayish brown; upper layer with hairs 0.4–0.8 mm in diam., with appressed, boat-shaped rays, lower layer with woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 3/4–1 × as long as capsule.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 1000–1700 m. ?Guangdong, Hainan [Thailand, Vietnam].
剑叶石韦 jian ye shi wei
Plants 10–30 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 1.2–3.7 mm in diam., in cross-section sometimes with a single, central sclerenchyma strand; phyllopodia (0.5–)2–8 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, (2.2–)4–9.5 × 0.7–1.6 mm, base entire to irregularly dentate; acumen shiny, light brown, entire. Fronds dimorphic, stipitate. Sterile fronds: stipe 1–6 cm; lamina widest at middle, 13–24 × 1.6–3 cm, base cuneate, decurrent, apex long acuminate. Fertile fronds usually much longer and narrower. Hydathodes distinct, superficial, rarely distinctly sunken. Indument persistent, dimorphic, light to grayish brown, thin; hairs 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., with appressed, boat-shaped upper rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 3/4–1 × as long as capsule.
* On tree trunks of evergreen broad-leaved forest understory; 800–1800 m. Xizang, Yunnan.
Pyrrosia ensata is known from few collections, with a distinct frond shape and nearly or completely entire scales to set them apart from P. lingua.
有柄石韦 you bing shi wei
Polypodium petiolosum Christ, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 4: 96. 1897; Cyclophorus petiolosus (Christ) C. Christensen; Niphobolus petiolosa (Christ) Diels.
Plants 5–15 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 1–2.5 mm in diam., phyllopodia 0.5–2.5 cm apart, in cross section with few scattered sclerenchyma strands; lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 2.2–4.4 × 0.6–1 mm; base entire to dentate; acumen dull brown with a shiny black spot near attachment, ciliate. Fronds slightly dimorphic, stipitate. Sterile fronds: stipe 1–16 cm, (1/15–)1/5–1 1/2 × as long as lamina; lamina 1.5–7(–10.5) × 0.7–2.2(–3.3) cm, widest near middle, base cuneate to attenuate, apex acute to rounded. Fertile fronds: stipe 0.5–12 cm, 0.5–1.5 × as long as lamina, 1–8.5 × 0.5–2 cm. Hydathodes distinct, distinctly sunken. Indument persistent, monomorphic, dense, light gray to brown; hairs 0.4–0.6 mm in diam., with appressed, boat-shaped rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 1–2 × as long as capsule.
Mostly on dry and open rocks; 200–2200 m. Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
The whole plant is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
石韦 shi wei
Acrostichum lingua Thunberg, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 928. 1784; Cyclophorus bodinieri H. Léveillé; C. lingua (Thunberg) Desvaux; C. lingua var. angustifrons Hayata; C. lingua var. attenuata Rosenstock; C. martini (Christ) C. Christensen; C. taiwanensis (Christ) C. Christensen; Niphobolus lingua Sprengel; N. martini Christ; Polycampium lingua C. Presl; Polypodium lingua (Thunberg) Swartz; P. taiwanense Christ; Pyrrosia caudifrons Ching, Boufford & Shing; P. martinii (Christ) Ching; P. medogensis Ching & S. K. Wu.
Plants 10–30 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 1.2–3.7 mm in diam., in cross section sometimes with a single, central sclerenchyma strand; phyllopodia (0.5–)2–8 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, (2.2–)4–9.5 × 0.7–1.6 mm, base entire to irregularly dentate; acumen shiny light brown, with long, curly marginal cilia; short, ± ovate scales occasionally present. Fronds subdimorphic, stipitate. Sterile fronds: stipe 1–30 cm, lamina (5–)10–20 × 1.5–7 cm, base ± gradually attenuate, apex shortly acuminate to long caudate. Fertile fronds: stipe 1.5–25 cm; lamina widest at or below middle, 5.5–22 × 0.8–3 cm. Hydathodes distinct, ± superficial, rarely distinctly sunken. Indument persistent, monomorphic, thin, light to grayish brown; hairs 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., with appressed, boat-shaped rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 3/4–1 × as long as capsule.
On tree trunks of forest understory or on rather dry rocks; 100–1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Vietnam].
The whole plant is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Pyrrosia caudifrons was based on a number of specimens showing an extreme within a continuous variation from P. lingua. No character distinguishes them other than a lamina apex that is slightly more protracted than is usual in P. lingua.
戟叶石韦 ji ye shi wei
Acrostichum hastatum Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. 2(14): 68. 1783; Cyclophorus hastatus (Houttuyn) C. Christensen; C. tricuspis (Swartz) Desvaux ex T. Moore, nom. superfl.; Niphobolus hastatus (Houttuyn) Kunze; N. tricuspe (Swartz) J. Smith, nom. superfl.; Polycampium hastatum C. Presl; Polypodium tricuspe Swartz; Pyrrosia tricuspis (Swartz) Tagawa, nom. superfl.
Plants 10–20 cm tall or taller. Rhizome short, up to ca. 5 mm in diam., in cross section with many scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia close together, lateral buds basal on phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.5–0.9 mm, blackish with a distinct light margin, ciliate. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate; stipe 4–23 cm, 1.5–2 × as long as lamina; lamina widest near base, 6–12 × 6–9 cm; pedately lobed to ca. 4/5 in 3–5 divisions; middle lobe up to 1.5–3.5 cm wide, lateral ones increasingly smaller; lamina base truncate to cordate, often slightly unequal, slightly decurrent. Hydathodes distinct, superficial to slightly sunken, without central bundle of paraphyses. Indument persistent, monomorphic, dense, brown; hairs 0.3–0.5(–0.8) mm in diam., with appressed, boat-shaped rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia sessile.
On tree trunks or wet mossy rocks of forest understory. Anhui [Japan, Korea].
The occurrence of Pyrrosia hastata within the Flora area is based on a collection of a single frond of doubtful origin.
槭叶石韦 qi ye shi wei
Polypodium polydactylon Hance, J. Bot. 21: 269. 1883; Cyclophorus polydactylos (Hance) C. Christensen; Niphobolus polydactylon (Hance) Giesenhagen ex Diels [“polydactylon”]; Pyrrosia × pseudopolydactylis Serizawa.
Plants 15–40 cm tall. Rhizome short, 4–6 mm in diam., in cross section with many scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia contiguous, lateral buds basal on phyllopodia. Scales blackish with a light margin, peltate, 1.5–2.1 × 0.6–0.9 mm, ciliate. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate; stipe 15–30 cm, ± 1–2.5 × as long as lamina; lamina 8–18 × 10–17.5 cm, base cordate-truncate to cuneate, sometimes unequally narrowed into dilated stipe; pedately divided to 4/5 into 6–8 divisions, middle one 6–14 × 1–2 cm, lateral ones increasingly smaller. Hydathodes distinct, slightly to distinctly sunken. Indument persistent, monomorphic, dense, grayish brown; hairs 0.5–1 mm in diam., with ± appressed, narrowly boat-shaped rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks to 2/3 × as long as capsule.
* On rocks or tree trunks, also terrestrial at low to middle elevations. Taiwan.
卷毛石韦 juan mao shi wei
Polypodium flocculosum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 1. 1825; Apalophlebia flocculosa C. Presl; Cyclophorus annamensis (Christ) C. Christensen; C. flocculosus (D. Don) C. Christensen; C. rhomboidalis Bonaparte; Niphobolus annamensis Christ; N. flocculosus (D. Don) Sprengel; Pyrrosia mollis (Kunze) Ching f. rhomboidalis (Bonaparte) C. Christensen & Tardieu; P. rhomboidalis (Bonaparte) Ching.
Plants 25–50 cm tall. Rhizome short, 3.4–6 mm in diam.; in cross section with 10– ca. 25 scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia close together, lateral buds basal on phyllopodia. Scales pseudopeltate, 4–5.7 × 0.5–1 mm, base entire to irregularly dentate; acumen dull brown to blackish, dentate, entire toward apex. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate; stipe 6–20 cm, 1/4–1 × as long as lamina; lamina widest around or below middle, often slightly lyrate, 9–32 × 1.3–7.8 cm, base cuneate to truncate, occasionally ± cordate, apex acuminate, occasionally acute. Hydathodes distinct, superficial to distinctly sunken. Indument persistent, dimorphic, thin to dense, light dirty grayish; upper layer with hairs 0.3–2.2 mm in diam., with spreading to appressed, boat-shaped to acicular rays, lower layer with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 1/3–1 × as long as capsule.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; sea level to 700 m. Guangxi, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
庐山石韦 lu sha shi wei
Polypodium sheareri Baker, J. Bot. Lond. 13: 201. 1875; Cyclophorus drakeanus (Franchet) C. Christensen f. maxima Y. C. Wu; C. grandissimus Hayata; C. inaequalis (Christ) C. Christensen; C. sheareri (Baker) C. Christensen; C. sheareri f. maxima (Y. C. Wu) C. Christensen; Niphobolus inaequalis Christ; N. sheareri Diels; Pyrrosia grandissima (Hayata) Ching; P. nanchuanensis Ching.
Plants 20–50 cm tall. Rhizome short (rarely shortly elongated), 2.4–7 mm in diam., in cross section with many scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia contiguous, rarely ca. 0.5 cm apart, lateral buds basal on phyllopodia. Scales dull brown to blackish, pseudopeltate, 2.7–4.7 × 0.7–1.2 mm, ciliate. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate, stipe 3.5–5 cm; lamina widest near base, 10–30 × 2.5–6 cm, base cordate-truncate to ± cuneate, often unequal, apex acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, distinctly sunken. Indument persistent, monomorphic, dense, brown to grayish brown; hairs 0.3–0.5(–1) mm in diam., with appressed, boat-shaped rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia on stalks to 1/2 × as long as capsule.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory beside streams; near sea level to 2100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].
毡毛石韦 zhan mao shi wei
Polypodium drakeanum Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus., ser. 2, 7: 165. 1883; Cyclophorus drakeanus (Franchet) C. Christensen; Niphobolus drakeanus Diels; N. drakeanus f. elongata Christ ex Diels; Pyrrosia latifolia Ching & S. K. Wu; P. pseudodrakeana K. H. Shing.
Plants 25–70 cm tall. Rhizome short or occasionally shortly elongated, 2–7 mm in diam., in cross-section with many scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia contiguous or up to 2.5 cm distant, lateral buds on or close to internodes. Scales pseudopeltate, 2.5–11 × 0.6–1.3 mm, base entire to ciliate; acumen dull brown to blackish with a straw-colored margin, dentate to ciliate. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate; stipe 10–30 cm, (1/10–)2 × as long as lamina; lamina widest below or at middle, 12–36 × 4–8(–10) cm, base truncate to ± abruptly cuneate, usually asymmetric, sometimes with an obtuse, short tooth on one side, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, superficial to slightly prominent. Indument persistent, dense, brown; dimorphic, upper layer of hairs (0.8–)1–1.6 mm in diam., with acicular rays, ± mixed with a lower layer with woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia sessile or with stalks up to 1/2 × as long as capsule.
In mixed forest understory of mountain slopes, on tree trunks, on rocks or rocky cliffs, on slopes, beside streams; 1000–3600 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India].
The name Pyrrosia intermedia Goy was mistakenly applied to this species by Shing (Amer. Fern J. 73(3): 78. 1983). Pyrrosia pseudodrakeana was distinguished by a more appressed indument with smaller hairs with boat-shaped rays, but this represents just one extreme of a gradual variation, and it cannot be reliably distinguished.
冯氏石韦 feng shi shi wei
Polypodium boothii Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5: 53. 1863; Pyrrosia fengiana Ching.
Plants 30–70 cm tall. Rhizome short or occasionally shortly elongated, to ca. 8 mm thick, in cross section with many scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia close, lateral buds situated basal on phyllopodia. Scales pseudopeltate, to 11 × 1.5 mm; base entire to ciliate; acumen brown, dentate to shortly ciliate. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate; stipes 15–30 cm, 0.5–1 × as long as lamina; lamina widest at middle, 20–36 × 4.5–8 cm, base cuneate and slightly decurrent, apex ± acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, superficial or sunken. Indument dimorphic, brown; upper layer not very dense, hairs to 2 mm in diam., with acicular rays, lower layer densely covering lamina, with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 1/2–3/4 × as long as capsule.
On rocks of forest understory; 1600–2100 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India].
Pyrrosia boothii can be distinguished from P. drakeana by the longer rhizome scales, which are dentate, at most shortly ciliate, the shorter stipe, and often the longer fronds, with equal, cuneate base.
波氏石韦 bo shi shi wei
Niphobolus bonii Christ ex Giesenhagen, Niphobolus 120. 1901; Cyclophorus bonii (Christ ex Giesenhagen) C. Christensen; Pyrrosia shennongensis K. H. Shing; P. subtruncata Ching.
Plants 30–50 cm tall. Rhizome short or occasionally shortly elongated, 2–6.8 mm in diam., in cross section with many scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia contiguous or up to 2.5 cm apart, lateral buds on or close to phyllopodia. Scales pseudopeltate, 6.5–11 × 0.7–1.3 mm, base entire to ciliate; acumen dull brown, ciliate. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate; stipe 4–31 cm, (1/10–)1/5 to ± as long as lamina; lamina widest at about middle, 15–30 × 3.5–4.5 cm, base usually symmetric, cuneate and slightly decurrent, apex shortly acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, superficial. Indument persistent or fugacious, dimorphic, thin or occasionally dense, dirty grayish; upper layer with hairs 0.8–1.3 mm in diam., with erect-spreading, acicular rays, ± mixed with a lower layer with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 1– 1 1/2 × as long as capsule.
On rocks of forest understory; 300–1100 m. Guangxi, Guizhou [Vietnam].
相似石韦 xiang shi shi wei
Plants 25–45 cm tall. Rhizome shortly elongated, 2–3 mm in diam., in cross section with many scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia up to 0.5 cm apart, lateral buds basal on phyllopodia. Scales pseudopeltate, ca. 2 × 1 mm, dentate. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate; stipe 8–22 cm; lamina widest below middle, 15–25 × 3.5–5 cm, base rounded-cuneate, apex attenuate to long caudate. Hydathodes distinct, superficial. Indument persistent, dimorphic, dense, light grayish brown; upper layer with sparse hairs with appressed, narrow rays, ca. 0.5 mm in diam., and sparse, similar but larger and darker hairs, lower layer with dense woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia stalked.
* On open calcareous rocks or in forest soils; 700–1200 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan.
Hovenkamp included Pyrrosia similis as a synonym of P. bonii, but P. similis has significantly smaller rhizome scales (ca. 2 × 1 mm as opposed to 6.5–11 × 0.7–1.3 mm) and an apparently different indumentum with appressed narrow rays and two sizes of hairs.
绒毛石韦 rong mao shi wei
Polypodium subfurfuraceum Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5: 52. 1863; Cyclophorus subfurfuraceus (Hooker) C. Christensen; Niphobolus subfurfuraceus (Hooker) Beddome.
Plants 40–60 cm. Rhizome short or occasionally shortly elongated, 2–6.8 mm in diam., in cross section with many scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia contiguous or up to 2.5 cm apart, lateral buds situated basal on or close to phyllopodia. Scales pseudopeltate, 6.5–11 × 0.7–1.3 mm, base entire to ciliate; acumen dull brown, entire. Fronds monomorphic, subsessile to stipitate; stipe up to 15 cm, (1/10–)1/5 to ± as long as lamina; lamina widest at about middle, 45–60 × 6.5–11 cm, base long decurrent, apex shortly acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, superficial. Indument persistent or fugacious, dimorphic, thin or occasionally dense, dirty grayish; upper layer with hairs 0.8–1.3 mm in diam., with erect-spreading, acicular rays, ± mixed with a lower layer with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 1/2 to as long as capsule.
700–2000 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Vietnam].
光石韦 guang shi wei
Polypodium calvatum Baker, J. Bot. 17: 304. 1879; Cyclophorus calvatus (Baker) C. Christensen; C. esquirollii H. Léveillé; Niphobolus calvatus (Baker) Diels; Pyrrosia pseudocalvata Ching, Boufford & K. H. Shing.
Plants 25–70 cm tall. Rhizome short or occasionally shortly elongated, 2–6.8 mm in diam., in cross section with many scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia contiguous or up to 2.5 cm apart, lateral buds on or close to phyllopodia. Scales pseudopeltate, 6.5–11 × 0.7–1.3 mm, base entire to ciliate; acumen dull brown, ciliate. Fronds monomorphic, stipitate; stipe 6–15 cm, (1/10–)1/5 to ca. 1 × as long as lamina; lamina widest at about middle, 25–60 × 2–5 cm, base narrowly cuneate and long decurrent, apex long acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, superficial. Indument mostly fugacious, dimorphic, thin or occasionally dense, dirty grayish; upper layer with hairs 0.8–1.3 mm in diam., with erect-spreading, acicular rays, ± mixed with a lower layer with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial. Sporangia with stalks 1–1/2 × as long as capsule.
* On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 400–1800 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
The whole plant is used in traditional Chinese medicine as an astringent and to promote diuresis.
相近石韦 xiang jian shi wei
Polypodium assimile Baker, J. Bot. 13: 201. 1875; Cyclophorus assimilis (Baker) C. Christensen; C. assimilis f. lobata C. Christensen; C. assimilis var. mollifrons Handel-Mazzetti; Niphobolus assimilis (Baker) Diels; Pyrrosia assimilis f. lobata (C. Christensen) Ching; P. assimilis var. longissima Ching.
Plants 5–15(–20) cm tall. Rhizome shortly elongated, not grooved ventrally, (0.5–)1.8–2.2 mm in diam., in cross section with 10–20 or sometimes more scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia 0.2–0.5 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 1.6–5.8 × 0.7–1.1 mm, base entire to denticulate; acumen dull brown to blackish with a lighter margin, dentate. Fronds monomorphic, sessile, linear, 6–20 × 0.2–1 cm. Hydathodes distinct, sunken. Indument monomorphic, sparse; hairs 0.5–1.8 mm in diam., with erect-spreading, acicular rays of very unequal length. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks up to 1 × as long as capsule.
* On shaded wet rocks of forest understory on slopes; 200–1000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
The earlier homonym “Polypodium assimile Kunze” (Linnaea 23: 275. 1850) is a nomen nudum.
蔓氏石韦 man shi shi wei
Niphobolus mannii Giesenhagen, Niphobolus 107. 1901.
Plants 10–30 cm tall. Rhizome short, 2.6–3.3 mm in diam., in cross section with few to ca. 20 scattered sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia contiguous, lateral buds basal on phyllopodia. Scales pseudopeltate, 5–7.4 × 0.5–1.2 mm, base entire; acumen straw-colored, entire to dentate. Fronds monomorphic, not or indistinctly up to 3 cm stipitate; lamina widest at or above middle, 15–30 × 1–2 cm, base gradually narrowed, apex acute to narrowly acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, sunken to ± superficial. Indument persistent, dimorphic, dense, brown; hairs (0.5–)0.8–2 mm in diam., with erect-spreading, acicular rays, ± mixed with hairs with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia sessile.
On tree trunks, rotting wood, or rocks of forest understory; 1700–2300 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].
狭叶石韦 xia ye shi wei
Niphobolus fissus Blume var. stenophyllus Beddome, Handb. Ferns Brit. India, Suppl. 92. 1892; Cyclophorus stenophyllus (Beddome) C. Christensen; Niphobolus stenophyllus (Beddome) Giesenhagen; Pyrrosia linearis Ching & S. K. Wu; P. porosa (C. Presl) Hovenkamp var. stenophylla (Beddome) Hovenkamp; P. tibetica Ching; P. tibetica var. angustata Ching.
Plants 20–30 cm tall. Rhizome shortly elongated, 1.6–3.1 mm in diam., in cross section with few to many sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia 0.3–0.7 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 3.5–6.8 × 0.7–1.2 mm, base entire to dentate, acumen light brown, dentate; with short, ± orbicular to ovate scales occasionally present. Fronds monomorphic, not or indistinctly to 1–3 cm stipitate; lamina widest above middle, (5–)20–40 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base gradually narrowed, apex acute to acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, superficial. Indument persistent, dimorphic, thin, brown or lower layer whitish; hairs 0.2–1.6 mm in diam., with erect-spreading to appressed, acicular rays, usually ± mixed with hairs with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia sessile or with stalks up to 1/3 × as long as capsule.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 1200–1800 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal].
中越石韦 zhong yue shi wei
Niphobolus tonkinensis Giesenhagen, Niphobolus 144. 1901; Cyclophorus tonkinensis (Giesenhagen) C. Christensen; Pyrrosia porosa (C. Presl) Hovenkamp var. tonkinensis (Giesenhagen) Hovenkamp.
Plants 10–40 cm tall. Rhizome shortly elongated, 1.6–3.1 mm in diam., in cross section with few to many sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia 0.3–0.7 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate 3.6–6.2 × 0.5–1.3 mm, base entire to dentate; acumen light brown, dentate. Fronds monomorphic, sessile or indistinctly stipitate; lamina widest above middle, 8–22 × 0.5–1 cm, base gradually narrowed, apex acute to acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, superficial. Indument persistent, dimorphic, dense, brown or lower layer whitish; hairs 0.2–0.8 mm in diam., with acicular rays appressed to a layer with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks 1/2 to as long as capsule.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; near sea level to 1600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].
华北石韦 hua bei shi wei
Niphobolus davidii Giesenhagen ex Diels, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(4): 325. 1899, based on Polypodium davidii Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 5: 472. 1891, not Franchet (1887); Cyclophorus davidii (Giesenhagen ex Diels) H. Léveillé; C. gralla (Giesenhagen) C. Christensen; C. matsudai Hayata; C. pekinensis C. Christensen, nom. superfl.; C. pekinensis f. minor C. Christensen; C. subfissus Hayata; C. transmorrisonensis Hayata; C. xiphioides (Christ) C. Christensen; Niphobolus gralla Giesenhagen; N. xiphioides Christ; Pyrrosia gralla (Giesenhagen) Ching; P. matsudai (Hayata) Tagawa; P. nudicaulis Ching; P. pekinensis (C. Christensen) Ching, nom. superfl.; P. subfissa (Hayata) Ching; P. transmorrisonensis (Hayata) Ching.
Plants 5–20 cm tall. Rhizome shortly elongated, 1.6–3.1 mm in diam., in cross section with few to many sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia 0.3–0.7 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, 1.4–6.8 × 0.5–2.1 mm, base entire to ciliate; acumen light brown to dull blackish with a distinct lighter margin, ciliate to dentate. Fronds monomorphic, not or indistinctly up to 5 cm stipitate; lamina widest above middle, 3–15 × 0.5–1.5(–2) cm, base gradually narrowed, apex acute to acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, superficial. Indument persistent, nearly or completely monomorphic, sparse to dense, hairs 0.2–1.6 mm in diam. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia with stalks up to as long as capsule.
* On tree trunks of forest understory, shaded and wet rocks of slopes; 200–3400 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan.
The name Pyrrosia davidii is sometimes restricted to small forms with an appressed indument from the northern part of the range (Shing & Iwatsuki, J. Jap. Bot. 72: 2 1997), but there is no sharp distinction between these and larger forms. Pyrrosia davidii is closely related to P. porosa and might be better treated as a synonym of P. porosa var. porosa, representing forms with an almost monomorphic indument.
柔软石韦 rua ruo shi wei
Niphobolus porosus C. Presl, Tent. Pterid. 202. 1836; Cyclophorus acrocarpus (Christ & Giesenhagen) C. Christensen; C. alcicornu Christ; C. malacophyllus C. Christensen; C. pekinensis C. Christensen; C. porosus (Wallich) C. Presl; C. sticticus (Kunze) C. Christensen; C. xiphioides (Christ) C. Christensen; N. acrocarpus Christ & Giesenhagen; N. sticticus Kunze; N. xiphioides Christ; Polypodium mollissimum Christ (1899), not Fée (1866); P. porosum (C. Presl) Mettenius; P. sticticum Mettenius; Pyrrosia porosa var. mollissima (Christ) K. H. Shing; P. scolopendrina Ching; P. mollis (Kunze) Ching f. alcicornu (Christ) Ching; P. mollis var. mollissima (Christ) Ching; P. stictica (Kunze) Holttum.
Plants 7–25 cm tall. Rhizome shortly elongated, 1.6–3.1 mm in diam., cross section with few to many sclerenchyma strands; phyllopodia 0.3–0.7 cm apart, lateral buds alternating with phyllopodia. Scales peltate, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 1.4–6.8 × 0.5–2.1 mm, base entire to ciliate; acumen light brown to dull blackish with a distinct lighter margin, ciliate to dentate. Fronds monomorphic, sessile or indistinctly stipitate; lamina widest above middle, 10–23 × 0.7–2.5 cm, base gradually narrowed, apex acute to acuminate. Hydathodes distinct, superficial. Indument persistent, dimorphic, very sparse to dense, brown or lower layer whitish; hairs 0.2–1.6 mm in diam., with erect-spreading to appressed, acicular rays, usually ± mixed with hairs with mainly woolly rays. Sori superficial, without central bundle of paraphyses. Sporangia sessile or with stalks to as long as capsule.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 900–2100 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
The epithet “porosum” was introduced by Wallich as Polypodium porosum (Numer. List no. 266, nom. nud.). Pyrrosia porosa has often been confused with P. mollis (Kunze) Ching from Indochina and Malesia. All references to P. mollis from China refer to P. porosa.
抱树莲 bao shu lian
Pteris piloselloides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 2: 1530. 1762; Drymoglossum piloselloides (Linnaeus) C. Presl.
Rhizome long creeping, slender, up to 1 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales peltate, orbicular to triangular, up to 1 × 0.8 mm, pale brown with dark central portion, base irregularly ciliate at margin. Fronds strongly dimorphic. Sterile fronds sessile to shortly stipitate, lamina 1–7 × 1–2 cm, thickly succulent, apex rounded or obtuse; both surfaces sparsely stellate hairy; veins invisible, venation reticulate, areoles usually with recurrent free veinlets. Fertile fronds narrower, 4–16 × 0.3–1.5 cm; sori near margin. Spores light brown, perispore warty and with conical spinelike protuberances.
Mostly on tree trunks, often on exposed bare parts. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
Forms with forked fertile fronds are widespread but uncommon. The indumentums can be very sparse, and collections of Pyrrosia piloselloides are occasionally misidentified as Lemmaphyllum carnosum (Wallich ex J. Smith) C. Presl, which is superficially very similar but lacks stellate hairs.
石蕨 shi jue
Niphobolus angustissimus Giesenhagen ex Diels in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(4): 326. 1899; Cyclophorus cavalerianus (Christ) C. Christensen; C. sasakii Hayata; C. taenioides C. Christensen; N. cavalerianus Christ; Polypodium angustissimum Baker (1891), not Fée (1869); Saxiglossum angustissimum (Giesenhagen ex Diels) Ching; S. sasakii (Hayata) Tagawa; S. taeniodes (C. Christensen) Ching.
Rhizome long creeping, slender, up to 1.2 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales peltate, linear-triangular, up to 8.8 × 0.5–0.8 mm, base irregularly lobed to rounded, margin minutely dentate, reddish brown or pale brown with dark central portion. Stipe short with lamina decurrent nearly to base; laminae linear, 3–9 cm × 1.5–3.5 mm, thickly leathery, margins involute, apex obtuse or acute; both surfaces stellate hairy, hairs rather caducous adaxially; veins invisible, venation reticulate, with 1 or 2 rows of areoles on each side of costa, often including free veinlets in each areole. Sori on free veinlets outside areoles, usually confluent at maturity, often covered by revolute lamina margin. Spores yellowish brown, perispore slightly wrinkled, with half spherical globules.
On mossy tree trunks or on rocks by streams or in forests; 500–1500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Thailand].
鹿角蕨属 lu jiao jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Michael G. Gilbert
Ferns epiphytic or occasionally epilithic, of very striking appearance, solitary or in clusters. Rhizome thick, shortly creeping, concealed by roots and fronds; scales large, basifixed to peltate, mostly with a thickened dark central portion, margin ciliate, concolorous or pale brown; fronds clustered, extremely dimorphic; lamina fleshy, leathery, covered with stellate hairs when young; costa none, main veins conspicuous, dichotomously branched, usually several on each lobe or branch, minor veins visible or concealed, much anastomosing with free-included veinlets. Basal fronds persistent, base strongly appressed to substrate, entire or forked several times; fertile foliage fronds in pairs, simple to variously dichotomously forked, erect to pendulous. Sori forming large soral patches, paraphyses many, stellate. Spores 64 per sporangium, or 8 (P. ridleyi Christ), monolete, smooth. x = 37.
Fifteen species: SE Asia (eight species), Africa and Madagascar (six species), one isolated species in South America; one species in China.
Platycerium bifurcatum (Cavanilles) C. Christensen and P. alcicorne Desvaux are often cultivated. Plants of this splendid tropical genus are much sought for horticultural purposes; the wild population of P. wallichii in Yunnan is almost extinct. It is a nationally protected plant in China.
Platycerium together with Pyrrosia forms a natural monophyletic clade in Polypodiaceae which has long been recognized by the characteristic stellate hairs, and thick fleshy lamina. Molecular phylogeny studies also support this relationship.
绿孢鹿角蕨 lü bao lu jiao jue
Rhizome thick, fleshy, shortly creeping; scales basifixed to peltate, pale with dark brown central portion, stiff, ca. 10 × 0.4 mm, margin entire. Basal fronds up to 40 cm or more, as wide as long, 3–5 times dichotomously lobed, lobes equal in length, obtuse or acute, margin entire; main veins and secondary veins raised on both surfaces, smaller ones hardly visible, main veins dichotomous, secondary ones forming network, smaller ones more copiously anastomosing; very thick and fleshy near base, more than 1 cm thick, thin and green at upper portion. Foliage fronds in pairs, 25–70 cm, subsessile, pendulous, lower portion divided into 3 uneven main lobes, upper portion of inner lobe repeatedly dichotomously branching, only outer small lobe not fertile; main veins distinct, dichotomous, smaller ones hardly visible, copiously anastomosing with included veinlets; thick, densely covered with stellate hairs; margin of lamina entire. Soral patches 2, large, at base of first sinus of two main lobes, mixed with stellate paraphyses. Spores 64 per sporangium, green.
Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches up to great heights from the ground, in tropical lowland rain forests; 200–1000 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang, at border with Myanmar) [E India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand].
星蕨亚科 xin jue ya ke
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春), Lu Shugang (陆树刚), Lin Youxing (林尤兴), Qi Xinping (齐新萍); Michael G. Gilbert, Hans P. Nooteboom, Peter Hovenkamp, Alan R. Smith
Description?
Distribution?
The status of several genera of this subfamily is controversial (Kreier et al., Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 48: 1155–1167. 2008). Microsorum is still polyphyletic, and some new genera are to be established.
棱脉蕨属 leng mai jue shu
Lu Shugang (陆树刚); Peter Hovenkamp
Polypodium sect. Goniophlebium Blume, Fl. Javae Filic. 132. 1830; P. subg. Goniophlebium (Blume) C. Christensen; Schellolepis J. Smith.
Plants epiphytic, medium-sized. Rhizome long creeping, densely scaly; scales brown to dark brown, pseudopeltate, lanceolate, clathrate, base broad, apex narrowly acuminate. Fronds remote, monomorphic; stipe straw-colored, long, glabrous; lamina imparipinnate, oblong in outline; lateral pinnae 20–40 pairs, far apart, at least basal ones articulate, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, glabrous or pubescent, rarely scaly, margins toothed or incised; veins anastomosing to form 2 or 3 rows of areoles on either side of costa, each areole with a simple included veinlet, which starts from basiscopic lateral vein, outer veinlets free. Sori orbicular, in one row on either side of costa, borne on simple included veinlets in costal areoles, ± sunken on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface. Paraphyses present only when young, peltate, clathrate, toothed at margin. Sporangia long stalked, annulus with 12 hardened cells. Spores yellow, ellipsoidal, with obscure aperture, exospore with tuberculate surface, perispore pellucid. × = 37.
About 20 species: mainly in tropical Asia; two species in China.
The type species is Goniophlebium subauriculatum. Pichi Sermolli (Webbia 28: 465. 1973) attempted to redefine Goniophlebium with G. articulatum C. Presl as the type, thus excluding Blume’s section and creating a later homonym.
1a. Rhizome green or brown; scales ovate-lanceolate, margins ciliate; lateral pinnae with 4–5 mm stalks, base cuneate .................................................................................................... 1. G. persicifolium
1b. Rhizome glaucous underneath scales; scales linear-lanceolate, margins entire; lateral pinnae sessile, base cordate or subcordate, auriculate on both sides or on acroscopic side only 2. G. subauriculatum
棱脉蕨 leng mai jue
Polypodium persicifolium Desvaux, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 5: 316. 1811; Goniophlebium grandidens (Mettenius) Fée; G. ponapense Copeland; G. rotense Hosokawa; P. colpothrix Kunze; P. grandidens Kunze ex Mettenius; P. integriore Copeland; P. koningsbergeri Alderwerelt; P. persicifolium var. mettenii Rosenstock; P. phlebodioides Copeland; Schellolepis persicifolia (Desvaux) Pichi Sermolli.
Rhizome green or brown, 5–7 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 × 1.5–2 mm, margin toothed. Stipe straw-colored or brownish, 30–40 cm, 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly at base, distally minutely scaly or glabrescent upward. Lamina broadly lanceolate in outline, up to 150 × 40 cm; lateral pinnae 10–30 pairs, ascending, 4–5 cm apart, ± falcate, linear-lanceolate, up to 20 × 2.5 cm, cuneate at base, with 5–7 mm stalks, margin toothed and cartilaginous, apex caudate-acuminate; pinnae gradually smaller distally, terminal pinna same as lateral pinnae, up to 15 cm; lamina herbaceous or subleathery, green, glabrous. Sori orbicular, borne on simple included veinlets in costal areoles, in one row on each side of costa, medial or costular, distinctly sunken on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface.
Epiphytic on tree trunks; 700–1000 m. Hainan (Baotin, Diaoluo Shan, Jianfeng Ling) [SE India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific islands].
Beddome (Ferns Brit. India, 79. pl. 79. 1865) treated material of this taxon as Goniophlebium cuspidatum (D. Don) C. Presl.
穴果棱脉蕨 xue guo leng mai jue
Polypodium subauriculatum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 133. 1828; Goniophlebium molle Beddome; Marginaria subauriculata (Blume) Nakai ex H. Itô; Polypodiastrum molle (Beddome) Ching; Polypodium beddomei Baker; Schellolepis subauriculata (Blume) J. Smith.
Rhizome 6–8 mm in diam., glaucous underneath scales, densely scaly at least at apex; scales dark brown, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 5 × 0.7 mm, margin toothed. Stipe straw-colored or brown, 25–35 cm, base densely scaly, distally minutely scaly or glabrescent; rachis pale brown, minutely scaly throughout; lamina lanceolate in outline, 80–100 × 30–40 cm; lateral pinnae 30–40 pairs, sessile, linear, basal pinnae usually slightly shorter than next above, deflexed or spreading; middle pinnae subopposite, spreading or slightly ascending, straight or slightly falcate, 14–20 × ca. 2 cm, base subcordate or truncate, rounded auriculate on both sides, gradually narrowing from base to long attenuate apex, margin serrate, upper pinnae progressively smaller; terminal pinna 5–10 cm, basal portion irregularly lobed; lamina herbaceous or thinly leathery, green, glabrous or pubescent when young. Sori orbicular, at tip of simple included veinlets in costal areoles, in one row on each side of costa, distinctly sunken on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface.
Epiphytic on tree trunks; 500–1300 m. Yunnan (Jinhong, Mengla) [Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; NE Australia, Pacific islands].
篦齿蕨属 bi chi jue shu
Lu Shugang (陆树刚); Peter Hovenkamp
Ferns, epiphytic, medium-sized. Rhizome long creeping, densely covered with scales; scales dark brown, lanceolate, base broad and reddish brown ciliate, acuminate at apex. Fronds remote. Stipe stramineous, articulate to rhizome. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or pinnatisect at lower part. Lateral lobes more than 30 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, spreading or slightly deflexed at lower pairs. Veins free, not forming costal areoles; veinlets forked. Sori orbicular, in a single row on each side of costa, paraphyses absent.
Two species: Asia, from SW China to Indochina and Himalaya.
Christenhusz et al. (Phytotaxa 19: 36. 2011) and Lindsay and Middleton (http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/factsheets/index.php#M, accessed 02 Apr 2012) include Metapolypodium within Goniophlebium.
1a. Rachis abaxially straw-colored; lamina with basal lobes deflexed ................ 1. M. manmeiense
1b. Rachis abaxially castaneous; lamina with basal lobes not or very slightly deflexed 2. M. microrhizoma
篦齿蕨 bi chi jue
Polypodium manmeiense Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 870. 1898; Goniophlebium manmeiense (Christ) Rödl-Linder; Metapolypodium kingpingense Ching & W. M. Chu; Polypodiodes manmeiense (Christ) Fraser-Jenkins; Polypodium pseudodimidiatum Christ; P. scalare Christ; P. simulans Baker.
Rhizome long creeping, 2–3 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales dark brown, lanceolate, broad at base, remotely ciliate at margin, acuminate at apex. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored or brown at base, 8–12 cm, densely scaly at base, glabrous upward. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, 20–30 × 5–7 cm, deeply pinnatifid, pinnae usually decurrent to next lobes by very narrow wings of rachis in lower part, with rather abruptly narrowing acuminate apex. Lateral lobes 20–30 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, spreading except base with one pair deflexed and slightly shortened, incised-undulate at margins, acute to obtuse at apex. Rachis and costa straw-colored. Veins free, veinlets forked, terminally veinlets ending in elliptic hydathodes inside margin of lobes. Lamina herbaceous, green, glabrous. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, medial, superficial or sunken in cavities on abaxial surface.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1000–2500 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Cambodia, NE India, Laos, N Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
栗柄篦齿蕨 li bing bi chi jue
Polypodium microrhizoma C. B. Clarke ex Baker, Syn. Fil., ed. 2: 511. 1874; Goniophlebium fieldingianum (Mettenius) T. Moore; G. microrhizoma (C. B. Clarke ex Baker) Beddome; Polypodiodes microrhizoma (C. B. Clarke ex Baker) Ching; Polypodium fieldingianum Kunze ex Mettenius; P. microrhizoma var. xerophyticum Mehra, nom. illeg.; P. taliense Christ.
Rhizome long creeping, 2–3 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, broad at base, peltate, margin denticulate, apex acuminate. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored at base, shiny and castaneous on lower side (as is rachis), 8–12 cm, slender, glabrous. Lamina deeply pinnatifid or pinnatisect at lower portion, lanceolate in outline, 20–30 × 5–8 cm, base slightly shortened, apex pinnatilobate-acuminate. Segments/pinnae 15–30 pairs, spreading, lanceolate, 4–5 cm × 6–8 mm, base connected by a narrowly wing along rachis, distantly incised-serrate at margin, acute or obtuse at apex; basal ones not or very slightly deflexed, slightly shorter than next above. Veins visible, without areoles on both sides of rachis, anastomosing to form one row of areoles on each side of costa, each containing a simple included veinlet. Lamina thinly papery or membranous, green, glabrous on both surfaces, rachis castaneous abaxially, straw-colored and grooved adaxially, glabrous, nearly wingless in lowest portion. Sori orbicular or oblong, terminal on included veinlets, in one row on each side of costa, medial, ± sunken.
Terrestrial in forest understory, epiphytic on tree trunks; 2300–3300 m. Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, N Myanmar, Nepal, N Thailand].
De Vol and Kuo (Fl. Taiwan 1: 202. 1975) treated material of Polypodiodes microrhizoma as Polypodium atkinsonii C. Christensen.
拟水龙骨属 ni shui long gu shu
Lu Shugang (陆树刚); Peter Hovenkamp
Ferns, medium-sized, epiphytic. Rhizome long creeping, densely scaly; scales brown to dark brown, lanceolate, clathrate. Fronds remote. Stipe articulate to rhizome at base. Lamina pinnate. Pinnae ca. 10 pairs, sessile, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, upper pinnae usually decurrent at base. Veins anastomosing to form 1–3 rows of areoles on each side of costa, each costal areole containing an included free veinlet. Lamina herbaceous, glabrous or minutely scaly on abaxial side. Sori orbicular, terminal on included veinlets of costal areoles, in one row on each side of costa; sporangia long stalked, annulus with 12–20 hardened cells. Paraphyses scalelike, clathrate, fugacious; spores ellipsoidal, surface coarsely verrucate. x = 37.
About eight species: tropical and subtropical Asia and Oceania; three species in China.
Christenhusz et al. (Phytotaxa 19: 38. 2011) and Lindsay and Middleton (http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/factsheets/index.php#P, accessed 02 Apr 2012) include Polypodiastrum within Goniophlebium.
1a. Rhizome densely scaly; lateral pinnae deflexed or spreading, decurrent at base; costa straw-colored, veinlets invisible ........................................................................................... 1. P. dielseanum
1b. Rhizome sparsely scaly and with whitish bloom; lateral pinnae ascending, rounded or cordate at base; costa brown, veinlets visible.
2a. Lateral pinnae rounded at base, not overlapping rachis ................................... 2. P. argutum
2b. Lateral pinnae cordate at base, overlapping rachis ................................... 3. P. mengtzeense
川拟水龙骨 chuan ni shui long gu
Polypodium dielseanum C. Christensen, Index Filic. 9: 522. 1906, based on P. leuconeuron Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 203. 1900, not (Fée) Christ (1900); Goniophlebium dielseanum (C. Christensen) Rödl-Linder; P. meyii Christ [“meyi”]; P. wilsonii Christ.
Rhizome long creeping, ca. 5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, ovate-lanceolate, minutely denticulate at margins, acuminate at base. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored, 20–30 cm, densely scaly at base, upward glabrous, rachis and lower part of costa pubescent on both surfaces; lamina pinnate, ovate-lanceolate in outline, 40–60 × 15–25 cm; lateral pinnae 20–30 pairs, basal pinna deflexed, upper pinnae spreading, linear-lanceolate, 10–15 × 0.8–1.2 cm, base adnate and somewhat dilated, margin crenate-serrate, apex acuminate or obtuse; veins anastomosing to form one row of areoles on each side of costa, each with included veinlet. Lamina herbaceous, green, abaxial surface with sparse brown ovate-lanceolate scales. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, terminal on included veinlets, medial.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1500–2010 m. Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan [NE India].
尖齿拟水龙骨 jian chi ni shui long gu
Rhizome long creeping, 3–4 mm in diam., sparsely scaly and with whitish bloom; scales brown, ovate-lanceolate, base broad and peltate, margin sparsely toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds remote. Stipes straw-colored, 10–15 cm, scaly at base, glabrous upward. Lamina ovate lanceolate in outline, 40–50 × 15–25 cm. Lateral pinnae 15–20 pairs, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 10–15 × 1.5–2.5 cm, base rounded, margin serrate or denticulate, apex acuminate; terminal pinna distinct; veins anastomosing to form 2 or 3 areoles on each side of costa, each costal areole containing a simple free included veinlet, other free veinlet ending inside margin of lobes, visible on both surfaces. Lamina herbaceous, abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dark green, both surfaces glabrous except for minute scales abaxially. Sori orbicular, terminal on included veinlets of costal areoles, in one row on each side of costa, medial or slightly closer to costa, superficial.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2300–2700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, Thailand, Nepal].
The epithet “argutum” was first used by Wallich (Cat. No. 308. 1828, nom. nud.).
1a. Pinnae 15–20 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, margin crenate-serrate; sori medial ........... 2a. var. argutum
1b. Pinnae fewer and narrower, margin denticulate; sori closer to costa .................. 2b. var. angustum
尖齿拟水龙骨(原变种) jian chi ni shui long gu (yuan bian zhong)
Polypodium argutum Wallich ex Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5: 32. 1864; Goniophlebium argutum (Wallich ex Hooker) Beddome; Schellolepis arguta (Wallich ex Hooker) J. Smith.
Pinnae 15–20 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, margin crenate-serrate. Sori medial.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2300–2700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, Thailand, Nepal].
狭羽拟水龙骨 xia yu ni shui long gu
Pinnae fewer and narrower, margin denticulate. Sori closer to costa.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks; 2300–2400 m. Xizang.
蒙自拟水龙骨 meng zi ni shui long gu
Polypodium mengtzeense Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 869. 1898; Goniophlebium mengtzeense (Christ) Rödl-Linder; Marginaria taiwaniana (Hayata) Nakai ex H. Itô; Polypodiastrum taiwanianum (Hayata) Ching; Polypodium argutum Wallich ex Hooker f. khasianum C. B. Clarke; P. argutum var. mengtzeense (Christ) Christ; P. aspersum Baker; P. taiwanianum Hayata.
Rhizome long creeping, 4–5 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom and sparse scales; scales dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, peltate at broad base, irregularly toothed at margin, acuminate at apex. Fronds remote. Stipe pale straw-colored, 10–20 cm, scaly at base, glabrous upward. Lamina ovate-lanceolate, pinnate with distinct terminal pinna, 50–70 × 15–20 cm. Lateral pinnae l5–25 pairs, subopposite, sessile, lanceolate, 10–15 × 1.5–2 cm, base obliquely cordate, ± rounded auriculate, overlapping rachis, margin serrate, apex acuminate. Veins anastomosing to form 1 or 2 rows of areoles on each side of costa, each costal areole containing a simple free veinlet, other veinlets free, ending inside margin of teeth. Lamina herbaceous, yellowish green, glabrous on both surfaces except sparsely scaly on abaxial side of rachis and costa. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, terminal on included veinlets, medial or slightly closer to costa.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks, l500–2500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Taiwan, Yunnan [NE India, Laos, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
Material of this species (Polypodiastrum mengtzeense) was treated by Wu (Sunyatsenia 3: 266, pl. 124. 1932) as Polypodium argutum Wallich ex Hooker.
水龙骨属 shui long gu shu
Lu Shugang (陆树刚); Peter Hovenkamp
Ferns, medium-sized. Rhizome long creeping, mostly densely scaly, with whitish bloom when scales sparse; scales brown to dark brown, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, clathrate, peltate at broad base, margin entire, denticulate, or ciliate, apex acuminate or hair-shaped. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome; stipe straw-colored or brown, scaly at base; lamina deeply pinnatisect, oblong-lanceolate in outline; segments 10–60 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, bases confluent through narrowly winged rachis, rarely lowermost free, margin toothed or serrulate, apex acuminate. Veins usually anastomosing to form a row of very narrow areoles on each side of costa and 1 or 2 rows of much broader areoles along each side of costules, latter each including a free veinlet. Lamina herbaceous, glabrous or pubescent, usually minutely scaly abaxially. Sori orbicular, in single rows on each side of costules, each at end of included veinlet, superficial or sunken, paraphyses soon lost; sporangia long stalked, annulus with 12–19 hardened cells; spores ellipsoidal, surface coarsely verrucate. x = 37.
About 17 species: mostly confined to tropical and subtropical Asia; 11 species (three endemic) in China.
Christenhusz et al. (Phytotaxa 19: 38. 2010) and Lindsay and Middleton (http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/factsheets/index.php#P, accessed 02 Apr 2012) include Polypodiodes within Goniophlebium.
1a. Rhizome covered with whitish bloom and sparse scales or scales only present on very young part; segment margins entire.
2a. Lamina abaxially glabrous.
3a. Rhizome scales usually absent; lamina adaxially pubescent only along rachis and costae 1. P. formosana
3b. Rhizome scales black, linear-subulate and with a broad brown base; lamina adaxially more uniformly pubescent ............................................................................................. 2. P. raishanensis
2b. Lamina abaxially pubescent.
4a. Rachis wings 2–3 mm wide; segments 0.5–1 cm wide .................................. 3. P. niponica
4b. Rachis wings ca. 5 mm wide; segments 1.2–1.4 cm wide .................................. 4. P. wattii
1b. Rhizome usually densely scaly, without whitish bloom; segment margins usually incised to serrate.
5a. Rhizome scales light brown, 8–9 mm ............................................................. 5. P. bourretii
5b. Rhizome scales brown to dark brown or black, 2–5 mm.
6a. Rhizome scales linear-subulate, relatively sparse;
segment margins entire
3.
P. niponica
6b. Rhizome scales wider, usually concealing rhizome; segment margins incised to serrate.
7a. Lamina linear-lanceolate in outline; lateral segments up to 40–60 pairs.
8a. Scales black and subulate at upper part, brown at broad base, margin ciliate; fronds subglabrous 6. P. lachnopus
8b. Scales brown, lanceolate, margin irregularly denticulate; fronds pubescent on both sides 7. P. pseudolachnopus
7b. Lamina ovate-lanceolate in outline; lateral segments usually 10–20 pairs.
9a. Segment margins densely double-serrate.
10a. Rhizome scales ovate-lanceolate, brown, margin entire ..................... 8. P. subamoena
10b. Rhizome scales narrowly lanceolate, black, apex hairlike, margin denticulate 9. P. hendersonii
9b. Segment margins incised or incised-serrate.
11a. Rhizome 2–4 mm in diam., scales black; lamina segments 5–7 mm wide; sori close to costa 10. P. chinensis
11b. Rhizome 5–7 mm in diam., scales dark brown, lamina segments 15–20 mm wide; sori medial 11. P. amoena
台湾水龙骨 tai wan shui long gu
Polypodium formosanum Baker, J. Bot. 23: 105. 1885; Goniophlebium formosanum (Baker) Rödl-Linder; Marginaria formosana (Baker) Nakai ex H. Itô; P. liukiuense Christ.
Rhizome long creeping, ca. 4 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom; scales fugacious, only present on very young parts, brown, ovate-lanceolate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored, 15–20 cm, glabrous. Lamina oblong, 30–50 × 10–15 cm, cordate at base, pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or caudate. Segments 20–30 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, 5–8 × 0.8–1 cm, entire at margin, acuminate at apex; lowest segments usually deflexed. Veins anastomosing to form 1 or 2 rows of areoles on each side of costa with included veinlets. Lamina herbaceous, green, abaxial surface glabrous or subglabrous, adaxial surface pubescent, hairs on rachis and costa more dense. Sori orbicular, terminal on included veinlets, in one row on each side of costa, medial.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 200–1200 m. Fujian, Taiwan [Japan].
大叶水龙骨 da ye shui long gu
Polypodium raishanense Rosenstock, Hedwigia 56: 346. 1915; Marginaria pseudoformosana Tagawa; M. raishanensis (Rosenstock) Nakai ex H. Itô.
Rhizome long creeping, ca. 3 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom; scales sparse, black, linear-subulate with a broad, brown base. Fronds remote. Stipe and rachis glossy, turning brown when mature. Lamina oblong, 30–55 × 10–15 cm, pinnatipartite. Segments spreading, 4.5–8 cm, adnate to rachis by a narrow wing, margin entire, abaxial surface glabrous, pubescent on margin and on adaxial surface; lower segments shortened and deflexed. Veins anastomosing to form 1 or 2 rows of areoles on each side of costa with included veinlets. Lamina herbaceous. Sori orbicular, small, closely spaced, borne near costa in costal areolae at end of free veinlets.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 200–1200 m. Taiwan.
日本水龙骨 ri ben shui long gu
Polypodium niponicum Mettenius, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 222. 1866; Marginaria niponica (Mettenius) Nakai ex H. Itô; M. transpianensis (Yamamoto) H. Itô; Polypodiodes transpianensis (Yamamoto) Saiki; Polypodium bodinieri Christ; P. longkyense Rosenstock; P. silvestrii Christ; P. transpianense Yamamoto.
Rhizome long creeping, gray-green, ca. 5 mm in diam., sparsely covered with whitish bloom and scales; scales dark brown, narrowly lanceolate with ovate base, margin denticulate, apex acuminate. Stipe straw-colored, 5–15 cm, pubescent. Lamina oblong-lanceolate, 30–40 × 10–13 cm, pinnatipartite, cordate at base, pinnatilobate-acuminate at apex. Segments 15–25 pairs, linear-oblong, 3–5 × 0.5–1 cm, entire at margin, acute or obtuse at apex; lowest ones often subfree, slightly shortened and deflexed. Veins anastomosing to form one row of areoles at each side of rachis and each side of costa, veinlets invisible. Lamina herbaceous, gray-green, pubescent on both surfaces or more densely so abaxially with short, whitish, 2- or 3-celled, soft hairs. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, terminal on included veinlets in costal areoles, nearer to costa than to margin.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 300–1600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [NE India, Japan, Vietnam].
Material of Polypodiodes niponica from Taiwan with the rhizomes lacking the whitish bloom and with very narrow scales has been separated as Polypodiodes transpianensis.
光茎水龙骨 guang jing shui long gu
Polypodium niponicum Mettenius var. wattii Beddome, J. Bot. 26: 235. 1888; Goniophlebium niponicum var. wattii (Beddome) Beddome; Polypodiodes niponica (Mettenius) Ching var. wattii (Beddome) W. M. Chu & S. G. Lu; Polypodium niponicum var. laevipes Franchet ex Christ.
Rhizome fleshy, long creeping, 5–7 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom, scales only present on growing tip or at base of stipes; scales dark brown, lanceolate, margin minutely serrate, apex acuminate. Stipe dark straw-colored, 5–15 cm, pubescent. Lamina pinnatipartite, oblong in outline, 20–30 × 8–10 cm, wings of rachis ca. 5 mm on each side, truncate to cordate at base, caudate at apex. Segments 15–20 pairs, 4–5 × 1.2–1.4 cm, entire at margin, obtuse at apex; lowest ones subspreading to slightly deflexed. Veins anastomosing to form 2 or 3 rows of areoles on each side of costa and one row of areoles on each side of rachis, costal areoles with included free veinlets. Lamina herbaceous, yellowish green or gray-green, pubescent and whitish shortly hairy on both surfaces or more densely so abaxially. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, terminal on included veinlets, slightly closer to costa.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1300–3000 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [NE India, N Myanmar, Vietnam].
滇越水龙骨 dian yue shui long gu
Polypodium bourretii C. Christensen & Tardieu, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 8: 183. 1939; P. wangii Ching (1949), not C. Christensen (1934).
Rhizome long creeping, ca. 4 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales light brown, linear-subulate, clathrate, ca. 10 mm, broad at base with minutely serrate margin, upper part acuminate with entire margin, apex hairlike. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored, 10–15 cm, slender, glabrous. Lamina pinnatipartite, pinnatifid-acuminate at apex, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 20–40 × 8–14 cm, base cordate and slightly narrowed. Segments 20–30 pairs, linear-lanceolate, 4–7 cm × 6–8 mm, base broad and connected by narrow wings along midrib, margin remotely incised, apex acute; basal pair subdeflexed and slightly shorter than next upper pairs. Veins anastomosing to form one row of areoles on each side of costa and of rachis. Lamina herbaceous, grayish green, adaxial side sparsely covered with long, appressed, septate, whitish hairs, abaxial side densely pubescent with short hairs. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, closer to costa.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 600–1500 m. S Guizhou, SE Yunnan [Vietnam].
濑水龙骨 lai shui long gu
Polypodium lachnopus Wallich ex Hooker, Hooker’s Icon. Pl.: t. 952. 1854; Goniophlebium lachnopus (Hooker) J. Smith; Polypodiodes lachnopus var. xerophyticum Mehra, nom. illeg.; Schellolepis lachnopus (Hooker) J. Smith.
Rhizome long creeping, 5–6 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales broad and brown at base with ciliate margin, upper part black, subulate with entire margin. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored, 5–8 cm, glabrous. Lamina pinnatipartite, linear-lanceolate in outline, 40–60 × 5–7 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate. Segments 40–50 pairs, lanceolate, 2–3 cm × 5–7 mm, margin toothed, apex acute or obtuse; basal one or two pairs slightly shorter and deflexed. Veins reticulate to form one row of narrow areoles along each side of rachis and one row of large areoles along each side of costa, each areole containing a simple included veinlet, other veins free. Lamina papery or herbaceous, green, glabrous or subglabrous except rachis covered with hairs, abaxial surface sparsely scaly. Sori orbicular, terminal on included veinlets, in one row on each side of costa, medial.
Epiphytic on tree trunks; 1700–2000 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
A collection of this species (Polypodiodes lachnopus) was listed by Christ (Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 869. 1898) as Polypodium yunnanense Franchet.
假毛柄水龙骨 jia mao bing shui long gu
Rhizome long creeping, 5–6 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales brown, lanceolate, peltate at base, margin irregularly denticulate, apex acuminate. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored, 10–15 cm, sparsely pubescent. Lamina pinnatipartite, linear-lanceolate, 40–50(–70) × 6–8 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate. Segments 40–60 pairs, lanceolate, 4–5 cm × 5–10 mm, margin toothed, apex acute or obtuse. Veins anastomosing to form one row of narrow areoles along each side of rachis and one row of large areoles along each side of costa, each costal areole containing a simple included veinlet. Lamina papery, green, pubescent on both surfaces and scaly abaxially; rachis straw-colored, more densely hairy. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, slightly close to costa.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1800–3000 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
Material of Polypodiodes pseudolachnopus was first identified as Polypodium lachnopus Wallich ex Hooker (Ching, Icon. Fil. Sin. 2: ad pl. 95. 1934; Shing in W. T. Wang, Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mt. 1: 161. 1993).
假友水龙骨 jia you shui long gu
Polypodium subamoenum C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., ser. 2. 1: 550. 1880; Goniophlebium subamoenum (C. B. Clarke) Beddome.
Rhizome long creeping, 2–3 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales brown or dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, broad at base, peltate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Fronds remote. Stipe stramineous, 5–10 cm, glabrous. Lamina pinnatipartite, ovate-lanceolate in outline, 15–20 × 5–8 cm, base cordate, apex caudate. Segments 10–15(–20) pairs, linear, 3–4 cm × 8–10 mm, margin double-serrate, apex obtuse or acute; lowest pairs shorter and deflexed. Veins visible, anastomosing to form one row of areoles along rachis and 1 or 2 rows of areoles on each side of costa, costal areoles containing a simple included veinlet. Lamina herbaceous, green, abaxial surface scaly, adaxial surface glabrous. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, terminal on included veinlets, close to costa.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2400–3300 m. Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Nepal].
喜马拉雅水龙骨 xi ma la ya shui long gu
Goniophlebium hendersonii Beddome, Ferns Brit. India, Suppl. 21, t. 383. 1876, based on Polypodium hendersonii Atkinson ex Hooker & Baker, Syn. Fil., ed. 2: 511. 1874, not E. J. Lowe (1858); Polypodiodes atkinsonii (C. Christensen) Ching; Polypodium atkinsonii C. Christensen.
Rhizome long creeping, 3–4 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales black, linear-lanceolate, broad at base, peltate, margin toothed, apex hairlike. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored, 8–12 cm, glabrous. Lamina pinnatipartite or pinnatisect at lower portion, lanceolate in outline, 20–25 × 5–8 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate. Segments 20–25 pairs, lanceolate, 3–4 × ca. 1 cm, margin serrate, apex acuminate, upper segments spreading or oblique, lowest pair deflexed. Veins visible, anastomosing to form one row of areoles along rachis and costa, costal areoles containing a simple included veinlet. Lamina papery, green, abaxial surface scaly, adaxial surface glabrous. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, terminal on included veinlets, medial.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2000–3300 m. Xizang [India (Sikkim), Nepal].
Polypodium atkinsonii was published in 1906 as a replacement name for P. hendersonii Atkinson ex Hooker & Baker (1874), not E. J. Lowe (1858). Beddome validated the epithet “hendersonii” under Goniophlebium in 1876 and this has priority outside Polypodium.
中华水龙骨 zhong hua shui long gu
Polypodium subamoenum C. B. Clarke var. chinense Christ, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 4: 99. 1897; Goniophlebium amoenum J. Smith var. chinense (Christ) Rödl-Linder; P. amoenum Wallich ex Mettenius var. chinense (Christ) Ching; P. amoenum var. tongolense C. B. Clarke [“tonglense”]; P. amoenum var. xerophyticum Mehra & Bir.
Rhizome long creeping, 2–3 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales black, ovate-lanceolate, margin sparsely toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored, 10–20 cm, glabrous. Lamina pinnatipartite or pinnatisect at lower portion, ovate-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate in outline, 15–25 × 7–10 cm, base cordate, apex caudate. Segments 15–25 pairs, linear-lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 5–7 mm, margin serrate, apex acuminate; basal pairs slightly shorter and deflexed. Veins reticulate, costa visible, straw-colored, veinlets invisible. Lamina herbaceous, subglabrous on both surfaces, scaly abaxially. Sori small, orbicular, terminal on included veinlets, close to costa.
* Epiphytic on rocks or on tree trunks, 900–2800 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
While Rödl-Linder (Blumea 34(2): 391. 1990) treated material of this species (Polypodiodes chinensis) as a hairy variety of the following species (P. amoena), Fraser-Jenkins (Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes, 43. 2008) suggested that it merely represents more hairy populations of P. amoena not worthy of formal recognition; he also indicated that he regards Polypodium yunnanense Franchet as part of this taxon if recognized as a distinct species and thus providing the oldest species epithet. However, the concept used here is based on a different set of characters from those discussed by Fraser-Jenkins. The names Polypodium pseudo-amoenum Ching and Polypodioides pseudo-amoenum (Ching) Ching have been applied to this taxon but have never been validated. The former was first mentioned as a synonym in the protologue of Polypodium amoenum var. chinense (Christ) Ching.
友水龙骨 you shui long gu
Rhizome 5–7 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales dark-brown, lanceolate, base broad, margin denticulate, apex acuminate. Stipe stramineous, (5–)30–40 cm, glabrous. Lamina pinnatisect, ovate-lanceolate in outline, (11–)40–50 × (4–)20–25 cm, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate. Segments 20–25 pairs, lanceolate, 10–13 × 1.5–2 cm, connected along rachis by a 1.5–4 mm wide wing, margin shallowly crenate to subserrate, apex acuminate; basal 1 or 2 pairs of segments often deflexed. Veins forming 1 or 2 rows of areoles along each side of rachis and costa. Lamina thickly papery, green, both surfaces glabrous or pubescent, abaxial surface scaly. Sori orbicular, medial.
Epiphytic on rocks or on tree trunks; 1000–2500 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
The collection Purdom 32 (Tai-pei-shan) was identified by R. C. Ching as a dwarf “northern form” of Polypodiodes amoena. It has fronds with the stipe ca. 5 cm, lamina ca. 11 × 4 cm and ca. 16 pairs of segments with obtuse apices.
1a. Stipe castaneous; lamina narrowly lanceolate in outline, basal segments spreading 11b. var. duclouxii
1b. Stipe straw-colored; lamina ovate-lanceolate in outline; basal 1 or 2 pairs of segments deflexed.
2a. Lamina with both surfaces glabrous ........................................................... 11a. var. amoena
2b. Lamina with both surfaces
hairy or at least pubescent on rachis and costa
.................................................................................................................... 11c.
var. pilosa
友水龙骨(原变种) you shui long gu (yuan bian zhong)
Polypodium amoenum Wallich ex Mettenius, Farngatt. I (Polypodium) 2(1): 131. 1857; Goniophlebium amoenum (Wallich ex Mettenius) Beddome; G. yunnanense (Franchet) Beddome; P. amoenum var. latedeltoideum Christ; Polypodium arisanense Hayata; P. bonatianum Brause; P. valdealatum Christ; P. yunnanense Franchet; Schellolepis amoena (Wallich ex Mettenius) J. Smith.
Stipe and rachis stramineous Lamina ovate-lanceolate in outline, basal 1 or 2 pairs of segments often deflexed, both surfaces glabrous.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1000–2500 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
红秆水龙骨 hong gan shui long gu
Polypodium duclouxii Christ, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 34. 1909; Polypodium amoenum Wallich ex Mettenius var. duclouxii (Christ) Ching.
Stipe and abaxial surface of costae castaneous. Lamina narrowly lanceolate in outline, basal segments spreading; veinlets slender and indistinct, both surfaces glabrous.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 2000–2500 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
柔毛水龙骨 rou mao shui long gu
Basionym: Polypodium amoenum var. pilosum Rosenstock, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 134. 1914; Polypodiodes amoena f. pilosa (Rosenstock) Ching (1983), not (C. B. Clarke) S. R. Ghosh (2004); Polypodium amoenum f. pilosum C. B. Clarke.
Stipe and rachis stramineous. Lamina ovate-lanceolate in outline, basal 1 or 2 pairs of segments often deflexed, both surfaces hairy at least on rachis and costa.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocks; 1500–2500 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [NE India, Nepal].
The oldest available name is Polypodium amoenum f. pilosum, based on C. B. Clarke’s own collections from N India, but Rosenstock’s epithet, based on a Cavalerie collection from China, has priority at varietal rank.
锡金假瘤蕨属 xi jin jia liu jue shu
Lu Shugang (陆树刚); Michael G. Gilbert
Plants epiphytic. Rhizome long creeping, fronds remote; rhizome scales linear-lanceolate, central portion castaneous, margin brown and somewhat ciliolate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic, deciduous; stipe straw-colored, very slender; lamina deeply pinnatifid to partly pinnate, rachis narrowly winged or lower part wingless; lateral lobes oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, with conspicuous main veins and distinct lateral veins, costal areoles in 1 or 2 series, each areole with a single (usually) simple, excurrent veinlet ending in a hydathode, lowest lateral lobe somewhat decurrent; margins with distinct small incisions or notches; lamina thinly leathery, with thick multicellular trichomes on both surfaces; apical part of lamina fertile. Sori in a single series in lower areoles. Sporangia setose. x = 37.
One species: China, India (Sikkim), Nepal.
锡金假瘤蕨 xi jin jia liu jue
Polypodium erythrocarpum Mettenius ex Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 135. 1869; Crypsinus erythrocarpus (Mettenius ex Kuhn) Tagawa; Goniophlebium erythrocarpum (Mettenius ex Kuhn) Beddome; Phymatodes erythrocarpa (Mettenius ex Kuhn) Ching; Phymatopsis erythrocarpa (Mettenius ex Kuhn) Ching; Phymatopteris erythrocarpa (Mettenius ex Kuhn) Pichi Sermolli; Pichisermollia erythrocarpa (Mettenius ex Kuhn) Fraser-Jenkins; Pichisermollodes erythrocarpa (Mettenius ex Kuhn) Fraser-Jenkins.
Rhizome 2–3(–5) mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom and sparse scales; scales black or dark brown, lanceolate, ciliate at margin, acuminate at apex. Fronds 1–3 cm apart. Stipe straw-colored, 5–15 cm, pubescent. Lamina deeply pinnatifid to pinnate in lower part, 10–15 × 5–10 cm, cordate at base. Lateral lobes 5–7(–10) pairs, lanceolate, 1–5 × 0.8–1.5 cm, slightly contracted at base, margin crenate-serrate and ciliate, apex obtuse or acute. Costa and lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Lamina papery, green, densely hairy on both surfaces. Sori orbicular, slightly nearer to costa.
Epiphytic on tree trunks; 2700–2800 m. Xizang (Mêdog) [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
The extensive generic synonymy is a clear indication of the problems that there have been in placing Polypodium erythrocarpum within a genus.
扇蕨属 shan jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Hans P. Nooteboom
Cheiropteris Christ (1898), not Chiropteris J. G. Kurr ex H. G. Bronn (1858).
Plants terrestrial, medium-sized. Rhizome long creeping, rather thick, densely scaly; scales brown, iridescent, clathrate, ovate-lanceolate, margin dentate. Fronds distant. Stipe stramineous, longer than lamina; lamina trifid, or palmately lobed, base attenuate, middle segment longer; segments lanceolate, papery, glabrous, with small brown scales when young, margin entire; main veins raised, small veinlets obscure. Sori oblong to elongate, parallel to costa; paraphyses present, clathrate and peltate. Spores verrucate.
* Two species: SW China.
Neocheiropteris has been more widely delineated but Du and Cheng (Plant Divers. Res. 33: 261–268. 2011) restricted it to just the following two species.
1a. Fronds palmately lobed into 8–10 segments ........................................... 1. N. palmatopedata
1b. Fronds trifid .................................................................................................... 2. N. triglossa
扇蕨 shan jue
Polypodium palmatopedatum Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1898: 232. 1898; Microsorum palmatopedatum (Baker) Nooteboom.
Rhizome creeping; scales slightly spreading, ovate or triangular, broadest below middle, 3–7 × 2–3 mm, clathrate or subclathrate, cells longitudinally rectangular, central region bearing multiseptate hairs at least when young, margin denticulate, apex acute. Fronds not or only slightly dimorphic; stipe 10–40 cm; lamina pedately dissected, reniform to suborbicular in outline, 12–30 × 20–40 cm, herbaceous, abaxial surface without acicular hairs, with short glandular hairs, base cuneate, margin entire or undulate, first connecting vein forming one row of small primary costal areoles parallel to costa, other (sometimes irregularly shaped) larger areoles in one row between two veins, dichotomously branched near margin, or below middle. Sori separate, one sorus in, or just outside, each primary costal areole, generally close to costa, at most halfway to margin, elongate, superficial or slightly sunken, solitary on a connective vein or on intersection of a vein and a connective vein, or just outside a connective vein, 3–8 mm.
* Rocky places in forest understory; 1500–2700 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.
三叉扇蕨 san cha shan jue
Polypodium triglossum Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1898: 232. 1898; Selliguea triphylla Christ; Neolepisorus triglossus (Baker) Ching.
Rhizome creeping; scales densely set, ferruginous, broadly lanceolate, margin minutely toothed. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic; stipe brown, slender, 30–45 cm, glabrous; lamina trisect into ascending lanceolate segments, middle one up to 40 cm, two lateral segments somewhat shorter, 4–5.5 cm wide, gradually tapering toward both ends, herbaceous/papery, abaxially pale and with sparse scales near costa abaxially, adaxially green and glabrous; scales adpressed, dark brown, peltate, ovate-cuspidate, membranous; lamina margins entire or slightly undulate; venation prominent, lateral veins parallel, erect-spreading, extending almost to margin, intermediate veinlets anastomosing copiously into small hexagonal areolae with free included veinlets; sori small, oblong, superficial, uniseriate or tending to be biseriate along costa between main veins.
* Rocky places in forest understory. Yunnan.
Neocheiropteris triglossa is very rare and may be extinct in the field. It is perhaps a natural hybrid between N. palmatopedata and Lepisorus macrosphaerus (Baker) Ching.
毛鳞蕨属 mao lin jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Hans P. Nooteboom
Rhizome thick, stiff, climbing, densely scaly when young, later glabrescent; scales adpressed, brown, orbicular, peltate, clathrate, with a tuft of stiff long hairs at middle on abaxial side, easily caducous. Fronds clustered to distant, subsessile or with stipe; lamina simple, lanceolate, or loriform, widest at middle, herbaceous or thickly stiffly papery, green or yellow green, glabrous, margin entire or undulate; midrib prominent, veinlets anastomosing, distinct, free included veinlets ending in distinct ovate hydathodes adaxially. Sori orbicular, superficial, or slightly sunken, 1–3 irregular rows on each side of midrib; paraphyses peltate, clathrate.
One variable species: widely distributed from Indonesia and Malesia to E Himalaya, Indochina, and S China.
毛鳞蕨 mao lin jue
Polypodium normale D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 1. 1825; Lepisorus chapaensis C. Christensen & Tardieu; Microsorum normale (D. Don) Ching; Neocheiropteris normalis (D. Don) Tagawa; Neolepisorus normalis (D. Don) Ching; Phymatodes subnormalis Nakai; Pleopeltis normalis (D. Don) T. Moore; P. subnormalis Alderwerelt; Polypodium longifrons Wallich ex Hooker & Greville; P. maculosum Christ; Tricholepidium angustifolium Ching; T. angustifolium var. falcato-lineare Ching; T. chapaense (C. Christensen & Tardieu) Ching; T. intermedium Ching; T. lanceolatum Ching & S. K. Wu; T. mutense Ching & S. K. Wu; T. pteropodum Ching; T. subnudum Ching & S. K. Wu; T. tibeticum Ching & S. K. Wu; T. venosum Ching.
Rhizome thick, creeping; scales adpressed, brown or pale brown, orbicular, with a tuft of hairs at middle on adaxial side. Fronds close or distant; stipe thick, short or frond subsessile, scaly at base; lamina green or yellow-green, lanceolate to loriform, 35–60 × 2–4 cm, widest at middle, herbaceous or thickly papery, glabrous, margin entire or undulate; midrib prominent, veins forming 2 or 3 irregular areoles on each side of midrib, distinct, free included veinlets ending with hydathodes, veinlets at margin of laminae free; sori orbicular, superficial, or slightly sunken, in 1–3 irregular rows on each side of midrib; paraphyses peltate, clathrate.
Climbing on rocks or tree trunks in wet forests; 900–2600 m. Guangxi, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
盾蕨属 dun jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Hans P. Nooteboom
Plants terrestrial or epilithic, small to medium-sized; rhizome long creeping; scales pseudopeltate, sometimes peltate, ovate to lanceolate, sometimes orbicular, margin entire or denticulate. Fronds distant, monomorphic; stipe long, scaly; lamina usually simple, entire, sometimes lobed or irregularly lobed, or hastate, herbaceous or papery, scaly; veins anastomosing, areoles regular or irregular, simple to complex, free included veinlets simple or forked; sori in one or two rows on either side of midrib, or in one row between two lateral veins, oblong or orbicular to confluent, sometimes linear or slightly irregular; paraphyses peltate, clathrate.
Species number uncertain: NE India east to Japan and the Philippines; three species in China.
1a. Lamina broader at or near base, often shallowly pinnatifid to bipinnatifid, gradually narrowed to apex 1. N. ovatus
1b. Fronds broader at or near middle, gradually narrowed to base.
2a. Lateral veins prominent, smaller veins obscure; spore
surface shallowly wavy
....................................................................................................................... 2.
N. ensatus
2b. Veins prominent; spore surface irregularly rugose ............................................... 3. N. minor
卵叶盾蕨 luan ye dun jue
Pleopeltis ovata Wallich ex Beddome, Ferns Brit. India, t. 157. 1866, based on Polypodium ovatum Wallich ex Hooker & Greville, Icon. Filic. 1: t. 41. 1827, not Thunberg (1768); Neolepisorus basicordatus P. S. Wang; N. crenatus S. F. Wu; N. dengii Ching & P. S. Wang; N. emeiensis Ching & K. H. Shing; N. lancifolius Ching & K. H. Shing; N. phyllomanes (Christ) Ching; N. sinensis Ching; N. tsaii Ching & K. H. Shing; Polypodium phyllomanes Christ.
Rhizome creeping; scales ovate-lanceolate, margin sparsely denticulate, long acuminate. Fronds distant; stipe 10–20 cm, densely scaly; lamina irregularly pinnatifid, 3-lobed, ovate-lobed, or ovate, 7–12 cm wide, base rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate; texture thickly papery, abaxial surface scaly, adaxial surface glabrous; midrib prominent, lateral veins obvious, veinlets anastomosing, free included veinlets forked; sori orbicular, in 2–4 irregular rows on each side or midrib; covered by paraphyses when young.
Limestone areas, forests; ca. 1500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan. Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].
The earliest name for this taxon, Polypodium ovatum, was a later homonym of P. ovatum Thunberg (1768). T. Moore (Index Fil. 78. 1857) published “Pleopeltis ovata (Wallich) T. Moore,” but this is a nom. nud. as there is reference only to Wallich’s unpublished manuscript name and no mention of Hooker & Greville. Beddome provided a plate with analysis and reference to Wallich ex Hooker & Greville.
Neolepisorus ovatus is a variable species, with fronds that are sometimes irregularly lobed. Four forms have been proposed:
Neolepisorus ovatus f. ovatus (盾蕨(原变型) dun jue (yuan bian xing)): Lamina ovate, margin entire. Anhui, Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Neolepisorus ovatus f. deltoideus (Baker ex Ching) Ching (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 99. 1964; Neolepisorus phyllomanes f. deltoideus Baker ex Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 10: 14. 1940, based on Polypodium deltoideum Baker, J. Bot. 26: 230. 1880, not Swartz (1788), nor Liebmann (1849); N. dengii Ching & P. S. Wang f. hastatus Ching & P. S. Wang; N. emeiensis Ching & K. H. Shing f. dissectus Ching & K. H. Shing; N. ovatus f. monstrosus Ching & K. H. Shing; Polypodium hemitomum var. deltoideum (Baker) Handel-Mazzetti; 三角叶盾蕨 san jiao ye dun jue). Lamina deltoid with irregular lobes at lower part. Forests. Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan.
Neolepisorus ovatus f. doryopteris (Christ) Ching (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 99. 1964; Polypodium phyllomanes Christ var. doryopteris Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 11: 214. 1902; Neocheiropteris phyllomanes (Christ) Ching var. doryopteris (Christ) Ching; Neolepisorus phyllomanes (Christ) Ching var. doryopteris (Christ) Ching; 蟹爪盾蕨 xie zhua dun jue). Lamina broadly ovate, bipinnatifid at base, lobes linear-lanceolate. Guizhou.
Neolepisorus ovatus f. truncatus (Ching & P. S. Wang ) L. Shi & X. C. Zhang, comb. et stat. nov. (Basionym: Neolepisorus truncatus Ching & P. S. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 21: 270. 1983; N. truncatus f. laciniatus Ching & K. H. Shing; 截基盾蕨 jie ji dun jue). Lamina ovate-lanceolate, undivided, base truncate, with a yellow line between each pair of lateral veins. Limestone areas; ca. 1500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou [Vietnam]. Neolepisorus ovatus f. truncatus is a beautiful plant.
盾蕨 dun jue
Polypodium ensatum Thunberg, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 341. 1794; Microsorum ensatum (Thunberg) H. Itô; M. reticulatum Ching ex L. Shi; Neocheiropteris ensata (Thunberg) Ching f. izuensis (Sa. Kurata & Satake) Serizawa; N. ensata var. izuensis Sa. Kurata & Satake; N. ensata f. undulatodentata Sugimoto; Neolepisorus ensatus f. monstrifera Tagawa; N. ensatus f. platyphyllus (Tagawa) Ching & K. H. Shing; N. ensatus var. platyphyllus Tagawa.
Rhizome long creeping, 2–5 mm in diam.; scales pale brown, pseudopeltate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2–6 × 0.5–1.5 mm, membranous, clathrate, margin irregularly toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic, 3–6 cm apart; stipe 20–30 cm; lamina elliptic-lanceolate to broadly elliptic, 15–50 × 4–7 cm, papery, both surfaces with small adpressed scales when young, base cuneate, apex acuminate; veins copiously anastomosing, free included veinlets forked; sori orbicular to oblong, arranged in (1 or)2–4 rows on each side of midribs, covered with small peltate paraphyses when young.
Epiphytic in lowland forests. Guizhou, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [NE India, Japan, S Korea, Philippines].
小盾蕨 xiao dun jue
Neolepisorus tenuipes Ching & K. H. Shing.
Rhizome long creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam.; scales brown, broadly lanceolate, acuminate; fronds distant; stipe slender, 1.5–9 cm, ca. 1 mm in diam., scaly; lamina simple, pale green, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 6–18 × 2–3.5 cm, thin, papery, base cuneate, apex acuminate; veins copiously anastomosing; sori large, orbicular, arranged in 1 or 2 rows between two lateral veins, covered with paraphyses when young.
* Shaded forests, on limestone rocks; 400–1600 m. SE Yunnan, ?Zhejiang.
The record of Neolepisorus minor from Zhejiang is based on the treatment of the genus in Fl. Zhejiang (1: 320. 1993).
瓦韦属 wa wei shu
Qi Xinping (齐新萍), Zhang Xianchun (张宪春), Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Michael G. Gilbert, Peter Hovenkamp
Pleopeltis[Drynaria] sect. Lepisorus J. Smith, Bot. Mag. 72. Comp. 13. 1846; Belvisia Mirbel; Drymotaenium Makino; Hymenolepis Kaulfuss (1824), not Cassini (1817); Platygyria Ching & S. K. Wu.
Ferns epiphytic or epilithic, rarely terrestrial. Rhizomes creeping, ± terete or slightly flattened, densely scaly when young, sometimes naked when old, sometimes with white waxlike covering; scales blackish brown, opaque or clathrately transparent, ovate, orbicular, or broadly lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate, entire to deeply serrate. Fronds simple, remote or closely spaced, monomorphic, less often ± dimorphic; stipe usually short, base sparsely scaly, upper part smooth, mostly straw colored, less often dark brown; lamina mostly lanceolate, less often narrowly lanceolate to linear or auriculate to pedately lobed, margin entire or undulate, often revolute when dried, mostly leathery or papery, less often herbaceous when dried, both surfaces glabrous or abaxially sparsely scaly. Midrib obvious, lateral veins often obscure, veinlets reticulate, areolae with simple or forked included veinlets, sometimes with hydathodes at ends. Sori large, orbicular or elliptic, sometimes confluent into linear coenosori, in one row on each side of midrib, superficial or sometimes deeply impressed, covered with paraphyses when young; paraphyses peltate, entire or denticulate, less often stellate or scalelike, often brown at center, pale at margin; lumina large, transparent. Sporangia usually leptosporangiate: long stalked, subpyriform, annulus longitudinal, consisting of 14 conspicuously thickened cells; less often sporangia platygyroid: subspherical, annulus of much wider thin-walled cells. Spores ellipsoid, without perispore, surface mostly rugose or undulate, less often smooth, tuberculate or foveolate. 2n = 39, 46, 50, 52, 70, 74, 94, 95, 100, 148, 150.
About 80 species; mainly in E Asia, a few in Africa, one species in Hawaii; 49 species (23 endemic) in China.
The type species is Lepisorus nudus (Hooker) Ching (Pleopeltis nuda Hooker, described from Nepal), not, as sometimes indicated, L. thunbergianus (Kaulfuss) Ching, which was not included in J. Smith’s original treatment of Pleopeltis sect. Lepisorus.
Lepisorus is complex both cytologically and morphologically with many taxa still inadequately known. Because of this, we have treated species conservatively. Though relatively recently described, the genus has become well established, especially as molecular studies have shown that the similarity to the genus Pleopeltis is probably the result of morphological convergence and that the two genera belong to phylogenetically distinct lines. These same studies (e.g., Li Wang et al., Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 54: 211–225. 2010) demonstrated that two older, but much smaller, genera, Belvisia and Drymotaenium, nest within Lepisorus, but the investigators chose to ignore priority and transfer the species involved to Lepisorus, and Lepisorus has since been formally proposed for conservation against these and a number of other potentially competing earlier names.
1a. Lamina clearly differentiated into a much wider basal vegetative portion and a much narrower apical fertile portion almost completely covered by a pair of linear sori.
2a. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, upper parts gradually attenuate into narrow fertile part, herbaceous when dry ................................................................................................................. 1. L. mucronatus
2b. Lamina ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, upper parts abruptly contracted into narrow fertile part, papery or leathery when dry.
3a. Fertile lamina tip 4–7 mm wide, sori usually distinctly separated from midrib; frond subsessile, lamina margin undulate ............................................................................................... 2. L. henryi
3b. Fertile lamina tip up to 4 mm wide, sori touching midrib; frond with 0.2–2 cm stipe, lamina margin straight ................................................................................................... 3. L. annamensis
1b. Lamina mostly with little or no differentiation between vegetative and fertile portions, sometimes sori restricted to apical portion but this only slightly narrower and sori not covering surface.
4a. Sori linear or merged into linear coenosori when mature.
5a. Sori a pair continuous linear coenosori each within a longitudinal groove alongside midrib; lamina linear 5. L. miyoshianus
5b. Sori superficial, not inserted within any grooves, often discontinuous toward base of lamina; lamina lanceolate.
6a. Rhizome scales 1–1.3 × 0.3–0.45 mm; sori linear, tip of fertile lamina abruptly narrowed 4. L. sinensis
6b. Rhizome scales 2–4 × 0.7–1 mm; sori initially separate, confluent into interrupted coenosori when mature, tip of fertile lamina more gradually narrowed.
7a. Lamina 0.4–0.8 cm wide; paraphyses with margins colorless, entire or erose 22. L. subconfluens
7b. Lamina 1–2.5 cm wide; paraphyses with margins brown and spiny ....... 24. L. confluens
4b. Sori orbicular or elliptic, separate.
8a. Rhizome long creeping, wirelike, to 1 mm in diam.; lamina 0.3–1.5 cm in width.
9a. Paraphyses to 0.2 mm in diam., very thick, with almost
opaque lumina
.............................................................................................................. 6.
L. ussuriensis
9b. Paraphyses 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., very thin, with
transparent square lumina
.................................................................................................. 7.
L. pseudoussuriensis
8b. Rhizome shortly to long creeping, not wirelike, (1–)1.5–4 mm in diam.; lamina lanceolate to linear lanceolate, margin entire, auriculate or laminae hastate, width various.
10a. Rhizome scales opaque in center, never spreading.
11a. Rhizome shortly creeping, leaves caespitose ........................................... 8. L. tosaensis
11b. Rhizome long creeping, leaves remote.
12a. Lamina linear-lanceolate, 2–5 mm wide, margin strongly revolute, protruding where covering sori so frond is like a string of beads (moniliform).
13a. Lamina to 15 cm; paraphyses with lumina dense and opaque .................. 9. L. lewisii
13b. Lamina more than 20 cm; paraphyses with lumina square and transparent 10. L. monilisorus
12b. Lamina linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, more than 5 mm in width, rarely less than 5 mm, margin not or only slightly revolute and lamina never moniliform.
14a. Paraphyses stellate, lumina dense; rhizome scales without paler margins.
15a. Laminae loriform, 60–70 cm, widest at middle ........................... 23. L. medogensis
15b. Laminae lanceolate, less than 30 cm, widest 1/3–1/2 of length from base.
16a. Sori confluent, lamina apex constricted; rhizome scales
± transparent
.................................................................................................. 24.
L. confluens
16b. Sori separate, lamina apex not constricted; rhizome
scales opaque
.................................................................................................... 25.
L. sordidus
14b. Paraphyses orbicular, lumina dense or square; rhizome scales with paler margins.
17a. Stipe base dark; scales thick; lamina sometimes moniliform due to protruding sori.
18a. Lamina linear-lanceolate, apex not constricted .......................... 11. L. heterolepis
18b. Lamina lanceolate, apex constricted, sori restricted to constricted part 12. L. luchunensis
17b. Stipe base straw-colored or chestnut-brown, scales brown to dark brown, thin; lamina not moniliform.
19a. Rhizome scales glossy; lumina of paraphyses square .............. 13. L. lineariformis
19b. Rhizome scales dull and not iridescent; lumina of paraphyses small and polygonal.
20a. Stipes mostly chestnut brown; paraphyses 0.15–0.30 mm
in diam.
14.
L. obscure-venulosus
20b. Stipes straw colored, paraphyses more than 0.3 mm in diam.
21a. Lamina broadly lanceolate, abaxial surface distinctly scaly; rhizome thick, scales dark-brown.
22a. Lamina widest at middle, abaxial surface densely scaly; sori costular, close to each other 15. L. oligolepidus
22b. Lamina widest at lower 1/3, abaxial surface more sparsely scaly; sori medial and remote 16. L. suboligolepidus
21b. Lamina lanceolate, leaf indument often absent; rhizome much slender, scales brown.
23a. Rhizome scales ovate-lanceolate, with only a narrow opaque band in center, otherwise transparent.
24a. Scales yellow-brown, ± spreading, only with a narrow opaque band at center 17. L. elegans
24b. Scales brown, imbricate, with ± opaque band
........................................................................................ 18.
L. contortus
23b. Rhizome scales lanceolate, with a broad opaque band in center part and narrow transparent margins.
25a. Rhizome scales chestnut to black in center, margins serrate; distal sori often confluent ................................................................................... 22. L. subconfluens
25b. Rhizome scales brown in center, margins entire or denticulate; sori not confluent.
26a. Rhizome scale apex not filiform; lamina widest below
middle
19.
L. thunbergianus
26b. Rhizome scale apex long and filiform; lamina widest at middle.
27a. Lamina linear, 0.3–0.5 cm wide .................................... 20. L. angustus
27b. Lamina lanceolate, 0.5–1.2 cm wide .............................. 21. L. tibeticus
10b. Rhizome scales translucent or transparent in center, spreading or adpressed.
28a. Rhizome scales with lumina dense and translucent, margin entire, rarely denticulate; paraphyses orbicular.
29a. Rhizome scales lanceolate, persistent, with distinctly paler margins, plant summer green.
30a. Rhizome scales with orbicular base and acute apex, closely appressed to rhizome, 1–2 mm, not overlapping, rhizome surface exposed, white farinose .......................... 35. L. bicolor
30b. Rhizome scales gradually acuminate, overlapping, 2.5–4 mm, rhizome surface hidden.
31a. Rhizome scales lanceolate, distinctly bicolored, dark brown center contrasting with white margins ................................................................................. 36. L. morrisonensis
31b. Rhizome scales broadly lanceolate, margin only slightly paler than center 37. L. scolopendrium
29b. Rhizome scales ovate or lanceolate, caducous or, if scales persistent, lamina to 4 cm wide, scales not distinctly bicolored; plant evergreen.
32a. Rhizome scales ovate to ovate-acuminate, margin entire, lumina isodiametric.
33a. Sori submarginal; scales ovate, thin, 2–3 mm ....................... 26. L. macrosphaerus
33b. Sori subcostular or medial; scales ovate to ovate-acuminate, thick, less than 2 mm.
34a. Sori small, close, medial or subcostular, generally extending to below middle of lamina; lamina margins undulate when dry ...................................................... 27. L. marginatus
34b. Sori large, distant, medial, generally not extending below middle of lamina; lamina margins not undulate when dry.
35a. Lamina 1.5–4 cm wide; rhizome scales 1.2–2 × 1–1.3 mm; paraphyses brown 28. L. asterolepis
35b. Lamina 1–2 cm wide; rhizome scales ca. 1 × 1 mm; paraphyses pale brown 29. L. kawakamii
32b. Rhizome scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margin entire or denticulate, lumina rectangular, rarely isodiametric.
36a. Rhizome scales ovate-lanceolate, margin denticulate; leaves widest at base 30. L. megasorus
36b. Rhizome scales lanceolate, margin entire; leaves widest at or below middle.
37a. Lamina more than 4 cm wide; rhizome scales pale brown ....... 31. L. kuchenensis
37b. Lamina 1–3 cm wide; rhizome scales brown to dark brown.
38a. Rhizome scale margin yellow-brown, center dark brown, central lumina small and square 32. L. subsessilis
38b. Rhizome scale margin pale brown, center brown, central lumina large and rectangular.
39a. Sori nearer costa; leaves less than 30 cm; rhizome 1.5–2 mm in diameter 33. L. nudus
39b. Sori nearer margin; leaves up to 65 cm; rhizome 2–4 mm in diameter 34. L. affinis
28b. Rhizome scales lanceolate, transparent, clathrate, margin denticulate; paraphyses stellate or lanceolate.
40a. Paraphyses stellate, small in diam., lumina small, often opaque; lamina leathery, evergreen, venation hidden, young leaves always red or with red costa.
41a. Lamina linear, less than 5mm wide, margin strongly revolute, protruding around mature sori so frond is moniliform; paraphyses opaque ......................................... 38. L. eilophyllus
41b. Lamina linear, or lanceolate, (2–)10–20 mm wide, margin straight, not revolute; paraphyses transparent or opaque.
42a. Lamina loriform, sori marginal ...................................................... 39. L. loriformis
42b. Lamina lanceolate, sori medial.
43a. Lamina broadly lanceolate, 2–5 cm wide .................................. 40. L. sublinearis
43b. Lamina lanceolate, less than 2 cm wide.
44a. Rhizome erect; leaves clustered .............................................. 41. L. cespitosus
44b. Rhizome creeping; leaves remote ........................................ 42. L. pseudonudus
40b. Paraphyses lanceolate, rhomboidal or deeply stellate, margin spiny, lumina uniformly large and transparent; lamina membranous, summer green, venation distinct, lamina never red or partly red.
45a. Sporangia with broad, unthickened platygyroid annulus, ± indehiscent.
46a. Lamina lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, never enlarged
at base
48.
L. clathratus
46b. Lamina hastate, pedatifid, or auriculate at base, sometimes only some fronds enlarged at base 49. L. waltonii
45b. Sporangia with normal, narrow, thickened annulus cells.
47a. Rhizome scales lanceolate, 3.5–7 × 0.7–1.2 mm wide at base, 2.5–6 × as long as wide; areoles oblong or irregularly elongated, longer than wide.
48a. Rhizome with both hairs and scales, ca. 4 mm in diam.; lamina thick, 1.9–2 cm wide 43. L. tricholepis
48b. Rhizome with few or no hairs, 1.5–3 in diam.; lamina 0.8–1.5 cm wide.
49a. Lamina membranous or thinly herbaceous, narrowly lanceolate; rhizome scales black, iridescent, 3.5–7 × 0.7–1 mm ................................................. 48. L. clathratus
49b. Lamina thickly papery, lanceolate; rhizome scales brown, brittle, 3–3.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm 44. L. crassipes
47b. Rhizome scales broadly lanceolate, 1.8–2.5 × 0.8–1.5 mm, less than 2.5 × as long as wide, areoles polygonal, ± as long as wide.
50a. Lamina 5–14 × 0.4–1.2 cm; rhizome scales < 2 × 1 mm, paraphyses margins with long thick curved spines ................................................................................ 45. L. albertii
50b. Lamina > 14 × 1–2 cm, rhizome scales 2–2.5 × 1.1–1.5 mm, paraphyses margins not like above.
51a. Lamina papery or membranous, both surfaces brown, pale brown or pale green when dried, stipe 3–10 cm; paraphyses 0.4–0.5 mm, 2–3 × as long as wide 46. L. thaipaiensis
51b. Lamina thickly papery to thinly leathery, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, or both surfaces light green when dried, stipe 2–5 cm; paraphyses 0.8–1 mm, ca. as long as wide 47. L. likiangensis
尖嘴蕨 jian zui jue
Hymenolepis mucronata Fée, Mém. Foug. 5: 82 1852; Acrostichum spicatum Linnaeus f. var. schneideri F. M. Bailey; Belvisia callifolia (Christ) Copeland; B. melanesica Brownlie; B. minor (Copeland) Copeland; B. mucronata (Fée) Copeland; B. vaupelii (C. Christensen) Copeland; Hymenolepis callifolia Christ; H. minor Copeland; H. mucronata Fée f. australiensis C. Christensen; H. mucronata f. graminifolia (Rosenstock) C. Christensen; H. mucronata f. helocharidioides C. Christensen; H. mucronata f. latior C. Christensen; H. mucronata var. nigropunctata C. Christensen; H. spicata (Linnaeus f.) C. Presl var. bakhuizenii Alderwerelt; H. spicata var. graminifolia Rosenstock; H. spicata f. longipaleacea Alderwerelt; H. spicata var. novoguineensis Rosenstock; H. spicata f. schneideri (F. M. Bailey) Alderwerelt; H. spicata var. squamulifera Alderwerelt; H. vaupelii Hieronymus ex C. Christensen; Macroplethus callifolius (Christ) Tagawa; M. vaupelii (C. Christensen) Tagawa.
Rhizome shortly creeping, ca. 3 mm in diam., scales lanceolate, margin long serrate. Fronds rather closely spaced; stipe variable in length, frond subsessile or stipe up to 7 cm; lamina pale brown when dried, sterile lower part narrowly lanceolate,10–30 × (1–)3–4 cm, herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, base attenuate and long decurrent, margins entire, apex gradually narrowed into fertile tip 3–12 × 0.1–0.3 cm with slightly recurved margins when dried. Main vein raised on both surfaces, veinlets faintly visible. Sori linear, fully covering abaxial surface of lamina when mature, paraphyses peltate and laterally affixed present, stellate, margin denticulate, ca. 0.2 mm in diam.
On tree trunks in forest understory; 1200–1600 m. Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia, Pacific islands].
隐柄尖嘴蕨 yin bing jian zui jue
Hymenolepis henryi Hieronymus ex C. Christensen, Dansk Bot. Ark. 6: 67. 1929; Belvisia henryi (Hieronymus ex C. Christensen) Raymond; Macroplethus henryi (Hieronymus ex C. Christensen) Tagawa.
Rhizomes shortly creeping, ca. 3 mm in diam., scales dark brown, lanceolate, margins long serrate at base, entire toward apex. Fronds rather closely spaced, subsessile or very shortly stipitate; lamina with sterile lower part ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 20–30 × 3–5 cm, leathery when dry, both surfaces glabrous, base attenuate and long decurrent nearly to articulation of stipe, margin slightly undulate, apex abruptly contracted into fertile tip 6–30 × 0.2–0.3 cm. Main vein raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori linear, covering abaxial surface of fertile tip when mature; paraphyses peltate, stellate, 0.2–0.3 mm in diam., margin denticulate.
On tree trunks or moss-covered rocks in forest understory; 100–1500 m. Yunnan [India, Nepal, Thailand, N Vietnam].
显脉尖嘴蕨 xian mai jian zui jue
Hymenolepis annamemsis C. Christensen, Dansk Bot. Ark. 6: 68. 1929; Belvisia annamensis (C. Christensen) Tagawa; Macroplethus annamensis (C. Christensen) Tagawa.
Rhizome shortly creeping, ca. 3 mm in diam.; scales brown, lanceolate, dentate near base, entire at apex. Fronds rather closely spaced; stipe [0.2–2]2–5 cm, narrowly winged; lamina pale brown to brown when dried, sterile lower parts ovate-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 15–50 × 3.5–4.5 cm, papery, base cuneate, decurrent, margin entire, apex contracted to linear fertile part; fertile part 6–20 × 0.5–1 cm. Main vein strong, raised on both sides, veinlets faintly visible. Sori linear, leaving a narrow sterile zone free near midrib; paraphyses peltate, stellate, margin denticulate, 0.2–0.3 mm in diam.
Among moss on shaded and wet tree trunks of forest understory; 800–1100 m. Hainan [Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].
中华瓦韦 zhong hua wa wei
Neurodium sinense Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 880. 1898; Lemmaphyllum sinense (Christ) C. Christensen; Lepisorus vittarioides Ching; Paltonium sinense (Christ) C. Christensen; Pleopeltis sinensis (Christ) Copeland; Polypodium neurodioides C. Christensen.
Plants 5–25 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 1.5–2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, iridescent, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1–1.3 × 0.3–0.45 mm, margin dentate, apex attenuate but not filiform, central part with ± opaque band, marginal lumina large and transparent. Fronds 0.2–2 cm apart; stipe straw colored, 1–3 cm, 1–1.5 mm in diam.; lamina pale brown, pale grayish or greenish, lanceolate, 15–30 × (0.2–)0.7–2 cm, widest 1/3–1/2 from base, papery or thickly papery when dried, both surfaces glabrous or with scattered orbicular or lanceolate scales, base attenuate, decurrent, apex long caudate; costa raised, veinlets obscure or slightly visible. Sori linear, on abruptly attenuate distal 1/3(–1/2) of lamina, close to margin, linear, sometimes lower part interrupted, paraphyses orbicular, sometimes slightly stellate, 2.5–3.5 mm in diam., transparent, lumina irregular.
On mossy tree trunks or rocks of evergreen broad-leaved forest understory; 1200–1900(–3600) m. SE Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
The type specimen is from Yunnan (Menzi). A very distinct species that can be easily recognized by the linear sori. Lepisorus vittarioides differed from L. sinensis only by the narrow lamina. It is only known from the type specimen which Ching cited when he described L. sinensis. We found there was no other difference between these two species, so L. vittarioides is not recognized.
丝带蕨 si dai jue
Taenitis miyoshiana Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12: 26. 1898; Drymotaenium miyoshianum (Makino) Makino; D. nakaii Hayata.
Rhizomes short and decumbent, 2.5–3.5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales mostly dark brown, triangular-lanceolate, 2–3.5(–5) × 0.8–1.5 mm, base cordate, margins denticulate; lumina small, most opaque, marginal 1 or 2 rows of cells brownish, transparent. Fronds clustered, normally pendulous; stipe straw colored, 0.2–0.4 cm; lamina narrowly linear, “Vittaria”-like, 15–60 × 0.2–0.4 cm, firm, leathery, glabrous, usually strongly revolute. Veinlets obscure, anastomosing, 1 or 2 rows of areolae on both sides of broad costa and with a few included simple veinlets. Sori located within a pair of longitudinal grooves on each side of and close to costa, linear, continuous; paraphyses peltate, stellate, margin denticulate. 0.1–0.2mm in diam. Annulus of 14(–16) thick walled cells. Spores bilateral, elliptic, transparent and smooth.
* On tree trunks in forest understory; 600–2600 m. Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India (Arunachal Pradesh), Japan].
乌苏里瓦韦 wu su li wa wei
Plant 10–15 cm tall. Rhizome slender and creeping, wirelike, 1–1.5 mm in diam., densely scaly, older parts naked; scales dark brown, basifixed with a tuft of hairs at point of attachment, lanceolate, 2–2.5 × 0.4–0.8 mm; lumina at base large and transparent, slightly isodiametric, upward abruptly narrowed, rectangular, cell wall thickened, base subrounded, margin denticulate, apex acuminate or extended into long awn. Fronds (0.3–)2–4 cm apart; stipe straw colored or brownish to dark brown, 2–8 cm, 0.5–0.8 mm in diam., smooth and glabrous; lamina linear-lanceolate, (4–)8–25 × 0.3–1.5 cm, widest 1/3–1/2 way from base, stiffly papery to subleathery, abaxially glabrous or with scattered scales, base cuneate, decurrent, margin slightly revolute, apex shortly acuminate or obtuse; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori along distal 1/3–1/2 of lamina, midway between costa and margins or nearer costa, orbicular; paraphyses dark brown, stellate or suborbicular, less than 0.3 mm in diam., lumina irregular, transparent or opaque.
In rock crevices of forest understory or shaded slopes; 700–1700 m. Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia].
The very thin rhizomes of this and the next species, Lepisorus pseudoussuriensis, are more like those seen in Lemmaphyllum and quite different from other species in Lepisorus.
1a. Lamina 1–1.5 cm wide, abaxially glabrous, apex shortly acuminate or obtuse; rhizome scales with apex extended into long awn ................................................................................... 6a. var. ussuriensis
1b. Lamina 0.3–1 cm wide, abaxially with ovate scales, apex acuminate; rhizome scales with apex acuminate ............................................................................................................................ 6b. var. distans
乌苏里瓦韦(原变种) wu su li wa wei (yuan bian zhong)
Pleopeltis ussuriensis Regel & Maack, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4: 175. 1861; Polypodium ussuriense (Regel & Maack) Regel.
Rhizome scales with apex extended into long awn. Lamina 15–25 × 1–1.5 cm, abaxially glabrous, apex shortly acuminate or obtuse.
In rock crevices of forest understory or shaded slopes; 700–1700 m. Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong [Japan, Korea, Russia].
远叶瓦韦 yuan ye wa wei
Polypodium lineare Thunberg var. distans Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 15(170): 60–61. 1901; Lepisorus distans (Makino) Ching; P. annuifrons Makino var. distans (Makino) Nakai; P. distans (Makino) Makino (1906), not Kaulfuss (1824), nor D. Don (1825), nor Raddi (1825).
Rhizome scales adpressed, apex acuminate Lamina linear-lanceolate, 8–20 × 0.3–1 cm wide, abaxially with caducous, adpressed, 0.3–0.5 mm, ovate scales, apex acuminate.
Anhui, Jiangxi, Shandong, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
拟乌苏里瓦苇 ni wu li wa wei
Lepisorus angustifrons Tagawa.
Plants 10–20 cm tall. Rhizomes slender and decumbent, wirelike, ca. 1 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales appressed, deep brown, narrowly lanceolate, 2–4 × 0.4–0.8 mm, basifixed with a tuft of hairs on point of attachment, base broadly ovate, upward attenuate, margin shortly serrate, apex extended into long awn; lumina large, isodiametric, middle ones subrectangular, walls slightly thickened. Fronds remote; stipe brown, 1.2–5(–12) cm; lamina brown on both surfaces when dried, linear-lanceolate, 10–20 × 0.3–1 cm, widest at middle, papery, with a few scattered scales, leaf scales with transparent oblong lumina, lamina base cuneate, decurrent, margin flat and straight or slightly revolute, apex shortly acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori along lower 1/3 of laminae; midway between costa and margins or nearer costa, elliptic; paraphyses brown, suborbicular, 0.3–0.4 mm in diam.; lumina large, subsquare, transparent.
* On tree trunks or moss-covered rocks of forest understory; 1000–3000 m. Taiwan.
Lepisorus pseudoussuriensis is most closely to the preceding species, L. ussuriensis. They can be distinguished easily by the paraphyses, the former has these with square transparent lumina, which are very rare in this genus. These two species also have different distributions.
阔叶瓦韦 kuo ye wa wei
Polypodium tosaense Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 127. 1913; Lepisorus infraplanicostalus (Hayata) Ching; L. paohuashanensis Ching; L. sinicus Ching & Z. Y. Liu; Polypodium hoozanense Hayata; P. infraplanicostale Hayata; P. lineare Thunberg var. caudatum Makino; P. morii Hayata.
Plants 15–30 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, less than 3 cm, 2–3 mm in diam., apex densely scaly, rest soon naked; scales basifixed, deep brown with paler margins, iridescent when young, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 2–3.5 × 0.7–1.1 mm; most lumina opaque, marginal 1 or 2 rows of cells brownish, transparent. Fronds clustered; stipe straw colored, 1–3(–5) cm, 1–1.5 mm in diam.; lamina brownish or grayish green when dried, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, both ends attenuate, (10–)13–20 × 1–2 cm, widest at middle, leathery, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, decurrent, apex acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori on distal half of lamina, costular, rarely midway between costa and margins, orbicular, 3–7 mm in diam., paraphyses orbicular, brownish with central lumina small and opaque or iridescent with lumina large and transparent. Spore surface foveolate.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory, in limestone crevices; 0–1000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Vietnam].
The type specimen is from Japan. This is a very difficult species to define and many specimens had been misidentified as Lepisorus thunbergianus. We found that L. tosaensis can be distinguished from L. thunbergianus by the short rhizome, iridescent young scales and much larger transparent lumina of the leaf scales. This species is always distributed at altitudes of less than 1000 m, while L. thunbergianus is found at relatively higher altitudes.
Lepisorus paohuashanensis differed from L. tosaensis by the much smaller fronds, 3–7 × 0.4–0.6 cm, but this is just an extreme form within in variable populations.
庐山瓦韦 lu shan wa wei
Polypodium lewisii Baker, J. Bot. 13: 201. 1875.
Plants 9–15 cm tall. Rhizomes slender and creeping, densely scaly; scales deep brown with paler margins, lanceolate, margins denticulate; central lumina opaque, marginal 1 or 2 rows of lumina brownish, transparent. Fronds closely spaced; stipe straw colored, 0.5–2 cm or subsessile; lamina yellowish or brownish gray when dried, linear, 6–15 × 0.2–0.4 cm, leathery when dried, base slightly attenuate and decurrent, margin strongly revolute, wrapped around sori, thus frond distinctly moniliform, apex obtuse; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori elliptic, on distal half of lamina, midway between costa and margins, deeply sunken in mesophyll; paraphyses brown, entire; lumina larger, transparent.
* On soil or rock crevices beside streams of forest understory; 300–1200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.
The type specimen is from Jiangxi (Lushan). A distinct species with the linear lamina distinctly beaded necklacelike (moniliform) when fertile and the rhizome scales imbricate, with opaque centers.
拟芨瓦韦 ni ji wa wei
Polypodium lineare Thunberg var. monilisorum Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4: 248. 1914.
Rhizome long creeping, ca. 1.5 mm in diam.; scales overlapping, partially caducous, brown, lanceolate, 2–4 × 0.5–1 mm, with broad opaque center, margin dentate, with one row of transparent lumina. Fronds ca. 1 cm apart; lamina usually linear, 15–20 × 0.4–0.6(–1) cm, widest at middle, leathery or thinly leathery, sparsely scaly; venation hidden. Sori restricted to distal 1/2 or narrowed apex, medial, orbicular, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., usually protruding beyond margin to give moniliform appearance; paraphyses iridescent, orbicular, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., with square transparent lumina.
* On trunks; 1000–1700 m. Taiwan.
A distinct species with laminae mostly less than 0.5 cm wide and moniliform due to the projecting beadlike sori, rarely laminae more than 0.5 cm wide and sori not beyond leaf margin. The most useful character is the transparent paraphysis with square lumina.
异叶瓦韦 yi ye wa wei
Polypodium lineare Thunberg var. heterolepis Rosenstock, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 247. 1913; Pleopeltis heterolepis (Rosenstock) Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki; Polypodium loriforme Wallich ex Mettenius var. heterolepis (Rosenstock) C. Christensen.
Plants 15–30 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam.; densely scaly when young, later naked; scales black, lanceolate, 2.5–4.5 × 0.7–1.2 mm, margin dentate, very thick in texture, opaque except for marginal 1 or 2 rows of paler, transparent cells. Fronds ca. 0.5 cm apart; stipe straw colored, more than 2 cm, 0.5–1 mm in diam., base with black scales; lamina grayish green when dried, linear-lanceolate, widest at middle, 15–30 × ca. 0.5 cm, widest at middle, leathery, with sparse, scattered small scales, base attenuate and decurrent nearly to base of stipe, margin distinctly revolute and distally undulate, apex shortly caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori along distal 1/3 of lamina, midway between costa and margins, subelliptic, ca. 2 mm in diam., extending margins to give frond a moniliform appearance; paraphyses brown, orbicular, 0.4–0.7 mm in diam., margin entire; central lumina small, thick and opaque, marginal lumina transparent. Spores monolete, surface reticulate.
* On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; ca. 2300 m. Yunnan.
绿春瓦韦 lu chun wa wei
Plants ca. 25 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly at tip; scales black, narrowly lanceolate, 2.8–3.5 × 0.5–1 mm, very thick in texture, basifixed, margin long spines, apex long acuminate; lumina fine and dense, opaque, apex with long acuminate. Fronds ca. 1 cm apart; stipe straw colored, ca. 2 cm, 1–1.5 mm in diam., base covered with black scales; lamina grayish brown when dried, narrowly lanceolate, 15–25 × 0.4–0.8(–1) cm, widest 1/3–1/2 way from base, softly leathery, both surfaces smooth, base attenuate, decurrent, apex long caudate; costa raised, veinlets obscure. Sori on narrow distal part of lamina, close to margin and usually protruding beyond when mature, rarely not, elliptic or orbicular, 2–3 mm in diam.; paraphyses orbicular, 0.25–0.35 mm in diam., margins with long and strong spines; center opaque, lumina walls thickened.
* On tree trunks of evergreen broad-leaved forest understory; 1500–1600 m. Yunnan (Luchun).
线叶瓦韦 xian ye wa wei
Lepisorus nyalamensis Ching & S. K. Wu.
Plants 10–20 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, 1.5–2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales dark brown with pale margins, iridescent, lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.5–1 mm, very thin, margin denticulate; with narrow opaque black belt in center, sometimes completely transparent, marginal 2 or 3 rows of cells subrectangular, transparent. Fronds 0.5–1 cm apart; stipe straw colored, 0.5–3 cm, 0.5–1 mm in diam.; lamina greenish when dried, linear or linear-lanceolate, 10–25 × 0.3–0.5(–4) cm, widest at middle, thinly leathery sparsely scattered with small scales, leaf scales with distinct and large lumina, base attenuate, decurrent, margin flat or only slightly revolute, apex acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori on distal 1/3–1/2 of lamina, midway between costa and margins, orbicular, 2–3.5 mm in diam.; paraphyses brown, orbicular; lumina transparent, almost square.
On tree trunks or rocks in evergreen broad-leaved forests; (200–)800–2700(–3200) m. Xizang (Mêdog), Yunnan [India, Nepal].
A distinct species with iridescent scales and paraphyses with transparent square lumina.
Lepisorus lineariformis and L. nyalamensis differed only in lamina form, linear for the former and lanceolate for the latter. We checked more specimens and found that leaf shape is not a stable character, even within a population.
粤瓦韦 yue wa wei
Polypodium obscure-venulosum Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 322. 1915 [“obscure-venulosus”]; P. suprapunctatum Ching.
Plants 10–20(–30) cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 2–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly when young, soon naked; scales brown when young, becoming dark with age, broadly lanceolate, 2–4 × 0.9–1.3 mm, margin entire; with narrow central band of deep brown and opaque lumina, most other lumina transparent. Fronds ca. 1 cm apart; stipe usually chestnut brown or straw colored, 1–5(–7) cm, 1–1.3 mm in diam.; lamina greenish or yellowish green when dried, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 12–30 × 1–2.5(–3.5) cm, normally widest 1/3 from base, thinly leathery when dried, abaxially sparsely scaly along sides of main veins, base cuneate, decurrent, apex long caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori orbicular, up to 5 mm in diam. when mature, very close-spaced, slightly contracted after maturity; paraphyses pale brown at middle, orbicular, 0.15–0.3 mm in diam.; lumina large.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 300–1500 m. Anhui?, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].
The chestnut brown stipes often used to distinguish this species are not reliable as the stipes are sometimes straw-colored. The rhizome scales fall off to leave dark long-creeping naked rhizomes; the young scales have only a narrow dark band in the center and broad transparent light brown margins; and quite small, light brown, paraphyses 0.15–0.3 mm in diam.
鳞瓦韦 lin wa wei
Polypodium oligolepidum Baker, Gard. Chron., n.s. 14: 494. 1880; Lepisorus ellipticus Ching; Pleopeltis oligolepida (Baker) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Polypodium lineare Thunberg var. oligolepidum (Baker) Christ; P. trabeculatum Copeland.
Plants 10–20 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, to 10 cm, 2–3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, sometimes with paler margins, lanceolate, 2.5–5 × up to 1 mm, very thick in center, margins serrate, central lumina opaque, marginal 1 or 2 rows of lumina brownish, transparent. Fronds 1–1.5 cm apart; stipe straw colored, to 1(–3) cm, robust, 1–1.5 mm in diam.; lamina yellowish green, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 8–18 × 1.5–3.5 cm, widest 1/3–1/2 from base, softly leathery when dried, abaxially densely scaly, scales deep brown, lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, lumina usually transparent, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, decurrent, apex acuminate; costa robust, raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori on distal half of lamina, slightly closer to costa, orbicular or elliptic, up to 4–5 mm in diam. sterile at ends, contiguous; paraphyses deep brown, orbicular, 0.4–0.6 mm in diam. center thick and dark. Spores tuberculate.
Shaded places on slopes or tree trunks or rock crevices of forest understory; 200–2300 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi?, Guizhou, Henan?, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi?, Sichuan, Xizang?, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Myanmar?, Japan].
A distinct species in Lepisorus identifiable by the broadly lanceolate fronds, less than 20 cm, abaxially rather densely covered with small scales, the large subcostular sori, very closely spaced, and the usually relatively thick rhizome, to 10 cm, with thick, dark, linear-lanceolate scales.
拟鳞瓦韦 ni lin wa wei
Pleopeltis suboligolepidus (Ching) Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki.
Plants 15–28 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, to 10 cm, 1.8–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, sometimes with paler margins, lanceolate, 2.5–5 × up to 1 mm, margins serrate, center opaque, marginal 1 or 2 rows of cells transparent or not. Fronds closely spaced; stipe straw colored, 1.5–2(–3) cm, 1–1.5 mm in diam.; lamina grayish yellow when dried, lanceolate, 15–28 × 1.5–2.5 cm, normally widest 1/3 from base, distal 1/3 abruptly attenuate, ± hard and leathery, both surfaces subglabrous, or abaxial surface occasionally sparsely scaly, scales lanceolate or suborbicular, transparent, lamina base attenuate, decurrent, apex long acuminate; costa robust, raised on both sides, veinlets faintly visible. Sori usually along distal part of lamina, midway between costa and margins or nearer costa, orbicular, 2.5–3 mm in diam.; paraphyses brown, orbicular, nearly polygonal in shape, 0.4–0.6 mm in diam., center thick and dark. Spores verrucose.
On tree trunks or rocks on slopes of forest understory; 1000–3200 m. Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [N India].
The type specimen is from Yunnan. Lepisorus suboligolepidus can be distinguished from L. oligolepidus by the sparser leaf scales, the lamina usually widest 1/3 from base, and the sori relatively small, not close to each other. This species is also close to L. tibeticus, however, the laminae of L. suboligolepidus is broadly lanceolate, not lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, and the rhizome scales linear-lanceolate, thick, with the transparent marginal lumina much larger.
片马瓦韦 pian ma wa wei
Plants 13–23 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 1.5–2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales spreading, yellow brown, broadly lanceolate, 2.7–3.5 × ca. 1 mm, thin, almost transparent, margin entire, apex awned; lumina large, nearly shortly square to square, occasionally with a narrow opaque brown band. Fronds 0.5–2 cm apart; stipe straw colored to deep brown, 1–5 cm, 0.5–1.2 mm in diam.; lamina abaxially grayish green when dried, adaxially green, lanceolate, both ends attenuate, (12–)15–25 × 1–2 cm, leathery or thinly leathery, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate, slightly decurrent, apex long caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori restricted to distal 1/3–1/2 of lamina, midway between costa and margins, orbicular, 2–3 mm in diam.; paraphyses brown, orbicular, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., margins with awn-spines; lumina small, usually opaque, sometimes transparent.
* On tree trunks of forest understory; 2000–2500 m. Yunnan (Lushui, Pianma).
Lepisorus elegans is closely allied to L. thunbergianus (Kaulfuss) Ching. It differs by the spreading, yellow brown rhizome scales which are almost transparent, only sometimes with a narrow opaque central band, in contrast to the overlapping, dark, opaque, rhizome scales of L. thunbergianus.
扭瓦韦 niu wa wei
Polypodium lineare Thunberg var. contortum Christ, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 4(1): 98. 1897; Lepisorus crassirhizoma Ching & Z. Y. Liu; L. jinfoshanensis Ching & Z. Y. Liu; Pleopeltis contorta (Christ) Alston & Bonner; Polypodium contortum (Christ) Christ; P. lineare f. contortum (Christ) Takeda.
Plants 10–25 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly when young, rhizome later naked; scales pale brown with narrow dark opaque central band, lanceolate, 2–4 × 0.6–1.5 mm, polished, margins entire or serrate. Fronds 0.5–2 cm apart; stipe normally straw colored, less often brown, (1–)2–5(–6) cm, 0.8–1.5 mm in diam.; lamina abaxially grayish yellow-green, adaxially greenish, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, (9–)15–25 × 0.4–1.5 cm, widest at middle, softly thinly leathery, base cuneate, decurrent, margin revolute when dried, apex shortly acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori restricted to distal 1/2, slightly closer to costa, orbicular or slightly ovate; paraphyses brown at center, orbicular, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., lumina dense, thick, opaque or transparent.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; (700–)2000–3500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian?, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang? [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
The type specimen is from Sichuan (Emei Shan).
瓦韦 wa wei
Pleopeltis thunbergianus Kaulfuss, Wesen Farrenkr. 113. 1827, based on Polypodium lineare Thunberg, Syst. Veg., ed. 14: 934. 1784, not N. F. Burman (1768); Drynaria subspathulata Hooker; Lepisorus calcifer Ching & Z. Y. Liu; L. linearifolius Ching & Z. Y. Liu; L. myriosorus Ching; L. nanchuanensis Ching; L. pygmaeus Ching & Z. Y. Liu; L. simulans Ching & Z. Y. Liu; L. thunbergianus var. subspathulatus (Hooker) Ching; L. undulatus Ching & Z. Y. Liu; Pleopeltis linearis T. Moore var. thunbergianum (Kaulfuss) Takeda; Polypodium lineare var. subspathulatum (Hooker) Takeda.
Plants 8–20 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly when young, later naked; scales brown, lanceolate, 2–4 × 0.4–1 mm wide, margin usually denticulate, opaque except for marginal 1 or 2 rows of transparent lumina. Fronds 0.5–2 cm apart; stipe straw colored, 1–3(–5) cm, ca. 1 mm in diam., base with 4 vascular bundles arranged in a rectangle; lamina yellowish green or greenish to brown, linear-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, (5–)10–20 × 0.5–1.3 cm, widest 1/3 from base, leathery or thinly leathery, with sparse scattered, opaque or transparent leaf scales, base attenuate, decurrent, apex acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori restricted to distal 1/2 of lamina, orbicular or elliptic, 1.5–3 mm in diam., nearly confluent after maturity; paraphyses brown, orbicular, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., lumina small, central ones thickened, opaque or transparent. Spore surface with large and shallowly reticulate ornamentation. 2n = 50, 51, 75, 76, 100, 101, 102, 103 (diploid, triploid, tetraploid, with irregular meiosis in some triploid plants).
On tree trunks or rocks on slopes of forest understory; 1000–2000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, NE India, Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Nepal, Philippines].
The type specimen is from Japan.
狭叶瓦韦 xia ye wa wei
Lepisorus nanchuanensis Ching; L. thunbergianus (Kaulfuss) Ching var. angustus (Ching) Sa. Kurata; Polypodium lineare Thunberg f. caudatoattenuatum Takeda.
Plants 12–25 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, 1.5–2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown with paler margins, lanceolate, 2–3.5 × 0.5–0.9 mm, margin slightly denticulate, apex often long and filiform, center opaque, marginal 1 or 2 rows of lumina elongate, transparent. Fronds closely spaced; stipe straw colored, 1.5–3 cm, 0.8–1.2 mm in diam., base with 4 vascular bundles; lamina greenish or yellowish green to grayish green when dried, narrowly lanceolate, (10–)15–25 × 0.3–0.5 cm, widest at middle, leathery, abaxially sparsely scaly, scales small, lanceolate, transparent or with center opaque, base attenuate, long decurrent, margin straight or slightly sinuate, apex long acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori on distal half of lamina, slightly closer to costa, elliptic, orbicular, or shortly club-shaped, 1.5–2 mm in diam.; paraphyses deep brown, suborbicular, 0.2–0.35 mm in diam., central lumina dense, thick, opaque or transparent. Spore surface foveolate.
* On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; (900–)2000–2800(–3500) m. Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, S Zhejiang.
The type specimen is from Sichuan. Lepisorus angustus is allied to the L. thunbergianus complex, differing only by the linear lamina. Material from Yichang transplanted into a greenhouse produced lanceolate new leaves so status of this species needs further study.
西藏瓦韦 xi zang wa wei
Lepisorus niger Ching; L. pseudoangustus Ching.
Plants 15–35 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown with pale margins, linear-lanceolate, 3–5 × 0.7–1.2 mm, margin entire or denticulate, apex often long and filiform, opaque except for marginal 1 or 2 rows of paler, transparent, lumina. Fronds 0.5–1.5 cm apart; stipe straw colored, 1–5 cm, 1–1.5 mm in diam., base with 3 vascular bundles arranged in a triangle; lamina grayish green to grayish yellow, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 12–32 × 0.5–1.8 cm, widest at middle, thinly leathery when dried, sparsely scaly, scales small, opaque or transparent, base attenuate, long decurrent, margin straight or slightly revolute, apex long caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori on distal 1/2–2/3 of lamina, midway between costa and margins, orbicular or elliptic, 2–4 mm in diam.; paraphyses brown, suborbicular, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., margin entire; lumina dense, center thickened, opaque or transparent. Spore surface deeply and sparsely foveolate.
* On tree trunks or in rock crevices of dense forest understory; 1900–3700 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
The type specimen is from Xizang. Lepisorus contortus, L. thunbergianus, and L. tibeticus are widely distributed species in China, closely allied to each other and very difficult to distinguish. Lepisorus tibeticus is relatively large with laminae 22–33 cm, whereas the lamina is not more than 18 cm in L. thunbergianus. The rhizome scales of L. thunbergianus are linear-lanceolate, and opaque except for one or two row of transparent lumina at margin, while the scales of L. contortus have a broad base, and are transparent except for one or two rows of opaque lumina in center. We checked more specimens and found L. contortus and L. thunbergianus to be altitudinally vicarious, the former at higher altitudes relative to the latter. Lepisorus tibeticus is a more difficult species to define: the scales are linear-lanceolate, often with a long and filiform apex, while the size of the opaque center varies continuously with altitude. For convenience we have treated the specimens from montane forest in Sichuan, Yunnan and Xizang as L. tibeticus.
连珠瓦韦 lian zhu wa wei
Plants 15–27 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales bicolored, chestnut to black with pale margins, lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.5–1 mm, margins serrate, central lumina opaque, marginal 1 or 2 rows of lumina transparent. Fronds remote; stipe straw colored, 0.5–5 cm; lamina yellowish green when dried, linear, 10–20 × 0.4–0.8 cm, leathery when dried, margin slightly revolute; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori elliptic or orbicular, ± confluent into a pair of linear coenosori when mature. Paraphyses brown with colorless margins, suborbicular, margins entire or erose.
On tree trunks or rocks of mixed forest understory; 2600–3600 m. Yunnan [NE India].
Lepisorus subconfluens is a poorly known species of uncertain status and relationships.
墨脱瓦韦 mo tuo wa wei
Lepisorus zosterifolius Ching & Y. X. Lin.
Plants ca. 60 cm. Rhizomes creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales black, lanceolate, 2–3.5 × 0.7–1 mm, very thick; lumina totally opaque. Fronds ca. 0.5 cm apart; stipe straw colored, 8–13 cm, ca. 1 mm in diam.; lamina grayish green on both surfaces when dried, linear-lanceolate, 40–60 × 0.6–2 cm, stiffly papery, glabrous, base attenuate, decurrent, margin undulate, apex attenuate, long caudate; costa raised on both sides; veinlets indistinct. Sori almost throughout lamina, midway between costa and margins, elliptic or orbicular; paraphyses dark, stellate, 0.2–0.3 mm in diam., opaque and thick.
* On tree trunks; ca. 1800 m. Xizang (Mêdog).
Lepisorus medogensis is similar to L. loriformis Wallich ex Ching, but the scales are appressed and opaque, not spreading, transparent and iridescent, and the sori are midway between the costa and the margins, not close to the margins. The types of L. zosterifolius and L. medogensis are from the same collection, and differ only in lamina width: 0.5–0.9 cm wide for L. zosterifolius, 1.2–2 cm for L. medogensis. The rhizome scales and paraphyses are identical, so L. zosterifolius is not accepted.
汇生瓦韦 hui sheng wa wei
Lepisorus iridescens Ching & Y. X. Lin.
Plants 10–25 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, 2–4 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown to deep brown, iridescent, lanceolate, 2–4 × 0.7–1 mm, almost transparent, margins serrate, apex acuminate; lumina oblong, Fronds up to 1 cm apart; stipe straw colored or brown, 0.3–5 cm; lamina brown, grayish green or pale green when dried, narrowly lanceolate, (15–)20–30 × 1–2.5 cm, widest nearly 1/3–1/2 from base, distal up to 1/3 abruptly attenuate and fertile, thinly leathery when dried, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely scaly, base cuneate, decurrent, margin flatly straight or slightly revolute, apex long caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori restricted to narrowed apex, medial or slightly closer to costa, elliptic to shortly linear at beginning, confluent into linear interrupted coenosorus when mature; paraphyses deep brown, stellate, 0.35–0.5 mm in diam., scalelike, margins brown and spiny; lumina large.
* On tree trunks under evergreen broad-leaved forests; 2200–2600 m. Yunnan.
A distinctive species that can be distinguished by the linear coenosori, the overlapping, iridescent, almost transparent, rhizome scales, and the stellate paraphyses.
黑鳞瓦韦 hei lin wa wei
Polypodium sordidum C. Christensen, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 26: 320. 1931; Lepisorus sordidus f. rostrata Ching.
Plants 20–40 cm tall. Rhizomes shortly creeping, 2.5–3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales narrowly lanceolate, 2.5–4 × 0.5–1 mm, lumina usually thick and totally opaque, sometimes thin and transparent. Fronds closely spaced; stipe straw colored, 3–12 cm, thick, ca. 2 mm in diam.; lamina grayish green, ovate-lanceolate, widest 1/3 from base, both ends abruptly narrowed, 20–35 × 2–3 cm, nearly softly leathery, both surfaces smooth when dried, base decurrent, apex long caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori restricted to distal 1/3 on narrow distal part of lamina, orbicular, ca. 4 mm in diam., midway between costa and margins; paraphyses dark brown, peltate, rounded-stellate, 0.2–0.3 mm in diam., margin with long and strong spines; lumina opaque, thick and dark colored, or thin and brown.
On trunks of broad-leaved trees beside steams; 1200–1400 m. Sichuan, Yunnan [India].
Lepisorus sordidus is a very rare species in China. The dark and opaque rhizome scales and stellate paraphyses are as in L. medogensis, but it differs by the broadly lanceolate leaves. The collections from Mt. Emei usually have the scales and paraphyses thin and brown in color.
大瓦韦 da wa wei
Polypodium macrosphaerum Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 55. 1895; Lepisorus macrosphaerus f. maximus (Ching) Y. X. Lin; L. macrosphaerus var. maximus Ching; L. macrosphaerus f. minimus (Ching) Y. X. Lin; L. macrosphaerus var. minimus Ching; Pleopeltis macrosphaera (Baker) Panigrahi & Patnaik; Polypodium intramarginale Baker ex Christ.
Plants usually 20–40 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, 2.2–3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales caducous, basifixed, brown, ovate or ovate-acuminate, 2–3 × 1–2 mm, margin entire, apex obtuse; central lumina subrectangular, luminal walls thickened and dark colored, marginal lumina polygonal, colored. Fronds 0.5–2 cm apart; stipe mostly straw colored, 3–16 cm, 1–2 mm in diam.; lamina abaxially gray-green or brownish, adaxially yellowish green or brown, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, (7–)20–40 × (0.7–)1.5–5 cm, widest at middle, thickly leathery, with small sparse scales, base cuneate, decurrent, margin straight or slightly undulate, apex shortly acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets normally obscure. Sori marginal or submarginal, orbicular or elliptic, much raised on abaxial surface of lamina, depressed on adaxial surface of lamina; paraphyses brown, orbicular, 0.5–0.8 mm in diam., margin entire.
* On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 900–3400 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
The type specimen is from Yunnan (Menzi).
有边瓦韦 you bian wa wei
Plants 18–25 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, brown, 2–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly and softly brown hairy when young, later naked except near phyllopodia; scales brown with a dark apex, basifixed or peltate, broadly ovate-acuminate, 0.5–1.5 mm long and wide, margin entire; lumina fine and dense, bases with usually adherent soft hairs. Fronds 0.2–3 cm apart; stipe straw colored, 1–7(–10) cm, 1–1.5 mm in diam., smooth; lamina yellowish green on both surfaces when dried, narrowly lanceolate, 15–25 × 2–3(–4) cm, widest at middle, abaxially ± with small adnate brown ovate scales, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, decurrent, margin narrowly callose, ± revolute and undulate when dried, apex acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori midway between costa and margins, orbicular or elliptic, 2.5–4 mm in diam., closely spaced, much raised on abaxial surface, depressed on adaxial surface; paraphyses brown, orbicular, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam.
* On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 900–2800 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.
The type specimen is from Sichuan.
Chinese pinyin
Polypodium asterolepis Baker, J. Bot. 26: 230. 1888; Lepisorus longipes Ching & Z. Y. Liu; L. macrosphaerus (Baker) Ching var. asterolepis (Baker) Ching; P. excavatum Bory ex Willdenow var. asterolepis (Baker) C. Christensen; P. macrosphaerum Baker var. asterolepis (Baker) C. Christensen.
Plants 12–28 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, 1.8–3 mm in diam., mostly naked and brown, densely scaly when young; scales basifixed, brown with paler margins, ovate-acuminate to ovate, 1.2–2 × 0.8–1.5 mm, margin entire; lumina uniformly small and dense, transparent. Fronds 0.5–2 cm apart; stipe straw colored, 3–7(–15) cm, 1–2 mm in diam.; lamina normally yellow or yellowish on both surfaces when dried, broadly lanceolate, (10–)15–30 × 1.2–4 cm, widest 1/3 from base, leathery, glabrous, or occasionally with sparse adnate scales, base abruptly attenuate, cuneate and decurrent, margin usually flat or slightly undulate, apex rounded-obtuse; costa raised on both sides, veinlets faintly visible. Sori on distal half of lamina, midway between costa and margins, orbicular or elliptic, 3–4 mm in diam., raised abaxially and sunken adaxially; paraphyses brown, orbicular, 0.4–0.55 mm in diam., transparent.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 700–2000(–3500) m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [S India, Japan, Nepal].
The type specimen is from Shaanxi (Huxian). The combination Lepisorus asterolepis was not validated in the place of publication usually given (Fl. Jiangsu 1: 74. 1977) as there was no reference to the basionym.
鳞瓦葦 lin wa wei
Polypodium kawakamii Hayata, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23: 77. 1909.
Rhizome long creeping, 2–3 mm in diam., scales caducous, mainly at apex and near phyllopodia; scales ovate or ovate-acuminate, 1–1.2 × 1–1.1 mm, basifixed, margin entire, apex acuminate; lumina uniformly small. Fronds 0.5–1.5 cm apart; stipe 7–15 cm, 1.5–2 mm in diam.; lamina linear-lanceolate, 25–40 × 1–2 cm, widest at or below middle, leathery or softly leathery; leaf scales orbicular or lanceolate; veinlets obscure. Sori medial or sometimes nearer margin, 3–4.5 mm in diam.; paraphyses orbicular, 0.5–0.7 mm in diam., usually very thin.
* On tree trunks of forest understory; 1800–2000 m. Taiwan.
Lepisorus kawakamii has often been treated as a synonym of L. megasorus (C. Christensen) Ching. The two species can be distinguished as follows: in L. kawakamii the lamina is linear-lanceolate, the rhizome scales are usually ovate or ovate-acuminate with entire margins, and the paraphyses small, thin and pale brown, while in L. megasorus the lamina is lanceolate, widest near the base, the rhizome scales lanceolate with denticulate margins, and the paraphyses relatively large, thick and brown. Sometimes, the scales in L. kawakamii are lanceolate, but the linear-lanceolate lamina, thin paraphyses and much closer sori are reliable markers for this species.
宝岛瓦韦 bao dao wa wei
Polypodium megasorum C. Christensen, Index Filic. fasc. 9: 544. 1906, based on Polypodium macrosorum Baker, J. Bot. 23: 106. 1885, not Fée (1850); P. hypochrysum Hayata.
Rhizome long creeping, 2–4 mm in diam., usually naked except for scales at apex and near phyllopodia; scales brown with paler margins, ovate-lanceolate, 2–4 × 1–1.5 mm, basifixed, broad base contrasting with long acuminate apex, margin minutely denticulate; lumina subrhomboid to rectangular. Fronds 0.5–2 cm apart; stipe straw-colored to deep brown, 5–25 cm, 1–2 mm in diam.; lamina lanceolate, 15–40 × 1.5–4 cm, widest toward base, leathery or softly leathery; leaf scales orbicular or lanceolate; lumina brown and hyaline; veinlets obscure. Sori midway between costa and margins, 3–3.5 mm in diam.; paraphyses 0.5–0.8 mm in diam.
* On tree trunks of forest understory; 500–800 m. Taiwan.
瑶山瓦韦 yao shan wa wei
Polypodium kuchenense Y. C. Wu, Bull. Dept. Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 3: 276. 1932; Pleopeltis kuchenensis (Y. C. Wu) Á. Löve & D. Löve.
Plants 15–30 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, flattened when dry, 3–5 mm wide, strong, persistently scaly; scales appressed, brownish, lanceolate, 3–5 × 1.3–2 mm, clathrate, membranous, margins slightly undulate; lumina subsquare, isodiametric. Fronds 1–2 cm apart; stipe straw colored or brownish, 2–10 cm, 1–2 mm in diam.; lamina deep brown on both surfaces or abaxially greenish and adaxially grayish green when dried, broadly lanceolate, (12–)20–30 × 3.5–6 cm, widest 1/3–1/2 from base, normally membranous, less often herbaceous or thinly papery, leaf scales not easily seen, base attenuate or abruptly attenuate, decurrent, margin flat, straight or slightly undulate, apex acute or long caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obviously visible. Sori midway between costa and margins, orbicular or elliptic, 4–6 mm in diam.; paraphyses brown, orbicular, 0.4–0.8 mm in diam.; lumina large.
* On tree trunks, forest understory on wet rocky cliffs; 1200–1700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Taiwan?, Yunnan.
A very rare and distinct species, distinguished by the broadly lanceolate fronds, large medial sori, and large, pale brown scales.
The type specimen is from Guangxi (Yaoshan). The occurrence in Taiwan is based on a single collection from 1940 (Imaseki 70500 (TNS)) and it has not been possible to relocate this taxon in Taiwan (R. Knapp, Ferns and Fern Allies of Taiwan: 464, 785. 2011).
短柄瓦韦 duan bin wa wei
Plants 10–25 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 2–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly, persistent only at apex and near phyllopodia; scales bicolored, deep brown with brownish to nearly colorless margins, lanceolate, 2.5–4 × 0.8–1.5 mm, basifixed, margins erose, apex shortly acuminate; middle lumina nearly isodiameter, transparent. Fronds 0.5–1.5 cm apart; stipe ± deep brown, 0.5–1.5 cm, hard and smooth; lamina pale green when fresh, abaxially grayish brown, adaxially deep brown when dried, narrowly lanceolate, 18–30 × 1–2.5 cm., widest at or below middle, thinly leathery, leaf scales orbicular or narrowly lanceolate, lumina brown, hyaline, base cuneate, decurrent, margin slightly revolute, apex shortly acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori on distal half of lamina, closer to margin, orbicular, 2–3 mm in diam.; paraphyses brown, orbicular, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam.; lumina small, thick walled, transparent.
* On limestone rocks of shaded forest understory; 800–1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi (Fengshan).
Lepisorus subsessilis is a rare species, endemic to limestone areas, with bicolored rhizome scales with brown margins and darker center, and leathery, evergreen fronds which distinguish it from species of sect. Pachyphyllon.
吉隆瓦韦 ji long wa wei
Pleopeltis nuda Hooker, Exot. Fl. 1: t. 63. 1823; Drynaria nuda (Hooker) Fée; Lepisorus gyirongensis Ching & S. K. Wu; L. leiopteris (Kunze) Bir & Trikha; Phymatodes nuda (Hooker) J. Smith; Pleopeltis leiopteris (Kunze) S. Singh & Panigrahi; Polypodium loriforme Hooker; P. leiopteris Kunze; P. nudiusculum Kunze.
Plants 15–23 cm tall. Rhizomes slender and creeping, 1.5–2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales ± dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.6–1.2 mm, basifixed, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate; middle lumina elongate, wall thickened, transparent. Fronds 0.5–1 cm apart; stipe deep brown, 1–5 cm, 0.8–1 mm in diam., smooth; lamina gray-green or brown on both surfaces when dried, lanceolate, 15–30 × 0.1–2 cm, widest at middle, softly leathery or leathery, very sparsely scaly, base cuneate and decurrent, margin flat and straight or slightly recurved, apex shortly acuminate. Main veins raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori along distal 1/3 of lamina, slightly closer to costa, suborbicular, 2–2.5 mm in diam., slightly raised abaxially and sunken adaxially; paraphyses deep brown, orbicular, 0.4–0.55 mm in diam.; middle lumina subsquare and transparent.
On rocks of forest understory; 1500–2400 m. Xizang (Jilong), Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand].
海南瓦韦 hai nan wa wei
Lepisorus longifolius Ching (1959), not (Blume) Holttum (1955); L. longus Ching.
Plants 67–70 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, 2–4 mm in diam., densely scaly at tip; scales brownish, ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–4 × 1–1.5 mm, basifixed, base broadly rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate; lumina isodiametric, brownish, transparent. Fronds 0.5–2 cm apart; stipe straw colored to deep brown, 2–15 cm, 1.5–2 mm in diam., hard and smooth; base with 3 vascular bundles arranged in a triangle; lamina deep brown or gray-green on both surfaces when dried, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 20–65 × 1–3.2 cm, widest at or below middle, leathery or sometimes soft leathery, leaf scales orbicular or lanceolate, lumina brown, base narrowly cuneate and decurrent, margin entire, apex obtuse or acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori closer to margin, orbicular or elliptic, 3–4 mm in diameter; paraphyses 0.35–0.5 mm in diam.
* On tree trunks of forest understory; 900–1700 m. Hainan (Qiongzhong).
Lepisorus longus was distinguished from L. affinis by its narrow fronds. The widths of fronds are variable even on one rhizome, and the rhizome scales, epidermis, and spore ornamentation show very little difference, so L. longus is treated as a synonym of L. affinis.
二色瓦韦 er se wa wei
Polypodium excavatum Bory ex Willdenow var. bicolor Takeda.
Plants 15–30(–35) cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, strong, 3–4 mm in diam., surface exposed between scales, white farinose; scales closely appressed, bicolored, nearly black with much paler brown margins, broadly ovate-lanceolate; ca. 1 × 1 mm, margins brownish and with irregular sharp spines, apex acuminate; lumina fine and dense; scales at rhizome apex denser, lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.7–1.2 mm. Fronds closely spaced or remote; stipe (1–)2–3.5(–8) cm, robust, 1.3–1.5 mm in diam., sparsely scaly; lamina brownish or gray-green on both surfaces when dried, lanceolate, widest 1/3–1/2 from base, both ends attenuate, (8–)10–28(–35) × 1–4 cm, widest 1/3–1/2 from base, herbaceous or thinly papery, abaxially with sparse adnate scales, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, long decurrent, margin flatly straight and entire, apex acuminate or obtuse; costa raised on both sides, veinlets normally obscure. Sori usually along distal half of lamina, or near end of lamina, closer to costa, elliptic or suborbicular, 2–5 mm in diam.; paraphyses black, suborbicular. 0.5–0.8 mm in diam., membranous, margins erose; central lumina large and transparent, with marginal lumina irregular, cell walls brown, thickened.
In rock crevices beside streams of forest understory or at roadsides on mountain slopes; 1000–3300 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Nepal].
Lepisorus bicolor is very common in montane forests in SW China, particularly Yunnan. The rhizome scales are of two types: those on the mature rhizome are very small and closely appressed; those at the rhizome apex are much larger and lanceolate. The bicolored scales resemble those of the following species, but L. morrisonensis has the rhizome concealed by uniformly large scales with white, not brown, margins.
Christ (Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 876. 1898) treated material of Lepisorus bicolor as Polypodium oligolepidium Baker.
白边瓦韦 bai bian wa wei
Polypodium morrisonense Hayata, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23: 77. 1909.
Plants 10–30 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, strong, densely scaly; scales deep brown, broadly lanceolate; middle lumina small, square to rectangular, cell walls thickened, cell cavities narrow, opaque, margins brownish and transparent and usually erose, apex acuminate, attached by one point. Fronds normally closely spaced; stipe straw colored, 1–3 cm, sparsely scaly; lamina when dried greenish on both surfaces or abaxially yellowish, adaxially gray-green, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, widest at middle, 12–30 × 1–3 cm, herbaceous to thickly papery, base attenuate, decurrent, margin flat and straight, apex acuminate or shortly acute; costa raised on both sides, abaxially sparsely scaly; veinlets visible. Sori orbicular, slightly closer to costa; paraphyses brown, orbicular; lumina large, transparent.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 1300–4100 m. Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
Collections named as Lepisorus morrisonensis from Yunnan have peltate, distinctly clathrate rhizome scales with dark brown walls and transparent lumen.
棕鳞瓦韦 zong lin wa wei
Lepisorus excavatus (Bory ex Willdenow) Ching var. scolopendrium Buchanan-Hamilton ex Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 4(3): 69. 1933, based on Polypodium scolopendrium Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 1. 1825, not P. scolopendria N. L. Burman, Fl. Indica, 232. 1768; Drynaria sesqipedalis J. Smith, nom. illeg.; Lepisorus paleparaphysus Y. X. Lin; L. sesquipedalis (J. Smith) Fraser-Jenkins, nom. illeg.; L. virescens Ching & S. K. Wu; Pleopeltis scolopendrium (Buchanan-Hamilton ex Ching) Alston & Bonner; Polypodium excavatum Bory ex Willdenow var. concolor Takeda.
Plants 15–30 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, strong, 3–6 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales appressed, brown, lanceolate, 4–6 × 0.8–3 mm, thin in texture, margin entire, apex acuminate; lumina subsquare and transparent. Fronds 0.2–2 cm apart; stipe straw colored, 2–3(–5) cm, 1–2 mm in diam., sparsely scaly at base; lamina reddish brown on both surfaces when dried, narrowly lanceolate, 12–45 × (1–)1.5–4.5 cm, widest at or below middle, herbaceous or thinly papery, abaxially with small, lanceolate, scales on costa, bicolored, margin ± flat, straight or slightly undulate, apex acute or long caudate-acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets slightly visible. Sori usually along distal half of lamina, close to costa, orbicular or elliptic, 2–3 mm in diam.; paraphyses usually brown, sometimes colorless on immature fronds, orbicular, 0.5–0.7 mm in diam., margin entire.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; (500–)1400–2800(–3200) m. Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
The original name, Polypodium scolopendrium, must be considered a homonym of P. scolopendria, the basionym of Phymatosorus scolopendria (N. L. Burman) Pichi Sermolli. The epithet was validated at varietal rank by Ching and later elevated to species rank by Mehra and Bir. Smith published Drynaria sesqipedalis as an intended new name for P. scolopendrium D. Don, not of N. L. Burman, but included Pleiopeltis nuda Hooker, thus making it illegitimate. Fraser-Jenkins missed this when publishing Lepisorus sesuipedalis to use for this taxon. Bir and Trikha (Amer. Fern J. 64(2): 54. 1974) chose Lepisorus leiopteris (Kunze) Bir & Trikha as the name for this taxon but Fraser-Jenkins (Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes, 38. 2008) claims that Polypodium leiopteris is a synonym of Lepisorus nudus (Hooker) Ching.
Lepisorus virescens was separated from L. scolopendrium by having the lamina less than 20 cm, thin in texture, and with narrowly attenuate base merging into an indistinct stipe and the plagiotropic, oblong sori, closer to the costa than to the margin. We checked more specimens and observed living plants and found that there is considerable variation in these leaf characters, such that they cannot be used to distinguish taxa. Lepisorus virescens is just a juvenile form of L. scolopendrium. Lepisorus paleparaphysus was distinguished from L. scolopendrium by the nearly colorless paraphyses. We checked more specimens and found colorless paraphyses present within other species of this section, especially in immature laminae.
高山瓦韦 gao shan wa wei
Polypodium eilophyllum Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 204. 1900, based on P. involutum Baker, J. Bot. 27: 177. 1889, not Desvaux (1811), nor Mettenius (1856); Lepisorus neolewisii K. H. Shing; L. pseudolewisii K. H. Shing.
Plants 15–37 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, strong, 2–3 mm in diam., densely scaly, sometimes becoming naked with age; scales spreading, dark brown with narrow, transparent, colorless margins, iridescent, lanceolate with broadly ovate base, 2–3.5 × 0.5–1.2 mm; lumina mostly opaque, small, square at base, oblong at apex, cell walls thickened. Fronds remote or closely spaced; stipe straw colored, frond sessile or stipe up to 2(–3) cm, 1.1–1.5 mm in diam., sparsely scaly; lamina reddish brown, gray-brown, or greenish on both surfaces when dried, linear, 12–30(–40) × 0.2–0.4 cm, usually widest 1/3 from base, herbaceous or thinly papery, abaxially with sparse adnate scales, base attenuate, decurrent, margins strongly or slightly revolute when dried, apex shortly acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets slightly visible. Sori restricted to distal 1/3–1/2 of lamina, slightly closer to costa, orbicular or elliptic, 1–2 mm in diam., protruding to give lamina moniliform appearance; paraphyses brown, orbicular, 0.2–0.3 mm in diam., margin entire; central lumina large, transparent, entire.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 1000–3300 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Thailand].
A distinct species in Lepisorus by the spreading and partly transparent rhizome scales, and the linear moniliform, thickly leathery, lamina.
Material of Lepisorus eilophyllus was variously treated by Christ as Polypodium lewisii Baker (Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Soc. Ital., n.s. 4: 97. 1897, also by Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 204. 1901), P. lineare Thunberg (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(Mém. 1): 14. 1905), and P. contortum (Christ) Christ (Bot. Gaz. 51: 347. 1911).
带叶瓦韦 dai ye wa wei
Polypodium loriforme Wallich ex Mettenius, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 1: 92. 1857; Drynaria loriformis (Wallich ex Mettenius) J. Smith; Pleopeltis loriformis (Wallich ex Mettenius) T. Moore; Polypodium excavatum Bory ex Willdenow var. loriforme (Wallich ex Mettenius) C. Christensen; P. lineare Thunberg var. loriforme (Wallich ex Mettenius) Takeda; P. mengtzeanum Baker; P. subimmersum Baker; P. subimmersum f. mengtzeanum (Baker) Takeda.
Plants 20–30 cm tall. Rhizomes long creeping, 1–2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales spreading, dark or light brown, iridescent, ovate-lanceolate, 2.2–6 × 0.8–1.5 mm, brittle, base broadly ovate, margin denticulate, apex long acuminate; lumina isodiametric at base, and oblong at apex, large and transparent. Fronds clustered, to 0.5 cm apart; stipe 0–7 cm, 0.8–1 mm in diam.; lamina yellowish on both surfaces when dried, linear, (13–)20–40 × 0.2–2.5 cm, widest at middle, softly leathery to thickly leathery, abaxially sparsely scaly, leaf scales lanceolate, transparent; lamina margins strongly revolute when dried, apex acuminate; costa raised on both sides, red when fresh, veinlets obscure. Sori close to margin and usually covered by undulate, revolute margin, subovate, orbicular, or shortly clavate, 1.5–3 mm in diam.; paraphyses nearly black, irregularly stellate, 0.15–0.3 mm in diam., transparent, margin with long spines.
On tree trunks or in rock crevices of forest understory; 2000–3000 m. Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal].
A distinct species with spreading and transparent rhizome scales, red new leaves, mature leaves with a red costa when fresh, marginal sori, and stellate paraphyses.
1a. Lamina 20–40 × (0.5–)0.8–1.8 cm ................................................................ 38a. var. loriformis
1b. Lamina 30–60 × 0.2–0.5 cm ............................................................................. 38b. var. steniste
带叶瓦韦(原变种) dai ye wa wei (yuan bian zhong)
Polypodium loriforme Wallich ex Mettenius, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 1: 92. 1857; Drynaria loriformis (Wallich ex Mettenius) J. Smith; Lepisorus xiphiopteris (Baker) W. M. Chu ex Y. X. Lin; L. yunnanensis Ching; Pleopeltis loriformis (Wallich ex Mettenius) T. Moore; Polypodium excavatum Bory ex Willdenow var. loriforme (Wallich ex Mettenius) C. Christensen; P. lineare Thunberg var. loriforme (Wallich ex Mettenius) Takeda; P. mengtzeanum Baker; P. subimmersum Baker; P. subimmersum f. mengtzeanum (Baker) Takeda.
Rhizome 1.5–2 mm in diam.; scales dark or light brown, 2.2–5 × (0.5–)0.8–1.5 mm. Lamina linear-lanceolate, 20–40 × 0.5–2.5 cm, widest at middle. Sori 2–3 mm in diam.; paraphyses 0.2–0.3 mm in diam.
* On tree trunks or in rock crevices in forest understory; 2000–2700 m. Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
The type specimen is from Hubei. The name was first used by Wallich (Numer. List no. 271. 1828, nom. nud.).
狭叶瓦韦 xia ye wa wei
Polypodium lineare Thunberg var. steniste C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 559. 1880; Lepisorus steniste (C. B. Clarke) Y. X. Lin; Pleopeltis linearis T. Moore var. steniste (C. B. Clarke) Beddome; Polypodium lineare f. steniste (C. B. Clarke) Takeda; P. loriforme Wallich ex Mettenius f. angustifrons (Takeda) C. Christensen; P. oblongisorum C. Christensen; P. subintegrum Baker; P. subimmersum Baker f. angustifrons Takeda.
Rhizome 1–1.5 mm in diam., scales light brown, 3–6 × 1–1.2 mm. Laminae linear, 30–60 × 0.2–0.5 cm. Sori 1.5–2 mm in diam.; paraphyses 0.15–0.3 mm in diam.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory. Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Myanmar, Nepal].
Lepisorus loriformis and L. steniste differ only in lamina width, the former with laminae 0.5–2.5 cm wide and the latter not more than 0.4 cm, much longer, various from. These two species are sympatric, and the former usually occur in higher altitude, so species rank has not been accepted. This is not accepted by Li Wang et al. (Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 54: 221. 2010) whose molecular analysis placed the two taxa within different well-supported subclades.
滇瓦韦 dian wa wei
Polypodium sublineare Baker & Takeda, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 276. 1915; Lepisorus lancifolius Ching.
Plants 15–25 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, strong, 1.8–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly, sometimes becoming naked when old; scales adnate, lanceolate with broadly ovate base, 2.5–4 × 0.8–1.2 mm, clathrate, thin and brittle, base ovate, margin denticulate, apex long acuminate, lumina large and transparent, isodiametric at base, and oblong at apex. Fronds up to 1 cm apart; stipe straw colored, (1–)2.5–5.5 cm, 0.8–1.5 mm in diam.; lamina grayish green or brownish on both surfaces when dried, broadly lanceolate, 14–30 × 1.4–5 cm, widest 1/3–1/2 from base, softly leathery, abaxially sparsely scaly; leaf scales lanceolate, transparent, base attenuate, decurrent, apex shortly acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori on distal half of lamina, midway between costa and margins or nearer costa, orbicular, 3–4 mm in diam.; paraphyses brown, stellate, 0.3–0.35 mm in diam. lumina transparent.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 1800–2500(–3000) m. Yunnan [ Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Vietnam].
Lepisorus sublinearis can distinguished by the broadly lanceolate fronds and medial sori. Lepisorus lancifolius is known only from the type specimen from Yangbi and can not be separated by leaf shape, scales or paraphyses and so is not accepted.
丛生瓦韦 cong sheng wa wei
Plants 15–25 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent, 2–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales deep brown, lanceolate with broadly ovate base, 3–4.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm, margin denticulate, apex long acuminate; lumina small, subsquare, thick in texture, transparent, thick-walled. Fronds clustered; stipe straw colored, frond subsessile or stipe up to 0.5 cm; lamina when dried abaxially grayish green or yellowish, adaxially brownish, lanceolate, (13–)25–30 × 1.2–2 cm, widest at or below middle, leathery or softly leathery, abaxially sparsely scaly; leaf scales brown, lanceolate, small, margin denticulate, lumina thick and indistinct, base attenuate and decurrent nearly to base of stipe, margin flat and straight or slightly undulate, apex attenuate, long caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori medial or closer to margin, orbicular, 3–4 mm in diam.; paraphyses deep brown, stellate, opaque.
* On tree trunks or rocks of evergreen broad-leaved forest understory; 1600–2000 m. Xizang.
Lepisorus cespitosus is only known from the type from Mêdog. The fronds are similar to those of L. loriformis, however, the scales, leaf scales and with thick walled paraphyses all differ.
长瓦韦 chang wa wei
Lepisorus bilouensis Ching & Y. X. Lin ex K. H. Shing.
Plants 15–20 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales spreading, deep brown, iridescent, transparent, lanceolate with broadly ovate base, 2.5–8 × 0.6–1.6 mm, clathrate, margins with thick and long spines, apex long caudate. Fronds up to 1 cm apart; stipe straw colored or sometimes reddish including on main veins, 2.5–5 cm, 1–1.5 mm in diam.; lamina abaxially grayish green or brownish, adaxially grayish green when dried, oblanceolate to almost linear, 10–25(–35) × (0.3–)0.5–1.5 cm, widest from middle to apical 1/3, thickly leathery; leaf scales rarely seen, lanceolate, with transparent lumina, lamina base attenuate, long decurrent, margin narrowly revolute, apex long caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori throughout lower 1/3 of lamina, midway between costa and margins, orbicular or elliptic; paraphyses brown, stellate with long digitate spines, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam.; lumina dense, thick and indistinct.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 2300–4200 m. Gansu, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Nepal].
软毛瓦韦 ruan mao wa wei
Plants ca. 30 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, ca. 4 mm in diam., densely scaly and brown villous, roots also densely very long villous; scales deep brown, triangular-lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.8–1.2 mm, usually with a tuft of hairs, margin with long and thick spines; lumina large, transparent. Fronds ± closely spaced; stipe straw colored, 5–13 cm; lamina yellow-brown on both surfaces when dried, linear-lanceolate, 17–25 × 1.9–2 cm, thick and fleshy, softly leathery when dried, base attenuate, decurrent, apex shortly acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori closer to costa, orbicular; paraphyses brown, deeply stellate, margin with long and thick spines, 0.5–0.8 mm in diam.; lumina large.
* In rock crevices on high mountains; 3500–3800 m. Xizang.
粗柄瓦韦 cu bing wa wei
Lepisorus hsiawutaiensis Ching & S. K. Wu; L. kansuensis Ching & S. K. Wu; L. ligulatus Ching & S. K. Wu; L. maowenensis Ching & S. K. Wu; L. patungensis Ching & S. K. Wu; L. shanyangensis Ching & Y. X. Lin; L. sungpanensis Ching & Y. X. Lin.
Plants 7–21 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 2–3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales dark brown, iridescent, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–3.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm, clathrate, brittle, sometimes with a tuft hair, margin with long and thick spines, apex long acute; lumina polygonal, isodiametric, transparent. Fronds closely spaced, to 1 cm apart; stipe straw colored, 0.5–6 cm, ca. 1 mm in diam., smooth; lamina grayish brown to gray-green on both surfaces or abaxially brownish when dried, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 4–20× 0.5–1.5 cm, widest at or slightly below middle, thinly papery to thinly leathery, base cuneate, decurrent, margin straight, flat or slightly revolute, apex obtuse to bluntly acuminate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori along distal 1/2–2/3 of lamina, ± equidistant between costa and margin or nearer costa, orbicular or suborbicular, ca. 2 mm in diam., clearly separated; paraphyses dark brown, small, stellate or lanceolate, margins with long spines; lumina large and transparent, irregular or oblong.
* On tree trunks of forest understory or rocks along roadsides at forest margins; 1700–2300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
天山瓦韦 tian shan wa wei
Polypodium albertii Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 7: 620. 1881; Lepisorus clathratus Ching var. papakense (Masamune) Tagawa; L. papakensis (Masamune) Ching & Y. X. Lin; L. pumilus Ching & S. K. Wu; P. lineare Thunberg var. albertii (Regel) C. Christensen; P. papakense Masamune.
Plants 5–10 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 2–3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales deep brown, lanceolate with broadly ovate base, to 2 × 1 mm, margin with long and thick spines, apex extended into long awn; lumina subsquare or shortly rectangular, large and transparent. Fronds to 1 cm apart; stipe (1–)2–10 cm, slender, ca. 1 mm in diam., smooth; lamina greenish to dark green or grayish brown or yellowish on both surfaces when dried, linear-lanceolate, 5–22(–29) × 0.4–2(–2.6) cm, widest at middle, herbaceous to papery, glabrous or abaxially sparsely scaly, base cuneate, decurrent, margin flat and straight or slightly undulate, apex obtuse; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori along distal 1/3–1/2 of lamina, slightly closer to costa, ± orbicular, ca. 2 mm in diam.; paraphyses deep brown, stellate or lanceolate, margins with long, thick spines; lumina large and transparent, irregular or oblong.
* In shaded and wet rock crevices of mountain slopes or on tree trunks of forest understory; 1500–2900(–4300?) m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan.
Christensen (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(Mém. 1): 14. 1905) identified collections of this species as Polypodium lineare Thunberg (= Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulfuss) Ching).
太白瓦韦 tai bai wa wei
Lepisorus henanensis Ching & S. K. Lin; L. venosus Ching & S. K. Wu.
Plants 10–20 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales spreading, brown or dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, 2–2.5 × 1.1–1.5 mm, clathrate, margin spiny, apex with a long sharp awn; lumina isodiametric polygonal, oblong toward apex. Fronds clustered or remote; stipe straw colored, 2–6 cm, ca. 1 mm in diam.; lamina grayish green on both surfaces when dried, lanceolate, 18–30 × 1.5–2.5 cm, widest at or below middle, papyraceous or membranous, abaxially sparsely scaly, base cuneate, margin flat and straight, apex shortly acuminate. Main veins raised on under side, on upper side flat or slightly raised or depressed in limited places, veinlets obscure. Sori along distal 1/3–2/3 of lamina, midway between costa and margin, suborbicular, ca. 2 mm in diam.; paraphyses irregularly stellate or lanceolate, margin with long and thick spines; lumina irregular, large and transparent.
* On rocks or trunks; 2000–2800 m. Henan, Qinghai, Shaanxi.
Lepisorus thaipaiensis is very similar to L. likiangensis but is found at lower altitudes, has a much thinner lamina, and sori usually distributed along distal 1/3–1/2 of lamina while those of L. likiangensis can extend almost to the base.
丽江瓦韦 li jiang wa wei
Lepisorus coaetaneus Ching & Y. X. Lin; L. shansiensis Ching & Y. X. Lin; L. shensiensis Ching & S. K. Wu.
Plants 8–18 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, 2–2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales spreading, dark brown or brown, ovate; 2–3 × 1.5–2 mm, margin with long and thick spines, apex with long awn; lumina large, isometrically polygonal. Fronds remote or approximate; stipe straw colored, 0.4–5 cm; lamina when dried gray-green on abaxial surface, yellow-green or deep brown on adaxial surface, or brownish or greenish on both surfaces, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, (7–)15–30 × (0.6–)1–2.5 cm; widest at middle, thickly papery or thinly leathery, glabrous on both surfaces or abaxially sparsely scaly, base cuneate and decurrent, margins flat and straight, apex obtuse; main veins raised on both sides, veinlets obscure or raised on both sides. Sori often extending almost to base of lamina, midway between costa and margins or slightly closer to costa, elliptic or suborbicular, 2–3 mm in diam.; paraphyses deep brown, broadly lanceolate, 0.8–1 mm, as long as wide, margins with long and thick spines; lumina large and transparent.
* In shaded, wet rock crevices of slopes or on rocky cliffs beside streams; 2400–3500 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
From photographs Lepisorus papakensis (Masamune) Ching & Y. X. Lin (Polypodium papakense Masamune) from Taiwan is very similar to this species. It has also been treated as a synonym of L. albertii and needs further investigation.
网眼瓦韦 wang yian wa wei
Polypodium clathratum C. B. Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 2: 559. 1880; Lepisorus nepalensis K. Iwatsuki; L. petiolatus Ching & Y. X. Lin; L. soulieanus (Christ) Ching & S. K. Wu; Platygyria kongtingensis Ching & Y. X. Lin; P. muliensis Ching & S. K. Wu; P. soulieana (Christ) X. C. Zhang & Q. R. Liu; P. variabilis Ching & S. K. Wu; Pleopeltis soulieanus Christ [“soulieanum”].
Plants 5–17 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, 1.5–3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales ± deep brown, lanceolate to ovate, 3.5–7 × 0.7–1 mm, brittle, transparent; base ovate, margins shortly dentate, apex shortly acute; basal lumina isodiametric, ± square, distal ones subrectangular. Fronds remote or ± closely spaced; stipe straw colored, 0.7–6.3 cm, slender, less than 1 mm in diam.; lamina greenish or brownish green on both surfaces when dried, lanceolate, both ends attenuate, 4–20 × 0.8–1.5(–2) cm, widest at or below middle, herbaceous to submembranous, almost glabrous, base cuneate, slightly decurrent, margin flat and straight, apex bluntly acuminate to gradually long attenuate; costa slightly raised on both sides, veinlets ± visible. Sori along 7/8 of length, midway between costa and margins, suborbicular, 2–2.5 mm in diam.; paraphyses dark brown, stellate or lanceolate, margin with long spines; lumina large and transparent. Sporangia leptosporangiate: dehiscent with narrow annulus of very thick-walled cells, or platygyroid: indehiscent with wide annulus of thin-walled cells.
On tree trunks in broad-leaved evergreen forests, in rock crevices on open slopes, or stony riverbanks; 2000–4300 m. Guangxi, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal].
A very wide interpretation has been taken for Lepisorus clathratus more or less following Fraser-Jenkins (Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes, 41–42. 2008) as accepted by Li Wang et al. (Phylogeography of the Sino-Himalayan Fern Lepisorus clathratus on ‘‘The Roof of the World’’. PLoS ONE 6(9): e25896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025896. 2011).
Lepisorus soulieanus had been placed in a different genus, Platygyria, on the basis of the distinctive sporangium annulus of broad, pale, thin-walled cells but this is not a consistent feature with some collections showing a range from these to normal leptosporangiate annuli. There are no other characters that allow a clear separation between the two taxa. Lepisorus petiolatus was primarily separated on the basis of the long slender stipe but this also is a very variable feature with no obvious discontinuity to justify the recognition of distinct taxa.
掌状扇蕨 zhang zhuang shan jue
Neocheiropteris waltonii Ching, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 32: t. 3158. 1932; Platygyria inaequibasis Ching & S. K. Wu, P. sinuata Ching & S. K. Wu; P. waltonii (Ching) Ching & S. K. Wu; Polypodium clathratum C. B. Clarke var. lobatum Takeda.
Plants up to 13 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 2–2.5 mm in diam., black, densely scaly; scales brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, clathrate, thin and fragile, margin with long spines; lumina transparent, isodiametric, oblong toward apex. Fronds remote or ± closely spaced; stipe straw colored, 3–7 cm, angular, ca. 1 mm in diam.; lamina very variable, hastate to pedately 3–5-lobed, 4–7(–12) × 2–3 cm, middle lobe 3–6 × 0.5–0.8 cm, sometimes only some fronds enlarged at base, others 4–12 × 1–2 cm, membranous, abaxially sparsely scaly; leaf scales ovate-lanceolate, lumina transparent, isodiametric, base broadly cuneate to subcordate, or auriculate, shortly decurrent, margin slightly undulate, apex obtuse; midrib raised abaxially, veinlets obscure. Sori close to costa, elliptic or suborbicular, ca. 2 mm in diam.; paraphyses ± black, almost ovate to subrhomboidal, lumina transparent, isodiametric. Sporangia platygyroid: spherical, indehiscent, annulus with broad, thin-walled cells. Spores ellipsoid, surface smooth.
Epilithic; 3400–5000 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, N Nepal].
Hemsley (J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 206. 1902) treated material of this species as Polypodium hastatum Thunberg.
Platygyria inaequibasis was separated by Zhang et al (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 41: 401–415. 2003) on the basis of the less-developed lamina base, rather broader rhizome scales, and lanceolate paraphyses with more regular lumina. The considerable variation within Lepisorus waltonii is such that we have followed Yu and Lin (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35: 343. 1997) who included that species within L. waltonii.
伏石蕨属 fu shi jue shu
Lin Youxing (林尤兴); Peter Hovenkamp
Lepidogrammitis Ching.
Plants small, epiphytic or epilithic, often forming dense mats. Rhizomes slender and creeping, covered with scales; scales ovate-lanceolate, entire or lower part irregularly toothed, almost stellate, clathrate. Fronds remote, monomorphic or dimorphic; stipe articulate, often short to almost absent; sterile lamina orbicular to obovate, elliptic, lanceolate or oblanceolate, subfleshy, hard leathery when dried, glabrous or subglabrous or sparsely scaly, margin entire; fertile lamina linear or linear-oblanceolate. Veins reticulate, usually obscure, main vein obscure, free included veinlets usually toward main vein, simple or forked. Sori linear or circular, in one row parallel with main vein, but normally apices of fronds sterile, covered with peltate paraphyses when young; paraphyses clathrate, margin denticulate; annuli of sporangia consisting of ca. 14 thick-walled cells. Spores yellow, ellipsoidal, monolete, transparent or subtransparent, surface prominently tuberculate, tubercles often irregular, ± fused to give foveolate surface. x = 12(36).
Up to nine species: center of diversity in S China, with a few species also occurring in India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, and Thailand; five species (one endemic) in China.
Type species: Lemmaphyllum spathulatum C. Presl, original locality in Philippines (Luzon).
Molecular data (Li Wang et al., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 162: 36. 2010) showed the strong case for including Lepidogrammitis within Lemmaphyllum. Hovenkamp is of the opinion that it is not practicable to differentiate between most species previously recognized within this genus and that only 2 entities should be recognized within the Flora area: L. carnosum s.s. including species 1 and 2, and L. carnosum var. rostratum including species 3–5 of this account and that this complex is only separable from L. carnosum at varietal rank (Fl. Malesiana Ser. 2, 3: 72–76. 1998).
1a. Sporangia in ± continuous linear coenosori, parallel with main vein; fronds always strongly dimorphic.
2a. Sterile fronds suborbicular, ovate-orbicular, or
obovate, 1.6–3.5 × 1.2–1.5 cm, subsessile or with stipe to 0.4 cm; rhizome
scales with toothed bases
.............................................................................................................. 1.
L. microphyllum
2b. Sterile fronds narrowly elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 4–12 × 2.5–4 cm; stipe normally 1.5–5 cm; rhizome scales often with entire bases ....................................................................... 2. L. carnosum
1b. Sporangia in discrete, circular or elliptical sori; fronds monomorphic or dimorphic (L. rostratum s.l.).
3a. Fertile fronds ovate to elliptic, 2–2.5 cm wide,
similar in form to sterile fronds
.................................................................................................................... 3.
L. rostratum
3b. Fertile fronds lanceolate, narrowly oblong, or oblanceolate to spatulate, mostly 0.4–1 cm wide, narrower than fertile fronds.
4a. Sterile lamina 3–10 cm, erect to pendulous ................................................. 4. L. diversum
4b. Sterile lamina 1–3 cm, often adpressed to substrate ......................... 5. L. drymoglossoides
伏石蕨 fu shi jue
Plants to 6 cm tall. Rhizomes pale green, sparsely scaly; scales clathrate, lower part ± rounded, margins irregularly branched, apex subulate. Fronds remote, dimorphic; sterile fronds subsessile or with stipe 2–4 mm; lamina orbicular, ovate or obovate, 1.6–2.5(–5) × 1.2–1.5 cm, base rounded or cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded to subacute; fertile fronds: stipe 3–8 mm; lamina oblong or narrowly lanceolate, 3.5–6(–8) × 2–4 cm, margins revolute when dried. Veins reticulate, with simple included veinlets. Sporangia in linear coenosori, between costa and margin, covered with paraphyses when young.
On trees trunks in forests or rocks of forest understory; 100–1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [NE India, Japan, S Korea, Vietnam].
Lemmaphyllum microphyllum is recorded from NE India (B. Singh et al., J. Threatened Taxa 3: 2288. 2012) but without indication of variety.
1a. Sterile frond suborbicular or ovate-orbicular, base rounded or broadly cuneate, subsessile . 1a. var. microphyllum
1b. Sterile frond ovate or obovate to narrowly orbicular, base shortly cuneate and decurrent, with longer stipe ............................................................................................................... 1b. var. obovatum
伏石蕨(原变种) fu shi jue (yuan bian zhong)
Drymoglossum microphyllum (C. Presl) C. Christensen; Taenitis microphylla (C. Presl) Mettenius.
Sterile fronds subsessile; lamina suborbicular or ovate-orbicular, base rounded or broadly cuneate.
On tree trunks in forests or on rocks of forest understory; 100–1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea, Vietnam].
倒卵伏石蕨 dao luan fu shi jue
Drymoglossum carnosum J. Smith ex Hooker var. obovatum Harrington, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 33. 1877; D. nobukoanum Makino; D. obovatum (Harrington) Christ; D. obovatum var. lutchuense Nakai; Lemmaphyllum microphyllum var. lutchuense (Nakai) C. Christensen; L. microphyllum var. nobukoanum (Makino) Tagawa; L. nobukoanum (Makino) Ching.
Sterile fronds with stipe 2–4 mm; lamina ovate or obovate to narrowly orbicular, base shortly cuneate and decurrent.
* On tree trunks. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan.
The illustration labeled as Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides (= Lemaphyllum drymoglossoides) in “Native ferns and fern allies of Yunnan China in Colour” (p. 273. 2007) is L. microphyllum as indicated by the distinctive coenosori. The two taxa are otherwise rather similar.
肉质伏石蕨 rou zhi fu shi jue
Drymoglossum carnosum Wallich ex J. Smith in Hooker, Gen. Fil. t. 78 A. 1841.
Plants to 15 cm tall. Rhizome ca. 1 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales ovate with caudate apex, margin entire, Fronds dimorphic; Sterile fronds: stipe 0.5–2(–5) cm, scaly at base; lamina broadly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 10 × 2.5–3.8 cm, base cuneate and decurrent, apex bluntly acuminate. Fertile fronds: stipe 3–6(–8) cm; lamina narrowly oblong, up to 10(–15) × 0.4–0.5 cm. Sporangia in linear coenosori, eventually covering entire surface except costa and margin.
On tree trunks or rocks under forest; 1500–2900 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [India, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
Lemmaphyllum carnosum is superficially very similar to Pyrrosia piloselloides (Linnaeus) Price. The two are separated by the stellate hairs of the Pyrrosia which are sometimes very sparse.
骨牌蕨 gu pai jue
Pleopeltis rostrata Beddome, Ferns Brit. India, t. 159. 1867; Lemmaphyllum carnosum (Wallich ex J. Smith) C. Presl var. rostratum (Beddome) Hooker ex Hovenkamp; L. pyriforme (Ching) Ching; Lepidogrammitis pyriformis (Ching) Ching; L. rostrata (Beddome) Ching; L. subrostrata (C. Christensen) Ching; Phymatopsis rostrata (Beddome) J. Smith; Polypodium pyriforme Ching; P. subrostratum C. Christensen.
Plants to 10 cm tall. Rhizomes ca. 1 mm in diam., green, covered with scales; scales subulate-lanceolate, margin denticulate. Fronds remote, monomorphic; stipe??; lamina lanceolate or elliptic, 6–10 × 2–2.5 cm, fleshy, leathery when dried, pale brown, both surfaces subglabrous, base cuneate and decurrent, margin entire, apex acuminate. Costa raised on both surfaces, veinlets slightly visible, with simple or forked included veinlets. Sori orbicular, usually above broadest parts of lamina, in one row on each side of main vein, covered with peltate paraphyses when young.
On tree trunks or rocks of forest understory; 200–1700(–2500) m. Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
披针骨牌蕨 pi zhen gu pai jue
Polypodium diversum Rosenstock, Hedwigia 56: 346. 1915; Lemmaphyllum adnascens Ching; L. christensenii Ching; L. intermedium (Ching) Li Wang; Lepidogrammitis adnascens (Ching) Ching; L. christensenii (Ching) Ching; L. diversa (Rosenstock) Ching; L. elongata Ching; L. intermedium Ching; L. kansuensis Ching.
* On rocks by forest margins or understory, under thickets beside streams; 700–2200 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
The whole plant is used in traditional Chinese medicine for inflammation, arthralgia due to “wind wetness evil,” and bleeding due to surgery, trauma, etc. Lemmaphyllum diversum has been variously misidentified as Lemmaphyllum subrostratum (C. Christensen) Ching (Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 5: 112. 1936), Lepidogrammitis rostrata (De Vol & Kou, Fl. Taiwan 1: 183, pl. 63. 1975), and Polypodium megasorum C. Christensen (Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8: 153. 1919).
抱树莲 bao shu lian
Polypodium drymoglossoides Baker, J. Bot. 25: 171. 1887; Goniophlebium moupinense (Franchet) Beddome; Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides (Baker) Ching; Polypodium cyclophyllum Baker; P. moupinense Franchet.
Plants to ca. 6 cm tall. Rhizomes slender and creeping, scales brown, subulate-lanceolate, margin denticulate. Fronds remote, dimorphic; sterile fronds subsessile, lamina orbicular to obovate, 1–2 cm or slightly longer, often adpressed to substrate, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded; fertile fronds subsessile or shortly stipitate, lamina ligulate or oblanceolate, 3–6 × less than 1 cm, fleshy, when dried leathery, abaxially sparsely scaly, adaxially smooth, base attenuate. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of main vein, medial between costa and margin.
* On shaded wet tree trunks or rocks; 200–1400 m. Widely distributed in provinces of Changjiang Valley: Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Shanxi.
The type specimen is from Hubei.
The whole plant is used in traditional Chinese medicine to cool the blood, to remove toxic materials, and to treat scrofula, etc.
Lemmaphyllum drymoglossoides has been confused with L. microphyllum which has a similar habit but it can be distinguished by the discrete sori in contrast to the linear coenosori of L. microphyllum.
高平蕨属 gao ping jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Alan R. Smith
Rhizomes long creeping, filiform, sparingly branched, approximately terete, dorsiventral with two rows of dorsal fronds, rather sparsely set with roots, not ant-inhabited, densely scaly; scales dark red-brown, lacking hairs at bases (non-comose), acicular and subentire from peltately attached, clathrate, dentate bases. Fronds shortly stipitate to subsessile; stipe lacking obvious articulation lines or swellings at bases, with scales similar to those of lamina; lamina herbaceous to papery, monomorphic to slightly dimorphic in size and shape (sterile seemingly often shorter and more rounded at base, but equaling fertile in width), narrowly elliptic (fertile) to ovate (sterile), dark green-brown when dried, stellate hairs lacking, densely scaly on both sides with persistent red-brown, hairlike scales; scales with peltate, clathrate, laciniate-margined bases and very long, uniformly red-brown, non-clathrate dentate to laciniate tips. Venation: midribs distinct, sclerenchymatous (darkened, but hidden by red-brown scales), main lateral veins indistinct or distinct only in basal 1/5 or less in cleared fronds, 10–13 per side, anastomosing and forming irregular areoles (one row of large areoles adjacent to midrib, 0–2 additional rows of smaller areoles toward margins, areoles with occasional free veinlets, these simple (not forked), almost always recurrent, sunken, not or only faintly visible adaxially, hydathodes lacking. Sori in single rows within larger areoles, midway between midrib and each margin, orbicular, not confluent, ± obscured by acicular scales especially when sporangia are immature. Sporangia stalked, lacking paraphyses, with 16–19 hardened annulus cells, mixed with acicular scales; spores monolete, whitish, papillate to rugose.
One species: China, Vietnam.
Caobangia is a monotypic genus, easily identified by its very distinctive hairlike scales. Molecular evidence shows that it is most closely related to Lemmaphyllum where it was included by Li Wang et al. (Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 162: 36. 2010).
高平蕨 gao ping jue
Lemmaphyllum squamatum (A. R. Smith & X. C. Zhang) Li Wang.
Rhizomes 1–1.5 mm in diam., 2–5 cm between stipe bases, densely covered with many ascending and outwardly curved, overlapping scales; scales dark red-brown, acicular from a clathrate, laciniate, peltate base, 5–8 × 0.4–0.8 mm, scale tips uniseriate for 1–2 mm. Fronds up to 7.5 × 1.8 cm; stipe mostly 1–20 mm, with scales similar to those of lamina; lamina entire, monomorphic or slightly dimorphic in size and shape. Sterile lamina 1–4 × 1–1.5 cm; fertile lamina 4–8 × 1–1.8 cm, narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, base cuneate, apex rounded; sterile fronds broadly elliptic to broadly oblong, acute at base, rounded at tip, ca. 1/2 length of fertile fronds or less, densely covered (but some laminar tissue visible between overlapping scales) on both sides with persistent, hairlike scales, these red-brown, mostly 5–10 mm, acicular from peltate, clathrate, dentate-margined bases; acicular tips uniformly red-brown and non-clathrate, with up to ca. 10 teeth per side; teeth up to 0.3 mm, scales extending up to 5 mm beyond lamina margins, curved and ascending to spreading. Sori in single rows midway between midrib and each margin, orbicular, up to ca. 10 on each side of midrib, up to 2 mm in diam., obscured by acicular scales.
On limestone ridges, rare, epilithic on slightly shaded limestone rocks; ca. 800 m. Guangxi [N Vietnam].
瘤蕨属 liu jue shu
Lu Shugang (陆树刚); Hans P. Nooteboom
Phymatodes C. Presl, Tent. Pterid. 195. 1836 (nom. illeg.); Phymatodes sect. Euphymatodes Ching, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 56. 1933.
Plants epiphytic or terrestrial. Rhizome long creeping, fleshy, scaly; scales brown, dark brown, or nearly black, orbicular, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, usually thin, peltate, distinctly clathrate. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome at base. Stipe usually straw-colored, scaly at base, glabrous upward. Lamina deeply pinnatipartite or pinnate, rarely simple, lobes broadly lanceolate, herbaceous or leathery, both surfaces glabrous, margin entire; apex acuminate or obtuse; veins anastomosing to form areoles with simple or forked included veinlets. Sori orbicular or oblong, in one row on each side of midrib or irregularly scattered on either side of midrib, superficial or sunken on abaxial surface and raised on adaxial surface, without paraphyses. Spores yellow, ellipsoidal, surface shallowly and coarsely rugose. n = 36, 37; 2n = 72, 74.
About 13 species: Old World tropics, neophytes in tropical America; six species (one endemic) in China.
1a. Lamina pinnate, rachis terete except sometimes for narrowly winged apical portion; pinnae mostly with distinct stalks ................................................................................................ 1. P. cuspidatus
1b. Lamina simple or pinnatipartite to pinnatisect with bases of lateral lobes merging into broadly winged rachis.
2a. Lamina simple, ovate; stipe slender (ca. 1 mm in diam.) .................................... 2. P. lanceus
2b. Lamina pinnatipartite or pinnatisect.
3a. Lamina with lateral lobes (10–)20–30(–40) pairs .................................... 3. P. longissimus
3b. Lamina with lateral lobes usually 3–10 pairs.
4a. Lamina papery, dark green; veins distinct on both surfaces ............. 4. P. membranifolius
4b. Lamina leathery, yellowish green; veins obscure on both surfaces.
5a. Rhizome 3–5 mm in diam.; scales ovate-lanceolate with apex acuminate, margin toothed; sori in one row or in two irregular rows along each side of costa ........................ 5. P. scolopendria
5b. Rhizome 6–10 mm in diam.; scales orbicular, margin entire; sori in one row on each side of midrib 6. P. hainanensis
光亮瘤蕨 guang liang liu jue
Polypodium cuspidatum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 2. 1825 (26 Jan. - 1 Feb.), not C. Presl. (after Jun. 1825); Microsorum cuspidatum (D. Don) Tagawa; M. lucidum (Roxburgh) Copeland; Phymatodes cuspidata (D. Don) J. Smith; P. lucida (Roxburgh) Ching; Phymatosorus lucidus (Roxburgh) Pichi Sermolli; Polypodium lucidum Roxburgh (1844), not Richard (1792).
Rhizome pale green, 10–20 mm in diam., sparsely scaly; scales dark brown at center, paler toward margin, orbicular, peltate, clathrate, entire. Stipe straw colored, 30–50 cm, glabrous except for scaly base. Lamina imparipinnate, 30–50 × 20–25 cm; rachis terete; lateral pinnae 8–15 pairs, ± ascending, linear-lanceolate, 15–20(–25) × 2–3.5 cm, herbaceous or leathery, both surfaces glabrous; base cuneate with 5–10 mm stalk, margin entire, apex acuminate to attenuate; midrib raised on both surfaces, straw-colored; veinlets obscure. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of costa, medial, nearly superficial. Spore surface with minute spheres.
Epiphytic or epilithic on dry sandstone rocks or on tree trunks; 200–1600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
矛叶瘤蕨 mao ye liu jue
Phymatodes lancea Ching & C. H. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 170. 1959.
Rhizome dark brown, 5–8 mm in diam., sparsely scaly; scales ovate, 2–2.5 mm, peltate, clathrate, base cordate, apex obtuse. Stipe brown, 4.5–7 cm, ca. 1 mm in diam. Lamina simple, oblong, 10–12 × 2–2.2 cm, leathery, both surfaces glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse; midrib raised on both surfaces, lateral veins slender and obscure, veinlets obscure. Sori orbicular, in one row on each side of midrib, abaxially sunken and adaxially raised.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks. Hainan.
多羽瘤蕨 duo yu liu jue
Polypodium longissimum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 127. 1828; Colysis longissima (Blume) J. Smith; Microsorium rubidum (Kunze) Copeland; Phymatodes longissima (Blume) J. Smith; Phymatosorus suisha-stagnalis (Hayata) Pichi Sermolli; Pleopeltis longissima (Blume) T. Moore; Polypodium rubidum Kunze; P. suisha-stagnale Hayata.
Rhizome 8–10 mm in diam., sparsely scaly; scales ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, peltate, clathrate, base rounded, margin irregularly toothed, apex acuminate. Stipe straw-colored, 35–100 cm, up to 10 mm in diam. near base, glabrous, upper portion winged. Lamina pinnatifid or pinnatisect at lower portion, oblong in outline, 40–100(–130) × 25–30(–50) cm; lateral lobes (10–)20–30(–40) pairs, ascending, linear-lanceolate, usually 8–12 × 1–2.5 cm, herbaceous or leathery, both surfaces glabrous, base slightly narrowed and decurrent to rachis, margin entire or crisped, apex acuminate or obtuse; lateral veins and veinlets obscure, areoles with included veinlets. Sori orbicular to ellipsoidal, in one row on each side of midrib, slightly nearer to midrib, abaxially sunken and adaxially raised.
In rather wet places at low elevations. Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific islands (Polynesia)].
显脉瘤蕨 xian mai liu jue
Polypodium membranifolium R. Brown, Prodr.: 147. 1810; Microsorum membranifolium (R. Brown) Ching; M. nigrescens (Blume) Copeland; Phymatodes nigrescens (Blume) J. Smith; P. nigrescens var. variabilis (Ching) C. Christensen & Tardieu; P. variabilis Ching; Phymatosorus nigrescens (Blume) Pichi-Sermolli; P. variabilis (Ching) Pichi-Sermolli; Pleopeltis nigrescens (Blume) Carruthers; Polypodium nigrescens Blume.
Rhizome 10–15 mm in diam., scaly; scales brown, orbicular or oblong, peltate, thin, margin irregularly toothed, apex rounded. Stipe straw-colored, 30–40(–50) cm, ca. 5 mm in diam., glabrous. Lamina usually pinnatifid, rarely pinnately ternate, dark green, 50–80 × 30–40 cm, or simple, 15–25 × 4–5 cm; lateral lobes usually (2 or)3–10(–12) pairs, ascending, broadly lanceolate, 15–20 × 3–4 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, base somewhat narrowed, margin subentire, apex caudate-acuminate; veins all distinct, areoles with forked included veinlets. Sori orbicular, ca. 4 mm in diam., in one row on each side of midrib, medial, abaxially distinctly hollow and adaxially distinctly raised.
Terrestrial or on rocks in tropical rain forests; 200–1200 m. Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific islands (Polynesia)].
Beddome (Ferns S. Ind. pl. 176. 1864) named material of Phymatosorus membranifolius as Pleopeltis longissima (Blume) T. Moore.
瘤蕨 liu jue
Polypodium scolopendria N. L. Burman, Fl. Indica, 232. 1768; Chrysopteris phymatodes (Linnaeus) Link; Drynaria phymatodes (Linnaeus) Fée; D. vulgaris (C. Presl) J. Smith; Microsorum scolopendria (N. L. Burman) Copeland; Phymatodes scolopendria (N. L. Burman) Ching; P. vulgaris C. Presl; Pleopeltis phymatodes (Linnaeus) T. Moore; Polypodium phymatodes Linnaeus, nom. illeg.
Rhizome 3–5 mm in diam., sparsely scaly; scales dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, peltate, clathrate, margin toothed, apex long acuminate. Stipe straw-colored or light chestnut, usually 20–30 cm, glabrous. Lamina usually pinnatifid, 35–45 × 30–35 cm, rarely simple or pinnately 3-lobed, rachis with wings ± as wide as lobes; lateral lobes usually 3–5 pairs, lanceolate, 12–20 × 2–3 cm, leathery, both surfaces glabrous, margin entire, apex acuminate; midrib raised on both surfaces, veins indistinct, areoles with many included veinlets ending in raised point. Sori orbicular, in one row or two irregular rows on each side of midrib, abaxially deeply hollowed and adaxially distinctly raised. Spore surface minutely echinate.
On rocks or on tree trunks at low elevations. Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan [India, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia, Pacific islands (Polynesia)].
阔鳞瘤蕨 kuo lin liu jue
Microsorum hainanense Nooteboom, Blumea 42: 325. 1997.
Rhizome 6–10 mm in diam., sparsely to densely scaly; scales dark brown, orbicular, ca. 4 × 4 mm, peltate, clathrate, margin irregularly obscurely toothed. Stipe straw-colored, 20–30 cm, glabrous. Lamina pinnatifid, 30–40 × 15–20 cm, or 3-lobed, base broadly cuneate, rachis with wings ± as wide as lobes; lateral lobes usually 2–5 pairs, lanceolate, 10–15 × 2–3 cm, leathery, abaxially with very sparse and very small black scales, adaxially glabrous, margin entire, apex acute or obtuse; midrib raised on both surfaces, without lateral veins, areoles with included veinlets. Sori orbicular, large, in one row on either side of costa, slightly nearer to midrib, abaxially sunken and adaxially raised.
Forests, on tree trunks or rocks; sea level to 900 m. Hainan [India, Vietnam].
鳞果星蕨属 lin guo xing jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Hans P. Nooteboom
Plants small to medium sized, terrestrial when young and then climbing on tree trunks or rock surfaces. Rhizome long creeping up to 1 m or up to 2–3 m, densely scaly; scales reddish brown, transparent, lanceolate, clathrate, margin sparsely denticulate, long acuminate. Fronds distant; stipe present or fronds subsessile; laminae variable in shape, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or polymorphic, fronds on lower part of rhizome like Hedera leaves, toward apex becoming linear-lanceolate, base from cordate to truncate and narrowly cuneate; lamina herbaceous to papery, glabrous except for small clathrate scales on adaxial side of midribs; midribs prominent, veinlets not clear, anastomosing, free included veinlets simple or forked; sori small, orbicular, densely scattered; paraphyses uniseriate, 3–6-celled or in part peltate (especially in young sori).
About two species: distributed mainly in C and SW China, also to N Vietnam and E Himalayan regions; two species in China.
Both species of Lepidomicrosorium have been included within Microsorum superficiale (e.g., Nooteboom, Blumea 42: 366. 1997), but the latter has no peltate paraphyses on the sorus even when young.
1a. Fronds normally under 10 cm, lamina triangular or lanceolate, base deeply cordate or dilated; lamina thickly papery, venation obscure ......................................................................... 1. L. buergerianum
1b. Fronds generally more than 20 cm, lamina linear-lanceolate, base cuneate or attenuate; lamina herbaceous, venation distinct ................................................................................ 2. L. subhemionitideum
鳞果星蕨 lin guo xin jue
Polypodium buergerianum Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 170. 1867; Lepidomicrosorium asarifolium Ching & K. H. Shing; L. brevipes Ching & K. H. Shing; L. emeicola Ching & K. H. Shing; L. hederaceum (Christ) Ching; L. lanceolatum Ching & P. S. Wang; L. latibasis Ching & K. H. Shing; L. microsorioides (W. M. Chu) Ching & W. M. Chu; L. subhastatum (Baker) Ching; L. subsessile Ching & K. H. Shing; L. suijiangense Ching & W. M. Chu; L. yiliangense Ching & K. H. Shing; Leptochilus buergerianus (Miquel) Bosman; Microsorum buergerianum (Miquel) Ching; M. buergerianum f. laciniatum Ching; M. buergerianum var. ohwianum (Tagawa) Tagawa; M. ohwianum Tagawa; M. subhastatum (Baker) Ching; M. subhastatum var. longifrons (Takeda) Ching; Neocheiropteris subhastata (Baker) Tagawa; Neolepisorus microsorioides W. M. Chu; Polypodium buergerianum var. stipitatum Takeda, nom. illeg. superfl.; P. hederaceum Christ; P. subhastatum Baker; P. subhastatum var. hederaceum (Christ) Takeda; P. subhastatum var. longifrons Takeda; P. superficiale Blume var. chinense Rosenstock.
Rhizome long creeping and climbing, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., with circumvascular sheaths only in cortex; scales brown or dark brown, lanceolate, 1.5–4.5 × 0.5–1 mm, margin denticulate. Fronds distant, subsessile or with stipe up to 9 cm and stramineous; fronds polymorphic: fronds on ground or lower part of rhizome like leaves of Hedera, base cordate and auriculate, or truncate, or cuneate; fronds on upper parts of rhizome lanceolate, base rounded or decurrent; lamina 10–20 cm, 1.5–5 cm wide at lower part, texture thickly papery, green, venation obscure, beneath with small scales on midribs; midribs prominent on both surfaces; sori superficial, orbicular or in part elongate, occasionally in part confluent, 1–1.5 mm in diam., or length 2–2.5 mm, scattered on adaxial surface of fertile leaves; paraphyses uniseriate, (3 or)4- or 5-celled or in part peltate (especially in young sori).
In forests, terrestrial, climbing on rocks or tree trunks; 400–2000 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan (Cheju Islands), N Vietnam].
滇鳞果星蕨 dian lin guo xing jue
Polypodium subhemionitideum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 5. 1899; Lepidomicrosorium caudifrons Ching & W. M. Chu; L. crenatum Ching & K. H. Shing; L. emeiense Ching & K. H. Shing; L. hongchunpingense Ching & K. H. Shing; L. hongchunpingense var. laceratum Ching & K. H. Shing; L. hunanense Ching & K. H. Shing; L. laojunense Ching & K. H. Shing; L. lineare Ching & K. H. Shing; L. longshengense Ching & K. H. Shing; L. undulatum Ching & P. S. Chiu; Leptochilus subhemionitideus (Christ) Bosman; Microsorum hymenodes (Kunze) Ching var. marginale (Takeda) Ching; M. jinfoshanense Ching & Z. Y. Liu; M. rubripes Ching & W. M. Chu; Neocheiropteris sapaensis V. N. Tu; Polypodium hymenodes Kunze var. marginale Takeda; P. superficiale Blume var. attenuatum Rosenstock.
Rhizome long creeping and climbing, 1–4 mm in diam., with circumvascular sheaths only or with circumvascular sheaths and scattered strands of sclerenchyma in cortex; scales brown, lanceolate, 1.5–5 × 0.5–1.5 mm, margin denticulate; fronds distant; stipe reddish brown or pale brown, up to 10 cm; lamina linear-lanceolate, 25–40 cm, 2.5–5 cm wide at middle part, base cuneate or narrowly cuneate and decurrent, margin entire or undulate, apex acuminate to caudate; texture herbaceous, venation distinct, dark green, abaxially with few small scales on midribs; midribs prominent on both surfaces; sori superficial, orbicular or oblong, sometimes in part confluent, 1–2 mm in diam., or length ca. 2.5 mm, scattered on adaxial surface of fertile leaves; paraphyses uniseriate, (4 or)5 or 6-celled or in part peltate (especially in young sori).
There has been confusion between Lepidomicrosorium subhemionitideum and Polypodium hymenodes Kunze due to an unacceptable lectotypification of Kunze’s name with the collection A. Henry 9265B, the type collection of Polypodium subhemionitideum, which was not collected until much later than Kunze’s publication. Polypodium hymenodes is here included within Microsorum membranaceum.
星蕨属 xing jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Hans P. Nooteboom
Kaulinia B. K. Nayar.
Plants medium-sized, mainly epiphytic or epilithic, rarely terrestrial. Rhizome thick, fleshy, white waxy or not, creeping, with peltate or pseudopeltate clathrate or subclathrate scales. Fronds dimorphic or not, simple or pinnatifid; lamina leathery or herbaceous, veinlets anastomosing, free included veinlets forked, hydathode; sori scattered and sometimes forming 2–8 irregular rows between veins, often some connate, elongate on veinlets, without scalelike paraphyses. Spores verrucate or irregularly rugate.
About 40 species: mainly in tropical Asia, few to Africa; eight species in China.
There is debate as to the exact delimitation of Microsorum as molecular data indicates that it is not monophyletic (Kreier et al., Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 48: 1155–1167. 2008).
1a. Fronds normally pinnate or forked, sometimes simple; rhizome often dorsiventrally flattened, closely attached to rocky substrate.
2a. Fronds normally pinnate, occasionally trilobate or simple; stipe and costa abaxially not scaly; spores covered with abundant globules ....................................................................... 7. M. insigne
2b. Fronds normally trilobate or simple; stipe and costa abaxially scaly; spores covered with abundant globules and irregular spines ......................................................................... 8. M. pteropus
1b. Fronds simple, entire, lanceolate; rhizome usually cylindrical, often more loosely attached and epiphytic.
3a. Rhizome slender; fronds far apart.
4a. Scales spreading; broadly lanceolate, gradually
narrowing toward apex
1.
M. superficiale
4b. Scales appressed, ovate-deltoid, acuminate at apex ..................................... 2. M. fortunei
3b. Rhizome thick; fronds clustered.
5a. Lateral veins prominent, raised prominently, almost from main veins to margin.
6a. Fronds thinly herbaceous; stipe with edges, cross section subtriangular; scales on rhizomes slightly spreading, ovate to triangular; sori small, scattered or irregularly confluent 3. M. membranaceum
6b. Fronds papery; stipe cylindric; scales on rhizomes prominently spreading, lanceolate; sori large, in 2 regular rows between adjacent main veins ................................................... 4. M. zippelii
5b. Lateral veins obscure.
7a. Fronds linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed toward apex; scales on rhizome appressed or slightly spreading, broadly ovate, ca. 3 mm, broad at base, rounded, acuminate at apex; apical cell of paraphyses not enlarged ....................................................................... 5. M. punctatum
7b. Fronds oblanceolate, acuminate at apex; scales on rhizome prominently spreading, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, gradually narrowed toward apex; apical cell of paraphyses often large and curved 6. M. steerei
表面星蕨 biao mian xing jue
Polypodium superficiale Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 123. 1828; Colysis superficialis (Blume) J. Smith; Lepidomicrosorium angustifolium Ching & K. H. Shing; L. nanchuanense Ching & Z. Y. Liu; L. sichuanense Ching & K. H. Shing; Microsorum brachylepis (Baker) Nakaike; M. masaskei (Nakai) H. Itô; M. ovalifolium Ching & S. K. Wu; M. simulans Ching & Z. Y. Liu; M. superficiale var. semilinearis C. B. Clarke; M. takhtajanii V. N. Tu; M. tibeticum Ching & S. K. Wu; Neocheiropteris ningpoensis (Baker) Bosman; N. superficialis (Blume) Bosman; Phymatodes masaskei Nakai; Pleopeltis superficialis (Blume) Beddome; P. superficialis var. latifrons Beddome; Polypodium brachylepis Baker; P. buergerianum Miquel var. ningpoense (Baker) Takeda; P. chinense Mettenius; P. masaskei (Nakai) Ogata; P. nigrocinctum Christ; P. ningpoense Baker; P. superficiale var. anguinum Christ.
Rhizome 1–5 mm in diam., dorsiventrally flattened, not white waxy, bearing scales and hairs. Scales pseudopeltate, appressed or distinctly spreading or slightly spreading, ovate or narrowly ovate or triangular, 1–6.5 × 0.5–2.5 mm, margin entire or denticulate or dentate (sometimes with small triangular lobes), apex acute or rounded, clathrate, subclathrate, or clathrate except for hyaline marginal region, cells longitudinally rectangular, central region bearing multiseptate hairs at least when young or central region glabrous. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic. Lamina simple, narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate to narrowly deltoid to linear, 3–40(–60) × 0.5–6 cm, herbaceous to subleathery, base truncate-decrescent to narrowly decrescent, margin entire to sinuate to undulate, apex acute to acuminate. Sori separate, sometimes forming 2–8 irregular rows between veins or in two (irregular) rows between each pair of lateral veins (occasionally in part confluent), orbicular (or in part slightly elongate), 1–2.5 mm in diam., superficial or slightly sunken.
Epiphytic or epilithic; 200–2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Japan, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
Nooteboom (Blumea 42: 366. 1997) included Lepidomicrosorium buergerianum and L. subhemionitideum within Microsorum superficiale, but those taxa are here treated as distinct on the basis of the presence of paraphyses.
江南星蕨 jiang nan xing jue
Drynaria fortunei T. Moore, Gard. Chron. 708. 1855; Lepisorus fortunei (T. Moore) C. M. Kuo; L. undulatus Ching & Z. Y. Liu; Microsorum chinense (Mettenius ex Kuhn) Fraser-Jenkins; M. excelsum Ching & S. K. Wu; M. henryi (Christ) C. M. Kuo; M. takedai (Nakai) H. Itô; Phymatodes takedai Nakai; Polypodium austrosinicum Christ ex C. Christensen; P. chinense Mettenius ex Kuhn; P. henryi Christ; P. normale D. Don var. polysorum Baker.
Rhizome 2–5 mm in diam., not white waxy. Scales pseudopeltate, appressed, ovate or triangular, 2.5–5 × 1.5–2 mm, margin entire or denticulate (basal margin often eroded), apex acute (but often broken), clathrate or subclathrate (but hyaline margin at base), cells longitudinally rectangular (toward apex), central region glabrous. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic. Stipe 0.5–22 cm, 1.5–3.8 mm in diam. Lamina simple, narrowly elliptic to linear, 24–90 × 2–6 cm, herbaceous, base narrowly decrescent, margin undulate, apex acute or acuminate. Veins ± sunken and instinct. Sori separate, in one (irregular) row parallel to costa, orbicular, superficial or slightly sunken.
Epilithic or epiphytic often beside streams in forests; 300–1800(–2500) m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Vietnam].
膜叶星蕨 mo ye xing jue
Polypodium membranaceum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 2. 1825; Colysis membranacea (D. Don) J. Smith (1857), not (Blume) C. Presl (1849); Microsorum hymenodes (Kunze) Ching; Phymatodes grandifolia Wallich ex C. Presl, nom. nud.; Pleopeltis grandifolia (Wallich ex Christ) T. Moore; P. membranacea (D. Don) T. Moore ex Beddome; Polypodium grandifolium Wallich ex Christ; P. hymenodes Kunze; P. hymenodes var. sparsisorum Takeda, nom. illeg. superfl.; P. membranaceum var. grandifolium (Wallich ex Christ) Alderwerelt; P. transparens C. Presl ex Ettingshausen.
Rhizome creeping, thick, 3–10 mm in diam., dorsiventrally flattened or subcylindrical, not white waxy. Scales pseudopeltate, ovate or triangular, 1.5–9 × 1–3 mm, margin entire, apex acute, clathrate except for hyaline marginal region, central region bearing multiseptate hairs at least when young. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic. Stipe up to 15 cm, 3–5 mm in diam. Lamina simple, ovate to elliptic or narrowly so to linear, (5–)25–110 × (1–)5–15 cm, membranous, base narrowly decrescent, stipe winged for a considerable part, margin entire, apex acuminate. Veins prominent and distinct. Sori separate, on whole surface of lamina, sometimes forming 2–8 irregular rows between veins or some connate, elongate on veinlets, orbicular or elongate, 1–2 mm in diam., or length ca. 2.5 mm, superficial or slightly sunken.
Epilithic, rarely epiphytic or terrestrial in evergreen or deciduous broad-leaved (sub)tropical forests, often in valleys or ravines; 800–2600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
The fronds of Microsorum membranaceum are shed seasonally.
显脉星蕨 xian mai xing jue
Polypodium zippelii Blume, Fl. Javae. Filic.: 172. 1829; Colysis zippelii (Blume) J. Smith; Microsorum luzonicum (Copeland) Tagawa; Neocheiropteris zippelii (Blume) Bosman; Polypodium heterocarpum var. zippelii (Blume) Baker; P. luzonicum Copeland (1906), not C. Presl (1825); P. oxyphyllum Kunze.
Rhizome shortly creeping, cylindrical, thick, 4–5 mm in diam., not white waxy. Scales 4–6 × 1–2 mm, margin denticulate to dentate, apex acute, clathrate or subclathrate, central region glabrous. Phyllopodia ± distinct, ca. 10 mm or more apart. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic. Stipe 0.8–8 cm, 0.8–3.2 mm in diam., winged for a considerable part. Lamina simple, narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 40–65 × 6–8 cm, herbaceous (to firmly herbaceous), base narrowly decrescent, margin entire, apex acuminate, abaxial surface without acicular hairs; veins prominent and distinct, 4–13 mm apart, ± straight or zigzag, dichotomously branched near margin, connecting veins 3–7 between adjacent secondary veins, catadromous, smaller veins ± sunken and indistinct, or prominent and distinct, variously anastomosing, free veinlets simple to once or twice forked. Sori separate, in two irregular rows between each pair of veins (occasionally in part confluent) over surface of lamina, orbicular, 1.5–2 mm in diam., or length 2–4 mm, superficial or slightly sunken, on whole surface of lamina, predominantly on connective veins, absent in marginal areoles, generally present in costal areoles; paraphyses simple uniseriate hairs with glandular top cells.
Epiphytic, or epilithic on sandstone or limestone in dense wet, forests. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand].
星蕨 xing jue
Acrostichum punctatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2: 1524. 1763; Phymatodes lingulata (Swartz) C. Presl; Pleopeltis punctata (Linnaeus) Beddome; Polypodium lingulatum Swartz; P. punctatum (Linnaeus) Swartz.
Rhizome shortly creeping, subcylindrical, thick, 4–8 mm in diam., white waxy beneath scales. Scales pseudopeltate (sometimes peltate), appressed or slightly spreading, ovate or narrowly ovate or triangular, 1.5–8 × 0.5–3 mm, margin entire to denticulate to dentate, apex acute, clathrate or subclathrate, cells small, ± isodiametric or cells longitudinally rectangular, central region bearing multiseptate hairs at least when young or central region glabrous. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic. Stipe present or absent and lamina decurrent to its base. Lamina simple, narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic to linear, 10–175 × 1.5–15 cm, herbaceous to subleathery (sometimes leathery), base narrowly decrescent, stipe winged for a considerable part to cuneate-decrescent or truncate to obtuse to cordate, auriculate, margin entire or undulate, apex acute to acuminate to rounded. Veins ± sunken and indistinct, or prominent and distinct. Sori separate, small, many, mostly irregularly scattered on smallest veinlets, in up to 8 irregular rows between costa and margin, up to 3 rows between adjacent costules, or some connate, elongate on veinlets, orbicular or elongate, superficial or slightly sunken, on whole surface of lamina or absent from basal parts.
Epiphytic, but also epilithic or terrestrial in various types of forests, sometimes in savanna but also in wet places. Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa (widespread), Australia, Indian Ocean islands (Mascarene Islands), Madagascar, Pacific islands (Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Palau, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu)].
Microsorum punctatum is a very widespread and variable species; see Nooteboom (Blumea 42: 353–354. 1997) for a more complete synonymy. Linnaeus’s type, “Habitat in China. J. Fothergill.,” appears to have been lost.
广叶星蕨 guang ye xing jue
Polypodium steerei Harrington, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 32. 1877 [“1878”]; P. aspidistrifrons Hayata; P. playfairii Baker; P. tonkinense Baker.
Rhizome subcylindrical, 3–5 mm in diam., (often) white waxy beneath scales. Scales pseudopeltate, apically densely set, otherwise sparsely set, distinctly spreading, narrowly ovate or triangular, 2.5–4(–8) × 0.5–1.5 mm, margin denticulate, clathrate or subclathrate, central region glabrous. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic. Stipe up to 7 cm, 0.5–1.5 mm in diam. Lamina simple, narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate to linear, 10–40 × 1.5–5 cm, subleathery, base narrowly decrescent, stipe winged for a considerable part, margin entire, apex acuminate. Veins ± sunken and indistinct, or sunken and distinct. Sori separate, mostly irregularly scattered, sometimes forming 2–8 irregular rows between veins, orbicular, superficial or slightly sunken.
On limestone rocks in lowland forests. Guangxi, Guizhou, Taiwan [Vietnam].
羽裂星蕨 yu lie xing jue
Polypodium insigne Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 127. 1828; Colysis dilatata (Wallich ex Beddome) J. Smith; C. insigne (Blume) J. Smith; Kaulinia dilatata (Wallich ex Beddome) B. K. Nayar & Kaur; K. hancockii (Baker) B. K. Nayar; Microsorum dilatatum (Wallich ex Beddome) Sledge; M. dilatatum f. simplex (Ching) Ching, nom. inval.; M. hancockii (Baker) Ching; M. hancockii f. simplex Ching, nom. inval.; Pleopeltis dilatata Wallich ex Beddome; P. insignis (Blume) Beddome; Polypodium anceps (Christ) C. Christensen; P. dilatatum Wallich ex Hooker; P. europhyllum C. Christensen; P. hancockii Baker; Selliguea anceps Christ.
Rhizome 2–11 mm in diam., dorsiventrally flattened or subcylindrical, not white waxy, closely attached to substrate. Scales pseudopeltate, apically densely set, otherwise sparsely set, appressed or distinctly spreading, ovate or narrowly ovate or triangular, (2–)2.5–7.5 × 0.5–2.5(–3) mm, margin entire to denticulate (occasionally with small triangular lobes), clathrate or subclathrate, central region glabrous. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic. Stipe 0–10 cm, terete or carinate, lamina decurrent to its base. Lamina simple or pinnatifid, simple lamina narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 2.5–65 × 0.5–6.5 cm, thinly herbaceous, base narrowly decrescent, stipe winged for a considerable part, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Lamina of dissected frond 8–110 × 3–55 cm, widest below middle to near middle, 0.5–5 cm wide between lobes at place of longest lobes, lobes 1–12(–14) on each side, longest lobes widest from base to about middle; apical lobe similar to upper lateral lobes or shorter to longer than upper lateral lobes. Veins prominent and distinct, smaller veins ± sunken and indistinct, variously anastomosing, free veinlets simple or once forked. Sori separate, mostly irregularly scattered, sometimes forming 2–8 irregular rows between veins or some connate, elongate along veinlets, orbicular or elongate, superficial or slightly sunken.
Usually epilithic, sometimes epiphytic, in primary and secondary forests, in or along streams or waterfalls, in undergrowth of shrubs, twice reported from caves, shaded, mossy, muddy, and wet places; 600–800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
Sometimes the laminae of Microsorum insigne are simple, not lobed; the stipes are terete to carinate but there are no other corresponding morphology and distribution patterns supporting the separation of these plants as two species.
有翅星蕨 you chi xing jue
Polypodium pteropus Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 125, add. 3. 1828; Colysis pteropus (Blume) Bosman; Kaulinia pteropus (Blume) B. K. Nayar; K. pteropus var. minor (Beddome) B. K. Nayar & S. Kaur; K. zosteriformis (Mettenius) B. K. Nayar & S. Kaur; Microsorum brassii Copeland; M. paucijugum (Alderwerelt) K. Iwatsuki & M. Kato; M. pteropus f. minor (Beddome) Ching; M. pteropus var. minor (Beddome) C. Christensen & Tardieu; M. pteropus var. zosteriformis (Beddome) S. Kaur & Subh. Chandra; M. zosteriforme Ching; Pleopeltis pteropus T. Moore; P. pteropus var. minor Beddome; P. zosteriformis Beddome; Polypodium aquaticum Christ; P. paucijugum Alderwerelt; P. pteropus var. minor (Beddome) Y. C. Wu, K. Wong & Pong; P. raapii Alderwerelt; P. tridactylon Wallich ex Hooker & Greville; P. udum Christ; P. zosteriforme Wallich ex Mettenius.
Rhizome 0.5–5 mm in diam., dorsiventrally flattened, not white waxy, closely attached to substrate. Scales pseudopeltate, narrowly ovate or triangular, 1.5–5 × 0.4–1 mm, margin entire, apex acute, clathrate or subclathrate, central region bearing multiseptate hairs at least when young. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic. Stipe present, up to 12 cm, 1–2 mm in diam. Lamina simple, forked, trifid or pinnatifid, narrowly elliptic, 3.5–30 × 0.2–5.5 cm, thinly herbaceous to membranous, abaxial surface often densely covered with clavate hairs, base narrowly decrescent and winged on stipe for a considerable part, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; veins prominent and distinct, 3–7 mm apart, ± straight or zigzag, dichotomously branched from about middle to near margin, connecting veins 1–6 between adjacent secondary veins, anadromous, smaller veins ± sunken and indistinct, or prominent and distinct, each main areole usually including a number of smaller areoles, smaller veins variously anastomosing, free veinlets simple or once or twice forked. Sori separate, irregularly scattered, sometimes forming 2–8 irregular rows between veins, orbicular or in part elongate, superficial or slightly sunken, absent in marginal areoles, generally absent from costal areoles; paraphyses simple, uniseriate hairs with glandular top cells.
On wet rocks along or in streams, often under water in rainy season; 400–1200 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
Microsorum pteropus sometimes has the sori ± in one row between the veins. The venation consists of large areoles extending nearly to the margin on both sides of the costa.
薄唇蕨属 bo chun jue shu
Zhang Xianchun (张宪春); Hans P. Nooteboom
Colysis C. Presl.
Plants epilithic, terrestrial, or epiphytic, sometimes low climbing, small to medium-sized, with long creeping rhizome; scales pseudopeltate or peltate, dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, clathrate or subclathrate, margin entire or toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds remote, articulate, monomorphic or dimorphic; lamina simple, entire, palmately lobed, digitate, pinnatifid, or pinnate with pinnae adnate to rachis, herbaceous to thinly leathery; veins anastomosing, secondary veins prominent, almost reaching margin; usually one or two, sometimes more, rows of areoles between adjacent secondary veins, with ex- or recurrent free veins; fertile fronds similar to sterile ones or sometimes much contracted with lamina ± absent. Sori usually between adjacent secondary veins, orbicular or elongate to linear, sometimes sporangia acrostichoid; spores hyaline to light brown, ellipsoidal, aperture 1/4–3/4 of spore length; surface shallowly tuberculate, usually plane with abundant spherical deposits, sometimes with short echinate elements. n = 36, 2n = 72, 108, 144, 216.
About 25 “indistinct” species: Asia; 13 species (three endemic) in China.
Most species have linear sori on tertiary veins parallel to secondary veins, or orbicular to elongate sori in Leptochilus hemionitideus. The delimitation between Colysis and Leptochilus is not obvious and the two genera are here merged together by Nooteboom (Blumea 42: 261–294. 1997).
1a. Lamina pinnatifid or digitately lobed.
2a. Lamina digitately to pedately lobed or sometimes 2- or 3-forked, rarely with occasional simple lamina 10. L. digitatus
2b. Lamina pinnately lobed.
3a. Lamina regularly deeply pinnatifid ................................................................ 9. L. ellipticus
3b. Lamina ± irregularly lobed near base only.
4a. Lamina broadly triangular-lanceolate or hastate, with 1 or 2(–6) pairs of lanceolate, horizontally spreading lobes, abaxial surface sparsely scaly when young ................. 7. L. ×hemitomus
4b. Lamina triangular-lanceolate, with 1–3 pairs of irregular lobes, abaxial surface glabrous 8. L. ×shintenensis
1b. Lamina entire and slightly undulate.
5a. Fertile fronds linear with lamina ± absent.
6a. Rhizome flattened, scales sparse, small, narrowly lanceolate, peltate, roots absent or rare at young age, root hairs on rhizome .................................................................................. 11. L. axillaris
6b. Rhizome flattened or rounded, scales dense, large, broadly lanceolate, pseudopeltate, roots always present, sometimes sparse.
7a. Sterile fronds lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 10–50 × 2.5–11 cm, base decurrent, apex acute or acuminate; phyllopodia ± distinct ........................................................... 12. L. decurrens
7b. Sterile fronds ovate or triangular, 2–7 × 1.5–4 cm, base cordate, apex obtuse; phyllopodia obscure ......................................................................................................... 13. L. cantoniensis
5a. Fertile fronds with obvious lamina, often as wide as in sterile fronds.
8a. Sori orbicular to elongate, in interrupted lines.
9a. Fertile fronds monomorphic; stipe 1–4 cm ........................................ 1. L. hemionitideus
9b. Fertile fronds dimorphic; stipe 4–10 cm ................................................ 2. L. ×beddomei
8b. Sori linear, continuous.
10a. Leaves dimorphic .............................................................................. 3. L. pedunculatus
10b. Leaves monomorphic.
11a. Lamina abaxial surface with small scales and scale-shaped soral paraphyses 4. L. wrightii
11b. Lamina abaxial surface without small scales and scale-shaped soral paraphyses.
12a. Fronds elliptical or ovate-lanceolate; lamina normally rather abruptly narrowed below middle, venation indistinct ..................................................................................... 5. L. henryi
12b. Fronds narrowly linear; lamina gradually decurrent nearly to base, venation distinct 6. L. leveillei
断线蕨 duan xian jue
Selliguea hemionitidea C. Presl, Tent. Pterid. 216. 1836; Colysis hemionitidea (C. Presl) C. Presl; Drynaria hemionitidea (C. Presl) J. Smith; Microsorum ensato-sessilifrons (Hayata) H. Itô; M. hemionitideum (C. Presl) Copeland; Pleopeltis hemionitidea (C. Presl) T. Moore; Polypodium ensato-sessilifrons Hayata; P. hemionitideum (C. Presl) Wallich ex Mettenius.
Rhizome 2–4 mm in diam., dorsiventrally flattened; scales pseudopeltate, narrowly ovate or triangular, 2–4 × 0.7–1.2 mm, clathrate or subclathrate, central region bearing multiseptate hairs at least when young or glabrous, margin denticulate. Fronds not or only slightly dimorphic; stipe winged for a considerable part; lamina simple, narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 28–60 × 3–8.5 cm, thinly herbaceous, abaxial surface without acicular hairs, base very narrowly cuneate, margin entire, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins ± straight, prominent and distinct, (6–)7.6–14 mm apart, ± straight, dichotomously branched near margin, connecting veins 4–7 between adjacent veins, anadromous, veinlets generally forming 2–4 prominent and distinct, free veinlets simple or once forked. Sori orbicular or elongate, in one discontinuous line between each pair of veins, superficial or slightly sunken, absent from basal 30%–50% of lamina, 1–4(–7) per veinlet.
Terrestrial on stones in streams, in dry evergreen forests, on wet ground in stream beds in dense forests, locally common; 700–2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Japan, Nepal, Thailand].
The epithet was first introduced by Wallich as Polypodium hemionitideum (Numer. List no. 284. 1828, nom. nud.).
异叶线蕨 yi ye xian jue
Basionym: Colysis ×beddomei Manickam & Irudayaraj, Taxon 46: 267. 1997; C. diversifolia W. M. Chu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 93. 1979, blocking name Leptochilus diversifolius (Blume) Christ.
Rhizome long creeping, reddish brown, densely scaly. Scales reddish brown, peltate, ovate-lanceolate, base subrounded, margin sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic to dimorphic, sometimes fertile fronds also dimorphic, distant; stipe 4–10 cm, narrowly winged; lamina broadly lanceolate to oblanceolate, 30–50 × 3–7 cm, papery, glabrous, base long decurrent to base of stipes, apex acuminate; lateral veins prominent, veinlets forming 3 or 4 large areoles between two adjacent lateral veins, free included veinlets simple or forked. Sori separate, orbicular or oblong to linear, definitely connate, in one regular row between adjacent lateral veins.
800–1200 m. SE Yunnan [India, Myanmar].
The fertile fronds of Colysis diversifolia are of two kinds, sometimes like those of C. hemionitidea, and sometimes narrowed like those of Leptochilus decurrens. Manickam and Irudayaraj made a good case for these plants representing a hybrid between them.
长柄线蕨 chang bing xian jue
Ceterach pedunculatum Hooker & Greville, Icon. Filic. t. 5. 1827; Colysis intermedia Ching & Chu H. Wang; Colysis pedunculata (Hooker & Greville) Ching; C. saxicola H. G. Zhou & Hua Li; C. wui Ching; Grammitis membranacea Blume; Leptochilus macrophyllus (Blume) Nooteboom var. pedunculatus (Hooker & Greville) Nooteboom; Polypodium bonii Christ; P. fluviatile Lauterbach; P. wui C. Christensen.
Rhizome slender, creeping, densely scaly, roots many. Scales brown, ovate-lanceolate, 1.4–3.8 × 0.2–1 mm, margin sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate. Fronds subdimorphic, distant; stipe stramineous, 5–35 cm; lamina oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 15–25 × 2–7 cm, herbaceous, glabrous, base abruptly narrowed into narrowly winged stipe, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex acuminate or obtuse; lateral veins oblique, veinlets forming 2 rows of areoles between two adjacent lateral veins, free included veinlets 1- or 2-forked. Sori linear, ranging from midvein to margin of lamina, 1 row between lateral veins.
On rocks in forests or terrestrial. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam].
褐叶线蕨 he ye xian jue
Basionym: Gymnogramma wrightii Hooker & Baker, Sp. Fil. 5: 160. 1864 [“Gymnogramme”]; Colysis hokouensis Ching; C. longifrons Tagawa; C. megalolepis Tagawa; C. subsessilifolia Ching; C. wrightii (Hooker & Baker) Ching; C. wrightii f. laciniata Sa. Kurata; Leptochilus macrophyllus (Blume) Nooteboom var. wrightii (Hooker & Baker) Nooteboom.
Rhizome long creeping, densely scaly. Scales brown, ovate-lanceolate, 1.4–6.2 × 0.2–1.2 mm, margin denticulate, apex acuminate. Fronds distant; stipe short, 1–3 cm, or fronds subsessile; lamina oblanceolate, 20–25 × 2–4.5 cm wide at middle, herbaceous, dark brown, adaxial surface of costa with small scales, base decurrent into winged stipe, margin shallowly undulate, apex acuminate to caudate; veinlets forming 2 rows of areoles between two adjacent lateral veins, free included veinlets simple or forked. Sori linear, 1 row between two adjacent lateral veins, from midvein up to margin of lamina, with scale-shaped soral paraphyses.
In shaded forests, terrestrial or epiphytic; 100–1000 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan, Vietnam].
矩圆线蕨 ju yuan xian jue
Basionym: Gymnogramma henryi Baker, J. Bot. 25: 171. 1887; Colysis henryi (Baker) Ching; C. lioui Ching [“liouiii”]; Polypodium henryi (Baker) C. Christensen; Selliguea henryi Christ [Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 879. 1898].
Rhizome slender, long creeping; scales brown, ovate-lanceolate, 1.7–5 × 0.2–2.1 mm, margin sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic, or subdimorphic, distant; stipe stramineous, 5–35 cm; lamina ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 15–50 × 3–11 cm, herbaceous, glabrous, base abruptly narrowed into narrow wings along stipe, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex acuminate or obtuse; veinlets forming 2 rows of areoles between two adjacent lateral veins, free included veinlets simple or 1- or 2-forked. Sori linear, one regular row between lateral veins, up to margin of lamina, without paraphyses.
* In shaded forests; 600–1300 m. Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
绿叶线蕨 lu ye xian jue
Basionym: Selliguea leveillei Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 236. 1906; Colysis leveillei (Christ) Ching; C. leveillei f. angusta (C. Christensen) Ching; C. leveillei f. major (C. Christensen) Ching; Polypodium leveillei (Christ) C. Christensen.
Rhizome slender, long creeping; scales brown, ovate-lanceolate, 1.1–4.4 × 0.3–1 mm, margin sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate. Fronds monomorphic or slightly dimorphic, distant; stipe stramineous, 4–8 cm; lamina linear or linear-lanceolate, 20–40 × 0.8–4 cm wide at middle, herbaceous, glabrous, gradually decurrent nearly to base, margin slightly undulate, apex long acuminate or caudate; veinlets forming 2 rows of areoles between two adjacent lateral veins, free included veinlets simple or forked. Sori linear, one regular row between lateral veins, up to margin of lamina, without paraphyses.
* In wet forests; 400–1300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou.
Colysis leveillei is very similar to C. wrightii but without paraphyses.
胄叶线蕨 zhou ye xian jue
Polypodium hemitomum Hance, J. Bot. 21: 269. 1883; Colysis hemitoma (Hance) Ching; C. hemitoma f. integra Ching ex S. H. Fu; P. cavalerieri Rosenstock.
Rhizome slender, long creeping; scales dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, 1–4.6 × 0.2–1 mm, margin denticulate, apex long acuminate. Fronds monomorphic or slightly dimorphic, distant; stipe pale brown, 5–30 cm; lamina simple to irregularly pinnatifid lobed, ovate, broadly deltoid-lanceolate, or sagittate, 10–25 × 3–15 cm, herbaceous, glabrous, base truncate, apex long acuminate; lobes when present 1–3 pairs, linear-lanceolate, 3–10 × 0.6–1.8 cm, margin undulate; veinlets forming 2 rows of areoles between two adjacent lateral veins, free included veinlets simple or forked. Sori linear, one regular row between lateral veins, up to margin of lamina, sometimes incompletely covered by peltate paraphyses when young.
In valley forests. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam].
Nooteboom (Blumea 42: 294. 1997) regarded Leptochilus ×hemitomus as a hybrid between L. macrophyllus (Blume) Nooteboom and L. elliptica (Thunberg) Nooteboom on the basis of the irregular frond shape and abortive sporangia.
新店线蕨 xin dian xian jue
Polypodium shintenense Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8: 154. 1919; Colysis elliptica (Thunberg) Ching var. pothifolia (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) Ching f. simplex Ching; C. ×shintenensis (Hayata) H. Itô; C. simplicifrons (Christ) Tagawa; C. wrightii (Hooker) Ching var. lacerata Nakai.
Rhizome slender, long creeping, 3–5 mm in diam.; scales dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, 1–4.6 × 0.2–1 mm, margin denticulate, apex long acuminate. Fronds monomorphic, distant; stipe stramineous, 15–40 cm; lamina triangular-lanceolate, 25–50 × 3–5 cm, herbaceous, glabrous, base attenuate, margin entire or undulate, or with 1–3 pairs of lobes near base; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, 3–10 × 0.6–1.8 cm; veinlets forming 2 rows of areoles between two adjacent lateral veins, free included veinlets simple or forked. Sori linear, one regular row between lateral veins, up to margin of lamina.
On rocks in dense wet forests. Taiwan [Japan].
Nooteboom (Blumea 42: 293. 1997) included Leptochilus ×shintenensis within the preceding species.
线蕨 xian jue
Rhizome slender, long creeping, 2–10 mm in diam., somewhat flattened; scales dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, 1.1–7.6 × 0.6–2.3 mm, margin sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate. Fronds subdimorphic, distant; stipe stramineous, 6.5–48 cm; rachis usually winged, to 3.2 cm wide; lamina pinnate to deeply pinnatifid, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, 17–70 × 8–22(–50) cm, herbaceous to papery, dark brown, glabrous, base narrowly cuneate and decurrent, margin entire to distinctly undulate-repand; lobes 3–14 pairs, linear to narrowly lanceolate or elliptic, 4.5–24 × 0.9–3.8 cm, apex long acuminate; fertile fronds usually with longer stipes, narrower pinnae or lobes, papery; lateral veins often rather crooked and ill-defined, forming 2 or 3 irregularly arranged areoles, free included veinlets often forked. Sori linear, sometimes interrupted, one between each pair of lateral veins. 2n = 72.
Forests, on slopes or rocks, sometimes wet; 100–2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
1a. Fronds pinnatifid to a broadly winged rachis, margin distinctly undulate-repand .. 9c. var. flexilobus
1b. Fronds pinnate to pinnatisect to narrowly winged rachis, margin entire or sometimes indistinctly slightly undulate.
2a. Pinnae 5–9 pairs.
3a. Plants 30–50 cm, fronds subdimorphic, papery, veins and
veinlets indistinct, largest lobe 7–12 × 0.9–1.6 cm, rhizome 2.5–4.5 mm wide
............................................................................................................. 9a.
var. ellipticus
3b. Plants 60–100 cm, fronds monomorphic, herbaceous, veins and veinlets distinct, largest lobe 15–24 × 1.7–2.8 cm, rhizome 5–10 mm wide .................................... 9b. var. pothifolius
2b. Pinnae 2–5 pairs.
4a. Lamina thinly leathery, 17–30 cm, less than 12 cm wide, largest lobe 5–8 × 1.4–2.2 cm 9d. var. longipes
4b. Lamina herbaceous, 40–70 × 12–22 cm, largest lobe 11–18 × 2.2–3.7 cm ........... 9e. var. pentaphyllus
线蕨(原变种) xian jue (yuan bian zhong)
Polypodium ellipticum Thunberg, Syst. Veg., ed. 14 (J. A. Murray) 935. 1784; Colysis boisii (Christ) Ching; C. elliptica (Thunberg) Ching; C. morsei Ching; Polypodium ellipticum f. brevis Y. C. Wu; Selliguea coraiensis Christ; S. elliptica (Thunberg) Beddome.
Rhizome 2.5–4.5 mm in diam.; scales dark brown. Fronds subdimorphic, 30–50 cm; stipe 6.5–48 cm; rachis terete to narrowly winged; lamina deeply pinnatifid, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 20–70 × 8–22 cm, herbaceous, margin entire or sometimes indistinctly slightly undulate; lobes 5–9 pairs, linear or linear-lanceolate, largest lobe 7–12 × 0.9–1.6 cm, apex long acuminate.
Forests, on slopes or on rocks beside streams; 100–2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea, Vietnam].
宽羽线蕨 kuan yu xian jue
Basionym: Hemionitis pothifolia Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 13. 1825; Colysis elegans Sa. Kurata; C. elliptica var. pothifolia (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) Ching; C. flavescens (Ching) Nakaike, S. Matsumoto & V. L. Gurung; C. × kiusiana Sa. Kurata; C. leptophylla H. Itô; C. pothifolia (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) C. Presl; C. pothifolia f. bipinnatifida H. Itô; C. pothifolia var. membranacea Nakai; Selliguea pothifolia (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) J. Smith.
Rhizome very thick, 5–10 mm in diam. Fronds large, 70–100 cm; rachis terete to narrowly winged; lamina pinnate to pinnatisect, margin entire or sometimes indistinctly slightly undulate; pinnae (5–)7–14 pairs, largest lobe 13–24(–31) × (0.3–)1.7–2.8(–3.6) cm.
In forests, on rocks. Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
曲边线蕨 qu bian xian jue
Basionym: Polypodium flexilobum Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 1904: 107. 1904; Colysis dissimilialata (Bonaparte) Ching; C. elliptica var. flexiloba (Christ) L. Shi & X. C. Zhang; C. flexiloba (Christ) Ching; C. flexiloba var. undulatocrenatum (Ching) Ching; C. latiloba Ching; C. sanjiangensis H. G. Zhou & Hua Li; Polypodium dissimilialatum Bonaparte; P. ellipticum var. undulatorepandum C. Christensen; P. flexilobum Christ var. undulatocrenatum Ching [“undulato-crenatum”]; Selliguea elliptica var. flagellaris Christ.
Rhizome 2–2.5 mm in diam. Rachis broadly winged, up to 3.2 cm wide; lamina pinnatifid 18–25 × 12–22 cm, herbaceous, margin distinctly undulate-repand to crisped; lobes 6 or 7 pairs lanceolate, distinctly narrowed at base, largest lobe 5–12 × 0.9–1.6 cm widest above base.
In forests. Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Vietnam].
长柄线蕨 chang bing xian jue
Basionym: Colysis longipes Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 4: 332. 1933; C. elliptica var. longipes (Ching) L. Shi & X. C. Zhang.
Fronds small. Rachis terete to narrowly winged; lamina pinnate to pinnatisect 17–30 × less than 12 cm, thinly leathery, lamina yellow-green, thick, margin entire or sometimes indistinctly slightly undulate; pinnae 2–3(–5) pairs, deltoid, largest lobe 5–8 × 1.4–2.2 cm; veinlets sometimes obscure.
* On wet rocks in forests. Hainan.
滇线蕨 dian xian jue
Basionym: Gymnogramme pentaphylla Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew. 1898: 233. 1898; Colysis elliptica var. pentaphylla (Baker) L. Shi & X. C. Zhang; Polypodium ellipticum Thunberg var. pentaphyllum (Baker) C. Christensen; P. mediosorum Ching; P. pentaphyllum Christ (1906), not Baker (1891).
Rhizome scales spreading, large, pale brown and shiny, membranous. Rachis terete to narrowly winged; lamina pinnate to pinnatisect 40–70 × 12–22 cm, herbaceous, margin entire or sometimes indistinctly slightly undulate; pinnae 2–5(–8) pairs, largest lobes 11–18 × 1.7–3.7(–5) cm.
* In forest; 500–1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan.
掌叶线蕨 zhang ye xian jue
Gymnogramme digitata Baker, J. Bot. 28: 267. 1890; Colysis digitata (Baker) Ching; C. digitata f. annamensis (Christ) Ching; C. digitata f. cadieri (Christ) Ching; C. digitata f. laciniata Ching; C. triphylla Ching & Chu H. Wang; Polypodium ampelideum Christ; P. annamense Christ; P. cadieri Christ; P. digitatum (Baker) C. Christensen; P. podopterum Christ.
Rhizome slender, long creeping, 3–5 mm in diam.; scales narrowly ovate or triangular, 1.5–6.6 × 1–1.7 mm, margin denticulate, apex long acuminate to hairlike. Fronds not or only slightly dimorphic; stipe stramineous, 20–30 cm; lamina pedately divided, trifid, unequally trifid, or simple, 8–18 × 8–26 cm, widest below middle, thinly herbaceous, base cuneate-decrescent to cuneate, margin entire or undulate; longest lobes widest below middle; apical lobe 10–18 × 1.5–4 cm; veins ± sunken and indistinct, or prominent and distinct, free included veinlets simple or once forked. Sori linear, one row between each pair of lateral veins, superficial or slightly sunken, on whole surface of lamina.
On rocks by streams, or climbing on lower tree trunks; sea level to 1400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [Vietnam].
Rarely, some or all of the fertile fronds of Colysis digitata have very narrow linear lobes, sometimes simple leaves occur.
薄唇蕨 buo chu jue
Acrostichum axillare Cavanilles, Anales Hist. Nat. 1: 101. 1799; Gymnopteris axillaris (Cavanilles) Beddome; G. variabilis (Hooker) Beddome var. axillaris (Cavanilles) Beddome; Leptochilus platyphyllus Copeland.
Rhizome 1.5–3.5 mm in diam., dorsiventrally flattened, bearing scales and hairs, with only circumvascular sheaths; vascular bundles 7–15; roots absent, root hairs on rhizome; scales sparse, peltate, distinctly spreading, narrowly ovate or triangular, broadest at middle, 0.5–2 × 0.1–0.2 mm, margin denticulate; phyllopodia 3–80 mm apart, ± distinct. Sterile fronds: stipe 2–9 cm, 0.9–1.5 mm in diam.; lamina narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate, 9–36 × 1.1–6.5 cm, 3–10 × as long as broad, with short glandular hairs, base narrowly decrescent, stipe winged for a considerable part to cuneate-decrescent to cuneate to cordate, auriculate, margin entire. Fertile fronds: stipe 2–7 cm; lamina simple, linear, 15–30 × 0.1–0.5 cm; veins 7–10 mm apart, prominent and distinct, zigzag, each costal areole giving rise to two lateral veins, thus lateral veins seemingly branching at or near costa, costal areole bordered by several smaller areoles; a prominent basiscopic (or sometimes acroscopic) connecting vein dichotomously branching off near costa; connecting veins catadromous, 2–4 between adjacent secondary veins; smaller veins prominent and distinct; free veinlets simple or once forked, usually in- and excurrent. Sori acrostichoid; superficial or slightly sunken; paraphyses present.
Epiphytic at low levels in forests. Guizhou, Yunnan [Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand].
似薄唇蕨 si buo chun jue
Acrostichum lanceolatum (Fee) Hooker (1864), not Linnaeus (1753), nor Roxburgh (1816); A. listeri Baker; A. variabile Hooker; A. variabile var. laciniatum Hooker; Anapausia decurrens (Blume) C. Presl; Campium decurrens (Blume) Copeland; C. laciniatum Copeland; C. lanceolatum (Fée) Copeland; Colysis decurrens (Blume) Panigrahi; C. evrardii Tardieu; C. poilanei C. Christensen & Tardieu; Dendroglossa zeylanica (Fée) Copeland; Gymnopteris feei T. Moore; G. feei f. anomala Beddome; G. feei var. pinnatifida Beddome; G. feei var. triloba Beddome; G. wallichiana C. Presl; Leptochilus hilocarpus Fée; L. laciniatus (Hooker) Ching; L. laciniatus var. simplex Ching; L. lanceolatus Fée; L. thwaitesianus Fée; L. zeylanicus Fée; Paraleptochilus decurrens (Blume) Copeland; P. decurrens var. lanceolata (Fée) R. D. Dixit.
Rhizome 2.5–3 mm in diam.; dorsiventrally flattened, with only scattered strands of sclerenchyma (rarely also in ca. 6 bundle sheaths); sclerenchyma strands 20–100; roots densely set; scales pseudopeltate (sometimes peltate), densely set, slightly spreading, narrowly ovate or triangular, broadest below middle, 2–5 × 0.3–1 mm, margin denticulate; central region bearing multiseptate hairs at least when young, or central region glabrous; phyllopodia 1–7 mm apart, ± distinct. Sterile fronds: stipe 0–18 cm, base with 2 longitudinal ridges; lamina narrowly ovate to ovate (to narrowly obovate), 10–50 × 2.5–11 cm, abaxial surface with short glandular hairs, base decurrent almost to base of stipe, 1.2–1.7 mm in diam. Fertile fronds: stipe present, 14–50 cm; lamina linear to narrowly ovate to ovate, 0.1–1 cm wide; lateral veins 5–12 mm apart, prominent and distinct, ± straight or zigzag, dichotomously branched near margin, or below middle; no prominent veinlet situated parallel to veins, or each costal areole giving rise to two lateral veins, thus lateral veins seemingly branching at or near costa, costal areole bordered by several smaller areoles, no prominent connecting basiscopic vein branching off near costa; connecting veins anadromous, 3–8 between adjacent secondary veins; smaller veins ± sunken and indistinct. Sori acrostichoid, on whole surface of lamina; paraphyses present.
Epilithic or epiphytic on trunk bases, sometimes terrestrial, often on rocks beside streams in forests; 100–1800 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Malesia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Christmas Island].
Nooteboom (Blumea 42: 282. 1997) suggested that Leptochilus trifidus Alderwerelt is a hybrid between L. decurrens and Colysis macrophyllus (Blume) C. Presl.
心叶薄唇蕨 xin ye buo chun jue
Gymnogramma cantoniense Baker, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 17: t. 1685. 1887; Campium cantoniense (Baker) Ching; Christopteris cantoniensis (Baker) Christ; Dendroglossa cantoniensis (Baker) Copeland; Polypodium cantoniense (Baker) Baker.
Rhizome 1–2 mm in diam., rounded, with only scattered strands of sclerenchyma; sclerenchyma strands 10–50; roots sparsely set; scales pseudopeltate, densely set, slightly spreading, ovate or triangular, broadest below middle, 1.5–2.5 × 0.5–1 mm, margin entire or denticulate, apex acute, center with multiseptate hairs at least when young; phyllopodia obscure. Fronds strongly dimorphic; stipe present, 1–11 cm, 0.5–1 mm in diam.; lamina simple, ovate to deltoid; 2–7 × 1.5–4 cm, 1.6–2 × as long as broad, thinly herbaceous to herbaceous, base truncate to truncate-decrescent to cordate, auriculate, margin entire, apex rounded. Fertile fronds: stipe 12–30 cm; lamina linear, 1.5–15 × 0.1–0.5 cm; each costal areole giving rise to two lateral veins, thus lateral veins seemingly branching at or near costa, costal areole bordered by several smaller areoles; veins 1–2 mm apart, ± sunken and indistinct, zigzag, dichotomously branched near margin, a prominent basiscopic (or sometimes acroscopic) connecting vein dichotomously branching off near costa, 2 or 3 between adjacent secondary veins, smaller veins ± sunken and indistinct, marginal vein absent. Sori acrostichoid; paraphyses present, simple uniseriate hairs with glandular terminal cells.
On rocks along streams. Guangdong, Hainan [Vietnam].
多足蕨亚科 duo zu jue ya ke
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑), Lu Shugang (陆树刚), Xing Fuwu (邢福武), Wang Faguo (王发国); Barbara S. Parris, Chris Haufler, Masahiro Kato
多足蕨属 duo zu jue shu
Lu Shugang (陆树刚); Chris Haufler
Ferns epiphytic or epilithic, small to medium-sized. Rhizome long creeping, covered with scales; scales brown, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, clathrate or centrally clathrate. Fronds usually remote, articulate at base, monomorphic. Lamina broadly lanceolate, simple, pinnatifid, truncate at base, pinnatilobed at apex. Lateral segments more than 5 pairs, lanceolate, ± falcate, entire to incised at margins. Veins free, veinlets forked. Sori orbicular, in one row on either side of costa, borne on acroscopic branch of a free forked veinlet, without peltate paraphyses; sporangia long stalked, annulus with ca. 20 hardened cells. Spores yellow, ellipsoidal, surface verrucate. x = 37.
About six species: throughout the N temperate zone, ranging from temperate Europe and N Asia to North America; two species in China.
1a. Segments oblique, 3–4 cm; sori medial or slightly closer to costa ........................ 1. P. vulgare
1b. Segments spreading, 2–2.5
cm; sori much nearer to margin than to costa
2.
P. virginianum
欧亚水龙骨 ou ya shui long gu
Rhizome long creeping, 3–4 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales pale brown, lanceolate with ovate peltate base, 4–5 mm, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored, 5–10 cm, densely scaly at base, glabrescent upward. Lamina pinnatifid or pinnatisect, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 10–20 × 5–7 cm, herbaceous or subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, apex shortly caudate . Segments 12–15 pairs, oblique, lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.5–0.8 cm, decurrent to adjacent lobes by very narrowly winged rachis, margin toothed, apex obtuse or acute. Veinlets hardly visible. Sori medial or slightly closer to costa.
Epilithic; ca. 1900 m. Xinjiang [Japan, Russia; Europe, North America].
东北水龙骨 dong bei shui long gu
Rhizome wide creeping, 2–3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate 3–4 mm, margin remotely toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored, 5–8 cm, glabrous. Lamina deeply pinnatifid or pinnatisect, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 10–20 × 3–5 cm, subleathery, yellowish green abaxially, grayish green adaxially, both surfaces glabrous, apex acuminate or caudate. Segments 12–16 pairs, spreading, narrowly lanceolate, 2–2.5 × 0.5–0.6 mm, usually decurrent to adjacent lobes by narrowly winged rachis, apex obtuse or acute. Veins free, veinlets terminating with hydathode near margin, invisible abaxially, hardly visible adaxially. Sori near margin.
Epiphytic on tree trunks or epilithic. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; North America].
睫毛蕨属 jie mao jue shu
Xing Fuwu (邢福武), Wang Faguo (王发国); Masahiro Kato
Ferns, small, epiphytic or lithophytic. Rhizome slender, long creeping, with ca. 2 vascular bundles, densely covered by long rufous linear hairs and long and narrow linear scales at apex. Fronds distant; stipe straw-colored, slender, densely covered with hairs similar to those of rhizome, with 1 terete vascular bundle; lamina bipinnatifid, papery, both surfaces densely covered with brown nodose hairs, densely ciliate at margin; pinnules subligulate, entire or subentire, apex obtuse; veins free, with 1 veinlet per lobe, ending inframarginally. Sori linear-oblong, along veins; sporangia shortly stalked, annulus consisting of 14(–16) thickly walled cells; spores reniform, bilateral, transparent, smooth-surfaced, perispore thin.
One species: China, Japan, Korea, Russia.
睫毛蕨 jie mao jue
Gymnogramma makinoi Maximowicz ex Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 8: 481. 1894; Anogramma makinoi (Maximowicz ex Makino) Christ.
Rhizome densely covered with long rufous linear hairs and also a few deciduous linear scales near apex, hairs 2–6 mm. Stipe 1.5–3 cm, densely hairy; hairs brown or rufous, nodose, 0.3–0.6 mm; lamina lanceolate in outline, 1.5–8 × 0.5–1.5 cm, dark green when dry, base cuneate, margin densely ciliate, apex obtuse; pinnae 4–7 pairs, alternate, distant, oblique, shortly stalked, triangular-ovate, basal pair slightly shorter; middle pinnae 5–15 × 4–8 mm, base obliquely cuneate, pinnatipartite, apex obtuse; pinnules 1–3 pairs, alternate, oblique, subligulate or spatulate, 2–3 × ca. 1 mm, entire or subentire, apex obtuse. Sori linear-oblong, short, along veins except their ends, often confluent.
In wet moss communities of forest understory, on rocks, tree trunks, wet places; 800–2700 m. Gansu, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Japan, Korea, Russia].
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Plants small epiphytes. Rhizomes radial, with stipes in whorls; scales not clathrate, glabrous. Stipe not articulate to rhizome, phyllopodia absent. Lamina linear to linear-oblanceolate, long attenuate at base, entire, acute to obtuse at apex; lateral veins hidden, invisible, free, endings without hydathodes on adaxial surface of lamina. Sori linear, deeply sunken in 2 grooves, 1 on each side of midrib, ± parallel to margins and midrib. Sporangia glabrous.
About seven species; one species in China.
Chinese pinyin
Vittaria sulcata Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 68. 1869; Taeniopsis sulcata (Kuhn) Beddome.
Stipe glabrous or nearly so. Lamina linear to linear-oblanceolate, 1.5–5.5 × 0.3–0.4 cm, long attenuate to form a wing at base, acute to obtuse at apex; midrib distinctly prominent on abaxial side, grooved on adaxial side; lateral veins invisible even with transmitted light, ascending, mostly forked or irregularly branched, extending beyond sorus; hairs absent to sparse, usually visible on abaxial side of midrib and margins (but lost when old), hard to see on both surfaces, if present then simple eglandular, usually tufted, rarely simple or forked, pale to medium reddish brown, 0.1–0.3 mm. Sori about medial between midrib and margin; grooves 0.3–0.6 mm from margin, 0.8–1.2 mm apart, inner edge of groove usually acute and somewhat produced over sori, outer edge attenuate toward margin, mouth of groove obliquely opening toward margin.
On mossy tree trunks in dense mountain forests; 1000–1500 m. Hainan, Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka. Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific islands].
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Plants small epiphytes, seldom petrophytic. Rhizomes dorsiventral, with stipes in 2 rows; scales not clathrate, brown or reddish brown, glabrous. Stipe articulate or not, phyllopodia present or not. Lamina usually entire, rarely slightly crenulate; veins simple or 1- or 2-forked, free, vein endings sometimes with a hydathode on adaxial surface of lamina. Sori usually superficial or slightly sunken in shallow depressions on lamina, sometimes deeply sunken, on acroscopic vein branch unless veins simple, in 2 rows, 1 on each side of midrib. First-developed sporangia usually with 1–4 simple hairs at apex adjacent to annulus, rarely glabrous; later-developed sporangia glabrous. Hairs simple eglandular, either solitary or tufted, and 1- or 2-forked with eglandular branches.
About 110 species; eight species (two endemic) in China.
1a. Mature lamina glabrous in apical half, or only with very sparse hairs.
2a. Sori superficial, or slightly sunken .................................................................. 1. O. adspersa
2b. Sori deeply sunken ............................................................................................. 6. O. nuda
1b. Mature lamina with hairs in apical half, at least on midrib.
3a. Lamina margins with tufted hairs ........................................................................ 4. O. fenicis
3b. Lamina margins with only simple hairs.
4a. Lateral veins distinct ................................................................................ 7. O. reinwardtii
4b. Lateral veins hidden.
5a. Lamina usually less than 6 cm; stipe usually less than 1 cm.
6a. Stipe hairs dark reddish brown, 0.1–0.2 mm .......................................... 3. O. dorsipila
6b. Stipe hairs pale to dark red-brown, 0.2–1.8 mm ................................ 8. O. sinohirtella
5b. Lamina usually more than 8 cm; stipe more than 1 cm.
7a. Stipe hairs up to 1.2 mm; lateral veins 1- or 2-forked, acroscopic branch extending beyond sorus 2. O. congener
7b. Stipe hairs up to 0.5 mm; lateral veins 1-forked, acroscopic branch not extending beyond sorus 5. O. hainanensis
无毛禾叶蕨 wu mao he ye jue
Grammitis adspersa Blume, Fl. Javae Filic. 2: 115. 1830; G. malaica (Alderwerelt) Tagawa; Polypodium malaicum Alderwerelt.
Stipe very short, up to 5 mm, with some simple solitary and forked short hairs when young. Lamina linear to narrowly elliptic, 2–6 × 0.3–0.7 cm, cuneate or attenuate to form wing almost to base, glabrous or with very sparse hairs on younger laminae at base, margins entire, sometimes undulate, acute or bluntly obtuse at apex; midribs prominent on abaxial side at base, less so on adaxial side, gradually flattened toward apex, dark brown in basal part, brown in apical part; lateral veins hidden, visible in younger fronds with transmitted light, simple, or when soriferous 1-forked with a short acroscopic branch not extending beyond sorus, endings with hydathodes; hairs absent or only in younger fronds, when present, simple, solitary, or rarely forked, pale brown, up to 0.2 mm, mainly on both sides of basal midrib and margins, absent or nearly so on other parts. Sori orbicular to oval, superficial, quite close to midrib. Sporangia setose.
Among moss on tree trunks in dense and wet mountain forests; 1200–1800 m. Hainan, Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific islands].
Chinese pinyin
Grammitis congener Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 115. 1828.
Stipe 1–4 cm, covered with 2 different kinds of simple solitary hairs; shorter hairs whitish brown, up to 0.3 mm, dense on nearly whole stipe; longer hairs medium to dark reddish brown, up to 1.2 mm, usually sparsely confined to apical part of stipe; phyllopodia present. Lamina linear-elliptic, 8–15.5 × 0.5–1 cm, gradually narrowed downward to acuminate base, margins entire, sometimes slightly undulate, obtuse or acute at apex; hairs mainly simple, solitary, rarely forked, not tufted on margin, dark reddish brown, moderate to very sparse on all parts of lamina, usually slightly denser on midribs; midrib brown or dark brown at base, prominent on abaxial side, plane or nearly so on adaxial side; lateral veins hidden, invisible even with transmitted light, 1- or 2-forked, acroscopic branch usually simple, extending beyond sorus, basiscopic branch forked, endings with hydathodes. Sori orbicular to oval, superficial, near midrib. Sporangia setose.
On moss on tree trunks in wet and dense mountain forests; 500–1800 m. Taiwan [Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
短柄禾叶蕨 duan bing he ye jue
Polypodium dorsipilum Christ, Monsunia 1: 59. 1900; Grammitis dorsipila (Christ) C. Christensen & Tardieu.
Stipe 1–4 mm, with short simple solitary dark reddish brown hairs 0.1–0.2 mm; phyllopodia absent. Lamina narrowly oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, 1.4–6.1 × 0.2–0.4 cm, gradually attenuate or cuneate to stipe, entire, bluntly acute to obtuse at apex; midrib brown or dark brown, slightly prominent on abaxial side, sometimes slightly prominent on adaxial side; lateral veins hidden, 1-forked, acroscopic branch shorter than basiscopic branch, extending beyond sorus or not, endings with sometimes indistinct hydathodes; hairs on all parts of lamina simple, solitary, dark reddish brown, 0.1–0.5 mm. Sori orbicular or elliptic, superficial, close to midrib. Sporangia setose.
Usually epiphytic on tree trunks or rupestral beside streams in mountain forests; 600–1200 m. Guangdong [Cambodia, Japan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].
Chinese pinyin
Grammitis fenicis Copeland, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18: 224. 1942; Grammitis jagoriana auct. non (Mett. ex Kuhn) Tagawa.
Stipe less than 1 cm, covered with simple, mainly solitary, sometimes forked or tufted, medium to dark reddish brown hairs up to 0.8 mm. Lamina linear or linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, 2–7 × 0.3–0.6 cm, acuminate at base, entire, bluntly acute to ± obtuse at apex; midrib visible on both surfaces, distinctly prominent on abaxial side, plane or slightly prominent on adaxial side at base; lateral veins hidden, invisible even with transmitted light, 1- or 2-forked, acroscopic branch shorter than or equal in length to basiscopic one, extending beyond sorus or not, basiscopic branch sometimes forked again; hydathodes absent or indistinct; hairs simple, dark reddish brown or nearly so, usually solitary (rarely forked and tufted) on both surfaces, solitary and tufted on margins, variably dense from very sparse to moderate, usually 0.3–0.7 mm, up to 2 mm for some on abaxial surface of lamina. Sori orbicular or oval, superficial, close to midrib. Sporangia setose.
Epiphytic on tree trunks in wet broad-leaved forests; 500–1500 m. Taiwan [Philippines].
Chinese pinyin
Stipe 11–16 mm, with simple, solitary, pale to dark reddish brown hairs 0.1–0.5 mm; phyllopodia absent. Lamina narrowly elliptic, 7.2–11 × 0.7–0.8 cm, gradually attenuate or cuneate to stipe, entire, acute to acuminate at apex; midrib brown, slightly prominent on abaxial side, plane to grooved on adaxial surface; lateral veins hidden, 1-forked, acroscopic branch shorter than basiscopic branch, not extending beyond sorus, endings with hydathodes; hairs on all parts of lamina simple, solitary, medium reddish brown, 0.1–2.6 mm. Sori orbicular or elliptic, superficial, close to midrib. Sporangia setose.
* Rupestral in mountain forests; 700–1400 m. Hainan.
长孢禾叶蕨 chang he ye jue
Grammitis nuda Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 10: 284. 1941.
Stipe sessile or very short, up to 0.4 mm, with sparse short simple tufted hairs up to 0.1 mm. Lamina linear to linear-oblong, 3–10 × 0.3–0.6 cm, narrowly attenuate to cuneate at base, entire, bluntly obtuse to slightly emarginate at apex, almost glabrous on both surfaces, sometimes with very sparse solitary to tufted simple hairs on margins (only in young fronds); midribs distinct and prominent on both sides, usually brown on adaxial surface, brown or more often dark brown on abaxial surface; lateral veins hidden, simple, or 1-forked, acroscopic branch not extending beyond sorus, endings with hydathodes. Sori medial or slightly nearer to midrib, elliptic to linear-oblong, or sometimes slightly recurved, sunken and distinctly prominent on adaxial surface of lamina. Sporangia glabrous.
Among moss on tree trunks in dense mountain forests; 1400–1500 m. Taiwan [?Philippines]
By only comparing Taiwan material, Oreogrammitis nuda is very easy to distinguish from its allied species O. adspersa in many characters, but their dividing line is confused by some specimens from the Philippines. The taxonomic status of O. nuda needs further research.
毛禾叶蕨 mao he ye jue
Grammitis reinwardtii Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae Add.: 2. 1828.
Stipe 0.8–2 cm, moderately covered with simple solitary medium reddish brown hairs 1–2.5 mm. Lamina narrowly elliptic, 3.5–10 × 0.6–1.2 cm, cuneate at base, margins entire, sometimes undulate, or slightly crenate, acute to obtuse at apex; midribs brown, prominent on both sides at least in basal part; lateral veins visible, sometimes simple when sterile, 1-forked when soriferous, acroscopic branch not extending beyond sorus, much shorter than basiscopic branch, endings with hydathodes; hairs simple, solitary, dark reddish brown, up to 2 mm, moderate to sparse, on all parts of lamina. Sori orbicular or oval, superficial, close to midrib. Sporangia setose.
Epiphytic on tree trunks in mossy forests; 1300–1700 m. Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia, Pacific islands].
Chinese pinyin
Stipe 3–11 mm, with simple solitary pale to dark reddish brown hairs 0.2–1.8 mm; phyllopodia absent. Lamina narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, 1.4–5.4 × 0.2–0.7 cm, gradually attenuate or cuneate to stipe, entire, obtuse to acute at apex; midrib brown to dark brown, slightly prominent on abaxial side, sometimes slightly prominent on adaxial side; lateral veins hidden, 1-forked, acroscopic branch shorter than basiscopic branch, not extending beyond sorus, endings with hydathodes; hairs on all parts of lamina simple, solitary, medium to dark reddish brown, 0.1–3.1 mm. Sori orbicular or elliptic, superficial, close to midrib. Sporangia setose.
* Rupestral in mountain forests; 700–1400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan.
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Plants small, epiphytic, seldom petrophytic. Rhizomes radial, with stipes in whorls; scales not clathrate, pale to dark reddish brown or yellowish brown, glabrous; sometimes absent. Stipe not articulate, phyllopodia absent. Lamina entire; veins simple or 1- or 2-forked, free, endings sometimes with a hydathode on adaxial surface of lamina, or not. Sori superficial or slightly sunken in broad shallow depressions on lamina, on acroscopic vein branch unless fertile veins simple, in 2 rows, 1 each side of midrib. First-developed sporangia usually with 1–3 simple hairs at apex adjacent to annulus, rarely glabrous; later-developed sporangia glabrous. Hairs simple eglandular, either solitary or tufted.
About 28 species; three species in China.
1a. Lamina margins with only solitary hairs ............................................................... 3. R. setigera
1b. Lamina margins with solitary and/or tufted hairs.
2a. Rhizomes without scales; marginal hairs pale to medium reddish brown, tufted, in 2 lengths 1. R. alepidota
2b. Rhizomes with scales; marginal hairs dark reddish brown, simple and tufted, ± all same length 2. R. jagoriana
Chinese pinyin
Grammitis alepidota M. G. Price, Philipp. Agric. 57: 34. 1973.
Rhizomes without scales, densely hairy. Stipe 3–12 mm, densely to moderately covered with pale reddish brown solitary or tufted hairs, obscurely of 2 lengths, up to 2 mm in longer hairs, 0.1–0.3 mm in shorter hairs. Lamina linear, linear-oblong, linear-elliptic, or linear-oblanceolate, 2–5.5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, attenuate to narrowly cuneate at base, margins entire or slightly crenate, bluntly obtuse or rounded at apex; midrib slightly prominent on both surfaces, brown to dark brown; lateral veins obscurely visible, or ± hidden in older fronds, simple, extending beyond sorus, ending with an obscure hydathode; hairs on all parts of lamina solitary, or tufted, 2 lengths, longer hairs 0.8–2.5 mm, shorter hairs 0.1–2.5 mm, mainly solitary (rarely tufted) on both surfaces, tufted in 2 lengths on margins. Sori orbicular or oval, superficial, very close to midrib. Sporangia glabrous.
Evergreen mossy broad-leaved forests, usually epiphytic on tree trunks or sometimes on rocks; 1300–1700 m. Taiwan [Philippines].
拟禾叶蕨 ni he ye jue
Polypodium jagorianum Mettenius ex Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 128. 1869; Grammitis jagoriana (Mettenius ex Kuhn) Tagawa.
Rhizomes with scales. Stipe 0.2–1 cm, with scattered to dense pale to dark reddish brown solitary hairs, not of 2 lengths, 0.2–1.7 mm. Lamina linear-oblanceolate, 2.8–8.7 × 0.2–0.5 cm, long attenuate at base, entire or slightly crenulate, bluntly acute to obtuse at apex; midrib prominent on abaxial surface, slightly prominent to prominent on adaxial surface, sometimes brown on both surfaces; 1–forked, acroscopic branch extending beyond sorus or not, shorter than to ± as long as basiscopic branch, endings without hydathodes; hairs dark red-brown, scattered on margin where solitary or tufted, sometimes sparse to frequent on abaxial surface of midrib where solitary or paired, occasional to scattered on adaxial surface of midrib and both surfaces of lamina, where solitary, not of 2 lengths, 0.7–2.3 mm. Sori orbicular to oval, superficial or in shallow depressions, median between costa and margin. Sporangia setose.
Taiwan [Indonesia (Borneo), Philippines, Thailand; Pacific islands].
The above description of Radiogrammitis jagoriana is based on Malesian material.
Chinese pinyin
Polypodium setigerum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 123. 1828; Grammitis intromissa (Christ) Parris; G. latifolia De Vol; Polypodium intromissum Christ.
Rhizomes with scales. Stipe 1.5–2.5 cm, densely covered with solitary, medium to dark reddish brown hairs 3–4 mm. Lamina linear to broadly linear, 10–15 × 0.9–1.2 cm, cuneate at base, margins entire, sometimes slightly undulate, acute or obtuse at apex; lateral veins hidden, but visible with transmitted light at least in young fronds, 1- or 2-forked, endings with hydathodes; hairs simple and tufted, reddish brown, up to 3 mm, moderate to abundant on margins and abaxial surface, sparse on adaxial surface. Sori orbicular, superficial or shallowly depressed, nearer midrib than margin. Sporangia setose.
Epiphytic on tree trunks in dense and wet mountain forests; 1400–1600 m. Taiwan [Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines].
荷苞蕨属 he bao jue shu
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Plants small epiphytes. Rhizomes radial, with stipes in whorls; scales not clathrate, pale reddish brown, glabrous or with 1 or more hairs at apex. Stipe very short, ± winged to base. Lamina attenuate gradually to apex and base, deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing along rachis; pinnae entire, with 1 simple vein, each vein ending with a hydathode, often very indistinct, on adaxial surface of lamina; fertile pinnae folded toward lamina apex and covering sori. Sori oval or elliptic, 1 sorus per pinna. Sporangia glabrous. Hairs simple eglandular, and 1- or 2-forked with eglandular branches.
About 30 species; two species in China.
1a. Lamina sparsely hairy or subglabrous; pinnae distant ....................................... 1. C. ordinatus
1b. Lamina copiously (not densely) hairy; pinnae approximate .................................. 2. C. gracilis
Chinese pinyin
Lamina linear, linear-elliptic, or linear-lanceolate, 2.3–6 × 0.4–0.8 cm; pinnae distant, inclined or widely ascending; sterile pinnae linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 2.8–5.5 × 0.8–1.8 mm, acute at apex; fertile pinnae slightly and gradually shortened upward, usually distinctly shorter than sterile ones; rachis prominent on both sides (at least in basal 2/3 part), brown; lateral veins ± visible or sometimes hidden; hairs absent in old fronds, but usually visible, when present, simple or 1- or 2-forked, pale brown, up to 0.4 mm, mainly on abaxial side of rachis and margins, very sparse on adaxial side of rachis and veins, hard to see on both surfaces of lamina.
Epiphytic on mossy tree trunks in dense mountain forests; 400–2500 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [Philippines].
疏毛苞蕨 shu mao bao jue
Plectopteris gracilis Fée, Mém. Foug. 5: 230. 1852.
Lamina linear, linear-lanceolate, or linear-oblanceolate, 5–14 × 0.4–0.7 cm, sometimes caudately prolonged at apex; pinnae widely ascending, approximate; sterile pinnae oblong, narrowly oblong, or oblong-oblanceolate, 2.5–5 × 1–1.8 mm, rounded or bluntly obtuse at apex; fertile pinnae similar in length to sterile ones; rachis prominent on both sides, brown to dark brown; lateral veins ± visible; hairs simple, pale to medium reddish brown on all parts of lamina, copious (not dense), variable in density, usually medium on rachis and veins, sparse on other parts, up to 1.4 mm.
On mossy tree trunks in dense and wet mountain forests; 500–1800 m. Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Plants small epiphytes, or sometimes petrophytic. Rhizomes radial, with stipes in whorls; scales not clathrate, reddish brown, glabrous. Stipe not articulate, phyllopodia absent. Lamina pinnate or deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing along rachis; veins hidden, but visible with transmitted light, lateral veins simple, each vein ending with a hydathode on adaxial surface of lamina. Sori superficial, 1 per pinna. Sporangia glabrous. Hairs simple eglandular, medium to dark reddish brown.
About 30 species; two species in China.
1a. Rachis pale to medium brown ............................................................................ 1. M. okuboi
1b. Rachis dark brown ...................................................................................... 2. M. sikkimense
Chinese pinyin
Polypodium okuboi Yatabe, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 5: 35. 1891; Grammitis okuboi (Yatabe) Ching; Micropolypodium pseudotrichomanoides (Hayata) Hayata; P. pseudocucullatum Rosenstock; P. pseudotrichomanoides Hayata; Xiphopteris okuboi (Yatabe) Copeland.
Stipe short, rarely up to 1.5 cm, with sparse hairs up to 1.5 mm. Lamina linear to oblong-lanceolate, 2–15 × 0.3–0.6 cm, up to 25 × 0.8 cm, gradually attenuate toward base to form wing on stipe, obtuse or acute at apex; pinnae oblong or ovate-oblong (middle pinnae), 1.8–3.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, sometimes slightly falcate, entire, or seldom with 2–4 teeth on acroscopic margin, acute to rounded at apex; rachis prominent on abaxial side, slightly grooved on adaxial side, pale to medium brown; hairs copious, moderate or sparse on all parts of lamina, similar to those on stipe. Sori orbicular to elliptic, close to rachis.
Mossy tree trunks, rocks in mountain forests; 1000–2700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Guizhou, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
锡金禾叶蕨 xi jin he ye jue
Polypodium sikkimense Hieronymus, Hedwigia 44: 97. 1905; Ctenopteris sikkimensis (Hieronymus) C. Christensen & Tardieu; Grammitis sikkimensis (Hieronymus) Ching; Xiphopteris sikkimensis (Hieronymus) Copeland.
Stipe short, up to 1.5 cm, moderately covered with hairs up to 1.6 mm. Lamina linear, 4–16 × 0.4–0.6 cm, gradually shortened at base, obtuse or acute at apex; pinnae horizontal or inclined, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-oblanceolate, 2–3.5 × 0.8–1.8 mm, decurrent to neighboring pinnae, sometimes slightly falcate, entire or nearly so, obtuse, rounded, or rarely truncate at apex; rachis prominent on abaxial side, pale on adaxial side, dark brown; hairs on all parts of lamina, copious, moderately dense, up to 1.8 mm. Sori orbicular, close to rachis.
Epiphytic or petrophytic; 2200–3600 m. Guizhou, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Vietnam].
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Plants small epiphytes. Rhizomes radial, with stipes in whorls; scales not clathrate, pale reddish brown, glabrous. Stipe not articulate, phyllopodia absent. Lamina pinnately divided; lateral veins 1-forked when fertile, free, each vein ending with a hydathode on adaxial surface. Sori superficial. Sporangia glabrous. Hairs simple eglandular and 1- or 2-forked with eglandular branches.
About seven species; one species (endemic) in China.
Chinese pinyin
Stipe sessile or nearly so. Lamina linear, linear-elliptic, or linear-oblanceolate, 2–7 × 0.5–0.9 cm, attenuate to form a wing at base, acute at apex; pinnae inclined or ascending, broadly to narrowly triangular, slightly oblique or falcate, up to 5 mm, entire, or with a small blunt tooth at base of acroscopic margin; rachis prominent on abaxial side, grooved on adaxial side, pale to medium brown, or pale yellowish brown; lateral veins hidden, invisible even with transmitted light, simple in sterile pinnae, forked in fertile pinnae, acroscopic branch not extending beyond sorus; hairs visible in younger fronds, mainly on abaxial side of rachis and at base of lamina, very hard to see on other parts, simple or more commonly 1- or 2-forked, pale, up to 0.3 mm. Sori orbicular to oval.
* Epiphytic on tree trunks in dense forest; 900–1600 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang.
Ctenopterella cornigera (Baker) Parris (Gard. Bull. Singapore 58: 235. 2007; Polypodium cornigerum Baker, Syn. Fil., ed. 2, 508. 1874; Micropolypodium cornigerum (Baker) X. C. Zhang, FRPS 6(2): 301. 2000) is a species endemic to Sri Lanka. Chinese plants usually identified as Micropolypodium cornigerum (or Grammitis cornigera (Baker) Ching or Xiphopteris cornigera (Baker) Copeland) belong to a separate species endemic to SE China.
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Plants small epiphytes. Rhizomes dorsiventral, with stipes in 2 rows; scales not clathrate, reddish brown or yellowish brown, glabrous or with glandular hairs on margins. Stipe not articulate, phyllopodia absent. Lamina deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing along rachis; veins on pinnae pinnately branched, free; vein endings without hydathodes on adaxial surface of lamina. Sori more than 1 per pinna, superficial. Sporangia glabrous. Hairs pale yellowish brown, simple glandular and 1- or 2-forked with glandular branches.
Two species; one species in China.
Chinese pinyin
Ctenopteris glandulosa J. Smith, Hist. Fil. 185. 1875; C. merrittii (Copeland) Tagawa; C. subcorticola Tagawa; Polypodium merrittii Copeland.
Stipe 2–8 mm, moderately covered with hairs 0.1–0.2 mm. Lamina linear to narrowly elliptic, 3–10 × 0.6–10 mm, attenuate at base, bluntly acute at apex; pinnae inclined or widely ascending; longest pinnae oblong to triangular, 4–7 × 2–2.5 mm, decurrent on basiscopic margin at base, lobed, acuminate to acute at apex; lobes 1–3 pairs in longest pinnae, longest lobes 0.8–1.6 × 0.3–0.8 mm; rachises prominent on both sides, dark brown or brown; costa and veins obscure, but visible with transmitted light; hairs like those on stipe on all parts of lamina, usually denser on abaxial surface, very sparse or absent on adaxial surface and margins. Sori orbicular or slightly oval, 1–3 per row on longest pinnae, 1 per lobe.
On mossy tree trunks in dense wet mountain forests; 1400–1800 m. Taiwan [Malaysia, Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), Philippines, Sri Lanka].
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Ctenopteris Blume ex Kunze.
Plants small to medium-sized epiphytes, rarely petrophytic. Rhizomes dorsiventral, with stipes in 2 rows; scales subclathrate to clathrate, reddish brown, dark reddish brown, brown, dark brown, or dark grayish brown, with simple eglandular hairs, sometimes also with 1- or 2-forked hairs with eglandular branches on margins, sometimes simple eglandular hairs also on abaxial surface. Stipe articulate to rhizome, phyllopodia present. Lamina pinnatifid to pinnate; pinnae entire to lobed; venation free, pinnately branched in pinnae, vein endings without hydathodes on adaxial surface of lamina; hairs simple eglandular, solitary or tufted, or 1- or 2-forked with eglandular branches. Sori 1 to several per pinna, usually sunken in marginal or submarginal pouches, or depressed in cavities on abaxial surface of lamina, sometimes on surface of lamina or slightly sunken in shallow depressions. Sporangia glabrous.
About 60 species; six species in China.
1a. Sori superficial or slightly sunken ......................................................................... 4. P. nutans
1b. Sori deeply sunken.
2a. Mouth of soral cavity opening toward lamina margin.
3a. Fronds pinnate or pinnately divided to narrow wing less than 0.5 mm wide along rachis; sori marginal 3. P. contigua
3b. Fronds not pinnate, pinnately divided to wing 1–2 mm wide along rachis; sori submarginal 6. P. urceolaris
2b. Mouth of soral cavity not opening toward lamina margin.
4a. Soral cavity with distinct prominent edge .................................................... 5. P. obliquata
4b. Soral cavity without prominent edge.
5a. Fronds pinnately divided to wing 2–3 mm wide along rachis ............ 1. P. barathrophylla
5b. Fronds pinnate or deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing less than 0.5 mm wide along rachis 2. P. celebica
Chinese pinyin
Polypodium barathrophyllum Baker, J. Bot. 29: 107. 1891.
Stipe very short or subsessile, up to 1 cm, moderately covered with hairs; hairs simple, solitary, dark reddish brown, up to 0.8 mm. Lamina linear-elliptic, 12–35 × 1.6–3 cm, gradually narrowing toward both ends, pinnately divided to wing 2–3 mm wide along rachis; pinnae inclined or widely ascending, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-triangular, entire, sometimes slightly undulate, acute or bluntly obtuse at apex, basal ones gradually shortened to form a broad wavy wing almost to base; middle pinnae largest, up to 15 × 5 mm; rachis prominent on abaxial side, slightly prominent to grooved on adaxial side, medium brown or darker; costae indistinct; veins hidden, but visible with transmitted light, simple; hairs simple, solitary, seldom tufted, seldom forked, dark reddish brown, mainly on margin and abaxial surface, very sparse or absent on adaxial surface. Sori up to 8 pairs per pinna, 1 per vein, orbicular to oval, medial or slightly closer to margin, sunk in cavities without prominent edges, rim of cavity without hairs.
Dense evergreen forests; 1000–1500 m. Hainan [Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
Most specimens identified as Prosaptia khasyana in Chinese herbaria are, in fact, P. urceolaris. Prosaptia khasyana seems to be a rare species in China.
Chinese pinyin
Polypodium celebicum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 127. 1828; Ctenopteris celebica (Blume) Copeland.
Stipe 1–3 cm, densely covered with simple solitary dark reddish brown hairs up to 1.7 mm. Lamina narrowly elliptic, 12–32 × 4–6.5 cm, acuminate, pinnate or deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing less than 0.5 mm wide along rachis; pinnae spreading, approximate, linear to linear-lanceolate from a dilated base, entire or slightly undulate, acute or obtuse at apex; middle pinnae largest, 25–32 × 3–4 mm, gradually shortened to basal ones, several basal pairs abbreviated; rachis medium brown or darker, terete at base, distinctly prominent on both sides; costa of pinna obscure, only slightly prominent on abaxial surface; veins simple, hidden, visible with transmitted light; hairs dark brown, simple, solitary or rarely tufted, or forked, up to 1.5 mm, mainly on both sides of midrib (distinctly denser and shorter on adaxial side, medium on abaxial side) and margins (sparse), very sparse on costae, subglabrous on both surfaces. Sori sunken in obliquely elliptic cavities, in a medial row on each side of costa, slightly prominent on adaxial surface, up to 20 pairs on 1 pinna, rim of cavity not prominent, with a ring of hairs around it.
Epiphytic on mossy tree trunks in evergreen forests; 1600–1700 m. Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), Philippines, Thailand].
缘生穴子蕨 yuan sheng xue zi jue
Trichomanes contiguum G. Forster, Fl. Ins. Austr. 84. 1786; Lecanopteris formosana Hayata.
Stipe 2–6 cm, moderately covered with short spreading medium to dark simple solitary reddish brown hairs up to 0.5 mm. Lamina linear-elliptic, 10–30 × 2–4 cm, acuminate, cuneate or gradually attenuate downward to an undulate and narrow wing along stipe, pinnate or deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing less than 0.5 mm wide along rachis; pinnae widely ascending; largest pinnae linear to narrowly lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.2–0.3 cm, dilated at base, obtuse at apex; margins of pinnae entire when sterile, crenate toward soriferous portion when fertile; rachis medium brown or darker, terete at base; costa slightly prominent on both surfaces, or sometimes obscure; veins hidden, usually simple, or rarely forked; hairs simple, solitary or sometimes tufted, seldom forked, dark reddish brown, up to 0.6 mm, mainly on both sides of rachis (denser and shorter on adaxial side), very sparse on costae and margins, nearly absent from both surfaces of lamina. Sori 1 per tooth and/or 1 at apex of pinna, 1–6 on each pinna, sunken in marginal urceolate cavities opening outward, rim of cavity usually with some short simple hairs on abaxial side, very sparse or absent on adaxial side.
On tree trunks and mossy rocks in dense mountain forests; 400–2000 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [S India, Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Australia, Pacific islands].
Chinese pinyin
Polypodium nutans Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 128. 1828; Ctenopteris nutans (Blume) J. Smith.
Stipe 2–3 cm, moderately covered with hairs; stipe hairs mainly simple, solitary, sometimes tufted, sometimes forked, medium to dark reddish brown, very short, ca. 0.2 mm. Lamina deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing less than 0.5 mm wide along rachis, linear or narrowly elliptic, 9–15 × 1.2–2.5 cm, long attenuate at base, acuminate at apex; pinnae subhorizontal or slightly ascending; middle pinnae largest or nearly so, linear or subulate, 6–13 × 1.8–2.2 mm, dilated to slightly decurrent at base, entire or slightly undulate, obtuse at apex; rachis brown to dark brown, terete at base; costae ± prominent on adaxial side, plane and indistinct on abaxial side, brown or slightly dark brown; veins hidden; hairs simple, solitary, sometimes tufted, and forked, slightly darker and longer than stipe hairs, sparse on abaxial side of rachis, copious on adaxial side, rarely on margins and costae, and almost absent on both surfaces of lamina. Sori oval or elongate, superficial or slightly sunken, slightly prominent on adaxial surface, 1 per vein, 3–7 in a medial row on each side of costa.
On mossy tree trunks in dense wet mountain forests; ca. 2500 m. Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), New Guinea, Philippines].
密毛蒿蕨 mi mao hao jue
Polypodium obliquatum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 128. 1828; Cryptosorus obliquatus (Blume) J. Smith; Ctenopteris obliquata (Blume) Copeland.
Stipe 1.5–5 cm, moderately to densely covered with short simple solitary dark reddish brown hairs up to 0.4 mm. Lamina elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 10–30 × 2–4 cm, pinnate or deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing less than 0.5 mm wide along rachis, acuminate at apex, gradually shortened downward to form small deltoid or semicircular pinnae; middle pinnae largest, linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–27 × 1.8–2.7 mm, dilated at base, entire or slightly undulate, acute or obtuse at apex; rachis terete at least at base, distinctly prominent on both surfaces of lamina; costa of pinna ± prominent on both surfaces; veins hidden, simple; hairs simple, seldom tufted, seldom forked, dark reddish brown, up to 0.4 mm, mainly on both sides of rachis (denser on adaxial side), sparse on margins, nearly absent on both surfaces of lamina. Sori sunken in elliptic, oblique cavities on abaxial surface of lamina, prominent on adaxial surface, in a medial row on each side of costa, less than 8 pairs on 1 pinna, rim of cavity distinctly prominent, not fringed with hairs.
Epiphytic on tree trunks in dense wet forests; 200–1800 m. Hainan, Taiwan [S India, Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
台湾穴子蕨 tai wan xue zi jue
Polypodium urceolare Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 324. 1915; P. urceolare var. intermedium Ching; Prosaptia intermedia (Ching) Tagawa; P. urceolaris var. intermedia (Ching) Ching.
Stipe 1–2 cm, moderately covered with simple, medium to dark reddish brown hairs up to 1.5 mm. Lamina linear-elliptic, 5–25 × 0.8–2.5 cm, gradually attenuate toward base, pinnately divided to wing 1–2 mm wide along rachis, acute to acuminate at apex; pinnae approximate, subspreading, narrowly oblong, slightly dilated at base, entire in sterile pinnae, crenate-undulate toward apex on margins in fertile ones, obtuse or rounded at apex, sometimes rounded-truncate; middle pinnae largest, 6–15 × 2–3 mm; lower several pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, remote, abbreviate, deltoid or rounded; rachis slightly prominent on both sides, medium brown or darker; costa indistinct; veins quite hidden, invisible even with transmitted light, simple; hairs simple, solitary or rarely tufted, or rarely forked, medium to dark reddish brown; moderate on both sides of rachis, sparse on margins and abaxial surface of lamina, subglabrous on adaxial surface. Sori deeply sunken in submarginal urceolate cavities opening obliquely outward, 2–5 on each side of pinna, rim of cavity prominent at least on basal side, with hairs along rim (sometimes lost in old fronds).
On mossy tree trunks in dense mountain forests; 600–2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Philippines, Vietnam].
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Plants small to medium-sized epiphytes. Rhizomes dorsiventral, with stipes in 2 rows; scales not clathrate, reddish brown to pale brown, glabrous. Stipe not articulate, phyllopodia absent. Lamina pinnate or deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing along rachis; veins on pinnae pinnately branched, free, each vein ending with a hydathode, sometimes indistinct, on adaxial surface of lamina. Sori more than 1 per pinna, orbicular to oval, superficial or slightly sunken in shallow depressions on lamina. Sporangia glabrous. Hairs simple eglandular, and 1- or 2-forked with eglandular branches.
About 12 species; one species in China.
Chinese pinyin
Grammitis blechnoides Greville, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 1: 320. 1848; Ctenopteris blechnoides (Greville) W. H. Wagner & Grether; C. moultonii (Copeland) C. Christensen & Tardieu; Polypodium decorum Brackenridge; P. moultonii Copeland.
Stipe up to 0.8 mm, densely or moderately covered with short, up to 0.4 mm, simple and forked, dark reddish brown hairs. Lamina linear-oblong or linear-elliptic, 12–20 × 2–3 cm, attenuate to cuneate at base, acuminate at apex; pinnae horizontal, inclined, or widely ascending; middle pinnae longest, linear, linear-oblong, or very narrowly triangular, 12–17 × 1.8–2.7 mm, entire, obtuse at apex; basal pinnae shortened, narrowly to broadly triangular; rachises brown to dark brown, terete (at least in basal half); costae prominent on both sides, brown to dark brown; veins hidden, hard to see even with transmitted light; hairs simple and forked, dark brown, moderate on rachis, sparse or absent on both surfaces and margins at maturity, simple hairs surrounding receptacle obscured when sporangia are mature.
Epiphytic on tree trunks in dense forests; 600–800 m. Hainan [Cambodia, S India, Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Australia, Pacific islands].
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Plants small to medium epiphytes. Rhizomes dorsiventral, with stipes in 2 rows; scales clathrate or not, medium to dark reddish brown, dark brown, or dark gray, glabrous. Stipe subarticulate or not articulate, phyllopodia absent. Lamina pinnately divided to bipinnatifid; veins in pinnae pinnately branched, free, each vein ending with a hydathode on adaxial surface. Sori more than 1 per pinna, orbicular to oval, superficial or slightly sunken in shallow depressions in lamina. Sporangia glabrous. Hairs simple and eglandular.
About 20 species; two species (one endemic) in China.
1a. Pinnae entire; mature lamina glabrous except at base ................................... 1. T. blechnifrons
1b. Pinnae deeply pinnatifid; mature lamina with hairs on rachis .......................... 2. T. tenuisectum
Chinese pinyin
Polypodium decrescens Christ var. blechnifrons Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4: 245–247. 1914.
Stipe 0.3–2.3 mm, sometimes subarticulate, densely covered with medium reddish brown hairs up to 2 mm. Lamina deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing along rachis, narrowly elliptic, 5–20 × 1.2–5 cm, gradually or rather abruptly shortened to form a wavy or crenate wing to base, acuminate or acute at apex; pinnae inclined or widely ascending; middle pinnae largest or nearly so, linear to linear-lanceolate, 7–28 × 2–5 mm, dilated at base, entire, sometimes slightly undulate; rachis brown to dark brown, distinctly prominent on abaxial surface, variable (plane, slightly prominent, or grooved) on adaxial surface; costae hidden and invisible; veins hidden, but visible with transmitted light in younger fronds, simple; hairs confined to basal part of lamina, or to very young laminae. Sori orbicular, oval, or oblong, slightly sunken in shallow depressions, in a medial row on each side of costa.
* On mossy tree trunks in dense mountain forests; 500–1800 m. Taiwan.
细叶蒿蕨 xi ye hao jue
Polypodium tenuisectum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 134. 1828; Ctenopteris tenuisecta (Blume) J. Smith.
Stipe 2–3 cm, sometimes subarticulate, with moderately dense dark reddish brown hairs up to 2 mm. Lamina deeply bipinnatifid, linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 5–25 × 2–4 cm, acuminate at apex, basal normal pinnae slightly shorter, and abruptly shortened to some obliquely orbicular or deltoid pinnae; middle pinnae largest or nearly so, linear to narrowly oblong, 1–2 × 0.3–0.5 cm; pinnules linear-triangular, 3–4 × 0.8–1.2 mm, with 1 vein per pinnule, usually with 1 or 2 hairs on apical margin; rachis dark brown, terete at least at base, usually with a very narrow wing connecting adjacent pinnae; veins in pinnules simple, visible or indistinct, extending beyond sorus or not; hairs similar to those on stipe, mainly on rachis (moderate to sparse on abaxial side, very sparse on adaxial side), 1 or 2 or none on apical margin of pinnule, absent from both surfaces and margins (except at apex). Sori orbicular, superficial, 1 at base of pinnule.
Epiphytic on tree trunks in mossy mountain forests; 1400–1700 m. Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand; Pacific islands].
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Plants small to medium-sized epiphytes. Rhizomes radial, with stipes in whorls; scales not clathrate, medium to dark reddish brown, with marginal hairs. Stipe not articulate, phyllopodia absent. Lamina deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing along rachis; veins on pinnae pinnately branched, free; vein endings without hydathodes on adaxial surface of lamina. Sori more than 1 per pinna, orbicular to oval, superficial or slightly sunken in broad shallow depressions on lamina. Sporangia glabrous. Hairs simple, eglandular, dark reddish brown; 1- or 2-forked hairs with eglandular branches may also be present.
About six species; one species in China.
Chinese pinyin
Polypodium mollicomum Nees & Blume, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 11: 121. 1823; Ctenopteris mollicoma (Nees & Blume) Kunze.
Stipe 5–12 mm, densely covered with hairs up to 3 mm. Lamina narrowly elliptic or linear-oblong, 3–8 × 0.7–1.2 cm, attenuate at base, attenuate or acuminate at apex; pinnae inclined or widely ascending; middle pinnae largest or nearly so, narrowly oblong, 4–7 × 1–2 mm, entire; rachises dark brown, slightly prominent on both sides at base; costae and veins hidden; hairs on all parts of leaf simple, forked hairs sometimes also present, those on adaxial surface and margin longer, up to 2.5 mm, those on abaxial surface shorter (only half to 2/3 in length). Sori orbicular.
Mossy tree trunks in dense wet mountain forests; 1400–1900 m. Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
Chinese pinyin
Shannjye Moore (牟善傑); Barbara S. Parris
Polypodium sect. Tomophyllum E. Fournier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 5, 18: 283. 1873.
Plants small to medium epiphytes. Rhizomes radial, stipes in whorls; scales not clathrate, reddish brown, glabrous or with apical and/or marginal hairs. Stipe not articulate, phyllopodia absent. Lamina pinnate or deeply pinnately divided to narrow wing along rachis; veins in pinnae pinnately branched, simple, free, each vein ending with a hydathode on adaxial surface. Sori more than 1 per pinna. Sporangia glabrous. Hairs simple eglandular.
About 22 species; one species in China.
Chinese pinyin
Polypodium donianum Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 4: 54. 1827; P. hayatai Masamune; P. sinicum Christ; P. tenellum D. Don (1824), not G. Forster (1786); P. tenuissimum Hayata (Sep. 1914), not Copeland (Feb. 1914); Tomophyllum sinicum (Christ) Parris.
Stipe 1–2 cm, with pale to medium reddish brown hairs up to 2.4 mm. Lamina linear or narrowly elliptic, 4–12 × 0.–2 cm, attenuate at apex, gradually reduced to a very narrow wing at base; pinnae inclined or widely ascending, linear to oblong-lanceolate, 6–12 × 2–4 mm, decurrent at basiscopic base; margins serrate, incised-serrate, or incised-crenate; rachis slightly prominent on both sides, brown to slightly dark brown; costae obscure; veins ± hidden, but visible with transmitted light, not extending beyond sori; hairs on all parts of lamina, pale reddish brown, up to 2.2 mm, moderate to sparse, similar to those on stipe. Sori orbicular, superficial, 1 per each marginal serration, 2–4 in a medial row on each side of costa.
On mossy tree trunks and rocks in dense mountain forests; 1400–3200 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Nepal].
One of us (Parris) has examined the type of Tomophyllum subfalcatum (Blume) Parris (treated as Ctenopteris subfalcata (Blume) Kunze in FRPS 6(2): 306. 2000) and finds it to be very distinct from the Chinese species.