木贼科 mu zei ke
Zhang Libing (张丽兵)[1]; Nicholas J. Turland1
Plants perennial, homosporous, small- to large-sized, terrestrial, aquatic, or in shallow water. Rhizome creeping, sometimes erect or ascending, blackish brown, branched, with nodes; nodes with roots densely covered with trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stems annual or perennial, erect, monomorphic or dimorphic, green but lower nodes often blackish brown, terete, with nodes, hollow and with longitudinal canals in center, often with silica tubercles on epidermis, unbranched or with whorled branches; internodes with longitudinal ridges and grooves. Leaves reduced, scalelike, whorled; lower portion fused to form a collarlike sheath around base of internode; upper portion lobed. Strobili conelike, terminal on stem or branches, terete or ellipsoid, sometimes stalked; sporophylls whorled, peltate, hexagonal in surface view, imbricate, with 510 sporangia per sporophyll. Sporangia saclike, in whorls on abaxial side of sporophylls. Spores green, subglobose or globose, 3570 μm in diam., each with 4 spirally curled, white filaments (elaters) that uncurl upon drying, without colpi, with thin and transparent perispores; perispores with granulate ornamentation. Gametophytes growing at or near soil surface, green, disk- to cushion-shaped, irregularly lobed. x = 108.
One genus and ca. 15 species: cosmopolitan, except Antarctica; ten species in China.
Zhang Libing. 2004. Equisetaceae. In: Zhang Xianchun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 6(3): 224243.
木贼属 mu zei shu
Allostelites Bφrner; Hippochaete Milde; Presla Dulac.
Morphological characters and geographic distribution are the same as those of the family.
Equisetum lyi H. Lιveillι (Bull. Herb. Boissier, sιr. 2, 6: 506. 1906) was described from Guizhou (Pin-Fa). It could not be treated here because the current authors could not trace any specimens, including the type, which was stated in the protologue to be in the herbarium of the Acadιmie internationale de gιographie botanique.
1a. Aerial stems lasting more than one year; main stem often unbranched; stomata sunken, in one row; strobili mucronate apically; sheath teeth membranous, deciduous, light brown or gray (E. subg. Hippochaete (Milde) Baker).
2a. Aerial stems irregularly undulate; main stem ca. 0.6 mm in diam., solid and without longitudinal canals in center, 7- or more ridged, with 3(5) sheath teeth ...................................... 10. E. scirpoides
2b. Aerial stems not irregularly undulate; main stem more than 1 mm in diam., hollow and with longitudinal canals in center, 6-ridged, with 6 or more sheath teeth.
3a. Mature main stem branched in whorls; sheath tubes grayish white or slightly reddish brown at apex 7. E. ramosissimum
3b. Mature main stem unbranched or rarely branched but not in whorls; sheath tubes blackish brown at apex.
4a. Main stem robust, 59 mm in diam. at middle, up to 1 m tall or taller; apices of sheath teeth falling off early; sheath teeth 2-ridged abaxially ......................................................... 8. E. hyemale
4b. Main stem slender, (1)23(4) mm in diam. at middle, 1850 cm tall; sheath teeth persistent, 4-ridged abaxially .................................................................................... 9. E. variegatum
1b. Aerial stems lasting one year or less; main stem often branched in regular whorls; stomata located on surfaces of aerial branches, in several rows; strobili blunt apically; sheath teeth leathery, persistent, blackish brown or reddish brown (E. subg. Equisetum).
5a. Aerial stems monomorphic, fertile stems same as sterile stems morphologically or young fertile stems slightly different from sterile branches.
6a. Large-sized plant; aerial branches 4060 cm, main stem 36 mm in diam. at middle; internodes of lower 13 nodes of main stems reddish brown, lustrous; main stem not branched in whorls or branched in whorls but branches much thinner than main stem ........................................ 3. E. fluviatile
6b. Small-sized plant; aerial branches 1030 cm, main stem 12 mm in diam. at middle; internodes of lower 13 nodes of main stems blackish brown, not lustrous; main stem branched in whorls.
7a. Two sides of ridges of main stem and lateral branches with raised edges; upper main stem and lateral branches with 1 row of tubercles reaching apex of sheath teeth and a deep groove going through back of sheaths ................................................................................................. 1. E. diffusum
7b. Two sides of ridges of main stem and lateral branches rounded, with neither edges nor tubercles (but only laterally cut); groove shallow, going through back of sheaths ................ 2. E. palustre
5b. Aerial stems dimorphic, fertile stems without or with few shorter and finer whorled branches, obviously different from sterile branches.
8a. Main sterile branch plus lateral branches narrower than
10 cm; whorled lateral branches of sterile branch pointing upward and forming a
30° or smaller angle with main stem; lateral branches approximately half of
main stem in diam.; main stem branched or unbranched below middle; fertile
branch unbranched
6.
E. arvense
8b. Main sterile branch plus lateral branches up to 20 cm wide; whorled lateral branches of sterile branch pointing laterally or slightly upward and forming a 45°90° angle with main stem; lateral branches much thinner than half of main stem in diam.; main stem unbranched below middle; fertile branch eventually branched.
9a. Sheath teeth of sterile branch (2 or)35-lobed; lobes ovate-deltoid, reddish brown, two sides of ridges often with bristlelike protuberances; sheath teeth of lateral branches open 4. E. sylvaticum
9b. Sheath teeth of sterile branch 1422-lobed; lobes narrowly deltoid, blackish brown at middle and light brown on margins, two sides of ridges often with tubercles; sheath teeth of lateral branches not open ................................................................................................................. 5. E. pratense
披散木贼 pi san mu zei
Equisetum diffusum var. paucidentatum C. N. Page; E. mekongense C. N. Page.
Plants medium- to small-sized. Rhizome creeping, erect, or ascending, blackish brown, nodes and roots with dense long yellowish brown trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stems annual, monomorphic, 1030(70) cm tall, 12 mm in diam. at middle, much branched; internodes 1.56 cm, green but those of lower 13 nodes blackish brown, not lustrous. Main stem 410-ridged; each side of ridge raised and forming edges reaching lower sheath teeth; each edge with a row of tubercles reaching sheath teeth; sheath tubes long, narrow, grayish green in lower portion, blackish brown in upper portion, with a deep groove going through back of sheath; sheath teeth 510, blackish brown, lanceolate, leathery, caudate at apex, persistent. Lateral branches slender, rigid, terete, 48-ridged; each side of ridge with edges and tubercles; sheath teeth 46, grayish green, deltoid, leathery, persistent. Strobilus terete, 19 cm, 48 mm in diam., apex blunt; petiole prolonged when mature and 13 cm.
Under bushes, roadsides; sea level up to 3400 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam].
犬问荆 quan wen jing
Equisetum palustre f. polystachion (Weigel) Villars; E. palustre var. polystachion Weigel; E. palustre var. szechuanense C. N. Page.
Plants medium- to small-sized. Rhizome erect or creeping, blackish brown, nodes and roots with long yellowish brown trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stem annual, monomorphic, with branches often clumped at base of aerial stems, 2050(60) cm tall, 1.52 mm in diam. at middle, green, but those of lower 1 or 2 nodes blackish brown, not lustrous; internodes 24 cm. Main stem 47-ridged; ridges arc-shaped abaxially and glabrous or with small cross grains; sheath tubes long, narrow, lower portion grayish green, upper portion light brown; back of sheath with a shallow groove; sheath teeth 47, blackish brown, lanceolate, margins membranous, acuminate at apex, persistent. Lateral branches robust, up to 20 cm, terete to complanate, 46-ridged, glabrous or with small pale cross grains; sheath teeth 46, grayish green, lanceolate, thinly leathery, persistent. Strobilus ellipsoid or terete, 0.62.5 cm, 46 mm in diam., apex blunt; petiole prolonged when mature, 0.81.2 cm. 2n = 216.
Under bushes, roadsides; 2004000 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Mongolia, N Pakistan, Russia; C and SW Asia, Europe, North America].
溪木贼 xi mu zei
Equisetum fluviatile f. limosum (Linnaeus) Farwell; E. fluviatile var. limosum (Linnaeus) Satou; E. fluviatile f. linnaeanum (Dφll) M. Broun; E. heleocharis Ehrhart; E. heleocharis f. fluviatile (Linnaeus) Ascherson & Graebner; E. heleocharis f. limosum (Linnaeus) Ascherson & Graebner; E. limosum Linnaeus; E. limosum f. linnaeanum Dφll; E. limosum f. verticillatum Dφll.
Plants large-sized. Rhizome creeping or erect, castaneous, hollow in center, nodes with long castaneous adventitious roots; adventitious roots often with long yellowish trichomes. Aerial stem perennial, monomorphic, hollow in center, 4060(70) cm tall, 36 mm in diam. at middle, lower portion of main stem with 13 reddish brown internodes, lustrous, upper portion of main stem straw-colored or grayish green, without whorled branches or with shorter, more slender whorled branches in comparison with main stem; internodes 35 cm. Main stem 1420-ridged; ridges arc-shaped abaxially and glabrous and with small light-colored cross grains; sheath tubes light brown, long, narrow, 11.2 cm; sheath teeth 1420, blackish brown, lanceolate, thinly leathery, flat abaxially, without grooves, persistent. Lateral branches absent or present; if present, slender, 515 cm, 0.61 cm in diam., straw-colored or grayish green, 57-ridged; ridges arc-shaped abaxially and glabrous or with small cross grains; sheath teeth 46, straw-colored or light brown, thinly leathery, persistent. Strobilus shortly clavate or ellipsoid, 1.22.5 cm, 0.61.2 cm in diam., apex blunt; petiole prolonged when mature and 1.22 cm. 2n = 216.
Under bushes, river valleys, stream banks, roadsides; 5003000 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; C and SW Asia, Europe, North America].
林木贼 lin mu zei
Equisetum capillare Hoffmann; E. sylvaticum var. capillare (Hoffmann) Milde; E. sylvaticum f. multiramosum Fernald; E. sylvaticum var. multiramosum (Fernald) Wherry.
Plants large- or medium-sized. Rhizome erect or creeping, blackish brown, nodes and roots with sparse long yellowish brown trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stem annual, dimorphic, fertile and sterile stems appearing simultaneously. Fertile stems reddish brown, sometimes straw-colored, 2030 cm tall, 22.5 mm in diam. at middle, branched eventually, 1014-ridged; ridges glabrous; internodes 34 cm; sheath tubes reddish brown on upper portion, straw-colored in lower portion, 1.11.5 cm, with 3 or 4 broad sheath teeth; sheath teeth reddish brown, ovate-deltoid, 0.51.1 mm, membranous, with shallow grooves abaxially. Fertile stems remaining alive after spores shed. Sterile stems grayish green, 3070 cm, 2.55.5 mm in diam. at middle, well branched in whorls, unbranched below middle, main stem 1016-ridged; ridges edged abaxially and with bristlelike protuberances on sides; each ridge often with a row of tubercles; internodes 4.56 cm; sheath tubes reddish brown on upper portion, grayish green on lower portion, ca. 6 mm, with 3 or 4 broad sheath teeth; sheath teeth reddish brown, ovate-deltoid, ca. 0.6 cm, membranous, persistent. Lateral branches slender, complanate, 38-ridged; ridges with spine-shaped protuberances or glabrous abaxially; sheath teeth open. Strobilus terete, 1.52.5 cm, 57 mm in diam., apex blunt; petiole prolonged when mature and 34.5 cm. 2n = 216.
Forests; 2001600 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Xinjiang [Japan, Mongolia, Russia; C Asia, Europe, Greenland, North America].
草问荆 cao wen jing
Equisetum umbrosum J. G. F. Meyer ex Willdenow.
Plants medium-sized. Rhizome erect or creeping, blackish brown, nodes and roots with sparse long yellowish brown trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stem annual, dimorphic, fertile and sterile stems appearing simultaneously. Fertile stems straw-colored, 1525 cm tall, 22.5 mm in diam. at middle, branched eventually, 1014-ridged; ridges glabrous; sheath tubes grayish green, ca. 0.6 cm; internodes 23 cm; sheath teeth 1014, light brown, 46 mm, lanceolate, membranous, with shallow grooves abaxially; fertile stems remaining alive after spores shed. Sterile stems straw-colored or grayish green, 3060 cm, 22.5 mm in diam. at middle, well branched in whorls, unbranched below middle, main stem 1422-ridged; ridges arc-shaped abaxially, each ridge often with a row of tubercles; internodes 2.22.8 cm; sheath tubes long, narrow, ca. 3 mm, lower portion grayish green, upper portion grayish green but with a light brown band; sheath abaxially 2-ridged; sheath teeth 1422, light brown but with a blackish brown line, lanceolate, membranous, persistent. Lateral branches slender, complanate, with 3 or 4 narrow and tall ridges; ridges glabrous abaxially; sheath teeth not open. Strobilus ellipsoid-terete, 12.2 cm, 37 mm in diam., apex blunt; petiole prolonged when mature and 1.74.5 cm. 2n = 216.
Forest margins, stream banks, roadsides; 5002800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Japan, Mongolia, Russia; C Asia, Europe, North America].
问荆 wen jing
Allostelites arvensis (Linnaeus) Bφrner; E. arvense f. arcticum (Ruprecht) M. Broun; E. arvense var. arcticum Ruprecht; E. arvense f. boreale (Bongard) Klinge; E. arvense subsp. boreale (Bongard) Α. Lφve; E. arvense var. boreale (Bongard) Ruprecht; E. arvense f. campestre (Schultz) Klinge; E. arvense var. campestre (Schultz) Ruprecht; E. arvense f. ramulosum (Ruprecht) Klinge; E. arvense subsp. ramulosum (Ruprecht) W. F. Rapp; E. arvense var. ramulosum Ruprecht; E. boreale Bongard; E. calderi B. Boivin; E. campestre Schultz; E. saxicola Suksdorf.
Plants medium- to small-sized. Rhizome ascending, erect, or creeping, blackish brown, nodes and roots with sparse long yellowish brown trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stem annual, dimorphic. Fertile stems appearing in spring earlier than sterile branches, yellowish brown, 535 cm tall, 35 mm in diam. at middle, not whorled, ridges inconspicuous, with dense grooves, internodes 26 cm; sheath castaneous or pale yellow, ca. 0.8 cm, only upper portion of sheath abaxially with a shallow groove; sheath teeth 912, castaneous, narrowly deltoid, 47 mm. Fertile stems dying back after spores shed (ephemeral). Sterile stems green, up to 40 cm, middle portion of main stem 1.53 mm, multiple whorled, below middle portion of main stem branched; internodes 23 cm. Ridges arc-shaped abaxially, without edges, with cross grains, without tubercles; sheath green, long, narrow; sheath teeth 5 or 6, deltoid, middle portion blackish brown, margin membranous, light brown, persistent. Lateral branches slender, flattened, with 3 or 4 narrow and tall ridges, ridges abaxially with cross grains; sheath teeth 35, green, lanceolate, margin membranous, persistent. Strobilus terete, 1.84 cm, 0.91 cm in diam., apex blunt; petiole prolonged when mature and 36 cm. 2n = 216.
Forests, forest margins, under bushes, meadows, banks of rivers and streams, open fields; sea level up to 3700 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [W Bhutan, N India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, Russia; C and SW Asia, Europe, Greenland, North America].
Morphologically, sterile stems of Equisetum arvense are similar to those of E. palustre, but the former has more abundant and slender and longer lateral branches which are 3- or 4-ridged and with cross grains abaxially or on ridges.
节节草 jie jie cao
Plants medium- to small-sized. Rhizome erect, creeping, or ascending, blackish brown, nodes and roots with a few long yellowish brown trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stem perennial, monomorphic, green, 2060 cm tall, 13 mm in diam. at middle, lower portion of main stem often branched, tufted; internodes 26 cm; whorled branches of young branches conspicuous or inconspicuous; main stem 514-ridged, ridges arc-shaped abaxially, with a row of tubercles or small light brown cross grains; sheath tubes narrow, up to 1 cm, lower portion grayish green, upper portion grayish brown; sheath teeth 512, grayish white, blackish brown, or light brown, deltoid, base flat or arc-shaped, margins (sometimes upper part) membranous, caducous or persistent, with conspicuous or inconspicuous stomatal bands. Lateral branches hard, terete, 58-ridged; ridge glabrous or with 1 row of tubercles or small light brown cross grains; sheath teeth 58, upper portion brown, lanceolate, leathery but membranous at margins, persistent. Strobilus shortly clavate or ellipsoid, 0.52.5 cm, 0.40.7 cm in diam. at middle, apex with small acute tip, sessile. 2n = 216.
Forests, forest margins, under bushes, meadows, banks of rivers and streams; sea level up to 3600 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Africa, C and SW Asia, Europe, S Pacific islands; introduced in North America].
1a. Young main stem obviously branched with branches clumped on underground stem or arranged in whorls on aerial stem; sheath teeth persistent, grayish white, sometimes brown, arc-shaped at base, with conspicuous stomatal bands .................................................................. 7a. subsp. ramosissimum
1b. Young main stem not obviously branched; sheath teeth falling off early or persistent, blackish brown or light brown, flat at base and ridged laterally, with conspicuous or inconspicuous stomatal bands 7b. subsp. debile
节节草(原亚种) jie jie cao (yuan ya zhong)
Equisetum elongatum Willdenow; E. ramosissimum var. glaucum Nakai; E. ramosissimum var. japonicum Milde; E. ramosissimum var. taikankoense Yamamoto; E. ramosum Lamarck & Candolle; E. sieboldii Milde; Hippochaete ramosissima (Desfontaines) Milde ex Bruhin; H. ramosissima var. japonica (Milde) Satou.
Plants medium- to small-sized. Rhizome erect, creeping, or ascending, blackish brown, nodes and roots with few long yellowish brown trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stem perennial, monomorphic, green, 2060 cm tall, 13 mm in diam. at middle, lower portion of main stem often branched, tufted; internodes 26 cm. Main stem 514-ridged; ridges arc-shaped abaxially, with a row of tubercles or small light brown cross grains; sheaths narrow and up to 1 cm, lower portion grayish green, upper portion grayish brown; sheath teeth 512, deltoid, teeth of middle portion grayish white or few teeth blackish brown, arc-shaped abaxially, margins (sometimes upper part) membranous, persistent, with conspicuous stomatal bands on sheath teeth. Lateral branches hard, cylindrical, 58-ridged; ridge glabrous or with 1 row of tubercles or small pale cross grains; sheath teeth 58, teeth of upper portion brown, lanceolate, leathery but membranous at margins, persistent. Strobilus shortly clavate or ellipsoid, 0.52.5 cm, 0.40.7 cm in diam. at middle, apex with small acute tip, sessile.
Forests, forest margins, under bushes, meadows, banks of rivers and streams; 1003600 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia; Africa, C and SW Asia, Europe; introduced in North America (SE United States)].
笔管草 bi guan cao
Equisetum debile Roxburgh ex Vaucher, Mιm. Soc. Phys. Genθve 1: 387. 1822; Hippochaete debilis (Roxburgh ex Vaucher) Holub; H. ramosissima subsp. debilis (Roxburgh ex Vaucher) Α. Lφve & D. Lφve.
Plants large to middle-sized. Rhizome erect or creeping, blackish brown, nodes and roots with numerous long yellowish brown trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stem perennial, monomorphic, green, up to (or more than) 60 cm tall, 37 mm in diam. at middle, mature main stem often branched, but often only with few branches; internodes 310 cm. Main stem 1020-ridged; ridges arc-shaped abaxially, with a row of tubercles or small light brown cross grains; sheaths short, lower portion green, upper portion slightly blackish brown; sheath teeth 1022, narrowly deltoid, teeth on upper portion light brown, membranous, caducous or sometimes persistent, teeth on lower portion blackish brown, leathery, flattened, conspicuously edged laterally, stomatal bands on sheath teeth conspicuous or inconspicuous. Lateral branches hard, cylindrical, 812-ridged; ridges with tubercles or cross grains; sheath teeth 610, light brown, lanceolate, short, membranous, caducous or persistent. Strobilus shortly clavate or ellipsoid, 12.5 cm, 0.40.7 cm in diam. at middle, apex with small acute tip, sessile.
Forests, forest margins, under bushes, meadows, banks of rivers and streams; sea level up to 3200 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand; S Pacific islands (Fiji, New Caledonia, New Hebrides)].
Equisetum ramosissimum subsp. debile is sometimes treated as a species. Based on the examination of a large number of specimens in China, we found that specimens from northeastern, northern, and northwestern China are typical E. ramosissimum, but those from southern, especially southwestern China are between E. ramosissimum and E. debile. Therefore, E. debile is better treated as a subspecies.
木贼 mu zei
Plants large-sized. Rhizome creeping or erect, blackish brown, nodes and roots with long yellowish brown trichomes. Aerial stem perennial, monomorphic, green, up to or more than 1 m tall, (3)59 mm in diam. at middle, not branched or base with few erect lateral branches; internodes 58 cm. Aerial stem 1622-ridged; ridges arc-shaped abaxially or nearly rectangular, without conspicuous tubercles or with 2 rows of tubercles; sheath 0.71 cm, blackish brown or both distal portion and base with a blackish brown band, or only distal portion with a blackish brown band; sheath teeth 1622, lanceolate, small, 0.30.4 cm, teeth of distal portion light brown, membranous, aristate, caducous, teeth of lower portion blackish brown, abaxially 3- or 4-ridged at base, thinly leathery, persistent or falling off early with sheath tube. Strobilus ovate, 11.5 cm, 0.40.7 cm in diam., apex with small acute tip, sessile. 2n = 216.
Forests, stream banks; 1003000 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; C and SW Asia, Europe, Central and North America]
1a. Plant up to or more than 1 m tall; ridges with 2 rows of tubercles; sheath teeth 4-ridged abaxially 8a. subsp. hyemale
1b. Plant up to 1.5 m tall; ridges without conspicuous tubercles; sheath teeth 3-ridged abaxially 8b. subsp. affine
木贼(原亚种) mu zei (yuan ya zhong)
Hippochaete hyemalis (Linnaeus) Milde ex Bruhin.
Plants large-sized. Rhizome creeping or erect, blackish brown, nodes and roots with long yellowish brown trichomes. Aerial stem perennial, monomorphic, green, up to or more than 1 m tall, (3)59 mm in diam. at middle, not branched or base with few erect lateral branches; internodes 58 cm. Aerial stem 1622-ridged; ridges arc-shaped abaxially or nearly rectangular, with 2 rows of tubercles; sheath 0.71 cm, blackish brown or both distal portion and base with a blackish brown band, or only distal portion with a blackish brown band; sheath teeth 1622, lanceolate, small, 0.30.4 cm, teeth of distal portion light brown, membranous, aristate, caducous, teeth of lower portion blackish brown, thinly leathery, abaxially 4-ridged at base, persistent or falling off early with sheath. Strobilus ovate, 11.5 cm, 0.40.7 cm in diam., apex with small acute tip, sessile.
Forests, stream banks; 1003000 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; C and SW Asia, Europe].
无瘤木贼 wu liu mu zei
Equisetum robustum A. Braun var. affine Engelmann, Amer. J. Sci. Arts 46: 88. 1844; E. praealtum Rafinesque; E. robustum A. Braun; E. affine (Engelmann) Rydberg; E. hyemale var. affine (Engelmann) A. A. Eaton; E. hyemale var. komarovii (Iljin) W. Wang; E. hyemale var. robustum (A. Braun) A. A. Eaton; E. komarovii Iljin; E. praealtum var. affine (Engelmann) M. Broun; Hippochaete hyemalis f. affinis (Engelmann) Satou; H. hyemalis var. affinis (Engelmann) S. X. Li & J. Z. Wang; H. praealta (Rafinesque) Farwell; H. praealta (Rafinesque) Farwell var. affinis (Engelmann) Farwell.
Plants large-sized. Rhizome creeping or erect, blackish brown, nodes and roots with long yellowish brown trichomes. Aerial stem perennial, monomorphic, green, up to 1.5 m tall, 510 mm in diam. at middle, not branched or base with few erect lateral branches; internodes 69 cm. Aerial stem 1622-ridged; ridges arc-shaped abaxially or nearly rectangular, without conspicuous tubercles; sheath 0.81.1 cm, blackish brown or both distal portion and base with a blackish brown band, or only distal portion with a blackish brown band; sheath teeth 1622, lanceolate, small, 0.30.5 cm, teeth of distal portion light brown, membranous, aristate, caducous, teeth of lower portion blackish brown, thinly leathery, abaxially 3-ridged at base, persistent or falling off early with sheath. Strobilus ovate, 1.11.6 cm, 0.40.7 cm in diam., apex with small acute tip, sessile.
Forests; 7001000 m. Heilongjiang [Russia (Far East); Central America (Guatemala, Mexico), North America].
斑纹木贼 ban wen mu zei
Plants medium- to small-sized. Rhizome erect and creeping, blackish brown, nodes and roots with long yellowish brown trichomes. Aerial stem perennial, monomorphic, green, 1020 cm tall, 11.5 mm in diam. at middle, not branched; internodes 1.54 cm. Aerial stem 68-ridged, ridge abaxially nearly rectangular or arc-shaped, middle portion with or without shallow grooves, with 1 row of tubercles on each side; sheath ca. 0.2 cm, green but distal and middle portion with a blackish brown band; sheath teeth 68, spreading, deltoid, ca. 0.1 cm, teeth of middle portion blackish brown, white at margin, membranous, abaxially 4-ridged at base, apex acute and shortly aristate, persistent. Strobilus ellipsoid, 0.50.8 cm, 0.20.4 cm in diam., apex with acute tip, sessile. 2n = 216.
Forests, under bushes, valleys, meadows, roadsides; 1003700 m. ?Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Xinjiang [Japan, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia, Europe, Greenland, North America].
1a. Plant up to 17 cm tall; sheath teeth open, white on margins ......................... 9a. subsp. variegatum
1b. Plant up to 20 cm tall; sheath teeth curved inward, black on margins ........... 9b. subsp. alaskanum
斑纹木贼(原亚种) bian wen mu zei (yuan ya zhong)
Equisetum hyemale Linnaeus subsp. variegatum (Schleicher ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) A. Braun; E. hyemale var. variegatum (Schleicher ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Newman; E. reptans Wahlenberg var. variegatum (Schleicher ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Wahlenberg; Hippochaete variegata (Schleicher ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Milde ex Bruhin.
Plants medium- to small-sized. Rhizome erect and creeping, blackish brown, nodes and roots with long yellowish brown trichomes. Aerial stem perennial. Branches monomorphic, green, 1017 cm tall, 11.3 mm in diam. at middle, not branched; internodes 1.54 cm. Aerial stem 68-ridged, ridge abaxially nearly rectangular or arc-shaped, middle portion with or without shallow grooves, with 1 row of tubercles on each side; sheath ca. 0.2 cm, green but distal and middle portion with a blackish brown band; sheath teeth 68, deltoid, ca. 0.1 cm, teeth of middle portion blackish brown, white at margin, membranous, abaxially 4-ridged at base, apex acute and shortly aristate, persistent. Strobilus ellipsoid, 0.50.7 cm, 0.20.3 cm in diam., apex with acute tip, sessile.
Forests, under bushes, valleys, roadsides; 15003700 m. ?Jilin, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Xinjiang [Japan, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia, Europe, Greenland, North America].
阿拉斯加木贼 a la si jia mu zei
Equisetum variegatum var. alaskanum A. A. Eaton in Merriam, Harriman Alaska Exped. 5: 390. 1904; E. alaskanum (A. A. Eaton) J. P. Anderson; Hippochaete hyemalis (Linnaeus) Milde ex Bruhin var. alaskana (A. A. Eaton) Farwell; H. variegata subsp. alaskana (A. A. Eaton) koda.
Plants medium- to small-sized. Rhizome erect and creeping, blackish brown, nodes and roots with long yellowish brown trichomes. Aerial stem perennial, monomorphic, green, 1520 cm tall, 1.21.5 mm in diam. at middle, not branched; internodes 24 cm. Aerial stem 68-ridged, ridge abaxially nearly rectangular or arc-shaped, middle portion with or without shallow grooves, with 1 row of tubercles on each side; sheath ca. 0.2 cm, green but distal and middle portion with a blackish brown band; sheath teeth 68, recurved, deltoid, ca. 0.1 cm, teeth of middle portion blackish brown, black at margin, membranous, abaxially with 4 longitudinal ridges at base, apex acute and shortly aristate, persistent. Strobilus ellipsoid, 0.60.8 cm, 0.20.4 cm in diam., apex with acute tip, sessile.
Meadows; ca. 100 m. Liaoning [NW North America (including Aleutian Islands)].
蔺木贼 lin mu zei
Equisetum hyemale Linnaeus var. tenellum Liljeblad; E. tenellum (Liljeblad) A. A. Eaton; Hippochaete scirpoides (Michaux) Farwell.
Plants small-sized. Rhizome erect and creeping, blackish brown, nodes and roots with long yellowish brown trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stems perennial, monomorphic, only branched at lower portion, tufted; main stem inconspicuous, 7- or more ridged; aerial stems irregularly undulate, 1020 cm tall, ca. 0.6 mm in diam. at middle, solid and without longitudinal canals in center, green, but internodes of lower 1 or 2 nodes castaneous, lustrous; internodes 22.8 cm; branch 6-ridged; each ridge with 1 shallow longitudinal groove at middle and two edges on sides, each edge with 1 row of tooth-shaped protuberances; sheath blackish brown or upper portion blackish brown, lower portion green; sheath teeth 3(5), broadly lanceolate, apex long-aristate, teeth of middle portion blackish brown, margins light brown, membranous, persistent. Strobilus terete, small, ca. 5 Χ 1.5 mm, apex with acute tip, sessile. 2n = 216.
Forests, grasslands; 5002600 m. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Japan, Mongolia, Russia (European part, Far East, Siberia); N Europe, Greenland, North America].