HARVARD PAPERS IN BOTANY 5(2): 359-370. 2001.

A CHECKLIST OF THE LICHENS OF XINJIANG, CHINA

Abdulla Abbas,¹ Hairet Mijit,¹ Anwar Tumur,¹ And Wu Jinong²

¹Department of Biology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.

²Department of Biology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China.

Abstract. A checklist of the lichens of Xinjiang, China, is based on the extensive collections and research by the senior author during the past 15 years. About 6000 specimens were collected from 40 sites in the Altay, Tianshan, and Kunlun Mountains. A total of 85 genera, 268 species, 2 subspecies, 16 varieties, and 15 forms have been reported. Of the total species, 34 are endemic to China, and only 1 variety, Rhizoplaca peltata var. regalis, is endemic to Xinjiang. Thirty-eight species are reported for the first time from China and 169 species for the first time from Xinjiang.

Keywords: biogeography, checklist, China, endemic, lichens, Xinjiang.

Xinjiang, or Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is the largest of China's five autonomous regions and 23 provinces. It occupies an area of 1.6 million km² in NW China. It has quite a diverse topography, the highest point being the Qogir (or K-2) Peak (8611 m), the second highest peak on earth, and the lowest being the Turpan Depression (155 m below sea level), the third lowest point on earth. Xinjiang includes three major mountain ranges that divide this autonomous region into many basins and valleys. The Tianshan Range occupies the central region, the Altay Range lies to the north, and the Karakorum, Kunlun, and Altun Mountains border the southwestern and southern areas. The Junggar Basin is located between the Tianshan and Altay Ranges, the Tarim Basin falls between the Tianshan and Kunlin Ranges and occupies an area of 500,000 km², and the Turpan Depression and Hami Basin are situated between the Bogda and Qoltag Mountains. The Taklimakan Desert, the largest in China, is located in the Tarim Basin, whereas the Gurbantunggut Desert is in the Junggar Basin. The average winter temperature is -20 to -15 C in northern Xinjiang and -10 to -5 C in the southern part, whereas the July temperature is 22 to 26 C. The annual average rainfall is 150 mm, with much higher precipitation in the mountains and only about 10 mm around Qarqan and Qarkilik in the southeastern part of the Taklimakan Desert.

Historical Review

The earliest work on the lichens of Xinjiang recorded only 2 species (Elenkin, 1901), but a later study (Futterer, 1991) reported 38 species. Liu (1934) listed 6 genera of lichens that he collected from Hong Kong, Hubei, and Xinjiang during the period 1929--1934, while Zhu (1935) recorded 8 genera and 10 species. Liu's 120 collections were sent to France for determination, and the results appeared in Moreau and Moreau (1951), who reported 15 genera and 20 species from Xinjiang. Lichens collected by H. Hummel from Tianshan and Bugda Mountains of Xinjiang during 1928--1930 included 13 genera and 27 species (Magnusson, 1940). Wang (1985) recorded 25 genera, 67 species, 10 varieties, and 3 forms from Tumer Peak, the highest peak in the Tianshan Mountains. Of these, 23 species, 3 varieties, and 3 forms were new records for China, and 28 species, 5 varieties, and 1 form were new distributional records for Xinjiang. On the other hand, Wu (1985) reported 13 genera, 23 species, 2 varieties, and 1 form from Yultuz Basin and Sayram Lake, Xinjiang, including 13 species, 2 varieties, and 1 form as new records for the area. Additional works on the Xinjiang lichens include Zhao et al. (1982) and Wei (1984, 1986, 1991). Wei (1991) reported about 67 species, 19 varieties, and 17 forms of lichens from Xinjiang.

The Checklist

Xinjiang has 268 species, 2 subspecies, 16 varieties, and 15 forms of lichens. Of these, 38 species, marked with a diamond (¨ ), are reported for the first time for China and 169 species, marked with an asterisk (*), represent new records for Xinjiang. Taxa endemic to China are marked with a bullet (· ). All taxa are arranged alphabetically. The voucher specimens are deposited at the herbarium of the department of Biology of Xinjiang University (XJU). For each species, the geographical distribution types (marked A through I) and the voucher specimens are listed between square brackets [ ].

For each voucher specimen, the locality number(s), which follow Fig. 1, are given, and each is followed by a colon and the collector’s number(s). The vouchers of one locality are separated by commas, and those of two or more localities for a given species are separated by semicolon(s).

1. A. bohlinii H. Magn. * [30: Abdulla 910075c].

2. A. brevilobata H. Magn. * [30: Abdulla 910002a].

3. A. glypholecioides H. Magn. * [15: Abdulla 940089].

4. A. gobiensis H. Magn. [15: Abdulla 920837, 920826, 930067].

5. A. invadens H. Magn. * [25: Abdurixit 930166a; 30: Abdulla 910005d; 31: Abdulla 920418].

6. A. jenisejensis H. Magn. * [25: Abdulla 930007a, 930025b; 34: Abdulla 920066, 920084].

7. A. microspora Bagl. [11: Abdulla 920084a].

8. A. pulvinata H. Magn. * [38: Abdulla 047h, 910285k].

9. A. schlecheri (Ach.) Massal. * [30: Abdulla 910017, 910099].

10. A. superans H. Magn. * [31: Abdulla 920730, 920746b].

11. A. tominiana H. Magn. * [5: Abdulla 910129, 910131e, 910184c, 910291f, 910300d].

12. A. verrucalosa H. Magn. * [25: Abdulla 930011a].

13. A. umbrina H. Magn. [11: Abdulla 910130, 910185a].

14. A. almquistii (Vain.) Essl. ¨ [11: Abdulla 800049c].

15. A. punctata Essl. * [5: Abdulla 910290].

16. A. ciliaris (L.) Koerb. f. nigrescens [22: Rixit 930023, 930054].

17. A. ulothricoides (Vain.) Vain. [5: Abdulla 910264c, 910292a; 3: Abdulla 930075a, 930077; 16: Abdulla 940125b; 18: Abdulla 910523; 26: Abdulla 920029b; 34: Abdulla 920058; 36: Abdulla 920216, 920218, 920225, 920236; 10: Abdulla 850014b; 31: Abdulla 920414, 920415].

18. A. alphoplaca Poelt & Leuck. * [6: Abdulla 920074b; 7: Abdulla 920772; 14: Abdulla 950085, 31: Abdulla 920678; 14: Abdulla 940126].

19. A. asiatica (H. Magn.) Oxner

1. var. asiatica f. irregularis H. Magn. [5: Abdulla 910099a; 31: Abdulla 920562a, 920755b].

2. var. subfarinosa H. Magn. f. microcarpa H. Magn. [5: Abdulla 910292f; 15: Abdulla 950004, 1: Abdulla 920806].

20. A. bohlinii (H. Magn.) Wei *· [5: Abdulla 910100c; 15: Abdulla 920002f; 20: Abdulla 910505a].

21. A. desertorum Kr. Mer. [14: Abdulla 940005].

22. A. exubrans (H. Magn.) Wei * · [29: Abdulla 910062a; 20: Abdulla 910511a; 1: Abdulla 910505a].

23. A. fruticulosa (Eversm.) Flageolet ¨ [14: Abdulla 940001].

24. A. hartliana (Stbr.) Hue. * [5: Abdulla 910129c; 29: Abdulla 910002c, 910084, 910189b; 31: Abdulla 920452a].

25. A. hedinii (H. Magn.) Oxner * [5: Abdulla 910130d, 910285d].

26. A. hoffmannii (Ach.) Flageolet * [2: Wu 910033; 5: Abdulla 910285f, 910286; 31: Abdulla 920752; 26: Rixit 930224b].

27. A. lacunosa Mereschk. ¨ [14: Abdulla 940003].

28. A. maculata (H. Magn.) Oxner * [5: Abdulla 910129; 34: Abdulla 920056, 920057, 920061; 31: Abdulla 920689; 37: Abdulla 920363].

29. A. ochraceoalba (H. Magn.) Wei *· [29: Abdulla 910 016a].

30. A. oleifera (H. Magn.) Wei * · [2: Wu 910015a, 910016a; 4: Abdulla 910520; 30: Abdulla 910044b, 910103b].

31. A. subalbicans (H. Magn.) Wei * · [30: Abdulla 910197a; 34: Abdulla 920084a; 31: Abdulla 920478].

32. A. subcaesia (H. Magn.) Wei *· [30: Abdulla 910085].

33. A. sublaqueata (H. Magn.) Wei *· [5: Abdulla 910128c; 38: Abdulla 930047; 15: Abdulla 940050b; 1: Abdulla 920785; 31: Abdulla 920437].

34. A. tortuosa (H. Magn.) Golubk. *

1. var. tortuosa [16: Abdulla 940065; 26: Rixit 940059].

2. var. simplicior (H. Magn.) Wei [26: Rixit 930059a].

35. A. vagans Oxner [14: Abdulla 940002].

36. B. baglietoana Jatta [7: Abdulla 920067b; 30: Abdulla 910015, 910071, 910072a, 910099].

37. B. sphaeroides (Dicks.) Zahlbr. * [5: Abdulla 910071b, 910165b; 25: Rixit 930025].

38. B. vernalis (L.) Fr. ¨ [5: Abdulla 910100a].

39. B. divergens (Ach.) Kaernefelt * [11: Abdulla 900004b].

40. B. confusa (Awasthi) Brodo & D. Hawksw. * [16: Abdulla 940012].

41. B. furcellata (Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. * [11: Abdulla 80056a, 800077a, 800079b].

42. B. cf. vericoma (Tuck.) Tuck. ¨ [30: Abdulla 910053].

43. C. abietinum De Not. ¨ [5: Abdulla 910009, 910023, 910038a, 910038, 910086].

44. C. cerina Ehrh. Hedw. * [36: Abdulla 920290; 18: Abdulla 910534; 22: Rixit 930112; 14: Abdulla 940029a, 940079; 16: Abdulla 940019; 40: Abdulla 920039a, 920040a].

45. C. cirrochroa (Ach.) Th. Fr. ¨ [26: Abdulla 930017c; 29: Abdulla 910075a].

46. C. coronata (Kremp.) Tsnr. ¨ [5: Abdulla 910096; 30: Abdulla 910050, 920093a].

47. C. decipiens (Arnolds) Blomb. & Forssell * [37: Abdulla 920373a].

48. C. erythrocarpa Ann ¨ [31: Abdulla 920450].

49. C. ferrugineoides H. Magn. *· [5: Abdulla 910264; 34: Abdulla 920065a; 31: Abdulla 920413a, 920519; 35: Abdulla 920238b, 920251a].

50. C. flavorubescens (Huds.) Laundon [5: Abdulla 910047d, 910097h].

51. C. paulsenii (Vain.) Zahlbr. * [35: Abdulla 920232a; 31: Abdulla 92050b; 30: Abdulla 910004d; 5: Abdulla 910186c].

52. C. saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin * [1: Abdulla 920776a, 920806c; 32: Abdulla 920193; 31: Abdulla 92046, 920456].

53. C. scrobiculata H. Magn. *· [29: Abdulla 910096a, 910195, 910196; 16: Abdulla 840014].

54. C. tominii Sav. ¨ [40: Abdulla 920012a; 19: Abdulla 920003a, 920007b; 32: Abdulla 920153, 920175].

55. C. concolor (Dicks.) Stein * [7: Abdulla 920018b; 5: Abdulla 910004a, 910036, 910090c; 28: Abdulla 920076d; 25: Rixit 930119].

56. C. aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. * [34: Abdulla 9200065; 31: Abdulla 920586; 15: Abdulla 930076d].

57. C. oleifera H. Magn. *· [2: Wu 9100034c; 30: Abdulla 910096b; 36: Abdulla 920300a, 31: Abdulla 920457].

58. C. xanthostigma (Pers. ex Ach.) Lettau ¨ [3: Abdulla 930014].

59. C. bohlinii (H. Magn.) Wei *· [30: Abdulla 910096c].

60. C. lachneum (Ach.) R. Sant. ¨ [ 2: Abdulla 037b; 30: Abdulla 098c].

61. C. crustosum (H. Magn.) Wei *· [37: Abdulla 920359].

62. C. inaequale (H. Magn.) Wei * [29: Abdulla 100a].

63. C. perumbratum (Nyl.) Wei *· [33: Abdulla 920104].

64. C. sculpturata H. Magn. *· [29: Abdulla 910073, 910184a; 32: Abdulla 920172; 35: Abdulla 920222; 33: Abdulla 920129].

65. C. islandica (L.) Ach.

1. subsp. islandica [38: Abdulla 930001; 24: Rixit 930050; 8: Abdulla 790006].

2. subsp. orientalis [5: Abdulla 910138, 910169, 910186; 11: Abdulla 810003].

66. C. nivalis (L.) Ach. * [5: Abdulla 910080, 910119, 910139; 28: Abdulla 910338; 11: Abdulla 8100017].

67. C. stemonea (Ach.) Zwackh * [2: Wu 960021; 5: Abdulla 910007, 910091, 940128, 920554, 920022].

68. C. grisea (Ahyi) Trass ex Wei. * [11: Abdulla 800010a, 800037, 800055; 10: Abdulla 850037, 850020, 850008].

69. C. mitis (Sandist.) Hustich. * [11: Abdulla 800038].

70. C. stellaris (Opiz) Brod. * [7: Abdulla 910066d].

71. C. amaurocraea (Flk.) Schaer. * [11: Abdulla 800008, 800018, 800022, 800053].

72. C. cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. [5: Abdulla 910152c, 910250d, 910275a].

73. C. cenotea (Ach.) Schaer. * [28: Abdulla 9300269, 930298; 38: Abdulla 870039a; 5: Abdulla 910056b, 910272a].

74. C. chlorophaea Spreng. * [7: Wu 910082a; 5: Abdulla 910056a, 910058; 39: Abdulla 870053; 28: Abdulla 940107].

75. C. coccifera (L.) Willd. * [11: Abdulla 800006a, 800036].

76. C. coniocraea (Flk.) Spreng.

1. f. ceratodes (Flk.) Dt. & Sarnth. [5: Abdulla 910003c, 910005, 910006, 910008].

2. f. truncata (Flk.) Dt. & Sarnth. [5: Abdulla 910007; 16: Abdulla 940010].

77. C. cornuta (L.) Hoffm. * [11: Abdulla 800006b, 800024a, 800027c].

78. C. ecmocyma (Ach.) Nyl. ¨ [11: Abdulla 800026].

79. C. fimbriata L. [7: Wu 920059, 920063; 39: Abdulla 940039, 940053; 5: Abdulla 910110b; 11: Abdulla 800030; 8: Abdulla 790002].

80. C. furcuta (Huds.) Schrad. * [16: Abdulla 940143; 11: Abdulla 800069].

81. C. gracilis (L.) Willd. * [11: Abdulla 800027d].

82. C. humilis (With.) Laundon * [7: Abdulla 920063f; 11: Abdulla 800039; 24: Rixit 930017c].

83. C. macilenta Hoffm. * [28: Abdulla 930332a].

84. C. macroptera Rass. * [11: Abdulla 800054b].

85. C. ochrochlora Flk. * [5: Abdulla 910086, 910273].

86. C. phyllophora Ehrh. ex Hoffm. * [10: Abdulla 850001; 28: Abdulla 920758].

87. C. pocillum (Ach.) O. J. Rich. [2: Wu 950023; 5: Abdulla 910002, 910006a, 910208a, 910210].

88. C. pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. [6: Abdulla 920070c; 7: Abdulla 910065g; 25: Rixit 930017b; 33: Abdulla 920118a].

89. C. scabriuscula (Deighton) Leight *

1. f. elegans Rabh. [5: Abdulla 910070, 910274, 910243].

2. f. cancellata Müll. Arg.[5: Abdulla 910083].

3. f. rorbustior (Sandst.) Anders. [5: Abdulla 910252, 910254].

90. C. subconistea Asahina. * [10: Abdulla 850027].

91. C. subsquamosa (Nyl.) Vain * [25: Rixit 930051].

92. C. subulata (L.) H. A. Wigg. [11: Abdulla 80004a; 10: Abdulla 850026].

93. C. sulphurina (Michx.) Fr. * [11: Abdulla 800011, 800012, 800024b].

94. C. aculeatum (Schreb.) Link * [11: Abdulla 800049b].

95. C. flaccidum (Ach.) Ach. * [2: Abdulla 910023a; 7: Abdulla 910056, 910077a; 25: Rixit 930017, 930071b; 5: Abdulla 910188].

96. C. fuscovirens (With.) Laundon * [7: Wu 910014c; 34: Abdulla 920023, 920025; 28: Abdulla 930172. ]

97. C. glebulentum (Cromb.) Degel. [5: Abdulla 910179a; 29: Abdulla 910011].

98. C. subconveniens Nyl. * [7: Abdulla 910023, 910031, 910033].

99. C. tenax (Sw.) Ach. *

1. var. corellinum (Massal.) Degel. [31: Abdulla 920543; 35: Abdulla 920287].

2. var. substellatum (H. Magn.) Degel. [37: Abdulla 920373; 34: Abdulla 920090].

100. C. thamnodes Riddle ¨ [I7: Abdulla 910003].

101. D. minatum (L.) Mann.

1. var. minatum [2: Abdulla 910005, 910007; 16: Abdulla 940095, 940124; 32: Abdulla 920138].

2. var. complicatum (Leight.) Th. Fr. [39: Abdulla 870004b; 5: Abdulla 910100b, 910195, 910162; 31: Abdulla 920561a].

3. var. imbricatum (Mass.) Vain. [1: Abdulla 920794; 30: Abdulla 910173].

4. var. papilliosum (Anzi) Müll. Arg. [29: Abdulla 910174].

102. D. vellereum Zsch. [2: Abdulla 910010; 30: Abdulla 910060a; 16: Abdulla 940141, 940108].

103. D. oreina (Ach.) Norman *

1. var. oreina [5: Abdulla 910285a; 15: Abdulla 940129].

2. var. exalbescens [5: Abdulla 910131e; 21: Rixit 930160].

104. D. cf. radiata (Tuck.) Huck [29: Abdulla 910131e].

105. D. muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. * [5: Abdulla 910071a, 910267, 910272b; 26: Abdulla 930002, 930017].

106. D. scruposus (Schreb.) Norman [5: Abdulla 910178, 910300a, 910287c; 31: Abdulla 920497].

107. D. alboatrum (Hoffm.) Fw. * [14: Abdulla 940029b, 940134; 5: Abdulla 910093b].

108. D. epipolium (Ach.) Arnold ¨ [30: Abdulla 910070a, 910097f, 910197c].

109. D. hedinii (H. Magn.) Wu et al. *· [29: Abdulla 910075b].

110. E. sinense H. Magn. *

1. var. sinense · [29: Abdulla 910089; 31: Abdulla 920680, 920763].

2. var. ascendens H. Magn. · [2: Abdulla 910009; 40: Abdulla 920003b, 920009].

111. E. divaricata (L.) Ach. [6: Abdulla 920017d; 5: Abdulla 910041, 91014; 31: Abdulla 91004; 9: Abdulla 79004, 910007].

112. E. escorediosa (Müll. Arg.) Du Rietz. * [11: Abdulla 800079a].

113. F. bracteata (Hoffm.) Rass. [5: Abdulla 910131; 22: Abdulla 930015b; 10: Abdulla 850050, 850051; 28: Abdulla 920778a; 36: Abdulla 920267b, 920318; 31: Abdulla 920567, 920671].

114. G. scabra (Pers.) Müll. Arg. [6: Abdulla 960001; 31: Abdulla 910006, 910070a, 930162, 920021, 920070].

115. H. austerodes (Nyl.) Rass. [11: Abdulla 800073a; 28: Abdulla 93106, 930191].

116. H. physodes (L.) Nyl. *

1. f. labrosa [11: Abdulla 800072, 800073d].

2. f. platyphylla [5: Abdulla 910167, 910271; 11: Abdulla 800058b].

117. L. alpivaga Th. Fr. ¨ [31: Abdulla 920746].

118. L. koerberiana Labm. ¨ [29: Abdulla 910077e; 34: Abdulla 920113f].

119 L. accumulata H. Magn. *· [6: Abdulla 920074e; 7: Abdulla 910013; 3: Abdulla 930078; 15: Abdulla 940047; 16: Abdulla 840005, 840010a, 840014a, 940039b, 940072].

120. L. argopholis (Ach.) Ach. * [2: Wu 910030, 910036; 29: 910007b].

121. L. caesioaularea H. Magn. *· [5: Abdulla 910287d; 37: Abdulla 930336].

122. L. dispersa (Pers.) Rochl. ¨ [2: Wu 910034a; 16: Abdulla 840014b; 36: Abdulla 920267a; 33: Abdulla 920134, 920135; 31: Abdulla 920761c].

123. L. hageni (Ach.) Ach. [7: Wu 910090d; 5: Abdulla 910108, 910209b, 910209c; 27: Abdulla 920753b; 34: Abdulla 920113b; 31: Abdulla 920528e, 920568, 920568a, 920688, 920705, 920706, 920766].

124. L. isabellina H. Magn. *· [5: Abdulla 910120c, 910287a].

125. L. kukunorensis H. Magn. *· [5: Abdulla 910269, 910291, 910300b; 16: Abdulla 940085, 840010b; 26: Abdulla 930026, 930027; 28: Abdulla 920778b, 920816, 920820a, 920847].

126. L. muralis (Schreb.) Rabh. * [6: Abdulla 920073h; 38: Abdulla 870053a; 25: Abdulla 930006b, 930008c, 31: Abdulla 920525, 920757].

127. L. polytropa (Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Rabh. * var. alpigena Ach. [5: Abdulla 910099, 910292e].

128. L. saligna (Schrab.) Zahlbr. * [5: Abdulla 910049b, 910209c, 910241e; 3: Abdulla 930075c, 930082c; 33: Abdulla 920093b, 920113b; 34: Abdulla 920065a].

129. L. umbrina (Ach.) Massal. * [5: Abdulla 910287f; 29: Abdulla 9100004e, 910007d, 910197f].

130. L. atrobrunnea Ram. ¨ [27: Abdulla 920801a, 920802a].

131. L. auriculata Th. Fr. * [5: Abdulla 910184b, 910287f; 4: Abdulla 910521; 31: Abdulla 920468].

132. L. bohlinii H. Magn. * [5: Abdulla 910142c, 910292b].

133. L. elabens Fr. Kgl. ¨ [29: Abdulla 910026b; 31: Abdulla 920518].

134. L. kansuensis H. Magn. *· [29: Abdulla 910055a].

135. L. subconcava H. Magn. * [1: Abdulla 920798; 20: Abdulla 910503a].

136. L. subelevata H. Magn. *· [39: Abdulla 930047b; 34: Abdulla 920049a].

137. L. tessellata Flk. Aug. * [5: Abdulla 910130a, 910099e; 15: Abdulla 940090; 1: Abdulla 920806b; 31: Abdulla 920562].

138. L. alaiensis (Vain.) Hertel * [5: Abdulla 910300e; 27: Abdulla 920820b].

139. L. carpathica Koerb. * [21: Abdulla 930024a; 29: Abdulla 910002d, 910087a; 5: Abdulla 910291g].

140. L. euphorea (Flk.) Hartel * [28: Abdulla 920028d, 9200264c; 22: Abdulla 930112b; 18: Abdulla 910522b; 5: Abdulla 910042].

141. L. stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel * [14: Abdulla 940050a, 840015; 25: Abdulla 930166b; 27: Abdulla 920816b].

142. L. wulfenii (Hepp.) Koerb. ¨ [31: Abdulla 920675, 920688].

143. L. incana (L.) Ach. [7: Abdulla 910058c, 910063d, 910063c].

144. L. cf. membranaceum Dicks. * [39: Abdulla 930039b; 2: Abdulla 910004; 29: Abdulla 910027, 910191, 910056].

145. L. xantholyta (Nyl.) Hue. [26: Abdulla 9300007; 31: Abdulla 920562].

146. L. saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl. [2: Wu 910026; 6: Abdulla 920070d; 5: Abdulla 910197; 7: Abdulla 910060b; 25: Rixit 930091a; 27: Abdulla 920797].

147. L. scrobiculata (Scop.) DC. ¨ [28: Abdulla 920794; 10: Abdulla 810002].

148. M. verrucosa (Ach.) Haf. [7: Wu 910065a; 5: Abdulla 910100e; 30: Abdulla 910019, 910036; 34: Abdulla 920060; 31: Abdulla 920413, 920476, 920520b, 920528, 920542a, 920553, 920586c, 920766b].

149. M. exasperatula (Nyl.) Essl. [31: Abdulla 800029d; 5: Abdulla 910030, 910048, 870001, 940025a].

150. M. glabra (Schaer.) Essl. * [10: Abdulla 850012, 850017, 850042, 920831].

151. M. granulosa Essl. ¨ [5: Abdulla 910129g, 910075h; 38: Abdulla 930051b, 940028].

152. M. incolorata (Parr.) Essl. [5: Abdulla 910047a; 3: Abdulla 930080, 930082a, 910047a; 16: Abdulla 840012].

153. M. olivacea (L.) Essl. * [28: Abdulla 940063b; 27: Abdulla 920172, 920232].

154. M. panniformis (Nyl.) Essl. ¨ [23: Rixit 930016].

155. M. subargentifera (Nyl.) Essl. ¨ [5: Abdulla 920075n, 910040, 910089, 910240, 910241c, 910262d; 28: Abdulla 92066a].

156. M. melaena (Nyl.) Hedl. * [2: Wu 910020; 5: Abdulla 910174; 16: Abdulla 940035; 29: Abdulla 910038].

157. M. sabuletorum Schreb. ¨ [29: Abdulla 910176].

158. N. parile (Ach.) Ach. * [12: Abdulla 800013b, 8500041].

159. O. pallescens (L.) Massal. * [5: Abdulla 910253].

160. O. parella (L.) Massal. * [25: Abdulla 930005a].

161. P. pezizoides (Web.) Trev. ¨ [28: Abdulla 301, 940].

162. P. fertilis Müll. Arg. * [11: Abdulla 800073b].

163. P. sulcata Tayl. * [21: Rixit 930003, 930009, 930021; 11: Abdulla 800065, 930105].

49. Parmeliella Müll. Arg.

164. P. incisa Müll. Arg. * [5: Abdulla 910289; 25: Rixit 930024, 930037, 930016].

165. P. quercina (Willd.) Hale. * [21: Rixit 930053a].

166. P. ambigua (Wubf.) Nyl. ¨ [11: Abdulla 800057, 800058a].

167. P. polyspora H. Magn. *· [30: Abdulla 910070b].

168. P. terricola H. Magn. * [30: Abdulla 910001, 910184b].

169. P. aphthosa (L.) Willd. * [10: Abdulla 800041b, 800045, 800052; 12: Abdulla 850027].

170. P. canina (L.) Willd. [39: Abdulla 8700135, 910020, 910065b, 910177a, 910185, 910199, 910245; 26: Abdulla 930021; 28: Abdulla 930096a].

171. P. didactyla (With.) Launeon [6: Abdulla 920071b; 16: Abdulla 940052; 29: Abdulla 910041, 910158].

172. P. elisabethae Gyeln.

1. var. elisabethae [39: Abdulla 870009; 5: Abdulla 9100008a, 910068, 910095, 910103; 16: Abdulla 940011, 940087; 23: Abdulla 930030, 930109].

2. var. mauritzii Gyeln.

1. f. mauritzii [39: Abdulla 870010; 5: Abdulla 910227; 27: Abdulla 930180].

2. f. stuckenbergiae Dombr [7: Abdulla 910027a; 5: Abdulla 910223, 910232].

173. P. leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln. * [10: Abdulla 800035, 850026].

174. P. lepidophora (Nyl. ex Vain) Bitter. * [22: Rixit 930103a ].

175. P. membranacea (Ach.) Nyl. * [7: Abdulla 910055; 5: Abdulla 91022, 910150; 16: Abdulla 940092].

176. P. neopolydatata (Gyeln.) Gyeln. * [16: Abdulla 940060; 27: Abdulla 920323].

177. P. nigripunctata Bitter. * [7: Abdulla 910065c; 5: Abdulla 910250e].

178. P. polydactyla (Neck.) Hoffm. [6: Abdulla 920071f; 5: Abdulla 910003a, 910177b; 16: Abdulla 940116; 27: Abdulla 920192, 930136].

179. P. praetextata (Flk.) Vain. [5: Abdulla 910206, 910234; 30: Abdulla 910028; 28: Abdulla 930099, 930100, 930197; 31: Abdulla 920438, 920545, 920547].

180. P. rufescens (Weis.) Mumb. [7: Abdulla 910057b, 910064b; 5: Abdulla 910010, 910017; 16: Abdulla 940091; 34: Abdulla 920082, 920089].

181. P. venosa (L.) Hoffm. * [10: Abdulla 800066, 800067; 22: Rixit 930008].

182. P. euploca (Ach.) Poelt. * [7: Abdulla 910039].

183. P. multipuncta (Turn.) Nyl. * [5: Abdulla 910237a].

184. P. oculata (Dicks.) Th. Fr. * [28: Abdulla 930214b; 31: Abdulla 920501; 5: Abdulla 910219].

185. P. ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg. [5: Abdulla 910127, 910229; 28: Abdulla 930185].

186. P. constipata Moberg. * [30: Abdulla 910182g; 31: Abdulla 920466].

187. P. erythrocardia (Tuck.) Essl. * [21: Rixit 930006].

188. P. hirtuosa (Krphbr.) Essl. * [28: Abdulla 920748c].

189. P. imbricata (Vain.) Essl. * [29: Abdulla 910182e].

190. P. limbata (Poelt.) Kashw. * [2: Wu 910013; 5: Abdulla 910213, 910261; 22: Rixit 930033; 28: Abdulla 930103, 930134].

191. P. nigricans (Flk.) Moberg. [30: Abdulla 910177, 910183c; 34: Abdulla 920077; 36: Abdulla 920292].

192. P. orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg. * [5: Abdulla 910094b, 910114a; 26: Abdulla 930055; 27: Abdulla 920737b, 920753a].

193. P. rubropulchra (Degel.) Moberg. [28: Abdulla 930127d].

194. P. sciastra (Ach.) Moberg. * [7: Abdulla 910029; 5: Abdulla 910284; 24: Abdulla 910001b, 910133c].

195. P. ascendens (Fr.) Oliv. [7: Abdulla 910024b, 910068; 5: Abdulla 910030b, 910077a; 28: Abdulla 920748a].

196. P. aipolia (Humb.) Furm. [18: Abdulla 910522a, 910529d; 28: Abdulla 930119, 930135; 10: Abdulla 850046a].

197. P. caesia (Hoffm.) Hampe. [7: Abdulla 910058; 16: Abdulla 940088a; 10: Abdulla 850046b; 5: Abdulla 910208].

198. P. clement (Sm.) Lynge. * [5: Abdulla 910209g, 910256c; 221: Rixit 930188].

199. P. dimidiata (Arn.) Nyl. ¨ [3: Abdulla 930082b; 10: Abdulla 800063; 21: Abdulla 930009b, 930061c, 930064].

200. P. dubai (Hoffm.) Lett. * [10: Abdulla 850001].

201. P. phaea (Tuck.) Thoms. * [16: Abdulla 940088b; 20: Abdulla 910512; 28: Abdulla 930140].

202. P. semipinnata (Gmelin.) Moberg. * [22: Rixit 930041b; 28: Abdulla 9200314, 920419c].

203. P. stellaris (L.) Nyl. * [5: Abdulla 910089a].

204. P. tenella (Scop.) DC. * [22: Abdulla 930022].

205. P. tribacia (Ach.) Nyl. * [21: Abdulla 930133a].

206. P. tribacoides Nyl. * [34: Abdulla 920079b; 28: Abdulla 920270b].

207. P. distorta (With.) Laund. [25: Rixit 930113].

208. P. grisea (Lam.) Poelt. [7: Abdulla 910007a, 910016; 27: Abdulla 920716; 5: Abdulla 910034a].

209. P. kansuensis (H. Magn.) Wu, Abdulla & Jiang ¨ [5: Abdulla 910026c, 910029b, 910290f; 27: Abdulla 920158].

210. P. muscigena (Ach.) Poelt.

1. f. muscigena [6: Abdulla 920006; 2: Abdulla 910027; 5: Abdulla 910050, 910101; 31: Abdulla 920509a].

2. f. squarrosa [10: Abdulla 80020a; 27: Abdulla 920759, 930139, 930209].

211. P. perisdiosa (Erichs.) Moberg. * [7: Abdulla 910006, 910018a, 910024c, 910032a].

212. P. interascens (Nyl.) Vain. ¨ [7: Abdulla 910016c; 31: Abdulla 920920].

213. P. kansuensis H. Magn. *· [7: Abdulla 910015b].

214. P. athroocarpa (Ach.) Hertel. * [20: Abdulla 910513].

215. P. speirea (Ach.) Kremplh. * [31: Abdulla 920442, 920455a, 920728, 920746].

216. P. areolata H. Magn. *· [31: Abdulla 920454].

217. P. decipiens (Fhrh.) Hoffm. [30: Abdulla 910105, 910183; 40: Abdulla 920011; 19: Abdulla 920005, 920094a].

218. P. nigra H. Magn. *· [37: Abdulla 920376, 920383; 32: Abdulla 920156; 31: Abdulla 920712].

219. P. rufonigra (Tuck.) G. Schneider. * [7: Abdulla 910091; 29: Abdulla 910061; 31: Abdulla 920920].

220. R. farinacea (L.) Ach. [5: Abdulla 920075m; 21: Rixit 930001].

221. R. intermidia (Dl. ex Nyl.) Nyl. C. [27: Abdulla 930197b].[is the "C." OK?]

222. R. pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. [5: Abdulla 910024; 31: Abdulla 920394, 920396, 920477, 920540].

223. R. sinensis Jatta [6: Abdulla 920071c; 5: Abdulla 910051, 910054, 910073, 910077, 910111; 39: Abdulla 870014; 18: Abdulla 910532].

224. R. disporum (Hepp.) Müll. Arg. ¨ [16: Abdulla 940071; 36: Abdulla 920807, 5: Abdulla 910285c].

225. R. geographicum (L.) DC. * [5: Abdulla 910098a, 910118, 910129d, 910130c, 910142b, 910225; 1: Abdulla 920786, 920793, 920797; 16: Abdulla 840002a, 840007b, 840008; 20: Abdulla 910502, 910506, 910508; 31: Abdulla 920751].

226. R. viridiatrum (Wulf.) Koerb. ¨ [30: Abdulla 910082; 34: Abdulla 920097, 920073; 31: Abdulla 920420, 920726].

227. R. chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf. [5: Abdulla 910076c, 910062c; 16: Abdulla 940130, 840004a; 15: Abdulla 940041, 940049; 18: Abdulla 910539; 1: Abdulla 820802, 920777; 27: Abdulla 920711a, 920746, 920765,920809, 920811].

228. R. melanophthalma (Ram.) Leack. * [2: Wu 910035; 7: Abdulla 910055d; 16: Abdulla 840004b; 27: Abdulla 920764; 10: Abdulla 850031].

229. R. peltata (Ram.) Leuckert.

1. var. peltata [6: Abdulla 920004; 5: Abdulla 910123, 910134, 910135, 910137; 16: Abdulla 940110; 34: Abdulla 920062b].

2. var. regalis (H. Magn.) Wei · [34: Abdulla, 9100128, 920072; 33: Abdulla 910128].

230. R. bohlinii H. Magn. *

1. f. bohlinii · [7: Abdulla 910007a; 29: Abdulla 930002b, 930005b, 930087b].

2. f. lignicola H. Magn. · [5: Abdulla 910047f; 29: Abdulla 930079c; 36: Abdulla 920290].

231. R. demissa (Flk.) Arn. ¨ [36: Abdulla 920311; 31: Abdulla 920490; 7: Abdulla 910064a].

232. R. sophodes (Ach.) Massal. * [40: Abdulla 920039b, 920040b, 920041c].

233. R. turfacea (Wahlenb) Koerb.er. ¨ [31: Abdulla 920409, 920572].

234. S. gyrocarpa H. Magn. * [31: Abdulla 910156].

235. S. solitaria H. Magn. * [5: Abdulla 9102851, 910300c].

236. S. pteruloides Nyl. * [39: Abdulla 870003; 32: Abdulla 920204; 32: Abdulla 920444, 920428].

237. S. bispora Nyl. [35: Abdulla 920221; 31: Abdulla 920451, 920469, 920493; 28: Abdulla 920067].

238. S. asiatica H. Magn. * [5: Abdulla 910130b, 910285c; 34: Abdulla 920049b].

239. S. cartilaginea (With.) Poelt. * [36: Abdulla 920281, 920306, 920330].

240. S. kansuensis (H. Magn.) Poelt. *· [5: Abdulla 910287g].

241. S. pachyphylla (H. Magn.) Wei *· [30: Abdulla 910097a].

242. S. colopima (Ach.) Th. * [22: Abdulla 930019a].

243. S. rufa (H. Magn.) Zsch. * [29: Abdulla 910008].

244. S. paschale (L.) Hoffm. * [10: Abdulla 800075].

245. T. brevior (Nyl.) Vain. * var. lacunosus (Rupr.) Wagn. [30: Abdulla 910055c; 7: Abdulla 910055c; 35: Abdulla 920208; 36: Abdulla 920288; 31: Abdulla 920428, 920446, 920449a].

246. T. lacunosus (Rupr.) Sav. [1: Abdulla 920788; 19: Abdulla 880001; 32: Abdulla 920176; 35: Abdulla 920219; 31: Abdulla 920425, 920434, 920526].

247. T. atra (Hudson.) Haf. * [28: Abdulla 930214a].

248. T. subuliformis (Erch.) Culb. [10: Abdulla 800070; 5: Abdulla 910186, 910250a].

249. T. coeruleonigricans Lightf. [1: Abdulla 920799; 31: Abdulla 920462].

250. T. candida (Web.) Th. Fr. * [5: Abdulla 910129-f; 30: Abdulla 910013].

251. U. decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr. * [10: Abdulla 850022c; 5: Abdulla 910164, 910201, 910204].

252. U. leiocarpa DC. * [10: Abdulla 850022b].

253. U. virginis Schaer. [I7: Abdulla 910060e, 5: Abdulla 910104, 910163; 38: Abdulla 870011; 10: Abdulla 850013a].

254. U. subfloridana Stirt. * [38: Abdulla 910046c; 5: Abdulla 910028, 910199; 16: Abdulla 940009; 28: Abdulla 920795; 11: Abdulla 800031, 800076, 800078, 800005].

255. V. applanatula H. Magn. *· [31: Abdulla 92079b].

256. V. inaequalis H. Magn. *· [2: Abdulla 910015c, 910016b; 5: Abdulla 910099b, 910285f].

257. V. juniperina (L.) Mattsson & Lai * [5: Abdulla 910240b; 11: Abdulla 800064].

258. V. pinastri (Scop.) Mattsson & Lai * [11: Abdulla 800068a; 10: Abdulla 850043, 850047].

259. X. coreana (Gyeln.) Hale. ¨ [7: Wu 910002, 910025].

260. X. desertorum (Elenkin) Hale. ¨ [14: Abdulla 940004].

261. X. orientalis * [5: Abdulla 910035, 910043a, 910056, 910092, 910159, 910183; 2: Wu 9100024; 21: Abdulla 930001, 930023, 930027d; 27: Abdulla 920006, 920133, 920153].

262. X. somloensis (Gyelnik.) Hale. * [39: Abdulla 920047e, 920052a, 910287, 940039a, 800003].

263. X. candelaria (L.) Arn. * [10: Abdulla 800023a; 26: Abdulla 930019a, 930045].

264. X. elegans (Link.) Th. Fr. [6: Abdulla 920074d; 2: Abdulla 910008; 27: Abdulla 920075, 920076, 920077].

265. X. fallax (Hepp.) Arn. * [10: Abdulla 850005; 5: Abdulla 910034a-b; 22: Abdulla 930131].

266. X. lobulata (Flk.) B. de. Lesd. * [38: Abdulla 920050c].

267 X. polycarpa (Hoffm.) Rieber. & Th. Fr. ¨ [15: Abdulla 940082a].

268. X. sorediata (Vain) Poelt. * [7: Abdulla 910007d; 22: Rixit 930169, 930171].

Economic Utilization of Lichens

Lichens have little economic importance, and only recently have certain species received some attention, especially in connection with atmospheric pollution. Among such species are Leproloma membranaceum, Lepraria incana, and Ramalina farinacea. As far as the use of lichens for food, both Ramalina sinensis and Dermato carponminiatum are eaten in Xinjiang. The natives are fond of eating wind-rolling lichens that are widely distributed in the deserts, especially Aspicilia vagans. Many lichens are also used as raw material for medicines. For example, Cetraria islandica subsp. islandica is used as a decoction that is good for the stomach. A decoction made from Cladonia amourocraea relieves pain. Because of its antibiotic activities, Dermatocarpon miniatum is used for the treatment of hypertension and dyslepsia. Extracts of many lichens can be used as raw material for antibiotics such as lichnous acids. Finally, Cladonia pyxidata and Parmelina quercina are used for refining litmus.

Conclusions

The components of the lichen flora of Xinjiang present a complicated picture. Although the Pan-Arctic flora elements are predominant, the lichens of Xinjiang mainly belong to the subdistrict of Altai and Tianshan districts, Asian desert subdistrict (Qoqek-Ghulja and Kashkar subdistricts), and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau subdistrict (Pamir and Kunlun subdistricts).

With the exception of Rhizoplaca peltata var. regalis, no other taxa are endemic to Xinjiang. All except 1 of the 34 endemic species (marked with a bullet) also grow in Gansu Province. Lecanora kukunorensis (species no. 125) is endemic to Xinjiang and Qinghai, whereas Aspicilia subalbicans, Catapyrenium bohlinii, Catillaria sculpturata, Diplotomma hedenii, Lecanora isabellina, and Verrucaria inaequalis are resticted to Xinjiang, Gansu, and Nei Mongol.

The predominant lichens of Xinjinag are Central Asian and crustose.

Cladonia has the highest number of species (23) among the lichen genera of Xinjiang.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by grants from the State Natural Science Fund Commission in 1990 (Project-39560001) and 1995 (Project-39060012) and by the Commission of Science and Technology, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in 1997 (Project-97820). We thank Y. C. Zhang and Abdurixit for their help with the field work. We thank Ihsan Al-Shehbaz (MO) for his editorial help and comments.

Literature Cited